Datapedia Of The United States

DATAPEDIA of the United States Third Edition, 2004 DATAPEDIA of the United States American History in Numbers Third...

Author: Kurian Thomas

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DATAPEDIA of the United States Third Edition, 2004

DATAPEDIA

of the United States

American History in Numbers Third Edition, 2004

Edited by George Thomas Kurian

Lanham, MD

© 2004 George Thomas Kurian. All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyrights hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means, whether graphic, electronic, or mechanical—including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems—without written permission from the publisher. ISBN: 0-89059-862-2 (print); ISBN: 1-59888-037-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Datapedia of the United States : American history in numbers / edited by George Thomas Kurian.— 3rd ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: Datapedia of the United States, 1790-2005 / George Thomas Kurian. 2nd ed. 2001. Includes index. ISBN 0-89059-862-2 1. United States—Statistics. I. Kurian, George Thomas. II. Kurian, George Thomas. Datapedia of the United States, 1790-2005. HA202.K87 2004 317.3—dc22 2004046341 Printed by Automated Graphic Systems, Inc., White Plains, MD, in the United States of America on acid-free paper that meets the American National Standards Institute Z39-48 standard. 2005 2004 4 3 2 1 Bernan Press 4611-F Assembly Drive Lanham, MD 20706 800-274-4447 email: [email protected] www.bernanpress.com

Table of Contents INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV ABOUT THE EDITOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII SECTION 1 LAND, WATER, AND CLIMATE

................................................1

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Table 1-1—Series J 1-2. Land Area of the United States, 1790–1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Table 1-2—Series J 1-2. Territorial Expansion of the United States, 1790–1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Table 1-3—Series J 92-103. Estimated Water Use, 1900-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Table 1-4—Series J 268-278. Tornadoes, Floods, and Tropical Cyclones, 1886–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Table 1-5. Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recovery, and Disposal, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Table 1-6. National Air Pollutant Emissions, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

SECTION 2 POPULATION

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Table 2-1—Series A 1-5. Area and Population of the United States, 1790–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Table 2-2—Series A 6-8. Annual Population Estimates for the United States, 1790–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Table 2-3—Series A 23-25. Annual Estimates and Projections of the Population, by Sex, 1900–2050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Table 2-4—Series A 29-37. Annual Estimates and Projections of the Population, by Age, 1900–2050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Table 2-5—Series A 91-104. Resident Population, by Sex, 1790–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Table 2-6—Series A 143-151. Median Age of Population, by Race and Sex, 1790–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Table 2-7—Series A 160-171. Marital Status of the Population, by Age and Sex, 1890–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Table 2-8—Series A 172-194. Population of Regions, by Race and Residence, 1790–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Table 2-9—Series A 195-209. Population of States, by Race, 1790–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Table 2-10—Series A 335-349. Households, by Number of Persons, 1790–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Table 2-11. Components of Population Change, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Table 2-12. Population of Major North American Cities, 1750–1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

SECTION 3 MIGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Table 3-1—Series C 89-119. Immigrants, by Country, 1820–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Table 3-2. Immigrants, by Region, 1820–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Table 3-3—Series C 158-161. Formal Removals and Voluntary Departures of Aliens, 1892–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Table 3-4. Foreign-Stock Population, by Nativity and Parentage, 1890–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

SECTION 4 BIRTHS AND DEATHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Table 4-1—Series B 1-2. Live Births and Deaths, 1909–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Table 4-2—Series B 5-10. Birth Rate—Total and Fertility Rate for Women 15–44 Years Old, by Race, 1800–2002 . . 66 Table 4-3—Series B 11-19. Fertility Rate, by Race, 1917–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Table 4-4—Series B 28-35. Birth Rates of Unmarried Women Ages 15–44 Years, by Age of Mother, 1940–2002 . . . 69 Table 4-5—Series B 107-115. Expectation of Life at Birth, by Race and Sex, 1900–2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Table 4-6—Series B 136-147. Fetal Death Ratio and Neonatal, Infant, and Maternal Mortality Rates, by Race, 1915–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Table 4-7. Number of Deaths, Death Rates, and Age-Adjusted Death Rates, by Race and Sex, 1940–2001 . . . . . . . 74 v

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DATAPEDIA OF THE UNITED STATES

SECTION 5 MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Table 5-1—Series B 3-4. Marriages and Divorces, 1920–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Table 5-2—Series B 214-215. Marriage Rate, 1920–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Table 5-3—Series B 216-218. Divorce Rate, 1920–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Table 5-4. Marital History for People 15 Years and Over, by Age and Sex, Fall 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Table 5-5. Percent Reaching State Anniversary by Marriage Cohort and Sex for First and Second Marriages, Fall 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

SECTION 6 HEALTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Table 6-1—Series B 221-235. Total National Health Expenditures, by Type of Service, 1929–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Table 6-2—Series B 236-247. National and Personal Health Care Expenditures, by Source of Funds, 1929–2002 . . . 88 Table 6-3—Series B 275-290. Physicians, Dentists, and Nurses; and Medical, Dental and Nursing Schools, 1810–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Table 6-4. Medicare Enrollees, 1980–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Table 6-5. Medicare Trust Funds, 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Table 6-6. Persons Without Medical Coverage, 2000 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Table 6-7—Series B 359-370. Average Daily Census and Admissions to Hospitals, 1946–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Table 6-8—Series B 389-400. Hospital Expenses per Patient Day, 1946–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Table 6-9—Series B 413-422. Hospital Expenses and Personnel, 1946–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Table 6-10. Mental Health Facilities, by Type of Facility, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Table 6-11. Rate of Current Cigarette Smoking, by Sex, Age, and Race, 1965–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Table 6-12. Rate of Drug Use, by Type of Drug and Age, 1985–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Table 6-13. AIDS Cases Reported, by Patient Characteristic, 1981–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Table 6-14. Number and Rate of Abortions, by Race, 1975–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Table 6-15. Organ Transplants and Grafts, 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

SECTION 7 FOOD AND NUTRITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Table 7-1—Series B 448-452. Index of Per Capita Consumption of Selected Nutrients, 1909–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Table 7-2. Per Capita Consumption of Selected Beverages, by Type, 1966–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Table 7-3. Nutrients in Foods Available for Civilian Consumption Per Capita per Day, 1970–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

SECTION 8 LABOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Table 8-1—Series D 11-25. Labor Force Status of the Population, 1870–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Table 8-2—Series D 85-86. Unemployment, 1890–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Table 8-3—Series D 87-101. Unemployment Rates, by Sex and Race in the Civilian Labor Force, 1947–2002 . . . . 116 Table 8-4—Series D 102-115. Unemployment Rates, by Industry (NAICS Basis) 2000–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Table 8-5—Series D 102-115. Unemployment Rates, by Industry (SIC Basis), 1948–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Table 8-6—Series D 167-181. Labor Force and Employment, by Super Sector, 1800–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Table 8-7—Series D 722-727. Average Annual Earnings of Employees, 1929–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Table 8-8—Series D 802-810. Earnings and Hours of Production Workers in Manufacturing, 1939–2002 . . . . . . . . 122 Table 8-9—Series D 946-951. Labor Union Membership as a Percent of Total Employment, 1930–2002 . . . . . . . . . 123 Table 8-10—Series D 970-985. Work Stoppages, Workers Involved, and Days Idle, 1927–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 Table 8-11—Series D 1029-1036. Work Injury Frequency Rates in Manufacturing and Mining, 1976–2002 . . . . . . . 125 Table 8-12. Federal Minimum Wage Rates, 1954–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

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Table 8-13. Self-Employed Workers, by Industry and Occupation, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Table 8-14. Marital Status of Women in the Labor Force, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Table 8-15. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex and Race, 1948–2003 . . . . . . . 129 Table 8-16. Productivity—Output per Hour, 1947–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

SECTION 9 NATIONAL INCOME AND WEALTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Table 9-1—Series F 1-5. Gross Domestic Product and GDP Growth Rate, Total and Per Capita, in Current and Chained (1996) Dollars, 1929–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Table 9-2. GDP Components in Current and Chained (1996) Dollars, 1929–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Table 9-3. Gross State Product in Current and Chained (1996) Dollars, 1977–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Table 9-4—Series F 17-30. Per Capita Income and Product Series for Selected Items in Current and Chained (1996) Prices, 1929–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Table 9-5—Series F 192-209. National Income by Sector, Legal Form of Organization, and Type of Income, 1929–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Table 9-6—Series F 226-237. National Income Without Capital Consumption Adjustment by Industry Group, 1929–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Table 9-7—Series F 297-348. Personal Income by States, 1929–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Table 9-8—Series F 552-565. Sources and Uses of Savings, 1929–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Table 9-9. Persons Below Poverty Level and Below 125 Percent of Poverty Level, 1960–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Table 9-10. Children Below Poverty Level, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Table 9-11. Current-Cost Net Stock of Fixed Assets and Consumer Durable Goods, 1925–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Table 9-12. Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Net Stock of Fixed Assets and Consumer Durable Goods, 1925–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

SECTION 10 CONSUMER INCOME AND EXPENDITURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Table 10-1—Series G 179-188. Number and Median Money Income of Families and Unrelated Individuals, 1947–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Table 10-2—Series G 416-469. Personal Consumption Expenditures, by Major Type of Product, 1946–2003 . . . . . . 170 Table 10-3—Series G 881-915. Apparent Civilian Per Capita Consumption of Foods, 1849–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Table 10-4. Families by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 1967–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Table 10-5. Shares of Aggregate Income Received by Each Fifth and Top 5 Percent of Households, 1947–2002 . . 176 Table 10-6. Purchasing Power of the Dollar, 1950–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Table 10-7. Consumer Price Indexes (CPI-U), by Major Groups, 1980–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

SECTION 11 SOCIAL WELFARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Table 11-1. Government Transfer Payments to Individuals—Summary, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Table 11-2. Social Security—Covered Employment, Earnings, and Contribution Rates, 1980–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Table 11-3. Social Security Trust Funds, 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Table 11-4. Federal Food Programs, 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Table 11-5. Private Pension Plans—Summary, by Type of Plan, 1980–1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Table 11-6. State Unemployment Insurance—Summary, 1980–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

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SECTION 12 EDUCATION AND LEARNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Table 12-1. School Enrollment, 1965–2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Table 12-2. School Expenditures by Type of Control and Level of Instruction in Constant (2001–2002) Dollars, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Table 12-3. School Enrollment by Sex and Level, 1960–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Table 12-4. Educational Attainment, by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex, 1940–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Table 12-5. Preprimary School Enrollment—Summary, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Table 12-6. Public and Private Elementary and Secondary Teachers, Enrollment, and Student/Teacher Ratios, 1955–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Table 12-7—Series H 598-601. High School Graduates, 1870–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Table 12-8. High School Dropouts, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1975–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Table 12-9. Higher Education—Summary, 1980–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Table 12-10—Series H 751-765. Institutions of Higher Education—Degrees Conferred by Sex, 1870–2012 . . . . . . . 198 Table 12-11. Institutions of Higher Education—Charges, 1985–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

SECTION 13 LAW ENFORCEMENT, COURTS, AND PRISONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Table 13-1—Series H 952-961. Crimes and Crime Rates by Type, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Table 13-2. Federal Drug Seizures, by Type of Drug, 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Table 13-3—Series H 971-986. Suicides, 1900–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Table 13-4—Series H 987-998. Police Officers Killed, 1945–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Table 13-5—Series H 1012-1027. Criminal Justice System—Public Expenditures, by Level of Government, 1902–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Table 13-6—Series H 1063-1078. U.S. Supreme Court—Cases Filed and Disposed of During October Terms, 1940–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Table 13-7—Series H 1097-1111. U.S. District Courts—Civil and Criminal Cases, 1941–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Table 13-8—Series H 1119-1124. Juvenile Court—Cases Handled, 1940–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Table 13-9—Series H 1135-1143. Federal and State Prisoners by Jurisdicition and Sex, 1925–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Table 13-10. Adults on Probation, in Jail or Prison, or on Parole, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Table 13-11—Series H 1155-1167. Prisoners Executed Under Civil Authority, by Race, 1930–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Table 13-12. Federal Prosecutions of Public Corruption, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

SECTION 14 ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, RECREATION, AND TRAVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Table 14-1—Series H 806-828. National Parks, Monuments, and Allied Areas—Area and Visits, 1850–2001 . . . . . . 223 Table 14-2—Series H 836-848. State Parks—Acreage, Expenditures, and Attendance, 1939–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Table 14-3—Series H 878-893. Personal Consumption Expenditures for Recreation, 1929–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Table 14-4—Series H 921-940. Travel to Foreign Countries—Travelers and Expenditures, 1919–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Table 14-5—Series H 941-951. Foreign Visitors to the United States—Number and Receipts, 1919–2001 . . . . . . . . 227

SECTION 15 AGRICULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Table 15-1—Series K 162-173. Farms and Land in Farms, by Size of Farms, 1880–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Table 15-2—Series K 195-203. Farmers’ Marketing and Purchasing Cooperatives, Memberships, and Business, 1913–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Table 15-3—Series K 204-219. Balance Sheet of the Farming Business Sector, 1940–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Table 15-4—Series K 256-285. Farm Income and Expenses, 1936–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Table 15-5—Series K 358-360. Consumer Expenditures, Farm Value, and Marketing Bill for All Farm Food Products Purchased by Domestic Civilian Consumers, 1913–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

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Table 15-6—Series K 496-501. Acreages of Harvested Crops by Use, and Indexes of Cropland Used for Crops and Crop Production per Acre, 1910–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Table 15-7. Gross Farm Product Summary, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Table 15-8. Value Added to the Economy by Agricultural Sector, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Table 15-9. Value of Agricultural Exports and Imports, 1980–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

SECTION 16 FORESTRY AND FISHERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Table 16-1—Series L 10-14. National Forest System Areas and Purchases, 1905–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Table 16-2—Series L 72-86. Domestic Production, Net Imports, and Apparent Consumption of Industrial Products in Roundwood Equivalent, 1900–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Table 16-3—Series L 87-97. Per Capita Consumption of Timber Products, by Major Product, 1900–1999 . . . . . . . . 254 Table 16-4—Series L 166-177. Paper and Board Domestic Production, Apparent Consumption, and Waste Paper Consumption, 1809–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Table 16-5—Series L 224-235. Yield and Value of Domestic Fisheries, Imports and Exports, 1880–2002 . . . . . . . . . 258

SECTION 17 MINERALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Table 17-1. Mineral Production, 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Table 17-2. Net U.S. Imports of Selected Minerals and Metals as Percent of Apparent Consumption, 1980–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Table 17-3. Selected Mineral Products—Average Prices, 1980–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Table 17-4—Series M 138-142. Crude Petroleum—Production, Value, and Proved Reserves, 1859–2001 . . . . . . . . . 267 Table 17-5. Mineral Industries—Employment, Hours, and Earnings, 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

SECTION 18 CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Table 18-1. Total Housing Inventory, 1965–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Table 18-2—Series N 1-29. Value of Construction Put in Place, 1964–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Table 18-3—Series N 78-89. Value of Construction Contracts Awarded (Dodge), by Class of Construction, 1901–1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Table 18-4. Price and Cost Indexes for Construction, 1980–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Table 18-5. Median Sales Price of New Privately Owned One-Family Houses Sold, by Region, 1980–2002 . . . . . . . 279 Table 18-6. Homeownership Rates, by Age of Householder and Household Status, 1985–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Table 18-7—Series N 170. Mobile Home Shipments, 1959–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Table 18-8—Series N 186. Low-Rent Public Housing Units, 1947–1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Table 18-9—Series N 200-215. Value of Gross Net Stocks of Residential Structures in Current Dollars, 1925–1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Table 18-10—Series N 216-231. Mean Age of Stocks of Residential Structures, 1925–1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Table 18-11—Series N 238-245. Occupied Housing Units and Tenure of Home, 1890–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Table 18-12—Series N 246-258. Housing Units Vacancy Rates, by Region, 1950–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Table 18-13—Series N 273-276. Residential Nonfarm Mortgage Debt Outstanding, by Type of Property, 1925–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

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SECTION 19 MANUFACTURING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Table 19-1. Gross Domestic Product in Manufacturing in Current and Real (1996) Dollars, by Industry, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Table 19-2—Series P 1-12. Manufactures Summary, 1849–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Table 19-3—Series P 74-92. Value of Manufactures’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders, 1947–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Table 19-4—Series P 93-106. Manufacturing Corporations—Sales, Profits, and Stockholders’ Equity, 1947–2002 . . 293 Table 19-5. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries, by State, 2001–2002 . . 294 Table 19-6. U.S. Aircraft Shipments, 1980–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

SECTION 20 TRANSPORTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Table 20-1. Transportation-Related Components of U.S. Gross Domestic Product, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Table 20-2—Series Q 1-11. Volume of Domestic Intercity Freight and Passenger Traffic, by Type of Transport, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Table 20-3. Employment and Earnings in Transportation and Warehousing, by Industry, 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Table 20-4. Transportation Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Table 20-5—Series Q 50-63. Mileage of Rural Roads and Municipal Streets, 1921–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Table 20-6—Series Q 136-147. Public Highway Debt—State and Local Governments, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Table 20-7—Series Q 148-162. Motor Vehicle Sales from U.S. Factories, Motor Vehicle Registrations, and Motor Fuel Usage Consumption, 1900–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Table 20-8—Series Q 199-207. Miles of Travel by Motor Vehicles, 1921–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Table 20-9—Series Q 208-223. Motor Vehicle Deaths and Death Rates, 1913–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Table 20-10—Series Q 224-232. Motor Vehicle Accidents—Number and Deaths, by Type of Accident, 1913–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Table 20-11. Domestic Motor Fuel Consumption, by Type of Vehicle, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Table 20-12. Average Cost of Owning and Operating an Automobile, 1975–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Table 20-13. Motor Vehicle Sales and Inventories, 1967–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Table 20-14. Motor Vehicle Travel, by Type of Vehicle and by Speed, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Table 20-15. Class I Intercity Motor Carriers of Passengers, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Table 20-16—Series Q 235-250. Public Transit Equipment, Passengers, and Passenger Revenue, 1922–2000 . . . . . . 317 Table 20-17—Series Q 577-590. U.S. Scheduled Airline Industry, 1926–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Table 20-18—Series Q 624-637. Air Transportation Accidents, 1927–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Table 20-19—Series Q 604-623. Airports, Aircraft, Pilots, and Miles Flown, 1927–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Table 20-20. Top 40 Airports in 2002—Passengers Enplaned, 1992 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Table 20-21—Series Q 284-312. Railroad Mileage and Equipment, 1896–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322 Table 20-22—Series Q 331-345. Railroad Freight Traffic, 1912–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Table 20-23. Cargo-Carrying U.S.-Flag Fleet, by Area of Operation, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Table 20-24. Waterborne Commerce, by Type of Commodity, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Table 20-25. Merchant Fleets of the World, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Table 20-26. Freight Carried on Major U.S. Waterways, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

SECTION 21 COMMUNICATIONS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Table 21-1—Series R 93-105. Radio and Television Stations, Sets Produced, and Households with Sets, 1921–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Table 21-2. Recording Media—Manufacturers’ Shipments and Value, 1982–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Table 21-3—Series R 163-171. Postal Service—Post Offices, Revenues, Expenditures, and Pieces of Mail Handled, 1789–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Table 21-4—Series R 172-187. Postal Service—Volume of Mail and Employees, 1926–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Table 21-5—Series R 188-190. Postal Rates for First-Class Mail, Letters and Postal Cards, 1863–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . 342

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Table 21-6. Newspaper, Periodical, Database, and Directory Publishers—Estimated Revenue, Printing Expenses, and Inventories, 1999–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Table 21-7. Book Publishers—Estimated Revenue, Printing Expenses, and Inventories, 1998–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Table 21-8. Telephone Systems, 1985–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Table 21-9. Households with Computers and Internet Access, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

SECTION 22 ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Table 22-1. Energy Overview, 1949–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Table 22-2—Series S 95-107. Consumption of Fuels, by Electric Utilities, 1949–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Table 22-3. Consumption for Electricity Generation: Total (All Sectors), 1949-2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Table 22-4. Estimated Renewable Energy Consumption: End-Use Sectors, 1949–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Table 22-5—Series S 190-204. Gas Utility Industry—Customers, Sales, and Revenues, by Type of Service, 1932–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Table 22-6. Energy Supply and Disposition, by Type of Fuel, 1960–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Table 22-7. Nuclear Power Plants—Number, Capacity, and Generation, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Table 22-8. Energy Consumption, by End-Use Sector, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Table 22-9. Energy Prices, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Table 22-10. Crude Oil and Refined Products—Summary, 1973–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Table 22-11. Electric Utility Sales and Average Prices, by End-Use Sector, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

SECTION 23 DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Table 23-1—Series T 15-21. Persons Engaged in Distribution and Selected Service Industries (SIC Basis), 1939–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Table 23-2. Retail Trade Corporations—Sales, Net Profit, and Profit per Dollar of Sales, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Table 23-3. Retail Trade and Food Services—Sales by Kind of Business, (NAICS Basis), 1992–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 Table 23-4. Wholesale Trade—Establishments, Sales, Payroll, and Employees, by Kind of Business, 1997 . . . . . . . . 365 Table 23-5. Service-Related Industries—Establishments, Employees, and Payroll, by Industry, 2000 and 2001 . . . . 366 Table 23-6. Electronic Shopping and Mail-Order Houses—Total and E-Commerce Sales, by Merchandise Line, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Table 23-7. Retail Trade and Food Services—Estimated Per Capita Sales, by Selected Kinds of Business (NAICS Basis), 1992–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Table 23-8. Retail Foodstores—Number and Sales, by Type (NAICS Basis), 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

SECTION 24 INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS AND FOREIGN COMMERCE

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Table 24-1—Series U 1-25. U.S. Exports and Imports of Goods and Services and Income Receipts and Payments, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Table 24-2—Series U 26-39. International Investment Position of the United States, 1843–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Table 24-3—Series U 41-46. Value of Direct Investment in Foreign Countries, 1929–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Table 24-4—Series U 47-62. Value of Foreign Direct Investment in the United States, by Area and Industry (SIC and NAICS Basis), 1937–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Table 24-5—Series U 187-200. Value of Exports and Imports, 1790–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 Table 24-6. U.S. Foreign Economic and Military Aid Programs, 1980–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

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SECTION 25 BUSINESS ENTERPRISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Table 25-1. Number of Returns, Receipts, and Net Income by Type of Business, 1980–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 Table 25-2—Series V 1-12. Proprietorships, Partnerships, and Corporations—Number, Receipts, and Profit, 1939–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Table 25-3. Firm Birth and Deaths, by Employment Size of Enterprise, 1990–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 Table 25-4—Series V 38-40. Recorded Mergers and Acquisitions, 1895–2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Table 25-5—Series V 108-140. Corporate Asset, Liability, Income, Deduction, Tax and Profit Items, and Dividends Paid for All Industries, 1926–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 Table 25-6. Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions—Months of Duration, 1919–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 Table 25-7. Composite Indexes of Leading, Coincident, and Lagging Economic Indicators, 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . 394 Table 25-8. Small Business Administration Loans to Small Businesses, 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Table 25-9. Establishments, Employees, and Payroll, by Employment-Size Class, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

SECTION 26 PRODUCTIVITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Table 26-1—Series W 82-95. Copyright Registrations, by Type, 1870–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Table 26-2—Series W 96-106. Patent Applications Filed and Patents Issued, 1879–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Table 26-3—Series W 107-108. Trademarks Registered and Renewed, 1914–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 Table 26-4—Series W 109-125. Funds Expended for Performance of Research and Development and Basic Research, by Sector and Major Function, 1953–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Table 26-5. Worldwide Successful Space Launches, 1957–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Table 26-6. Federal Outlays for General Science, Space, and Other Technology, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Table 26-7. Research and Development (R&D) Expenditures, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Table 26-8. Nobel Prize Laureates in Selected Sciences, 1901–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

SECTION 27 FINANCIAL MARKETS AND INSTITUTIONS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 Table 27-1—Series X 114-136. Household Assets, Financial Obligations, and Delinquency Rates, 1945–2002 . . . . . 413 Table 27-2—Series X 410-419. Money Stock—Currency, Deposits, Bank Vault Cash, and Gold, 1867–2002 . . . . . . 415 Table 27-3—Series X 444-455. Money Market Rates, 1890–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Table 27-4—Series X 474-486. Bond and Stock Yields, 1900–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Table 27-5—Series X 517-530. Market Value and Volume of Sales of Stocks and Bonds on Registered Securities Exchanges, 1935–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Table 27-6—Series X 536-539. Net Assets, Sales, and Redemptions of Mutual Funds, 1940–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 Table 27-7. Mortgage Debt Outstanding, 1945–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Table 27-8. Consumer Credit Outstanding and Finance Rates, 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 Table 27-9—Series X 879-889. Life Insurance Companies and Life Insurance in Force, by Type, 1815–2001 . . . . . . 425

SECTION 28 POLITICS AND ELECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 Table 28-1—Series Y 79-83. Electoral and Popular Vote Cast for President, by Political Party, 1789–2000 . . . . . . . . 432 Table 28-2—Series Y 135-186. Popular Vote Cast for President, by State and Political Party, 1960–2000 . . . . . . . . . 436 Table 28-3. Voting-Age Population, Percent Reporting Registered, and Voted, 1980–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Table 28-4—Series Y 204-210. Political Party Affiliation in Congress and the Presidency, 1789–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 Table 28-5. Political Party Control of State Legislatures, by Party, 1979–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 Table 28-6. Political Party Financial Activity, by Major Political Party, 1981–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 Table 28-7. Political Action Committees (PAC) Number, by Committee Type, 1980–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Table 28-8. Contributions to Congressional Campaigns, by Political Action Committees (PAC), by Type of Committee, 1993–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Table 28-9. Congressional Campaign Finances Receipts and Disbursements, 1995–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

CONTENTS

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SECTION 29 GOVERNMENT—FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 Table 29-1—Series Y 189-198. Congressional Bills, Acts, and Resolutions, 1789–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 Table 29-2—Series Y 199-203. Congressional Bills Vetoed, 1789–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Table 29-3. Apportionment of Membership in House of Representatives, by State, 1790–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 Table 29-4. Composition of Congress by Political Party Affiliation, by State, 1997–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 Table 29-5. Members of Congress—Selected Characteristics, 1981–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Table 29-6. Number of Governmental Units, by Type, 1942–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Table 29-7. Governmental Employment, 1946–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Table 29-8. Treaties and Executive Agreements Concluded by the United States, 1789–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 Table 29-9. Caseload of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

SECTION 30 PUBLIC FINANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 Table 30-1—Series Y 335-338. Summary of Federal Government Finances—Administrative Budget, 1789–1939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 Table 30-2—Series Y 339-342. Summary of Federal Government Finances, 1940–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 Table 30-3—Series Y 402-411. Individual Income Tax Returns, 1913–1943 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Table 30-4—Series Y 393-401. Individual Income Tax Returns, 1944–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 Table 30-5—Series Y 493-504. Interest-Bearing Public Debt of the Federal Government, 1853–1939 . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Table 30-6—Series Y 488-492. Gross Federal Debt Outstanding, 1940–2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Table 30-7. Government Consumption Expenditures and Investment, by Type, 1946–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 Table 30-8—Series Y 652-670. State and Local Government Revenue, by Source, 1902–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Table 30-9—Series Y 736-782. State Government Expenditure, by Character and Object and by Function, 1902–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 Table 30-10. Governmental Payrolls, 1946–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 Table 30-11. State and Local Governments—Indebtedness, 1980–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 Table 30-12. Federal Grants-in-Aid to State and Local Governments, 1980–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 Table 30-13. Income and Apportionment of State-Administered Lottery Funds, 1992–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

SECTION 31 NATIONAL DEFENSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 Table 31-1—Series Y 856-903. Selected Characteristics of the Armed Forces, by War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Table 31-2. Military Personnel on Active Duty, by Location, 1980–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Table 31-3. Department of Defense Manpower, 1950–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 Table 31-4. Veterans and Active Duty Military Personnel, 1900–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Table 31-5. National Defense Outlays and Veterans Benefits, 1900–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

Introduction Datapedia of the United States: American History in Numbers, Third Edition, is a comprehensive desk reference that continues and enhances Historical Statistics of the United States from Colonial Times. Datapedia brings together into one source a compendium of the most significant historical statistics of the United States from 1789 to 2003, as well as demographic and other select data projections through 2050. Datapedia provides a complete and convenient profile of the United States covering all its vital sectors—including the labor market, social welfare, and national defense.

marized effectively. Of course, in the early part of many series, the data are limited to the geographic area of the original 13 colonies—i.e., the Atlantic seaboard. In general, only absolute rather than derived data are included because one-dimensional aggregates at gross levels offer somewhat greater flexibility to the user. Criteria for inclusion vary, but in most cases are based on the quantity and quality of the data available and the extent to which they enhance our understanding of historical trends. Additionally, certain series are presented only for years in which a national census was held.

New to the Third Edition History of Statistics Datapedia retains the features of its previous edition, but has been expanded to include 31 selected areas. Expanded areas of coverage include statistics and analyses on the following topics: • • • • • • • •

Prior to the first census of 1790, the collection of statistics was not considered as a primary function of the U.S. government. The accuracy of the limited data that was collected, however, was much higher, given that our nation was significantly smaller—literally and figuratively—comparative to today. Although some of this data—from the early years of our republic—have been lost, much of the data have been gathered from fugitive documents. Further, the quality of the statistical tables spanning over two centuries is remarkably even.

Health and Healthcare Food and Nutrition Education and Learning Law Enforcement, Courts, and Prisons Arts, Entertainment, Recreation, and Travel Politics and Elections Public Finance National Defense

As our country developed, the complexity of statistical operations grew as well as the techniques for data collection and analysis. Data collection and analysis became a routine function of the government as well as independent researchers and scholars. Statistics began to be viewed as not only a means to measure and analyze the current state of our society but also to predict future trends, which is one of the intended uses of Datapedia.

The historical context of the statistical data included in this edition is emphasized by Datapedia’s new subtitle— American History in Numbers. The new subtitle further links Datapedia to Historical Statistics and speaks to this edition’s depth and scope of coverage. Publication Features Those familiar with Historical Statistics will find that Datapedia is organized similarly, but presents the most important of the time series data in a reader-friendly format, balanced by highlights and graphics in each section. Datapedia includes approximately 280 data tables that have been expertly selected, compiled, and analyzed. For the period of 1790 to 1970, the data is based entirely on Historical Statistics. For the time period following, Datapedia is based on the annual Statistical Abstract of the United States as well as other government data from several sources.

Projective statistics and number crunching, in general, have been greatly facilitated by the introduction of computers in the twentieth century. Although data experts still are, and will continue to be, an integral part of data gathering and interpretation, automated computer processes have provided us with raw and refined data of exceptionally high quality. Technological advancements have also resulted in increased access to government statistics via the posting of a myriad of data on many government Web sites. Most, if not all, of the data organized in this edition is publicly available online. However, the task of gathering them from a number of sources within the government and assembling them into a logical and understandable format is impractical for most data users. Additionally, even though current statistics are readily available, obtaining historical time series data often is time-consuming and difficult. Definitions and other documentation can be inconvenient to find as well. Continuing the tradition of Historical Statistics, Datapedia greatly sim-

As in Historical Statistics, Datapedia is arranged by macro subjects in numbered chapters. However, the chapter divisions are modified slightly from those in Historical Statistics. The original series numbers have been maintained, where applicable, in the Datapedia table titles. Generally, only national data are shown. Some exceptions are made where regional or state statistics are useful for the correct interpretation of data or where national data in the subject field cannot be sumxv

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plifies the task of researching and analyzing data from an historical perspective; and, according to American Reference Books Annual, “presents a plethora of interesting and often hard-to-find data in a user-friendly format.” The data in this edition meet the publication standards of the federal statistical agencies from which they were obtained. Every effort has been made to select data that are accurate, meaningful, and useful. All statistical data are subject to error arising from sampling variability, reporting errors, incomplete coverage, imputation, and other causes. The responsibility of the editor and publisher of Datapedia is limited to reasonable care in the reproduction and presentation of data obtained from established sources. —George Thomas Kurian, Editor

ABOUT THE EDITOR George Thomas Kurian is a noted encyclopedist, researcher, and president of the New York-based Encyclopedia Society. Mr. Kurian has authored nearly 25 encyclopedias and over 30 other reference books. The reference books he has authored include the following: • • • • • • •

Atlas of the Third World Dictionary of World Politics Encyclopedia of American Studies Encyclopedia of the World’s Nations Global Data Locator Historical Guide to U. S. Government Sourcebook of Global Statistics

Acknowledgements Datapedia of the United States: American History in Numbers, Third Edition, would not have been possible without the foresight of founding and current editor George Thomas Kurian. Recognizing that a compilation of historical statistics was too valuable to be lost to the public, Mr. Kurian first collaborated with Bernan Press in 1994 in the publication of the first edition of Datapedia and again in 2001 for the second edition. So, first and foremost, thanks are due to Mr. Kurian for his role in ensuring the continuity of the Datapedia series and for his guidance in the production of the third edition. Special thanks are also due to Katherine DeBrandt of Bernan Press. In her role as senior data analyst, Katherine directed the efforts of the Bernan Press research team in updating Datapedia. The Bernan Press team who tirelessly searched for and logically organized often hard-to-find data consisted of data analyst Mary Meghan Ryan and research editor Mark Siegal, as well as Bernan Press County and City Extra Series editor and data use expert Deirdre Gaquin. Additionally, economic consultant Gaston Gahou, who also worked on

the second edition of Datapedia, provided research support. The research team—with overall oversight from Mr. Kurian—put forth a tremendous effort to bring you authoritative data and expert analysis on the history of America. Finally, thanks also to the editorial and production departments of Bernan Press, who did the copyediting, layout, and graphics preparation. Jacalyn Houston edited the manuscript; Kara Prezocki prepared the layout and graphics; and Christopher Jorgenson provided Kara with production support. Jacalyn, Kara, and Christopher capably handled all editorial and production aspects of Datapedia. I am extremely grateful for each person’s respective contributions and commitment to helping Bernan Press fulfill the research needs of our customers, particularly as it relates to discontinued government publications. —Tamera L. Wells-Lee Director of Publishing, Bernan Press

xvii

SECTION

1

LAND, WATER, AND CLIMATE

2


SECTION 1

LAND, WATER, AND CLIMATE Highlights

National Air Pollutant Emissions, 1970–2000 200 Sulfur dioxide Nitrogen oxide Volatile organic compounds Carbon monoxide

180 160

Millions of tons

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1970

1980

1990

2000

Year

1 When the United States became a republic, its boundaries were unclear. Its territorial claims were based on several treaties that were subject to interpretation. The boundaries themselves were poorly marked and expanded or receded depending on the status of the Indian Wars. From 1781 to 1867, the federal government acquired millions of acres of public domain. From 1781 to 1902, 7 of the original 13 states relinquished their claims to the so-called “Western lands” to the federal government. In 1788, the state of Maryland ceded the present area of the District of Columbia. Between 1810 and 1867, title to the remaining area west of the Mississippi River (except the state of Texas) and to Florida passed to the federal government. The annual report to the General Land Office in 1850 contained

the first reference to the areas of the states and territories, although the methods used to obtain the measurements was not indicated. In 1881, the Bureau of the Census initiated the first effort to obtain an accurate and detailed area measurement of the United States. This was revised in 1940 in Areas of the United States and presented land and water areas, as well as state, municipal and county boundaries. Differences in land area figures over time reflect improvements in cartography that made possible a more accurate determination of the outer limits as well as inclusion or exclusion of certain bodies of water. For the 2000 census, area measurements were calculated by computer based on the information contained in a single database, the TIGER (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and

SECTION 1: LAND, WATER, AND CLIMATE Referencing) File. As result, the number of inland water areas increased when coverage was extended to inland bodies of water of at least 40 acres and streams with a width of at least one-eighth of a statute mile. An inventory of the nation’s land resources by type of use/cover was conducted by the Soil Conservation Service from 1982 to 1987, and its results were published in 1987 in the National Inventory of Land Resources.

2

The state with the largest land area and largest water area is Alaska. Alaska’s water area of 91,316 square miles is larger than the land area of all but 11 states.

3

The highest point in the United States is Mount McKinley in Alaska at 20,320 feet (6,198 meters). The lowest point is Death Valley in California at -282 feet (-86 meters).

4

The five Great Lakes—Michigan, Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario (including only those portions under the jurisdiction of the United States)—account for 60,178 square miles of water areas. The largest inland lakes outside the Great Lakes are Great Salt Lake (1,836 square miles) and Green Bay (1,396 square miles).

5

The Mississippi, America’s longest river, is 2,340 miles long. It has an average discharge at its mouth of 593,000 cubic feet per second and a drainage area of 1,150,000 square miles. There are nine other rivers longer than 1,000 miles: Missouri (2,540 miles), Yukon (1,980 miles), St. Lawrence (1,900 miles), Arkansas (1,460 miles), Atchafalaya (1,420 miles), Ohio (1,310 miles), Red (1,290 miles), Columbia (1,240 miles), and Snake (1,040 miles).

6

Of the 2,271,343,000 acres of land in the United States, 674,267,000 acres or 29.7 percent is federal land. The percentage of federal land is highest in Nevada (91.7 percent), Alaska (67.7 percent), Utah (66.5 percent), Idaho (65.0 percent), and Wyoming (50.6 percent). It is lowest in Connecticut (0.5 percent), Maine and Rhode Island (0.8 percent each), Iowa (0.9 percent), New York and Kansas (1.1 percent each), Ohio (1.1 percent), Texas (1.9 percent).

7 In 1995, total water withdrawal (all water withdrawn from natural reservoirs, lakes, rivers, and so on for human consumption and industrial use) per day in the United States was 401.5 billion gallons, or 1,280 gallons per capita. The largest water use was for electric utilities (190 billion gallons per day), followed by irrigation (134

3

billion gallons per day), public supply (43 billion gallons per day), and industrial use (26 billion gallons per day). Of total water withdrawals, 18.7 percent is ground water and 81.3 percent surface water.

8

In 2000, 8,354 oil spills were reported, 1,838 in the Gulf of Mexico, 623 in the Pacific Ocean, 150 in the Atlantic Ocean, 96 in the Great Lakes, and 1,816 in rivers and canals.

9 The principal agency for environmental monitoring in the United States is the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), and the principal agency for pollution abatement and control activities is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). CEQ reports data on environmental conditions in its annual Environmental Quality. The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are set by the EPA for particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, petrochemical oxidants (now called ozone), carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Environmental quality has steadily improved in the United States since the 1970s. In 2001, sulfur dioxide decreased to 15,790,000 tons from 31,161,000 tons in 1970; volatile organic compounds to 17,963,000 tons from 30,982,000 tons; carbon monoxide to 120,759,000 tons from 129,994,000 tons, lead to 2,627,000 tons (in 1996) from 220,869,000 tons; and particulate matter (PM-10) to 9,442,000 tons from 13,042,000 tons. Only nitrogen dioxide increased, rising from 20,928,000 tons in 1970 to 22,349,000 tons in 2001.

10

Between 1980 and 1995, there were 252 violations nationwide of fecal coliform bacteria count in rivers and streams, and 21 violations relating to levels of dissolved oxygen below 5 milligrams in water. The number is indicative of the amount of sewage contained in drinking water.

11 In 2001, 229.2 million tons of waste were generated nationwide, or 4.4 pounds per capita per day. Of these, 68 million tons were recycled and recovered. Paper and paperboard accounted for 35.7 of recycled and recovered materials. The Northeast leads in curbside recycling programs, serving 83 percent of the population. The percentage of population served through recycling programs is lowest in the South at 35 percent.

12

In 2002, there were 1,291 hazardous waste sites in the United States, of which New Jersey had the most at 115 sites, followed by California (98), Pennsylvania (96), and New York (91).

4


13

In 2003, the United States had 599 species of endangered (those in immediate danger of becoming extinct) plants, 65 species of endangered mammals, 78 species of endangered birds, and 14 species of endangered reptiles. On the threatened species list (those likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future), there were 9 species of mammals, 14 species of birds, 22 species of reptiles, and 147 species of plants.

14 The number of tornadoes and storms have increased in the past 20 years. In 1997, there were 1,148 tornadoes (compared with 656 in 1987 and 701 in 1988) and 117 flash floods (compared with 70 in 1987). The number of North Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes varied widely over the years. Between 1987 and

1997, there were 113 tropical storms and hurricanes in the Atlantic coastal states.

15 The lowest temperature on record in the United States was -44°F in Bismarck, North Dakota. The city with the most precipitation is Mobile, Alabama, with 66.29 inches, but Juneau has the most rainy days—224— in a year. Sault Ste Marie (Michigan) holds the record for the highest average annual snowfall: 117.4 inches.

SECTION 1: LAND, WATER, AND CLIMATE

5

Table 1-1—Series J 1-2. Land Area of the United States, 1790–1990 (Square miles.) Area Year Gross area

Land

Water

United States 1990 ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1980 ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1970 (April 1) ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1960 (April 1) ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1950 (April 1) ......................................................................................................................................................................................

3 787 425 3 618 770 3 615 122 3 615 123 3 615 211

3 536 342 3 539 289 3 536 855 3 540 911 3 552 206

251 083 79 481 78 267 74 212 63 005

Coterminous United States1 1960 (April 1) ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1950 (April 1) ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1940 (April 1) ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1930 (April 1) ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1920 (Jan. 1) ......................................................................................................................................................................................

3 002 261 3 022 387 3 022 387 3 022 387 3 022 387

2 968 054 2 974 726 2 977 128 2 977 128 2 969 451

54 207 47 661 45 259 45 259 52 936

1910 (April 15) .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1900 (June 1) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1890 (June 1) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1880 (June 1) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1870 (June 1) .....................................................................................................................................................................................

3 022 387 3 022 387 3 022 387 3 022 387 3 022 387

2 969 565 2 969 834 2 969 640 2 969 640 2 969 640

52 822 52 553 52 747 52 747 52 747

1860 (June 1) 1850 (June 1) 1840 (June 1) 1830 (June 1) 1820 (Aug. 7)

..................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................................................................................

3 022 387 2 992 747 1 788 006 1 788 006 1 788 006

2 969 640 2 940 042 1 749 462 1 749 462 1 749 462

52 747 52 705 38 544 38 544 38 544

1810 (Aug. 6) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1800 (Aug. 4) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1790 (Aug. 2) .....................................................................................................................................................................................

1 716 003 888 811 888 811

1 681 828 864 746 864 746

34 175 24 065 24 065

1Excludes

Alaska and Hawaii.

6


Table 1-2—Series J 1-2. Territorial Expansion of the United States, 1790–1990 (Square miles.) Area Accession

Gross area (land and water) 1

Year

Total ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... United States ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Territory in 1790 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. Louisiana Purchase .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... By Treaty with Spain Florida ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Other areas .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1970 ... ... 1830

3 628 066 3 615 122 888 685 827 192

1819 1819

58 560 13 443

Texas .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Oregon .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Mexican Cession .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Gadsden Purchase ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... Alaska ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Hawaii ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1845 1846 1848 1853 1867 1898

390 143 285 580 529 017 29 640 586 412 6 450

Other areas The Philippines 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Puerto Rico ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Guam .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... American Samoa .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Canal Zone 3 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Corn Islands 4 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Virgin Islands of the U.S. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... Pacific Islands 5 .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1898 1899 1899 1900 1904 1914 1917 1947

115 600 3 435 212 76 553 4 133 8 489

All other .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...

42

1Includes

that part of draining basin of Red River of the North, south of 49th parallel, sometimes considered part of Louisiana Purchase. included in total. Ceded by Spain in 1898, the Philippines constituted a territorial procession of the United States until 1946. Granted independence July 4, 1946. jurisdiction of the United States in accordance with treaty of Nov. 18, 1903 with the Republic of Panama. 4Included in total for 1970. Leased (1914) from Republic of Nicaragua for 99 years, but returned April 25, 1971. 5Under trusteeship with the United States as administering authority. See Trusteeship Agreement for the former Japanese Mandated Islands (Documentary Supplement No.1) of the Security Council of the United Nations which became effective on July 18, 1947. . . . = Not available. 2Not

3Under


7

Table 1-3—Series J 92-103. Estimated Water Use, 1900–2000 (Billions of gallons, daily average.) Self–supplied use Year

Total water use

Total irrigation 1

Total public water utilities

Total rural domestic 2

Total Total steam industrial electric and miscellautilities neous 3

2000 1995 1990 1985

............................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................

408 402 408 399

137.0 134.0 137.0 137.0

43.3 43.0 41.0 38.0

5.4 8.9 7.9 7.8

22.3 26.0 30.0 31.0

195.5 190.0 195.0 187.0

1980 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................

440 420 373 361 350 338

150.0 140.0 125.0 124.0 122.0 120.0

34.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 28.0 27.0

5.6 4.9 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4

45.0 45.0 63.0 61.0 59.0 57.0

210.0 200.0 145.0 142.0 135.0 128.0

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................

327 403 395 388 380 270 362 352 344 335

119.2 156.8 154.6 152.5 150.3 110.8 145.5 142.9 141.2 138.5

27.0 26.6 26.2 25.8 25.4 23.7 24.4 23.8 23.3 22.7

4.3 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.6 4.1 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1

56.0 83.4 80.9 78.3 75.8 46.4 70.8 68.4 66.6 64.2

120.8 129.6 126.9 124.3 121.6 84.5 114.9 110.8 107.2 103.1

1960 4 ............................................................................................................................................................. 1958 ............................................................................................................................................................... 1955 ............................................................................................................................................................... 1950 ............................................................................................................................................................... 1946 ............................................................................................................................................................... 1945 ............................................................................................................................................................... 1944 ...............................................................................................................................................................

323 299 264 203 166 170 178

135.0 127.5 116.3 100.0 86.4 83.1 80.6

22.0 19.7 16.3 14.1 12.0 12.0 12.0

6.0 5.8 5.4 4.6 3.5 3.2 3.2

61.2 56.4 49.2 38.1 33.0 41.0 48.0

98.7 89.9 76.6 45.9 30.8 31.2 34.6

1940 1930 1920 1910 1900

136 110 92 66 40

71.0 60.2 55.9 39.0 20.2

10.1 8.0 6.0 4.7 3.0

3.1 2.9 2.4 2.2 2.0

29.0 21.0 18.0 14.0 10.0

23.2 18.4 9.2 6.5 5.0

............................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................

1Total

take including delivery losses but not including reservoir evaporation. farm and nonfarm household and garden use, and for farm stock and dairies. 3For 1900–1960, includes manufacturing industries, mineral industries, rural commercial industries, air conditioning, resorts, hotels, motels, military, and other state and federal agencies and other miscellaneous uses; thereafter, includes manufacturing, mining, and mineral processing, ordance and construction. 4Denotes first year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. 2Rural

8


Table 1-4—Series J 268-278. Tornadoes, Floods, and Tropical Cyclones, 1886–2001 (Number, millions of dollars.) Tornadoes

Year

Lives lost Most in a single tornado

Number Total

North Atlantic tropical cyclones (including hurricanes)

Floods

With $500,000 and over in property loss

Lives lost

Property loss ($1,000,000)

Total reaching U.S. coast

Lives lost in United States

2002 .......................................................................................................................... 2001 ..........................................................................................................................

... 1 104

55 39

... ...

... ...

49 48

655.0 1 220.3

... ...

... 44

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

.......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

1 071 1 343 1 424 1 148 1 170 1 235 1 082 1 173 1 297 1 132

40 94 130 67 25 30 69 33 39 39

... 7 32 27 5 6 22 7 12 17

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

38 68 136 118 131 80 91 103 62 61

1 255.1 1 420.7 2 324.8 6 910.6 2 120.7 1 250.5 ... ... ... ...

... 3 3 1 2 2 ... 1 1 1

5 70 23 4 33 29 38 9 26 17

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

.......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

1 133 856 702 656 764 684 907 931 1 046 783

53 50 32 59 15 94 122 34 64 24

29 21 5 30 3 18 16 3 10 5

91 60 48 38 75 69 125 95 92 55

... 81 29 82 80 304 126 200 155 90

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 4 12 7 6 11 2 2 1 2

13 56 ... ... ... 9 4 22 ... ...

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

.......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

866 852 788 852 835 920 947 1 102 741 888

28 84 53 43 44 60 361 87 27 156

5 42 16 22 5 9 34 7 6 58

92 73 59 46 46 42 107 76 29 35

97 100 120 212 187 114 121 105 540 74

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 5 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 5

2 11 35 ... 9 21 1 5 121 8

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

.......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

649 604 661 912 570 899 713 461 658 682

73 66 131 116 99 298 73 31 28 51

26 32 34 33 58 44 22 5 17 16

30 19 32 41 17 41 22 16 10 22

135 297 31 34 31 119 100 39 19 52

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

4 3 3 2 2 2 6 1 1 3

11 256 9 18 54 75 49 11 4 46

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

.......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

618 589 565 864 532 593 549 437 236 272

47 58 66 191 83 125 35 516 230 34

16 21 19 44 25 80 6 116 57 6

12 5 9 29 25 14 9 25 19 13

32 25 47 82 42 302 55 40 54 51

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

5 7 1 5 2 5 4 6 2 1

65 24 2 395 21 218 193 2 3 ...

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

.......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

199 249 183 165 106 121 169 152 167 118

70 212 140 313 78 210 275 58 384 53

18 58 33 169 15 69 100 5 65 25

9 13 13 8 7 11 9 8 10 1

93 48 82 55 28 91 33 107 68 47

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

4 3 4 7 4 5 4 4 3 4

19 4 3 53 ... 7 64 16 8 10

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

.......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

124 152 213 147 151 180 147 258 151 94

65 87 183 29 552 70 47 362 394 36

18 27 32 5 216 11 6 34 37 6

2 3 6 ... 6 ... 3 9 2 1

60 83 180 142 142 236 88 33 11 ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3 3 4 4 7 2 5 7 5 2

51 3 600 ... 9 414 17 63 ... ...

. . . = Not available.


9

Table 1-4—Series J 268-278. Tornadoes, Floods, and Tropical Cyclones, 1886–2001—Continued (Number, millions of dollars.) Tornadoes

Year

Lives lost Number Total

North Atlantic tropical cyclones (including hurricanes)

Floods

Most in a single tornado

With $500,000 and over in property loss

Lives lost

Property loss ($1,000,000)

Total reaching U.S. coast

Lives lost in United States

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

.......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

192 197 203 163 111 119 130 102 108 105

179 274 92 540 144 794 376 109 135 202

41 40 14 92 23 689 85 23 16 61

6 4 7 10 ... 3 12 1 5 3

14 89 15 423 16 36 ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 2 3 1 4 2 3 4 1 2

... 3 1 836 ... 269 6 2 ... ... 5

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

.......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

87 64 81 121 90 ... ... ... ... ...

498 206 135 509 150 ... ... ... ... ...

87 59 36 101 30 ... ... ... ... ...

10 2 5 9 1 ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3 2 2 1 8 4 1 3 4 2

2 287 34 5 107 600 ... ... 12 17

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

.......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 7 2 3 6 2 3 2 3 6

13 404 ... ... 285 ... ... 9 ... 10

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891

.......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3 4 6 4 4 4 3 7 3 4

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1889 1888 1887 1886

.......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

4 6 4 7

... ... ... ...


10


Table 1-5. Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recovery, and Disposal, 1980–2001 (Millions of tons, pounds per person, percent.) Year

1980

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Waste Generated ................. Per person per day (lb) ..........

151.6 3.7

205.2 4.5

204.6 4.4

208.9 4.5

211.8 4.5

214.2 4.5

211.4 4.4

209.2 4.3

217.0 4.4

223.4 4.5

231.0 4.6

232.0 4.5

229.2 4.4

Materials Recovered ............ Per person per day (lb) ..........

14.5 0.4

33.2 0.7

37.0 0.8

40.6 0.9

43.8 0.9

50.8 1.1

54.9 1.1

57.4 1.2

60.8 1.2

61.1 1.2

64.8 1.3

67.7 1.3

68.0 1.3

Combustion for Energy Recovery ......................... Per person per day (lb) ..........

2.7 0.1

31.9 0.7

30.1 0.7

30.5 0.7

30.9 0.7

31.2 0.7

35.5 0.7

36.1 0.7

36.7 0.8

34.4 0.7

34.0 0.7

33.7 0.7

33.6 0.7

Combustion without Energy Recovery ......................... Per person per day (lb) ..........

11.0 0.3

2.2 0.05

2.2 0.05

2.2 0.05

1.6 0.03

1.3 0.03

1.0 0.02

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

Landfill, Other Disposal ...... Per person per day (lb) ..........

123.4 3.0

140.1 3.1

135.3 2.9

135.7 2.9

135.5 2.9

130.9 2.8

120.9 2.5

115.7 2.4

119.5 2.4

127.1 2.6

132.1 2.7

130.6 2.5

127.6 2.5

Percent Distribution of Generation Paper and paperboard ........... Glass ...................................... Metals .................................... Plastics .................................. Rubber and leather ................ Textiles .................................. Wood ..................................... Food wastes .......................... Yard wastes ........................... Other wastes ..........................

36.4 10.0 10.2 4.5 2.8 1.7 4.6 8.6 18.1 3.2

35.4 6.4 8.1 8.3 2.8 2.8 6.0 10.1 17.1 3.0

34.7 6.2 8.1 8.7 2.9 3.0 6.2 10.2 17.1 3.1

35.5 6.3 7.7 8.8 2.8 3.2 5.9 10.1 16.8 2.9

36.6 6.4 7.5 9.0 2.7 3.2 5.8 10.0 15.7 3.0

37.7 6.2 7.6 9.0 2.9 3.4 5.3 10.0 14.7 3.2

38.6 6.1 7.5 8.9 2.9 3.5 4.9 10.3 14.0 3.3

38.1 5.9 7.7 9.4 3.0 3.7 5.2 10.4 13.3 3.3

38.6 5.5 7.7 9.9 3.0 3.8 5.3 10.1 12.8 3.3

37.7 5.7 7.5 10.0 3.1 3.9 5.4 11.2 12.4 3.2

38.2 5.6 7.7 10.4 2.7 3.9 5.4 10.9 12.0 3.2

37.4 5.4 7.8 10.7 2.7 4.0 5.6 11.2 12.0 3.2

35.7 5.5 7.9 11.1 2.8 4.3 5.7 11.4 12.2 3.4



11

Table 1-6. National Air Pollutant Emissions, 1970–2001 (Thousands of tons.) Year

2001 .....................................................................................

PM–10

PM–10 fugitive dust 1

PM–2.5

Sulfur dioxide

Nitrogen dioxides

Volatile organic compounds

Carbon monoxide

Lead 2

9 442

14 662

7 380

15 790

22 349

17 963

120 759

...

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... .....................................................................................

10 385 9 185 8 345 8 396 9 017 8 807 8 888 8 411 8 927 9 270

14 314 12 447 14 555 14 516 13 845 17 012 19 722 18 953 18 170 18 075

8 175 6 813 6 263 6 257 6 726 6 929 7 541 7 150 7 198 7 320

16 317 17 651 18 947 18 841 18 387 18 619 21 346 21 772 22 082 22 375

23 199 23 671 24 349 24 712 24 790 24 956 25 349 25 357 25 260 25 179

19 704 19 378 18 783 19 534 20 870 22 041 22 569 22 730 23 066 23 577

123 568 117 229 115 382 117 913 128 860 126 777 133 559 135 901 140 896 147 128

... ... ... ... 2 627 3 929 4 047 3 916 3 810 4 169

1990 1985 1980 1975 1970

..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... .....................................................................................

9 690 11 590 7 013 7 671 13 042

18 068 29 734 ... ... ...

7 561 ... ... ... ...

23 078 23 307 25 925 28 011 31 161

25 530 25 757 27 079 22 632 20 928

24 116 27 404 31 106 26 079 30 982

154 189 176 844 185 407 116 757 129 444

4 975 22 890 74 153 159 659 220 869

1Sources

such as agricultural tilling, construction, mining and quarrying, paved roads, unpaved roads, and wind erosion in 1996, lead and lead compounds are inventoried through the hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) portion of the National Emission Inventory (NEI) every 3 years; data for 1997 forward are currently not available. . . . = Not available.

2Beginning

SECTION

2

POPULATION

14


SECTION 2

POPULATION Highlights

Ten Fastest-Growing States, 2002–2003 (percent change)

ID 5.6 NV 12.2 CA 4.8

UT 5.3

CO 5.8 NC 4.5

AZ 8.8

GA 6.1 TX 6.1

1

The Census of the United States was authorized by an Act of Congress, dated March 1, 1790, providing for “the enumeration of the United States.” The first census cost $44,377 and utilized the services of 17 marshals and 650 assistants. It counted a population of 3,939,326 in 16 states and the Ohio Territory. Virginia was the most populous state with 746,610 inhabitants, and Rhode Island the least with 68,825 inhabitants. New York City had a population of 33,131, Philadelphia 28,522, and Boston 18,320.

FL 6.5

2

Between 1790 and 2000, the U.S. Center of Population moved from Maryland to Missouri. Year

North West Approximate Location Latitude Latitude

1790 1850 1900 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

39 16 30 38 59 00 38 09 36 38 50 21 38 35 58 38 27 47 38 08 13 37 52 20 37 41 49

76 11 12 81 19 00 85 48 54 89 09 33 89 15 35 89 42 22 90 34 26 91 12 55 91 48 34

21 miles east of Baltimore, MD 23 miles SE of Parkersburg, WV 6 miles SE of Columbus, IN 8 miles NNW of Olney, IL 6.5 miles NW of Centralia, IL 5.3 miles SSE of Mescoutah, I .25 miles west of De Soto, MO 10 miles SE of Steelville, MO 3 miles E of Edgar Springs, MO

SECTION 2: POPULATION

3

Until 1830, people who were deaf, mute, and blind were excluded from the census.

4

The fifth census in 1830 was the first in which the population of the United States exceeded 10 million; the first census in which the count exceeded 100 million was that of 1920; and the first in which the count exceeded 200 million was that of 1970.

5

The 1890 census was the first to utilize enumerating machines.

6

The first states to exceed one million in population were New York, Virginia, and Pennsylvania in 1820. The first state to exceed five million in population was New York in 1880. New York was also the first state to exceed 10 million, in 1920. California became the first state to exceed 20 million, in 1980, and 30 million, in 2000.

7

New York City was the first city to exceed one million in population (exceeding Brooklyn, which was then an independent city) in 1880. In 2000, nine cities exceeded one million in population

8

Census counts are subject to a margin of error, which has been measured since 1940. Estimated between 1.2 percent and 5.4 percent, the errors generally result from an undercount of certain segments of population.

9

Data on urban population were first published in 1870. Urban centers were defined as locations with a population of 8,000 or more. In 1880 and 1890, that figure was reduced to 4,000, and in 1900, to 2,500. This definition, with minor modifications, was accepted in later censuses up to and including 1940. In 1950, the Census Bureau adopted the concept of the urbanized area and delineated boundaries for unincorporated places. The urban population was defined as all persons living in urbanized areas and, outside these areas, in all places incorporated or unincorporated, which had 2,500 inhabitants or more. This definition has remained substantially unchanged in subsequent censuses. Minor modifications of this definition are employed in some states. For the 2000 Census, a population density threshold was added.

10 Rural population is subdivided into two categories: rural farm and rural nonfarm. The definition of rural farm is based on the size of the farm and the cash value of the farm produce.

15

11 The first attempt to define metropolitan population was made in the 1910 census. Metropolitan districts were defined for cities of 200,000 or more. Each metropolitan district included contiguous minor civil divisions that met certain rules of proximity and population density. In 1950, metropolitan districts were replaced by Standard Metropolitan Areas (SMAs), and the name and definitions were revised each decade through the twentieth century. Metropolitan Areas were defined in terms of entire counties, except in New England where the definitions were in terms of cities or towns. In general, an urbanized area is defined as a city (or twin cities) of 50,000 or more and the surrounding closely settled areas. From time to time, new metropolitan areas were created and boundaries of others changed. As a result, data over time may not be comparable. In 2003, a new set of standards was developed to define Core Based Statistical Areas, which include Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Micropolitan Statistical Areas, smaller areas including cities with cohesive groups of counties. The new system is defined in terms of entire counties, even in the New England states.

12 The classification by race in censuses reflects common usage rather than strict biological stock. The data are obtained primarily through self-classification. The standard racial categories are White, Black, Native American, Asian and Pacific Islander, and Hispanic (who may be Black or White). The 1990 census was the first to include an “other race” category that provided for a write-in entry. The census of 1860 was the first in which Native Americans were distinguished from other ethnic groups; however, it excluded those Native Americans living on reservations. The 2000 census was the first that permitted individuals to specify more than one race, resulting in specific data for multi-racial persons.

13 Americans resident outside the United States numbered 6.269 million in 1990. The countries with the largest number of resident U.S. civilians were Mexico (495,000), Canada (278,000), the United Kingdom (213,000), France (126,000), Israel (124,000), Germany (107,000), the Philippines (109,000), Italy (102,000), the Dominican Republic (87,000), and Australia (65,000).

14 The population of the United States doubled five times between the first decennial census of 1790 and the seventeenth census in 1950. The first three doublings took 25 years each through 1865. The fourth required 35 years from 1865 to 1900. The fifth doubling took half a century, to 1950. A sixth doubling is projected to occur by about 2010, 60 years since the last doubling.

16


15 Between 1790 and 1860, the annual increase of population exceeded 3 percent, with the highest being 3.6 percent from 1800 to 1810, and again in the 1840s and the 1850s. In the remaining four decades of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth century, the rate of growth ranged from 2.7 percent to 2.1 percent. The growth rate slumped to 1.5 percent between 1910 and 1920, rose to 1.6 percent in the following decade, and then plummeted to 0.7 percent during the Depression in the 1930s. It rebounded to 1.9 percent in the 1950s (known as the Baby Boom) and was followed by a rate of 1.3 percent in the 1960s as the Boom ended. In the 1970s (the Baby Bust), the growth rate fell to 1.1 percent and remained at 1.0 percent through the 1980s. During the 1990s, the growth rate jumped back to 1.3 percent, but the first few years of the twenty-first century have seen a return to a slower growth of 1.1 percent.

16 The highest decennial jump in population was 36.4 percent reported in the third census in 1810, followed by 35.9 percent in 1850, 35.6 percent in 1860, and 35.1 percent in 1800. The lowest was 7.3 percent reported in 1940, followed by 9.8 percent in 1990, and 11.4 percent in 1980.

17 The United States had more males than females until the end of World War II in 1945. Since then the sex ratio has been in favor of females. However, more male children are born so that males are in the majority until age 34.

18 Urbanized areas and urban clusters (two definitions of urban areas) accounted for 79 percent of the population and 77.6 percent of the housing units, but only 2.6 percent of the land area in 2000. The West had the most urban population with 88.6 percent of its population living in urban areas, followed by the Northeast (84.4 percent), the Midwest (74.7 percent), and the South (72.8 percent). The most urban states were California and New Jersey, with 94.4 percent, Nevada (91.5 percent), Hawaii (91.5 percent) Massachusetts (91.4 percent), Rhode Island (90.0 percent), Florida (89.3 percent), Utah (88.2 percent), Arizona (88.2 percent), and Illinois (87.8 percent). The least urban state was Vermont with 38.2 percent, followed by Maine (40.2 percent), and West Virginia (46.1 percent).

19 In 1790, the percentage of the urban population was 5.4 percent. In 2000, it was 79 percent. 20 In 2002, 151.8 million people (53 percent of the U.S. population) lived in coastal counties, a loss of 1 percent compared with 1970. Twenty-three percent lived on the Atlantic coast, 6 percent on the Gulf of Mexico,

10 percent on the Great Lakes, and 14 percent on the Pacific Coast.

21 In the first census in 1790, the density of population was only 4.5 per square mile of land area. It reached 10.6 in 1860, 17.8 in 1890, 26 in 1910, 34.7 in 1930, 42.6 in 1950, 64 in 1980, 70.3 in 1990, and 79.6 in 2000. The state with the greatest density of population was New Jersey with 1,134.4, followed by Rhode Island with 1,003.2. The state with the least density of population was Alaska with 1.1.

22 Blacks or African Americans alone comprised 12.3 percent of the population in 2000, compared with 15.7 percent in 1850. Nearly 55 percent of Blacks lived in the South, 18.8 percent in the Midwest, 17.6 percent in the Northeast, and 8.9 percent in the West.

23 Hispanics and Asians have a net growth at a rate of 3.6 and 3.4 percent respectively, compared with 0.7 percent for Whites and 1.3 percent for Blacks.

24 Nevada has the fastest growing population, with a phenomenal growth rate of 8.8 percent from 2000 to 2002. Western states generally experienced greater population growths led by Arizona (6.4 percent), Colorado (4.8 percent), Utah (3.7 percent), Idaho (3.6 percent), and Washington (3.0 percent). Only two states lost population during this period—North Dakota by 1.3 percent and West Virginia by 0.4 percent. California, which ranked first in population in 1980, retained its rank in 2002, Texas was ranked second and New York third.

25 From 2000 to 2002, New York lost 372,929 of its residents through internal migration, California lost 167,775, and Illinois 166,301. The greatest gains through internal migration were registered in Florida (356,408), Arizona (137,342), and Georgia (104,861).

26 The growth rate for Whites from 2000 to 2002 was 0.6 percent compared with 1.3 percent for Blacks, 1.4 percent for Native Americans, 3.5 percent for Asians, and 2.9 percent for Hispanics.

27 From 2000 to 2001, 14 percent of the population was mobile. This means that people moved from their original house to a different house. Of these, 6 percent moved to a different county, and 3 percent moved to a different state. Poorer people tend to move more often than wealthier people. Twenty-one percent of those with a household income of less than $5,000 moved, as compared with 10 percent of those with an income of more than $75,000.


17

28 Significant disparities exist in the regional distribution of races. While Whites are distributed fairly

33 In 2000, five tribes accounted for 36.9 percent of the 4.119 million American Indian and Alaska Natives

equally over the four main regions (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West), 54.8 percent of Blacks are concentrated in the South and only 9.1 percent in the West. Nearly 47.6 percent of Native Americans are found in the West and only 6.4 percent in the Northeast. Asians and Hispanics also are more numerous in the West, with 55.7 percent and 45.2 percent, respectively. One-third of all Hispanics live in California and another one-sixth in Texas. New York has the largest Black or African American population (3.409 million), followed by Texas (2.528 million), Florida (2.634 million), Georgia (2.463 million), and California (2.436 million).

alone or in combination: Cherokee (17.7 percent), Navajo (7.2 percent), Latin American Indian (4.4 percent), Choctaw (3.9 percent), and Sioux (3.7 percent). Of American Indians and Alaska Natives alone, 25.7 percent live below the poverty level.

29 The number of senior citizens in the United States is projected to grow from 36.696 million in 2005 to 40.244 million in 2010. Those from 45 to 64 years of age will grow in number from 72.8 million to 81 million, while those from 18 to 44 years of age will increase slightly from 112 million to 113 million during the same period. In 2002, there were 4.593 million senior citizens over the age of 85.

30 In 2000, there were 258 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) and 18 Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas (CMSAs), inhabited by 80.3 percent of the population. New Jersey was the only state considered 100 percent metropolitan. Other states with a more than 90 percent metropolitan population included California (96.7 percent), Massachusetts (96.1 percent), Connecticut (95.6 percent), Rhode Island (94.1 percent), Florida (92.8 percent), Maryland (92.7 percent), and New York (92.1 percent). Vermont and Wyoming are the most rural states with 72.2 percent and 70.0 percent of their population respectively in non metropolitan areas.

31 In 2002, there were 19,448 incorporated places in the United States, of which 9 have more than a million inhabitants and 16,706 fewer than 10,000. Incorporated places with populations under 25,000 represent a smaller proportion (28.9 percent) of the U.S. population than in 1980 (34.1 percent). Places with populations between 25,000 and 249,999 now account for 42.7 percent, up from 37.2 percent in 1980.

34 The percentage of foreign-born population increased from 6.9 percent in 1950 to 11.1 percent in 2000. Mexicans account for almost one-third percent of the foreign-born.

35 Foreign-language speakers have been increasing in number in the United States since 1950: 28.1 million people speak Spanish; 1.6 million speak French; 1.4 million speak German; 1.0 million speak Italian; and 2.0 million speak Chinese.

36 Of Americans of European ancestry, those of German descent are the most numerous—an estimated 42.9 million—followed by English (24.5 million), Italian (15.7 million), Polish (9.0 million), French (8.3 million), and Scottish (4.9 million).

37 Marriage remains the norm, but the percentage of married couples in the population declined from 65.5 percent in 1980 to 58.9 percent in 2002. The divorced segment of the population increased to 10.0 percent in 2002 from 6.2 percent in 1980.

38 Interracial marriages have become more common since 1980. Black/White marriages doubled by 2002 to 395,000, while White/Other Race marriages increased from 450,000 to 1,222,000.

39 The average size of the American family declined from 3.14 members in 1970 to 2.58 in 2002. Of the total number of 74.3 million family households, 13.1 million are headed by females. Non family households have become more common since the 1960s. Of the 35 million non family households, 19.4 million are headed by females.

32 Of the 68 places with populations of 250,000 or more, Raleigh, NC grew the most at 11.2 percent from

40 In 2002, 73.3 percent of White family households have two parents, compared with 38.4 percent of

2000 to 2002. Stockton, CA (7.8) and Riverside, CA (7.5) were also among the places with the highest percent change.

Black family households. Fifty-four percent of Black family households are run by single mothers and 6.9 percent by single fathers.

18


Table 2-1—Series A 1-5. Area and Population of the United States, 1790–2000 (Square miles, number, and percent.) Resident population Year

Land area (square miles)

Increase from preceding census Number Number

Per square mile of land area

Percent 1

2000 (Apr. 1) 2 .................................................. 1990 (Apr. 1) 2 .................................................. 1980 (Apr. 1) 2 .................................................. 1970 (Apr. 1) 2 .................................................. 1960 (Apr. 1) * .................................................. 1960 (Apr. 1) 3 .................................................. 1950 (Apr. 1) .................................................... 1940 (Apr. 1) .................................................... 1930 (Apr. 1) .................................................... 1920 (Jan. 1) .................................................... 1910 (Apr. 15) ..................................................

3 537 439 3 536 278 3 539 289 3 536 855 3 540 911 2 968 054 2 974 726 2 977 128 2 977 128 2 969 451 2 969 565

281 422 509 248 718 302 226 542 199 203 302 031 179 323 175 178 464 236 150 697 361 131 669 275 122 775 046 105 710 620 91 972 266

32 704 207 22 176 103 23 240 168 23 978 856 28 625 814 27 766 875 19 028 086 8 894 229 17 064 426 13 738 354 15 977 691

13.1 9.8 11.4 13.4 19.0 18.4 14.5 7.2 16.1 14.9 21.0

79.6 70.3 64.0 57.5 50.6 60.1 50.7 44.2 41.2 35.6 31.0

1900 (June 1) ................................................... 1890 (June1) .................................................... 1880 (June 1) ................................................... 1870 (June 1) ................................................... 1860 (June 1) ................................................... 1850 (June 1) ................................................... 1840 (June 1) ................................................... 1830 (June 1) ................................................... 1820 (Aug. 17) ................................................. 1810 (Aug. 6) ...................................................

2 969 834 2 969 640 2 969 640 2 969 640 2 969 640 2 940 042 1 749 462 1 749 462 1 749 462 1 681 828

75 994 575 62 947 714 50 155 783 439 818 449 31 443 321 23 191 876 17 069 453 12 866 020 9 638 453 7 239 881

13 046 861 12 791 931 10 337 334 8 375 128 8 251 445 6 122 423 4 203 433 3 227 567 2 398 572 1 931 398

20.7 25.5 26.0 26.6 35.6 35.9 32.7 33.5 33.1 36.4

25.6 21.2 16.9 13.4 10.6 7.9 9.8 7.4 5.5 4.3

1800 (Aug. 4) ................................................... 1790 (Aug. 2) ...................................................

864 746 864 746

5 308 483 3 929 214

1 379 269 ...

35.1 ...

6.1 4.5

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. 11970, 1980, 1990, and 2000 census counts reflect corrections made since original publication 2Based on interval since preceding census which is not always exactly 10 years. 3Conterminous United States (excludes Alaska and Hawaii). 4Revised to include adjustment of 1,260,078 for under enumeration in the southern states. Unrevised

* = First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. . . . = Not available.

census count is 38,558,371.


19

Table 2-2—Series A 6-8. Annual Population Estimates for the United States, 1790–2003 (Number in thousands.) Year

Total including Armed Forces overseas

Total resident population

Civilian resident population

2003 ................................................................. 2002 ................................................................. 2001 .................................................................

291 049 288 205 285 321

290 810 287 973 285 094

289 558 286 728 283 879

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

282 388 279 295 276 115 272 912 269 667 266 557 263 436 260 255 256 894 253 493

282 178 279 040 275 854 272 647 269 394 266 278 263 126 259 919 256 514 252 981

280 954 277 841 274 633 271 394 268 108 264 927 261 714 258 446 254 929 251 370

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

250 132 247 342 245 021 242 804 240 651 238 466 236 348 234 307 232 188 229 966

249 623 246 819 244 499 242 289 240 133 237 924 235 825 233 792 231 664 229 466

247 983 245 131 242 817 240 550 238 412 236 219 234 110 232 097 229 995 227 818

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

227 726 225 055 222 585 220 239 218 035 215 973 213 854 211 909 209 896 207 661

227 225 224 567 222 095 219 760 217 563 215 465 213 342 211 357 209 284 206 827

225 621 222 969 220 467 218 106 215 894 213 789 211 636 209 600 207 511 204 866

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

204 879 202 677 200 706 198 712 196 560 194 303 191 889 189 242 186 538 183 691

203 810 201 385 199 399 197 457 195 576 193 526 191 141 188 483 185 771 182 992

201 722 199 145 197 113 195 264 193 420 191 605 189 141 186 493 183 677 181 143

1960 ................................................................. 1959* ................................................................ 1959 ................................................................. 1958 ................................................................. 1957 ................................................................. 1956 ................................................................. 1955 ................................................................. 1954 ................................................................. 1953 ................................................................. 1952 ................................................................. 1951 .................................................................

180 671 177 830 177 073 174 141 171 274 168 221 165 275 162 391 159 565 156 954 154 287

179 979 177 135 176 289 173 320 170 371 167 306 164 308 161 164 158 242 155 687 153 310

178 140 175 277 174 521 171 485 168 400 165 373 162 311 159 059 155 975 153 292 151 009

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

151 684 149 188 146 631 144 126 141 389 139 928 138 397 136 739 134 860 133 402

151 235 148 665 146 093 143 446 140 054 132 481 132 885 134 245 133 920 133 121

150 203 147 578 145 168 142 566 138 385 127 573 126 708 127 499 130 942 131 595

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

132 122 130 880 129 825 128 825 128 053 127 250 126 374 125 579 124 840 124 040

131 954 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

131 658 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

123 077 121 767 120 509 119 035 117 397 115 829 114 109 111 947 110 049 108 538

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...


20


Table 2-2—Series A 6-8. Annual Population Estimates for the United States, 1790–2003—Continued (Number in thousands.) Year

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901




106 461 514 208 268 101 961 100 546 99 111 97 225 95 335 93 863

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

92 407 90 490 88 710 87 008 85 450 83 822 82 166 80 632 79 163 77 584

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

76 094 74 799 73 493 72 189 70 885 69 580 68 275 66 970 65 666 64 361

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

63 056 61 775 60 496 59 217 57 938 56 658 55 379 54 100 52 821 51 542

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1875 1874 1873 1872 1871

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

50 262 49 208 48 174 47 141 46 107 45 073 44 040 43 006 41 972 40 938

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1870 1869 1868 1867 1866 1865 1864 1863 1862 1861

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

39 905 39 051 38 213 37 376 36 538 35 701 34 863 34 026 33 188 32 351

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1860 1859 1858 1857 1856 1855 1854 1853 1852 1851

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

31 513 30 687 29 862 29 037 28 212 27 386 26 561 25 736 24 911 24 086

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1850 1849 1848 1847 1846 1845 1844 1843 1842 1841

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

23 261 22 631 22 018 21 406 20 794 20 182 19 569 18 957 18 345 17 733

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1Total

1104 1103 1103

population, including Armed Forces overseas (in thousands): 1917 = 103,414; 1918 = 104,550; 1919 = 105,063; civilian population (in thousands): 1917 = 102,796; 1918 = 101,488; 1919 = 104,158. . . . = Not available.


21

Table 2-2—Series A 6-8. Annual Population Estimates for the United States, 1790–2003—Continued (Number in thousands.) Year




1840 1839 1838 1837 1836 1835 1834 1833 1832 1831

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

17 120 16 684 16 264 15 843 15 423 15 003 14 582 14 162 13 742 13 321

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1830 1829 1828 1827 1826 1825 1824 1823 1822 1821

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

12 901 12 565 12 237 11 909 11 580 11 252 10 924 10 596 10 268 9 939

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1820 1819 1818 1817 1816 1815 1814 1813 1812 1811

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

9 618 9 379 9 139 8 899 8 659 8 419 8 179 7 939 7 700 7 460

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1810 1809 1808 1807 1806 1805 1804 1803 1802 1801

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

7 224 7 031 6 838 6 644 6 451 6 258 6 065 5 872 5 679 5 486

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1800 1799 1798 1797 1796 1795 1794 1793 1792 1791

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

5 297 5 159 5 021 4 883 4 745 4 607 4 469 4 332 4 194 4 056

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1790 .................................................................

3 929

...

...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. . . . = Not available.

22


Table 2-3—Series A 23-25. Annual Estimates and Projections of the Population, by Sex, 1900–2050 (Number in thousands. As of July 1. 1900–1939, resident population; 1940–2002, total population, including Armed Forces overseas.) Sex Year

Total Male

Female

Projections 2050 ................................................................. 2040 ................................................................. 2030 ................................................................. 2020 ................................................................. 2010 .................................................................

419 854 391 946 363 584 335 805 308 936

206 477 192 405 178 563 165 093 151 815

213 377 199 540 185 022 170 711 157 121

Estimates 2002 ................................................................. 2001 .................................................................

288 600 285 545

141 856 140 268

146 744 145 277

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

282 434 279 295 276 115 272 912 269 667 266 557 263 436 260 255 256 894 253 492

138 647 137 022 135 355 133 703 132 046 130 459 128 869 127 266 125 580 123 869

143 787 142 273 140 760 139 209 137 621 136 098 134 566 132 990 131 314 129 624

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

250 132 247 342 245 021 242 804 240 651 238 466 236 348 234 307 232 188 229 966

122 162 120 739 119 550 118 416 117 324 116 217 115 142 114 113 113 052 111 956

127 970 126 603 125 472 124 388 123 327 122 249 121 206 120 195 119 135 118 010

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

227 726 225 055 222 585 220 239 218 035 215 973 213 854 211 909 209 896 207 661

110 859 109 584 108 424 107 335 106 309 105 366 104 391 103 506 102 591 101 567

116 867 115 472 114 161 112 905 111 727 110 607 109 463 108 402 107 305 106 094

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

205 052 202 677 200 706 198 712 196 560 194 303 191 889 189 242 186 538 183 691

100 354 99 287 98 426 97 564 96 620 95 609 94 518 93 303 92 066 90 740

104 698 103 390 102 280 101 148 99 941 98 694 97 371 95 939 94 472 92 952

1960 ................................................................. 1959* ................................................................ 1959 ................................................................. 1958 ................................................................. 1957 ................................................................. 1956 ................................................................. 1955 ................................................................. 1954 ................................................................. 1953 ................................................................. 1952 ................................................................. 1951 .................................................................

180 671 177 830 177 073 174 141 171 274 168 221 165 275 162 391 159 565 156 954 154 287

89 320 87 995 87 621 86 236 84 892 83 434 82 030 80 647 79 295 78 061 76 792

91 352 89 834 89 453 87 905 86 382 84 786 83 246 81 744 80 270 78 893 77 496

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

151 684 149 188 146 631 144 126 141 389 139 928 138 397 136 739 134 860 133 402

75 539 74 335 73 130 71 946 70 631 70 035 69 378 68 546 67 597 66 920

76 146 74 853 73 502 72 180 70 757 69 893 69 020 68 194 67 263 66 482

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

* = First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii.


23

Table 2-3—Series A 23-25. Annual Estimates and Projections of the Population, by Sex, 1900–2050 —Continued (Number in thousands. As of July 1. 1900–1939, resident population; 1940–2002, total population, including Armed Forces overseas.) Sex Year

Total Male

Female

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

132 122 130 880 129 825 128 825 128 053 127 250 126 374 125 579 124 840 124 040

66 352 65 713 65 235 64 790 64 460 64 110 63 726 63 384 63 070 62 726

65 770 65 166 64 590 64 035 63 594 63 140 62 648 62 195 61 770 61 314

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

123 077 121 767 120 509 119 035 117 397 115 829 1114 109 1111 947 1110 049 108 538

62 297 61 680 61 101 60 397 59 588 58 813 257 985 256 861 255 886 55 292

60 780 60 087 59 408 58 638 57 809 57 016 56 124 55 086 54 163 53 246

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

106 461 104 514 103 208 103 268 101 961 100 546 99 111 97 225 95 335 93 863

54 291 53 103 51 974 52 788 52 234 51 573 50 883 49 957 49 025 48 290

52 170 51 411 51 234 50 480 49 727 48 973 48 228 47 268 46 310 45 573

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

92 407 90 490 88 710 87 008 85 450 83 822 82 166 80 632 79 163 77 584

47 554 46 545 45 594 44 682 43 841 42 965 42 089 41 262 40 483 39 649

44 853 43 945 43 116 42 326 41 609 40 857 40 077 39 370 38 680 37 935

1900 .................................................................

76 094

38 867

37 227

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. 1Estimates 2Estimates

including Armed Forces overseas, in thousands: 1917 = 103,414; 1918 = 104,550; 1919 = 105,063. including Armed Forces overseas, in thousands: 1917 = 52,934; 1918 = 53,316; 1919 = 53,658.

24


Table 2-4—Series A 29-37. Annual Estimates and Projections of the Population, by Age, 1900–2050 (Number in thousands. As of July 1. 1900–1939, resident population; 1940–2002, total population, including Armed Forces overseas.) 15–24 years

25–34 years

35–44 years

45–54 years

55–64 years

65 years and over

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

86 705 000 80 049 000 71 453 000 54 632 000 40 243 000

19 609 147 19 363 555

41 037 286 41 118 564

40 682 017 40 072 966

40 011 623 39 897 632

44 966 018 45 188 663

40 090 235 39 234 294

26 601 968 25 316 092

35 601 911 35 353 266

282 434 382 279 294 713 276 115 288 272 911 760 269 667 391 266 557 091 263 435 673 260 255 352 256 894 189 253 492 503

19 212 382 19 135 544 19 144 923 19 232 671 19 408 272 19 626 505 19 776 862 19 729 275 19 528 041 19 208 046

41 076 678 40 819 824 40 335 509 39 854 729 39 295 639 38 645 220 38 025 965 37 367 359 36 676 867 36 037 085

39 433 066 38 770 905 38 103 329 37 403 286 36 897 544 36 776 907 36 649 961 36 591 319 36 578 817 36 717 342

39 937 925 40 278 512 40 861 616 41 454 232 41 922 421 42 167 847 42 456 594 42 791 562 43 155 535 43 431 090

45 200 232 45 129 860 44 801 737 44 282 377 43 604 756 42 765 129 41 877 423 40 974 857 40 045 547 39 413 148

38 057 687 36 584 022 35 237 881 34 183 418 32 805 569 31 486 001 30 158 761 28 870 496 27 555 069 25 828 059

24 436 064 23 778 205 23 011 134 22 099 486 21 590 141 21 320 178 21 159 304 21 028 673 20 998 319 21 046 109

35 080 348 34 797 841 34 619 159 34 401 561 34 143 049 33 769 304 33 330 803 32 901 811 32 355 994 31 811 624

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

250 131 894 247 341 697 245 021 414 242 803 533 240 650 755 238 466 283 236 348 292 234 307 207 232 187 835 229 966 237

18 856 447 18 508 058 18 195 420 18 052 205 17 962 501 17 841 621 17 694 905 17 546 883 17 227 829 16 892 719

35 289 633 34 713 629 34 255 539 33 807 104 33 572 632 33 692 290 33 788 200 33 921 777 34 102 523 34 360 528

37 131 327 37 613 503 38 380 551 39 125 882 39 797 597 40 241 164 40 705 554 41 270 714 41 915 663 42 464 817

43 425 039 43 448 348 43 337 953 43 039 473 42 569 828 41 906 305 41 159 818 40 396 793 39 597 137 39 073 237

37 865 692 36 494 304 35 257 516 34 298 910 33 080 761 31 766 587 30 575 414 29 336 099 28 095 288 26 454 383

25 214 557 24 640 816 23 956 847 23 102 870 22 665 712 22 466 729 22 392 473 22 362 154 22 431 804 22 585 741

21 101 920 21 241 283 21 513 981 21 750 923 21 994 127 22 135 408 22 154 421 22 112 114 22 030 110 21 914 015

31 247 279 30 681 756 30 123 607 29 626 166 29 007 597 28 416 179 27 877 507 27 360 673 26 787 481 26 220 797

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

227 726 463 225 055 487 222 584 545 220 239 425 218 035 164 215 973 199 213 853 928 211 908 788 209 896 021 207 660 677

16 451 184 16 062 882 15 735 004 15 563 659 15 617 115 16 121 483 16 486 729 16 850 846 17 101 353 17 243 968

34 838 688 35 391 774 36 219 589 37 033 667 37 758 862 38 240 018 38 715 753 39 308 434 39 945 515 40 490 468

42 755 321 42 698 483 42 442 086 42 039 541 41 520 290 40 811 662 40 017 005 39 240 266 38 449 007 37 947 543

37 602 918 36 202 624 34 963 103 33 998 226 32 758 856 31 471 262 30 225 400 28 939 077 27 623 937 25 958 294

25 867 299 25 175 999 24 436 821 23 562 471 23 093 851 22 830 830 22 825 489 22 810 067 22 859 507 22 978 047

22 749 367 22 942 025 23 173 601 23 370 355 23 622 096 23 756 641 23 808 746 23 807 018 23 686 132 23 518 574

21 754 230 21 447 956 21 112 290 20 779 661 20 385 993 20 045 008 19 713 323 19 428 146 19 210 749 18 962 323

25 707 456 25 133 744 24 502 051 23 891 845 23 278 101 22 696 295 22 061 483 21 524 934 21 019 821 20 561 460

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

205 052 174 202 677 000 200 706 000 198 712 000 196 560 000 194 303 000 191 889 000 189 242 000 186 538 000 183 691 000

17 166 191 17 376 000 17 913 000 18 563 000 19 208 000 19 824 000 20 165 000 20 342 000 20 469 000 20 522 000

40 772 280 40 884 000 40 772 000 40 496 000 40 051 000 39 426 000 38 783 000 38 124 000 37 435 000 37 031 000

36 535 203 35 236 000 34 090 000 33 196 000 32 012 000 30 773 000 29 519 000 28 223 000 26 909 000 25 242 000

25 323 532 24 681 000 23 990 000 23 156 000 22 725 000 22 465 000 22 396 000 22 410 000 22 494 000 22 692 000

23 149 652 23 383 000 23 731 000 24 038 000 24 276 000 24 447 000 24 562 000 24 584 000 24 519 000 24 392 000

23 316 402 23 047 000 22 758 000 22 440 000 22 125 000 21 839 000 21 580 000 21 346 000 21 124 000 20 875 000

18 682 185 18 390 000 18 088 000 17 752 000 17 408 000 17 077 000 16 758 000 16 436 000 16 131 000 15 847 000

20 106 729 19 680 000 19 365 000 19 071 000 18 755 000 18 541 000 18 127 000 17 778 000 17 457 000 17 089 000

1960 ................................................................. 1959* ................................................................ 1959 ................................................................. 1958 ................................................................. 1957 ................................................................. 1956 ................................................................. 1955 ................................................................. 1954 ................................................................. 1953 ................................................................. 1952 ................................................................. 1951 .................................................................

180 671 000 177 830 000 177 073 000 174 141 000 171 274 000 168 221 000 165 275 000 162 391 000 159 565 000 156 954 000 154 287 000

20 341 000 20 175 000 20 055 000 19 768 000 19 379 000 18 895 000 18 467 000 17 962 000 17 548 000 17 228 000 17 252 000

35 735 000 34 564 000 34 390 000 33 322 000 32 515 000 31 423 000 30 248 000 29 092 000 27 880 000 26 656 000 25 055 000

24 576 000 23 988 000 23 890 000 23 162 000 22 311 000 21 869 000 21 667 000 21 641 000 21 658 000 21 796 000 22 018 000

22 919 000 23 169 000 23 062 000 23 430 000 23 737 000 24 015 000 24 175 000 24 233 000 24 233 000 24 197 000 24 085 000

24 221 000 24 023 000 23 917 000 23 693 000 23 496 000 23 160 000 22 818 000 22 571 000 22 359 000 22 109 000 21 833 000

20 578 000 20 262 000 20 189 000 19 857 000 19 513 000 19 143 000 18 824 000 18 501 000 18 171 000 17 881 000 17 623 000

15 625 000 15 401 000 15 357 000 15 139 000 14 973 000 14 815 000 14 586 000 14 350 000 14 135 000 13 918 000 13 654 000

16 675 000 16 248 000 16 213 000 15 771 000 15 353 000 14 902 000 14 489 000 14 040 000 13 582 000 13 169 000 12 768 000

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

151 684 000 149 188 000 146 631 000 144 126 000 141 389 000 139 928 000 138 397 000 136 739 000 134 860 000 133 402 000

16 331 000 15 607 000 14 919 000 14 406 000 13 244 000 12 979 000 12 524 000 12 016 000 11 301 000 10 850 000

24 477 000 23 770 000 23 089 000 22 257 000 21 844 000 21 599 000 21 573 000 21 699 000 21 823 000 22 089 000

22 260 000 22 570 000 22 866 000 23 122 000 23 382 000 23 705 000 23 999 000 24 065 000 24 093 000 24 074 000

23 932 000 23 729 000 23 494 000 23 236 000 22 954 000 22 734 000 22 511 000 22 194 000 21 911 000 21 691 000

21 557 000 21 187 000 20 794 000 20 421 000 20 073 000 19 787 000 19 505 000 19 226 000 18 950 000 18 692 000

17 400 000 17 260 000 17 107 000 16 970 000 16 820 000 16 642 000 16 419 000 16 199 000 15 976 000 15 759 000

13 364 000 13 145 000 12 824 000 12 528 000 12 244 000 11 988 000 11 719 000 11 472 000 11 220 000 10 959 000

12 362 000 11 921 000 11 538 000 11 185 000 10 828 000 10 494 000 10 147 000 9 867 000 9 584 000 9 288 000

Year

Total

Projections 2050 ................................................................. 2040 ................................................................. 2030 ................................................................. 2020 ................................................................. 2010 .................................................................

419 854 000 391 946 000 363 584 000 335 805 000 308 936 000

28 080 000 26 299 000 24 272 000 22 932 000 21 426 000

Estimates 2002 ................................................................. 2001 .................................................................

288 600 205 285 545 032

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................


Under 5 years

5–14 years


25

Table 2-4—Series A 29-37. Annual Estimates and Projections of the Population, by Age, 1900–2050 —Continued (Number in thousands. As of July 1. 1900–1939, resident population; 1940–2002, total population, including Armed Forces overseas.) Year

Total

Under 5 years

5–14 years

15–24 years

25–34 years

35–44 years

45–54 years

55–64 years

65 years and over

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

132 122 000 130 880 000 129 825 000 128 825 000 128 053 000 127 250 000 126 374 000 125 579 000 124 840 000 124 040 000

10 579 000 10 148 000 10 176 000 10 009 000 10 044 000 10 170 000 10 331 000 10 612 000 10 903 000 11 179 000

22 363 000 22 701 000 23 146 000 23 564 000 23 942 000 24 213 000 24 402 000 24 531 000 24 614 000 24 629 000

24 033 000 23 819 000 23 655 000 23 487 000 23 309 000 23 130 000 22 963 000 22 820 000 22 716 000 22 617 000

21 446 000 21 176 000 20 953 000 20 723 000 20 505 000 20 275 000 20 022 000 19 750 000 19 484 000 19 242 000

18 422 000 18 178 000 18 001 000 17 866 000 17 783 000 17 712 000 17 640 000 17 569 000 17 504 000 17 412 000

15 555 000 15 336 000 15 077 000 14 785 000 14 495 000 14 208 000 13 933 000 13 684 000 13 481 000 13 296 000

10 694 000 10 487 000 10 310 000 10 132 000 9 949 000 9 739 000 9 502 000 9 249 000 8 992 000 8 735 000

9 031 000 8 764 000 8 508 000 8 258 000 8 027 000 7 804 000 7 582 000 7 363 000 7 147 000 6 928 000

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

123 077 000 121 767 000 120 509 000 119 035 000 117 397 000 115 829 000 114 109 000 111 947 000 110 049 000 108 538 000

11 372 000 11 734 000 11 978 000 12 111 000 12 189 000 12 316 000 12 269 000 12 119 000 12 031 000 11 879 000

24 631 000 24 470 000 24 320 000 24 152 000 23 906 000 23 614 000 23 358 000 23 089 000 22 788 000 22 515 000

22 487 000 22 151 000 21 811 000 21 430 000 21 037 000 20 691 000 20 314 000 19 798 000 19 402 000 19 140 000

19 039 000 18 941 000 18 953 000 18 948 000 18 867 000 18 720 000 18 557 000 18 231 000 17 924 000 17 747 000

17 270 000 16 921 000 16 540 000 16 172 000 15 847 000 15 576 000 15 337 000 15 066 000 14 823 000 14 665 000

13 096 000 12 761 000 12 430 000 12 092 000 11 786 000 11 521 000 11 278 000 11 068 000 10 899 000 10 721 000

8 477 000 8 315 000 8 178 000 8 003 000 7 805 000 7 605 000 7 387 000 7 165 000 6 951 000 6 791 000

6 705 000 6 474 000 6 299 000 6 127 000 5 960 000 5 786 000 5 609 000 5 411 000 5 231 000 5 080 000

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

106 461 000 104 514 000 103 208 000 103 268 000 101 961 000 100 546 000 99 111 000 97 225 000 95 335 000 93 863 000

11 631 000 11 536 000 11 606 000 11 527 000 11 442 000 11 347 000 11 244 000 11 082 000 10 915 000 10 796 000

22 158 000 21 849 000 21 732 000 21 369 000 21 008 000 20 660 000 20 816 000 19 904 000 19 503 000 19 214 000

18 821 000 18 465 000 18 071 000 18 836 000 18 872 000 18 844 000 18 796 000 18 649 000 18 477 000 18 355 000

17 416 000 16 912 000 16 445 000 16 913 000 16 776 000 16 580 000 16 370 000 16 070 000 15 772 000 15 530 000

14 382 000 14 008 000 13 879 000 13 647 000 13 388 000 13 130 000 12 875 000 12 562 000 12 252 000 12 003 000

10 505 000 10 402 000 10 293 000 10 068 000 9 846 000 9 613 000 9 398 000 9 135 000 8 875 000 8 657 000

6 619 000 6 456 000 6 356 000 6 194 000 6 026 000 5 866 000 5 711 000 5 542 000 5 372 000 5 234 000

4 929 000 4 886 000 4 826 000 4 714 000 4 603 000 4 501 000 4 401 000 4 281 000 4 169 000 4 074 000

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

92 407 000 90 490 000 88 710 000 87 008 000 85 450 000 83 822 000 82 166 000 80 632 000 79 163 000 77 584 000

10 671 000 10 509 000 10 364 000 10 220 000 10 092 000 9 944 000 9 791 000 9 645 000 9 502 000 9 336 000

18 950 000 18 670 000 18 440 000 18 240 000 18 067 000 17 888 000 17 697 000 17 524 000 17 360 000 17 158 000

18 212 000 17 871 000 17 526 000 17 184 000 16 864 000 16 526 000 16 178 000 15 858 000 15 555 000 15 242 000

15 274 000 14 923 000 14 585 000 14 257 000 13 952 000 13 631 000 13 315 000 13 019 000 12 737 000 12 442 000

11 759 000 11 471 000 11 202 000 10 945 000 10 705 000 10 461 000 10 211 000 9 974 000 9 745 000 9 504 000

8 454 000 8 204 000 7 974 000 7 755 000 7 554 000 7 350 000 7 150 000 6 964 000 6 788 000 6 606 000

5 101 000 4 964 000 4 840 000 4 724 000 4 621 000 4 517 000 4 410 000 4 313 000 4 220 000 4 122 000

3 986 000 3 878 000 3 779 000 3 684 000 3 595 000 3 505 000 3 414 000 3 335 000 3 256 000 3 174 000

1900 .................................................................

76 094 000

9 181 000

16 966 000

14 951 000

12 161 000

9 273 000

6 437 000

4 026 000

3 099 000

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

26


Table 2-5—Series A 91-104. Resident Population, by Sex, 1790–2000 (Number.) Year

2000 1 ............................................................... 1990 1 ............................................................... 1980 1 ............................................................... 1970 1 ............................................................... 1960* ................................................................ 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

Total

Male

Female

281 421 906 248 709 873 226 545 805 203 211 926 179 323 175 178 464 236 150 697 361 131 669 275 122 775 046 105 710 620 91 972 266

138 053 563 121 239 418 110 047 513 98 912 192 88 331 494 87 864 510 74 833 239 66 061 592 62 137 080 53 900 431 47 332 277

143 368 343 127 470 455 116 498 292 10 429 973 90 991 681 90 599 726 75 864 122 65 607 683 60 637 966 51 810 189 44 639 989

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

75 994 575 62 947 714 50 155 783 38 558 371 31 443 321 23 191 876 17 069 453 12 866 020 9 638 453 7 239 881

38 816 448 32 237 101 25 518 820 19 493 565 16 085 204 11 837 660 8 688 532 6 532 489 4 896 605 ...

37 178 127 30 710 613 24 636 963 19 064 806 15 358 117 11 354 216 8 380 921 6 333 531 4 741 848 ...

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

5 308 483 3 929 214

... ...

... ...

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. 1See

Table 2-1—Series A 1-5 for total numbers that reflect corrections since the original publications. * = First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. . . . = Not available.


27

Table 2-6—Series A 143-151. Median Age of Population, by Race and Sex, 1790–2002 (Age in years.) All races

White

Black

Year Total

Male

Female

Total

Male

Female

Total

Male

Female

2002 ................................................................. 2001 .................................................................

35.7 35.6

34.4 ...

37.0 ...

37.1 ...

... ...

... ...

30.5 ...

... ...

... ...

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

35.3 35.2 34.9 34.7 34.4 34.2 33.9 33.6 33.4 33.1

34.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 32.3 31.9

36.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 34.6 34.3

36.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 34.4 34.1

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

30.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 28.4 28.2

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

32.8 32.6 32.0 31.7 31.6 31.5 31.2 30.9 30.6 30.3

31.6 31.6 31.2 30.9 30.6 30.3 30.0 29.6 29.4 29.1

34.0 33.8 33.5 33.3 33.0 32.7 32.8 32.2 31.9 31.6

33.8 33.6 33.3 33.0 32.7 32.4 32.2 31.8 31.5 31.2

... 32.5 32.1 31.9 31.5 31.2 31.0 30.5 30.2 29.9

... 34.7 34.4 34.2 33.9 33.6 33.4 33.1 32.8 32.5

27.9 27.7 27.5 27.2 26.9 26.6 26.3 25.8 25.5 25.2

... 26.3 26.1 25.8 25.5 25.2 24.9 24.4 24.1 23.9

... 29.1 28.8 28.5 28.2 27.8 27.6 27.2 26.8 26.5

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

30.0 29.8 29.5 29.2 28.9 28.8 28.7 28.4 28.2 28.0

28.8 38.9 28.6 28.2 ... 27.6 27.4 ... 26.8 ...

31.3 31.3 31.0 30.6 ... 30.3 29.8 ... 29.4 ...

30.9 30.9 30.6 30.3 ... 29.6 29.5 ... 29.2 ...

29.6 29.7 29.4 29.0 ... 28.4 28.2 ... ... ...

32.2 32.2 32.0 31.6 ... 31.0 30.8 ... ... ...

24.9 24.6 24.3 24.1 ... 23.4 23.2 ... 23.0 ...

23.6 23.5 23.2 22.9 ... 22.2 21.9 ... ... ...

26.2 25.9 25.5 25.2 ... 24.6 24.3 ... ... ...

1970 ................................................................. 1960* ................................................................ 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

28.1 29.5 29.6 30.2 29.0 26.5 25.3 24.1

26.8 28.7 28.7 29.9 29.1 26.7 25.8 24.6

29.3 30.3 30.4 30.5 29.0 26.2 24.7 23.5

28.9 30.3 30.3 30.8 29.5 26.9 25.6 24.5

27.6 29.4 29.5 30.4 29.5 27.1 26.1 24.9

30.2 31.1 31.2 31.1 29.5 26.6 25.1 23.9

22.4 23.5 23.5 26.1 25.3 23.5 22.3 20.8

21.0 22.3 22.3 25.8 25.3 23.7 22.8 21.0

23.6 24.5 24.5 26.4 25.3 23.3 22.0 20.7

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

22.9 22.0 20.9 20.2 19.4 18.9 17.8 17.2 16.7 ...

23.3 22.3 21.2 20.2 19.8 19.2 17.9 17.2 16.6 ...

22.4 21.6 20.7 20.1 19.1 18.6 17.8 17.3 16.8 ...

23.4 22.5 21.4 20.4 19.7 19.2 17.9 17.3 16.6 16.0

23.8 22.9 21.6 20.6 20.1 19.5 18.0 17.2 16.5 15.9

22.9 22.1 21.1 20.3 19.3 18.8 17.8 17.3 16.6 16.1

19.5 18.1 ... 18.3 17.5 17.4 17.6 17.2 17.2 ...

19.5 17.9 ... 17.8 17.5 17.3 17.5 17.1 17.1 ...

19.5 18.3 ... 18.8 17.5 17.4 17.6 17.3 17.4 ...

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

... ...

... ...

... ...

16.0 ...

15.7 (1)

16.3 ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. 1Median

falls in the open-ended age group, 16 years and over, which includes 50.3 percent of the White male population. * = First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. . . . = Not available.

28


Table 2-7—Series A 160-171. Marital Status of the Population, by Age and Sex, 1890–2002 (Number.) Female Year

Never married

Married

18 Years and Over 2002 ............................ 106 819 000 2001 ............................ 105 584 000

34 229 000 33 077 000

2000 ............................ 1999 ............................ 1998 ............................ 1997 ............................ 1996 ............................ 1995 ............................ 1994 ............................ 1993 ............................

103 114 000 102 048 000 101 123 000 100 159 000 98 593 000 97 704 000 96 768 000 94 854 000

1990 ............................ 1980 ............................

Total

Male Status not reported

Total

Never married

Married

Widowed

Divorced

Status not reported

Widowed

Divorced

61 268 000 61 209 000

2 636 000 2 540 000

8 686 000 8 758 000

-

114 639 000 113 451 000

28 861 000 28 056 000

62 102 000 61 889 000

11 408 000 11 526 000

12 268 000 11 980 000

-

32 253 000 31 912 000 31 591 000 31 315 000 30 691 000 30 286 000 30 228 000 28 775 000

59 684 000 59 039 000 58 633 000 57 923 000 57 656 000 57 570 000 57 068 000 56 833 000

2 604 000 2 542 000 2 569 000 2 690 000 2 478 000 2 284 000 2 222 000 2 468 000

8 572 000 8 556 000 8 331 000 8 231 000 7 768 000 7 383 000 7 250 000 6 778 000

-

110 660 000 109 628 000 108 168 000 107 076 000 106 031 000 105 028 000 104 032 000 102 400 000

27 763 000 27 520 000 26 713 000 26 073 000 25 528 000 24 693 000 24 645 000 23 534 000

60 527 000 60 001 000 59 333 000 58 829 000 58 905 000 58 984 000 58 185 000 57 768 000

11 061 000 10 944 000 11 029 000 11 058 000 11 078 000 11 082 000 11 073 000 11 214 000

11 309 000 11 162 000 11 093 000 11 116 000 10 521 000 10 270 000 10 129 000 9 883 000

-

91 955 000 81 947 000

27 505 000 24 227 000

55 833 000 51 813 000

2 333 000 1 977 000

6 283 000 3 930 000

-

99 838 000 89 914 000

22 718 000 20 226 000

56 797 000 52 965 000

11 477 000 10 758 000

8 845 000 5 966 000

-

1970 14 years and over ....... 14 years .................. 15–19 years ............ 15–17 years ........ 18 and 19 years .. 20–24 years ............ 25–29 years ............ 30–34 years ............ 35–44 years ............ 45–54 years ............ 55–64 years ............ 65 years and over ...

71 485 878 2 136 818 9 718 189 6 071 485 3 646 704 7 761 209 6 569 924 5 607 593 11 261 731 11 138 181 8 858 893 8 433 330

20 426 937 2 111 778 9 315 441 5 986 895 3 328 546 4 207 592 1 288 594 601 868 884 372 711 099 574 425 631 768

47 001 412 20 768 381 500 74 740 306 760 3 329 772 5 066 314 4 803 203 9 895 931 9 813 513 7 587 085 6 103 326

2 130 932 2 451 8 529 5 057 3 472 12 878 19 196 19 574 75 546 186 144 364 665 1 441 949

1 926 597 1 821 12 719 4 793 7 926 110 967 195 830 182 948 405 882 427 425 332 718 256 287

-

77 910 094 2 049 056 9 485 229 5 825 133 3 660 096 8 354 509 6 810 076 5 868 858 11 860 315 11 996 408 9 827 148 11 658 495

17 624 105 2 019 680 8 358 248 5 553 582 2 804 666 3 030 876 827 906 435 897 672 255 662 506 669 051 947 686

47 666 431 22 010 1 073 147 250 529 822 618 5 054 321 5 616 300 5 055 678 10 187 753 9 728 095 6 677 855 4 251 272

9 615 280 5 421 23 038 12 382 10 656 56 508 71 530 86 494 353 760 942 796 1 988 096 6 087 637

3 004 278 1 945 30 796 8 640 22 156 212 804 294 340 290 789 646 547 663 011 492 146 371 900

-

1960* 14 years and over ....... 14 years .................. 15–19 years ............ 15–17 years ........ 18 and 19 years .. 20–24 years ............ 25–29 years ............ 30–34 years ............ 35–44 years ............ 45–54 years ............ 55–64 years ............ 65 years and over ...

61 315 358 1 402 724 6 698 837 4 341 635 2 357 202 5 283 228 5 333 282 5 840 287 11 739 191 10 139 671 7 569 153 7 308 985

15 313 822 1 394 426 6 437 186 4 290 310 2 146 876 2 807 784 1 111 768 694 924 948 784 749 390 605 187 564 373

42 630 422 7 756 254 377 48 850 205 527 2 417 552 4 117 072 5 000 763 10 410 091 8 896 768 6 351 408 5 174 635

2 071 910 163 1 784 897 887 4 780 9 548 17 246 76 436 182 260 380 508 1 399 185

1 299 204 379 5 490 1 578 3 912 53 112 94 894 127 354 303 880 311 253 232 050 170 792

-

64 961 189 1 345 136 6 588 597 4 174 262 2 417 335 5 519 937 5 537 104 6 111 422 12 336 341 10 485 709 8 138 691 8 898 252

12 320 199 1 330 089 5 528 745 3 886 610 1 642 135 1 567 622 582 114 422 915 748 766 738 266 648 264 753 418

42 905 285 14 250 1 033 804 277 151 756 653 3 833 956 4 772 006 5 423 228 10 741 606 8 379 825 5 375 362 3 331 248

7 880 607 391 4 751 1 874 2 877 17 252 37 047 74 109 374 216 921 258 1 819 043 4 632 540

1 855 098 406 21 297 5 627 15 670 101 107 145 937 191 170 471 753 446 360 296 022 181 046

-


54 601 105 1 090 929 5 323 470 3 187 510 2 135 960 5 559 265 5 904 975 5 562 315 10 402 195 8 484 515 6 540 100 5 734 250

14 399 840 1 080 370 5 146 610 3 151 360 1 995 250 3 281 540 1 404 860 734 195 996 570 725 355 551 185 479 155

36 866 055 6 660 166 955 30 410 136 545 2 217 810 4 381 375 4 690 995 9 046 675 7 267 615 5 320 670 3 767 300

2 263 850 1 670 4 995 3 460 1 535 9 060 15 485 20 945 94 865 240 755 495 140 1 380 935

1 071 360 1 320 4 910 2 280 2 630 50 855 103 255 116 180 264 085 250 790 173 105 106 860

-

57 102 295 1 047 370 5 321 755 3 116 230 2 205 525 5 878 040 6 277 480 5 896 625 10 837 650 8 687 605 6 633 170 6 522 600

11 418 335 1 039 610 4 412 565 2 893 350 1 519 215 1 898 910 833 040 546 245 900 480 680 150 525 405 581 930

37 576 800 6 980 887 615 217 325 670 290 3 856 760 5 227 960 5 082 260 9 140 055 6 737 675 4 310 160 2 327 335

6 734 275 565 5 260 2 055 3 205 25 280 57 490 91 945 409 250 967 595 1 636 660 3 540 230

1 372 885 215 16 315 3 500 12 815 97 090 158 990 176 175 387 865 302 185 160 945 73 105

-


50 553 748 1 218 116 6 180 153 3 684 780 2 495 373 5 692 392 5 450 662 5 070 312 9 164 794 7 962 019 5 409 180 4 406 120

17 593 379 1 216 784 6 073 165 3 670 287 2 402 878 4 109 304 1 964 118 1 050 199 1 283 994 885 004 577 170 433 641

30 192 334 1 247 104 935 14 002 90 933 1 557 104 3 417 046 3 912 820 7 551 974 6 590 954 4 245 427 2 810 827

2 143 612 60 1 031 311 720 8 394 20 973 36 714 155 405 328 130 488 620 1 104 285

624 423 25 1 022 180 842 17 590 48 525 70 579 173 421 157 931 97 963 57 367

-

50 549 176 1 187 614 6 153 370 3 629 909 2 523 461 5 895 443 5 645 976 5 172 076 9 168 426 7 550 052 5 163 025 4 613 194

13 935 866 1 184 094 5 425 023 3 461 246 1 962 777 2 781 001 1 288 092 761 698 950 876 654 312 462 407 429 363

30 090 488 3 353 713 940 165 131 548 809 3 025 923 4 185 325 4 155 872 7 430 791 5 736 614 3 254 768 1 583 902

5 700 202 110 6 423 1 729 4 694 32 751 71 878 128 256 537 584 991 448 1 365 044 2 566 708

822 620 57 8 984 1 803 7 181 55 768 100 681 126 250 249 175 167 678 80 806 33 221

-

- = Quantity zero. * = First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii.


29

Table 2-7—Series A 160-171. Marital Status of the Population, by Age and Sex, 1890–2002—Continued (Number.) Female Year

Male

Total

Never married

Married

1930 14 years and over ..... 14 years ................ 15–19 years .......... 15–17 years ...... 18 and 19 years 20–24 years .......... 25–29 years .......... 30–34 years .......... 35–44 years .......... 45–54 years .......... 55–64 years .......... 65 years and over

45 035 691 1 206 486 5 757 825 3 493 718 2 264 107 5 336 815 4 860 180 4 561 786 8 816 319 6 803 569 4 367 500 3 325 211

16 143 512 1 205 662 5 645 359 3 482 706 2 162 653 3 779 443 1 785 413 965 945 1 261 705 776 863 442 505 280 617

26 311 682 761 100 362 10 553 89 809 1 500 493 2 977 004 3 468 176 7 189 452 5 551 146 3 407 751 2 116 537

2 022 588 42 1 513 281 1 232 17 657 39 013 59 493 218 881 357 047 445 262 883 680

488 688 21 1 348 178 1 170 221 990 50 229 62 669 137 180 111 471 66 499 37 371

69 221 9 243 9 243 17 322 8 521 5 503 9 101 7 042 5 483 7 006


37 861 085 1 033 297 4 673 792 2 828 546 1 845 246 4 527 045 4 538 233 4 130 783 7 359 904 5 653 095 3 461 865 2 483 071

13 969 763 1 029 971 4 567 770 2 815 533 1 752 237 3 200 623 1 789 721 995 869 1 188 586 677 420 337 592 182 211

21 823 326 3 173 96 374 12 521 83 853 1 280 318 2 662 124 3 023 357 5 873 308 4 580 056 2 697 429 1 607 187

1 754 302 118 1 830 384 1 446 20 511 51 470 74 454 220 700 329 976 386 587 668 656

234 519 35 759 108 651 10 280 22 856 28 080 63 592 56 162 34 249 18 506


33 247 336 935 974 4 527 282 2 688 370 1 838 912 4 580 290 4 244 348 3 656 768 6 153 366 4 488 929 2 674 403 1 985 976

13 455 690 934 980 4 448 067 2 667 874 1 780 193 3 432 161 1 816 137 951 820 1 026 502 499 751 222 950 123 322

18 066 188 898 51 877 4 990 46 887 1 100 093 2 353 525 2 611 244 4 873 153 3 658 931 2 112 699 1 303 768

1 466 839 82 1 110 252 858 18 815 45 092 65 339 198 701 286 222 312 420 539 058

1900 14 years and over ..... 14 years ................ 15–19 years .......... 20–24 years .......... 25–29 years .......... 30–34 years .......... 35–44 years .......... 45–54 years .......... 55–64 years .......... 65 years and over

26 286 316 793 340 3 750 451 3 624 580 3 323 543 2 901 321 4 872 781 3 402 458 2 062 424 1 555 418

11 053 813 792 267 3 706 382 2 812 113 1 520 782 800 664 826 201 349 429 156 823 89 152

13 920 057 667 37 781 782 907 1 746 620 2 025 729 3 840 575 2 797 354 1 644 373 1 044 051

1890 14 years and over ..... 14 years ................ 15–19 years .......... 20–24 years .......... 25–29 years .......... 30–34 years .......... 35–44 years .......... 45–54 years .......... 55–64 years .......... 65 years and over

21 397 501 723 158 3 248 711 3 104 893 2 698 311 2 425 664 3 705 648 2 627 024 1 630 373 1 233 719

9 331 617 723 015 3 230 935 2 505 460 1 240 797 642 827 568 511 239 928 111 144 69 100

11 176 124 23 16 746 585 748 1 421 407 1 728 930 2 997 030 2 213 901 1 342 414 869 925

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. - = Quantity zero.

Never married

Married

43 970 842 1 175 899 5 794 290 3 465 118 2 329 172 5 533 563 4 973 428 4 558 635 8 382 521 6 214 514 4 029 398 3 308 594

12 465 795 1 171 393 5 032 174 3 279 560 1 752 614 2 547 057 1 079 923 603 048 839 130 564 466 360 188 268 416

26 159 771 4 241 731 967 179 404 552 563 2 857 665 3 697 645 3 715 648 6 832 581 4 673 539 2 499 285 1 147 200

4 728 565 167 12 337 3 284 9 053 56 375 102 041 148 571 547 562 872 676 1 119 802 1 869 034

572 574 98 12 371 2 870 9 501 62 464 89 124 88 219 157 650 98 874 45 881 17 893

44 137 5 441 5 441 10 002 4 695 3 149 5 598 4 959 4 242 6 051

79 175 7 059 7 059 15 313 12 062 9 023 13 718 9 481 6 008 6 511

36 134 659 1 012 968 4 756 764 2 861 030 1 895 734 4 749 976 4 548 258 3 940 410 6 730 934 4 845 398 3 069 807 2 450 144

10 608 384 1 007 088 4 137 650 2 711 081 1 426 569 2 164 051 1 048 285 588 119 767 882 464 838 257 029 173 442

21 301 014 5 554 596 542 145 390 451 152 2 483 697 3 336 501 3 155 854 5 426 434 3 587 794 1 878 478 830 160

3 909 736 269 12 239 3 091 9 148 65 414 117 389 152 893 485 493 739 058 906 362 1 430 621

272 736 57 6 017 1 468 4 549 28 582 41 243 40 188 75 027 48 562 23 451 9 609

42 789 4 316 4 316 8 232 4 842 3 356 6 098 5 146 4 487 6 312

155 604 14 347 70 277 6 732 15 503 19 068 42 688 36 502 21 675 13 075

103 015 25 881 15 184 10 697 22 489 14 091 9 297 12 322 7 523 4 659 7

30 904 861 912 148 4 536 321 2 683 806 1 852 515 4 476 694 3 935 655 3 315 417 5 504 321 3 881 059 2 379 698 1 963 548

9 826 911 908 435 3 985 764 2 543 264 1 442 500 2 163 683 981 556 535 170 628 516 331 573 167 991 124 223

17 667 119 3 482 513 239 121 803 391 436 2 225 362 2 823 935 2 619 959 4 410 310 2 904 043 1 479 454 687 335

3 167 432 198 10 261 2 697 7 564 55 354 95 385 128 942 411 896 610 386 714 452 1 140 558

184 621 33 3 650 867 2 783 20 370 29 153 28 109 49 269 31 934 15 200 6 903

58 778 23 407 15 175 8 232 11 925 5 626 3 237 4 330 3 123 2 601 4 529

1 173 509 33 871 14 332 38 781 58 312 174 535 230 656 245 424 410 565

83 828 7 194 3 322 8 218 10 307 22 630 19 498 12 297 7 355

55 109 366 5 223 11 906 9 142 6 309 8 840 5 521 3 507 4 295

24 951 254 775 224 3 805 638 3 710 436 3 205 898 2 654 718 4 339 166 2 994 983 1 940 111 1 525 080

8 319 285 770 742 3 374 814 1 913 552 882 875 441 409 481 668 234 413 128 954 90 858

13 784 538 3 783 415 682 1 726 296 2 209 357 2 071 698 3 451 375 2 212 223 1 172 904 521 220

2 706 332 126 9 336 52 545 91 847 121 944 372 677 526 456 626 271 905 130

114 476 30 2 418 13 124 18 461 17 384 29 953 19 111 9 566 4 129

26 923 543 3 388 4 919 3 358 2 283 3 493 2 780 2 416 3 743

811 110 137 7 610 26 601 43 777 120 796 157 920 166 686 287 583

48 708 1 28 1 468 4 340 5 832 12 837 11 393 7 835 4 974

29 942 119 965 4 607 5 166 4 298 6 474 3 882 2 294 2 137

20 239 343 695 801 3 308 852 3 091 783 2 529 466 2 152 966 3 346 031 2 430 878 1 499 997 1 183 569

6 906 714 694 281 2 987 949 1 601 266 641 988 326 306 330 139 171 454 86 573 66 758

11 101 645 1 411 313 983 1 444 712 1 805 064 1 717 204 2 698 266 1 796 979 905 627 418 399

2 144 496 17 4 845 36 456 69 965 96 797 296 302 447 370 499 420 693 324

71 584 12 1 101 6 931 10 588 11 161 18 899 13 080 6 721 3 091

14 904 80 974 2 418 1 861 1 498 2 425 1 995 1 656 1 997

Widowed

Divorced

Status not reported

Total

Widowed

Divorced

Status not reported

30


Table 2-8—Series A 172-194. Population of Regions, by Race and Residence, 1790–2000 (Number in thousands.) Race Year

Residence

Total population White

Black

Other

Urban

Rural

Northeast 2000 1 ............................................................... 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

53 594 50 809 49 137 49 041 44 678 39 478 35 977 34 427 29 662 25 869

41 534 42 069 42 328 44 311 41 522 37 399 34 567 33 237 28 958 25 361

6 100 5 613 4 849 4 344 3 028 2 018 1 370 1 147 679 484

5 961 5 214 1 950 386 127 61 40 43 25 23

45 226 40 092 38 904 39 450 35 840 31 373 27 568 26 707 22 404 18 563

8 368 10 717 10 232 9 591 8 838 8 105 8 409 7 720 7 258 7 305

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

21 047 17 407 14 507 12 299 10 594 8 627 6 761 5 542 4 360 3 487

20 638 17 122 14 274 12 117 10 438 8 447 6 619 5 417 4 246 3 384

385 270 229 180 156 150 142 125 114 102

24 15 4 2

13 911 10 266 7 370 5 448 3 787 2 289 1 253 785 480 380

7 136 7 141 7 137 6 851 6 807 6 338 5 508 4 758 3 880 3 107

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

2 636 1 968

2 553 1 901

83 67

-

245 160

2 391 1 809

Midwest 2000 1 ............................................................... 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

64 393 59 669 58 666 56 572 51 619 44 461 40 143 38 594 34 020 29 889

53 834 52 018 52 195 51 641 48 003 42 119 38 640 37 151 33 164 29 279

6 500 5 716 5 337 4 572 3 446 2 228 1 420 1 262 793 543

4 060 2 833 1 334 359 170 114 83 181 62 66

48 105 42 774 41 466 40 481 35 481 28 491 23 437 22 351 17 776 13 487

16 288 16 894 17 388 16 091 16 138 15 970 16 706 16 243 16 244 16 401

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

26 333 22 410 17 364 12 981 9 097 5 404 3 352 1 610 859 292

25 776 21 914 16 961 12 699 8 900 5 268 3 262 1 569 841 286

496 431 386 273 184 136 89 42 18 7

61 65 17 10 13 -

10 165 7 418 4 198 2 702 1 263 499 129 42 10 3

16 168 14 992 13 166 10 279 7 833 4 904 3 222 1 569 850 290

1800 .................................................................

51

50

1

-

-

51

South 2000 1 ............................................................... 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

100 237 85 446 73 572 62 795 54 973 47 197 41 666 37 858 33 126 29 389

72 819 65 582 58 949 50 420 43 477 36 850 31 659 27 674 24 132 20 547

18 982 15 829 14 048 11 970 11 312 10 225 9 905 9 362 8 912 8 749

8 436 8 452 2 364 405 185 122 103 882 81 92

73 008 58 656 50 414 40 540 32 160 22 956 15 290 12 904 9 300 6 623

27 229 26 790 24 958 22 255 22 813 24 241 26 375 24 953 23 826 22 767

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

24 524 20 028 16 517 12 288 11 133 8 983 6 951 5 708 4 419 3 461

16 522 13 193 10 555 7 863 7 034 5 630 4 309 3 546 2 776 2 191

7 923 6 761 5 954 4 421 4 097 3 352 2 642 2 162 1 644 1 268

79 74 7 4 2 -

4 421 3 261 2 017 1 497 1 067 744 463 301 204 143

20 103 16 767 14 500 10 791 10 067 8 239 6 488 5 407 4 216 3 318

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

2 622 1 961

1 704 1 271

918 690

-

78 42

2 544 1 919

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

1In 2000, White 2Less than 0.5.

and Black are "one race only" with "2 or more races" included in "other."

- = Quantity zero.

( 2) -


31

Table 2-8—Series A 172-194. Population of Regions, by Race and Residence, 1790–2000—Continued (Number in thousands.) Race Year

White

West 2000 1 ............................................................... 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 ................................................................. 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

Black

Other

Urban

Rural

63 198 52 786 43 172 34 804 28 053 20 190 14 379 12 324 9 214 7 082

43 274 40 017 34 890 31 377 25 830 18 574 13 350 10 802 8 567 6 544

3 077 2 828 2 262 1 695 1 086 571 171 120 79 51

16 847 15 087 6 020 1 732 1 137 416 363 974 258 231

56 022 45 531 36 211 28 854 21 787 14 027 8 409 7 199 4 773 3 391

7 176 7 255 6 961 5 950 6 266 6 163 5 969 5 125 4 440 3 691

4 309 3 134 1 801 991 619 179

3 873 2 872 1 612 910 551 178

30 27 12 6 4 1

188 203 144 74 64 -

1 718 1 161 544 256 99 11

2 591 1 974 1 257 735 520 167

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. 1In

Residence

Total population

2000, White and Black are "one race only" with "2 or more races" included in "other." - = Quantity zero.

32


Table 2-9—Series A 195-209. Population of States, by Race, 1790–2000 (Number in thousands, except population per square mile.) Resident population

Race

Year Total


White

Black

Alabama 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

4 447 4 041 3 890 3 444 3 267 3 062 2 833 2 646 2 348 2 138

87.6 79.6 76.7 67.9 64.2 59.9 55.5 51.8 45.8 41.7

3 163 2 976 2 873 2 534 2 284 2 080 1 849 1 701 1 447 1 229

1 156 1 021 996 903 980 980 983 945 901 908

1900 ................................................................. 1890 ................................................................. 1880 ................................................................. 1870 ................................................................. 1860 ................................................................. 1850 ................................................................. 1840 ................................................................. 1830 ................................................................. 1820 ................................................................. 1810 1 ...............................................................

1 829 1 513 1 263 997 964 772 591 310 128 9

35.7 29.5 24.6 19.4 18.8 15.0 11.5 6.0 2.5 ...

1 001 834 662 521 526 427 335 190 85 ...

827 678 600 476 438 345 256 119 42 ...

1800 1 ...............................................................

1

...

...

...

Alaska 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 2 ............................................................... 1930 4 ............................................................... 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

627 550 402 303 226 129 73 59 55 64

1.1 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

435 415 310 237 179 93 39 29 28 36

22 22 14 9 7 (3) (3) (3) (3)

1900 ................................................................. 1890 ................................................................. 1880 .................................................................

64 32 33

0.1 ... ...

Arizona 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

5 131 3 665 2 718 1 771 1 302 750 499 436 334 204

45.2 32.3 23.9 15.6 11.5 6.6 4.4 3.8 2.9 1.8

3 874 2 963 2 241 1 605 1 170 655 427 379 291 171

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

123 88 40 10

1.1 0.8 0.4 0.1

93 56 35 10

Arkansas 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

2 673 2 351 2 286 1 923 1 786 1 910 1 949 1 854 1 752 1 574

51.3 45.1 43.9 37.0 34.2 36.3 37.0 35.2 33.4 30.0

2 139 1 945 1 890 1 566 1 396 1 482 1 466 1 375 1 280 1 131

419 374 374 352 389 427 483 478 472 443

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

1 312 1 128 803 484 435 210 98 30 14 1

25.0 21.5 15.3 9.2 8.3 4.0 1.9 0.6 0.1 ...

945 819 592 362 324 162 77 26 13 ...

367 309 211 122 111 48 20 5 2 ...

1900 1890 1880 1870

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

1Population of those parts 2Census taken October 1, 3Less than 500. 4Census taken October 1,


30 4 (3)

of Mississippi Territory now in present state. Population per square mile, sex, race and age detail for Alabama included with Mississippi. 1939. 1929.

(3) ... ... 159 111 75 53 43 26 15 11 8 2 2 1 (3) (3)


33

Table 2-9—Series A 195-209. Population of States, by Race, 1790–2000—Continued (Number in thousands, except population per square mile.) Resident population

Race

Year Total

California 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................


White

Black

33 872 29 760 23 668 19 953 15 717 10 586 6 907 5 677 3 427 2 378

217.2 190.8 151.7 127.6 100.4 67.5 44.1 36.2 22.0 15.3

20 170 20 524 18 031 17 761 14 455 9 915 6 597 5 408 3 265 2 260

2 264 2 209 1 819 1 400 884 462 124 81 39 22

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

1 485 1 213 865 560 380 93

9.5 7.8 5.5 3.6 2.4 0.6

1 403 1 112 767 499 323 92

11 11 6 4 4 1

Colorado 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

4 301 3 294 2 890 2 207 1 754 1 325 1 123 1 036 940 799

41.5 31.8 27.9 21.3 16.9 12.8 10.8 10.0 9.1 7.7

3 560 2 905 2 571 2 112 1 701 1 297 1 107 1 019 924 783

165 133 102 66 40 20 12 12 11 11

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

540 413 194 40 34

5.2 4.0 1.9 0.4 0.3

529 405 191 39 34

9 6 2

Connecticut 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

3 406 3 287 3 108 3 032 2 535 2 007 1 709 1 607 1 381 1 115

702.9 678.4 641.3 623.6 520.6 409.7 348.9 328.0 286.4 231.3

2 780 2 859 2 799 2 835 2 424 1 952 1 675 1 577 1 359 1 099

165 274 217 181 107 53 33 29 21 15

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

908 746 623 537 460 371 310 298 275 262

188.5 154.8 129.2 111.5 95.5 76.9 64.3 61.8 57.1 54.3

892 733 611 528 452 363 302 290 267 255

15 12 12 10 9 8 8 8 8 7

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

251 238

52.1 49.4

245 233

6 6

Delaware 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

784 666 594 548 446 318 267 238 223 202

401.1 340.8 304.1 276.5 225.2 160.8 134.7 120.5 113.5 103.0

585 535 488 466 384 274 231 206 193 171

151 112 96 78 61 44 36 33 30 31

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

185 168 147 125 112 92 78 77 73 73

94.0 85.7 74.6 63.6 57.1 46.6 39.7 39.1 37.0 37.0

154 140 120 102 91 71 59 58 55 55

31 28 26 23 22 20 20 19 17 17

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

64 59

32.7 30.1

50 46

14 13

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

3Less

than 500.

(3) (3)

34



Race

Year Total


White

Black

District of Columbia 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

572 607 638 757 764 802 663 487 483 331

9 316.4 9 882.8 10 394.6 12 401.8 12 523.9 13 150.5 10 870.3 7 981.5 7 292.9 5 517.8

176 180 172 209 345 518 474 354 327 236

343 400 449 538 412 281 187 132 110 94

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

279 230 178 132 75 52 34 30 23 15

4 645.3 3 972.3 3 062.5 2 270.7 1 294.5 891.2 485.7 442.6 367.1 266.9

192 155 118 88 61 38 24 21 16 10

87 76 60 43 14 14 10 9 7 5

1800 .................................................................

8

156.6

6

2

Florida 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

15 982 12 938 9 746 6 789 4 952 2 771 1 897 1 468 968 753

296.4 239.6 180.5 125.5 91.5 51.1 35.0 27.1 17.7 13.7

12 465 10 749 8 185 5 719 4 064 2 166 1 382 1 035 638 444

2 336 1 760 1 343 1 042 880 603 514 432 329 309

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

529 391 269 188 140 87 54 35

9.6 7.1 4.9 3.4 2.6 1.6 1.0 0.6

297 225 143 96 78 47 28 18

231 166 127 92 63 40 27 16

Georgia 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

8 186 6 478 5 463 4 590 3 943 3 445 3 124 2 909 2 896 2 609

141.4 111.9 94.3 79.0 67.8 58.9 53.4 49.7 49.3 44.4

5 327 4 600 3 947 3 391 2 817 2 381 2 038 1 837 1 689 1 432

2 350 1 747 1 465 1 187 1 123 1 063 1 085 1 071 1 206 1 177

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

2 216 1 837 1 542 1 184 1 057 906 691 517 341 252

37.7 31.3 26.3 20.2 18.0 15.4 11.8 8.8 5.8 4.3

1 181 978 817 639 592 522 408 297 190 145

1 035 859 725 545 466 285 284 220 151 107

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

163 83

1.5 0.6

102 53

60 30

Hawaii 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

1 212 1 108 965 769 633 500 423 368 256 192

188.6 172.5 150.2 119.6 98.5 78.0 66.0 57.5 39.9 30.0

294 370 319 298 202 115 104 80 55 44

22 27 17 8 5 3 3 ( ) 1 (3) 1

1900 .................................................................

154

24.0

29

(3)

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830

3Less

than 500.


35


Race

Year Total

Idaho 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................


White

Black

1 293 1 007 944 713 667 589 525 445 432 326

15.6 12.2 11.4 8.6 8.1 7.1 6.3 5.4 5.2 3.9

1 177 950 902 699 657 581 519 439 426 319

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

162 89 33 15

1.9 1.1 0.4 0.2

154 82 29 11

Illinois 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

12 419 11 431 11 427 11 114 10 081 8 712 7 897 7 631 6 485 5 639

223.4 205.6 205.5 199.4 180.4 155.8 141.2 136.4 115.7 100.6

9 125 8 953 9 233 9 600 9 010 8 046 7 504 7 295 6 299 5 527

1 877 1 694 1 675 1 426 1 037 646 387 329 182 109

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

4 822 3 826 3 078 2 540 1 712 851 476 157 55 12

86.1 68.3 55.0 45.4 30.6 15.2 8.5 2.8 1.0 0.1

4 735 3 768 3 031 2 511 1 704 846 472 155 54 12

85 57 46 29 8 5 4 2 1 1

Indiana 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

6 080 5 544 5 490 5 194 4 662 3 934 3 428 3 239 2 930 2 701

169.5 154.6 153.1 143.9 128.8 108.7 94.7 89.4 81.3 74.9

5 320 5 021 5 004 4 820 4 389 3 759 3 305 3 126 2 849 2 640

510 432 415 357 269 174 122 112 81 60

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

2 516 2 192 1 978 1 681 1 350 988 686 343 147 25

70.1 61.1 55.1 46.8 37.6 27.5 19.1 9.6 4.1 0.6

2 459 2 147 1 939 1 656 1 339 977 679 338 146 24

58 45 39 25 11 11 7 4 1 1

1800 .................................................................

6

1900 1890 1880 1870

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

(5)

5

5 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 (3) (3) (3) (3)

(3)

Iowa 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 1920 1910

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

2 926 2 777 2 914 2 824 2 758 2 621 2 538 2 471 2 404 2 225

52.4 49.7 52.1 50.5 49.2 46.8 45.3 44.1 43.2 40.0

2 749 2 683 2 839 2 783 2 729 2 600 2 521 2 453 2 384 2 209

62 48 42 33 25 ... 17 17 19 15

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

2 232 1 912 1 625 1 194 675 192 43

40.2 34.4 29.2 21.5 12.1 3.5 0.2

2 219 1 901 1 615 1 188 674 192 43

13 11 10 6 1 (3) (3)

3Less 5Less

than 500. than 1/10 of a person.

36



Race

Year Total


White

Black

Kansas 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

2 688 2 478 2 364 2 247 2 179 1 905 1 801 1 881 1 769 1 691

32.9 30.3 28.9 27.5 26.6 23.2 21.9 22.9 21.6 20.7

2 314 2 232 2 168 2 122 2 079 1 829 1 734 1 812 1 709 1 634

154 143 126 107 91 73 65 66 58 54

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

1 470 1 428 996 364 107

18.0 17.5 12.2 4.5 1.3

1 416 1 377 952 346 106

52 50 43 17 1

Kentucky 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

4 042 3 685 3 661 3 219 3 038 2 945 2 846 2 615 2 417 2 290

101.7 92.8 92.1 81.2 76.2 73.9 70.9 65.2 60.2 57.0

3 641 3 392 3 379 2 982 2 820 2 742 2 631 2 388 2 181 2 028

296 263 259 231 216 202 214 226 236 262

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

2 147 1 859 1 649 1 321 1 156 982 780 688 564 407

53.4 46.3 41.0 32.9 28.8 24.4 19.4 17.1 14.0 10.1

1 862 1 590 1 377 1 099 919 761 590 519 435 324

285 268 271 222 236 221 190 170 129 82

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

221 74

5.5 1.8

180 61

41 13

Louisiana 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

4 469 4 220 4 206 3 641 3 257 2 684 2 364 2 102 1 799 1 656

102.6 96.9 96.5 81.0 72.2 59.4 52.3 46.5 39.6 36.5

2 856 2 839 2 912 2 541 2 212 1 797 1 512 1 323 1 097 941

1 452 1 299 1 238 1 087 1 039 882 849 776 700 714

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

1 382 1 119 940 727 708 518 352 216 153 77

30.4 24.6 20.7 16.0 15.6 11.4 7.8 4.8 3.4 2.2

730 558 455 362 357 255 158 89 74 34

651 559 484 364 350 262 194 126 80 42

Maine 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

1 275 1 228 1 125 992 969 914 847 797 768 742

41.3 39.8 36.4 32.1 31.3 29.4 27.3 25.7 25.7 24.8

1 236 1 208 1 110 985 963 911 845 795 766 740

7 5 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

694 661 649 627 628 583 502 399 298 229

23.2 22.1 21.7 21.0 21.0 19.5 16.8 13.4 10.0 7.7

682 659 647 625 627 582 500 398 297 228

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

152 97

5.1 3.2

151 96

1 1

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810


37


Race

Year Total


White

Black

Maryland 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

5 296 4 781 4 217 3 922 3 101 2 343 1 821 1 632 1 450 1 295

541.9 489.2 431.4 396.6 313.5 237.1 184.2 165.0 145.8 130.3

3 391 3 394 3 159 3 195 2 574 1 955 1 518 1 354 1 205 1 063

1 477 1 190 958 699 518 386 302 276 244 232

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

1 188 1 042 935 781 687 583 470 447 407 381

119.5 104.9 94.0 78.6 69.1 58.6 47.3 45.0 41.0 38.3

952 826 725 605 516 418 318 291 260 235

235 216 210 175 171 165 152 156 147 145

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

342 320

34.4 32.0

216 209

125 111

Massachusetts 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

6 349 6 016 5 737 5 689 5 149 4 691 4 317 4 250 3 852 3 366

809.8 767.6 732.0 727.0 657.3 596.2 545.9 537.4 479.2 418.8

5 367 5 405 5 363 5 478 5 023 4 612 4 258 4 193 3 804 3 325

343 300 221 176 112 73 55 52 45 38

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

2 805 2 239 1 783 1 457 1 231 995 738 610 523 472

349.0 278.5 221.9 181.3 153.1 123.7 91.7 75.9 65.1 58.7

2 770 2 215 1 764 1 443 1 221 985 729 603 516 465

32 22 19 14 10 9 9 7 7 7

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

423 379

52.6 47.1

417 373

6 5

Michigan 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

9 938 9 295 9 262 8 875 7 823 6 372 5 256 4 842 3 668 2 810

175.0 163.6 163.0 156.2 137.7 111.7 92.2 84.9 63.8 48.9

7 966 7 756 7 872 7 833 7 086 5 918 5 040 4 664 3 602 2 785

1 413 1 292 1 199 991 718 442 208 169 60 17

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

2 421 2 094 1 637 1 184 749 398 212 32 9 5

42.1 36.4 28.5 20.6 13.0 6.9 3.7 0.2 (5) 0.1

2 399 2 073 1 615 1 167 736 395 212 31 9 5

Minnesota 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

4 919 4 375 4 076 3 805 3 414 2 982 2 792 2 564 2 387 2 076

61.8 55.0 51.2 48.0 43.1 37.3 34.9 32.0 29.5 25.7

4 400 4 130 3 936 3 736 3 372 2 954 2 769 2 543 2 369 2 059

172 95 53 35 22 14 10 9 9 7

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

1 751 1 310 781 440 172 6

21.7 16.2 9.7 5.4 2.1 (5)

1 737 1 296 777 438 169 6

5 4 2 1

3Less 5Less

than 500. than 1/10 of a person.

16 15 15 12 7 3 1 (3) (3) (3)

(3) (3)

38



Race

Year Total


White

Black

Mississippi 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

2 845 2 573 2 521 2 217 2 178 2 179 2 184 2 010 1 791 1 797

60.6 54.9 53.7 46.9 46.0 46.1 46.1 42.4 38.6 38.8

1 746 1 633 1 615 1 633 1 258 1 189 1 106 998 854 786

1 034 915 887 816 916 986 1 075 1 010 935 1 009

1900 ................................................................. 1890 ................................................................. 1880 ................................................................. 1870 ................................................................. 1860 ................................................................. 1850 ................................................................. 1840 ................................................................. 1830 ................................................................. 1820 ................................................................. 1810 1 ...............................................................

1 551 1 290 1 132 828 791 607 376 137 75 31

33.5 27.8 24.4 17.9 17.1 13.1 8.1 2.9 1.6 0.4

641 545 479 383 354 296 179 70 42 23

908 743 650 444 437 311 197 66 33 17

1800 1 ...............................................................

8

0.3

5

4

Missouri 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

5 595 5 117 4 917 4 677 4 320 3 955 3 785 3 629 3 404 3 293

81.2 74.3 71.4 67.8 62.6 57.1 54.6 52.4 49.5 47.9

4 748 4 486 4 346 4 177 3 923 3 656 3 539 3 404 3 225 3 135

629 548 514 480 391 297 244 224 178 157

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

3 107 2 679 2 168 1 721 1 182 682 384 140 67 20

45.2 39.0 31.6 25.0 17.2 9.9 5.6 2.1 1.0 ...

2 945 2 528 2 023 1 603 1 063 592 324 115 56 17

161 150 145 118 119 90 60 26 11 4

Montana 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

902 799 787 694 675 591 559 538 549 376

6.2 5.5 5.4 4.8 4.6 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.8 2.6

817 741 740 663 651 572 540 520 534 361

3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2

1900 1890 1880 1870

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

243 143 39 21

1.7 1.0 0.3 0.1

226 128 35 18

2 1 (3) (3)

Nebraska 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

1 711 1 578 1 570 1 483 1 411 1 326 1 316 1 378 1 296 1 192

22.3 20.5 20.4 19.4 18.4 17.3 17.2 18.0 16.9 15.5

1 533 1 487 1 490 1 433 1 375 1 301 1 298 1 360 1 279 1 180

69 57 48 40 29 19 14 14 13 8

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860

1 066 1 063 452 123 29

13.9 13.8 5.9 1.6 0.2

1 057 1 047 450 122 29

6 9 2 1

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

1Population of those 3Less than 500.


parts of Mississippi Territory now in present state. Population per square mile, sex, race and age detail for Alabama included with Mississippi.

(3)


39


Race

Year Total

Nevada 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................


White

Black

1 998 1 202 800 489 285 160 110 91 77 82

18.2 10.9 7.3 4.4 2.6 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.7

1 502 1 013 700 448 263 150 104 85 71 74

135 79 51 28 13 4 1 1 (3) 1

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

42 47 62 42 7

0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.1

35 39 54 39 7

(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)

New Hampshire 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

1 236 1 109 921 738 607 533 492 465 443 431

137.8 123.7 102.6 81.7 67.2 59.1 54.5 51.6 49.1 47.7

1 236 1 087 910 733 604 532 491 464 442 430

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

412 377 347 318 326 318 285 269 244 214

45.6 41.7 38.4 35.2 36.1 35.2 31.5 29.8 27.0 23.7

411 376 346 318 326 317 284 269 243 214

(3) 1 1 1 1 1

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

184 142

20.4 15.7

184 142

1 1

New Jersey 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

8 414 7 730 7 365 7 168 6 067 4 835 4 160 4 041 3 156 2 537

1 134.4 1 042.0 992.7 953.1 805.5 642.8 553.1 537.3 420.0 337.7

6 105 6 130 6 127 6 350 5 539 4 512 3 931 3 830 3 037 2 446

1 142 1 037 925 770 515 319 227 209 117 90

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

1 884 1 445 1 131 906 672 490 373 321 278 246

250.7 192.3 150.5 120.6 89.4 65.2 49.7 42.7 36.9 32.7

1 812 1 397 1 092 875 647 466 352 300 258 227

70 48 39 31 25 24 22 21 20 19

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

211 184

28.1 24.5

194 170

17 14

New Mexico 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

1 819 1 515 1 303 1 016 951 681 532 423 360 327

15.0 12.5 10.7 8.4 7.8 5.6 4.4 3.5 2.9 2.7

1 214 1 146 978 916 876 630 492 391 335 305

34 30 24 20 17 8 5 3 6 2

1900 ................................................................. 1890 ................................................................. 1880 ................................................................. 1870 ................................................................. 1860 6 ............................................................... 1850 7 ...............................................................

195 160 120 92 94 62

1.6 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.3

180 143 109 90 83 62

2 2 1

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

3Less than 500. 6Includes population of area taken to form part of 7Data for Territory of New Mexico which included

Arizona Territory in 1863. parts of present States of Arizona and New Mexico, and smaller parts of Colorado and Nevada.

9 7 4 3 2 1

(3) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(3) (3) (3)

40



Race

Year Total


White

Black

New York 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

18 976 17 990 17 558 18 237 16 782 14 830 13 479 12 588 10 385 9 114

401.9 381.0 371.8 381.3 350.6 309.3 281.2 262.6 217.9 191.2

12 894 13 385 13 961 15 834 15 287 13 872 12 880 12 153 10 172 8 967

3 014 2 859 2 402 2 169 1 418 918 571 413 198 134

1900 ................................................................. 1890 ................................................................. 1880 ................................................................. 1870 ................................................................. 1860 ................................................................. 1850 ................................................................. 1840 ................................................................. 1830 8 ............................................................... 1820 ................................................................. 1810 .................................................................

7 269 6 003 5 083 4 383 3 881 3 097 2 429 1 919 1 373 959

152.5 126.0 106.7 92.0 81.4 65.0 51.0 40.3 28.8 20.1

7 157 5 924 5 016 4 330 3 832 3 048 2 379 1 868 1 333 919

99 70 65 52 49 49 50 45 39 40

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

589 340

12.4 7.1

556 314

31 26

North Carolina 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

8 049 6 629 5 882 5 082 4 556 4 062 3 572 3 170 2 559 2 206

165.2 136.1 120.7 104.1 93.2 82.7 72.7 64.5 52.5 45.3

5 804 5 008 4 458 3 902 3 399 2 983 2 568 2 235 1 784 1 501

1 738 1 456 1 319 1 126 1 116 1 047 981 919 763 698

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

1 894 1 618 1 400 1 071 993 869 753 738 639 556

38.9 33.2 28.7 22.0 20.4 17.8 15.5 15.1 13.1 11.4

1 264 1 055 867 678 630 553 485 473 419 376

624 561 531 392 362 316 269 265 220 179

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

478 394

9.8 8.1

338 288

140 106

North Dakota 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

642 639 653 618 632 620 642 681 647 577

9.3 9.3 9.5 8.9 9.1 8.8 9.2 9.7 9.2 8.2

593 604 626 599 620 608 631 672 640 570

4 4 3 2 1

(3) (3) (3) (3) 1

1900 ................................................................. 1890 ................................................................. 1880 9 ............................................................... 1870 9 ............................................................... 1860 9 ...............................................................

319 191 37 2 5

4.5 2.7 0.9 0.1 (5)

312 182 133 13 3

(3) (3) (3) (3) -

Ohio 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 1920 1910

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

11 353 10 847 10 798 10 652 9 706 7 947 6 908 6 647 5 759 4 767

277.3 264.9 263.7 260.0 236.6 193.8 168.0 161.6 141.4 117.0

9 645 9 522 9 597 9 647 8 910 7 428 6 567 6 335 5 572 4 655

1 301 1 155 1 077 970 786 513 339 309 186 111

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

4 158 3 672 3 198 2 665 2 340 1 980 1 519 938 581 231

102.1 90.1 78.5 65.4 57.4 48.6 37.3 23.3 14.5 5.7

4 060 3 585 3 118 2 602 2 303 1 955 1 502 928 577 229

97 87 80 63 37 25 17 10 5 2

1800 .................................................................

45

1.1

45

3Less than 500. 5Less than 1/10 of a person. 8Includes 5,602 persons for whom sex, race 9North and South Dakota comprised Dakota

- = Quantity zero.

and age detail are not available. Territory. Population per square mile, sex and age detail for South Dakota included with North Dakota.

(3)


41


Race

Year Total


White

Black

Oklahoma 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

3 451 3 146 3 025 2 559 2 328 2 233 2 336 2 396 2 028 1 657

50.3 45.8 44.0 37.2 33.8 32.4 33.7 34.6 29.2 23.9

2 628 2 584 2 598 2 280 2 108 2 033 2 104 2 131 1 821 1 445

261 234 205 172 153 146 169 172 149 138

1900 ................................................................. 1890 .................................................................

790 259

11.4 3.7

670 173

56 22

Oregon 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

3 421 2 842 2 633 2 091 1 769 1 521 1 090 954 783 673

35.6 29.6 27.4 21.7 18.4 15.8 11.3 9.9 8.2 7.0

2 962 2 637 2 491 2 032 1 732 1 497 1 076 939 769 655

56 46 37 26 18 12 3 2 2 1

1900 ................................................................. 1890 ................................................................. 1880 ................................................................. 1870 ................................................................. 1860 ................................................................. 1850 10 .............................................................

414 318 175 91 52 12

Pennsylvania 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

12 281 11 882 11 864 11 794 11 319 10 498 9 900 9 631 8 720 7 665

274.0 265.1 264.7 262.3 251.4 233.1 219.8 213.8 194.5 171.0

10 484 10 520 10 652 10 738 10 454 9 854 9 427 9 196 8 433 7 468

1 225 1 090 1 047 1 017 853 638 470 431 285 194

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

6 302 5 258 4 283 3 522 2 906 2 312 1 724 1 348 1 049 810

140.6 117.3 95.5 78.6 64.8 51.6 38.5 30.1 23.4 18.1

6 142 5 148 4 197 3 457 2 849 2 258 1 676 1 310 1 017 787

157 108 86 65 57 54 48 38 30 23

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

602 434

13.4 9.7

586 424

16 10

Rhode Island 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

1 048 1 003 947 947 859 792 713 687 604 543

1 003.2 960.3 906.4 902.5 819.3 748.5 674.2 649.8 566.4 508.5

891 917 897 915 839 777 702 677 594 532

47 39 28 25 18 14 11 10 10 10

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

429 346 277 217 175 148 109 97 83 77

401.6 323.8 259.2 203.7 163.7 138.3 102.0 91.1 77.8 72.1

419 338 270 212 171 144 106 94 79 73

9 7 6 5 4 4 3 4 4 4

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

69 69

64.8 64.5

65 65

4 4

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

3Less than 500. 5Less than 1/10 of a person. 10Population total of those parts

4.3 3.3 1.8 1.0 0.5 (5)

395 302 163 87 52 13

1 1 (3) (3) (3) (3)

of Oregon Territory taken to form part of Washington Territory in 1853 and 1859 excluded from Oregon included under Washington. Population per square mile, sex, race and age detail for Washington included with Oregon.

42



Race

Year Total


White

Black

South Carolina 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

4 012 3 487 3 122 2 591 2 383 2 117 1 900 1 739 1 684 1 515

133.2 115.8 103.7 85.7 78.7 69.9 62.1 56.8 55.2 49.7

2 696 2 407 2 147 1 794 1 551 1 293 1 084 944 819 679

1 185 1 040 949 789 829 822 814 794 865 836

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

1 340 1 151 996 706 704 669 594 581 503 415

44.0 37.7 32.6 23.1 23.1 21.9 19.5 19.1 16.5 13.6

558 462 391 290 291 275 259 258 237 214

782 689 604 416 412 394 335 323 265 201

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

346 249

11.3 8.2

196 140

149 109

South Dakota 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

755 696 691 666 681 653 643 693 637 584

9.9 9.2 9.1 8.8 9.0 8.5 8.4 9.1 8.3 7.6

669 638 640 630 653 629 619 670 619 564

5 3 2 2 1 1

(3) 1 1 1

1900 ................................................................. 1890 ................................................................. 1880 9 ............................................................... 1870 9 ............................................................... 1860 9 ...............................................................

402 349 98 12 ...

5.2 4.5 ... ... ...

381 328 97 11 ...

(3) 1 (3) (3) ...

Tennessee 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

5 689 4 877 4 591 3 924 3 567 3 292 2 916 2 617 2 338 2 185

138.0 118.3 111.4 94.9 86.2 78.8 69.5 62.4 56.1 52.4

4 563 4 048 3 835 3 294 2 978 2 760 2 407 2 139 1 886 1 711

933 778 726 621 587 531 509 478 452 473

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

2 021 1 768 1 542 1 259 1 110 1 003 829 682 423 262

48.5 42.4 37.0 30.2 26.6 24.1 19.9 16.4 10.1 6.3

1 540 1 337 1 139 936 827 757 641 536 340 216

480 431 403 322 283 246 189 146 83 46

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

106 36

2.5 0.8

92 32

14 4

Texas 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

20 852 16 987 14 229 11 197 9 580 7 711 6 415 5 825 4 663 3 897

79.6 64.9 54.3 42.7 36.4 29.3 24.3 22.1 17.8 14.8

14 800 12 775 11 198 9 717 8 375 6 727 5 488 4 967 3 918 3 205

2 405 2 022 1 710 1 399 1 187 977 924 855 742 690

3 049 2 236 1 592 819 604 213

11.6 8.5 6.1 3.1 2.3 0.8

2 427 1 746 1 197 565 421 154

621 488 393 253 183 59

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

3Less than 500. 9North and South

Dakota comprised Dakota Territory. Population per square mile, sex and age detail for South Dakota included with North Dakota. . . . = Not available.


43


Race

Year Total


Utah 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 1920 1910

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

2 233 1 723 1 461 1 059 891 689 550 508 449 373

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

277 211 144 87 40 11

Vermont 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

609 563 511 444 390 378 359 360 352 356

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

27.2 21.0 17.8 12.9 10.8 8.4 6.7 6.2 5.5 4.5

Black

1 993 1 616 1 383 1 032 874 677 543 500 442 367

18 12 9 7 4 3 1 1 1 1

272 206 142 86 40 11

1 1 (3) (3) (3) (3)

65.8 60.8 55.3 47.9 42.0 40.7 38.7 38.8 38.6 39.0

589 555 507 443 389 377 359 359 352 354

3 2 1 1 1

(3) (3) 1 1 2

344 332 332 331 315 314 292 281 236 218

37.7 36.4 36.4 36.2 34.5 34.4 32.0 30.8 25.9 23.9

343 331 331 330 314 313 291 280 235 217

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1800 ................................................................. 1790 .................................................................

154 85

16.9 9.4

154 85

1 (3)

Virginia 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

7 079 6 187 5 347 4 648 3 967 3 319 2 678 2 422 2 309 2 062

178.8 156.3 135.0 116.9 99.6 83.2 67.1 60.7 57.4 51.2

5 120 4 792 4 230 3 762 3 142 2 582 2 016 1 770 1 618 1 390

1 390 1 163 1 009 861 816 734 661 650 690 671

1900 ................................................................. 1890 ................................................................. 1880 ................................................................. 1870 ................................................................. 1860 11 ............................................................. 1850 11 ............................................................. 1840 11 ............................................................. 1830 11 ............................................................. 1820 11 ............................................................. 1810 11 .............................................................

1 854 1 656 1 513 1 225 1 220 1 119 1 025 1 044 938 878

46.1 41.1 37.6 30.4 24.8 22.1 19.3 18.9 16.6 15.2

1 193 1 020 881 712 1 047 895 748 701 610 557

661 635 632 513 549 527 502 520 465 426

1800 11 ............................................................. 1790 11 .............................................................

808 692

13.7 11.6

518 442

367 306

Washington 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

5 894 4 867 4 132 3 409 2 853 2 379 1 736 1 563 1 357 1 142

88.6 73.1 62.1 51.2 42.8 35.6 25.9 23.3 20.3 17.1

4 821 4 309 3 779 3 251 2 752 2 316 1 698 1 522 1 320 1 109

190 150 106 71 49 31 7 7 7 6

1900 ................................................................. 1890 ................................................................. 1880 ................................................................. 1870 ................................................................. 1860 12 ............................................................. 1850 10 .............................................................

518 357 75 24 12 1

7.8 5.3 1.1 0.4 0.1 ...

496 341 67 22 11 ...

3Less than 500. 5Less than 1/10 of a person. 10Population total of those parts

3.4 2.6 1.8 1.1 0.3 (5)

White

3 2 (3) (3) (3) ...

of Oregon Territory taken to form part of Washington Territory in 1853 and 1859 excluded from Oregon included under Washington. Population per square mile, sex, race and age detail for Washington included with Oregon. Virginia.

11Sex, race and age detail for West Virginia, 1790–1860, included with 12Includes population of Idaho and parts of Montana and Wyoming.


44



Race

Year Total


White

Black

West Virginia 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

1 808 1 793 1 950 1 744 1 860 2 006 1 902 1 729 1 464 1 221

75.1 74.5 80.9 72.5 77.2 83.3 79.0 71.8 60.9 50.8

1 719 1 726 1 875 1 673 1 770 1 890 1 784 1 614 1 377 1 157

57 56 65 67 89 115 118 115 86 64

1900 ................................................................. 1890 ................................................................. 1880 ................................................................. 1870 ................................................................. 1860 11 ............................................................. 1850 11 ............................................................. 1840 11 ............................................................. 1830 11 ............................................................. 1820 11 ............................................................. 1810 11 .............................................................

959 763 618 442 377 302 225 177 137 105

39.9 31.8 25.7 18.4 ... ... ... ... ... ...

915 730 593 424 ... ... ... ... ... ...

43 33 26 18 ... ... ... ... ... ...

1800 11 ............................................................. 1790 11 .............................................................

79 56

... ...

... ...

... ...

Wisconsin 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

5 364 4 892 4 706 4 418 3 952 3 435 3 138 2 939 2 632 2 334

98.8 90.1 86.6 81.1 72.6 62.8 57.3 53.7 47.6 42.2

4 770 4 513 4 443 4 259 3 859 3 393 3 113 2 916 2 617 2 321

304 245 183 128 75 28 12 11 5 3

1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

2 069 1 693 1 315 1 055 776 305 31

37.4 30.6 23.8 19.1 14.0 5.5 0.4

2 058 1 681 1 310 1 051 774 305 31

3 2 3 2 1 1

Wyoming 2000 ................................................................. 1990 ................................................................. 1980 ................................................................. 1970 ................................................................. 1960 ................................................................. 1950 ................................................................. 1940 ................................................................. 1930 ................................................................. 1920 ................................................................. 1910 .................................................................

494 454 470 332 330 291 251 226 194 146

5.1 4.7 4.8 3.4 3.4 3.0 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.5

455 427 446 323 323 284 247 221 190 140

4 4 3 3 2 3 1 1 1 2

93 63 21 9

0.9 0.6 0.2 0.1

89 59 19 9

1 1 (3) (3)

1900 1890 1880 1870

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

3Less than 500. 11Sex, race and

age detail for West Virginia, 1790–1860, included with Virginia. . . . = Not available.

(3)


45

Table 2-10—Series A 335-349. Households, by Number of Persons, 1790–2002 (Number in thousands, percent.) Year

Number of households

Size of household 1 person

2 persons

3 person

4 persons

5 person

6 persons

7 or more persons

2002 ............................................ 2001 1 .........................................

109 297 108 209

28 775 28 207

36 240 35 917

17 742 17 444

15 794 15 692

6 948 6 978

2 438 2 555

1 360 1 415

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1991 ............................................

104 705 103 874 102 528 101 018 99 627 98 990 97 107 96 391 95 669 94 312

26 724 26 606 26 327 25 402 24 900 24 732 23 611 23 642 23 974 23 590

34 666 34 262 32 965 32 736 32 526 31 834 31 211 31 175 30 734 30 181

17 172 17 386 17 331 17 065 16 724 16 827 16 898 16 895 16 398 16 082

15 309 15 030 15 358 15 396 15 118 15 321 15 073 14 926 14 710 14 556

6 981 6 962 7 048 6 774 6 631 6 616 6 749 6 357 6 389 6 206

2 445 2 367 2 232 2 311 2 357 2 279 2 186 2 180 2 126 2 237

1 428 1 261 1 267 1 334 1 372 1 382 1 379 1 215 1 338 1 459

1990 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1981 ............................................

93 347 92 830 91 066 89 479 88 458 86 789 85 407 83 918 83 527 82 368

22 999 22 708 21 889 21 128 21 178 20 602 19 954 19 250 19 354 18 936

30 114 29 976 29 295 28 602 27 732 27 389 26 890 26 439 26 486 25 787

16 128 16 276 16 163 16 159 16 088 15 465 15 134 14 793 14 617 14 569

14 456 14 550 14 143 13 984 13 774 13 631 13 593 13 303 12 868 12 768

6 213 6 232 6 081 6 162 6 276 6 108 6 070 6 105 6 103 6 117

2 143 2 003 2 176 2 176 2 138 2 299 2 372 2 460 2 480 2 549

1 295 1 084 1 320 1 268 1 272 1 296 1 394 1 568 1 619 1 643

1980 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1971 ............................................

80 776 77 330 76 030 74 142 72 867 71 120 69 859 68 251 66 676 64 778

18 296 17 201 16 715 15 532 14 983 13 939 13 368 12 635 12 189 11 446

25 327 23 928 23 334 22 775 22 321 21 753 21 495 20 632 19 482 18 892

14 130 13 392 13 040 12 794 12 520 12 384 11 913 11 804 11 542 11 071

12 666 12 274 11 955 11 630 11 407 11 103 10 900 10 739 10 679 10 059

6 059 6 187 6 356 6 285 6 268 6 399 6 469 6 426 6 431 6 640

2 519 2 573 2 723 2 864 3 001 3 059 3 063 3 245 3 374 3 435

1 778 1 774 1 906 2 263 2 367 2 484 2 651 2 769 2 979 3 234

1970 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1961 ............................................

63 401 62 214 60 813 59 236 58 406 57 436 56 149 55 270 54 764 53 557

10 851 10 401 9 802 9 200 9 093 8 631 7 821 7 501 7 473 7 112

18 333 18 034 17 377 16 770 16 679 16 119 15 622 15 279 15 461 15 185

10 949 10 769 10 577 10 403 9 993 10 263 10 034 9 989 10 077 9 780

9 991 9 778 9 623 9 559 9 465 9 269 9 565 9 445 9 347 9 390

6 548 6 387 6 319 6 276 6 257 6 313 6 328 6 240 6 016 6 052

3 534 3 557 3 627 3 491 3 465 3 327 3 373 3 473 3 368 3 085

3 195 3 288 3 488 3 550 3 465 3 514 3 405 3 342 3 022 2 953

1960* .......................................... 1959 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1954 ............................................ 1953 2 ......................................... 1952 3 ......................................... 1951 3 .........................................

52 799 51 302 50 402 49 543 48 785 47 788 46 893 46 828 45 464 44 564

6 917 6 317 6 078 5 451 5 396 5 212 5 032 6 148 5 388 ...

14 678 14 538 14 303 14 274 13 827 13 612 13 249 13 530 13 460 ...

9 979 9 788 9 715 9 743 9 936 9 725 9 776 9 868 9 908 ...

9 293 9 123 8 933 9 096 9 152 9 052 8 820 8 300 8 106 ...

6 072 5 793 5 609 5 487 5 287 5 291 5 170 4 658 4 378 ...

3 010 2 948 3 002 2 848 2 624 2 568 2 521 2 332 2 142 ...

2 851 2 795 2 762 2 644 2 563 2 328 2 325 1 992 2 082 ...

1950 2 ......................................... 1940 3 ......................................... 1930 3 .........................................

43 468 34 949 29 905

4 737 2 481 2 357

12 529 8 667 6 983

9 808 7 829 6 227

7 729 6 326 5 235

4 357 4 019 3 574

2 196 2 377 2 273

2 113 3 250 3 255

1900 ............................................ 1890 4 ......................................... 1790 ............................................

15 964 12 690 558

814 457 21

2 395 1 675 44

2 810 2 119 65

2 698 2 132 77

2 267 1 916 78

1 740 1 472 74

3 257 2 919 200

1Data for March 2001 and later use population controls based on Census 2000. 2Covers related persons only; therefore, not strictly comparable with other years. 3As of April. 4As of June; includes a small number of quasi-households.


46


Table 2-10—Series A 335-349. Households, by Number of Persons, 1790–2002—Continued (Number in thousands, percent.) Percent distribution of number of households Year 1 person

2 persons

3 person

4 persons

5 person

6 persons

7 or more persons

2002 ............................................ 2001 1 .........................................

26.3 26.1

33.2 33.2

16.2 16.1

14.5 14.5

6.4 6.4

2.2 2.4

1.2 1.3

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1991 ............................................

25.5 25.6 25.7 25.1 25.0 25.0 24.3 24.5 25.1 25.0

33.1 33.0 32.2 32.4 32.6 32.2 32.1 32.3 32.1 32.0

16.4 16.7 16.9 16.9 16.8 17.0 17.4 17.5 17.1 17.1

14.6 14.5 15.0 15.2 15.2 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.4 15.4

6.7 6.7 6.9 6.7 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.6 6.7 6.6

2.3 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.4

1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5

1990 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1981 ............................................

24.6 24.5 24.0 23.6 23.9 23.7 23.4 22.9 23.2 23.0

32.3 32.3 32.2 32.0 31.4 31.6 31.5 31.5 31.7 31.3

17.3 17.5 17.7 18.1 18.2 17.8 17.7 17.6 17.5 17.7

15.5 15.7 15.5 15.6 15.6 15.7 15.9 15.9 15.4 15.5

6.7 6.7 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.0 7.1 7.3 7.3 7.4

2.3 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1

1.4 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.9 2.0

1980 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1971 ............................................

22.7 22.2 22.0 20.9 20.6 19.6 19.1 18.5 18.3 17.7

31.4 30.9 30.7 30.7 30.6 30.6 30.8 30.2 29.2 29.2

17.5 17.3 17.2 17.3 17.2 17.4 17.1 17.3 17.3 17.1

15.7 15.9 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.6 15.6 15.7 16.0 15.5

7.5 8.0 8.4 8.5 8.6 9.0 9.3 9.4 9.6 10.3

3.1 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.8 5.1 5.3

2.2 2.3 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.5 5.0

1970 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1961 ............................................

17.1 16.7 16.1 15.5 15.6 15.0 13.9 13.6 13.6 13.3

28.9 29.0 28.6 28.3 28.6 28.1 27.8 27.6 28.2 28.4

17.3 17.3 17.4 17.6 17.1 17.9 17.9 18.1 18.4 18.3

15.8 15.7 15.8 16.1 16.2 16.1 17.0 17.1 17.1 17.5

10.3 10.3 10.4 10.6 10.7 11.0 11.3 11.3 11.0 11.3

5.6 5.7 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.2 5.8

5.0 5.3 5.7 6.0 5.9 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.5 5.5

1960* .......................................... 1959 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1954 ............................................ 1953 2 ......................................... 1952 3 ......................................... 1951 3 .........................................

13.1 12.3 12.1 11.0 11.1 10.9 10.7 13.1 11.9 ...

27.8 28.4 28.4 28.8 28.3 28.5 28.3 28.9 29.6 ...

18.9 19.1 19.3 19.7 20.4 20.4 20.8 21.1 21.8 ...

17.6 17.8 17.7 18.4 18.8 18.9 18.8 17.7 17.8 ...

11.5 11.3 11.1 11.1 10.8 11.1 11.0 9.9 9.6 ...

5.7 5.7 6.0 5.7 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.0 4.7 ...

5.4 5.4 5.5 5.3 5.3 4.9 5.0 4.3 4.6 ...

1950 2 ......................................... 1940 3 ......................................... 1930 3 .........................................

10.9 7.1 7.9

28.8 24.8 23.4

22.6 22.4 20.8

17.8 18.1 17.5

10.0 11.5 12.0

5.1 6.8 7.6

4.9 9.3 10.9

1900 ............................................ 1890 4 ......................................... 1790 ............................................

5.1 3.6 3.7

15.0 13.2 7.8

17.6 16.7 11.7

16.9 16.8 13.8

14.2 15.1 13.9

10.9 11.6 13.2

20.4 23.0 35.8

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. 1Data for March 2001 and later use population controls based on Census 2000. 2Covers related persons only; therefore, not strictly comparable with other years. 3As of April. 4As of June; includes a small number of quasi-households.



47

Table 2-11. Components of Population Change, 1990–2050 (Number in thousands, percent.) Net increase Year

Births

Deaths

Net international migration

Population 1 Total

Percent

Number

Rate per 1,000

Number

Rate per 1,000

Number

Rate per 1,000

Projections 2050 ............................................ 2040 ............................................ 2030 ............................................ 2020 ............................................ 2010 ............................................

419 854 000 391 946 000 363 584 000 335 805 000 308 936 000

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Estimates 2003 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2001 ............................................

290 809 777 287 973 924 285 093 813

2 835 853 2 880 111 2 916 059

1.0 1.0 1.0

402 653 402 266 404 731

14.0 14.1 14.3

247 680 243 229 241 927

8.6 8.5 8.6

128 611 128 974 128 802

4.5 4.5 4.6

2000 Census .............................. 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1991 ............................................

282 177 754 272 690 813 270 248 003 267 783 607 265 228 572 262 803 276 260 327 021 257 782 608 255 029 699 252 153 092

... 2 442 810 2 464 396 2 555 035 2 425 296 2 476 255 2 544 413 2 752 909 2 876 607 2 688 696

... 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1

... 393 847 390 554 389 243 388 196 392 665 397 113 402 712 410 568 413 326

... 14.4 14.5 14.5 14.6 14.9 15.3 15.6 16.1 16.4

... 234 457 231 979 232 193 231 791 228 436 228 285 222 602 218 011 213 890

... 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.6 8.5 8.5

... 851 541 853 819 939 450 864 269 784 716 764 208 825 880 773 452 649 430

... 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.0 2.6

1990 Census ..............................

248 790 925

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. 1Population is estimated as of July 1 of the year shown, except that the 1990 and 2000 Census populations are as enumerated on April 1. . . . = Not available.

48


Table 2-12. Population of Major North American Cities, 1750–1980 (Number in thousands.) Year

1750

1790

1800

1810

1820

1830

1840

1850

1860

1870

1880

1890

1910

1920

1930

Akron ...................................... Albany ..................................... Albuquerque ........................... Allentown ................................ Anaheim ................................. Atlanta .................................... Austin ...................................... Baltimore ................................ Birmingham ............................ Boston ....................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 16

... 3 ... 4 ... ... ... 14 ... 18

... 5 ... 4 ... ... ... 26 ... 25

... 11 ... 4 ... ... ... 36 ... 33

... 13 ... 5 ... ... ... 63 ... 43

... 24 ... 6 ... ... ... 81 ... 61

... 34 ... 8 ... ... ... 102 ... 93

3 51 ... 10 ... 3 1 169 ... 137

3 62 ... 8 ... 10 2 212 ... 178

10 69 ... 14 ... 22 4 267 ... 251

17 91 ... 18 1 37 11 332 3 363

28 95 4 25 1 66 15 434 26 448

69 100 11 52 3 155 30 558 133 671

208 113 15 74 6 201 35 734 179 748

255 127 27 93 11 270 53 805 260 781

Buffalo .................................... Charleston .............................. Charlotte ................................. Chicago .................................. Cincinnati ................................ Cleveland ................................ Columbus ............................... Corpus Christi ......................... Dallas ...................................... Dayton ....................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

16 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... 19 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... 25 ... ... 3 3 ... ... ... ...

2 25 ... ... 10 10 ... ... ... 1

9 30 ... ... 25 25 2 ... ... 3

18 29 ... 4 46 6 6 ... ... 6

42 43 1 30 115 17 18 ... ... 11

81 41 1 109 161 43 19 ... ... 20

118 49 4 299 216 93 31 3 ... 30

155 50 7 503 255 160 52 4 10 39

256 55 12 1 100 297 261 88 4 38 61

424 59 34 2 185 364 561 182 8 92 117

507 68 46 2 702 401 797 237 11 159 153

Denver .................................... Des Moines ............................. Detroit ..................................... El Paso ................................... Fall River ................................ Ft Lauderdale ......................... Fort Worth ............................... Gary ........................................ Grand Rapids ......................... Greensboro .............................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... 1 ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 1 ... 2 ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 2 ... 4 ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 9 ... 7 ... ... ... ... ...

... 1 21 ... 12 ... ... ... 3 ...

... 4 46 ... 14 ... ... ... 8 ...

5 12 80 ... 27 ... ... ... 17 ...

36 22 116 1 49 ... 7 ... 32 2

107 50 206 10 74 ... 23 ... 60 3

213 86 466 39 119 ... 73 17 113 16

Hartford ................................... Houston .................................. Indianapolis ............................ Jacksonville ............................ Jersey City .............................. Kansas City ............................ Long Beach ............................ Los Angeles ............................ Louisville ................................. Memphis .................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 ...

5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 ...

7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 10 ...

9 ... 3 ... 3 ... ... ... 21 ...

18 2 8 1 7 ... ... 2 43 9

29 5 19 2 29 4 ... 4 68 23

37 9 48 7 83 32 ... 6 101 40

42 17 75 8 121 56 ... 11 124 34

53 28 105 17 163 133 1 50 161 64

Miami ...................................... Milwaukee ............................... Minneapolis ............................ Nashville ................................. Newark ................................... New Orleans ........................... New York ................................ Norfolk .................................... Oakland .................................. Oklahoma City ........................

... ... ... ... ... 3 22 ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... 5 33 ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... 8 60 7 ... ...

... ... ... ... ... 17 96 ... ... ...

... ... ... ... 7 27 131 8 ... ...

... ... ... 6 11 46 218 10 ... ...

... 2 ... 7 17 102 349 11 ... ...

... 20 ... 10 39 116 696 14 ... ...

... 45 3 17 72 169 1 175 15 2 ...

... 71 13 26 115 191 1 478 19 11 ...

... 116 47 43 137 216 1 912 22 35 ...

Omaha .................................... Paterson ................................. Philadelphia ............................ Phoenix ................................... Pittsburgh ............................... Portland .................................. Providence .............................. Richmond ............................... Rochester ............................... Sacramento ............................

... ... 12 ... ... ... 3 ... ... ...

... ... 43 ... ... ... 6 4 2 ...

... ... 69 ... 2 ... 8 6 2 ...

... ... 95 ... 5 ... 10 10 2 ...

... 1 119 ... 7 ... 12 12 2 ...

... ... 161 ... 18 ... 17 16 9 ...

... 8 206 ... 31 ... 23 20 20 ...

... 11 340 ... 68 1 42 28 36 7

2 20 566 ... 78 3 51 38 48 14

16 34 674 ... 139 8 69 51 62 16

St. Louis .................................. St. Paul ................................... St. Petersburg ......................... Salt Lake City ......................... San Antonio ............................ San Bernardino ....................... San Diego ............................... San Francisco ......................... San Jose ................................. Seattle ....................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

16 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

78 1 ... 10 3 ... ... 35 4 ...

161 10 ... 8 8 1 1 57 ... ...

Springfield ............................... Syracuse ................................. Tampa .................................... Toledo ..................................... Tucson .................................... Tulsa ....................................... Virginia Beach ........................ Washington, D.C. ................... Wichita .................................... Worcester ...............................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2

2 ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 ... 2

3 ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 ... 3

4 ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 ... 3

7 ... ... ... ... ... ... 18 ... 4

11 7 ... 1 ... ... ... 23 ... 7

12 22 1 4 ... ... ... 40 ... 17

Yonkers .................................. Youngstown ............................

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... 3


1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

339 410 466 514 69 146 397 438 15 104 518 672 111 161 10083 1 337 460 559 2 178 2 370

605 715 276 545 704 1 169 232 1 804 747 2 688

679 778 316 594 1 421 1 596 323 2 071 767 2 899

660 836 420 635 1 933 2 138 537 2 200 884 2 806

573 62 83 3 376 451 900 291 28 260 201

958 121 152 4 826 787 1 267 389 93 399 331

1 089 165 197 5 495 904 1 466 503 165 615 457

1 307 279 444 6 221 1 268 1 909 845 267 1 738 727

1 349 336 558 6 978 1 385 2 064 1 018 285 2 378 853

1 243 430 971 6 060 1 401 1 899 1 244 326 2 931 942

256 126 994 78 120 ... 106 55 138 20

288 143 1 569 102 115 9 163 100 169 54

408 196 2 377 131 135 118 226 226 246 280

564 226 3 016 195 137 36 361 361 288 337

935 287 3 950 314 100 84 396 395 462 622

1 239 314 4 435 359 97 140 393 393 539 724

1 618 368 4 488 480 93 158 385 385 602 852

99 79 234 58 268 248 18 319 224 131

138 138 314 92 298 324 56 577 235 162

164 292 364 130 317 400 142 1 238 308 253

296 529 461 210 301 687 164 1 504 451 358

358 807 552 304 299 814 251 1 970 577 482

588 1 430 944 530 611 1 109 344 2 479 754 727

721 1 999 1 111 622 608 1 274 359 2 816 867 834

716 2 736 1 167 722 557 1 433 361 2 969 957 913

... 204 165 76 182 242 2 507 35 49 4

5 374 301 110 347 339 4 767 67 150 64

30 457 381 118 415 387 5 620 116 216 91

111 578 464 154 442 459 6 930 130 284 185

268 767 941 257 430 552 6 707 259 302 244

495 871 1 117 322 439 685 9 556 446 385 325

935 1 279 1 598 597 1 833 907 9 540 629 368 566

1 268 1 404 1 965 699 2 057 1 046 9 974 733 362 699

1 626 1 397 2 137 651 1 879 1 256 8 275 1 160 339 861

30 51 847 ... 235 18 105 64 89 21

140 78 1 047 3 344 46 132 81 134 26

124 126 1 549 11 534 207 224 128 218 45

192 136 1 824 29 588 258 238 172 296 66

214 139 1 951 48 670 302 253 183 328 86

325 140 3 200 186 2 083 501 677 263 438 170

366 139 3 671 332 2 213 705 737 328 488 277

458 144 4 343 664 2 405 822 821 457 801 626

543 145 4 824 969 2 401 1 007 909 542 962 804

585 461 4 717 1 509 2 219 1 298 926 761 971 1 100

311 20 ... 13 121 3 2 149 9 ...

351 41 ... 21 21 2 3 234 13 4

452 133 ... 45 38 4 16 299 18 43

687 215 4 93 97 13 40 417 29 237

773 235 14 118 161 19 74 507 40 315

822 272 40 140 232 37 148 634 58 366

1 432 288 61 212 338 161 289 1 462 175 505

1 681 311 97 275 500 282 557 2 241 291 733

2 144 313 181 576 736 810 1 033 2 649 642 1 107

2 411 310 216 705 888 1 141 1 358 3 107 1 065 1 425

2 377 270 239 960 1 072 1 558 1 862 3 251 1 295 1 607

15 28 ... 14 ... ... ... 61 ... 25

27 43 1 32 ... ... ... 109 ... 41

33 52 1 50 ... ... ... 178 5 58

44 88 6 81 5 ... ... 230 24 85

89 137 38 168 13 18 ... 331 52 146

130 172 52 243 20 72 ... 438 72 180

150 209 101 291 33 141 ... 487 111 195

365 295 272 344 73 193 ... 968 143 253

407 342 409 396 145 252 5 1 464 222 276

504 564 809 695 266 4 758 ... 2 097 382 354

542 637 1 089 763 352 549 172 2 910 389 372

515 643 1 614 617 531 657 262 3 251 442 403

... 3

... 8

19 15

32 33

80 79

100 132

135 170

143 474

158 528

191 509

204 537

195 531

SECTION

3

MIGRATION

50


SECTION 3

MIGRATION Highlights

1

The continuous record of immigration into the United States began with the Act of 1819. This act required the captain or master of a vessel arriving at a U.S. port to deliver to the local collector of customs a list or manifest of all passengers taken on board, designating the age, sex, nationality, and occupation of each passenger, as well as the number of passengers who died during the passage. Copies of the manifests were transmitted to the Secretary of State, who reported the information periodically to Congress. Although the reporting of alien arrivals was also required by the Act of 1798 (which expired in 1817), the number of arrivals prior to 1819 is not known. William J. Bromwell, author of History of Immigration to the United States, estimates the number of foreign arrivals between the close of the Revolutionary War and 1819 at 250,000. Immigration statistics were compiled by the Department of State from 1820 to 1870, by the Treasury Department’s Bureau of Statistics from 1867 to 1895, and since 1892 by the Office or Bureau of Immigration (later the Immigration and Naturalization Service). Annual reports have presented the data on immigration statistics since 1892, with the exception of 1942, when no report was issued because of wartime conditions. Since 1820, reporting on immigration data has undergone many changes. Only arrivals by vessels at Atlantic and Gulf ports were included until 1850, when Pacific ports were added. During the Civil War, Southern ports under Confederate control were excluded. Later, the reporting area was expanded to include outlying possessions: Alaska from 1871 (although irregularly until 1904); Hawaii from 1901; Puerto Rico from 1902; and the Virgin Islands from 1942. The government did not require arrivals at land borders to be counted until 1904, when land border stations were established. By 1908, such arrivals were fully incorporated into the annual totals. In any case, until the first decade of the twentieth century, there were few Canadian or Mexican immigrants in the United States.

2

Since 1933, aliens arriving in the United States have been classified as immigrants or non-immigrants. Immigrants are nonresident aliens admitted to the United States for permanent residence. Until July 1, 1968, they were further classified into quota and non

quota immigrants. The former were subject to the established quotas of Eastern Hemisphere countries, while nonquota immigrants included natives of the Western Hemisphere and certain groups of special immigrants (classes of immigrants admitted to the United States for political reasons). Since July 1, 1968, this distinction has been abolished in favor of numerical ceilings for regions and countries, but the category of special immigrants has been retained. The collection of data on emigrants has been suspended since 1957. Net immigration data suffer from lack of reliable emigration figures, as well as conflicts in the enumeration of nonimmigrant arrivals.

3 From 1925 to 1929, the annual immigration quota of 164,667 was based on 2 percent of foreign-born residents of the United States as determined by the 1890 census. The national origin formula provided that the annual quota equal one-sixth of 1 percent of the number of White inhabitants of the continental United States in 1920, less Western Hemisphere immigrants and their descendants. The annual quota for each nationality was then determined by the same ratio to 150,000 as the number of inhabitants living in the continental United States in 1920 to the total inhabitants (with a minimum of 100). The Act of 1965 replaced the quota system with an annual numerical limitation of 170,000 on the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 on the Western Hemisphere, with a ceiling of 20,000 for each country of origin.

4

Before 1882, various state laws excluded certain aliens from admission, such as paupers, felons, and the diseased. The first Chinese Exclusion Law, passed in 1882, also excluded lunatics, idiots, and those likely to become public charges. Nine years later, Congress passed a much broader exclusion law in the Act of 1891. Statistics on excluded aliens were first compiled in 1892. Subsequent acts, principally those of 1917 and 1952, extended the excluded categories to anarchists, criminals, drug traffickers, subversives, and mental and physical defectives. However, landed immigrants enjoy all the judicial protection of citizens and may appeal deportation and expulsion orders.

SECTION 3: MIGRATION

51

Total Number of Immigrants: 1820–2000 (Decade averages) 10,000,000 9,000,000

Number of Immigrants

8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 1820– 1831– 1841– 1851– 1861– 1871– 1881– 1891– 1901– 1911– 1921– 1931– 1941– 1951– 1961– 1971– 1981– 1991– 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

5

Since the first naturalization statute of 1790, there have been three requirements for immigrants seeking U.S. citizenship: (1) residence in the United States for five years; (2) a good moral character; and (3) an oath to support the Constitution. The residence requirement is only three years for a spouse of a U.S. citizen. Before 1906, individual courts kept naturalization records, but no national data were compiled. Since 1906, all courts have been required to file petitions and certificates of naturalization with the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.

6 While most European countries were represented in the immigration totals in the early nineteenth century, the first immigrant from Korea arrived only in 1948, from the Philippines in 1936, from Australia in 1870, and from Japan in 1861.

7

The annual number of legal immigrants exceeded one million in 10 years: 1905, 1906, 1907, 1910, 1913, 1914, 1989, 1990, 1991 and 2001. There is no official count of illegal immigrants. The number of illegal immigrants in the United States is estimated at 7 million. Mexicans make up more than half of this total.

8

The Refugee Act of 1980 provides for the admission of refugees and asylum seekers based on United Nations guidelines. Authorized admission ceilings are set annually by the president of the United States in consultation with Congress. After one year of residence, refugees are eligible for immigrant status. Beginning in 1966, Cubans admitted or paroled (admitted without immigration visa) into the United States after 1959 and present in the United States for at least two years could obtain permanent resident status. The Refugee Act of 1980 reduced the residency requirement to one year. In addition, the 125,000 Cuban immigrants admitted to the United States as part of the Muriel boatlift were eligible to become immigrants. Since 1977, refugees from Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia have been eligible to apply for permanent resident status after living for at least two years (later reduced to one year) in the United States. Other refugee streams have been permitted into the United States under the Refugee Relief Act of 1958 and the Refugees-Escapees-Parolees Act of 1960. A total of 1,013,620 refugees-asylees were admitted in the 1980s and 1,021,266 between 1991 and 2000.

52


Table 3-1—Series C 89-119. Immigrants, by Country, 1820–2001 (Number.) Europe Year

All countries 1

Northwestern Europe

Central Europe

Total United Kingdom 2

Ireland 2

Germany 3

Poland

Commonwealth of Independent States 4

Italy

2001 ............................................

806 054

130 567

18 436

1 522

9 886

11 818

...

3 142

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1991 ............................................

659 157 646 568 654 451 798 378 915 900 720 461 804 416 904 292 973 977 1 827 167

97 539 92 672 90 793 119 871 147 581 128 185 160 916 158 254 145 392 135 234

13 385 7 690 9 018 10 708 13 624 12 427 16 326 18 783 19 973 13 903

1 315 812 944 1 001 1 731 5 315 17 256 13 590 12 226 4 767

7 638 5 201 5 472 5 723 6 748 6 237 6 992 7 312 9 888 6 509

10 114 8 798 8 469 12 038 15 772 13 824 28 048 27 846 25 504 19 199

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 489 1 530 1 831 1 982 2 501 2 231 2 305 2 487 2 592 2 619

1990 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1981–1989 .................................. 1971–1980 ..................................

1 536 483 1 090 924 5 801 600 4 493 300

112 401 82 891 593 200 801 300

15 928 14 090 126 200 123 500

10 333 6 961 22 500 14 100

7 493 6 845 62 600 66 000

20 537 15 101 76 900 43 600

... ... 58 500 43 200

3 287 2 910 29 600 130 100

1970 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1961 ............................................

373 326 358 579 454 448 361 972 323 040 296 697 292 248 306 260 283 763 271 344

110 653 114 052 129 022 128 775 115 898 101 468 108 215 109 066 103 989 108 532

14 089 15 072 26 025 23 004 18 777 24 135 25 758 22 708 18 066 18 719

1 583 1 981 2 995 2 765 3 267 5 187 6 055 5 746 5 118 5 738

10 632 10 380 16 590 16 595 17 654 22 432 24 494 24 727 21 477 25 815

2 013 2 115 3 676 4 356 8 490 7 093 7 097 6 785 5 660 6 254

836 574 974 876 768 632 763 591 753 996

27 369 27 033 25 882 28 487 26 447 10 874 12 769 16 175 20 119 18 956

1960 ............................................ 1959 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1954 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1951 ............................................

265 398 260 686 253 265 326 867 321 625 237 790 208 177 170 434 265 520 205 717

120 178 138 191 115 198 169 625 156 866 110 591 92 121 82 352 193 626 149 545

19 967 18 325 24 147 24 020 19 008 15 761 16 672 16 639 22 177 14 898

6 918 6 595 9 134 8 227 5 607 5 222 4 655 4 304 3 526 3 144

29 452 32 039 29 498 60 353 44 409 29 596 33 098 27 329 104 236 87 755

4 216 2 800 1 470 571 263 129 67 136 235 98

856 775 641 663 643 523 475 609 548 555

13 369 16 804 23 115 19 624 40 430 30 272 13 145 8 432 11 342 8 958

1950 ............................................ 1949 ............................................ 1948 ............................................ 1947 ............................................ 1946 ............................................ 1945 ............................................ 1944 ............................................ 1943 ............................................ 1942 ............................................ 1941 ............................................

249 187 188 317 170 570 147 292 108 721 38 119 28 551 23 725 28 781 51 776

199 115 129 592 103 544 83 535 52 852 5 943 4 509 4 920 11 153 26 541

12 755 21 149 26 403 23 788 33 552 3 029 1 321 974 907 7 714

5 842 8 678 7 534 2 574 1 816 427 112 165 83 272

128 592 55 284 19 368 13 900 2 598 172 238 248 2 150 4 028

696 1 673 2 447 745 335 195 292 394 343 451

526 694 897 761 153 98 157 159 197 665

12 454 11 695 16 075 13 866 2 636 213 120 49 103 450

1940 ............................................ 1939 ............................................ 1938 ............................................ 1937 ............................................ 1936 ............................................ 1935 ............................................ 1934 ............................................ 1933 ............................................ 1932 ............................................ 1931 ............................................

70 756 82 998 67 895 50 244 36 329 34 956 29 470 23 068 35 576 97 139

50 454 63 138 44 495 31 863 23 480 22 778 17 210 12 383 20 579 61 909

6 158 3 058 2 262 1 726 1 310 1 413 1 305 979 2 057 9 110

839 1 189 1 085 531 444 454 443 338 539 7 305

21 520 33 515 17 199 10 895 6 346 5 201 4 392 1 919 2 670 10 401

702 3 072 2 403 1 212 869 1 504 1 032 1 332 1 296 3 604

898 1 021 960 629 378 418 607 458 636 1 396

5 302 6 570 7 712 7 192 6 774 6 566 4 374 3 477 6 662 13 399

1930 ............................................ 1929 ............................................ 1928 ............................................ 1927 ............................................ 1926 ............................................ 1925 ............................................ 1924 ............................................ 1923 ............................................ 1922 ............................................ 1921 ............................................

241 700 279 678 307 255 335 175 304 488 294 314 706 896 522 919 309 556 805 228

147 438 158 598 158 513 168 368 155 562 148 366 364 339 307 920 216 385 652 364

31 015 21 327 19 958 23 669 25 528 27 172 59 490 45 759 25 153 51 142

23 445 19 921 25 268 28 545 24 897 26 650 17 111 15 740 10 579 28 435

25 569 46 751 45 778 48 513 50 421 46 068 75 091 48 277 17 931 6 803

9 231 9 002 8 755 9 211 7 126 5 341 28 806 26 538 28 635 95 089

2 772 2 450 2 652 2 933 3 323 3 121 20 918 21 151 19 910 10 193

22 327 18 008 17 728 17 297 8 253 6 203 56 246 46 674 40 319 222 260

1920 ............................................ 1919 ............................................ 1918 ............................................ 1917 ............................................ 1916 ............................................ 1915 ............................................ 1914 ............................................ 1913 ............................................ 1912 ............................................ 1911 ............................................

430 001 141 132 110 618 295 403 298 826 326 700 1 218 480 1 197 892 838 172 878 587

246 295 24 627 31 063 133 083 145 699 197 919 1 058 391 1 055 855 718 875 764 757

38 471 6 797 2 516 10 735 16 063 27 237 48 729 60 328 57 148 73 384

9 591 474 331 5 406 8 639 14 185 24 688 27 876 25 879 29 112

1 001 52 447 1 857 2 877 7 799 35 734 34 329 27 788 32 061

1 751 1 403 4 242 12 716 7 842 26 187 255 660 291 040 162 395 158 721

95 145 1 884 5 250 34 596 33 665 49 688 283 738 265 542 157 134 182 882

4 813 (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5)

Note: For years ending Sept. 30 from 1977 to date; prior to that years ending June 30, except 1820–1831 and 1844–1849, years ending Sept. 30; 1833–1842 and 1851–1867, years ending Dec. 31; 1832 covers 15 months ending Dec. 31; 1843, 9 months ending Sept. 30; 1850, 15 months ending Dec. 31; 1868, 6 months ending June 30; 1990–2001, by country of birth; 1906–1989, country of last permanent resident; prior to 1906, countries from which the immigrants came. 1For 1820–1867 excludes returning citizens. 2Comprises Eire and Northern Ireland. 3Includes Austria, 1938 to 1945. 4Comprises former Soviet Union. 5Between 1899 and 1919, included with Austria-Hungary,


Germany, and Russia.


53

Table 3-1—Series C 89-119. Immigrants, by Country, 1820–2001—Continued (Number.)

Year Total

Turkey in Asia 6

China 7

Asia

America

India

Canada and Newfoundland 11

Japan 8

Korea 9

Philippines10

Total

Mexico

Africa, total

2001 ............................................

136 316

3 229

56 426

70 290

9 619

20 742

53 154

429 386

21 933

206 426

191 313

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1991 ............................................

109 691 199 411 219 696 265 810 307 807 267 931 292 589 358 047 356 955 358 533

2 613 2 219 2 682 3 145 3 657 2 947 1 840 2 204 2 488 2 528

45 652 32 204 36 884 41 147 41 728 35 463 53 985 65 578 38 907 33 025

42 046 30 237 36 482 38 071 44 859 34 748 34 921 40 121 36 755 45 064

7 094 4 217 5 138 5 097 6 011 4 837 6 093 6 908 11 028 5 049

15 830 12 840 14 268 14 239 18 185 16 047 16 011 18 026 19 359 26 518

42 474 31 026 34 466 49 117 55 876 50 984 53 535 63 457 61 022 63 596

355 023 200 914 192 658 216 982 243 038 153 698 160 727 178 492 263 201 1 010 032

16 210 8 864 10 190 11 609 15 825 12 932 16 068 17 156 15 205 13 504

173 919 147 573 131 575 146 865 163 572 89 932 111 398 126 561 213 802 946 167

155 479 36 700 40 660 47 791 52 889 42 456 26 712 27 783 27 086 36 179

1990 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1981–1989 .................................. 1971–1980 ..................................

338 581 312 149 2 478 800 1 633 800

2 468 2 007 18 400 18 600

31 815 32 272 341 800 202 500

30 667 31 175 231 200 176 800

5 734 4 849 37 500 47 900

32 301 34 222 306 500 272 000

63 756 57 034 431 500 360 200

739 805 448 346 2 537 500 1 929 400

16 812 12 151 102 400 114 800

679 068 405 172 974 200 637 200

35 893 25 166 156 400 91 500

1970 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1961 ............................................

90 215 72 959 56 298 57 574 40 113 20 040 21 279 23 242 20 249 19 495

495 556 325 491 365 365 331 307 304 296

6 427 5 264 4 851 7 118 2 948 1 611 2 684 1 605 1 356 900

8 795 5 205 4 165 4 129 2 293 467 488 965 390 292

4 731 4 095 3 810 4 125 3 468 3 294 3 774 4 147 4 054 4 490

8 888 5 854 3 592 3 845 2 414 2 139 2 329 2 560 1 463 1 442

30 507 20 263 16 086 10 336 5 894 2 963 2 862 3 483 3 354 2 628

161 727 164 045 262 736 170 235 162 551 171 019 158 644 169 966 155 871 139 580

26 850 29 303 41 716 34 768 37 273 50 035 51 114 50 509 44 272 47 470

44 821 45 748 44 716 43 034 47 217 40 686 34 448 55 986 55 805 41 476

7 099 4 460 3 220 2 577 1 967 1 949 2 015 1 982 1 834 1 851

1960 ............................................ 1959 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1954 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1951 ............................................

21 604 25 259 20 870 20 008 17 327 10 935 9 970 8 231 9 328 7 149

200 229 197 77 48 54 33 13 12 3

1 380 1 702 1 143 2 098 1 386 568 254 528 263 335

244 351 323 196 185 194 144 104 123 109

5 699 6 248 6 847 6 829 5 967 4 150 3 846 2 579 3 814 271

1 410 1 614 1 470 577 579 263 175 75 47 21

2 791 2 503 2 034 1 874 1 792 1 598 1 234 1 074 1 179 3 228

119 525 93 061 113 132 134 160 144 713 110 436 95 587 77 650 61 049 47 631

46 668 34 599 45 143 46 354 42 363 32 435 34 873 36 283 33 354 25 880

32 708 22 909 26 791 49 321 61 320 43 702 30 645 17 183 9 079 6 153

1 925 1 992 2 008 1 600 1 351 1 203 1 248 989 931 845

1950 ............................................ 1949 ............................................ 1948 ............................................ 1947 ............................................ 1946 ............................................ 1945 ............................................ 1944 ............................................ 1943 ............................................ 1942 ............................................ 1941 ............................................

4 508 7 595 11 907 6 733 2 108 461 231 342 615 1 971

13 40 16 22 16 13 15 36 31 16

1 280 3 415 7 203 3 191 252 71 50 65 179 1 003

121 175 263 432 425 103 41 71 36 94

100 529 423 131 14 1 4 20 44 289

24 39 44 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

729 1 157 1 168 910 475 19 4 8 51 170

44 191 49 334 52 746 52 753 46 066 29 646 23 084 18 162 16 377 22 445

21 885 25 156 25 485 24 342 21 344 11 530 10 143 9 761 10 599 11 473

6 744 8 083 8 384 7 558 7 146 6 702 6 598 4 172 2 378 2 824

849 995 1 027 1 284 1 516 406 112 141 473 564

1940 ............................................ 1939 ............................................ 1938 ............................................ 1937 ............................................ 1936 ............................................ 1935 ............................................ 1934 ............................................ 1933 ............................................ 1932 ............................................ 1931 ............................................

2 050 2 281 2 492 1 149 793 682 597 552 1 931 3 345

7 15 11 13 20 31 22 27 43 139

643 642 613 293 273 229 187 148 750 1 150

52 36 34 47 13 32 28 44 87 123

102 102 93 132 91 88 86 75 526 653

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

137 119 116 84 72 ( 10 ) ... ... ... ...

17 822 17 139 20 486 16 903 11 786 11 174 11 409 9 925 12 577 30 816

11 078 10 813 14 404 12 011 8 121 7 782 7 945 6 187 8 003 22 183

2 313 2 640 2 502 2 347 1 716 1 560 1 801 1 936 2 171 3 333

202 218 174 155 105 118 104 71 186 417

1930 ............................................ 1929 ............................................ 1928 ............................................ 1927 ............................................ 1926 ............................................ 1925 ............................................ 1924 ............................................ 1923 ............................................ 1922 ............................................ 1921 ............................................

4 535 3 758 3 880 3 669 3 413 3 578 22 065 13 705 14 263 25 034

118 70 80 73 37 51 2 820 2 183 1 998 11 735

1 589 1 446 1 320 1 471 1 751 1 937 6 992 4 986 4 406 4 009

110 103 102 102 93 65 183 257 360 511

837 771 550 723 654 723 8 801 5 809 6 716 7 878

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

88 104 116 177 144 281 161 872 144 393 141 496 318 855 199 972 77 448 124 118

65 254 66 451 75 281 84 580 93 368 102 753 200 690 117 011 46 810 72 317

12 703 40 154 59 016 67 721 43 316 32 964 89 336 63 768 19 551 30 758

572 509 475 520 529 412 900 548 520 1 301

1920 ............................................ 1919 ............................................ 1918 ............................................ 1917 ............................................ 1916 ............................................ 1915 ............................................ 1914 ............................................ 1913 ............................................ 1912 ............................................ 1911 ............................................

17 505 12 674 12 701 12 756 13 204 15 211 34 273 35 358 21 449 17 428

5 033 19 43 393 1 670 3 543 21 716 23 955 12 788 10 229

2 330 1 964 1 795 2 237 2 460 2 660 2 502 2 105 1 765 1 460

300 171 130 109 112 161 221 179 175 524

9 432 10 064 10 213 8 991 8 680 8 613 8 929 8 281 6 114 4 520

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

162 666 102 286 65 418 147 779 137 424 111 206 122 695 103 907 95 926 94 364

90 025 57 782 32 452 105 399 101 551 82 215 86 139 73 802 55 990 56 830

52 361 29 818 18 524 17 869 18 425 12 340 14 614 11 926 23 238 19 889

648 189 299 566 894 934 1 539 1 409 1 009 956

Note: For years ending Sept. 30 from 1977 to date; prior to that years ending June 30, except 1820–1831 and 1844–1849, years ending Sept. 30; 1833–1842 and 1851–1867, years ending Dec. 31; 1832 covers 15 months ending Dec. 31; 1843, 9 months ending Sept. 30; 1850, 15 months ending Dec. 31; 1868, 6 months ending June 30; 1990–2001, by country of birth; 1906–1989, country of last permanent resident; prior to 1906, countries from which the immigrants came. 6No record of immigration from Turkey in Asia until 1869. 7Beginning 1957, includes Taiwan. 8No record of immigration from Japan until 1861. 9No record of immigration from Korea prior to 1948. 10Philippines included in "All other countries" prior to 1936. 11Prior to 1920, Canada and Newfoundland were recorded


as British North America.

54


Table 3-1—Series C 89-119. Immigrants, by Country, 1820–2001—Continued (Number.) Europe Year

All countries 1

Northwestern Europe


Central Europe


Ireland 2

Germany 3

Poland

Italy

1910 ............................................ 1909 ............................................ 1908 ............................................ 1907 ............................................ 1906 ............................................ 1905 ............................................ 1904 ............................................ 1903 ............................................ 1902 ............................................ 1901 ............................................

1 041 570 751 786 782 870 1 285 349 1 100 735 1 026 499 812 870 857 046 648 743 487 918

926 291 654 875 691 901 1 199 566 1 018 365 974 273 767 933 814 507 619 068 469 237

68 941 46 793 62 824 79 037 67 198 84 189 51 448 33 637 16 898 14 985

29 855 25 033 30 556 34 530 34 995 52 945 36 142 35 310 29 138 30 561

31 283 25 540 32 309 37 807 37 564 40 574 46 380 40 086 28 304 21 651

(5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5)

186 792 120 460 156 711 258 943 215 665 184 897 145 141 136 093 107 347 85 257

215 537 183 218 128 503 285 731 273 120 221 479 193 296 230 622 178 375 135 996

1900 ............................................ 1899 ............................................ 1898 ............................................ 1897 ............................................ 1896 ............................................ 1895 ............................................ 1894 ............................................ 1893 ............................................ 1892 ............................................ 1891 ............................................

448 572 311 715 229 299 230 832 343 267 258 536 285 631 439 730 579 663 560 319

424 700 297 349 217 786 216 397 329 067 250 342 277 052 429 324 570 876 546 085

12 509 13 456 12 894 12 752 24 656 28 833 22 520 35 189 42 215 66 605

35 730 31 673 25 128 28 421 40 262 46 304 30 231 43 578 51 383 55 706

18 507 17 476 17 111 22 533 31 885 32 173 53 989 78 756 119 168 113 554

(5) (5) 4 726 4 165 691 790 1 941 16 374 40 536 27 497

90 787 60 982 29 828 25 816 51 445 35 907 39 278 42 310 81 511 47 426

100 135 77 419 58 613 59 431 68 060 35 427 42 977 72 145 61 631 76 055

1890 ............................................ 1889 ............................................ 1888 ............................................ 1887 ............................................ 1886 ............................................ 1885 ............................................ 1884 ............................................ 1883 ............................................ 1882 ............................................ 1881 ............................................

455 302 444 427 546 889 490 109 334 203 395 346 518 592 603 322 788 992 669 431

445 680 434 790 538 131 482 829 329 529 353 083 453 686 522 587 648 186 528 545

69 730 87 992 108 692 93 378 62 929 57 713 65 950 76 606 102 991 81 376

53 024 65 557 73 513 68 370 49 619 51 795 63 344 81 486 76 432 72 342

92 427 99 538 109 717 106 865 84 403 124 443 179 676 194 786 250 630 210 485

11 073 4 922 5 826 6 128 3 939 3 085 4 536 2 011 4 672 5 614

35 598 33 916 33 487 30 766 17 800 17 158 12 689 9 909 16 918 5 041

52 003 25 307 51 558 47 622 21 315 13 642 16 510 31 792 32 159 15 401

1880 ............................................ 1879 ............................................ 1878 ............................................ 1877 ............................................ 1876 ............................................ 1875 ............................................ 1874 ............................................ 1873 ............................................ 1872 ............................................ 1871 ............................................

457 257 177 826 138 469 141 857 169 986 227 498 313 339 459 803 404 806 321 350

348 691 134 259 101 612 106 195 120 920 182 961 262 783 397 541 352 155 265 145

73 273 29 955 22 150 23 581 29 291 47 905 62 021 89 500 84 912 85 455

71 603 20 013 15 932 14 569 19 575 37 957 53 707 77 344 68 732 57 439

84 638 34 602 29 313 29 298 31 937 47 769 87 291 149 671 141 109 82 554

2 177 489 547 533 925 984 1 795 3 338 1 647 535

5 014 4 453 3 048 6 599 4 775 7 997 4 073 1 634 1 018 673

12 354 5 791 4 344 3 195 3 015 3 631 7 666 8 757 4 190 2 816

1870 ............................................ 1869 ............................................ 1868 ............................................ 1867 ............................................ 1866 ............................................ 1865 ............................................ 1864 ............................................ 1863 ............................................ 1862 ............................................ 1861 ............................................

387 203 352 768 138 840 315 722 318 568 248 120 193 418 176 282 91 985 91 918

328 626 315 963 130 090 283 751 278 916 214 048 185 233 163 733 83 710 81 200

103 677 84 438 24 127 52 641 94 924 82 465 53 428 66 882 24 639 19 675

56 996 40 786 32 068 72 879 36 690 29 772 63 523 55 916 23 351 23 797

118 225 131 042 55 831 133 426 115 892 83 424 57 276 33 162 27 529 31 661

223 184 ... 310 412 528 165 94 63 48

907 343 141 205 287 183 256 77 79 34

2 891 1 489 891 1 624 1 382 924 600 547 566 811

1860 ............................................ 1859 ............................................ 1858 ............................................ 1857 ............................................ 1856 ............................................ 1855 ............................................ 1854 ............................................ 1853 ............................................ 1852 ............................................ 1851 ............................................

153 640 121 282 123 126 251 306 200 436 200 877 427 833 368 645 371 603 379 466

141 209 110 949 111 354 216 224 186 083 187 729 405 542 361 576 362 484 369 510

29 737 26 163 28 956 58 479 44 658 47 572 58 647 37 576 40 699 51 487

48 637 35 216 26 873 54 361 54 349 49 627 101 606 162 649 159 548 221 253

54 491 41 784 45 310 91 781 71 028 71 918 215 009 41 946 145 918 72 482

82 106 9 124 20 462 208 33 110 10

65 91 246 25 9 13 2 3 2 1

1 019 932 1 240 1 007 1 365 1 052 1 263 555 351 447

1850 ............................................ 1849 ............................................ 1848 ............................................ 1847 ............................................ 1846 ............................................ 1845 ............................................ 1844 ............................................ 1843 ............................................ 1842 ............................................ 1841 ............................................

369 980 297 024 226 527 234 968 154 416 114 371 78 615 52 496 104 565 80 289

308 323 286 501 218 025 229 117 146 315 109 301 74 745 49 013 99 945 76 216

51 085 55 132 35 159 23 302 22 180 19 210 14 353 8 430 22 005 16 188

164 004 159 398 112 934 105 536 51 752 44 821 33 490 19 670 51 342 37 772

78 896 60 235 58 465 74 281 57 561 34 355 20 731 14 441 20 370 15 291

5 4 ... 8 4 6 36 17 10 15

31 44 1 5 248 1 13 6 28 174

431 209 241 164 151 137 141 117 100 179

1840 ............................................ 1839 ............................................ 1838 ............................................ 1837 ............................................ 1836 ............................................ 1835 ............................................ 1834 ............................................ 1833 ............................................ 1832 ............................................ 1831 ............................................

84 066 68 069 38 914 79 340 76 242 45 374 65 365 58 640 60 482 22 633

80 126 64 148 34 070 71 039 70 465 41 987 57 510 29 111 34 193 13 039

2 613 10 271 5 420 12 218 13 106 8 970 10 490 4 916 5 331 2 475

39 430 23 963 12 645 28 508 30 578 20 927 24 474 8 648 12 436 5 772

29 704 21 028 11 683 23 740 20 707 8 311 17 686 6 988 10 194 2 413

5 46 41 81 53 54 54 1 34 ...

... 7 13 19 2 9 15 159 52 1

37 84 86 36 115 60 105 1 699 3 28

Note: For years ending Sept. 30 from 1977 to date; prior to that years ending June 30, except 1820–1831 and 1844–1849, years ending Sept. 30; 1833–1842 and 1851–1867, years ending Dec. 31; 1832 covers 15 months ending Dec. 31; 1843, 9 months ending Sept. 30; 1850, 15 months ending Dec. 31; 1868, 6 months ending June 30; 1990–2001, by country of birth; 1906–1989, country of last permanent resident; prior to 1906, countries from which the immigrants came. 1For 1820–1867 excludes returning citizens. 2Comprises Eire and Northern Ireland. 3Includes Austria, 1938 to 1945. 4Comprises former Soviet Union. 5Between 1899 and 1919, included with Austria-Hungary,


Germany, and Russia.


55


Year

Turkey in Asia 6

Total

China 7

Asia

America

India


Japan 8

Korea 9

Philippines10

Total

Mexico

18 691 16 251 6 067 1 406 1 997 2 637 1 009 528 709 347

Africa, total

1910 ............................................ 1909 ............................................ 1908 ............................................ 1907 ............................................ 1906 ............................................ 1905 ............................................ 1904 ............................................ 1903 ............................................ 1902 ............................................ 1901 ............................................

23 533 12 904 28 365 40 524 22 300 23 925 26 186 29 966 22 271 13 593

15 212 7 506 9 753 8 053 6 354 6 157 5 235 7 118 6 223 5 782

1 968 1 943 1 397 961 1 544 2 166 4 309 2 209 1 649 2 459

1 696 203 1 040 898 216 190 261 94 93 22

2 720 3 111 15 803 30 226 13 835 10 331 14 264 19 968 14 270 5 269

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

89 534 82 208 59 997 41 762 24 613 25 217 16 420 11 023 6 698 4 416

56 555 51 941 38 510 19 918 5 063 2 168 2 837 1 058 636 540

1 072 858 1 411 1 486 712 757 686 176 37 173

1900 ............................................ 1899 ............................................ 1898 ............................................ 1897 ............................................ 1896 ............................................ 1895 ............................................ 1894 ............................................ 1893 ............................................ 1892 ............................................ 1891 ............................................

17 946 8 972 8 637 9 662 6 764 4 495 4 690 2 392 ... 7 678

3 962 4 436 4 275 4 732 4 139 2 767 ... ... ... 2 488

1 247 1 660 2 071 3 363 1 441 539 1 170 472 ... 2 836

9 17 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 42

12 635 2 844 2 230 1 526 1 110 1 150 1 931 1 380 ... 1 136

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

5 455 4 316 2 627 4 537 7 303 3 508 3 551 2 593 ... 5 082

396 1 322 352 291 278 244 194 ... ... 234

237 161 107 91 150 116 109 ( 12 ) ( 12 ) ( 12 )

30 51 48 37 21 36 24 ... ... 103

1890 ............................................ 1889 ............................................ 1888 ............................................ 1887 ............................................ 1886 ............................................ 1885 ............................................ 1884 ............................................ 1883 ............................................ 1882 ............................................ 1881 ............................................

4 448 1 725 843 615 317 198 510 8 113 39 629 11 982

1 126 593 273 208 15 ... ... ... ... 5

1 716 118 26 10 40 22 279 8 031 39 579 11 890

43 59 20 32 17 34 12 9 10 33

691 640 404 229 194 49 20 27 5 11

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3 833 5 459 5 402 5 270 3 026 41 203 63 339 71 729 100 129 127 577

183 28 15 9 17 38 336 60 626 70 274 98 366 125 450

( 12 ) ( 12 ) ( 12 ) ( 12 ) ( 12 ) 323 430 469 366 325

112 187 65 40 122 112 59 67 60 33

1880 ............................................ 1879 ............................................ 1878 ............................................ 1877 ............................................ 1876 ............................................ 1875 ............................................ 1874 ............................................ 1873 ............................................ 1872 ............................................ 1871 ............................................

5 839 9 660 9 014 10 640 22 943 16 499 13 838 20 325 7 825 7 240

4 31 7 3 8 1 6 3 ... 4

5 802 9 604 8 992 10 594 22 781 16 437 13 776 20 292 7 788 7 135

21 15 8 17 25 19 17 15 12 14

4 4 2 7 4 3 21 9 17 78

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

101 692 33 043 27 204 24 065 24 686 26 640 35 339 40 335 42 205 48 835

99 744 31 286 25 592 22 137 22 505 24 097 33 020 37 891 40 204 47 164

492 556 465 445 631 610 386 606 569 402

18 12 18 16 89 54 58 28 41 24

1870 ............................................ 1869 ............................................ 1868 ............................................ 1867 ............................................ 1866 ............................................ 1865 ............................................ 1864 ............................................ 1863 ............................................ 1862 ............................................ 1861 ............................................

15 825 12 949 5 171 3 961 2 411 2 947 2 982 7 216 3 640 7 528

... 2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

15 740 12 874 5 157 3 863 2 385 2 942 2 975 7 214 3 633 7 518

24 3 ... 2 17 5 6 1 5 6

48 63 ... 67 7 ... ... ... ... 1

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

42 658 23 767 3 415 24 715 33 582 22 778 4 607 4 147 4 175 2 763

40 414 21 120 2 785 23 379 32 180 21 586 3 636 3 464 3 275 2 069

463 320 129 292 239 193 99 96 142 218

31 72 3 25 33 49 37 3 12 47

1860 ............................................ 1859 ............................................ 1858 ............................................ 1857 ............................................ 1856 ............................................ 1855 ............................................ 1854 ............................................ 1853 ............................................ 1852 ............................................ 1851 ............................................

5 476 3 461 5 133 5 945 4 747 3 540 13 100 47 4 2

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

5 467 3 457 5 128 5 944 4 733 3 526 13 100 42 ... ...

5 2 5 1 13 6 ... 5 4 2

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

6 343 5 466 5 821 6 811 9 058 9 260 8 533 6 030 7 695 9 703

4 514 4 163 4 603 5 670 6 493 7 761 6 891 5 424 6 352 7 438

229 265 429 133 741 420 446 162 72 181

126 11 17 25 6 14 ... 8 ... 3

1850 ............................................ 1849 ............................................ 1848 ............................................ 1847 ............................................ 1846 ............................................ 1845 ............................................ 1844 ............................................ 1843 ............................................ 1842 ............................................ 1841 ............................................

7 11 8 12 11 6 6 11 7 3

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3 3 ... 4 7 6 3 3 4 2

4 8 6 8 4 ... 1 2 2 1

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

15 768 8 904 7 989 5 231 5 525 5 035 3 740 2 854 3 994 3 429

9 376 6 890 6 473 3 827 3 855 3 195 2 711 1 502 2 078 1 816

597 518 24 62 222 498 197 398 403 352

... 3 10 ... 1 4 14 6 3 14

1840 ............................................ 1839 ............................................ 1838 ............................................ 1837 ............................................ 1836 ............................................ 1835 ............................................ 1834 ............................................ 1833 ............................................ 1832 ............................................ 1831 ............................................

1 ... 1 11 4 17 6 3 4 1

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... 8 ... ... ... ...

1 ... 1 11 4 8 6 3 4 1

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3 815 3 617 2 990 3 628 4 936 3 312 2 779 3 282 2 871 2 194

1 938 1 926 1 476 1 279 2 814 1 193 1 020 1 194 608 176

395 353 211 627 798 1 032 885 779 827 692

6 10 10 2 6 14 1 1 2 2

Note: For years ending Sept. 30 from 1977 to date; prior to that years ending June 30, except 1820–1831 and 1844–1849, years ending Sept. 30; 1833–1842 and 1851–1867, years ending Dec. 31; 1832 covers 15 months ending Dec. 31; 1843, 9 months ending Sept. 30; 1850, 15 months ending Dec. 31; 1868, 6 months ending June 30; 1990–2001, by country of birth; 1906–1989, country of last permanent resident; prior to 1906, countries from which the immigrants came. 6No record of immigration from Turkey in Asia until 1869. 7Beginning 1957, includes Taiwan. 8No record of immigration from Japan until 1861. 9No record of immigration from Korea prior to 1948. 10Philippines included in "All other countries" prior to 1936. 11Prior to 1920, Canada and Newfoundland were recorded 12No record of immigration from Mexico for 1886–1893.



56


Table 3-1—Series C 89-119. Immigrants, by Country, 1820–2001—Continued (Number.) Europe Year

All countries 1

Northwestern Europe


Central Europe


Ireland 2

Germany 3

Poland

Italy

1830 ............................................ 1829 ............................................ 1828 ............................................ 1827 ............................................ 1826 ............................................ 1825 ............................................ 1824 ............................................ 1823 ............................................ 1822 ............................................ 1821 ............................................

23 322 22 520 27 382 18 875 10 837 10 199 7 912 6 354 6 911 9 127

7 217 12 523 24 729 16 719 9 751 8 543 4 965 4 016 4 418 5 936

1 153 3 179 5 352 4 186 2 319 2 095 1 264 1 100 1 221 3 210

2 721 7 415 12 488 9 766 5 408 4 888 2 345 1 908 2 267 1 518

1 976 597 1 851 432 511 450 230 183 148 383

2 ... 1 1 ... 1 4 3 3 1

3 1 7 19 4 10 7 7 10 7

9 23 34 35 57 75 45 33 35 63

1820 ............................................

8 385

7 691

2 410

3 614

968

5

14

30

Note: For years ending Sept. 30 from 1977 to date; prior to that years ending June 30, except 1820–1831 and 1844–1849, years ending Sept. 30; 1833–1842 and 1851–1867, years ending Dec. 31; 1832 covers 15 months ending Dec. 31; 1843, 9 months ending Sept. 30; 1850, 15 months ending Dec. 31; 1868, 6 months ending June 30; 1990–2001, by country of birth; 1906–1989, country of last permanent resident; prior to 1906, countries from which the immigrants came. 1For 1820–1867 excludes returning citizens. 2Comprises Eire and Northern Ireland. 3Includes Austria, 1938 to 1945. 4Comprises former Soviet Union.



57


Year

Turkey in Asia 6

Total

China 7

Asia

America

India


Japan 8

Korea 9

Philippines10

Total

Africa, total

Mexico

1830 ............................................ 1829 ............................................ 1828 ............................................ 1827 ............................................ 1826 ............................................ 1825 ............................................ 1824 ............................................ 1823 ............................................ 1822 ............................................ 1821 ............................................

... 2 3 1 1 1 1 ... 1 ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... 1 ... ... ... 1 ... ... ... ...

... 1 3 1 1 ... 1 ... 1 ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 296 3 299 2 090 580 831 846 559 382 378 303

189 409 267 165 223 314 155 167 204 184

983 2 290 1 089 127 106 68 110 35 5 4

2 1 6 4 ... 1 ... ... ... 2

1820 ............................................

5

...

1

1

...

...

...

387

209

1

1

Note: For years ending Sept. 30 from 1977 to date; prior to that years ending June 30, except 1820–1831 and 1844–1849, years ending Sept. 30; 1833–1842 and 1851–1867, years ending Dec. 31; 1832 covers 15 months ending Dec. 31; 1843, 9 months ending Sept. 30; 1850, 15 months ending Dec. 31; 1868, 6 months ending June 30; 1990–2001, by country of birth; 1906–1989, country of last permanent resident; prior to 1906, countries from which the immigrants came. 6No record of immigration from Turkey in Asia until 1869. 7Beginning 1957, includes Taiwan. 8No record of immigration from Japan until 1861. 9No record of immigration from Korea prior to 1948. 10Philippines included in "All other countries" prior to 1936. 11Prior to 1920, Canada and Newfoundland were recorded



58


Table 3-2. Immigrants, by Region, 1820–2002 (Number.) Year

All countries 1

Europe

Asia

America

Caribbean

Central America

South America

Africa

Total, 1820–2002 ....................... 2002 ............................................ 2001 ............................................

68 217 481 1 063 732 1 064 318

38 816 282 177 652 177 833

9 479 289 326 871 337 566

18 506 482 478 777 473 351

3 873 162 94 240 96 958

1 486 126 66 520 73 063

1 931 624 73 400 68 279

795 428 56 135 50 209

1991–2000 .................................. 2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1991–1995 .................................. 1991–1994 .................................. 1991–1993 ..................................

9 095 417 849 807 646 568 654 451 798 378 915 900 720 461 804 416 5 230 313 4 509 852 3 705 436

1 359 737 133 362 94 373 92 911 122 358 151 898 132 914 166 279 764 835 631 921 465 642

2 795 672 255 860 193 061 212 799 258 561 300 574 259 984 282 449 1 574 817 1 314 833 1 032 384

4 486 806 397 201 312 324 298 156 359 619 407 813 282 270 325 173 2 711 693 2 429 423 2 104 250

978 787 85 875 70 386 72 948 101 095 115 991 96 021 103 750 532 492 436 471 332 721

526 915 62 708 41 441 35 368 43 451 44 336 32 020 40 256 299 611 267 591 227 335

539 656 55 392 41 112 44 884 52 600 61 990 46 063 47 505 283 678 237 615 190 110

354 939 40 969 33 740 37 494 44 668 49 605 39 818 24 864 148 463 108 645 83 781

1981–1990 .................................. 1971–1980 .................................. 1961–1970 .................................. 1951–1960 .................................. 1941–1950 .................................. 1931–1940 .................................. 1921–1930 .................................. 1911–1920 .................................. 1901–1910 ..................................

7 338 062 4 493 314 3 321 677 2 515 479 1 035 039 528 431 4 107 209 5 735 811 8 795 386

761 550 800 368 1 123 492 1 325 727 621 147 347 566 2 463 194 4 321 887 8 056 040

2 738 157 1 588 178 427 642 153 249 37 028 16 595 112 059 247 236 323 543

3 615 225 1 982 735 1 716 374 996 944 354 804 160 037 1 516 716 1 143 671 361 888

872 051 741 126 470 213 123 091 49 725 15 502 74 899 123 424 107 548

468 088 134 640 101 330 44 751 21 665 5 861 15 769 17 159 8 192

461 847 295 741 257 940 91 628 21 831 7 803 42 215 41 899 17 280

176 893 80 779 28 954 14 092 7 367 1 750 6 286 8 443 7 368

1891–1900 .................................. 1881–1890 .................................. 1871–1880 .................................. 1861–1870 .................................. 1851–1860 .................................. 1841–1850 .................................. 1831–1840 .................................. 1821–1830 .................................. 1820 ............................................

3 687 564 5 246 613 2 812 191 2 314 824 2 598 214 1 713 251 599 125 143 439 8 385

3 555 352 4 735 484 2 271 925 2 065 141 2 452 577 1 597 442 495 681 98 797 7 690

74 862 69 942 124 160 64 759 41 538 141 55 30 6

38 972 426 967 404 044 166 607 74 720 62 469 33 424 11 564 387

33 066 29 042 13 957 9 046 10 660 13 528 12 301 3 834 164

549 404 157 95 449 368 44 105 2

1 075 2 304 1 128 1 397 1 224 3 579 856 531 11

350 857 358 312 210 55 54 16 1

Source: U.S. Citizen and Immigration Services (formerly Immigration and Naturalization Services). Fiscal Year 2002 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Note: From 1820–1867, figures represent alien passengers arrived at seaports; from 1868–1891and 1895–1897, immigrant aliens arrived; from 1892–1894 and 1898–2002, immigrant aliens admitted for permanent residence. From 1892–1903, aliens entering by cabin class were not counted as immigrants. Land arrivals were not completely enumerated until 1908. Data for Czechoslovakia, Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia include independent republics. For this table, fiscal year 1843 covers 9 months ending September 1843; fiscal years 1832 and 1850 cover 15 months ending.


59

Table 3-3—Series C 158-161. Formal Removals and Voluntary Departures of Aliens, 1892–2002 (Number.) Aliens expelled Year Formal removals 1

Total

Voluntary departures 2

Total, 1820–2002 ....................... 2001 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1991 ............................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

148 619 177 452 185 731 180 760 173 146 69 680 50 924 45 674 42 542 43 671 33 189

933 555 1 253 943 1 675 625 1 574 605 1 570 127 1 573 428 1 313 764 1 029 107 1 243 410 1 105 829 1 061 105

1990 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1981 ............................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

30 039 34 427 25 829 24 336 24 592 23 105 18 696 19 211 15 216 17 379

1 022 533 830 890 911 790 1 091 203 1 586 320 1 041 296 909 833 931 600 812 572 823 875

1980 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1976,TQ 3 ................................... 1976 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1820 ............................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

18 013 26 825 29 277 31 263 9 245 29 226 24 432 19 413 17 346 16 883 18 294

719 211 966 137 975 515 867 015 190 280 765 094 655 814 718 740 568 005 450 927 370 074

1970 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1961 ............................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

17 469 11 030 9 590 9 728 9 680 10 572 9 167 7 763 8 025 8 181

303 348 240 958 179 952 142 343 123 683 95 263 73 042 69 392 54 164 52 383

1960 ............................................ 1959 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1954 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1951 ............................................

59 625 64 596 67 742 68 461 88 188 247 797 1 101 228 905 236 723 959 686 713

6 829 7 968 7 142 5 082 7 297 15 028 26 951 19 845 20 181 13 544

52 796 56 610 60 600 63 379 80 891 232 769 1 074 277 885 391 703 778 673 169

1950 ............................................ 1949 ............................................ 1948 ............................................ 1947 ............................................ 1946 ............................................ 1945 ............................................ 1944 ............................................ 1943 ............................................ 1942 ............................................ 1941 ............................................

579 105 296 337 217 555 214 543 116 320 80 760 39 449 16 154 10 613 10 938

6 628 20 040 20 371 18 663 14 375 11 270 7 179 4 207 3 709 4 407

572 477 276 297 197 184 195 880 101 945 69 490 32 270 11 947 6 904 6 531

1940 ............................................ 1939 ............................................ 1938 ............................................ 1937 ............................................ 1936 ............................................ 1935 ............................................ 1934 ............................................ 1933 ............................................ 1932 ............................................ 1931 ............................................

15 548 17 792 18 553 17 617 17 446 16 297 16 889 30 212 30 201 29 861

6 954 8 202 9 275 8 829 9 195 8 319 8 879 19 865 19 426 18 142

8 594 9 590 9 278 8 788 8 251 7 978 8 010 10 347 10 775 11 719

1Formal removals include deportations, exclusions, and removals. Prior to 1961, deportations. 2Prior to 1961, required to deport. 3Fiscal years through 1976 are from July 1 through June 30. Beginning with October 1976 (fiscal

year 1977), fiscal years are from October 1 through September 30. The period from July 1 through September 30, 1976 is a separate fiscal period known as the transition quarter (TQ) and not included in any fiscal year. . . . = Not available.

60


Table 3-3—Series C 158-161. Formal Removals and Voluntary Departures of Aliens, 1892–2002—Continued (Number.) Aliens expelled Year Formal removals 1

Total

Voluntary departures 2

1930 ............................................ 1929 ............................................ 1928 ............................................ 1927 ............................................ 1926 ............................................ 1925 ............................................ 1924 ............................................ 1923 ............................................ 1922 ............................................ 1921 ............................................

28 018 38 796 31 571 26 674 10 904 9 495 6 409 3 661 4 345 4 517

16 631 12 908 11 625 11 662 10 904 9 495 6 409 ... 4 345 4 517

11 387 25 888 19 946 15 012 ... ... ... ... ... ...

1920 ............................................ 1919 ............................................ 1918 ............................................ 1917 ............................................ 1916 ............................................ 1915 ............................................ 1914 ............................................ 1913 ............................................ 1912 ............................................ 1911 ............................................

2 762 3 068 1 569 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 762 3 068 1 569 1 853 2 781 2 564 4 610 3 451 2 456 2 788

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1910 ............................................ 1909 ............................................ 1908 ............................................ 1907 ............................................ 1906 ............................................ 1905 ............................................ 1904 ............................................ 1903 ............................................ 1902 ............................................ 1901 ............................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 695 2 124 2 069 995 676 845 779 547 465 363

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1900 ............................................ 1899 ............................................ 1898 ............................................ 1897 ............................................ 1896 ............................................ 1895 ............................................ 1894 ............................................ 1893 ............................................ 1892 ............................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

356 263 199 263 238 277 417 577 637

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. . . . = Not available.

Table 3-4. Foreign-Stock Population, by Nativity and Parentage, 1890–2000 (Number in millions.) Year

2000 ............................................ 1970 ............................................ 1960 ............................................ 1930 ............................................ 1920 ............................................ 1910 ............................................ 1900 ............................................ 1890 ............................................ Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

Foriegn born

Foreign parentage

28.4 9.6 9.7 14.2 13.9 13.5 10.3 9.2

Mixed parentage

14.8 24.0 14.1 17.5 15.8 12.9 10.7 8.1

12.7 4.7 10.2 8.5 7.0 6.0 5.0 3.4

SECTION

4

BIRTHS AND DEATHS

62


SECTION 4

BIRTHS AND DEATHS Highlights

Live Births and Deaths, 1909–2002 6,000 Live births Deaths

Number (in thousands)

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0 1909

1917

1925

1933

1941

1949

1957

1965

1973

1981

1989

1996 2002

Year

1 Vital statistics on the four key life events—births, deaths, marriages, and divorces—are compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics, successor to the Office of Vital Statistics. From 1900 to 1946, the collection of these data was the responsibility of the Census Bureau.

2 Vital statistics are compiled on the basis of records received from the registration offices of all states, certain cities, and the District of Columbia. Reporting of these events is mandatory in many localities. The annual Vital Statistics of the United States summarizes these data, presenting final figures and an annual life table. A life table (also known as a mortality table) is an actuarial table and contains data on life expectancy and death.

3

The annual collection of mortality statistics began in 1900 and the collection of birth statistics in 1915. Since 1933, the entire United States has been included in birth- and death-registration areas. Alaska was added in 1959 and Hawaii in 1960. National statistics on fetal deaths have been compiled since 1922.

4

Birth statistics are based either on complete counts for states participating in the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program or on 50 percent samples. Mortality statistics are compiled in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) regulations based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death. The degree of accuracy of birth data is believed to be more than 99.1 percent. While death data may be nearly as complete as birth

SECTION 4: BIRTHS AND DEATHS data, underreporting may be a problem in isolated areas. The reporting of fetal deaths is likely to be even less complete.

5

Data on illegitimate births are based on estimates. In the 1930s, all states had a queried legitimacy or illegitimacy on birth certificates. This query was removed during the 1940s on grounds of confidentiality. As a result, the data suffer from potential misreporting. The term “illegitimate” was discarded and replaced by “Births to Unmarried Women” in the 1990 census.

6

Overall, the vital statistics rates per 1,000 has dropped precipitously in the United States, and in all developed countries, since 1950. In the United States, the birth rate decreased from 24.1 to 14.1, the death rate from 9.6 to 8.5, the infant mortality rate from 29.2 to 6.8.

7

The difference in birth rates per 1,000 between White and Black women has narrowed since 1980. The relative rates in 1980 were 15.1 for Whites and 21.3 for Blacks, whereas the corresponding rates in 2001 were 13.7 and 16.3. This decrease is the result of a concomitant trend in fertility rates that dropped from 65.6 for Whites and 84.7 for Blacks in 1980 to 65.0 for Whites and 67.6 for Blacks in 2001.

8

There were fewer teenage mothers in 2001 than in 1980. Overall teenage births declined from 521,826 in 1980 to 445,944 in 2001. Of these births, 24.9 percent were to Black teenagers.

9 Utah has the highest birth rate of all states at 21.8, with a correspondingly high fertility rate of 95.0. Other states with high birth rates are Texas (17.6), Arizona (17.1), Georgia (16.5), and Nevada (16.1).

10 The total fertility rate declined from an average of 3,449 (3,326 for Whites and 4,326 for Blacks) in 1960–1964 to 2,115 in 2001 (2,110 for Whites and 2,124 for Blacks). For Whites, this rate represents a rebound from 1976 when the fertility rate bottomed out at 1,738.

11 The percentage of children with low birth weights, defined as below 5 lbs. 8 oz., has increased from

63

6.8 percent in 1980 to 7.7 percent in 2001. A larger percentage of children born to teenage mothers and unmarried mothers have a lower birth weight (11.3 percent and 33.5 percent respectively).

12 The number of caesarean deliveries rose steadily from 195,000 in 1970 to 978,000 in 2001. These deliveries are most common among women 35 years of age and older.

13 The number of abortions in the United States increased from 586,000 in 1972 (around the time of Roe v. Wade), to 1,315,000 in 1999, although this figure represents a drop from the peak of 1,609,000 in 1990. Per 1,000 women (15 to 44 years of age), there were 21.4 abortions in 1999, compared with 29.4 in 1980.

14 In 1995, 21.4 million women used contraceptives. Of these women, 39.7 percent used nonsurgical means, such as the pill or condoms.

15 Although Americans can expect to live 28.1 years longer than their ancestors did in 1900, the United States trails a number of other developed countries, including Japan, Sweden, Switzerland, Norway, Canada, France, Netherlands, Australia, Italy, and Greece in longevity. In 2001, the life expectancy of men was 74.4 years and women 79.8 years, with an average of 77.2 years. Life expectancy for Blacks is five years less than that of Whites: 68.3 for men and 75.5 for women, with an average of 72.2.

16 In the United States, 276 persons die every hour, or about 4.6 persons every minute. The death rate is fairly uniform in all states and regions, around 8.5 per 1,000 population, but is lowest in Alaska at 4.7.

17 In a key area of vital statistics, the United States registered significant gains. Between 1980 and 2001, the infant mortality rate dropped from 12.6 to 6.8 and neonatal deaths from 8.5 to 4.5, both per 1,000 live births. However, the gap between Whites and Blacks continues to persist. Blacks have an infant mortality rate of 14.0 per 1,000 live births compared with 5.7 for Whites.

64


Table 4-1—Series B 1-2. Live Births and Deaths, 1909–2002 (Number in thousands.) Year

Live births 1

Deaths 2

2002 ............................................................................................................ 2001 ............................................................................................................

4 022 4 026

... 2 416

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................

4 059 3 959 3 942 3 881 3 891 3 900 3 953 4 000 4 065 4 111

2 403 2 391 2 337 2 314 2 315 2 312 2 279 2 269 2 176 2 170

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................

4 158 4 041 3 910 3 809 3 757 3 761 3 669 3 639 3 681 3 629

2 148 2 150 2 168 2 123 2 105 2 086 2 039 2 019 1 975 1 978

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................

3 612 3 494 3 333 3 327 3 168 3 144 3 160 3 137 3 258 3 556

1 990 1 914 1 928 1 900 1 909 1 893 1 934 1 973 1 964 1 928

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................

3 731 3 600 3 502 3 521 3 606 3 760 4 027 4 098 4 167 4 268

1 921 1 922 1 930 1 851 1 863 1 828 1 798 1 814 1 757 1 702

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................

4 258 5 245 4 255 4 308 4 218 4 097 4 078 3 965 3 913 3 823

1 712 1 657 1 648 1 633 1 564 1 529 1 481 1 518 1 497 1 482

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................

3 632 3 649 3 637 3 817 3 411 2 858 2 939 3 104 2 989 2 703

1 452 1 444 1 444 1 445 1 396 1 402 1 411 1 460 1 385 1 398

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................

2 559 2 466 2 496 2 413 2 355 2 377 2 396 2 307 2 440 2 506

1 417 1 388 1 381 1 450 1 479 1 393 1 397 1 342 ... ...

1For

1960–1991 includes births to races not shown separately. For 1992 and later years, unknown race of mother is imputed. 1959–1970, registered live births; 1909–1958, adjusted for under-registration. fetal deaths. . . . = Not available. 2Excludes

SECTION 4: BIRTHS AND DEATHS

65

Table 4-1—Series B 1-2. Live Births and Deaths, 1909–2002—Continued (Number in thousands.) Year

Live births 1

Deaths 2

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................

2 618 2 582 2 674 2 802 2 839 2 909 2 979 2 910 2 882 3 055

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................

2 950 2 740 2 948 2 944 2 964 2 965 2 966 2 869 2 840 2 809

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1910 ............................................................................................................ 1909 ............................................................................................................

2 777 2 718

... ...

Source: National Center for Health Statistics. Births: Final Data for 2002 and Deaths: Final Data for 2001. 1For

1960–1991 includes births to races not shown separately. For 1992 and later years, unknown race of mother is imputed. 1959–1970, registered live births; 1909–1958, adjusted for under-registration. fetal deaths. . . . = Not available. 2Excludes

66


Table 4-2—Series B 5-10. Birth Rate—Total and Fertility Rate for Women 15–44 Years Old, by Race, 1800–2002 (Number in thousands.) Fertility rate, women 15–44 years 1

Birth rate, total population Year Total

White

Black

Total

White

Black

Race of Mother 2002 ............................................ 2001 ............................................

13.9 14.1

13.5 13.7

15.7 16.3

64.8 65.3

64.8 65.0

65.8 67.6

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1991 ............................................

14.4 14.2 14.3 14.2 14.4 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.8 16.2

13.9 13.7 13.8 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.6 15.0 15.3

17.0 16.8 17.1 17.1 17.3 17.8 19.1 20.2 21.1 21.8

65.9 64.4 64.3 63.6 64.1 64.6 65.9 67.0 68.4 69.3

65.3 64.0 63.6 62.8 63.3 63.6 64.2 64.9 66.1 66.7

70.0 68.5 69.4 69.0 69.2 71.0 75.9 79.6 82.4 84.8

1990 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1981 ............................................

16.7 16.4 16.0 15.7 15.6 15.8 15.6 15.6 15.9 15.8

15.8 15.4 15.0 14.9 14.8 15.0 14.8 14.8 15.1 15.0

22.4 22.3 21.5 20.8 20.5 20.4 20.1 20.2 20.7 20.8

70.9 69.2 67.3 65.8 65.4 66.3 65.5 65.7 67.3 67.3

68.3 66.4 64.5 63.3 63.1 64.1 63.2 63.4 64.8 64.8

86.8 86.2 82.6 80.1 78.9 78.8 78.2 78.7 80.9 82.0

1980 ............................................

15.9

15.1

21.3

68.4

65.6

84.7

Race of Child 1980 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1971 ............................................

15.9 15.6 15.0 15.1 14.6 14.6 14.8 14.8 15.6 17.2

14.9 14.5 14.0 14.1 13.6 13.6 13.9 13.8 14.5 16.1

22.1 22.0 21.3 21.4 20.5 20.7 20.8 21.4 22.5 24.4

68.4 67.2 65.5 66.8 65.0 66.0 67.8 68.8 73.1 81.6

64.7 63.4 61.7 63.2 61.5 62.5 64.2 64.9 68.9 77.3

88.1 88.3 86.7 88.1 85.8 87.9 89.7 93.6 99.9 109.7

1970 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1967 2 ......................................... 1966 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1963 3 ......................................... 1962 3 ......................................... 1961 ............................................

18.4 17.9 17.6 17.8 18.4 19.4 21.1 21.7 22.4 23.3

17.4 16.9 16.6 16.8 17.4 18.3 20.0 20.7 21.4 22.2

25.3 24.4 24.2 25.1 26.2 27.7 29.5 29.7 30.5 34.6

87.9 86.1 85.2 87.2 90.8 96.3 104.7 108.5 112.2 117.2

84.1 82.2 81.3 82.8 86.2 91.3 99.8 103.7 107.5 112.2

115.4 112.1 112.7 118.5 124.7 133.2 142.6 144.9 148.8 153.5

1960* .......................................... 1959 4 ......................................... 1958 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1954 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1951 ............................................

23.7 24.0 24.5 25.3 25.2 25.0 25.3 25.0 25.1 24.9

22.7 22.9 23.3 24.0 24.0 23.8 24.2 24.0 24.1 23.9

32.1 32.9 34.3 35.3 35.4 34.7 34.9 34.1 33.6 33.8

118.0 118.8 120.2 122.9 121.2 118.5 118.1 115.2 113.9 111.5

113.2 113.9 114.9 117.7 116.0 113.8 113.6 111.0 110.1 107.7

153.6 156.0 160.5 163.0 160.9 155.3 153.2 147.3 143.3 142.1

1950 ............................................ 1949 ............................................ 1948 ............................................ 1947 ............................................ 1946 ............................................ 1945 ............................................ 1944 ............................................ 1943 ............................................ 1942 ............................................ 1941 ............................................

24.1 24.5 24.9 26.6 24.1 20.4 21.2 22.7 22.2 20.3

23.0 23.6 24.0 26.1 23.6 19.7 20.5 22.1 21.5 19.5

33.3 33.0 32.4 31.2 38.4 26.5 27.4 28.3 27.7 27.3

106.2 107.1 107.3 113.3 101.9 85.9 88.8 94.3 91.5 83.4

102.3 103.6 104.3 111.8 100.4 83.4 86.3 92.3 89.5 80.7

137.3 135.1 131.6 125.9 113.9 106.0 108.5 111.0 107.6 105.4

1Computed by relating total births, regardless of age of mother, to women aged 2For 1800–1970, Black and other. 3Figures by race exclude New Jersey; state did not require reporting of race. 4Includes Alaska.


15–44 years.


67

Table 4-2—Series B 5-10. Birth Rate—Total and Fertility Rate for Women 15–44 Years Old, by Race, 1800–2002—Continued (Number in thousands.) Fertility rate, women 15–44 years 1

Birth rate, total population Year Total

White

Black

Total

White

Black

1940 ............................................ 1939 ............................................ 1938 ............................................ 1937 ............................................ 1936 ............................................ 1935 ............................................ 1934 ............................................ 1933 ............................................ 1932 ............................................ 1931 ............................................

19.4 18.8 19.2 18.7 18.4 18.7 19.0 18.4 19.5 20.2

18.6 18.0 18.4 17.9 17.6 17.9 18.1 17.6 18.7 19.5

26.7 26.1 26.3 26.0 25.1 25.8 26.3 25.5 26.9 26.6

79.9 77.6 79.1 77.1 75.8 77.2 78.5 76.3 81.7 84.6

77.1 74.8 76.5 74.4 73.3 74.5 75.8 73.7 79.0 82.4

102.4 100.1 100.5 99.4 95.9 98.4 100.4 97.3 103.0 102.1

1930 ............................................ 1929 ............................................ 1928 ............................................ 1927 ............................................ 1926 ............................................ 1925 ............................................ 1924 ............................................ 1923 ............................................ 1922 ............................................ 1921 ............................................

21.3 21.2 22.2 23.5 24.2 25.1 26.1 26.0 26.2 28.1

20.6 20.5 21.5 22.7 23.1 24.1 25.1 25.2 25.4 27.3

27.5 27.3 28.5 31.1 33.4 34.2 34.6 33.2 33.2 35.8

89.2 89.3 93.8 99.8 102.6 106.6 110.9 110.5 111.2 119.8

87.1 87.3 91.7 97.1 99.2 103.3 107.8 108.0 108.8 117.2

105.9 106.1 111.0 121.7 130.3 134.0 135.6 130.5 130.8 140.8

1920 ............................................ 1919 ............................................ 1918 ............................................ 1917 ............................................ 1916 ............................................ 1915 ............................................ 1914 ............................................ 1913 ............................................ 1912 ............................................ 1911 ............................................

27.7 26.1 28.2 28.5 29.1 29.5 29.9 29.5 29.8 29.9

26.9 25.3 27.6 27.9 28.5 28.9 29.3 28.8 29.0 29.1

35.0 32.4 33.0 32.9 ... ... ... ... ... ...

117.9 111.2 119.8 121.0 123.4 125.0 126.6 124.7 125.8 126.3

115.4 ... ... ... 121.8 123.2 124.6 122.4 123.3 123.6

137.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1910 ............................................ 1909 ............................................

30.1 30.0

29.2 29.2

... ...

126.8 126.8

123.8 123.6

... ...

1900 ............................................ 1890 ............................................ 1880 ............................................ 1870 ............................................ 1860 ............................................ 1850 ............................................ 1840 ............................................ 1830 ............................................ 1820 ............................................ 1810 ............................................ 1800 ............................................

32.3 ... 39.8 ... 44.3 ... 51.8 ... 55.2 ... ...

30.1 31.5 35.2 38.3 41.4 43.3 48.3 51.4 52.8 54.3 55.0

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

130.0 137.0 155.0 167.0 184.0 194.0 222.0 240.0 260.0 274.0 278.0

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Source: National Center for Health Statistics. Births: Final Data for 2002 1Computed by relating total births, regardless of age of mother, to women aged 15–44 years. . . . = Not available.

68


Table 4-3—Series B 11-19. Fertility Rate, by Race, 1917–2002 (Fertility rate is the number of births that 1,000 women would have in their lifetime, if at each year of age, they experienced the birth rates occurring in the specified year.) Total fertility rate Year Total

White

Black

American Indian

Asian or Pacific Islander

Race of Mother 2002 ............................................ 2001 ............................................

2 013 2 034

2 028 2 040

1 991 2 051

1 735 1 747

1 820 1 840

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1991 ............................................

2 056 2 008 1 999 1 971 1 976 1 978 2 002 2 020 2 046 2 063

2 051 2 008 1 991 1 955 1 961 1 955 1 958 1 962 1 978 1 988

2 129 2 083 2 112 2 092 2 089 2 128 2 259 2 351 2 416 2 462

1 773 1 784 1 851 1 835 1 855 1 879 1 950 2 049 2 136 2 143

1 892 1 755 1 732 1 758 1 787 1 796 1 834 1 842 1 895 1 928

1990 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1981 ............................................

2 081 2 014 1 934 1 872 1 838 1 844 1 807 1 799 1 828 1 812

2 003 1 931 1 857 1 805 1 776 1 787 1 749 1 741 1 767 1 748

2 480 2 433 2 298 2 198 2 136 2 109 2 071 2 066 2 107 2 118

2 185 2 249 2 155 2 101 2 083 2 130 2 138 2 182 2 215 2 093

2 003 1 948 1 984 1 886 1 836 1 885 1 892 1 944 2 016 1 976

1980 ............................................

1 840

1 773

2 177

2 165

1 954

Race of Child 1980 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1971 ............................................

1 808 1 760 1 790 1 738 1 774 1 835 1 879 2 010 2 267

1 716 1 668 1 703 1 652 1 686 1 749 1 783 1 907 2 161

2 263 2 218 2 251 2 187 2 243 2 299 2 411 2 601 2 902

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1970 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1961 ............................................

2 480 2 465 2 477 2 573 2 736 2 928 3 208 3 333 3 474 3 629

2 385 2 360 2 368 2 453 2 609 2 780 3 074 3 190 3 340 3 502

3 100 3 043 3 100 3 312 3 545 3 829 4 139 ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1960 ............................................ 1959 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1954 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1951 ............................................

3 654 3 670 3 630 3 680 3 600 3 500 3 460 3 350 3 290 3 200

3 533 3 544 3 530 3 580 3 500 3 400 3 370 3 270 3 210 3 120

4 542 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1950 ............................................ 1949 ............................................ 1948 ............................................ 1947 ............................................ 1946 ............................................ 1945 ............................................ 1944 ............................................ 1943 ............................................ 1942 ............................................ 1941 ............................................

3 030 3 040 3 030 3 180 2 860 2 420 2 490 2 640 2 550 2 330

2 950 2 960 2 970 3 170 2 840 2 380 2 450 2 610 2 530 2 280

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1940 ............................................ 1939 ............................................ 1938 ............................................ 1937 ............................................ 1936 ............................................ 1935 ............................................ 1934 ............................................ 1933 ............................................ 1932 ............................................ 1931 ............................................

2 230 2 172 2 222 2 173 2 146 2 189 2 232 2 172 2 319 2 402

2 180 2 120 2 175 2 121 2 101 2 141 2 181 2 126 2 271 2 369

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1930 ............................................ 1929 ............................................ 1928 ............................................ 1927 ............................................ 1926 ............................................ 1925 ............................................ 1924 ............................................ 1923 ............................................ 1922 ............................................ 1921 ............................................

2 533 2 532 2 660 2 824 2 901 3 012 3 121 3 101 3 109 3 326

2 506 2 506 2 632 2 783 2 839 2 949 3 069 3 063 3 072 3 282

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1920 ............................................ 1919 ............................................ 1918 ............................................ 1917 ............................................

3 263 3 068 3 312 3 333

3 219 3 025 3 288 3 312

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

Source: National Center for Health Statistics. Births: Final Data for 2002 . . . = Not available.


69

Table 4-4—Series B 28-35. Birth Rates of Unmarried Women Ages 15–44 Years, by Age of Mother, 1940–2002 (Rates are live births per 1,000 unmarried females in specified group.) Year

Birth rates

Births (thousands)

15–44 years

15–19 years

20–24 years

25–29 years

30–34 years

35–39 years

40–44 years

Race of Mother 2002 ............................................ 2001 ............................................

1 366 1 349

43.7 43.8

35.4 37.0

70.5 71.2

61.5 59.5

40.8 40.4

20.8 20.4

5.4 5.3

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1991 ............................................

1 347 1 305 1 294 1 257 1 260 1 254 1 290 1 240 1 225 1 214

44.0 43.3 43.3 42.9 43.8 44.3 46.2 44.8 44.9 45.0

39.0 39.7 40.9 41.4 42.2 43.8 45.8 44.0 44.2 44.6

72.1 70.7 70.4 68.9 68.9 68.7 70.9 68.3 67.9 67.8

58.5 56.8 55.4 53.4 54.5 54.3 57.4 55.9 55.6 56.0

39.3 38.1 38.1 37.9 40.1 38.9 39.6 38.0 37.6 37.9

19.7 19.0 18.7 18.7 19.9 19.3 19.7 18.9 18.8 17.9

5.0 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.8

1990 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1981 ............................................

1 165 1 094 1 005 933 878 828 770 738 715 687

43.8 41.6 38.5 36.0 34.2 32.8 31.0 30.3 30.0 29.5

42.5 40.1 36.4 33.8 32.3 31.4 30.0 29.5 28.7 27.9

65.1 61.2 56.0 52.6 49.3 46.5 43.0 41.8 41.5 41.1

56.0 52.8 48.5 44.5 42.2 39.9 37.1 35.5 35.1 34.5

37.6 34.9 32.0 29.6 27.2 25.2 23.3 22.4 21.9 20.8

17.3 16.0 15.0 13.5 12.2 11.6 10.9 10.2 10.0 9.8

3.6 3.4 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.6

Race of Child 1980 ............................................ 1975 ............................................

666 448

29.4 28.4

27.6 27.5

40.9 39.7

34.0 31.4

21.1 18.5

9.7 8.4

2.6 2.3

1970 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1961 ............................................

399 361 339 318 302 291 276 259 245 240

24.5 26.4 24.4 23.9 23.4 23.5 23.0 22.5 21.9 22.7

23.9 22.4 19.8 18.6 17.5 16.7 15.8 15.2 14.8 15.9

31.2 38.4 37.3 38.3 39.1 39.9 39.9 40.3 40.9 41.7

27.5 37.0 38.6 41.4 45.6 49.3 50.2 49.0 46.7 46.5

17.9 27.1 28.2 29.2 33.0 37.5 37.2 33.2 29.7 28.3

9.1 13.6 14.9 15.4 16.4 17.4 16.3 16.1 15.6 15.4

2.6 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.0 3.9

1960 ............................................ 1959 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1954 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1951 ............................................

224 221 209 202 194 183 177 161 150 147

21.6 21.9 21.2 21.0 20.4 19.3 18.7 16.9 15.8 15.1

15.3 15.5 15.3 15.8 15.6 15.1 14.9 13.9 13.5 13.2

39.7 40.2 38.2 37.3 36.4 33.5 31.4 28.0 25.4 23.2

45.1 44.1 40.5 36.8 35.6 33.5 31.0 27.6 24.8 22.8

27.8 28.1 27.5 26.8 24.6 22.0 20.4 17.3 15.7 14.6

14.1 14.1 13.3 12.1 11.1 10.5 10.3 9.0 8.2 7.6

3.6 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 1.9 2.2

1950 ............................................ 1949 ............................................ 1948 ............................................ 1947 ............................................ 1946 ............................................ 1945 ............................................ 1944 ............................................ 1943 ............................................ 1942 ............................................ 1941 ............................................

142 133 130 132 125 117 105 98 97 96

14.1 13.3 12.5 12.1 10.9 10.1 9.0 8.3 8.0 7.8

12.6 12.0 11.4 11.0 9.5 9.5 8.8 8.4 8.2 8.0

21.3 21.0 19.8 18.9 17.3 15.3 13.1 11.4 11.0 10.5

19.9 18.0 16.4 15.7 15.6 12.1 10.1 8.8 8.4 7.8

13.3 11.4 10.0 9.2 7.3 7.1 7.0 6.7 6.3 6.0

7.2 6.8 5.8 5.6 4.4 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.7

2.0 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4

1940 ............................................

90

7.1

7.4

9.5

7.2

5.1

3.4

1.2

Source: National Center for Health Statistics. Births: Final Data for 2002

70


Table 4-5—Series B 107-115. Expectation of Life at Birth, by Race and Sex, 1900–2010 (Years. Prior to 1929, for death-registration only.) Total

Black 1

White

Year Both sexes

Male

Female

Both sexes

Male

Female

Both sexes

Male

Female

Projection 2010 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

77.9 77.6

74.4 74.2

81.3 81.0

78.3 78.1

74.9 74.6

81.7 81.5

... ...

... ...

... ...

Estimate 2001 ............................................

77.2

74.4

79.8

77.7

75.0

80.2

72.2

68.6

75.5

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................

77.0 76.7 76.7 76.5 76.1 75.8

74.3 73.9 73.8 73.6 73.1 72.5

79.7 79.4 79.5 79.4 79.1 78.9

77.6 77.3 77.3 77.1 76.8 76.5

74.9 74.6 74.5 74.3 73.9 73.4

80.1 79.9 80.0 79.9 79.7 79.6

71.9 71.4 71.3 71.1 70.2 69.6

68.3 67.8 67.6 67.2 66.1 65.2

75.2 74.7 74.8 74.7 74.2 73.9

1990 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1981 ............................................

75.7 75.5 75.8 75.5 75.4 75.1 74.9 74.9 74.7 74.7

72.4 72.2 72.3 72.0 71.8 71.7 71.4 71.4 71.2 71.1

79.0 78.8 79.1 78.9 78.8 78.5 78.3 78.3 78.2 78.2

76.5 76.3 76.5 76.3 76.1 75.9 75.6 75.6 75.4 75.3

73.3 73.1 73.2 72.9 72.7 72.5 72.2 72.1 71.9 71.8

79.6 79.5 79.8 79.6 79.4 79.2 78.9 78.9 78.8 78.7

69.5 69.2 69.6 69.3 69.1 68.8 68.9 69.1 69.1 69.3

64.9 64.6 65.0 64.6 64.5 64.3 64.4 64.7 64.8 65.0

73.9 73.7 73.9 73.8 73.6 73.3 73.2 73.4 73.4 73.4

1980 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1971 ............................................

74.7 74.6 74.5 74.1 73.7 72.6 71.9 71.3 71.1 71.1

71.1 71.0 70.8 70.4 70.0 68.8 68.1 67.6 67.4 67.4

78.2 78.1 78.1 77.8 77.4 76.6 75.8 75.3 75.1 75.0

75.3 75.2 75.1 74.8 74.4 73.4 72.7 72.2 72.0 72.0

71.8 71.6 71.5 71.1 70.7 69.5 68.9 68.4 68.3 68.3

78.7 78.7 78.7 78.4 78.1 77.3 76.6 76.1 75.9 75.8

69.5 69.4 69.4 68.9 68.1 66.8 67.6 65.9 65.6 65.6

65.3 65.2 65.1 64.5 63.8 62.4 62.9 61.9 61.5 61.6

73.6 73.5 73.6 73.2 72.5 71.3 71.3 70.1 69.9 69.7

1970 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1961 ............................................

70.9 70.5 70.2 70.5 70.1 70.2 70.2 69.9 70.0 70.2

67.1 66.8 66.6 67.0 66.7 66.8 66.9 66.6 66.8 67.0

74.8 74.3 74.0 74.2 73.8 73.7 73.7 73.4 73.4 73.6

71.7 71.3 71.1 71.3 71.0 71.0 71.0 70.8 70.9 71.0

68.0 67.8 67.5 67.8 67.6 67.6 67.7 67.5 67.6 67.8

75.6 75.1 74.9 75.1 74.7 74.7 74.6 74.4 74.4 74.5

65.3 64.3 63.7 64.6 64.0 64.1 64.1 63.6 64.1 64.4

61.3 60.5 60.1 61.1 60.7 61.1 61.1 60.9 61.5 61.9

69.4 68.4 67.5 68.2 67.4 67.4 67.2 66.5 66.8 67.0

1960* .......................................... 1959 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1954 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1951 ............................................

69.7 69.9 69.6 69.5 69.7 69.6 69.6 68.8 68.6 68.4

66.6 66.8 66.6 66.4 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.0 65.8 65.6

73.1 73.2 72.9 72.7 72.9 72.8 72.8 72.0 71.6 71.4

70.6 70.7 70.5 70.3 70.5 70.5 70.5 69.7 69.5 69.3

67.4 67.5 67.4 67.7 67.5 67.4 67.5 66.8 66.6 66.5

74.1 74.2 73.9 73.7 73.9 73.7 73.7 73.0 72.6 72.4

63.6 63.9 63.4 63.0 63.6 63.7 63.4 62.0 61.4 61.2

61.1 61.3 61.0 60.7 61.3 61.4 61.1 59.7 59.1 59.2

66.3 66.5 65.8 65.5 66.1 66.1 65.9 64.5 63.8 63.4

1950 ............................................ 1949 ............................................ 1948 ............................................ 1947 ............................................ 1946 ............................................ 1945 ............................................ 1944 ............................................ 1943 ............................................ 1942 ............................................ 1941 ............................................

68.2 68.0 67.2 66.8 66.7 65.9 65.2 63.3 66.2 64.8

65.6 65.2 64.6 64.4 64.4 63.6 63.6 62.4 64.7 63.1

71.1 70.7 69.9 69.7 69.4 67.9 66.8 64.4 67.9 66.8

69.1 68.8 68.0 67.6 67.5 66.8 66.2 64.2 67.3 66.2

66.5 66.2 65.5 65.2 65.1 64.4 64.5 63.2 65.9 64.4

72.2 71.9 71.0 70.5 70.3 69.5 68.4 65.7 69.4 68.5

60.8 60.6 60.0 59.7 59.1 57.7 56.6 55.6 56.6 53.8

59.1 58.9 58.1 57.9 57.5 56.1 55.8 55.4 55.4 52.5

62.9 62.7 62.5 61.9 61.0 59.6 57.7 56.1 58.2 55.3

1940 ............................................ 1939 ............................................ 1938 ............................................ 1937 ............................................ 1936 ............................................ 1935 ............................................ 1934 ............................................ 1933 ............................................ 1932 ............................................ 1931 ............................................

62.9 63.7 63.5 60.0 58.5 61.7 61.1 63.3 62.1 61.1

60.8 62.1 61.9 58.0 56.6 59.9 59.3 61.7 61.0 59.4

65.2 65.4 65.3 62.4 60.6 63.9 63.3 65.1 63.5 63.1

64.2 64.9 65.0 61.4 59.8 62.9 62.4 64.3 63.2 62.6

62.1 63.3 63.2 59.3 58.0 61.0 50.6 62.7 62.0 60.8

66.6 66.6 66.8 63.8 61.9 65.0 64.6 66.3 64.5 64.7

53.1 54.5 52.9 50.3 49.0 53.1 51.8 54.7 53.7 50.4

51.5 53.2 51.7 48.3 47.0 51.3 50.2 53.5 52.8 49.5

54.9 56.0 54.3 52.5 51.4 55.2 53.7 56.0 54.6 51.5

1Before 1970, Black and others. . . . = Not available.


71

Table 4-5—Series B 107-115. Expectation of Life at Birth, by Race and Sex, 1900–2010—Continued (Years. Prior to 1929, for death-registration only.) Total

Black 1

White

Year Both sexes

Male

Female

Both sexes

Male

Female

Both sexes

Male

Female

1930 ............................................ 1929 ............................................ 1928 ............................................ 1927 ............................................ 1926 ............................................ 1925 ............................................ 1924 ............................................ 1923 ............................................ 1922 ............................................ 1921 ............................................

59.7 57.1 56.8 60.4 56.7 59.0 59.7 57.2 59.6 60.8

58.1 55.8 55.6 59.0 55.5 57.6 58.1 56.1 58.4 60.0

61.6 58.7 58.3 62.1 58.0 60.6 61.5 58.5 61.0 61.8

61.4 58.6 58.4 62.0 58.2 60.7 61.4 58.3 60.4 61.8

59.7 57.2 57.0 60.5 57.0 59.3 59.8 57.1 59.1 60.8

63.5 60.3 60.0 63.9 59.6 62.4 63.4 59.6 61.9 62.9

48.1 46.7 46.3 48.2 44.6 45.7 46.6 48.3 52.4 51.5

47.3 45.7 45.6 47.6 43.7 44.9 45.5 47.7 51.8 51.6

49.2 47.8 47.0 48.9 45.6 46.7 47.8 48.9 53.0 51.3

1920 ............................................ 1919 ............................................ 1918 ............................................ 1917 ............................................ 1916 ............................................ 1915 ............................................ 1914 ............................................ 1913 ............................................ 1912 ............................................ 1911 ............................................

54.1 54.7 39.1 50.9 51.7 54.5 54.2 52.5 53.5 52.6

53.6 53.5 36.6 48.4 49.6 52.5 52.0 50.3 51.5 50.9

54.6 56.0 42.2 54.0 54.3 56.8 56.8 55.0 55.9 54.4

54.9 55.8 39.8 52.0 52.5 55.1 54.9 53.0 53.9 53.0

54.4 54.5 37.1 49.3 50.2 53.1 52.7 50.8 51.9 51.3

55.6 57.4 43.2 55.3 55.2 57.5 57.5 55.7 56.2 54.9

45.3 44.5 31.1 38.8 41.3 38.9 38.9 38.4 37.9 36.4

45.5 44.5 29.9 37.0 39.6 37.5 37.1 36.7 35.9 34.6

45.2 44.4 32.5 40.8 43.1 40.5 40.8 40.3 40.0 38.2

1910 ............................................ 1909 ............................................ 1908 ............................................ 1907 ............................................ 1906 ............................................ 1905 ............................................ 1904 ............................................ 1903 ............................................ 1902 ............................................ 1901 ............................................

50.0 52.1 51.1 47.6 48.7 48.7 47.6 50.5 51.5 49.1

48.4 50.5 49.5 45.6 46.9 47.3 46.2 49.1 49.8 47.6

51.8 53.8 52.8 49.9 50.8 50.2 49.1 52.0 53.4 50.6

50.3 52.5 51.5 48.1 49.3 49.1 48.0 50.9 51.9 49.4

48.6 50.9 49.9 46.0 47.3 47.6 46.6 49.5 50.2 48.0

52.0 54.2 53.3 50.4 51.4 50.6 49.5 52.5 53.8 51.0

35.6 35.7 34.9 32.5 32.9 31.3 30.8 33.1 34.6 33.7

33.8 34.2 33.8 31.1 31.8 29.6 29.1 31.7 32.9 32.2

37.5 37.3 36.0 34.0 33.9 33.1 32.7 34.6 36.4 35.3

1900 ............................................

47.3

46.3

48.3

47.6

46.6

48.7

33.0

32.5

33.5

Source: National Center for Health Statistics. Births: Final Data for 2002 1Before

1970, Black and others.

72


Table 4-6—Series B 136-147. Fetal Death Ratio and Neonatal, Infant, and Maternal Mortality Rates, by Race, 1915–2001 (Prior to 1933, for registration area only.) Fetal death ratio per 1,000 live births

Neonatal mortality rate per 1,000 live births

Infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births

Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births

Year Total

White

Black and other

Total

White

Black and other

Total

White

Black and other

Total

White

Black and other

2001 ............................................

...

...

...

4.5

3.8

7.4

6.8

5.7

11.3

9.9

7.2

20.2

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1991 ............................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7.4 ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6.3 ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 11.7 ...

4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.6

3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.5

7.6 7.9 7.9 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.6 9.0 9.2 9.5

6.9 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.6 8.0 8.4 8.5 8.9

5.7 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.6 6.8 6.9 7.3

11.4 11.9 11.9 11.8 12.2 12.6 13.5 14.1 14.4 15.1

9.8 9.9 7.1 8.4 7.6 7.1 8.3 7.5 7.8 ...

7.5 6.8 5.1 5.8 5.1 4.2 6.2 4.8 5.0 ...

18.0 21.4 14.9 18.3 16.9 18.5 16.2 17.6 18.2 ...

1990 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1981 ............................................

7.5 7.5 7.5 7.7 7.7 7.9 8.2 8.5 8.9 9.0

6.4 6.4 6.4 6.7 6.8 7.0 7.4 7.5 7.9 8.0

11.9 11.4 11.4 11.5 11.2 11.3 11.5 12.4 12.7 12.8

5.8 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.7 7.0 7.0 7.3 7.7 8.0

4.8 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.7 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.7 7.0

9.9 10.3 10.3 10.7 10.8 11.0 10.9 11.4 12.0 12.5

9.2 9.8 10.0 10.1 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.2 11.5 11.9

7.6 8.1 8.4 8.5 8.8 9.2 9.3 9.6 9.9 10.3

15.5 16.3 16.1 16.5 16.7 16.8 17.1 17.8 18.3 18.8

8.2 7.9 8.6 6.6 7.2 7.8 7.8 8.0 7.9 8.5

5.4 5.6 5.9 5.1 4.9 5.2 5.4 5.9 5.8 6.3

19.1 16.5 17.4 12.0 16.0 18.1 16.9 16.3 16.4 17.3

1980 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1971 ............................................

9.2 9.4 9.7 9.9 10.5 10.7 11.5 12.2 12.7 13.4

8.2 8.4 8.5 8.7 9.3 9.5 10.2 10.8 11.2 11.8

13.4 13.8 14.7 14.6 15.2 16.0 17.0 18.6 19.5 21.2

8.5 8.5 8.9 9.5 9.9 10.9 11.6 13.0 13.6 14.2

7.4 7.5 7.9 8.4 8.7 9.7 10.4 11.8 12.4 13.0

13.2 12.5 12.9 14.0 14.7 16.3 16.8 17.9 19.2 19.6

12.6 13.1 13.8 14.1 15.2 16.1 16.7 17.7 18.5 19.1

10.9 11.4 12.0 12.3 13.3 14.2 14.8 15.8 16.4 17.1

20.2 19.8 21.1 21.7 23.5 24.2 24.9 26.2 27.7 28.5

9.2 9.6 9.6 11.2 12.3 12.8 14.6 15.2 18.8 18.8

6.7 6.4 6.4 7.7 9.0 9.1 10.0 10.7 14.3 13.0

19.8 22.7 23.0 26.0 26.5 29.0 35.1 34.6 38.5 45.3

1970 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1961 ............................................

14.2 14.1 15.8 15.6 15.7 16.2 16.4 15.8 15.9 16.1

12.4 12.4 13.8 13.5 13.6 13.9 14.1 13.7 13.9 14.1

22.6 22.5 25.6 25.8 26.1 27.2 28.2 26.7 26.7 27.0

15.1 15.6 16.1 16.5 17.2 17.7 17.9 18.2 18.3 18.4

13.8 14.2 14.7 15.0 15.6 16.1 16.2 16.7 16.9 16.9

21.4 22.5 23.0 23.8 24.8 25.4 26.5 26.1 26.1 26.2

20.0 20.9 21.8 22.4 23.7 24.7 24.8 25.2 25.3 25.3

17.8 18.4 19.2 19.7 20.6 21.5 21.6 22.2 22.3 22.4

30.9 32.9 34.5 35.9 38.8 40.3 41.1 41.5 41.4 40.7

2.2 2.2 2.5 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.7

1.4 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.5

5.6 5.6 6.4 7.0 7.2 8.4 9.0 9.7 9.6 10.1

1960* .......................................... 1959 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1954 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1951 ............................................

16.1 16.2 16.5 16.3 16.5 17.1 17.5 17.8 18.3 18.8

14.1 14.2 14.5 14.5 14.6 15.2 15.5 15.9 16.1 16.7

26.8 27.3 27.5 26.8 27.2 28.4 28.9 29.6 32.2 32.1

18.7 19.0 19.5 19.1 18.9 19.1 19.1 19.6 19.8 20.0

17.2 17.5 17.8 17.5 17.5 17.7 17.8 18.3 18.5 18.9

26.9 27.7 29.0 27.8 27.0 27.2 27.0 27.4 28.0 27.3

26.0 26.4 27.1 26.3 26.0 26.4 26.6 27.8 28.4 28.4

22.9 23.2 23.8 23.3 23.2 23.6 23.9 25.0 25.5 25.8

43.2 44.0 45.7 43.7 42.1 42.8 42.9 44.7 47.0 44.8

3.7 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.1 4.7 5.2 6.1 6.8 7.5

2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.4 4.9 5.5

9.8 10.2 10.2 11.8 11.1 13.0 14.4 16.6 18.8 20.1

1950 ............................................ 1949 ............................................ 1948 ............................................ 1947 ............................................ 1946 ............................................ 1945 ............................................ 1944 ............................................ 1943 ............................................ 1942 ............................................ 1941 ............................................

19.2 19.8 20.6 21.1 22.8 23.9 27.0 26.7 28.2 29.9

17.1 17.5 18.3 18.7 20.4 21.4 24.5 24.2 25.5 26.5

32.5 34.6 36.5 39.6 40.9 42.0 45.4 46.2 49.3 54.0

20.5 21.4 22.2 22.8 24.0 24.3 24.7 24.7 25.7 27.7

19.4 20.3 21.2 21.7 23.1 23.3 23.6 23.7 24.5 26.1

27.5 28.6 29.1 31.0 31.5 32.0 32.5 32.9 34.6 39.0

29.2 31.3 32.0 32.2 33.8 38.3 39.8 40.4 40.4 45.3

26.8 28.9 29.9 30.1 31.8 35.6 36.9 37.5 37.3 41.2

44.5 47.3 46.5 48.5 49.5 57.0 60.3 62.5 64.6 74.8

8.3 9.0 11.7 13.5 15.7 20.7 22.8 24.5 25.9 31.7

6.1 6.8 8.9 10.9 13.1 17.2 18.9 21.1 22.2 26.6

22.2 23.5 30.1 33.5 35.9 45.5 50.6 51.0 54.4 67.8

1940 ............................................ 1939 ............................................ 1938 ............................................ 1937 ............................................ 1936 ............................................ 1935 ............................................ 1934 ............................................ 1933 ............................................ 1932 ............................................ 1931 ............................................

31.3 32.0 32.1 33.4 34.4 35.8 36.2 37.0 37.8 38.2

27.7 28.2 28.1 29.2 29.8 31.1 31.4 32.2 32.7 33.4

56.7 59.0 61.1 63.2 66.9 68.7 70.1 71.1 74.4 74.1

28.8 29.3 29.6 31.3 32.6 32.4 34.1 34.0 33.5 34.6

27.2 27.8 28.3 29.7 31.0 31.0 432.3 432.1 432.0 33.2

39.7 39.6 39.1 42.1 43.9 42.7 445.3 445.8 443.7 45.2

47.0 48.0 51.0 54.4 57.1 55.7 60.1 58.1 57.6 61.6

43.2 44.3 47.1 50.3 52.9 51.9 454.5 452.8 453.3 57.4

73.8 74.2 79.1 83.2 87.6 83.2 494.4 491.3 486.2 93.1

37.6 40.4 43.5 48.9 56.8 58.2 59.3 61.9 63.3 66.1

32.0 35.3 37.7 43.6 51.2 53.1 454.4 456.4 458.1 60.1

77.4 76.2 84.9 85.8 97.2 94.6 489.7 496.7 497.6 111.4

. . . = Not available. * = First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii.


73

Table 4-6—Series B 136-147. Fetal Death Ratio and Neonatal, Infant, and Maternal Mortality Rates, by Race, 1915–2001—Continued (Prior to 1933, for registration area only.) Fetal death ratio per 1,000 live births

Neonatal mortality rate per 1,000 live births

Infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births

Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births

Year Total

White

Black and other

Total

White

Black and other

Total

White

Black and other

Total

White

Black and other

1930 ............................................ 1929 ............................................ 1928 ............................................ 1927 ............................................ 1926 ............................................ 1925 ............................................ 1924 ............................................ 1923 ............................................ 1922 ............................................ 1921 ............................................

39.2 39.5 40.2 38.8 38.1 38.1 39.3 38.9 39.4 ...

34.0 34.4 35.0 34.8 35.1 35.1 35.8 35.9 36.4 ...

79.9 79.7 81.5 74.8 73.0 73.1 76.2 71.8 73.4 ...

35.7 36.9 37.2 36.1 37.9 37.8 38.6 39.5 39.7 39.7

34.2 35.6 35.7 35.0 37.1 36.8 37.4 38.6 38.8 38.7

47.4 47.3 48.8 46.1 48.0 49.5 51.2 49.9 49.9 50.3

64.6 67.6 68.7 64.6 73.3 71.7 70.8 77.1 76.2 75.6

60.1 63.2 64.0 60.6 70.0 68.3 66.8 73.5 73.2 72.5

99.9 102.2 106.2 100.1 111.8 110.8 112.9 117.4 110.0 108.5

67.3 69.5 69.2 64.7 65.6 64.7 65.6 66.5 66.4 68.2

60.9 63.1 62.7 59.4 61.9 60.3 60.7 62.6 62.8 64.4

117.4 119.9 121.0 113.3 107.1 116.2 117.9 109.5 106.8 107.7

1920 ............................................ 1919 ............................................ 1918 ............................................ 1917 ............................................ 1916 ............................................ 1915 ............................................

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

41.5 41.5 44.2 43.4 44.1 44.4

40.4 40.3 43.3 42.6 43.5 ...

55.0 55.2 60.5 58.0 68.9 ...

85.8 86.6 100.9 93.8 101.0 99.9

82.1 83.0 97.4 90.5 99.0 98.6

131.7 130.5 161.2 150.7 184.9 181.2

79.9 73.7 91.6 66.2 62.2 60.8

76.0 69.6 88.9 63.2 60.8 60.1

128.1 124.4 139.3 117.7 117.9 105.6

Source: National Center for Health Statistics. Births: Final Data for 2002 . . . = Not available.

74


Table 4-7. Number of Deaths, Death Rates, and Age-Adjusted Death Rates, by Race and Sex, Selected Years, 1940–2001 (Number, rate per 100,000 population.) All races 1 Year

Both sexes

White

American Indian 2

Black

Male

Female

Both sexes

Female

Male

Female

Both sexes

Male

Number of Deaths 2001 .................................. 2 416 425

1 183 421

1 233 004

2 079 691

1 011 218

1 068 473

287 709

145 908

141 801

11 977

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

.................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ..................................

2 403 351 2 391 399 2 337 256 2 314 245 2 314 690 2 312 132 2 278 994 2 268 553 2 175 613 2 169 518

1 177 578 1 175 460 1 157 260 1 154 039 1 163 569 1 172 959 1 162 747 1 161 797 1 122 336 1 121 665

1 225 773 1 215 939 1 179 996 1 160 206 1 151 121 1 139 173 1 116 247 1 106 756 1 053 277 1 047 853

2 071 287 2 061 348 2 015 984 1 996 393 1 992 966 1 987 437 1 959 875 1 951 437 1 873 781 1 868 904

1 007 191 1 005 335 990 190 986 884 991 984 997 277 988 823 988 329 956 957 956 497

1 064 096 1 056 013 1 025 794 1 009 509 1 000 982 990 160 971 052 963 108 916 824 912 407

285 826 285 064 278 440 276 520 282 089 286 401 282 379 282 151 269 219 269 525

145 184 145 703 143 417 144 110 149 472 154 175 153 019 153 502 146 630 147 331

140 642 139 361 135 023 132 410 132 617 132 226 129 360 128 649 122 589 122 194

11 363 11 312 10 845 10 576 10 127 9 997 9 637 9 579 8 953 8 621

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

.................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ..................................

2 148 463 2 150 466 2 167 999 2 123 323 2 105 361 2 086 440 2 039 369 2 019 201 1 974 797 1 977 981

1 113 417 1 114 190 1 125 540 1 107 958 1 104 005 1 097 758 1 076 514 1 071 923 1 056 440 1 063 772

1 035 046 1 036 276 1 042 459 1 015 365 1 001 356 988 682 962 855 947 278 918 357 914 209

1 853 254 1 853 841 1 876 906 1 843 067 1 831 083 1 819 054 1 781 897 1 765 582 1 729 085 1 731 233

950 812 950 852 965 419 953 382 952 554 950 455 934 529 931 779 919 239 925 490

902 442 902 989 911 487 889 685 878 529 868 599 847 368 833 803 809 846 805 743

265 498 267 642 264 019 254 814 250 326 244 207 235 884 233 124 226 513 228 560

145 359 146 393 144 228 139 551 137 214 133 610 129 147 127 911 125 610 127 296

120 139 121 249 119 791 115 263 113 112 110 597 106 737 105 213 100 903 101 264

1980 1970 1960 1950 1940

.................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ..................................

1 989 841 1 921 031 1 711 982 1 452 454 1 417 269

1 075 078 1 078 478 975 648 827 749 791 003

914 763 842 553 736 334 624 705 626 266

1 738 607 1 682 096 1 505 335 1 276 085 1 231 223

933 878 942 437 860 857 731 366 690 901

804 729 739 659 644 478 544 719 540 322

233 135 225 647 196 010 169 606 178 743

130 138 127 540 107 701 92 004 95 517

Death Rate 2001 ..................................

848.5

846.4

850.4

895.1

881.9

907.9

773.5

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

.................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ..................................

854.0 857.0 847.3 848.8 859.2 868.3 866.1 872.8 848.1 857.6

853.0 859.2 856.4 864.6 882.8 900.8 904.2 915.0 896.1 908.8

855.0 854.9 838.5 833.6 836.7 837.2 829.7 832.5 802.4 808.7

900.2 901.4 889.5 889.1 896.0 901.8 897.8 902.7 875.8 883.2

887.8 892.1 887.3 893.3 907.1 921.0 922.6 931.8 912.2 922.7

912.3 910.4 891.6 885.0 885.3 883.2 873.8 874.6 840.8 845.2

781.1 788.1 782.3 789.9 819.7 846.2 849.0 864.6 841.8 861.4

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

.................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ..................................

863.8 871.3 886.7 876.4 876.7 876.9 864.8 863.7 852.4 862.0

918.4 926.3 945.1 939.3 944.7 948.6 938.8 943.2 938.4 954.0

812.0 818.9 831.2 816.7 812.3 809.1 794.7 788.4 771.2 775.0

888.0 893.2 910.5 900.1 900.1 900.4 887.8 885.4 873.1 880.4

930.9 936.5 957.9 952.7 958.6 963.6 954.1 957.7 951.8 965.2

846.9 851.8 865.3 849.8 844.3 840.1 824.6 816.4 798.2 799.8

1980 1970 1960 1950 1940

.................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ..................................

878.3 945.3 954.7 963.8 1 076.4

976.9 1 090.3 1 104.5 1 106.1 1 197.4

785.3 807.8 809.2 823.5 954.6

892.5 946.3 947.8 945.7 1 041.5

983.3 1 086.7 1 098.5 1 089.5 1 162.2

Age-Adjusted Death Rate 2001 ..................................

854.5

1 029.1

721.8

836.5

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

.................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ..................................

869.0 875.6 870.6 878.1 894.1 909.8 913.5 926.1 905.6 922.3

1 053.8 1 067.0 1 069.4 1 088.1 1 115.7 1 143.9 1 155.5 1 177.3 1 158.3 1 180.5

731.4 734.0 724.7 725.6 733.0 739.4 738.6 745.9 725.5 738.2

849.8 854.6 849.3 855.7 869.0 882.3 885.6 897.0 877.7 893.2

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

.................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ..................................

938.7 950.5 975.7 970.0 978.6 988.1 982.5 990.0 985.0 1 007.1

1 202.8 1 215.0 1 250.7 1 246.1 1 261.7 1 278.1 1 271.4 1 284.5 1 279.9 1 308.2

750.9 761.8 781.0 774.2 778.7 784.5 779.8 783.3 776.6 792.7

1980 1970 1960 1950 1940

.................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ..................................

1 039.1 1 222.6 1 339.2 1 446.0 1 785.0

1 348.1 1 542.1 1 609.0 1 674.2 1 976.0

817.9 971.4 1 105.3 1 236.0 1 599.4

Asian or Pacific Islander 3

Female

Both sexes

Male

Female

6 466

5 511

37 048

19 829

17 219

6 185 6 092 5 994 5 985 5 563 5 574 5 497 5 434 5 181 4 948

5 178 5 220 4 851 4 591 4 564 4 423 4 140 4 145 3 772 3 673

34 875 33 675 31 987 30 756 29 508 28 297 27 103 25 386 23 660 22 173

19 018 18 330 17 659 17 060 16 550 15 933 15 408 14 532 13 568 12 727

15 857 15 345 14 328 13 696 12 958 12 364 11 695 10 854 10 092 9 446

8 316 8 614 7 917 7 602 7 301 7 154 6 949 6 839 6 679 6 608

4 877 5 066 4 617 4 432 4 365 4 181 4 117 4 064 3 974 4 016

3 439 3 548 3 300 3 170 2 936 2 973 2 832 2 775 2 705 2 592

21 127 20 042 18 963 17 689 16 514 15 887 14 483 13 554 12 430 11 475

12 211 11 688 11 155 10 496 9 795 9 441 8 627 8 126 7 564 6 908

8 916 8 354 7 808 7 193 6 719 6 446 5 856 5 428 4 866 4 567

102 997 98 107 88 309 77 602 83 226

6 923 5 675 4 528 4 440 4 791

4 193 3 391 2 658 2 497 2 527

2 730 ... ... ... ...

11 071 ... ... ... ...

6 809 ... ... ... ...

4 262 ... ... ... ...

823.9

727.7

392.1

424.2

360.2

303.8

335.0

274.0

834.1 847.4 848.2 867.1 915.3 960.2 970.2 992.2 967.6 994.8

733.0 734.3 722.6 720.1 733.3 743.2 739.7 749.6 728.6 741.4

380.8 399.3 397.8 402.7 399.5 409.4 408.2 419.8 406.6 405.3

415.6 431.8 441.9 458.2 441.5 459.4 468.8 479.6 474.1 468.9

346.1 367.1 354.2 347.7 358.0 360.1 348.3 360.7 340.0 342.7

296.6 296.8 293.8 294.1 294.4 294.6 294.6 288.0 282.1 278.7

332.9 333.2 335.4 336.8 340.2 341.4 344.0 338.1 331.1 326.9

262.3 262.5 254.9 253.9 251.1 250.4 247.7 240.3 235.3 232.4

871.0 887.9 888.3 868.9 864.9 854.8 836.1 836.6 823.4 842.4

1 008.0 1 026.7 1 026.1 1 006.2 1 002.6 989.3 968.5 971.2 966.2 992.6

747.9 763.2 764.6 745.7 741.5 734.2 717.4 715.9 695.5 707.7

402.8 430.5 411.7 410.7 409.5 416.4 419.6 428.5 434.5 445.6

476.4 510.7 485.0 483.8 494.9 492.5 502.7 515.1 522.9 547.9

330.4 351.3 339.9 339.0 325.9 342.5 338.4 343.9 348.1 345.6

283.3 280.9 282.0 278.9 276.2 283.4 275.9 276.1 271.3 272.3

334.3 334.5 339.0 338.3 335.1 344.6 336.5 339.1 338.3 336.2

234.3 229.4 227.4 222.0 219.9 224.9 218.1 216.1 207.4 211.5

806.1 812.6 800.9 ... ...

875.4 999.3 1 038.6 ... ...

1 034.1 1 186.6 1 181.7 ... ...

733.3 ... ... ... ...

487.4 ... ... ... ...

597.1 ... ... ... ...

380.1 ... ... ... ...

296.9 ... ... ... ...

375.3 ... ... ... ...

222.5 ... ... ... ...

1 006.1

706.7

1 101.2

1 375.0

912.5

686.7

798.9

594.0

492.1

597.4

412.0

1 029.4 1 040.0 1 042.0 1 059.1 1 082.9 1 107.5 1 118.7 1 138.9 1 122.4 1 143.1

715.3 716.6 707.3 707.8 713.6 718.7 717.5 724.1 704.1 716.1

1 121.4 1 135.7 1 127.8 1 139.8 1 178.4 1 213.9 1 216.9 1 241.2 1 206.7 1 235.4

1 403.5 1 432.6 1 430.5 1 458.8 1 524.2 1 585.7 1 592.8 1 632.2 1 587.8 1 626.1

927.6 933.6 921.6 922.1 940.3 955.9 954.6 969.5 942.5 963.3

709.3 841.5 780.9 925.9 770.4 943.9 774.0 974.8 763.6 924.8 771.2 932.0 764.8 953.3 796.4 1 006.3 759.0 970.4 763.9 970.6

604.5 668.2 640.5 625.3 641.7 643.9 618.8 641.6 599.4 608.3

506.4 519.7 522.4 531.8 543.2 554.8 562.7 565.8 558.5 566.2

624.2 641.2 646.9 660.2 676.1 693.4 702.5 709.9 697.3 703.4

416.8 427.5 426.7 432.6 439.6 446.7 452.1 450.4 445.8 453.2

909.8 920.2 947.6 943.4 952.8 963.6 959.7 967.3 963.6 984.0

1 165.9 1 176.6 1 215.9 1 213.4 1 230.5 1 249.8 1 245.9 1 259.4 1 255.9 1 282.2

728.8 738.8 759.1 753.3 758.1 764.3 760.7 763.9 758.7 773.6

1 250.3 1 275.5 1 284.3 1 263.1 1 266.7 1 261.2 1 236.7 1 240.5 1 221.3 1 258.4

1 644.5 1 670.1 1 677.6 1 650.3 1 650.1 1 634.5 1 600.8 1 600.7 1 580.4 1 626.6

975.1 998.1 1 006.8 989.7 994.4 994.4 976.9 980.7 960.1 986.6

716.3 916.2 761.6 999.8 718.6 917.4 719.8 899.3 720.8 926.7 731.7 926.1 761.7 946.0 757.3 945.0 757.0 940.1 784.6 1 030.2

561.8 586.3 563.6 583.7 549.3 577.2 567.9 605.5 604.4 588.0

582.0 581.3 584.2 577.3 576.4 586.5 574.4 565.1 550.4 544.7

716.4 729.6 732.0 732.4 730.5 755.4 724.7 718.8 738.2 710.3

469.3 458.4 451.0 448.1 445.4 456.7 443.1 428.8 410.3 405.3

1 012.7 1 193.3 1 311.3 1 410.8 1 735.3

1 317.6 1 513.7 1 586.0 1 642.5 1 925.2

796.1 944.0 1 074.4 1 198.0 1 550.4

1 314.8 1 518.1 1 577.5 ... ...

1 697.8 1 873.9 1 811.1 ... ...

1 033.3 1 228.7 1 369.7 ... ...

867.0 1 111.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

662.4 ... ... ... ...

589.9 ... ... ... ...

786.5 ... ... ... ...

425.9 ... ... ... ...

Male

Both sexes

Source: National Center for Health Statistics. Deaths: Final Data for 2001. 1For

1940–1991 includes deaths among races not shown separately; beginning in 1992 records coded as "other races" and records for which race was unknown, not stated, or not classifiable were assigned to the race of the previous record. Aleuts and Eskimos. Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian, Japanese, and Other Asian or Pacific Islander. . . . = Not available.

2Includes 3Includes

SECTION

5

MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE

76


SECTION 5

MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE Highlights

Marriages and Divorces, 1920–2001 3,000 Marriages Divorces

Number (thousands)

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2001

Year

1

Since 1944, marriage and divorce statistics have been available on a uniform basis (i.e., the data are tabulated under standardized headings for all units). A census block for the collection of data on marriage registration was established in 1957 and for divorce registration in 1958.

2

The divorce rate in 1950 was 2.6 per 1,000 population. The rate climbed to 5.3 in 1981, before leveling off. In 2001, the divorce rate had dropped slightly to 4.0 per 1,000 people.

3

The median age at marriage rose for females from 20.6 in 1970 to 24.0 in 1990 and for males from 22.5 to 25.9 in the same period.

4

The median duration of marriage for divorced couples was 7.2 years in 1990. More divorced men and widowers remarry than divorced women and widows. Per 1,000 persons aged 15 and older, 76.2 divorcees and 5.2 widows remarry compared with 105.9 for divorced men and 23.8 widowers.

SECTION 5: MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE

77

Table 5-1—Series B 3-4. Marriages and Divorces, 1920–2001 (Number in thousands.) Year

Marriages 1

Divorces 2

2001 .................................................................

2 327

...

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

2 329 2 358 2 244 2 384 2 344 2 336 2 362 2 334 2 362 2 371

... ... 1 135 1 163 1 150 1 169 1 191 1 187 1 215 1 187

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

2 443 2 403 2 396 2 403 2 407 2 413 2 477 2 446 2 456 2 422

1 182 1 157 1 167 1 166 1 178 1 190 1 169 1 158 1 170 1 213

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

2 390 2 331 2 282 2 178 2 155 2 153 2 230 2 284 2 282 2 190

1 189 1 181 1 130 1 091 1 083 1 036 977 915 845 773

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

2 163 2 145 2 069 1 927 1 857 1 800 1 725 1 654 1 577 1 548

708 639 584 523 499 479 450 428 413 414

1960* ................................................................ 1959 ................................................................. 1958 ................................................................. 1957 ................................................................. 1956 ................................................................. 1955 ................................................................. 1954 ................................................................. 1953 ................................................................. 1952 ................................................................. 1951 .................................................................

1 523 1 494 1 451 1 518 1 585 1 531 1 490 1 546 1 539 1 595

393 395 368 381 382 377 379 390 392 381

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

1 667 1 580 1 811 1 992 2 291 1 613 1 452 1 577 1 772 1 696

385 397 408 483 610 485 400 359 321 293

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

1 596 1 404 1 331 1 451 1 369 1 327 1 302 1 098 982 1 061

264 251 244 249 236 218 204 165 164 188

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

1 127 1 233 1 182 1 201 1 203 1 188 1 185 1 230 1 134 1 164

196 206 200 196 185 175 171 165 149 160

1920 .................................................................

1 274

171

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes

estimates for some states through 1965 and also for 1976 and 1977 and marriage licenses for some states for all years except 1973 and 1975. Beginning 1978, includes nonlicensed marriages in California. reported annulments and some estimate state figures for all years. . . . = Not available. * = First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. 2Includes

78


Table 5-2—Series B 214-215. Marriage Rate, 1920–2001 Year

Marriages per 1,000 unmarried females 1

Marriages per 1,000 population

2001 .................................................................

8.4

...

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

8.5 8.6 8.3 8.9 8.8 8.9 9.1 9.0 9.3 9.4

... ... ... ... 49.7 50.8 51.5 52.3 53.3 54.2

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

9.8 9.7 9.8 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.6

54.5 54.2 54.6 55.7 56.2 57.0 59.5 59.9 61.4 61.7

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

10.6 10.4 10.3 9.9 9.9 10.0 10.5 10.9 10.9 10.6

61.4 63.6 64.1 63.6 65.2 66.9 72.0 76.0 77.5 76.3

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

10.6 10.6 10.4 9.7 9.5 9.3 9.0 8.8 8.5 8.5

76.7 80.0 79.1 76.4 75.6 75.0 74.6 73.4 71.2 72.2

1960* ................................................................ 1959 ................................................................. 1958 ................................................................. 1957 ................................................................. 1956 ................................................................. 1955 ................................................................. 1954 ................................................................. 1953 ................................................................. 1952 ................................................................. 1951 .................................................................

8.5 8.5 8.4 8.9 9.5 9.3 9.2 9.8 9.9 10.4

73.5 73.6 72.0 78.0 82.4 80.9 79.8 83.7 83.2 86.6

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

11.1 10.6 12.4 13.9 16.4 12.2 10.9 11.7 13.2 12.7

90.2 86.7 98.5 106.2 118.1 83.6 76.5 83.0 93.0 88.5

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

12.1 10.7 10.3 11.3 10.7 10.4 10.3 8.7 7.9 8.6

82.8 73.0 69.9 78.0 74.0 72.5 71.8 61.3 56.0 61.9

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

9.2 10.1 9.8 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 11.0 10.3 10.7

67.6 75.5 74.1 77.0 78.7 79.2 80.3 85.2 79.7 83.0

1920 .................................................................

12.0

92.0

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 115 years and over. . . . = Not available. * = First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii.


79

Table 5-3—Series B 216-218. Divorce Rate, 1920–2001 Divorce rate Year Per 1,000 married females 1

Per 1,000 population

Median duration of marriage (years)

2001 .................................................................

4.0

...

...

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

4.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.8 4.7

... ... ... ... 19.5 19.8 20.5 20.5 21.2 20.9

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.3

20.9 20.4 20.7 20.8 21.2 21.7 21.5 21.3 21.7 22.6

7.2 7.2 7.1 7.0 6.9 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.0

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

5.2 5.3 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.1 3.7

22.6 22.8 21.9 21.1 21.1 20.3 19.3 18.2 17.0 15.7

6.8 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.7 ...

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

3.5 3.2 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.3

14.9 13.4 12.4 11.2 10.9 10.6 10.0 9.6 9.4 9.6

6.7 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.4 7.5 7.3 7.1

1960* ................................................................ 1959 ................................................................. 1958 ................................................................. 1957 ................................................................. 1956 ................................................................. 1955 ................................................................. 1954 ................................................................. 1953 ................................................................. 1952 ................................................................. 1951 .................................................................

2.2 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5

9.2 9.3 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.3 9.5 9.9 10.1 9.9

7.2 7.0 6.4 6.7 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.1 6.1 6.0

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

2.6 2.7 2.8 3.4 4.3 3.5 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.2

10.3 10.6 11.2 13.6 17.9 14.4 12.0 11.0 10.1 9.4

5.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.5

8.8 8.5 8.4 8.7 8.3 7.8 7.5 6.1 6.1 7.1

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5

7.5 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.5 7.2 7.2 7.1 6.6 7.2

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1920 .................................................................

1.6

8.0

...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 115 years and over. Population enumerated as of April 1 for 1940, 1950, and 1960 and estimated as of July 1 for all other years; includes Armed Forces abroad for 1941–1946. . . . = Not available. * = First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii.

80


Table 5-4. Marital History for People 15 Years and Over, by Age and Sex, Fall 1996 (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Characteristic

Total, 15 years and over

15 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years

35 to 39 years

40 to 49 years

50 to 59 years

60 to 69 years

70 years and over

Men Total (in thousands) ...............................

99 005

9 680

8 658

9 445

10 568

11 138

19 381

12 157

9 038

8 940

Percent .................................................. Never married ........................................ Ever married .......................................... Married once ..................................... Still married 1 ................................. Married twice ..................................... Still married 1 ................................. Married 3 or more times .................... Still married 1 ................................. Ever divorced ........................................ Currently divorced ............................. Ever widowed ........................................ Currently widowed .............................

100.0 30.6 69.4 53.8 44.4 12.6 10.1 3.1 2.3 20.4 8.2 3.9 2.6

100.0 99.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 -

100.0 81.7 18.3 17.8 16.2 0.5 0.4 1.3 0.9 -

100.0 48.6 51.4 48.8 41.8 2.4 2.0 0.2 0.2 7.3 5.2 0.2 0.1

100.0 28.7 71.3 62.2 53.0 8.4 7.1 0.7 0.5 16.1 8.1 0.2 0.2

100.0 19.2 80.8 64.9 54.0 13.8 11.1 2.1 1.8 24.3 10.8 0.3 0.1

100.0 12.0 88.0 63.3 51.6 20.0 16.0 4.8 3.8 34.1 13.9 1.2 0.6

100.0 5.3 94.7 65.5 54.5 22.1 17.5 7.0 5.1 35.7 13.1 3.5 1.9

100.0 5.2 94.8 70.5 59.1 18.7 15.4 5.6 4.4 26.8 9.2 9.2 5.1

100.0 4.4 95.6 73.9 55.5 17.0 12.6 4.7 3.2 18.0 4.5 25.1 18.6

Women Total (in thousands) ...............................

106 477

9 253

8 749

9 725

10 769

11 342

20 029

12 982

10 400

13 228

Percent .................................................. Never married ........................................ Ever married .......................................... Married once ..................................... Still married 1 ................................. Married twice ..................................... Still married 1 ................................. Married 3 or more times .................... Still married 1 ................................. Ever divorced ........................................ Currently divorced ............................. Ever widowed ........................................ Currently widowed .............................

100.0 23.6 76.4 59.9 42.0 13.4 9.1 3.1 1.8 22.2 10.3 12.1 10.5

100.0 96.6 3.4 3.4 3.0 -

100.0 67.0 33.0 31.7 27.4 1.2 1.1 3.2 2.1 0.2 0.2

100.0 35.3 64.7 58.8 48.9 5.5 4.6 0.4 0.3 12.2 7.1 0.3 0.2

100.0 18.7 81.3 68.5 57.0 11.4 9.6 1.4 1.1 20.8 9.5 0.7 0.3

100.0 14.1 85.9 66.8 53.3 16.0 12.0 3.1 2.3 27.8 12.8 1.8 1.0

100.0 8.6 91.4 65.8 49.2 20.6 15.5 5.0 3.4 37.0 17.2 3.8 2.6

100.0 5.0 95.0 69.4 50.3 19.3 13.2 6.3 3.9 34.6 16.6 10.7 8.2

100.0 3.7 96.3 74.7 48.4 17.3 10.5 4.3 2.4 26.1 11.5 25.5 21.6

100.0 4.2 95.8 76.2 28.1 16.0 6.0 3.6 0.9 16.7 5.6 58.3 54.5

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Reports P70-80. Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: Fall 1996 Note: Figures projected onto U.S. population in 1996 based on survey of 37,000 households from the U.S. Census Bureau Survey of Income and Program Participation. 1Includes

those currently separated. - = Quantity zero or rounds to zero.


81

Table 5-5. Percent Reaching Stated Anniversary by Marriage Cohort and Sex for First and Second Marriages, Fall 1996 (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Sex and year of marriage

Number of marriages (thousands)

Anniversary 1 5th

10th

15th

20th

25th

30th

35th

40th

FIRST MARRIAGES Men 1945 to 1949 1950 to 1954 1955 to 1959 1960 to 1964 1965 to 1969 1970 to 1974 1975 to 1979 1980 to 1984 1985 to 1989

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

3 634 4 009 4 706 5 153 6 538 7 332 7 196 7 679 7 954

94.7 96.8 94.2 94.4 90.5 87.4 86.3 86.5 87.6

90.8 90.5 86.4 82.2 76.3 71.8 71.2 73.9 X

86.5 85.2 78.7 74.2 66.1 62.8 62.3 X X

82.5 80.4 73.6 67.4 61.0 57.7 X X X

79.3 76.6 69.6 62.7 56.5 X X X X

76.0 73.5 65.8 58.9 X X X X X

72.9 70.6 62.9 X X X X X X

70.8 67.4 X X X X X X X

Women 1945 to 1949 1950 to 1954 1955 to 1959 1960 to 1964 1965 to 1969 1970 to 1974 1975 to 1979 1980 to 1984 1985 to 1989

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

5 336 5 195 5 293 5 657 7 222 8 188 8 006 8 349 8 347

95.0 94.6 94.6 92.6 90.0 86.7 85.4 86.4 86.4

90.2 89.2 87.5 82.1 76.1 70.7 69.6 73.0 X

86.1 82.9 78.7 72.0 65.4 62.0 61.4 X X

81.2 77.2 71.7 63.7 59.4 55.9 X X X

75.3 71.9 66.3 58.6 53.8 X X X X

70.4 65.9 62.3 55.1 X X X X X

65.2 61.1 58.2 X X X X X X

59.0 56.1 X X X X X X X

Men 1975 to 1979 ......................................... 1980 to 1984 ......................................... 1985 to 1989 .........................................

2 178 2 800 2 669

89.3 87.6 86.7

68.9 69.0 X

X X X

X X X

X X X

X X X

X X X

X X X

Women 1975 to 1979 ......................................... 1980 to 1984 ......................................... 1985 to 1989 .........................................

2 301 2 937 3 016

82.4 84.1 83.0

63.8 64.2 X

X X X

X X X

X X X

X X X

X X X

X X X

SECOND MARRIAGES

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Reports P70-80. Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: Fall 1996 Note: Figures projected onto U.S. population in 1996 based on survey of 37,000 households from the U.S. Census Bureau Survey of Income and Program Participation. 1Persons

reaching stated anniversary for specified marital order. X = Not applicable.

SECTION

6

HEALTH

84


SECTION 6

HEALTH Highlights

Number of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Cases Reported by Sex, 1990–2002 70,000 Men Women 60,000

Number

50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

0 1990

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Year

1

The federal government has provided hospital and medical care directly to specified groups of beneficiaries since 1798 when President Andrew Johnson signed into law the Act for the Relief of Sick and Disabled Seamen. Since that time, federally sponsored and financed medical care has been expanded to include such groups as Native Americans, Alaskan natives, veterans, narcotics addicts, and owners of commercial fishing boats. State, local, and county governments also provide hospital and medical care for their residents.

2

Beginning in 1966, the Medicaid Program which was enacted as Title XIX of the Social Security Act, enabled

states to provide a single health program for the indigent with federal financial participation. Medicaid offers five basic services: inpatient hospital care; outpatient hospital services; laboratory and X-ray services; nursing home services; and physicians’ services. In addition, states may offer other services, such as prescription plans or dental care, for which they receive matching federal funds.

3

Federal health insurance for the aged (Medicare) became effective July 1, 1966, providing hospital and medical protection to an enrolled population aged 65 and over. It includes Part A (hospital program) and Part

SECTION 6: HEALTH B (a supplementary program covering physicians’ services, outpatient hospital services, therapy, tests, ambulance services, and certain medical supplies). The Part A program is financed on a self-supporting basis through a federal tax, the proceeds of which are placed in a trust fund. Part B is financed through monthly premium payments paid by enrollees and matched by the federal government.

4

The first medical school in the United States, the College of Philadelphia Department of Medicine (now the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine) was founded in 1765. The number of medical schools increased to three by 1800, 52 in 1850, and 162 in 1906. From 1906 to 1929, the number declined sharply because of tougher accreditation procedures by the American Medical Association’s Council on Medical Education.

5 The first dental school, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, was founded in 1840. Before that date physi-

85

report certain diseases to health officers or boards of health. Over the next three decades all states made similar requirements. In 1871, the federal government passed a law providing for the collection of such statistics. By 1912, the data were supplied by 19 states and the District of Columbia on diphtheria, measles, poliomyelitis, scarlet fever, tuberculosis, typhoid, and smallpox. None of these is now considered an important threat to public health. General statistics on health are collected and published by the National Center for Health Statistics in its National Health Interview Survey and National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Data on diseases are compiled by the Public Health Service through its Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta and published in Morbidity and Mortality Report.

11 In 2001, 31.3 million Americans were enrolled in the Medicaid program. Of these, 13.3 million live below the poverty level.

12

cians also practiced dentistry. From 1840 to 1880, dental practitioners learned their trade as apprentices, and it was not until 1880 that most states enacted laws requiring graduation from an accredited dental school.

$29.2 billion was spent on medical research in the United States in 2001, compared with $2 million in 1970.

6 Nursing education began in 1873 with the opening of three schools and by 1893, 70 were in operation. By

In 2001, 14.6 percent of the population, or 41.2 million people, carried no medical insurance coverage of any kind and had no safety net. Texas leads the country with 23.5 percent of its residents lacking health coverage, followed by New Mexico (20.7 percent) and California (19 percent).

1923, all states had licensing bodies for the nursing profession.

7

The first physician in the American Colonies was Dr. Lawrence Bohune, physician of the London Company, who arrived in Virginia in 1610. The first physician in New England was Dr. Samuel Fuller, one of the signers of the Compact on board the Mayflower on November 21, 1620. The first American medical graduate was Dr. John Archer, who graduated with nine others from the University of Pennsylvania in 1768.

8

The first American dentist was Josiah Flagg, who, at the age of 18, began practicing dentistry in Boston in 1782.

9

The first trained nurse in the United States was Linda Ann Judson Richards, who graduated from the training school of the New England Hospital for Women and Children in 1873.

10 Disease notification began in the Colonial period on a local basis, particularly in the port cities. It was limited to epidemics of pestilential diseases. Statewide notification was not required until 1883, when Michigan passed a law under which physicians were asked to

13

14 There were 500 health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in the United States in 2002, compared with 235 in 1980. An HMO is a prepaid health plan offering comprehensive care to members through designated providers, with a fixed periodic payment for healthcare services and a requirement that members be in a plan for a specified period of time. A Group HMO delivers health services through a physician group that is controlled by the HMO or that contracts with one or more independent group practices for the same purpose. An Individual Practice Association (IPA) HMO contracts directly with physicians, associations of independent physicians, or multispecialty group practices. The total enrollment of these HMOs reached 76.1 million in 2001, compared with 33 million in 1990.

15 The number of professionally active physicians in the United States in 2001 was 836,200, of which 189,400 were foreign medical graduates, 556,600 were males, 195,100 were females, 514,000 were in an office-based practice, 138,300 were in a hospital-based practice, and 20,000 were in federal service. The number of registered active nurses in 2000 was 2.2 million, or 495 per 100,000.

86


16 The number of medical schools in the United States has remained steady since 1980 at between 125

22 The number of Caesarean deliveries rose steadily from 195,000 in 1970 to 973,000 in 2001. These deliver-

and 127. These schools had a total enrollment of 66,160, a figure that also has remained steady since 1980. In 2001, 15,778 students graduated from these schools.

ies are most common among women 35 years of age and older.

17 The mean net income of physicians has grown from $5,224 in 1929 to $12,324 in 1950, $97,000 in 1982, $155,800 in 1989, and $205,700 in 2001. Surgeons report the highest income, earning an average of $274,700 annually, while pediatricians were among the lowest with an average annual income at $137,800. Physicians carry a large malpractice insurance premium load, which, in the case of obstetricians and gynecologists averages $39,200 a year.

18

In 2001, there were 5,801 hospitals in the United States (down from 6,965 in 1980), of which only 3,084 had 100 beds or more. Of the total, community hospitals numbered 4,908, for-profits 754, psychiatric hospitals 401, and federal hospitals 243. Hospital beds numbered 1.035 million, or 3.9 per 1,000 persons. Of these beds, only 658,000 are in use on any given day.

19 The average length of stay in a hospital in 2001 is 5.7 days, down from 15.3 days in 1931, 10.1 days in 1953, and 7 7 days in 1980. Because of pressure from HMOs, patients are allowed to remain in hospital care for fewer days than before. For the same reason, more cases are treated on an outpatient or ambulatory basis.

20 The average cost per day of a hospital stay rose from $5.21 in 1946 to $10.67 in 1954, $21.00 in 1963, $45.01 in 1969, $53.95 in 1970, $134 in 1975, $245 in 1980, $460 in 1985, $687 in 1990, and $1,127 in 2001.

21

Organ transplants and grafts have become relatively common since the 1970s. In 2002, there were 2,153 heart transplants, 5,326 liver transplants, 14,741 kidney transplants, 1,042 lung transplants, 46,625 cornea grafts.

23 The number of abortions in the United States increased from 586,000 in 1972 (around the time of Roe v. Wade), to 1,315,000 in 1999, although this figure represents a drop from the peak of 1,609,000 in 1990. There were 21.4 abortions per 1,000 women (15 to 44 years of age) in 1999, compared with 29.4 in 1980. Nearly 45.8 percent of all pregnancies to Black women end in abortion, compared with 15.2 percent for Whites.

24

In 1999, there were 18, 000 nursing homes (down from 19,100 in 1985), with 1,965,000 beds. Twelve thousand of these nursing homes are owned by proprietary for-profit corporations.

25

In 1998, there were 3, 729 mental health facilities, of which 1,038 were mental hospitals. These facilities have 267, 700 inpatient beds.

26

Unintentional injuries caused a loss of $516.9 billion in 2001, including wage and productivity losses, medical and administrative expenses, and damages. Of this amount, motor vehicle accidents accounted for $199.6 billion.

27

Marijuana and hashish remain the drugs of choice among 12-to-17-year olds, with 19.7 percent of persons in that age group acknowledging their use in 2001. There are 13, 926 substance abuse treatment facilities in the United States in 2002, which treated 1,142,080 clients in 2002. In 1997, 684,317 persons were identified as having serious drug addictions and 623,735 persons as having serious alcohol problems.

SECTION 6: HEALTH

87

Table 6-1—Series B 221-235. Total National Health Expenditures, by Type of Service, 1929–2003 (Number.) Research and medical-facilities construction

Health services and supplies

Year

Total Total

Hospital care

Physicians’ services

Dentists’ services

Other Drugs Eyeprofesand drug glasses and sional 1 sundries appliances services 1

Nursing home care

Government public health activities

Other health services

Research 2

Construction

2003 .............................................. 2002 .............................................. 2001 ..............................................

1 673 593 1 553 009 1 420 688

1 613 586 1 496 336 1 370 040

518 104 486 511 444 316

362 789 339 544 315 137

74 008 70 319 65 614

120 840 104 951 90 319

184 105 162 413 140 815

19 611 18 754 18 162

106 983 103 167 99 116

56 251 51 160 48 325

50 755 45 803 40 874

36 340 34 307 31 495

23 667 22 366 19 153

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

1 309 444 1 222 602 1 150 308 1 092 784 1 039 343 990 221 937 150 888 063 827 042 761 827

1 261 449 1 181 673 1 112 057 1 055 545 1 005 114 957 643 904 680 856 274 797 125 734 561

413 178 393 465 378 535 367 613 355 210 343 580 332 398 319 963 302 267 279 485

290 304 270 883 256 830 240 970 229 393 220 534 210 483 201 239 189 721 175 003

60 726 56 389 53 156 50 168 46 818 44 486 41 432 38 878 37 013 33 279

80 308 72 985 64 467 60 878 61 049 60 512 58 202 53 304 43 348 40 083

121 540 104 421 87 271 75 747 67 160 60 779 54 636 51 250 48 224 44 892

17 750 17 231 16 851 16 157 15 284 14 185 13 323 12 797 12 230 11 397

93 790 89 572 89 103 85 063 79 911 74 574 68 325 65 713 62 304 58 315

45 817 43 728 37 997 35 439 32 916 31 430 30 009 27 219 24 845 22 447

36 724 33 698 30 181 27 708 25 798 22 918 19 881 16 130 13 605 11 830

28 777 23 374 20 536 18 717 17 834 17 094 16 252 15 587 15 048 13 871

19 218 17 555 17 716 18 522 16 396 15 484 16 218 16 202 14 870 13 395

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

695 999 622 654 558 090 498 025 457 242 426 833 390 123 353 532 321 006 285 092

669 615 598 689 535 378 477 769 439 201 409 092 372 142 336 441 305 383 271 085

253 918 229 295 209 402 192 094 177 941 166 577 156 020 146 257 135 072 118 689

157 539 141 944 127 363 111 717 99 562 89 812 76 532 67 844 60 817 54 865

31 502 29 297 27 325 25 258 23 108 21 650 19 833 18 271 16 953 15 698

40 000 35 302 26 555 20 610 21 950 25 195 23 962 18 755 16 544 14 180

40 290 34 758 30 646 26 888 24 290 21 795 19 617 17 323 15 029 13 398

10 606 9 580 8 698 7 750 7 125 6 463 5 777 4 886 4 324 4 046

52 705 45 673 40 505 36 331 33 508 30 680 27 872 25 479 22 791 20 206

20 219 17 985 15 504 13 796 12 620 11 555 10 126 9 435 8 830 7 793

9 647 8 567 7 289 6 530 5 908 5 276 4 649 4 277 3 834 3 544

12 656 11 756 10 810 10 070 8 968 8 302 7 678 6 484 6 040 5 694

13 728 12 210 11 903 10 187 9 073 9 440 10 304 10 607 9 583 8 312

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

245 758 213 935 189 412 169 403 148 826 129 841 113 730 100 540 90 674 80 952

233 483 203 115 179 037 159 657 138 976 120 962 105 963 93 318 83 567 74 533

101 549 87 067 76 336 67 947 60 054 51 910 44 812 38 586 34 385 30 691

47 073 40 630 35 293 32 595 28 183 24 814 21 738 19 107 17 269 15 534

13 323 11 893 10 957 10 055 8 972 7 956 7 076 6 323 5 516 5 181

12 147 12 066 11 233 9 532 6 864 5 056 4 663 4 964 4 488 3 367

12 049 10 744 9 891 9 196 8 722 8 052 7 422 6 817 6 324 5 877

3 863 3 617 3 284 3 020 2 817 2 626 2 334 2 138 1 919 1 675

17 674 15 304 13 439 11 499 9 905 8 664 7 397 6 352 5 515 4 761

6 740 5 635 4 895 4 106 3 332 2 939 2 591 2 124 1 854 1 674

3 278 2 853 2 527 2 348 2 177 1 989 1 814 1 598 1 489 1 296

5 461 4 776 4 457 3 891 3 728 3 326 2 745 2 506 2 375 2 097

6 814 6 045 5 917 5 855 6 122 5 553 5 022 4 715 4 732 4 322

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

73 056 64 587 57 460 50 691 45 128 41 012 37 461 33 530 31 295 28 783

67 324 59 362 53 061 46 751 41 357 37 365 34 375 30 890 28 857 26 766

27 630 23 799 20 943 18 144 15 566 13 816 12 697 11 709 10 658 9 921

13 980 12 370 11 002 10 084 8 980 8 328 8 056 6 891 6 498 5 895

4 669 4 174 3 664 3 409 2 961 2 793 2 648 2 277 2 234 2 067

2 773 2 551 2 769 2 297 2 215 2 006 940 921 902 882

5 497 5 149 4 742 4 227 3 985 3 715 4 446 4 235 4 095 3 824

1 649 1 437 1 238 1 062 1 128 1 004 1 072 952 908 804

4 216 3 567 2 981 2 337 1 811 1 471 1 214 891 695 606

1 356 1 175 969 861 732 621 610 540 505 452

1 266 1 209 1 110 1 021 919 778 1 511 1 380 1 277 1 320

1 956 1 921 1 884 1 771 1 623 1 523 1 324 1 184 1 032 844

3 776 3 304 2 514 2 169 2 148 2 123 1 762 1 456 1 406 1 174

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

26 895 24 878 22 848 21 108 19 246 17 745 16 799 15 745 14 988 13 992

25 185 23 354 21 442 19 885 18 348 16 884 15 946 14 895 13 949 12 912

9 092 8 177 7 548 6 892 6 347 5 900 5 502 5 085 4 685 4 254

5 684 5 481 4 910 4 419 4 067 3 689 3 574 3 278 3 042 2 868

1 977 1 894 1 850 1 737 1 625 1 508 1 406 1 234 1 098 997

862 801 729 673 610 562 541 499 459 426

3 657 3 525 3 242 3 010 2 686 2 384 2 181 2 152 2 071 1 989

776 722 678 678 668 604 606 612 586 551

526 434 383 368 358 312 270 248 228 207

414 428 424 415 402 377 374 378 427 416

1 336 1 138 1 045 1 011 965 924 904 911 952 883

662 526 416 344 270 210 183 164 150 134

1 048 998 990 879 628 651 670 686 889 946

1950 1949 1948 1940 1935 1929

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

12 662 11 576 10 612 3 987 2 936 3 649

11 702 10 811 10 184 3 868 2 875 3 436

3 851 3 557 3 203 1 011 763 663

2 747 2 633 2 611 973 773 1 004

961 920 900 419 302 482

396 371 354 174 153 252

1 726 1 557 1 466 637 475 606

491 458 436 189 133 133

187 168 150 33 ... ...

361 338 306 153 117 96

666 539 470 112 64 91

117 105 89 3 ... ...

843 660 339 116 61 213

1Services

of registered and practical nurses in private duty, visits of nurses, podiatrists, physical therapists, clinical psychologists, chiropractors, naturopaths, and Christian Science practitioners. expenditures of drug companies included in expenditures for drugs and drug sundries and excluded from research expenditures. . . . = Not available.

2Research

88


Table 6-2—Series B 236-247. National and Personal Health Care Expenditures, by Source of Funds, 1929–2002 (Billions of dollars, percent.) National health expenditures Year

Personal health care expenditures

Percent of gross national product

Amount

Private insurance benefits

Public expenditures

2002 ................................................................................................................................................................. 2001 .................................................................................................................................................................

1 553.0 1 420.7

14.9 14.1

479.3 437.2

592.2 540.0

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................

1 309.4 1 222.6 1 150.3 1 092.8 1 039.3 990.2 937.2 888.1 827.0 761.8

13.3 13.2 13.1 13.1 13.3 13.4 13.3 13.4 13.1 12.7

398.7 366.4 342.0 319.2 302.2 288.8 271.4 259.9 242.6 224.5

489.8 457.9 437.9 426.6 409.8 386.2 361.1 330.5 304.7 272.3

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................

666.2 602.8 546.0 494.1 454.8 422.6 389.6 358.6 326.1 290.2

12.2 11.6 11.2 10.9 10.7 10.5 10.3 10.5 10.3 9.5

203.6 179.2 157.0 135.0 119.4 111.3 100.1 91.1 82.4 71.4

237.9 211.5 189.8 175.8 160.9 146.7 135.6 124.2 112.3 100.8

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................

250.1 217.2 193.7 172.0 152.2 132.9 116.1 102.5 92.3 82.3

9.2 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.5 8.3 7.9 7.5 7.6 7.5

60.6 51.7 43.9 38.6 32.9 32.9 27.8 24.6 21.9 19.1

86.6 74.3 65.1 57.7 50.8 50.2 42.8 35.9 31.8 28.2

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................

71.6 64.1 56.6 50.7 44.9 40.5 37.5 33.5 31.3 28.8

7.3 6.9 6.5 6.4 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.5

15.7 13.1 11.3 9.5 9.1 8.7 7.8 7.0 6.3 5.7

21.9 19.7 17.5 14.6 9.5 7.3 6.9 6.4 6.0 5.6

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................

26.9 24.9 22.8 21.1 19.2 17.7 16.8 15.7 15.0 14.0

5.3 5.1 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.3

5.0 4.4 3.9 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.3

5.2 4.8 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.0

1950 1949 1948 1940 1935 1929

................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................

12.7 11.6 10.6 4.0 3.0 3.6

4.5 4.5 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.5

1.0 0.8 0.6 ... ... ...

2.4 2.0 1.8 0.6 0.4 0.3


SECTION 6: HEALTH

89

Table 6-3—Series B 275-290. Physicians, Dentists, and Nurses; and Medical, Dental, and Nursing Schools, 1810–2002 (Number, rate per 100,000.) Physicians 1

Medical schools 2

Dentists 4

Dental schools

Active professional graduate nurses

Professional nursing schools 6

Number

Number

Students

Year Amount

Rate

Number 3

Students

Graduates

Number

Rate

Number 5 Students

Graduates

Rate

Graduates

2002 .................... 2001 ....................

772 296 ...

278 ...

... 125

... 66 160

... 15 778

... 168 000

... 60

... ...

... 17 349

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... 68 709

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

... 753 176 ... 756 700 737 800 684 400 684 000 670 300 653 100

... 277 ... 282 278 274 262 260 255

125 125 125 125 125 125 126 126 126

66 377 66 539 ... ... ... 66 788 ... ... ...

15 704 15 996 16 314 15 923 15 907 15 888 15 555 15 466 16 365

... ... 164 700 ... 196 000 194 000 191 000 187 000 183 000

... ... 61 ... 61 61 61 60 60

54 55 55 55 54 54 54 55 55

17 242 17 033 ... ... ... 16 353 ... ... ...

4 367 4 171 4 095 4 041 3 810 3 908 3 875 3 778 3 918

... 2 271 300 ... ... 2 162 000 2 116 000 2 044 000 1 976 000 1 907 000

... 833 ... ... 815 805 785 767 748

... ... ... 1 508 1 516 1 501 1 493 1 484 1 484

192 202 211 694 ... ... ... 268 350 ... ... ...

71 392 76 523 83 165 ... 94 757 97 052 94 870 88 149 80 839

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

615 400 645 000 629 000 612 000 595 000 577 000 ... 542 000 523 000 505 000

246 261 257 253 248 243 ... 232 222 217

127 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142 142

65 016 71 600 71 900 72 300 72 800 73 200 73 600 73 500 72 600 71 600

15 398 17 200 17 500 17 400 17 700 17 800 17 600 17 100 17 000 16 800

173 000 168 000 164 000 161 000 158 000 156 000 153 000 150 000 147 000 144 000

60 59 58 58 58 58 57 56 55 54

56 58 58 58 59 60 60 60 60 60

16 412 16 200 17 100 17 900 18 700 19 600 20 600 21 400 22 200 22 600

4 233 4 300 4 600 4 700 5 000 5 400 5 300 5 800 5 400 5 600

1 790 000 1 666 000 1 648 000 1 627 000 1 589 000 1 544 000 1 486 000 1 439 000 1 380 111 1 327 000

714 675 674 671 662 649 630 616 595 578

1 457 1 457 1 442 1 465 1 469 1 473 1 477 1 466 1 432 1 401

201 458 201 000 185 000 183 000 194 000 218 000 237 000 251 000 242 000 235 000

66 088 62 000 65 000 71 000 77 000 82 000 80 000 77 000 74 000 74 000

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

487 000 472 000 454 000 438 000 426 000 409 000 394 000 382 000 371 000 359 000

214 207 201 196 194 190 182 178 174 174

141 138 124 126 123 123 121 114 115 110

70 100 66 500 64 300 61 900 59 600 59 300 53 700 50 100 46 000 42 600

16 200 16 000 15 400 14 500 14 300 13 900 12 200 11 000 10 000 9 400

141 000 138 000 136 000 133 000 ... 127 000 ... 122 000 120 000 118 000

54 53 52 52 52 50 ... 48 47 47

60 60 59 59 59 59 58 56 52 53

22 800 22 200 21 500 21 000 20 800 20 800 19 400 18 400 17 300 16 600

5 300 5 400 5 300 5 200 5 300 5 000 4 500 4 200 4 000 3 800

1 273 000 1 200 000 ... 1 028 000 961 000 961 000 857 000 815 000 780 000 723 000

560 534 ... 468 449 446 404 390 376 353

1 385 1 374 1 340 1 339 1 349 1 360 1 359 1 363 1 350 1 343

231 000 235 000 239 000 245 000 250 000 250 000 233 000 213 000 188 000 165 000

76 000 77 000 78 000 78 000 78 000 75 000 68 000 59 000 52 000 47 000

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

348 328 338 942 330 732 322 045 313 559 305 115 297 089 289 188 270 136 ...

166 163 161 158 156 153 159 149 145 ...

107 104 100 95 93 93 92 92 92 92

39 666 37 712 36 368 35 212 34 516 34 089 33 595 33 072 32 633 32 232

8 799 8 486 8 400 8 148 7 934 7 803 7 691 7 631 7 530 7 500

118 175 115 610 113 636 112 152 111 130 109 301 107 820 106 230 105 252 103 596

58 57 57 56 56 56 56 56 56 56

53 52 50 49 49 49 48 48 47 47

16 008 15 408 14 955 14 421 14 020 13 876 13 691 13 576 13 513 13 580

3 700 3 433 3 457 3 360 3 198 3 181 3 213 3 233 3 207 3 290

700 000 680 000 659 000 640 000 621 000 613 188 582 000 ... 550 000 ...

345 338 331 325 319 319 306 ... 297 ...

1 328 1 287 2 262 1 219 1 191 1 153 1 142 1 128 1 118 1 123

150 795 145 588 141 948 139 070 135 702 129 629 124 744 123 861 123 012 118 849

43 639 42 196 41 555 38 237 35 125 24 686 35 259 32 398 31 186 30 267

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

148

791

56

747

757

... 132 ... 132 132 132 132 133

85 85 85 82 81 80 79 79 79

999 29 614 29 473 29 130 28 639 28 583 28 227 27 688 27 076 26 186

77

7133.0

57 59 59 59 59 59 58 ...

47 47 45 43 43 43 42 42 42

581 13 509 13 279 13 004 12 730 12 601 12 516 12 370 12 169 11 891

134 128 135 ... ... ... ... ... ... 134 ...

79 ... 78 77 77 77 77 77 76 77 77

25 103 ... 23 670 22 739 23 900 23 216 24 028 48 195 22 631 22 031 21 379

5 553 ... 5 094 5 543 6 389 5 826 5 136 10 303 5 223 5 163 5 275

59 50 ... ... 58 ... ... ... ... ... ...

41 ... 41 40 40 39 39 39 39 39 39

11 460 ... 10 132 8 996 8 287 7 274 8 590 9 014 8 847 8 355 7 720

1950 9 ................. 1950 .................... 1949 .................... 1948 .................... 1947 .................... 1946 .................... 1945 .................... 1944 .................... 1943 .................... 1942 .................... 1941 .................... 1Beginning

274 833 818 ... 226 625 ... 218 061 214 200 210 900 207 900 205 500

7236

203 400 191 947 201 277 ... ... ... ... ... ... 180 496 ...

731

508 6 860 6 861 6 796 6 845 6 977 6 861 6 668 6 080 6 135

101 947 615 98 540 100 534 99 227 97 529 95 883 93 726 91 638 ...

7100

89 441 74 855 ... ... 82 990 ... ... ... ... ... ...

713

73

253 3 156 3 083 3 050 3 038 3 081 3 084 2 945 2 975 2 830

7504

2 565 ... 1 574 1 755 2 225 2 666 3 212 2 470 1 926 1 784 1 568

8375

000 ... 460 000 ... 430 000 8430 000 8389 600 ... ... ... 000 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

7282

71

... 268 ... 262 259 244 ... ... ...

119 1 126 1 118 1 115 1 125 1 139 1 141 1 148 1 167 1 183

249 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 203 ... 1 215 1 245 1 253 1 271 1 295 1 307 1 297 1 299 1 303

1960, includes osteopaths. 1954, includes Puerto Rico; beginning 1960, includes osteopaths and their schools. medical and basic science schools. 4Beginning 1958, excludes graduates of year stated. 5For 1840 and 1926–1931, schools offering courses in dentistry; for 1850–1925, schools conferring degrees; for other years, schools in operation. Includes Puerto Rico. 6Includes Hawaii and Puerto Rico beginning 1950 for number and students and 1952 for graduates. 7First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. 8Census estimate adjusted to exclude student nurses enumerated as graduates. 9Census data. . . . = Not available. 2Beginning 3Approved

7115

057 113 518 112 989 114 674 114 423 107 572 103 019 102 019 102 550 103 433 98 712 ... 88 817 91 643 106 900 128 828 126 576 112 249 100 486 91 457 87 588

730

113 30 312 30 410 29 933 30 236 28 729 28 539 29 308 29 016 28 794 25 790 ... 21 379 34 268 40 744 36 195 31 721 28 276 26 816 25 613 24 889

90


Table 6-3—Series B 275-290. Physicians, Dentists, and Nurses; and Medical, Dental, and Nursing Schools, 1810–2002—Continued (Number, rate per 100,000.) Physicians 1

Medical schools 2

Dentists 4

Dental schools

Active professional graduate nurses

Professional nursing schools 6

Number

Number

Students

Year Amount

Rate

Number 3

Students

Graduates

Number

Rate

Number 5 Students

Graduates

Rate

Graduates

1940 9 ................. 1940 .................... 1939 .................... 1938 .................... 1937 .................... 1936 .................... 1935 .................... 1934 .................... 1933 .................... 1932 .................... 1931 ....................

175 163 165 989 ... 169 628 ... 165 163 ... 161 359 ... ... 156 406

133 126 ... 131 ... 129 ... 128 ... ... 126

77 ... 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 76 76

21 271 ... 21 302 21 587 22 095 22 564 22 888 22 799 22 466 22 135 21 982

5 097 ... 5 089 5 194 5 377 5 183 5 101 5 035 4 895 4 936 4 735

... 69 921 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... 53 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

39 ... 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 38 38

7 407 ... 7 331 7 184 7 397 7 306 7 175 7 160 7 508 8 031 8 129

1 757 ... 1 794 1 704 1 739 1 736 1 840 1 864 1 986 1 840 1 842

8284

200 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

216 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 311 ... 1 328 1 349 1 389 1 417 1 472 ... ... 1 781 1 844

85 156 ... 82 095 74 305 73 286 69 589 67 533 ... ... 84 290 100 419

23 600 ... 22 485 20 655 20 400 18 600 19 600 ... ... 25 312 25 971

1930 9 ................. 1930 .................... 1929 .................... 1928 .................... 1927 .................... 1926 .................... 1925 .................... 1924 .................... 1923 .................... 1922 .................... 1921 ....................

... 153 803 152 503 ... 149 521 ... 147 010 ... 145 966 ... 145 404

... 125 125 ... 126 ... 127 ... 130 ... 134

76 ... 76 80 80 79 80 79 80 81 83

21 597 ... 20 878 20 545 19 662 18 840 18 200 17 728 16 960 15 635 14 466

4 565 ... 4 446 4 262 4 035 3 962 3 974 3 562 3 120 2 520 3 186

... 71 055 ... 67 334 ... ... 64 481 ... ... ... ...

... 58 ... 56 ... ... 56 ... ... ... ...

38 ... 40 40 40 44 43 43 45 45 45

7 813 ... 8 200 ... 10 333 ... 11 863 ... 13 099 ... 11 745

1 561 ... 2 442 2 563 2 642 2 610 2 590 3 422 3 271 1 765 1 795

8214

300 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

174 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 1 885 ... 1 797 ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 78 771 ... 77 768 ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 23 810 ... 18 623 ... ... ... ... ... ...

1920 9 ................. 1920 .................... 1919 .................... 1918 .................... 1917 .................... 1916 .................... 1915 .................... 1914 .................... 1913 .................... 1912 .................... 1911 ....................

... 144 977 ... 147 812 ... 145 241 ... 142 332 ... 137 199 ...

... 137 ... 141 ... 142 ... 144 ... 144 ...

85 ... 85 90 96 95 96 102 107 118 122

13 798 ... 13 052 13 630 13 764 14 012 14 891 16 502 17 015 18 412 19 786

3 047 ... 2 656 2 670 3 379 3 518 3 536 3 594 3 981 4 483 4 273

... 56 152 ... ... 45 988 ... ... 42 606 ... 38 866 ...

... 53 ... ... 44 ... ... 43 ... 41 ...

46 ... 46 46 46 49 49 48 51 52 54

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

906 ... 3 587 3 345 3 010 2 835 2 388 2 254 2 022 1 940 1 742

8103

900 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

98 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 755 ... ... ... ... ... 1 509 ... ... ... ...

54 953 ... ... ... ... ... 46 141 ... ... ... ...

14 980 ... ... ... ... ... 11 118 ... ... ... ...

1910 9 ................. 1910 .................... 1909 .................... 1908 .................... 1907 .................... 1906 .................... 1905 .................... 1904 .................... 1903 .................... 1902 .................... 1901 ....................

135 000 151 132 134 402 ... ... 134 688 ... 128 950 ... 123 196 ...

146 164 149 ... ... 158 ... 157 ... 156 ...

131 ... 140 151 159 162 158 160 160 160 160

21 526 ... 22 145 22 602 24 276 25 204 26 147 28 142 27 615 27 501 26 417

4 440 ... 4 515 4 741 4 980 5 364 5 600 5 747 5 698 5 009 5 444

37 684 39 997 ... 36 670 ... 35 238 ... 32 204 ... 28 109 ...

41 43 ... 41 ... 41 ... 39 ... 36 ...

54 ... 56 55 55 55 55 56 55 56 57

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 646 ... 1 761 2 005 1 724 1 519 2 621 2 168 2 198 2 294 2 304

850

500 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

55 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 129 ... ... ... ... ... 862 ... ... ... ...

32 636 ... ... ... ... ... 19 824 ... ... ... ...

8 140 ... ... ... ... ... 5 795 ... ... ... ...

1900 9 ................. 1900 .................... 1898 .................... 1896 .................... 1893 .................... 1890 9 ................. 1890 .................... 1886 .................... 1880 9 ................. 1880 ....................

119 749 132 002 115 524 104 554 103 090 100 180 104 805 87 521 82 000 85 671

157 173 157 147 154 159 166 151 163 171

160 ... ... ... ... 133 ... ... 100 ...

25 171 ... ... ... ... 15 404 ... ... 11 826 ...

5 214 ... ... ... ... 4 454 ... ... 3 241 ...

25 189 29 665 23 911 20 063 ... ... 17 498 ... ... 12 314

33 39 33 28 ... ... 28 ... ... 25

57 ... 54 48 37 31 ... 23 14 ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 091 ... 1 894 1 432 ... 960 ... 473 315 ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

432 ... ... ... ... 35 ... ... 15 ...

11 164 ... ... ... ... 1 552 ... ... 323 ...

3 456 ... ... ... ... 471 ... ... 157 ...

1870 9 ................. 1870 .................... 1860 .................... 1850 .................... 1840 .................... 1830 .................... 1820 .................... 1810 ....................

60 000 64 414 55 055 40 755 ... ... ... ...

150 162 175 176 ... ... ... ...

75 ... 65 52 35 20 10 5

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... 7 988 5 606 2 923 1 000 300 100 50

... 20 18 13 6 2 1 1

10 ... 3 2 1 ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

147 ... 64 17 ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1Beginning

1960, includes osteopaths. 1954, includes Puerto Rico; beginning 1960, includes osteopaths and their schools. medical and basic science schools. 4Beginning 1958, excludes graduates of year stated. 5For 1840 and 1926–1931, schools offering courses in dentistry; for 1850–1925, schools conferring degrees; for other years, schools in operation. Includes Puerto Rico. 6Includes Hawaii and Puerto Rico beginning 1950 for number and students and 1952 for graduates. 7First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. 8Census estimate adjusted to exclude student nurses enumerated as graduates. 9Census data. . . . = Not available. 2Beginning 3Approved

SECTION 6: HEALTH

91

Table 6-4. Medicare Enrollees, 1980–2002 (Number in millions.) Item

1980

1985

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

Total ........................................................................................................................................... Aged .......................................................................................................................................... Disabled .....................................................................................................................................

28.4 25.5 3.0

31.1 28.1 2.9

34.3 31.0 3.3

37.6 33.2 4.4

39.1 33.9 5.2

39.6 34.1 5.4

40.1 34.4 5.7

40.4 34.6 5.8

Hospital Insurance ..................................................................................................................... Aged ......................................................................................................................................... Disabled .....................................................................................................................................

28.0 25.0 3.0

30.6 27.7 2.9

33.7 30.5 3.3

37.2 32.7 4.4

38.7 33.5 5.2

39.2 33.7 5.4

39.7 34.0 5.7

40.0 34.2 5.8

Supplementary medical insurance ............................................................................................. Aged .......................................................................................................................................... Disabled .....................................................................................................................................

27.3 24.6 2.7

29.9 27.2 2.7

32.6 29.6 2.9

35.6 31.7 3.9

37.0 32.4 4.6

37.3 32.6 4.8

37.7 32.7 5.0

38.0 32.9 5.2

Table 6-5. Medicare Trust Funds, 1990–2002 (Billions of dollars.) Type of trust fund

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Hospital insurance Net contribution income 1 ....................................................................................... Interest received 2 .................................................................................................. Benefit payments 3 ................................................................................................. Assets, end of year ................................................................................................

72.2 8.5 66.2 98.9

103.3 10.8 116.4 130.3

115.9 10.2 128.6 124.9

119.5 9.6 137.8 115.6

130.7 9.3 134.0 120.4

140.3 10.1 128.8 141.4

154.5 11.7 128.5 177.5

160.9 14.0 141.2 208.7

162.7 15.1 234.8 234.8

Supplemental medical insurance Net premium income .............................................................................................. Transfers from general revenue ............................................................................ Interest received 2 .................................................................................................. Benefit payments 3 ................................................................................................. Assets, end of year ................................................................................................

11.3 33.0 1.6 42.5 15.5

19.7 39.0 1.6 65.0 13.1

18.8 65.0 1.8 68.6 28.3

19.3 60.2 2.5 72.8 36.1

420.9 464.1

419.0 459.1

2.7 76.1 46.2

2.8 80.7 44.8

20.6 65.9 3.5 88.9 44.0

22.8 72.8 3.1 99.7 41.3

25.1 78.3 2.8 111.0 34.3

1Includes

income from taxation of benefits beginning in 1994. Includes premiums from aged ineligibles enrolled in HI. recoveries of amounts reimbursed from the trust fund. in 1998 monies transferred to the SMI trust fund for home health agency costs, as provided for by P.L. 105–33, are included in HI benefit but excluded from SMI benefit payments. 4Premium withheld from check and associated general revenue contributions that were to occur on Jan. 3, 1999, actually occurred on December 31, 1998. These amounts are therefore excluded from 1999 data. 2Includes

3Beginning

92


Table 6-6. Persons without Medical Insurance Coverage, 2000 and 2001 (Number, percent.) 2000

2001

Uninsured persons

Sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin Total persons

Number

Uninsured persons

Percent distribution

Total persons Number


Total 1 .............................................................................................................................................

279 517

39 804

100.0

282 082

41 207

100.0

Under 18 years ............................................................................................................................... 18 to 24 years ................................................................................................................................. 25 to 34 years ................................................................................................................................. 35 to 44 years ................................................................................................................................. 45 to 64 years ................................................................................................................................. 65 years and over ...........................................................................................................................

72 314 26 815 38 865 44 566 63 391 33 566

8 617 7 406 8 507 6 898 8 124 251

21.6 18.6 21.4 17.3 20.4 0.6

72 628 27 312 38 670 44 284 65 419 33 769

8 509 7 673 9 051 7 131 8 571 272

20.6 18.6 22.0 17.3 20.8 0.7

Male ................................................................................................................................................ Female ...........................................................................................................................................

136 559 142 958

20 791 19 013

52.2 47.8

137 871 144 211

21 722 19 485

52.7 47.3

White .............................................................................................................................................. Non-Hispanic .................................................................................................................................. Black ............................................................................................................................................... Asian and Pacific Islander .............................................................................................................. Hispanic 2 .......................................................................................................................................

228 208 193 931 35 597 12 693 360 093

30 075 18 683 6 683 2 287 11 883

75.6 46.9 16.8 5.7 29.9

230 071 194 822 36 023 12 500 37 438

31 193 19 409 6 833 2 278 12 417

75.7 47.1 16.6 5.5 30.1

1Includes 2Persons

other races not shown separately. of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

SECTION 6: HEALTH

93

Table 6-7—Series B 359-370. Average Daily Census and Admissions to Hospitals, 1946–2001 (Number.) Year

Average daily census

Admissions during year

2001 ..............................................................................................................................

658

35 644

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

.............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................

650 657 662 673 685 710 745 783 807 827

34 891 34 181 33 766 33 624 33 307 33 282 33 125 33 201 33 536 33 567

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

.............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................

844 ... 863 873 883 910 970 1 028 1 053 1 061

33 774 ... 34 100 34 400 35 200 36 300 37 900 38 900 39 100 39 200

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

.............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................

1 060 1 043 1 042 1 066 1 090 1 125 1 187 1 189 1 209 1 237

38 900 37 800 37 200 37 100 36 800 36 200 35 500 34 400 33 300 32 700

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

.............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................

1 298 1 346 1 378 1 380 1 398 1 403 1 421 1 430 1 407 1 393

31 759 30 729 29 766 29 361 29 151 28 812 28 266 27 502 26 531 25 474

1960 .............................................................................................................................. 19591 ............................................................................................................................. 1958 .............................................................................................................................. 1957 .............................................................................................................................. 1956 .............................................................................................................................. 1955 .............................................................................................................................. 1954 .............................................................................................................................. 1953 .............................................................................................................................. 1952 .............................................................................................................................. 1951 ..............................................................................................................................

1 402 1 363 1 323 1 320 1 356 1 363 1 343 1 342 1 336 1 298

25 027 23 605 23 697 22 993 22 090 21 073 20 345 20 184 19 624 18 783

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946

1 253 1 240 1 241 1 190 1 142

18 483 17 224 16 821 17 689 15 675

1First

.............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................

year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. . . . = Not available.

94


Table 6-8—Series B 389-400. Hospital Expenses per Patient Day, 1946–2001 (Dollars.) Year

Average cost per day

2001 ....................................................................................................................................................

1 217

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

1 149 1 103 1 067 1 033 1 006 968 931 881 820 752

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

687 637 586 539 501 460 411 369 327 284

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

245 217 194 174 153 134 114 84 74 64

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

54 45 38 33 28 25 23 21 20 18

1960 .................................................................................................................................................... 1959 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 1958 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 1957 .................................................................................................................................................... 1956 .................................................................................................................................................... 1955 .................................................................................................................................................... 1954 .................................................................................................................................................... 1953 .................................................................................................................................................... 1952 .................................................................................................................................................... 1951 ....................................................................................................................................................

16 16 15 13 12 11 11 10 9 8

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

1First

year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. Alaska.

2Includes

8 8 6 5 5

SECTION 6: HEALTH

95

Table 6-9—Series B 413-422. Hospital Expenses and Personnel, 1946–2001 (Dollars in millions, number.) Expenses (millions of dollars)

Personnel (thousands)

Year Total

Federal

Total

Federal

2001 .................................................................................................................................................................

426 800

27 500

5 270

...

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................

395 400 372 900 355 500 342 300 330 500 320 300 310 800 301 500 282 500 258 500

23 900 23 700 22 600 22 700 22 300 20 200 20 000 19 600 18 200 16 800

5 092 5 117 5 116 5 130 5 041 4 961 5 009 5 032 4 915 4 839

... ... ... 296 265 301 301 320 306 301

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................

234 900 214 900 196 700 178 700 165 200 153 300 144 100 136 300 123 200 107 100

15 200 15 100 14 600 13 700 13 100 12 300 11 200 10 700 9 500 8 600

4 690 4 568 4 520 4 444 4 368 4 269 4 288 4 348 3 959 3 661

303 288 295 297 296 299 290 286 302 283

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................

91 900 79 800 70 900 63 600 56 000 48 700 41 406 36 290 32 700 28 812

7 900 7 300 6 700 6 200 5 300 4 500 3 971 3 524 3 100 2 821

3 492 3 382 3 280 3 213 3 108 3 023 2 919 2 769 2 671 2 589

279 273 277 278 269 256 244 238 232 225

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................

25 556 22 103 19 061 16 395 14 198 12 948 12 031 10 956 10 129 9 387

2 483 2 350 2 032 1 795 1 633 1 568 1 503 1 458 1 408 1 308

2 537 2 426 2 309 2 203 2 106 1 952 1 887 1 840 1 763 1 696

216 213 210 214 206 199 193 206 207 202

1960 ................................................................................................................................................................. 19591 ............................................................................................................................................................... 1958 ................................................................................................................................................................. 1957 ................................................................................................................................................................. 1956 ................................................................................................................................................................. 1955 ................................................................................................................................................................. 1954 ................................................................................................................................................................. 1953 ................................................................................................................................................................. 1952 ................................................................................................................................................................. 1951 .................................................................................................................................................................

8 421 7 789 7 133 6 496 6 017 5 594 5 229 4 765 4 456 3 913

1 134 1 119 1 051 1 013 968 837 927 853 925 743

1 598 1 520 1 465 1 401 1 375 1 301 1 246 1 169 1 119 1 075

186 179 181 186 198 192 195 198 206 197

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946

3 651 3 486 2 875 2 354 1 963

712 764 480 405 373

1 058 963 939 883 830

169 161 154 161 162

1First

................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................

year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. . . . = Not available.

96


Table 6-10. Mental Health Facilities, by Type of Facility, 1998 (Number, rate per 100,000.) Inpatient beds Type of facility

Inpatients

Inpatient care episodes (thousands) 2

Number of facilities Total (thousands)

Rate 1

Total (thousands)

Rate 1

Total ...................................................................................................

3 729

267.7

99.5

221.2

80.3

2 800

Mental hospitals State and county ............................................................................ Private 3 .......................................................................................... General hospitals 4 ............................................................................. Veterans Administration 5 ................................................................... Other 6 ................................................................................................

229 809 1 593 123 975

68.9 65.3 54.4 17.0 62.1

25.6 24.3 20.2 6.3 23.1

63.8 49.9 37.0 14.3 56.2

21.2 19.3 13.8 4.0 22.0

269 658 1 195 242 236

1Based

on Census Bureau estimated civilian population as of July 1. care episodes is defined as the number of residents in inpatient facilities at the beginning of the year plus the total additions to inpatient facilities during the year. residential treatment centers for emotionally disturbed children. 4Non-federal hospitals with separate psychiatric facilities. 5Includes U.S. Department of Veterans’ Affairs (VA) neuropsychiatric hospitals, VA general hospitals with separate psychiatric settings, and VA freestanding psychiatric outpatient clinics. 6Includes other multiservice mental health facilities within two or more settings, which are not elsewhere classified, as well as freestanding partial care facilities which only provide psychiatric partial care services. Number of facilities, expenditures, and staff data also include freestanding psychiatric partial care facilities. 2Inpatient 3Includes

SECTION 6: HEALTH

97

Table 6-11. Rate of Current Cigarette Smoking, by Sex, Age, and Race, 1965–2001 (Percent.) Sex, age, and race

1965

1974

1979

1983

1985

1987

1988

1990

1991

TOTAL SMOKERS ................................................................................................

41.9

37.0

33.3

31.9

29.9

28.6

27.8

25.3

25.5

Male ....................................................................................................................... 18 to 24 years ........................................................................................................ 25 to 34 years ........................................................................................................ 35 to 44 years ........................................................................................................ 45 to 64 years ........................................................................................................ 65 years and over ..................................................................................................

51.2 54.1 60.7 58.2 51.9 28.5

42.8 42.1 50.5 51.0 42.6 24.8

37.0 35.0 43.9 41.8 39.3 20.9

34.8 32.9 38.8 41.0 35.9 22.0

32.2 28.0 38.2 37.6 33.4 19.6

30.9 28.2 34.8 36.6 33.5 17.2

30.3 25.5 36.2 36.5 31.3 18.0

28.0 26.6 31.6 34.5 29.3 14.6

27.6 23.5 32.8 33.1 29.3 15.1

White, total ............................................................................................................. 18 to 24 years .................................................................................................... 25 to 34 years .................................................................................................... 35 to 44 years .................................................................................................... 45 to 64 years .................................................................................................... 65 years and over ..............................................................................................

50.4 53.0 60.1 57.3 51.3 27.7

41.7 40.8 49.5 50.1 41.2 24.3

36.4 34.3 43.6 41.3 38.3 20.5

34.2 32.5 38.6 40.8 35.0 20.6

31.3 28.4 37.3 36.6 32.1 18.9

30.3 29.2 33.8 36.2 32.4 16.0

29.6 26.7 35.4 35.8 30.0 16.9

27.6 27.4 31.6 33.5 28.7 13.7

26.9 25.1 32.1 32.1 28.0 14.2

Black, total ............................................................................................................. 18 to 24 years .................................................................................................... 25 to 34 years .................................................................................................... 5 to 44 years ...................................................................................................... 45 to 64 years .................................................................................................... 65 years and over ..............................................................................................

31.8 62.8 68.4 67.3 57.9 36.4

35.6 54.9 58.5 61.5 57.8 29.7

30.5 40.2 47.5 48.6 50.0 26.2

31.3 34.2 39.9 45.5 44.8 38.9

30.9 27.2 45.6 45.0 46.1 27.7

27.4 *14.6 44.9 44.0 44.3 30.3

27.0 *18.7 41.6 42.5 43.2 29.8

20.8 *19.9 33.8 42.0 36.7 21.5

23.8 *16.2 39.4 44.4 42.0 24.3

Female .................................................................................................................. 18 to 24 years ........................................................................................................ 25 to 34 years ........................................................................................................ 35 to 44 years ........................................................................................................ 45 to 64 years ........................................................................................................ 65 years and over ..................................................................................................

33.7 38.1 43.7 43.7 32.0 9.6

32.2 34.1 38.8 39.8 33.4 12.0

30.1 33.8 33.7 37.0 30.7 13.2

29.4 35.5 32.6 33.8 31.0 13.1

27.9 30.4 32.0 31.5 29.9 13.5

26.5 26.1 31.8 29.6 28.6 13.7

25.7 26.3 31.3 27.8 27.7 12.8

22.9 22.5 28.2 24.8 24.8 11.5

23.5 22.4 28.4 27.6 24.6 12.0


34.0 38.4 43.4 43.9 32.7 9.8

31.7 34.0 38.6 39.3 33.0 12.3

30.1 34.5 34.1 37.2 30.6 13.8

29.4 36.5 32.2 34.8 30.6 13.2

27.7 31.8 32.0 31.0 29.7 13.3

26.7 27.8 31.9 29.2 29.0 13.9

25.7 27.5 31.0 28.3 27.7 12.6

23.4 25.4 28.5 25.0 25.4 11.5

23.7 25.1 28.4 27.0 25.3 12.1

Black, total ............................................................................................................. 18 to 24 years .................................................................................................... 25 to 34 years .................................................................................................... 35 to 44 years .................................................................................................... 45 to 64 years .................................................................................................... 65 years and over ..............................................................................................

33.7 37.1 47.8 42.8 25.7 7.1

36.4 35.6 42.2 46.4 38.9 8.9

31.1 31.8 35.2 37.7 34.2 8.5

32.2 *8.1 38.0 32.7 36.3 13.1

31.0 23.7 36.2 40.2 33.4 14.5

28.0 *8.8 35.8 35.3 28.4 11.7

27.8 21.8 37.2 27.6 29.5 14.8

21.2 *8.2 29.1 25.5 22.6 *10.2

24.4 11.8 32.4 35.3 23.4 *11.1

* = Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision.

98


Table 6-11. Rate of Current Cigarette Smoking, by Sex, Age, and Race, 1965–2001—Continued (Percent.) Sex, age, and race

1992

1993

1994

1995

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

TOTAL SMOKERS ................................................................................................

26.3

24.8

25.3

24.6

24.6

24.0

23.3

23.1

22.7

Male ....................................................................................................................... 18 to 24 years ........................................................................................................ 25 to 34 years ........................................................................................................ 35 to 44 years ........................................................................................................ 45 to 64 years ........................................................................................................ 65 years and over ..................................................................................................

28.1 28.0 32.8 32.9 28.6 16.1

27.3 28.8 30.2 32.0 29.2 13.5

27.6 29.8 31.4 33.2 28.3 13.2

26.5 27.8 29.5 31.5 27.1 14.9

27.1 31.7 30.3 32.1 27.6 12.8

25.9 31.3 28.5 30.2 27.7 10.4

25.2 29.5 29.1 30.0 25.8 10.5

25.2 28.5 29.0 30.2 26.4 10.2

24.7 30.4 27.2 27.4 26.4 11.5


27.7 30.0 33.5 30.9 28.1 14.9

26.6 30.4 29.9 31.2 27.8 12.5

27.1 31.8 32.5 32.0 26.9 11.9

26.2 28.4 29.9 31.2 26.3 14.1

26.8 34.0 30.4 32.1 26.5 11.5

26.0 34.1 29.2 29.6 27.0 10.0

25.0 30.5 30.8 29.5 24.5 10.0

25.5 30.9 29.9 30.6 25.8 9.8

24.9 32.5 29.0 27.8 25.1 10.7

Black, total ............................................................................................................. 18 to 24 years .................................................................................................... 25 to 34 years .................................................................................................... 5 to 44 years ...................................................................................................... 45 to 64 years .................................................................................................... 65 years and over ..............................................................................................

24.5 16.2 29.5 47.5 35.4 28.3

20.6 19.9 30.7 36.9 42.4 27.9

21.6 18.7 29.8 44.5 41.2 25.6

23.5 14.6 25.1 36.3 33.9 28.5

22.5 23.5 31.6 33.9 39.4 26.0

21.1 19.7 25.2 36.1 37.3 16.3

20.5 23.6 22.7 34.8 35.7 17.3

20.7 20.8 23.3 30.8 32.2 14.2

17.9 21.6 23.8 29.9 34.3 21.1

Female .................................................................................................................. 18 to 24 years ........................................................................................................ 25 to 34 years ........................................................................................................ 35 to 44 years ........................................................................................................ 45 to 64 years ........................................................................................................ 65 years and over ..................................................................................................

24.6 24.9 30.1 27.3 26.1 12.4

22.6 22.9 27.3 27.4 23.0 10.5

23.1 25.2 28.8 26.8 22.8 11.1

22.7 21.8 26.4 27.1 24.0 11.5

22.2 25.7 24.8 27.2 21.5 11.5

22.1 24.5 24.6 26.4 22.5 11.2

21.6 26.3 23.5 26.5 21.0 10.7

21.1 25.1 22.5 26.2 21.6 9.3

20.8 23.4 23.0 25.7 21.4 9.2


25.1 28.5 31.5 27.6 25.8 12.6

23.1 26.8 28.4 27.3 23.4 10.5

23.7 28.5 30.2 27.1 23.2 11.1

23.1 24.9 27.3 27.0 24.3 11.7

22.5 29.4 26.1 27.5 20.9 11.7

22.6 28.1 26.9 26.6 22.5 11.2

22.1 29.6 25.5 26.9 21.2 10.5

21.6 28.7 25.1 26.6 21.4 9.1

21.7 27.2 25.5 27.0 21.6 9.4

Black, total ............................................................................................................. 18 to 24 years .................................................................................................... 25 to 34 years .................................................................................................... 35 to 44 years .................................................................................................... 45 to 64 years .................................................................................................... 65 years and over ..............................................................................................

24.2 10.3 26.9 32.4 30.9 11.1

20.8 8.2 24.7 31.5 21.3 10.2

21.7 11.8 24.8 28.2 23.5 13.6

23.5 8.8 26.7 31.9 27.5 13.3

22.5 11.5 22.5 30.1 28.4 10.7

21.1 8.1 21.5 30.0 25.4 *13.1

20.6 14.8 18.2 28.8 22.3 *8.5

20.8 14.2 15.5 30.2 25.6 *8.9

18.0 10.0 16.8 24.0 22.6 9.3

* = Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision.

SECTION 6: HEALTH

99

Table 6-12. Rate of Drug Use, by Type of Drug and Age, 1985–2001 (Percent.) Ever used

Current user

Age and type of drug 1985

1990

1995

1996

1997

2000

2001

1985

1990

1995

1996

1997

2000

2001

12 Years and Over Marijuana and hashish ............................. Cocaine .................................................... Crack .................................................... Inhalants ................................................... Hallucinogens ........................................... PCP .......................................................... LSD .......................................................... Heroin ....................................................... Stimulants1 ............................................... Sedatives1 ................................................ Tranquilizers1 ........................................... Analgesics1 .............................................. Alcohol ..................................................... Cigarettes ................................................. Smokeless tobacco ..................................

29.4 11.2 ... 7.9 6.9 2.0 4.6 0.9 7.3 4.8 7.6 7.6 84.9 78.0 ...

30.5 11.2 1.5 5.7 7.9 2.0 5.8 0.8 5.5 2.8 4.0 6.3 82.2 75.4 17.5

31.0 10.3 1.8 5.7 9.5 3.2 7.5 1.2 4.9 2.7 3.9 6.1 82.3 71.8 17.0

32.0 10.3 2.2 5.6 9.7 3.2 7.7 1.1 4.7 2.3 3.6 5.5 82.6 71.6 17.0

32.9 10.5 1.9 5.7 9.6 3.0 7.8 0.9 4.5 1.9 3.2 4.9 81.9 70.5 17.3

34.2 11.2 2.4 1.2 11.7 2.6 8.8 ... 6.6 3.2 5.8 ... 81.0 66.5 18.5

36.9 12.3 2.8 1.4 12.5 2.7 9.0 ... 7.1 3.3 6.2 ... 81.7 67.2 19.1

9.7 3.0 ... 0.6 1.2 ... ... 0.1 1.8 0.5 2.2 1.4 60.2 38.7 ...

5.4 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.4 ... ... ... 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.9 52.6 32.6 3.9

4.7 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.7 ... 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.6 52.2 28.8 3.3

4.7 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.9 51.0 28.9 3.2

5.1 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.7 51.4 29.6 3.2

4.8 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.4 ... 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.4 ... 46.6 24.9 3.4

5.4 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.6 ... 0.1 ... 0.5 0.1 0.6 ... 48.3 24.9 3.2

12 to 17 Years of Age Marijuana and hashish ............................. Cocaine .................................................... Alcohol ..................................................... Cigarettes .................................................

20.1 4.7 56.1 50.7

12.7 2.6 48.8 45.1

16.2 2.0 40.6 38.1

16.8 1.9 38.8 36.3

18.9 3.0 39.7 38.7

18.3 2.4 41.7 34.6

19.7 2.3 42.9 33.6

10.2 1.5 41.2 29.4

4.4 0.6 32.5 22.4

8.2 0.8 21.1 20.2

7.1 0.6 18.8 18.3

9.4 1.0 20.5 19.9

7.2 0.6 16.4 13.4

8.0 0.4 17.3 13.0


57.6 24.3 ... 75.3

50.4 19.3 87.6 70.7

41.4 9.8 84.4 67.7

44.0 10.2 83.8 68.5

41.5 8.9 83.5 67.7

45.7 10.9 84.0 67.3

50.0 13.0 85.0 69.0

21.7 8.1 70.1 47.4

12.7 2.3 62.8 40.9

12.0 1.3 61.3 35.3

13.2 2.0 60.0 38.3

12.8 1.2 58.4 40.6

13.6 1.4 56.8 38.3

16.0 1.9 58.8 39.1


54.1 23.6 ... 84.7

56.5 25.4 ... 84.1

51.8 21.6 90.1 75.8

50.5 20.9 90.3 73.8

47.9 18.4 88.9 72.8

46.0 15.1 ... ...

47.9 15.9 ... ...

19.0 6.3 70.6 45.7

9.5 1.9 64.4 42.4

6.7 1.2 63.0 34.7

6.3 1.5 61.6 35.0

6.0 0.9 60.2 33.7

5.9 0.8 ... ...

6.8 1.1 ... ...

35 Years and Over Marijuana and hashish ............................. Cocaine .................................................... Alcohol ..................................................... Cigarettes .................................................

13.9 4.1 ... 82.2

19.6 5.9 83.5 79.0

25.3 8.6 87.1 77.5

27.0 8.9 87.8 77.8

29.4 9.9 87.0 76.0

31.6 11.8 ... ...

34.5 13.0 ... ...

2.6 0.5 57.5 35.5

2.4 0.2 49.5 28.9

1.8 0.4 52.6 27.2

2.0 0.4 51.7 27.0

2.6 0.5 52.8 27.9

2.3 0.3 ... ...

3.5 0.5 ... ...

1Nonmedical

use, does not include over-the-counter drugs. - = Quantity zero. . . . = Not available.

100


Table 6-13. AIDS Cases Reported, by Patient Characteristic, 1981–2002 (Number.) Characteristic

1981–2002 Total

1990

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Total 1 ............................................................................

831 112

41 529

77 103

70 864

66 497

58 443

48 269

44 580

40 282

41 450

42 745

Age Under 5 years old .......................................................... 5 to 12 years old ............................................................ 13 to 19 years old .......................................................... 20 to 29 years old .......................................................... 30 to 39 years old .......................................................... 40 to 49 years old .......................................................... 50 to 59 years old .......................................................... 60 years old and over ....................................................

6 574 1 887 3 423 117 717 310 196 176 239 52 437 19 724

583 137 167 7 854 18 798 9 725 2 926 1 253

751 220 385 12 321 34 775 20 505 5 894 2 050

554 189 380 10 866 31 731 19 446 5 560 1 924

482 168 375 9 655 29 647 18 818 5 290 1 858

306 145 354 8 130 25 693 16 957 4 951 1 733

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... 255 297 5 858 18 644 13 625 4 395 1 506

... 189 315 5 077 16 516 12 505 4 254 1 426

... 170 355 5 008 16 227 13 408 4 632 1 650

... 150 402 5 252 16 092 14 035 5 109 1 705

Sex Male ............................................................................... Female ...........................................................................

574 783 113 414

36 667 4 862

63 301 13 802

57 451 13 413

52 969 13 528

45 696 12 747

37 076 11 190

34 013 10 312

30 135 9 958

30 663 10 617

31 644 10 951

Race and Hispanic Origin Non-Hispanic White ....................................................... Non-Hispanic Black ....................................................... Hispanic ......................................................................... Other/unknown ..............................................................

364 458 347 491 163 940 9 799

22 258 13 199 5 657 415

32 729 30 923 12 556 895

29 386 29 060 11 544 874

26 172 28 639 10 796 890

20 170 26 995 10 387 891

13 553 20 672 8 460 503

14 587 21 541 175 356

13 173 19 571 206 365

13 047 20 727 191 415

13 151 21 649 197 449

Cases Reported by Characteristic Males, 13 years and over ..............................................

570 425

36 277

62 820

57 082

52 630

45 440

36 886

...

...

31 901

...

Men who have sex with men ......................................... Injecting drug use .......................................................... Men who have sex with men and injecting drug use ..... Hemophilia/coagulation disorder ................................... Heterosexual contact 2 ................................................... Heterosexual contact with injecting drug user ............... Transfusion 3 .................................................................. Undetermined 4 ..............................................................

326 051 126 889 43 640 4 663 15 346 8 015 4 784 41 037

23 797 6 957 2 809 332 260 457 449 1 216

35 255 15 124 4 529 482 1 886 932 369 4 243

30 953 13 329 3 805 426 1 930 874 341 5 424

27 460 11 801 3 153 304 2 348 827 270 6 467

20 894 9 737 2 262 180 2 087 703 217 9 360

16 642 7 869 1 984 145 1 979 631 156 7 480

15 464 7 207 1 806 139 2 858 635 137 7 746

13 562 5 922 1 548 93 2 549 519 144 7 683

13 265 5 261 1 502 97 2 213 549 105 8 909

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Females, 13 years and over ..........................................

109 311

4 529

13 295

13 017

13 195

12 530

10 998

...

...

11 082

...

Injecting drug use .......................................................... Hemophilia/coagulation disorder ................................... Heterosexual contact ..................................................... Heterosexual contact with injecting drug user ............... Transfusion .................................................................... Undetermined ................................................................

46 804 248 24 897 18 231 3 598 15 533

2 325 16 506 1 035 335 312

5 907 28 3 431 2 029 310 1 590

5 290 26 3 518 1 873 271 2 039

4 728 22 3 781 1 870 266 2 528

4 044 16 3 293 1 349 181 3 647

3 201 17 2 913 1 212 137 3 518

2 931 12 4 281 1 155 119 3 437

2 609 3 3 981 977 138 3 728

2 212 9 3 205 937 113 4 606

... ... ... ... ... ...

1Includes

unknown, not shown separately. persons who have had heterosexual contact with a person with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or at risk of HIV infection. of blood transfusion, blood components, or tissue. 4Includes persons for whom risk information is incomplete (because of death, refusal to be interviewed, or loss to followup), persons still under investigation, men reported only to have had heterosexual contact with prostitutes, and interviewed persons for whom no risk is specified. . . . = Not available. 2Includes 3Receipt

SECTION 6: HEALTH

101

Table 6-14. Number and Rate of Abortions, by Race, 1975–1999 (Number in thousands, rate, ratio.) All races Year

Women 15–44 years old

Number

White

Rate per 1,000 women

Ratio per 1,000 live births 1


Number

Black and other




Number



1999 ........................................................... 1998 ........................................................... 1997 ........................................................... 1996 ........................................................... 1995 ........................................................... 1994 2 ......................................................... 1993 2 ......................................................... 1992 ........................................................... 1991 ...........................................................

61 475 61 326 61 041 59 606 59 442 59 284 59 143 59 020 59 080

1 315 1 319 1 335 1 366 1 364 1 431 1 500 1 529 1 557

21.4 21.5 21.9 22.9 22.9 24.1 25.4 25.9 26.3

327 334 341 351 351 364 378 380 379

48 974 49 012 48 942 48 120 48 140 48 121 48 137 48 161 48 406

743 762 777 800 820 861 911 943 982

15.2 15.5 15.9 16.6 17.0 17.9 18.9 19.6 20.3

234 244 251 259 265 277 291 298 303

12 501 12 313 12 099 11 486 11 302 11 163 11 007 10 859 10 674

572 557 558 566 544 570 589 585 574

45.8 45.2 46.1 49.2 48.1 51.1 53.5 53.9 53.8

674 678 684 701 686 699 700 681 661

1990 2 ......................................................... 1989 2 ......................................................... 1988 ........................................................... 1987 ........................................................... 1986 2 ......................................................... 1985 ........................................................... 1984 ........................................................... 1983 2 ......................................................... 1982 ........................................................... 1981 ...........................................................

58 700 58 365 58 192 57 964 57 483 56 754 56 061 55 340 54 679 53 901

1 609 1 567 1 591 1 559 1 574 1 589 1 577 1 575 1 574 1 577

27.4 26.8 27.3 27.1 27.4 28.0 28.1 28.5 28.8 29.3

389 380 401 405 416 422 423 436 428 430

48 224 48 104 48 325 48 288 48 010 47 512 47 023 46 506 46 049 45 494

1 039 1 006 1 026 1 017 1 045 1 076 1 087 1 084 1 095 1 108

21.5 20.9 21.2 21.1 21.8 22.6 23.1 23.3 23.8 24.3

318 309 333 338 350 360 366 376 373 377

10 476 10 261 9 867 9 676 9 473 9 242 9 038 8 834 8 630 8 407

570 561 565 542 529 513 491 491 479 470

54.4 54.7 57.3 56.0 55.9 55.5 54.3 55.5 55.5 55.9

655 650 638 648 661 659 646 670 646 645

1980 ........................................................... 1979 ........................................................... 1975 ...........................................................

53 048 52 016 47 606

1 554 1 498 1 034

29.3 28.8 21.7

428 420 331

44 942 44 266 40 857

1 094 1 062 701

24.3 24.0 17.2

376 373 276

8 106 7 750 6 749

460 435 333

56.5 56.2 49.3

642 625 565

1Live

births are those which occurred from July 1 of year shown through June 30 of the following year (to match time of conception with abortions). Births are classified by race of child 1972–1988, and by race of mother after 1988. number of abortions in 1983 and 1986 have been estimated by interpolation; 1989, 1990, 1993, and 1994 have been estimated using trends in CDC data.

2Total

102


Table 6-15. Organ Transplants and Grafts, 1990–2002 (Number, percent.) Number of procedures

Number of centers

Type of transplant or graft 1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

2002

1990

2002

1-year patient survival rates, 2001 (percent)

Number of people waiting, 2002

Transplants Heart .................................................................................................. Heart-lung 1 ........................................................................................ Lung ................................................................................................... Liver ................................................................................................... Kidney ................................................................................................

2 095 52 203 2 631 9 358

2 342 69 869 3 818 10 957

2 159 49 884 4 594 12 455

2 172 47 955 4 816 13 258

2 202 27 1 054 5 177 14 152

2 153 33 1 042 5 326 14 741

148 79 70 85 232

140 78 75 123 248

85.9 73.9 77.1 85.7 ...

3 751 195 3 913 17 620 54 933

Kidney-pancreas 1 .............................................................................. Pancreas ............................................................................................ Intestine ............................................................................................. Multi-organ .........................................................................................

459 60 1 71

915 103 21 124

933 350 37 169

910 420 29 213

884 468 112 228

903 546 107 309

... 84 ... ...

... 139 38 ...

94.0 93.9 70.1 ...

2 400 1 420 177 ...

Grafts Cornea grafts ..................................................................................... Bone grafts ........................................................................................ Skin grafts 5 ........................................................................................

240 631 350 000 5 500

44 652 450 000 5 500

45 765 650 000 10 000

46 949 800 000 15 000

46 532 875 000 20 000

625 ... ...

4107

493

30 25

... ...

... ... ...

... X X

1Heart-lung

346

and kidney-pancreas transplants are each counted as one organ. All other multi-organ transplants, excluding kidney-pancreas and heart-lung, are included in the multi-organ row. The data and analyses reported in the 2002 Annual Report of the U.S. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. The Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients have been supplied by UNOS under contract with HHS. Data subject to change based on future data submission or correction. 2Starting in 1990, the number of procedures and eye banks include Canada. 3Number of procedures does not include Canada. 4Eye banks. 5Procedure data are shown in square feet. X = Not applicable. . . . = Not available.

SECTION

7

FOOD AND NUTRITION

104


SECTION 7

FOOD AND NUTRITION Highlights

Beverage Consumption Per Capita, 1966–2001 50

40

Soft drinks

Gallons Per Capita

Coffee Milk

30

Beer Bottled water Wine

20

10

0 1966

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

Year

1

The annual consumption of red meat has declined from 131.9 pounds per capita in 1970 to 111.3 pounds in 2001. Poultry has gained over the same period, its consumption rising from 33.8 pounds to 66.2 pounds. Fish and shellfish have also increased, from 11.7 pounds to 14.7 pounds.

2

Soft drinks remain the most popular beverage, with annual consumption increasing from 35.1 gallons per capita to 49.0 gallons between 1980 and 2001. Bottled water has also become popular, with annual per capita consumption soaring from 2.4 gallons to 19.0 gallons. With smaller gains are fruit juices from 7.4 gallons to 8.2 gallons and tea from 7.3 gallons to 8.2 gallons. All

other beverages have declined during this period: coffee from 26.7 gallons to 24.2 gallons; milk from 27.6 gallons to 22.0 gallons; beer from 24.3 gallons to 21.7 gallons; wine from 2.1 gallons to 2.0 gallons; and distilled spirits from 2.0 gallons to 1.3 gallons.

SECTION 7: FOOD AND NUTRITION

105

Table 7-1—Series B 448-452. Index of Per Capita Consumption of Selected Nutrients, 1909–2000 (1980 = 100.) Year

Calories

Protein

Fat

Carbohydrate

Calcium

Iron

Cholesterol

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

118 115 112 112 112 112 112 112 109 109

117 116 115 114 114 114 115 113 113 111

113 107 103 101 102 103 105 107 105 102

125 125 125 124 124 121 122 119 117 115

108 109 109 109 109 108 110 108 109 108

138 138 135 134 135 134 136 135 137 134

100 98 95 93 93 93 95 93 93 93

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

109 106 109 106 106 106 103 100 100 100

111 109 110 109 107 106 103 102 100 100

104 103 106 105 107 107 104 103 100 100

115 112 112 110 107 106 102 101 100 100

108 104 106 107 107 106 102 101 100 99

132 128 128 125 123 122 117 116 102 101

93 95 98 98 98 100 98 98 98 98

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

100 100 97 97 100 97 97 97 100 100

100 101 100 101 102 98 100 100 102 103

100 99 98 97 99 95 99 97 101 101

100 100 99 101 101 98 98 100 98 100

100 102 101 102 103 99 101 104 104 106

100 101 98 100 102 99 98 95 95 95

100 100 100 100 100 98 102 100 107 109

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

100 100 97 97 97

102 101 101 100 99

100 99 99 97 96

99 100 99 98 97

104 102 101 101 103

94 93 93 92 88

109 107 109 109 107

1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

94 94 94 94 94

98 99 98 97 98

94 95 93 93 91

96 96 96 96 96

103 103 103 103 103

87 89 89 89 88

107 109 109 109 109

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 97 94

97 98 97 98 100 98 98 99 99 98

91 93 91 91 94 93 91 91 91 89

97 96 97 96 97 97 97 100 101 102

104 104 106 107 108 108 107 108 110 109

87 87 87 87 89 87 87 87 87 88

112 114 114 116 119 119 116 119 119 119

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

97 97 97 100 100 100 103 103 100 103

99 99 99 103 109 111 109 107 103 99

93 89 89 92 91 91 94 93 92 93

104 104 103 109 107 109 111 111 110 115

110 110 110 116 121 121 115 112 109 103

90 89 89 92 98 99 97 89 85 80

121 119 119 121 121 126 121 119 114 109

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

100 100 97 97 100 97 97 100 100 103

98 97 95 94 96 91 95 94 95 96

91 89 85 85 86 82 86 85 85 86

111 113 111 111 113 112 111 113 116 119

102 101 100 98 98 96 93 93 94 94

77 78 77 75 78 76 76 74 75 77

109 107 105 105 102 98 105 105 107 109

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

103 103 106 106 103 103 103 103 103 94

97 99 98 99 99 99 100 100 97 94

86 87 87 86 86 86 86 85 81 76

123 122 125 124 124 122 122 120 123 112

94 96 93 93 93 92 91 90 89 88

77 79 78 79 78 78 79 80 78 76

109 109 109 112 112 109 112 109 107 102

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

97 103 100 100 100 103 103 103 103 103

97 99 100 99 99 100 101 103 104 104

77 81 81 76 79 79 80 79 78 80

116 122 118 120 120 123 123 125 125 125

89 84 90 82 78 81 83 87 89 83

78 81 85 83 78 80 80 81 83 83

102 102 100 98 102 102 100 105 105 109

1910 ...................................................... 1909 ......................................................

103 106

105 107

79 81

126 127

84 87

84 86

105 105

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Nutrient Content of the U.S. Food Supply.

106


Table 7-2. Per Capita Consumption of Selected Beverages, by Type, 1966–2001 (Gallons; consumption represents the residual after exports; non-food use and ending stocks are subtracted from the sum of beginning stocks, domestic production, and imports; uses U.S. resident population, July 1 for all beverages except coffee, tea, and fruit juices, which use U.S. resident population plus the Armed Forces overseas, July 1.) Non-alcoholic Milk

Year Total

Tea Total

2001 ...............

Whole

Alcoholic

Carbonated soft drinks Coffee

Other

Bottled water

Total

Diet

Regular

Fruit juices

Fruit Vegetadrinks, Canned ble cocktails, iced tea juices and ades

Total

Beer

Wine 1

Distilled spirits

...

22.0

7.8

14.2

8.2

24.2

19.0

49.0

11.8

37.2

8.3

...

...

...

25.0

21.7

2.0

1.3

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

... 139.6 135.4 133.0 130.6 128.9 129.2 131.1 132.3 130.0

22.5 22.9 23.0 23.4 23.8 23.9 24.3 24.4 25.1 25.5

8.0 8.2 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.6 9.0 9.2 9.7 10.1

14.4 14.8 14.9 15.2 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.2 15.4 15.4

7.8 8.2 8.3 7.2 7.6 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.0 7.4

26.3 25.1 23.9 23.3 22.1 20.2 20.8 23.3 25.8 26.7

17.4 16.4 15.0 13.9 13.0 12.1 11.3 10.3 9.7 8.0

49.2 49.7 47.9 46.8 46.6 47.4 48.4 48.6 48.2 47.8

11.6 11.4 11.0 10.6 10.6 10.9 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6

37.7 38.2 36.8 36.2 36.0 36.5 37.1 37.2 36.7 36.2

8.7 8.5 8.8 9.0 8.6 8.6 8.1 8.6 8.5 7.4

... 7.7 7.7 8.2 7.9 7.7 7.3 6.9 6.5 6.9

... 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2

... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

24.9 25.0 24.8 24.7 24.8 24.7 25.3 25.5 25.9 26.3

21.7 21.8 21.7 21.6 21.7 21.8 22.3 22.4 22.7 23.1

2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.8

1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

128.4 124.9 124.0 121.0 ... ... ... ... ... ...

25.7 26.0 26.1 26.1 26.5 26.7 26.4 26.3 26.4 27.1

10.5 11.4 12.4 13.0 13.5 14.3 14.8 15.2 15.5 16.3

15.2 14.7 13.7 13.1 13.0 12.3 11.6 11.1 10.9 10.8

6.9 6.9 7.0 6.9 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.0 6.9 7.2

26.8 26.2 25.6 26.7 27.5 27.4 26.8 26.3 25.9 26.0

8.0 7.4 6.5 5.7 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.4 3.0 2.7

46.2 45.4 44.7 41.9 35.8 35.7 35.9 35.2 35.3 35.4

10.7 10.7 10.1 9.4 7.6 7.1 6.6 6.0 5.5 5.3

35.6 34.7 34.5 32.4 28.2 28.7 29.3 29.3 29.8 30.0

8.0 6.6 8.2 7.9 8.3 7.8 7.7 7.3 8.4 6.7

6.3 5.9 5.7 5.4 ... ... ... ... ... ...

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ... ... ... ... ... ...

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...

27.5 27.2 27.6 28.0 28.2 28.0 28.1 28.3 28.5 28.8

23.9 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.1 23.8 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6

2.0 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

27.6 28.2 28.6 29.0 29.3 29.5 29.5 30.5 31.0 31.3

17.0 18.0 18.7 19.5 20.4 21.1 21.7 23.0 24.1 25.0

10.5 10.2 9.8 9.5 9.0 8.4 7.7 7.5 6.9 6.3

7.3 6.9 7.2 7.5 7.7 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.2

26.7 29.3 27.3 24.5 32.5 31.4 33.2 33.3 33.6 32.2

2.4 2.2 1.9 1.3 1.2 ... ... ... ... ...

35.1 34.7 34.2 33.0 30.8 28.2 27.6 27.6 26.2 25.5

5.1 4.9 4.6 4.3 3.8 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.3 2.2

29.9 29.8 29.5 28.7 27.0 25.0 24.7 25.0 23.9 23.3

7.4 7.2 6.8 6.5 7.0 6.9 6.6 6.0 6.1 6.2

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

28.3 27.8 26.9 26.1 25.2 25.0 24.5 23.6 22.8 22.3

24.3 23.8 23.0 22.4 21.5 21.3 20.9 20.1 19.3 18.9

2.1 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966

............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

... ... ... ... ...

31.3 31.1 31.3 31.4 33.0

25.5 25.6 26.4 27.1 29.1

5.8 5.5 4.9 4.2 3.9

6.8 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.5

33.4 34.6 36.5 36.3 35.7

... ... ... ... ...

24.3 23.5 23.0 21.0 20.3

2.1 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.6

22.2 21.5 21.0 19.2 18.7

5.7 ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

21.6 20.8 20.1 19.4 19.0

18.5 17.8 17.3 16.8 16.5

1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0

1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 1Beginning

in 1983, includes wine coolers. . . . = Not available.

SECTION 7: FOOD AND NUTRITION

107

Table 7-3. Nutrients in Foods Available for Civilian Consumption Per Capita per Day, 1970–2000 (Computed by the Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP); based on Economic Research Service (ERS) estimates of per capita quantities of food available for consumption from "Food Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures," on imputed consumption data for foods no longer reported by ERS, and on CNPP estimates of quantities of produce from home gardens; food supply estimates do not reflect loss of food or nutrients from further marketing or home processing; enrichment and fortification levels of iron, zinc, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and ascorbic acid are included.) Nutrient

1970–1979

1980–1989

1990–1999

1995

2000

Food energy (calories) ................................................ Carbohydrate (grams) ................................................. Dietary fiber (grams) ............................................... Protein (grams) ........................................................... Total fat 1 (grams) ....................................................... Saturated (grams) ................................................... Monounsaturated (grams) ....................................... Polyunsaturated (grams) ......................................... Cholesterol (micrograms) ............................................

3 300 396 19 95 149 51 60 28 440

3 400 420 21 99 156 52 63 31 420

3 700 489 24 108 158 50 67 33 410

3 700 492 24 108 156 50 66 33 400

3 900 505 25 112 171 54 72 37 430

Vitamin A (micrograms RE 2) ...................................... Carotenes (micrograms RE 2) ..................................... Vitamin E (milligrams alpha-TE 3) ............................... Vitamin C (micrograms) .............................................. Thiamin (micrograms) ................................................. Riboflavin (micrograms) .............................................. Niacin (micrograms) .................................................... Vitamin B6 (micrograms) ............................................. Total Folate (micrograms) ........................................... Folate (DFE) 4 (micrograms) ....................................... Vitamin B12 (micrograms) ...........................................

1 220 550 13.9 110 2 2.5 25 2.0 318 292 8.9

1 160 590 15.6 117 3 2.7 28 2.2 348 305 8.2

1 200 720 17.2 126 3 2.9 32 2.4 447 449 7.9

1 200 720 16.9 126 3 2.9 31 2.4 380 326 8.0

1 200 720 19.2 126 3 2.9 33 2.5 711 936 8.3

Calcium (milligrams) ................................................... Phosphorus (milligrams) ............................................. Magnesium (milligrams) .............................................. Iron (milligrams) .......................................................... Zinc (milligrams) .......................................................... Copper (milligrams) ..................................................... Potassium (milligrams) ................................................ Selenium (milligrams) ................................................. Sodium 5 (milligrams) ..................................................

920 1 490 330 16.4 12.9 1.6 3 440 132 1 360

920 1 540 350 19.7 13.9 1.7 3 480 142 1 350

970 1 680 390 23.2 15.1 1.9 3 720 165 1 360

960 1 670 380 23.0 15.0 1.9 3 690 161 1 360

970 1 700 390 23.7 15.2 1.9 3 770 181 1 340

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes other types of fat not shown separately. 2Retinol equivalents. 3Alpha-Tocopherol equivalents. 4Reflects new terminology from Institute of Medicine’s Dietary Reference Intakes reports. 5Does not include amount from processed foods; underestimates actual availability.

SECTION

8

LABOR

110


SECTION 8

LABOR Highlights

Unemployment Rate by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1980–2002

Unemployment percentage rate

25 White Hispanic Black

20

15

10

5

0 1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

Year

1

The techniques for measuring labor force (or work force) data were developed during the late 1930s by the Works Projects Administration (WPA). For every week containing the 12th day of the month, the Bureau of the Census collects data for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. This dataset is part of the former Current Population Survey and is based on a scientifically designed sample of households. The survey includes all employed and unemployed persons as well as self-employed persons, unpaid family workers and domestic servants, and others who do not ordinarily appear on the payrolls of any establishment. Labor force data are also collected in the decennial censuses.

2

The concepts of employment, unemployment, and labor have changed over the years. By current definitions, employed persons are those who work as paid employees or in their own businesses or professions, or on their farm or who work 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family enterprise. It also includes those who are temporarily absent from work or business because of illness, vacation, bad weather, labor/management dispute or personal reasons. Volunteer workers are excluded. Unemployed persons are those who do not work during the survey week, but who make efforts to secure a job and are available for work. The civilian labor force (persons 14 years and over until 1966 and over 16 years thereafter) is the sum of the employed and the unemployed. Data on the size of the armed

SECTION 8: LABOR

forces is obtained from the Department of Defense and added to the civilian labor force to obtain the Total Labor Force. For years prior to 1940 (when detailed labor force data became available for the whole nation), the data are based on Stanley Legerbott’s Manpower in Economic Growth: The American Record Since 1800. Legerbott obtained his data by interpolating between detailed worker rates in the census years and applying the resultant series to unpublished census estimates of population. The gainful worker concept differs from other concepts in that its primary purpose is a count of occupations and occupational status rather than employment. It excludes students as well as women doing housework, but includes retired people who report their former line of work.

3

The most sensitive labor force data relate to unemployment. Because they are based on reports of unemployment insurance claims, they rates may be generally lower than actual unemployment. They exclude those long-term unemployed who have become discouraged and opted out of the employment market. In earlier years, unemployment estimates were calculated as a residual, that is, the total number of employed persons was deducted from the total civilian labor force. The unemployment rate presents the data on unemployed persons as a percentage of the civilian labor force. The lowest unemployment rate (that is, the closest the United States ever came to the concept of full employment) was achieved in 1944 during wartime (1.2 percent), the highest rates were in 1894 (18.3 percent) and in 1939 (17.2 percent).

4 Economically Active Population is a concept developed by David L. Caplan and M. Claire Casey. It referred to both employed and unemployed workers in the civilian labor force 10 years old and over before 1940, and 14 years and over since 1940. It is similar to the gainful workers concept, which is also based on occupation and marketable skills rather than on employment. The occupational classification system is generally comparable with the system used in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles.

5

The most common range of wages for agricultural laborers in the United States in the nineteenth century was from $8 to $12 per month, the same range that prevails in many Third World countries today. Data on wages after the Civil War and before 1900 comes from a number of published reports, such as Joseph D. Weeks’s Report on the Statistics of Wages in the Manufacturing Industries (1886) and the Aldrich Reports on Wholesale Prices, on Wages and on Transportation (1893). Since 1939, private industry employment and payrolls are based principally upon records of the Social Security Programs.

111

6

The average weekly hours worked and paid for differ from the average hours worked per week, both during times of substantial unemployment as well as times of relative full employment because of the overtime element. The widespread adoption of paid vacations of increasing length and the increasing number of paid holidays raised average weekly hours paid for, while keeping the average weekly hours worked low.

7

The Bureau of Labor Statistics monitors and publishes biennial data on labor unions, their membership dues, collective agreements, and voting rights. Union membership figures are available since 1951 and include the AFL-CIO, the principal labor federation, and independent labor unions. The decline in union membership has consequences not merely in U.S. industry but also in U.S. politics.

8

Data on work stoppages, including strikes and lockouts, were first published in 1881 and at five-year intervals thereafter with the exception of the period from 1906 to 1913. This seven-year lapse occurred while the charge of collecting labor statistics was moved from the Bureau of Labor (which collected these data from 1881 to 1905) to the Department of Labor, which was officially founded in 1913. During the transition period there was no government agency for the collection of labor statistics. Until 1927, these data were quite fragmentary and based on press reports and other secondary sources.

9

Compilation of work injury statistics began in 1910 for the iron and steel industry and by 1925 covered 24 industries. Since 1920, reports have been standardized with the injury-frequency rate defined as the average number of disabling injuries per million people-hours worked.

10 In 2002, the civilian labor force consisted of 144,863,000 persons or 66.6 percent of the population. The highest participation rate (92.4 percent) is found among males 25 to 34 years old while the lowest (9.8 percent) is found among women 65 years and older. White male participation rate (74.8 percent in 2002) has been historically higher than that of Black male participation rate (68.4 percent in 2002). The civilian labor force participation is expected to grow to 67.5 percent in 2010, but the increase will come not from men but from women.

11 Marital status makes a difference in the participation rates of men and women. The participation rate for single women (67.4 percent) is higher than that for married women (61.0 percent). The figures are reversed

112


for men, with single men having a lower rate (71.7 percent) than that for married men (77.4 percent).

12

While the average work week was 39.2 hours in 2002, over 9.9 million people work for more than 60 hours every week and 14.5 million people work between 48 and 49 hours. Nearly 5.3 million people hold multiple jobs, and 31.1 million people hold part-time jobs.

13 One of the fastest growing sectors of the employment market is that of self-employed persons with home-based businesses. Their number in 1997 was 4.125 million, almost equally distributed between men (2.1 million) and women (1.9 million). Minorities have not been prominent in these businesses, the overwhelming majority of which are White. Black home-based businesses number 135,000 and Hispanic businesses 156,000.

14 The percentage of workers who have not completed high school declined from 36.1 percent in 1970 to 10.3 in 2002, while the percentage of college graduates rose from 14.1 percent to 31.4 percent.

15 Unemployment increased in 2002 to 5.8 percent but this rate masks serious disparities between certain age groups. Among Blacks 16 to 19 years old, the unemployment rate is 29.8 percent, and among all males in that same age group it is 18.1 percent. Unemployment is also higher among certain sectors, such as agriculture (9.4 percent), and construction (7.3 percent). Certain states, such as Oregon (7.5 percent), West Virginia (7.3 percent) and Washington (7.3 percent), have higher than the national average unemployment, while South Dakota (3.1 percent), Nebraska (3.6 percent), and Vermont (3.7 percent) all have lower than average unemployment.

16 More than 53.5 percent of workers used computers in their jobs in 2001. Computer use is most wide-

18 The average hourly earnings, including overtime, doubled in private industry since 1980. In 2002, it was highest in utilities ($23.94) and information services ($20.23) and lowest in leisure and hospitality ($8.57). In 2001, overall annual compensation was highest in electric, gas, and sanitary services ($76,835), and communications ($73,826). It was lowest in retail trade ($26,232). Highest average annual pay is received in New York ($46,664), Connecticut ($45,486), and New Jersey ($44,285), and the lowest in Montana ($25,194) and North Dakota ($25,707).

19 In constant 1996 dollars, the minimum wage moved up only slightly from $4.37 in 1954 to $4.40 in 2003, although in current dollars it increased from $0.75 to $5.15.

20 The jobs with the fastest potential growth rate until 2001 are computer software engineers, computer support specialists, personal and home care aides, and social and human service assistants. The jobs with the fastest potential decline during the same period are coal miners, textile machine operators, machine tool cutting operators, private household cleaners and servants, machine forming operators, switchboard operators, farmers and farm workers, and garment sewing machine operators.

21 In 2001, there were 48,300 job-related deaths and 10.7 million work-related disabling injuries leading to the loss of 480 million days of production time.

22

Workplace stoppages, such as strikes and lockouts, once a permanent fixture of the industrial landscape, have become scarce. In 2002, there were only 19 work stoppages involving 46,000 workers and the loss of 660,000 thousand workdays compared with 424 work stoppages in 1974 involving 1,796,000 workers and the loss of 31.8 million workdays. American workers are more satisfied with their work conditions and pay than they have ever been in this century.

spread in executive, administrative, and managerial work (80.4 percent), technical support (75.0 percent), and administrative and clerical support (73.6 percent).

23 Labor Union membership has declined overall from 17.7 million in 1983 to 15.9 million in 2002. Most

17 With 1992 as the base, the index of output per hour in the business sector was 129.6. and 154.6 in the

of the decline is in the private sector where union membership is down from 11.9 million in 1983 to 8.6 million in 2002. This decline is partially offset by a slight increase in union membership in the public sector from 5.7 million to 7.3 million in the same period.

manufacturing sector in 2003.

SECTION 8: LABOR

113

Table 8-1—Series D 11-25. Labor Force Status of the Population, 1870–2002 (Thousands of people, 16 years and over, except as noted. ) Year

Noninstitutional population 1

Total labor force 2

Total civilian labor force

Employed– agriculture

Employed– nonagriculture

Unemployed

Total not in labor force

2002 ........................................ 2001 ........................................

217 570 215 092

... ...

144 863 143 734

2 311 2 299

134 174 134 635

2 276 3 637

72 707 71 359

2000 ........................................ 1999 ........................................ 1998 ........................................ 1997 ........................................ 1996 ........................................ 1995 ........................................ 1994 ........................................ 1993 ........................................ 1992 ........................................ 1991 ........................................

212 577 207 753 205 220 203 133 200 591 198 584 196 814 194 838 192 805 190 925

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

142 583 139 368 137 673 136 297 133 943 132 304 131 056 129 200 128 105 126 346

2 464 3 281 3 378 3 399 3 443 3 440 3 409 3 115 3 247 3 269

134 427 130 207 128 085 126 159 123 264 121 460 119 651 117 144 115 245 114 449

3 288 2 055 1 883 1 834 3 532 2 852 2 750 2 859 4 602 3 740

69 994 68 385 67 547 66 837 66 647 66 280 65 758 65 638 64 700 64 578

1990 ........................................ 1989 ........................................ 1988 ........................................ 1987 ........................................ 1986 ........................................ 1985 ........................................ 1984 ........................................ 1983 ........................................ 1982 ........................................ 1981 ........................................

189 164 186 393 184 613 182 753 180 587 178 206 176 383 174 215 172 271 170 130

... ... 123 893 122 122 120 079 117 695 115 763 113 750 112 384 110 812

125 840 123 869 121 669 119 865 117 834 115 461 113 544 111 550 110 204 108 670

3 223 3 199 3 169 3 208 3 163 3 179 3 321 3 383 3 401 3 368

115 570 114 142 111 800 109 232 106 434 103 971 101 685 97 450 96 125 97 030

3 852 4 714 3 911 4 070 3 786 3 366 2 875 2 975 2 817 2 832

63 324 62 523 62 944 62 888 62 752 62 744 62 839 62 665 62 067 61 460

1980 ........................................ 1979 ........................................ 1978 ........................................ 1977 ........................................ 1976 ........................................ 1975 ........................................ 1974 ........................................ 1973 ........................................ 1972 ........................................ 1971 ........................................

167 745 164 863 161 910 159 033 156 150 153 153 150 120 147 096 144 126 140 216

109 042 107 050 104 368 101 142 98 302 95 955 94 179 91 756 89 484 87 198

106 940 104 962 102 251 99 009 96 158 93 775 91 949 89 429 87 034 84 382

3 364 3 347 3 387 3 283 3 331 3 408 3 515 3 470 3 484 3 394

95 938 95 477 92 661 88 734 85 421 82 438 83 279 81 594 78 669 75 972

4 093 5 016 4 882 4 365 5 156 7 929 7 406 6 991 6 202 6 137

60 806 59 900 59 659 60 025 59 991 59 377 58 171 57 667 57 091 55 834

1970 ........................................ 1969 ........................................ 1968 ........................................ 1967 ........................................ 1966 ........................................ 1965 ........................................ 1964 ........................................ 1963 ........................................ 1962 ........................................ 1961 ........................................

137 085 134 335 132 028 129 874 128 058 126 513 124 485 122 416 120 153 118 771

85 959 84 240 82 272 80 793 78 893 77 178 75 830 74 571 73 442 73 031

82 771 80 734 78 737 77 347 75 770 74 455 73 091 71 833 70 614 70 459

3 463 3 606 3 817 3 844 3 979 4 361 4 523 4 687 4 944 5 200

75 215 74 296 72 103 70 527 68 915 66 726 64 782 63 076 61 759 60 546

7 637 8 273 10 678 10 717 8 539 8 312 8 237 7 425 6 701 6 528

54 315 53 602 53 291 52 527 52 288 52 058 51 394 50 583 49 539 48 312

1960 3 ..................................... 1959 ........................................ 1958 ........................................ 1957 ........................................ 1956 ........................................ 1955 ........................................ 1954 ........................................ 1953 ........................................ 1952 ........................................ 1951 ........................................

117 245 115 329 113 727 112 265 110 954 109 683 108 321 107 056 105 231 104 621

72 142 70 921 70 275 69 729 69 409 68 072 66 993 66 560 65 730 65 117

69 628 68 369 67 639 66 929 66 552 65 023 63 643 63 015 62 138 62 017

5 458 5 565 5 586 5 947 6 283 6 450 6 205 6 260 6 500 6 726

60 318 59 065 57 450 58 123 57 514 55 722 53 904 54 919 53 749 53 235

7 047 8 628 9 613 8 940 7 996 7 404 7 236 6 739 6 210 5 880

47 617 46 960 46 088 45 336 44 402 44 660 44 678 44 041 43 093 42 604

1950 ........................................ 1949 ........................................ 1948 ........................................ 1947 ........................................

104 995 103 994 103 068 103 418

63 858 62 903 62 080 60 941

62 208 61 286 60 621 59 350

7 160 7 658 7 629 7 890

51 758 49 993 50 714 49 148

5 692 6 801 8 378 2 311

42 787 42 708 42 447 42 477

Decennial Census 1970 (April) ............................. 1960 (April) 3, 4 ........................ 1950 (April) 4 ........................... 1940 (April) 4 ........................... 1930 (April) 6 ........................... 1920 (Jan) 6 ............................ 1910 (April) 6 ........................... 1900 (June) 6 .......................... 1890 (June) 6 .......................... 1880 (June) 6 .......................... 1870 ( June) 6 .........................

139 130 124 517 110 267 5100147 98 723 82 739 71 580 57 950 47 414 36 762 28 229

82 049 69 877 59 643 53 011 48 830 41 614 38 167 29 073 23 318 17 392 12 506

80 051 68 144 58 646 52 705 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

73 804 60 383

3 497 3 505 2 858 7 635 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

11879–1930, total population includes institutional. 21940–1970, includes armed forces. 3Denotes first year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. 4Data for persons 14 years and over. 5Estimated from data based on different sample. 6Data for persons 10 years old and over reporting a gainful occupation.


2 750 4 257

56876

548912

8 449 10 472 10 666 12 388 10 382 9 148 7 714 5 949

36 621 38 358 30 948 25 779 18 691 14 170 9 678 6 557

57 082 54 639

550624

47 136 49 893 41 125 33 413 28 877 24 095 19 370 15 723

114


Table 8-2—Series D 85-86. Unemployment, 1890–2002 (Percent.) Year

Percent of civilian labor force

2002 ................................................................... 2001 ...................................................................

5.8 4.7

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

4.0 4.2 4.5 4.9 5.4 5.6 6.1 6.9 7.5 6.8

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

5.6 5.3 5.5 6.2 7.0 7.2 7.5 9.6 9.7 7.6

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

7.1 5.8 6.1 7.1 7.7 8.5 5.6 4.9 5.6 5.9

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

4.9 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.8 4.5 5.2 5.7 5.5 6.7

1960 1 ................................................................. 1959 ................................................................... 1958 ................................................................... 1957 ................................................................... 1956 ................................................................... 1955 ................................................................... 1954 ................................................................... 1953 ................................................................... 1952 ................................................................... 1951 ...................................................................

5.5 5.5 6.8 4.3 4.1 4.4 5.5 2.9 3.0 3.3

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

5.3 5.9 3.8 3.9 3.9 1.9 1.2 1.9 4.7 9.9

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

14.6 17.2 19.0 14.3 16.9 20.1 21.7 24.9 23.6 15.9

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

8.7 3.2 4.2 3.3 1.8 3.2 5.0 2.4 6.7 11.7

1First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii.

SECTION 8: LABOR

Table 8-2—Series D 85-86. Unemployment, 1890–2002—Continued (Percent.) Year

Percent of civilian labor force

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

5.2 1.4 1.4 4.6 5.1 8.5 7.9 4.3 4.6 6.7

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

5.9 5.1 8.0 2.8 1.7 4.3 5.4 3.9 3.7 4.0

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1985 1894 1893 1892 1891

................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

5.0 6.5 12.4 14.5 14.4 13.7 18.4 11.7 3.0 5.4

1890 ...................................................................

4.0

115

116


Table 8-3—Series D 87-101. Unemployment Rates, by Sex and Race in the Civilian Labor Force, 1947–2002 (Percent.) Year

Total

Male

Female

Black 1

White

2002 ........................................ 2001 ........................................

5.8 4.7

5.9 4.8

5.6 4.7

5.1 4.2

10.2 8.6

2000 ........................................ 1999 ........................................ 1998 ........................................ 1997 ........................................ 1996 ........................................ 1995 ........................................ 1994 ........................................ 1993 ........................................ 1992 ........................................ 1991 ........................................

4.0 4.2 4.5 4.9 5.4 5.6 6.1 6.9 7.5 6.8

3.9 4.1 4.4 4.9 5.4 5.6 6.2 7.2 7.9 7.2

4.1 4.3 4.6 5.0 5.4 5.6 6.0 6.6 7.0 6.4

3.5 3.7 3.9 4.2 4.7 4.9 5.3 6.1 6.6 6.1

7.6 8.0 8.9 10.0 10.5 10.4 11.5 13.0 14.2 12.5

1990 ........................................ 1989 ........................................ 1988 ........................................ 1987 ........................................ 1986 ........................................ 1985 ........................................ 1984 ........................................ 1983 ........................................ 1982 ........................................ 1981 ........................................

5.6 5.3 5.5 6.2 7.0 7.2 7.5 9.6 9.7 7.6

5.7 5.2 5.5 6.2 6.9 7.0 7.4 9.9 9.9 7.4

5.5 5.4 5.6 6.2 7.1 7.4 7.6 9.2 9.4 7.9

4.8 4.5 4.7 5.3 6.0 6.2 6.5 8.4 8.6 6.7

11.4 11.4 11.7 13.0 14.5 15.1 15.9 19.5 18.9 15.6

1980 ........................................ 1979 ........................................ 1978 ........................................ 1977 ........................................ 1976 ........................................ 1975 ........................................ 1974 ........................................ 1973 ........................................ 1972 ........................................ 1971 ........................................

7.1 5.8 6.1 7.1 7.7 8.5 5.6 4.9 5.6 5.9

6.9 5.1 5.3 6.3 7.1 7.9 4.9 4.2 5.0 5.3

7.4 6.8 7.2 8.2 8.6 9.3 6.7 6.0 6.6 6.9

6.3 5.1 5.2 6.2 7.0 7.8 5.0 4.3 5.1 5.4

14.3 12.3 12.8 14.0 14.0 14.8 10.5 9.4 10.4 9.9

1970 ........................................ 1969 ........................................ 1968 ........................................ 1967 ........................................ 1966 ........................................ 1965 ........................................ 1964 ........................................ 1963 ........................................ 1962 ........................................ 1961 ........................................

4.9 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.8 4.5 5.2 5.7 5.5 6.7

4.4 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.2 4.0 4.6 5.2 5.2 6.4

5.9 4.7 4.8 5.2 4.8 5.5 6.2 6.5 6.2 7.2

4.5 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.4 4.1 4.6 5.0 4.9 6.0

8.2 6.4 6.7 7.4 7.3 8.1 9.6 10.8 10.9 12.4

1960 ........................................ 1959 ........................................ 1958 ........................................ 1957 ........................................ 1956 ........................................ 1955 ........................................ 1954 ........................................ 1953 ........................................ 1952 ........................................ 1951 ........................................

5.5 5.5 6.8 4.3 4.1 4.4 5.5 2.9 3.0 3.3

5.4 5.2 6.8 4.1 3.8 4.2 5.3 2.8 2.8 2.8

5.9 5.9 6.8 4.7 4.8 4.9 6.0 3.3 3.6 4.4

5.0 4.8 6.1 3.8 3.6 3.9 5.0 2.7 2.8 3.1

10.2 10.7 12.6 7.9 8.3 8.7 9.9 4.5 5.4 5.3

1950 ........................................ 1949 ........................................ 1948 ........................................ 1947 ........................................

5.3 5.9 3.8 3.9

5.1 5.9 3.6 4.0

5.7 6.0 4.1 3.7

4.9 5.6 3.5 ...

9.0 8.9 5.9 ...

11971

and earlier years refer to "Black and other" (including Asian, Native American, Alaskan Natives, and Pacific Islanders). . . . = Not available.

SECTION 8: LABOR

117

Table 8-4—Series 102-115. Unemployment Rates, by Industry (NAICS Basis), 2000–2002 (Percent.) Year

2000

2001

2002

Total .......................................................................................................................

4.0

4.7

5.8

Nonagricutural Private Wage and Salary Workers ........................................... Mining ..................................................................................................................... Construction ........................................................................................................... Manufacturing ........................................................................................................ Durable goods .................................................................................................... Nondurable goods .............................................................................................. Wholesale and retail trade ..................................................................................... Transportation and utilities ..................................................................................... Information ............................................................................................................. Financial activities .................................................................................................. Business and professional services ....................................................................... Education and health services ............................................................................... Leisure and hospitality ........................................................................................... Other services ........................................................................................................

4.1 4.4 6.2 3.5 3.2 4.0 4.3 3.4 3.2 2.4 4.8 2.5 6.6 3.9

5.0 4.2 7.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 4.9 4.3 4.9 2.9 6.1 2.8 7.5 4.0

6.2 6.3 9.2 6.7 6.9 6.2 6.1 4.9 6.9 3.5 7.9 3.4 8.4 5.1

Agriculture and Related Private Wage and Salary Workers ............................

9.0

11.2

10.1

Government Workers ...........................................................................................

2.1

2.2

2.5

Self-Employed and Unpaid Family Members ....................................................

2.1

2.1

2.6

118


Table 8-5—Series D 102-115. Unemployment Rates, by Industry (SIC Basis), 1948–1999 (Percent.) Experienced wage and salary workers Year

Total unemployed1

Wage and salary workers in private nonagricultural industries Agriculture Mining

Construction

Manufacturing

Transportation and public utilities

Wholesale trade

Finance, insurance, and real estate

Service industries

Government

1999 ........................................ 1998 ........................................ 1997 ........................................ 1996 ........................................ 1995 ........................................ 1994 ........................................ 1993 ........................................ 1992 ........................................ 1991 ........................................

4.0 4.5 4.9 5.4 5.6 6.1 6.8 7.5 6.8

8.9 8.3 9.1 10.2 11.1 11.3 11.7 12.5 11.8

5.7 3.2 3.8 5.1 5.2 5.4 7.4 8.0 7.8

7.0 7.5 9.0 10.1 11.5 11.8 14.4 16.8 15.5

3.6 3.9 4.2 4.8 4.9 5.6 7.2 7.8 7.3

3.0 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.5 4.8 5.1 5.5 5.3

5.2 5.5 6.2 6.4 6.5 7.4 7.8 8.4 7.6

2.3 2.5 3.0 2.7 3.3 3.6 4.1 4.6 4.0

4.0 4.5 4.6 5.4 5.4 5.9 6.1 6.5 5.7

2.2 2.3 2.6 2.9 2.9 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.3

1990 ........................................ 1989 ........................................ 1988 ........................................ 1987 ........................................ 1986 ........................................ 1985 ........................................ 1984 ........................................ 1983 ........................................ 1982 ........................................ 1981 ........................................

5.6 5.3 5.5 6.2 7.0 7.2 7.5 9.6 9.7 7.6

9.8 9.6 10.6 10.5 12.5 13.2 13.5 16.0 14.7 12.1

4.8 5.8 7.9 10.0 13.5 9.5 10.0 17.0 13.4 6.0

11.1 10.0 10.6 11.6 13.1 13.1 14.3 18.4 20.0 15.6

5.8 5.1 5.3 6.0 7.1 7.7 7.5 11.2 12.3 8.3

3.9 3.9 3.9 4.5 5.1 5.1 5.5 7.4 6.8 5.2

6.4 6.0 6.2 6.9 7.6 7.6 8.0 10.0 10.0 8.1

3.0 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.5 3.5 3.7 4.5 4.7 3.5

5.0 4.8 4.9 5.4 6.1 6.2 6.6 7.9 7.6 6.6

3.7 2.7 2.8 3.5 3.6 3.9 4.5 5.3 4.9 4.7

1980 ........................................ 1979 ........................................ 1978 ........................................ 1977 ........................................ 1976 ........................................ 1975 ........................................ 1974 ........................................ 1973 ........................................ 1972 ........................................ 1971 ........................................

7.1 5.8 6.0 7.0 7.7 8.5 5.6 4.9 5.6 5.9

11.0 9.3 8.9 11.2 11.8 10.4 7.5 7.0 7.7 7.9

6.4 4.9 4.2 3.8 4.6 4.1 3.0 2.9 3.2 4.0

14.1 10.3 10.6 12.7 15.5 18.0 10.7 8.9 10.3 10.4

8.5 5.6 5.5 6.7 7.9 10.9 5.8 4.4 5.6 6.8

4.9 3.7 3.7 4.7 5.0 5.6 3.3 3.0 3.5 3.8

7.4 6.5 6.9 8.0 8.6 8.7 6.5 5.7 6.4 6.4

3.4 3.0 3.1 3.8 4.3 4.9 3.1 2.7 3.4 3.3

5.9 5.5 5.7 6.6 7.2 7.1 5.2 4.8 5.3 5.6

4.1 3.7 3.9 4.2 4.4 4.1 3.0 2.7 3.0 2.9

1970 ........................................ 1969 ........................................ 1968 ........................................ 1967 ........................................ 1966 ........................................ 1965 ........................................ 1964 ........................................ 1963 ........................................ 1962 ........................................ 1961 ........................................

4.9 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.8 4.5 5.2 5.7 5.5 6.7

7.5 6.1 6.3 6.9 6.6 7.6 9.7 9.2 7.5 9.6

3.1 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.7 5.4 6.7 7.2 7.8 11.1

9.7 6.0 6.9 7.4 8.0 10.1 11.2 13.3 13.5 15.7

5.6 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.2 4.0 5.0 5.7 5.8 7.8

3.2 2.2 2.0 2.4 2.1 2.9 3.5 4.2 4.1 5.3

5.3 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.4 5.0 5.7 6.2 6.3 7.3

2.8 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.6 2.7 3.0 3.3

4.7 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.9 4.6 5.3 5.7 5.5 6.2

2.2 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.5

1960 ........................................ 1959 ........................................ 1958 ........................................ 1957 ........................................ 1956 ........................................ 1955 ........................................ 1954 ........................................ 1953 ........................................ 1952 ........................................ 1951 ........................................

5.5 5.5 6.8 4.3 4.1 4.4 5.5 2.9 3.0 3.3

8.3 9.1 10.3 6.9 7.4 7.2 9.0 5.6 4.8 4.4

9.7 9.7 11.0 5.9 6.8 9.1 14.4 4.6 3.8 4.0

13.5 13.4 15.3 10.9 10.0 10.9 12.9 7.2 6.7 7.2

6.2 6.1 9.3 5.1 4.7 4.7 7.1 3.1 3.5 3.9

4.6 4.4 6.1 3.3 3.0 4.0 5.6 2.2 2.3 2.3

5.9 5.8 6.8 4.5 4.5 4.7 5.7 3.4 3.5 3.9

2.4 2.5 2.9 1.8 1.8 2.4 2.3 1.8 1.8 1.5

5.1 5.3 5.7 4.2 4.6 5.2 5.5 3.4 3.6 4.2

2.4 2.2 2.5 1.9 1.7 2.0 2.2 1.5 1.6 1.8

1950 ........................................ 1949 ........................................ 1948 ........................................

5.3 5.9 3.8

9.0 7.1 5.5

6.7 8.9 3.1

12.2 14.0 8.7

6.2 8.0 4.2

4.6 5.9 3.5

6.0 6.2 4.7

2.2 2.1 1.8

6.4 6.8 4.8

3.0 3.1 2.2

1Also

includes the self employed, unpaid family workers, and those with no previous work experience, not shown separately.

SECTION 8: LABOR

119

Table 8-6—Series D 167-181. Labor Force and Employment, by Super Sector, 1800–2002 (Thousands of people.) Trade, transportation, and utilities

Wholesale trade

15 259 16 441

25 497 25 983

5 652 5 773

6 787 6 545 6 149 5 813 5 536 5 274 5 095 4 779 4 608 4 780

17 263 17 322 17 560 17 419 17 237 17 241 17 021 16 774 16 799 17 068

26 225 25 771 25 186 24 700 24 239 23 834 23 128 22 378 22 125 22 281

5 933 5 893 5 795 5 664 5 522 5 433 5 247 5 093 5 110 5 185

765 750 770 771 829 974 1 014 997 1 163 1 180

5 263 5 309 5 233 5 090 4 937 4 793 4 501 4 065 4 024 4 304

17 695 17 985 17 906 17 609 17 552 17 819 17 920 17 048 17 363 18 634

22 666 22 510 21 974 21 302 20 795 20 379 19 653 18 668 18 457 18 604

5 268 5 284 5 153 5 003 4 935 4 915 4 788 4 559 4 575 4 634

49 891 48 868 46 858 44 362 42 476 40 932 40 721 39 600 38 034 36 721

1 077 1 008 902 865 832 802 755 693 672 658

4 454 4 562 4 322 3 940 3 662 3 608 4 095 4 167 3 957 3 770

18 733 19 426 18 932 18 167 17 531 16 909 18 514 18 589 17 669 17 174

18 413 18 303 17 658 16 765 16 128 15 606 15 693 15 349 14 788 14 318

4 557 4 485 4 280 4 055 3 920 3 810 3 823 3 688 3 547 3 424

48 827 35 114 27 945 20 029 ... ... ... ... ...

36 139 26 650 21 824 15 778 ... ... ... ... ...

677 771 924 927 ... ... ... ... ...

3 654 2 973 2 405 1 352 1 988 1 233 1 949 1 665 1 510

17 848 15 438 14 013 10 099 9 884 11 190 8 332 5 895 4 390

14 144 11 147 9 694 7 043 ... ... ... ... ...

3 418 2 690 2 255 1 571 ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

900 780 520 410 290 ... ... ... ...

3 290 2 470 1 530 1 200 500 ... ... 75 ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Natural resource and mining

Construction

86 271 86 834

583 606

6 716 6 826

107 136 104 528 101 576 98 890 96 299 94 142 91 517 88 625 86 631 85 787

86 346 84 221 81 667 79 227 76 759 74 710 72 242 69 636 67 845 67 241

599 598 645 654 637 641 659 666 689 739

23 723 24 045 23 909 23 470 23 318 23 585 23 435 22 110 22 550 24 118

85 764 83 969 81 436 78 618 76 156 73 926 71 095 68 171 67 127 67 172

67 349 66 042 63 897 61 462 59 318 57 393 54 936 52 160 51 145 50 991

74 154 73 864 71 014 67 334 64 501 62 250 64 086 63 050 60 333 58 323

24 263 24 997 24 156 22 972 22 025 21 318 23 364 23 450 22 299 21 602

66 265 64 935 62 670 59 620 57 477 55 751 55 025 53 462 51 499 49 734

71 006 54 296 45 287 32 407 ... ... ... ... ...

58 318 45 832 39 167 28 156 ... ... ... ... ...

22 179 19 182 17 343 12 378 ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Civilian labor force

Agriculture

2002 ........................................ 2001 ........................................

144 863 143 734

3 340 3 231

130 341 131 826

108 828 110 707

22 557 23 873

107 784 107 952

2000 ........................................ 1999 ........................................ 1998 ........................................ 1997 ........................................ 1996 ........................................ 1995 ........................................ 1994 ........................................ 1993 ........................................ 1992 ........................................ 1991 ........................................

142 583 139 368 137 673 136 297 133 943 132 304 131 056 129 200 128 105 126 346

3 382 3 281 3 378 3 399 3 443 3 440 3 409 3 115 3 247 3 269

131 785 128 993 125 930 122 776 119 708 117 298 114 291 110 844 108 726 108 374

110 996 108 686 106 021 103 113 100 169 97 866 95 016 91 855 89 940 89 829

24 649 24 465 24 354 23 886 23 410 23 156 22 774 22 219 22 095 22 588

1990 ........................................ 1989 ........................................ 1988 ........................................ 1987 ........................................ 1986 ........................................ 1985 ........................................ 1984 ........................................ 1983 ........................................ 1982 ........................................ 1981 ........................................

125 840 123 869 121 669 119 865 117 834 115 461 113 544 111 550 110 204 108 670

3 223 3 199 3 169 3 208 3 163 3 179 3 321 3 383 3 401 3 368

109 487 108 014 105 345 102 088 99 474 97 511 94 530 90 280 89 677 91 289

91 072 90 087 87 806 84 932 82 636 80 978 78 371 74 269 73 695 75 109

1980 ........................................ 1979 ........................................ 1978 ........................................ 1977 ........................................ 1976 ........................................ 1975 ........................................ 1974 ........................................ 1973 ........................................ 1972 ........................................ 1971 ........................................

106 940 104 962 102 251 99 009 96 158 93 775 91 949 89 429 87 034 84 382

3 364 3 347 3 387 3 283 3 331 3 408 3 515 3 470 3 484 3 394

90 528 89 932 86 826 82 593 79 502 77 069 78 389 76 912 73 798 71 335

1970 ........................................ 1960 ........................................ 1950 ........................................ 1940 ........................................ 1930 ........................................ 1920 ........................................ 1910 ........................................ 1900 ........................................ 1890 ........................................

82 771 ... ... 56 520 48 830 41 610 37 480 29 070 23 320

3 463 5 458 7 160 ... ... ... ... ... ...

1880 ........................................ 1870 ........................................ 1860 ........................................ 1850 ........................................ 1840 ........................................ 1830 ........................................ 1820 ........................................ 1810 ........................................ 1800 ........................................

17 390 12 930 11 110 8 250 5 660 4 200 3 135 2 330 1 900

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Year


Total nonfarm

Total private

Goodsproducing

Serviceproviding

Private serviceproviding

Manufacturing

120


Table 8-6—Series D 167-181. Labor Force and Employment, by Super Sector, 1800–2002—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Year

Retail trade

Transportation and warehousing

Utilities

Information

Financial activities

Professional and business services

Education and health services

Leisure and hospitality

Other services

Government

2002 ........................................ 2001 ........................................

15 025 15 239

4 224 4 372

596 599

3 395 3 629

7 847 7 807

15 976 16 476

16 199 15 645

11 986 12 036

5 372 5 258

21 513 21 118

2000 ........................................ 1999 ........................................ 1998 ........................................ 1997 ........................................ 1996 ........................................ 1995 ........................................ 1994 ........................................ 1993 ........................................ 1992 ........................................ 1991 ........................................

15 280 14 970 14 609 14 389 14 143 13 897 13 491 13 021 12 828 12 896

4 410 4 300 4 168 4 027 3 935 3 838 3 701 3 554 3 462 3 463

601 609 613 621 640 666 689 711 726 736

3 631 3 419 3 218 3 084 2 940 2 843 2 738 2 668 2 641 2 677

7 687 7 648 7 462 7 178 6 969 6 827 6 867 6 709 6 540 6 558

16 666 15 957 15 147 14 335 13 462 12 844 12 174 11 495 10 970 10 714

15 109 14 798 14 446 14 087 13 683 13 289 12 807 12 303 11 891 11 506

11 862 11 543 11 232 11 018 10 777 10 501 10 100 9 732 9 437 9 256

5 168 5 087 4 976 4 825 4 690 4 572 4 428 4 350 4 240 4 249

20 790 20 307 19 909 19 664 19 539 19 432 19 275 18 989 18 787 18 545

1990 ........................................ 1989 ........................................ 1988 ........................................ 1987 ........................................ 1986 ........................................ 1985 ........................................ 1984 ........................................ 1983 ........................................ 1982 ........................................ 1981 ........................................

13 182 13 108 12 808 12 419 12 078 11 733 11 223 10 635 10 372 10 364

3 476 3 386 3 290 3 156 3 059 3 012 2 934 2 775 2 817 2 932

740 732 723 725 723 720 708 699 694 674

2 688 2 622 2 585 2 507 2 445 2 437 2 398 2 253 2 317 2 382

6 614 6 562 6 500 6 385 6 128 5 815 5 553 5 334 5 209 5 163

10 848 10 555 10 090 9 608 9 211 8 871 8 464 8 039 7 848 7 782

10 984 10 616 10 063 9 515 9 061 8 657 8 193 7 766 7 515 7 357

9 288 9 062 8 778 8 446 8 156 7 869 7 489 7 078 6 874 6 840

4 261 4 116 3 907 3 699 3 523 3 366 3 186 3 021 2 924 2 865

18 415 17 927 17 540 17 156 16 838 16 533 16 159 16 011 15 982 16 180

1980 ........................................ 1979 ........................................ 1978 ........................................ 1977 ........................................ 1976 ........................................ 1975 ........................................ 1974 ........................................ 1973 ........................................ 1972 ........................................ 1971 ........................................

10 244 10 180 9 879 9 359 8 966 8 600 8 536 8 371 8 038 7 657

2 961 3 005 2 890 2 765 2 667 2 620 2 752 2 718 2 646 ...

651 632 609 585 576 574 582 571 557 541

2 361 2 375 2 287 2 185 2 111 2 061 2 160 2 135 2 056 2 009

5 025 4 843 4 599 4 348 4 155 4 047 4 023 3 920 3 784 3 651

7 544 7 312 6 972 6 587 6 287 6 034 5 974 5 774 5 523 5 328

7 072 6 767 6 427 6 052 5 756 5 497 5 322 5 092 4 863 4 675

6 721 6 631 6 411 6 065 5 794 5 544 5 471 5 341 5 121 4 914

2 755 2 637 2 505 2 359 2 244 2 144 2 078 1 990 1 900 1 827

16 375 16 068 15 812 15 258 15 001 14 820 14 303 13 862 13 465 13 012

1970 ........................................ 1960 ........................................ 1950 ........................................ 1940 ........................................ 1930 ........................................ 1920 ........................................ 1910 ........................................ 1900 ........................................ 1890 ........................................

7 463 5 589 4 580 3 324 ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

536 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 041 1 728 1 625 1 196 ... ... ... ... ...

3 532 2 532 1 825 1 424 ... ... ... ... ...

5 267 3 694 2 928 2 073 ... ... ... ... ...

4 577 2 937 2 144 1 470 ... ... ... ... ...

4 789 3 460 2 769 1 995 ... ... ... ... ...

1 789 1 152 839 578 ... ... ... ... ...

12 687 8 464 6 120 4 251 ... ... ... ... ...

1880 ........................................ 1870 ........................................ 1860 ........................................ 1850 ........................................ 1840 ........................................ 1830 ........................................ 1820 ........................................ 1810 ........................................ 1800 ........................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...


SECTION 8: LABOR

Table 8-7—Series D 722-727. Average Annual Earnings of Employees, 1929–2001 (Dollars.) Year

Earnings of full-time employees

2001 .........................................................................................

39 667

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... .........................................................................................

38 652 36 555 35 034 33 429 32 040 30 902 29 922 29 351 28 667 27 192

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... .........................................................................................

25 889 24 766 24 032 22 913 21 935 21 079 20 168 19 330 18 488 17 218

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... .........................................................................................

15 757 14 376 13 287 12 379 11 620 10 836 9 994 9 298 8 610 ...

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... .........................................................................................

7 564 7 095 6 657 6 230 5 967 5 710 5 503 5 243 5 065 4 884

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... .........................................................................................

4 743 4 594 4 375 4 230 4 055 3 851 3 667 3 581 3 402 3 217

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... .........................................................................................

2 992 2 844 2 786 ... 2 359 2 190 2 109 1 951 1 709 1 443

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... .........................................................................................

1 299 1 264 1 230 1 258 1 184 1 137 1 091 1 048 1 120 1 275

1930 ......................................................................................... 1929 .........................................................................................

1 368 1 405


121

122


Table 8-8—Series D 802-810. Earnings and Hours of Production Workers in Manufacturing, 1939–2002 (Dollars, number.) Industry

Average hourly earnings

Average weekly hours

Average weekly earnings

2002 ........................................ 2001 ........................................

15.29 14.76

40.5 40.3

618.75 595.19

2000 ........................................ 1999 ........................................ 1998 ........................................ 1997 ........................................ 1996 ........................................ 1995 ........................................ 1994 ........................................ 1993 ........................................ 1992 ........................................ 1991 ........................................

14.32 13.85 13.45 13.14 12.75 12.34 12.04 11.70 11.40 11.13

41.3 41.4 41.4 41.7 41.3 41.3 41.7 41.1 40.7 40.4

590.65 573.17 557.12 548.22 526.55 509.26 502.12 480.80 464.43 449.73

1990 ........................................ 1989 ........................................ 1988 ........................................ 1987 ........................................ 1986 ........................................ 1985 ........................................ 1984 ........................................ 1983 ........................................ 1982 ........................................ 1981 ........................................

10.78 10.35 10.05 9.77 9.59 9.40 9.05 8.70 8.36 7.86

40.5 40.9 41.0 40.9 40.7 40.5 40.7 40.1 38.9 39.8

436.16 423.32 412.05 399.59 390.31 380.70 368.34 348.87 325.20 312.83

1980 ........................................ 1979 ........................................ 1978 ........................................ 1977 ........................................ 1976 ........................................ 1975 ........................................ 1974 ........................................ 1973 ........................................ 1972 ........................................ 1971 ........................................

7.15 6.57 6.05 5.55 5.09 4.71 4.31 3.97 3.70 3.45

39.7 40.2 40.4 40.3 40.1 39.5 40.0 40.7 40.6 39.9

283.86 264.11 244.42 223.67 204.11 186.05 172.40 161.58 150.22 137.66

1970 ........................................ 1969 ........................................ 1968 ........................................ 1967 ........................................ 1966 ........................................ 1965 ........................................ 1964 ........................................ 1963 ........................................ 1962 ........................................ 1961 ........................................

3.23 3.07 2.89 2.71 2.60 2.49 2.41 2.34 2.27 2.20

39.8 40.6 40.7 40.6 41.4 41.2 40.8 40.6 40.5 39.9

128.55 124.64 117.62 110.03 107.64 102.59 98.33 95.00 91.94 87.78

1960 ........................................ 1959 1 ..................................... 1958 ........................................ 1957 ........................................ 1956 ........................................ 1955 ........................................ 1954 ........................................ 1953 ........................................ 1952 ........................................ 1951 ........................................

2.15 2.08 1.99 1.93 1.84 1.74 1.66 1.63 1.53 1.45

39.8 40.3 39.2 39.9 40.5 40.8 39.7 40.6 40.8 40.7

85.57 83.82 78.01 77.01 74.52 70.99 65.90 66.18 62.42 59.02

1950 ........................................ 1949 ........................................ 1948 ........................................ 1947 ........................................ 1946 ........................................ 1945 ........................................ 1944 ........................................ 1943 ........................................ 1942 ........................................ 1941 ........................................

1.32 1.25 1.20 1.10 0.95 0.90 0.91 0.86 0.74 0.61

40.6 39.2 40.1 40.5 40.4 43.6 45.4 45.1 43.2 40.7

53.59 49.00 48.12 44.55 38.38 39.24 41.31 38.79 31.97 24.83

1940 ........................................ 1939 ........................................

0.53 0.49

38.2 37.7

20.25 18.47

1First

year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii.

SECTION 8: LABOR

Table 8-9—Series D 946-951. Labor Union Membership as a Percent of Total Employment, 1930–2002 (Number, percent.) Year

Total union membership

Percent of employed

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

16 145 16 387

13.6 13.4

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

16 258 16 477 16 211 16 110 16 269 16 360 16 748 16 598 16 390 16 568

13.5 13.9 13.9 15.6 14.5 14.9 15.5 14.9 14.5 16.1

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

... 16 960 17 002 16 913 16 975 16 996 17 340 17 717

... 16.4 16.8 17.0 18.0 18.8 17.9 20.1

1980 1978 1976 1974 1972

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

22 811 23 306 21 171 23 408 20 893

25.2 19.7 20.3 21.7 21.8

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

20 752 20 382 20 258 19 712 19 181 18 519 17 976 17 586 17 630 17 328

27.4 27.1 27.9 27.9 28.1 28.4 28.9 29.2 29.8 30.2

1960 1 .................................................... 1959 ...................................................... 1958 ...................................................... 1957 ...................................................... 1956 ...................................................... 1955 ...................................................... 1954 ...................................................... 1953 ...................................................... 1952 ...................................................... 1951 ......................................................

18 117 18 169 18 081 18 431 18 477 17 749 17 955 17 860 16 750 16 750

31.4 32.1 33.2 32.8 33.4 33.2 34.7 33.7 32.5 33.3

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

15 000 15 000 15 000 15 414 14 974 14 796 14 621 13 642 10 762 10 489

31.5 32.6 31.9 33.7 34.5 35.5 33.8 31.1 25.9 27.9

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

8 944 8 980 8 265 7 218 4 164 3 728 3 249 2 857 3 226 3 526

26.9 28.6 27.5 22.6 13.7 13.2 11.9 11.3 12.9 12.4

1930 ......................................................

3 632

11.6

1First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. . . . = Not available.

123

124


Table 8-10—Series D 970-985. Work Stoppages, Workers Involved, and Days Idle, 1927–2002 (Number, percent.) Stoppage beginning in the year Year

Days idle

Number of workers involved (thousands)

Number

Percent of estimated total working time

Number

Work Stoppages Involving 1,000 Workers or More 2002 ................................................................................................................................ 2001 ................................................................................................................................

19 29

46 99

660 1 151

(1) (1)

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................

39 17 34 29 37 31 45 35 35 40

394 73 387 339 273 192 322 182 364 392

20 419 1 996 5 116 4 497 4 889 5 771 5 020 3 981 3 989 4 584

0.06 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................

44 51 40 46 69 54 62 81 96 145

185 452 118 174 533 324 376 909 656 729

5 926 16 996 4 381 4 481 11 861 7 079 8 499 17 461 9 061 16 908

0.02 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.04 0.07

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................

187 235 219 298 231 235 424 317 250 298

795 1 021 1 006 1 212 1 519 965 1 796 1 400 975 2 516

20 844 20 409 23 774 21 258 23 962 17 563 31 809 16 260 16 764 35 538

0.09 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.09 0.16 0.08 0.09 0.19

All Work Stoppages 1970 ................................................................................................................................ 1969 ................................................................................................................................ 1968 ................................................................................................................................ 1967 ................................................................................................................................ 1966 ................................................................................................................................ 1965 ................................................................................................................................ 1964 ................................................................................................................................ 1963 ................................................................................................................................ 1962 ................................................................................................................................ 1961 ................................................................................................................................

5 716 5 700 5 045 4 595 4 405 3 963 3 655 3 362 3 614 3 367

3 305 2 481 2 649 2 870 1 960 1 550 1 640 941 1 230 1 450

66 414 42 869 49 018 42 100 25 400 23 300 22 900 16 100 18 600 16 300

0.37 0.24 0.28 0.25 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.11 0.13 0.11

1960 ................................................................................................................................ 1959 2 ............................................................................................................................. 1958 ................................................................................................................................ 1957 ................................................................................................................................ 1956 ................................................................................................................................ 1955 ................................................................................................................................ 1954 ................................................................................................................................ 1953 ................................................................................................................................ 1952 ................................................................................................................................ 1951 ................................................................................................................................

3 333 3 708 3 694 3 673 3 825 4 320 3 468 5 091 5 117 4 737

1 320 1 880 2 060 1 390 1 900 2 650 1 530 2 400 3 540 2 220

19 100 69 000 23 900 16 500 33 100 28 200 22 600 28 300 59 100 22 900

0.14 0.50 0.18 0.12 0.24 0.22 0.18 0.22 0.48 0.18

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................

4 843 3 606 3 419 3 693 4 985 4 750 4 956 3 752 2 968 4 288

2 410 3 030 1 960 2 170 4 600 3 470 2 120 1 980 840 2 360

38 800 50 500 34 100 34 600 116 000 38 000 8 720 13 500 4 180 23 000

0.33 0.44 0.28 0.30 1.04 0.31 0.07 0.10 0.04 0.23

1940 ................................................................................................................................ 1939 ................................................................................................................................ 1938 3 ............................................................................................................................. 1937 ................................................................................................................................ 1936 ................................................................................................................................ 1935 ................................................................................................................................ 1934 ................................................................................................................................ 1933 ................................................................................................................................ 1932 ................................................................................................................................ 1931 ................................................................................................................................

2 508 2 613 2 772 4 740 2 172 2 014 1 856 1 695 841 810

577 1 170 688 1 860 789 1 120 1 470 1 170 324 342

6 700 17 800 9 150 28 400 13 900 15 500 19 600 16 900 6 890 6 890

0.08 0.21 0.15 0.43 0.21 0.29 0.38 0.36 0.11 0.11

637 921 604 707

183 289 314 330

3 320 5 350 12 600 26 200

0.05 0.07 0.17 0.37

1930 1929 1928 1927

................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................

1Less than .005 percent. 2First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. 3Before 1939, percent of estimated total working time in

private nonfarm economy. In 1939, that percent was 0.28.

SECTION 8: LABOR

125

Table 8-11—Series D 1029-1036. Work Injury Frequency Rates in Manufacturing and Mining, 1976–2002 (Incident rates per 100 full-time workers.) Year

Manufacturing

Mining

2002 .................................................................................................. 2001 ..................................................................................................

10.9 10.8

12.6 12.6

2000 .................................................................................................. 1999 .................................................................................................. 1998 .................................................................................................. 1997 .................................................................................................. 1996 .................................................................................................. 1995 .................................................................................................. 1994 .................................................................................................. 1993 .................................................................................................. 1992 .................................................................................................. 1991 1 ...............................................................................................

11.3 11.2 11.0 11.4 10.3 8.3 9.5 8.3 7.2 8.2

12.8 12.8 11.8 11.1 9.9 9.7 10.2 10.0 10.2 11.3

1990 1 ............................................................................................... 1989 1 ............................................................................................... 1988 .................................................................................................. 1987 .................................................................................................. 1986 .................................................................................................. 1985 .................................................................................................. 1984 .................................................................................................. 1983 .................................................................................................. 1982 .................................................................................................. 1981 ..................................................................................................

8.5 8.2 8.1 7.1 7.0 6.5 6.0 6.0 5.3 5.7

12.1 12.0 11.9 11.2 10.8 10.4 10.4 9.9 9.2 8.9

1980 .................................................................................................. 1979 .................................................................................................. 1978 .................................................................................................. 1977 .................................................................................................. 1976 ..................................................................................................

4.7 4.1 4.6 3.9 3.8

8.5 8.0 7.8 7.0 6.4

1Data

for 1989, 1990, and 1991 include fatalities.

126


Table 8-12. Federal Minimum Wage Rates, 1954–2003 (Dollars.) Value of the minimum wage Year Constant (1996) dollars 1

Current dollars

2003 ....................................................................................................................... 2002 ....................................................................................................................... 2001 .......................................................................................................................

5.15 5.15 5.15

4.40 4.49 4.56

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

5.15 5.15 5.15 5.15 4.75 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25

4.72 4.85 4.96 5.03 4.75 4.38 4.50 4.61 4.75 4.90

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

3.80 3.35 3.35 3.35 3.35 3.35 3.35 3.35 3.35 3.35

4.56 4.24 4.44 4.63 4.80 4.88 5.06 5.28 5.45 5.78

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

3.10 2.90 2.65 2.30 2.30 2.10 2.00 1.60 1.60 1.60

5.90 6.27 6.38 5.95 6.34 6.12 6.37 5.65 6.01 6.20

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

1.60 1.60 1.60 1.40 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.15 1.15

6.47 6.84 7.21 6.58 6.05 6.23 6.33 6.41 5.97 6.03

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75

5.30 5.39 5.43 5.58 5.77 4.39 4.37

1Adjusted

for inflation using the CPI-U.

SECTION 8: LABOR

127

Table 8-13. Self-Employed Workers, by Industry and Occupation, 1970–2002 (Number.) Item

1970

1980

1990

1994

1995

1996

1997 1

1998 1

1999 1

2000 1

2001 1

2002 1

Total Self-Employed ................................

7 031

8 642

10 097

10 648

10 482

10 490

10 513

10 303

10 087

10 013

9 941

9 756

Industry Agriculture ................................................. Nonagriculture ........................................... Mining .................................................... Construction .......................................... Manufacturing ........................................ Transportation and public utilities .......... Trade ..................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate ...... Services .................................................

1 810 5 221 14 687 264 196 1 667 254 2 140

1 642 7 000 28 1 173 358 282 1 899 458 2 804

1 378 8 719 24 1 457 427 301 1 851 630 4 030

1 645 9 003 13 1 506 426 385 1 906 625 4 142

1 580 8 902 16 1 460 433 396 1 772 660 4 166

1 518 8 971 15 1 496 406 432 1 760 674 4 189

1 457 9 056 14 1 492 422 438 1 761 629 4 300

1 341 8 962 21 1 519 428 430 1 640 609 4 317

1 297 8 790 16 1 545 380 429 1 621 661 4 138

1 249 8 765 16 1 593 345 405 1 524 700 4 182

1 264 8 677 25 1 530 360 440 1 491 649 4 182

1 266 8 490 13 1 483 343 436 1 436 649 4 129

...

...

3 050

3 106

3 147

3 288

3 432

3 400

3 298

3 150

3 175

3 064

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

2 240 1 207 1 675 567 1 358

2 380 1 178 1 740 639 1 605

2 341 1 190 1 618 631 1 556

2 304 1 198 1 595 634 1 471

2 219 1 179 1 651 629 1 403

2 117 1 198 1 697 584 1 307

2 111 1 136 1 665 607 1 270

2 109 1 212 1 737 563 1 242

1 990 1 177 1 767 588 1 245

1 927 1 245 1 686 586 1 248

Occupation Managerial and professional specialty ...... Technical, sales, and administrative support .................................................... Service occupations .................................. Precision, production, craft, and repair ...... Operators, fabricators, and laborers .......... Farming, forestry, and fishing .................... 1Data

not strictly comparable with earlier years because of changes in classifications, methods, and introduction of decennial census data. . . . = Not available.

128


Table 8-14. Marital Status of Women in the Civilan Labor Force, 1960–2002 (Number, percent.) Female participation rate 1

Female labor force Year Total

Single

Married 2

Other 3

Total

Married 2

Single

Other 3

2002 ........................................ 2001 ........................................

67 363 66 848

18 203 18 021

35 477 35 236

13 683 13 592

59.6 59.8

67.4 68.1

61.0 61.2

49.2 49.0

2000 ........................................ 1999 ........................................ 1998 ........................................ 1997 ........................................ 1996 ........................................ 1995 ........................................ 1994 ........................................ 1993 ........................................ 1992 ........................................ 1991 ........................................

66 303 64 855 63 714 63 036 61 857 60 944 60 239 58 795 58 141 57 178

17 849 17 575 17 087 16 492 15 842 15 467 15 333 15 031 14 872 14 681

35 146 34 372 33 857 33 802 33 618 33 359 32 888 31 980 31 700 31 112

13 308 12 909 12 771 12 742 12 397 12 118 12 018 11 784 11 570 11 385

59.9 60.0 59.8 59.8 59.3 58.9 58.8 57.9 57.8 57.4

68.9 68.7 68.5 67.9 67.1 66.8 66.7 66.2 66.2 66.2

61.1 61.2 61.2 61.6 61.2 61.0 60.7 59.4 59.3 58.5

49.0 49.1 48.8 48.6 48.1 47.4 47.5 47.2 47.1 46.8

1990 ........................................ 1989 ........................................ 1988 ........................................ 1987 ........................................ 1986 ........................................ 1985 ........................................ 1984 ........................................ 1983 ........................................ 1982 ........................................

56 829 56 030 54 742 53 658 52 413 51 050 49 709 48 503 47 755

14 612 14 377 14 194 13 885 13 512 13 163 12 867 12 659 12 460

30 901 30 548 29 921 28 381 28 623 27 894 27 199 26 468 25 971

11 315 11 104 10 627 10 393 10 277 9 993 9 644 9 376 9 324

57.5 57.4 56.6 56.0 55.3 54.5 53.6 52.9 52.6

66.7 68.0 67.7 67.4 67.2 66.6 65.6 65.0 65.1

58.4 57.8 56.7 55.9 54.9 53.8 52.8 51.8 51.1

47.2 47.0 46.2 45.7 45.6 45.1 44.7 44.4 44.8

1980 ........................................ 1975 ........................................ 1970 ........................................ 1965 ........................................ 1960 ........................................

45 487 37 475 31 543 26 200 23 240

11 865 9 125 7 265 5 976 5 410

24 980 21 484 18 475 14 829 12 893

8 643 6 866 5 804 5 396 4 937

51.5 46.3 43.3 39.3 37.7

64.4 59.8 56.8 54.5 58.6

49.9 44.3 40.5 34.9 31.2

43.6 40.1 40.3 40.7 41.6

1Labor force as a percent of the civilian 2Husband present. 3Widowed, divorced, or separated.

labor force.

SECTION 8: LABOR

129

Table 8-15. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex and Race, 1948–2003 (Thousands of people, percent.) Civilian labor force Year

Civilian noninstitutional population

Employed Total

Participation rate Total

Unemployed

Employment population ratio

Number

Not in labor force

Unemployment rate

Both Sexes 2003 ........................................ 2002 ........................................ 2001 ........................................

221 168 217 570 215 092

146 510 144 863 143 734

66.2 66.6 66.8

137 736 136 485 136 933

62.3 62.7 63.7

8 774 8 378 6 801

6.0 5.8 4.7

74 658 72 707 71 359

2000 ........................................ 1999 ........................................ 1998 ........................................ 1997 ........................................ 1996 ........................................ 1995 ........................................ 1994 ........................................ 1993 ........................................ 1992 ........................................ 1991 ........................................

212 577 207 753 205 220 203 133 200 591 198 584 196 814 194 838 192 805 190 925

142 583 139 368 137 673 136 297 133 943 132 304 131 056 129 200 128 105 126 346

67.1 67.1 67.1 67.1 66.8 66.6 66.6 66.3 66.4 66.2

136 891 133 488 131 463 129 558 126 708 124 900 123 060 120 259 118 492 117 718

64.4 64.3 64.1 63.8 63.2 62.9 62.5 61.7 61.5 61.7

5 692 5 880 6 210 6 739 7 236 7 404 7 996 8 940 9 613 8 628

4.0 4.2 4.5 4.9 5.4 5.6 6.1 6.9 7.5 6.8

69 994 68 385 67 547 66 837 66 647 66 280 65 758 65 638 64 700 64 578

1990 ........................................ 1989 ........................................ 1988 ........................................ 1987 ........................................ 1986 ........................................ 1985 ........................................ 1984 ........................................ 1983 ........................................ 1982 ........................................ 1981 ........................................

189 164 186 393 184 613 182 753 180 587 178 206 176 383 174 215 172 271 170 130

125 840 123 869 121 669 119 865 117 834 115 461 113 544 111 550 110 204 108 670

66.5 66.5 65.9 65.6 65.3 64.8 64.4 64.0 64.0 63.9

118 793 117 342 114 968 112 440 109 597 107 150 105 005 100 834 99 526 100 397

62.8 63.0 62.3 61.5 60.7 60.1 59.5 57.9 57.8 59.0

7 047 6 528 6 701 7 425 8 237 8 312 8 539 10 717 10 678 8 273

5.6 5.3 5.5 6.2 7.0 7.2 7.5 9.6 9.7 7.6

63 324 62 523 62 944 62 888 62 752 62 744 62 839 62 665 62 067 61 460

1980 ........................................ 1979 ........................................ 1978 ........................................ 1977 ........................................ 1976 ........................................ 1975 ........................................ 1974 ........................................ 1973 ........................................ 1972 ........................................ 1971 ........................................

167 745 164 863 161 910 159 033 156 150 153 153 150 120 147 096 144 126 140 216

106 940 104 962 102 251 99 009 96 158 93 775 91 949 89 429 87 034 84 382

63.8 63.7 63.2 62.3 61.6 61.2 61.3 60.8 60.4 60.2

99 303 98 824 96 048 92 017 88 752 85 846 86 794 85 064 82 153 79 367

59.2 59.9 59.3 57.9 56.8 56.1 57.8 57.8 57.0 56.6

7 637 6 137 6 202 6 991 7 406 7 929 5 156 4 365 4 882 5 016

7.1 5.8 6.1 7.1 7.7 8.5 5.6 4.9 5.6 5.9

60 806 59 900 59 659 60 025 59 991 59 377 58 171 57 667 57 091 55 834

1970 ........................................ 1969 ........................................ 1968 ........................................ 1967 ........................................ 1966 ........................................ 1965 ........................................ 1964 ........................................ 1963 ........................................ 1962 ........................................ 1961 ........................................

137 085 134 335 132 028 129 874 128 058 126 513 124 485 122 416 120 153 118 771

82 771 80 734 78 737 77 347 75 770 74 455 73 091 71 833 70 614 70 459

60.4 60.1 59.6 59.6 59.2 58.9 58.7 58.7 58.8 59.3

78 678 77 902 75 920 74 372 72 895 71 088 69 305 67 762 66 702 65 746

57.4 58.0 57.5 57.3 56.9 56.2 55.7 55.4 55.5 55.4

4 093 2 832 2 817 2 975 2 875 3 366 3 786 4 070 3 911 4 714

4.9 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.8 4.5 5.2 5.7 5.5 6.7

54 315 53 602 53 291 52 527 52 288 52 058 51 394 50 583 49 539 48 312

1960 ........................................ 1959 ........................................ 1958 ........................................ 1957 ........................................ 1956 ........................................ 1955 ........................................ 1954 ........................................ 1953 ........................................ 1952 ........................................ 1951 ........................................

117 245 115 329 113 727 112 265 110 954 109 683 108 321 107 056 105 231 104 621

69 628 68 369 67 639 66 929 66 552 65 023 63 643 63 015 62 138 62 017

59.4 59.3 59.5 59.6 60.0 59.3 58.8 58.9 59.0 59.2

65 778 64 630 63 036 64 071 63 799 62 170 60 109 61 179 60 250 59 961

56.1 56.0 55.4 57.1 57.5 56.7 55.5 57.1 57.3 57.3

3 852 3 740 4 602 2 859 2 750 2 852 3 532 1 834 1 883 2 055

5.5 5.5 6.8 4.3 4.1 4.4 5.5 2.9 3.0 3.3

47 617 46 960 46 088 45 336 44 402 44 660 44 678 44 041 43 093 42 604

1950 ........................................ 1949 ........................................ 1948 ........................................

104 995 103 994 103 068

62 208 61 286 60 621

59.2 58.9 58.8

58 918 57 651 58 343

56.1 55.4 56.6

3 288 3 637 2 276

5.3 5.9 3.8

42 787 42 708 42 447

130


Table 8-15. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex and Race, 1948–2003—Continued (Thousands of people, percent.) Civilian labor force Year


Employed Total


Unemployed


Number

Not in labor force

Unemployment rate

Male 2003 ........................................ 2002 ........................................ 2001 ........................................

106 435 104 585 103 282

78 238 77 500 76 886

73.5 74.1 74.4

73 332 72 903 73 196

68.9 69.7 70.9

4 906 4 597 3 690

6.3 5.9 4.8

28 197 27 085 26 396

2000 ........................................ 1999 ........................................ 1998 ........................................ 1997 ........................................ 1996 ........................................ 1995 ........................................ 1994 ........................................ 1993 ........................................ 1992 ........................................ 1991 ........................................

101 964 99 722 98 758 97 715 96 206 95 178 94 355 93 332 92 270 91 278

76 280 74 512 73 959 73 261 72 087 71 360 70 817 70 404 69 964 69 168

74.8 74.7 74.9 75.0 74.9 75.0 75.1 75.4 75.8 75.8

73 305 71 446 70 693 69 685 68 207 67 377 66 450 65 349 64 440 64 223

71.9 71.6 71.6 71.3 70.9 70.8 70.4 70.0 69.8 70.4

2 975 3 066 3 266 3 577 3 880 3 983 4 367 5 055 5 523 4 946

3.9 4.1 4.4 4.9 5.4 5.6 6.2 7.2 7.9 7.2

25 684 25 210 24 799 24 454 24 119 23 818 23 538 22 927 22 306 22 110

1990 ........................................ 1989 ........................................ 1988 ........................................ 1987 ........................................ 1986 ........................................ 1985 ........................................ 1984 ........................................ 1983 ........................................ 1982 ........................................ 1981 ........................................

90 377 88 762 87 857 86 899 85 798 84 469 83 605 82 531 81 523 80 511

69 011 67 840 66 927 66 207 65 422 64 411 63 835 63 047 62 450 61 974

76.4 76.4 76.2 76.2 76.3 76.3 76.4 76.4 76.6 77.0

65 104 64 315 63 273 62 107 60 892 59 891 59 091 56 787 56 271 57 397

72.0 72.5 72.0 71.5 71.0 70.9 70.7 68.8 69.0 71.3

3 906 3 525 3 655 4 101 4 530 4 521 4 744 6 260 6 179 4 577

5.7 5.2 5.5 6.2 6.9 7.0 7.4 9.9 9.9 7.4

21 367 20 923 20 930 20 692 20 376 20 058 19 771 19 484 19 073 18 537

1980 ........................................ 1979 ........................................ 1978 ........................................ 1977 ........................................ 1976 ........................................ 1975 ........................................ 1974 ........................................ 1973 ........................................ 1972 ........................................ 1971 ........................................

79 398 78 020 76 576 75 193 73 759 72 291 70 808 69 292 67 835 65 942

61 453 60 726 59 620 58 396 57 174 56 299 55 739 54 624 53 555 52 180

77.4 77.8 77.9 77.7 77.5 77.9 78.7 78.8 78.9 79.1

57 186 57 607 56 479 54 728 53 138 51 857 53 024 52 349 50 896 49 390

72.0 73.8 73.8 72.8 72.0 71.7 74.9 75.5 75.0 74.9

4 267 3 120 3 142 3 667 4 036 4 442 2 714 2 275 2 659 2 789

6.9 5.1 5.3 6.3 7.1 7.9 4.9 4.2 5.0 5.3

17 945 17 293 16 956 16 797 16 585 15 993 15 069 14 667 14 280 13 762

1970 ........................................ 1969 ........................................ 1968 ........................................ 1967 ........................................ 1966 ........................................ 1965 ........................................ 1964 ........................................ 1963 ........................................ 1962 ........................................ 1961 ........................................

64 304 62 898 61 847 60 905 60 262 59 782 58 847 57 921 56 831 56 286

51 228 50 221 49 533 48 987 48 471 48 255 47 679 47 129 46 600 46 653

79.7 79.8 80.1 80.4 80.4 80.7 81.0 81.4 82.0 82.9

48 990 48 818 48 114 47 479 46 919 46 340 45 474 44 657 44 177 43 656

76.2 77.6 77.8 78.0 77.9 77.5 77.3 77.1 77.7 77.6

2 238 1 403 1 419 1 508 1 551 1 914 2 205 2 472 2 423 2 997

4.4 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.2 4.0 4.6 5.2 5.2 6.4

13 076 12 677 12 315 11 919 11 792 11 527 11 169 10 792 10 231 9 633

1960 ........................................ 1959 ........................................ 1958 ........................................ 1957 ........................................ 1956 ........................................ 1955 ........................................ 1954 ........................................ 1953 ........................................ 1952 ........................................ 1951 ........................................

55 662 54 793 54 033 53 315 52 723 52 109 51 395 50 750 49 700 49 727

46 388 45 886 45 521 45 197 45 091 44 475 43 965 43 633 42 869 43 001

83.3 83.7 84.2 84.8 85.5 85.4 85.5 86.0 86.3 86.3

43 904 43 466 42 423 43 357 43 379 42 621 41 619 42 430 41 682 41 780

78.9 79.3 78.5 81.3 82.3 81.8 81.0 83.6 83.9 84.0

2 486 2 420 3 098 1 841 1 711 1 854 2 344 1 202 1 185 1 221

5.4 5.2 6.8 4.1 3.8 4.2 5.3 2.8 2.8 2.8

9 274 8 907 8 514 8 118 7 633 7 634 7 431 7 117 6 832 6 725

1950 ........................................ 1949 ........................................ 1948 ........................................

50 725 50 321 49 996

43 819 43 498 43 286

86.4 86.4 86.6

41 578 40 925 41 725

82.0 81.3 83.5

2 239 2 572 1 559

5.1 5.9 3.6

6 906 6 825 6 710

SECTION 8: LABOR

131



Employed Total


Unemployed


Number

Not in labor force

Unemployment rate

Female 2003 ........................................ 2002 ........................................ 2001 ........................................

114 733 112 985 111 811

68 272 67 363 66 848

59.5 59.6 59.8

64 404 63 582 63 737

56.1 56.3 57.0

3 868 3 781 3 111

5.7 5.6 4.7

46 461 45 621 44 962

2000 ........................................ 1999 ........................................ 1998 ........................................ 1997 ........................................ 1996 ........................................ 1995 ........................................ 1994 ........................................ 1993 ........................................ 1992 ........................................ 1991 ........................................

110 613 108 031 106 462 105 418 104 385 103 406 102 460 101 506 100 535 99 646

66 303 64 855 63 714 63 036 61 857 60 944 60 239 58 795 58 141 57 178

59.9 60.0 59.8 59.8 59.3 58.9 58.8 57.9 57.8 57.4

63 586 62 042 60 771 59 873 58 501 57 523 56 610 54 910 54 052 53 496

57.5 57.4 57.1 56.8 56.0 55.6 55.3 54.1 53.8 53.7

2 717 2 814 2 944 3 162 3 356 3 421 3 629 3 885 4 090 3 683

4.1 4.3 4.6 5.0 5.4 5.6 6.0 6.6 7.0 6.4

44 310 43 175 42 748 42 382 42 528 42 462 42 221 42 711 42 394 42 468

1990 ........................................ 1989 ........................................ 1988 ........................................ 1987 ........................................ 1986 ........................................ 1985 ........................................ 1984 ........................................ 1983 ........................................ 1982 ........................................ 1981 ........................................

98 787 97 630 96 756 95 853 94 789 93 736 92 778 91 684 90 748 89 618

56 829 56 030 54 742 53 658 52 413 51 050 49 709 48 503 47 755 46 696

57.5 57.4 56.6 56.0 55.3 54.5 53.6 52.9 52.6 52.1

53 689 53 027 51 696 50 334 48 706 47 259 45 915 44 047 43 256 43 000

54.3 54.3 53.4 52.5 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.0 47.7 48.0

3 140 3 003 3 046 3 324 3 707 3 791 3 794 4 457 4 499 3 696

5.5 5.4 5.6 6.2 7.1 7.4 7.6 9.2 9.4 7.9

41 957 41 601 42 014 42 195 42 376 42 686 43 068 43 181 42 993 42 922

1980 ........................................ 1979 ........................................ 1978 ........................................ 1977 ........................................ 1976 ........................................ 1975 ........................................ 1974 ........................................ 1973 ........................................ 1972 ........................................ 1971 ........................................

88 348 86 843 85 334 83 840 82 390 80 860 79 312 77 804 76 290 74 274

45 487 44 235 42 631 40 613 38 983 37 475 36 211 34 804 33 479 32 202

51.5 50.9 50.0 48.4 47.3 46.3 45.7 44.7 43.9 43.4

42 117 41 217 39 569 37 289 35 615 33 989 33 769 32 715 31 257 29 976

47.7 47.5 46.4 44.5 43.2 42.0 42.6 42.0 41.0 40.4

3 370 3 018 3 061 3 324 3 369 3 486 2 441 2 089 2 222 2 227

7.4 6.8 7.2 8.2 8.6 9.3 6.7 6.0 6.6 6.9

42 861 42 608 42 703 43 227 43 406 43 386 43 101 43 000 42 811 42 072

1970 ........................................ 1969 ........................................ 1968 ........................................ 1967 ........................................ 1966 ........................................ 1965 ........................................ 1964 ........................................ 1963 ........................................ 1962 ........................................ 1961 ........................................

72 782 71 436 70 179 68 968 67 795 66 731 65 637 64 494 63 321 62 484

31 543 30 513 29 204 28 360 27 299 26 200 25 412 24 704 24 014 23 806

43.3 42.7 41.6 41.1 40.3 39.3 38.7 38.3 37.9 38.1

29 688 29 084 27 807 26 893 25 976 24 748 23 831 23 105 22 525 22 090

40.8 40.7 39.6 39.0 38.3 37.1 36.3 35.8 35.6 35.4

1 855 1 429 1 397 1 468 1 324 1 452 1 581 1 598 1 488 1 717

5.9 4.7 4.8 5.2 4.8 5.5 6.2 6.5 6.2 7.2

41 239 40 924 40 976 40 608 40 496 40 531 40 225 39 791 39 308 38 679

1960 ........................................ 1959 ........................................ 1958 ........................................ 1957 ........................................ 1956 ........................................ 1955 ........................................ 1954 ........................................ 1953 ........................................ 1952 ........................................ 1951 ........................................

61 582 60 534 59 690 58 951 58 228 57 574 56 925 56 305 55 529 54 895

23 240 22 483 22 118 21 732 21 461 20 548 19 678 19 382 19 269 19 016

37.7 37.1 37.1 36.9 36.9 35.7 34.6 34.4 34.7 34.6

21 874 21 164 20 613 20 714 20 419 19 551 18 490 18 749 18 568 18 181

35.5 35.0 34.5 35.1 35.1 34.0 32.5 33.3 33.4 33.1

1 366 1 320 1 504 1 018 1 039 998 1 188 632 698 834

5.9 5.9 6.8 4.7 4.8 4.9 6.0 3.3 3.6 4.4

38 343 38 053 37 574 37 218 36 769 37 026 37 247 36 924 36 261 35 879

1950 ........................................ 1949 ........................................ 1948 ........................................

54 270 53 670 53 071

18 389 17 788 17 335

33.9 33.1 32.7

17 340 16 723 16 617

32.0 31.2 31.3

1 049 1 065 717

5.7 6.0 4.1

35 881 35 883 35 737

132




Employed Total


Unemployed


Number

Not in labor force

Unemployment rate

White 2003 ........................................ 2002 ........................................ 2001 ........................................

181 292 179 783 178 111

120 546 120 150 119 399

66.5 66.8 67.0

114 235 114 013 114 430

63.0 63.4 64.2

6 311 6 137 4 969

5.2 5.1 4.2

60 746 59 633 58 713

2000 ........................................ 1999 ........................................ 1998 ........................................ 1997 ........................................ 1996 ........................................ 1995 ........................................ 1994 ........................................ 1993 ........................................ 1992 ........................................ 1991 ........................................

176 220 173 085 171 478 169 993 168 317 166 914 165 555 164 289 162 972 161 759

118 545 116 509 115 415 114 693 113 108 111 950 111 082 109 700 108 837 107 743

67.3 67.3 67.3 67.5 67.2 67.1 67.1 66.8 66.8 66.6

114 424 112 235 110 931 109 856 107 808 106 490 105 190 103 045 101 669 101 182

64.9 64.8 64.7 64.6 64.1 63.8 63.5 62.7 62.4 62.6

4 121 4 273 4 484 4 836 5 300 5 459 5 892 6 655 7 169 6 560

3.5 3.7 3.9 4.2 4.7 4.9 5.3 6.1 6.6 6.1

57 675 56 577 56 064 55 301 55 209 54 965 54 473 54 589 54 135 54 016

1990 ........................................ 1989 ........................................ 1988 ........................................ 1987 ........................................ 1986 ........................................ 1985 ........................................ 1984 ........................................ 1983 ........................................ 1982 ........................................ 1981 ........................................

160 625 159 338 158 194 156 958 155 432 153 679 152 347 150 805 149 441 147 908

107 447 106 355 104 756 103 290 101 801 99 926 98 492 97 021 96 143 95 052

66.9 66.7 66.2 65.8 65.5 65.0 64.6 64.3 64.3 64.3

102 261 101 584 99 812 97 789 95 660 93 736 92 120 88 893 87 903 88 709

63.7 63.8 63.1 62.3 61.5 61.0 60.5 58.9 58.8 60.0

5 186 4 770 4 944 5 501 6 140 6 191 6 372 8 128 8 241 6 343

4.8 4.5 4.7 5.3 6.0 6.2 6.5 8.4 8.6 6.7

53 178 52 983 53 439 53 669 53 631 53 753 53 855 53 784 53 298 52 856

1980 ........................................ 1979 ........................................ 1978 ........................................ 1977 ........................................ 1976 ........................................ 1975 ........................................ 1974 ........................................ 1973 ........................................ 1972 ........................................ 1971 ........................................

146 122 143 894 141 612 139 380 137 106 134 790 132 417 130 097 127 906 124 758

93 600 91 923 89 634 87 141 84 767 82 831 81 281 79 151 77 275 74 963

64.1 63.9 63.3 62.5 61.8 61.5 61.4 60.8 60.4 60.1

87 715 87 259 84 936 81 700 78 853 76 411 77 184 75 708 73 370 70 878

60.0 60.6 60.0 58.6 57.5 56.7 58.3 58.2 57.4 56.8

5 884 4 664 4 698 5 441 5 914 6 421 4 097 3 442 3 906 4 085

6.3 5.1 5.2 6.2 7.0 7.8 5.0 4.3 5.1 5.4

52 523 51 970 51 979 52 238 52 338 ... ... ... ... ...

1970 ........................................ 1969 ........................................ 1968 ........................................ 1967 ........................................ 1966 ........................................ 1965 ........................................ 1964 ........................................ 1963 ........................................ 1962 ........................................ 1961 ........................................

122 174 119 913 117 948 116 100 114 566 113 284 111 534 109 705 107 715 106 604

73 556 71 778 69 976 68 699 67 276 66 137 64 921 63 830 62 750 62 656

60.2 59.9 59.3 59.2 58.7 58.4 58.2 58.2 58.3 58.8

70 217 69 518 67 750 66 361 65 021 63 446 61 922 60 622 59 698 58 913

57.5 58.0 57.4 57.2 56.8 56.0 55.5 55.3 55.4 55.3

3 339 2 260 2 226 2 338 2 255 2 691 2 999 3 208 3 052 3 743

4.5 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.4 4.1 4.6 5.0 4.9 6.0

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1960 ........................................ 1959 ........................................ 1958 ........................................ 1957 ........................................ 1956 ........................................ 1955 ........................................ 1954 ........................................

105 282 103 803 102 392 101 119 99 976 98 880 97 705

61 915 60 952 60 293 59 754 59 428 58 085 56 816

58.8 58.7 58.9 59.1 59.4 58.7 58.2

58 850 58 006 56 613 57 465 57 269 55 833 53 957

55.9 55.9 55.3 56.8 57.3 56.5 55.2

3 065 2 946 3 680 2 289 2 159 2 252 2 859

5.0 4.8 6.1 3.8 3.6 3.9 5.0

... ... ... ... ... ... ...


SECTION 8: LABOR

133



Employed Total

Participation rate

Unemployed


Total

Not in labor force

Unemployment rate

Number

Black 2003 ........................................ 2002 ........................................ 2001 ........................................

25 686 25 578 25 138

16 526 16 565 16 421

64.3 64.8 65.3

14 739 14 872 15 006

57.4 58.1 59.7

1 787 1 693 1 416

10.8 10.2 8.6

9 161 9 013 8 717

2000 ........................................ 1999 ........................................ 1998 ........................................ 1997 ........................................ 1996 ........................................ 1995 ........................................ 1994 ........................................ 1993 ........................................ 1992 ........................................ 1991 ........................................

24 902 24 855 24 373 24 003 23 604 23 246 22 879 22 521 22 147 21 799

16 397 16 365 15 982 15 529 15 134 14 817 14 502 14 225 14 162 13 797

65.8 65.8 65.6 64.7 64.1 63.7 63.4 63.2 63.9 63.3

15 156 15 056 14 556 13 969 13 542 13 279 12 835 12 382 12 151 12 074

60.9 60.6 59.7 58.2 57.4 57.1 56.1 55.0 54.9 55.4

1 241 1 309 1 426 1 560 1 592 1 538 1 666 1 844 2 011 1 723

7.6 8.0 8.9 10.0 10.5 10.4 11.5 13.0 14.2 12.5

8 505 8 490 8 391 8 474 8 470 8 429 8 377 8 296 7 985 8 002

1990 ........................................ 1989 ........................................ 1988 ........................................ 1987 ........................................ 1986 ........................................ 1985 ........................................ 1984 ........................................ 1983 ........................................ 1982 ........................................ 1981 ........................................

21 477 21 021 20 692 20 352 19 989 19 664 19 348 18 925 18 584 18 219

13 740 13 497 13 205 12 993 12 654 12 364 12 033 11 647 11 331 11 086

64.0 64.2 63.8 63.8 63.3 62.9 62.2 61.5 61.0 60.8

12 175 11 953 11 658 11 309 10 814 10 501 10 119 9 375 9 189 9 355

56.7 56.9 56.3 55.6 54.1 53.4 52.3 49.5 49.4 51.3

1 565 1 544 1 547 1 684 1 840 1 864 1 914 2 272 2 142 1 731

11.4 11.4 11.7 13.0 14.5 15.1 15.9 19.5 18.9 15.6

7 737 7 524 7 487 7 359 7 335 7 299 7 315 7 278 7 254 7 134

1980 ........................................ 1979 ........................................ 1978 ........................................ 1977 ........................................ 1976 ........................................ 1975 ........................................ 1974 ........................................ 1973 ........................................ 1972 ........................................

17 824 17 397 16 970 16 605 16 196 15 751 15 329 14 917 14 526

10 865 10 678 10 432 9 932 9 561 9 263 9 167 8 976 8 707

61.0 61.4 61.5 59.8 59.0 58.8 59.8 60.2 59.9

9 313 9 359 9 102 8 540 8 227 7 894 8 203 8 128 7 802

52.3 53.8 53.6 51.4 50.8 50.1 53.5 54.5 53.7

1 553 1 319 1 330 1 393 1 334 1 369 965 846 906

14.3 12.3 12.8 14.0 14.0 14.8 10.5 9.4 10.4

6 959 6 718 6 539 6 672 6 635 6 487 6 169 5 941 5 819

Asian 2003 ........................................ 2002 ........................................ 2001 ........................................ 2000 ........................................

9 220 9 833 9 626 9 330

6 122 6 604 6 469 6 270

66.4 67.2 67.2 67.2

5 756 6 215 6 180 6 043

62.4 63.2 64.2 64.8

366 389 288 227

6.0 5.9 4.5 3.6

3 098 3 229 3 158 3 060

134


Table 8-16. Productivity—Output per Hour, 1947–2003 (1992 = 100.) Output per hour Year Business

Nonfarm business

Nonfinancial corporations

Manufacturing

2003 ........................................ 2002 ........................................ 2001 ........................................

129.6 124.0 118.3

129.1 123.6 117.8

... 128.9 122.7

154.6 147.1 137.1

2000 ........................................ 1999 ........................................ 1998 ........................................ 1997 ........................................ 1996 ........................................ 1995 ........................................ 1994 ........................................ 1993 ........................................ 1992 ........................................ 1991 ........................................

115.7 112.4 109.3 106.5 104.5 101.7 101.4 100.3 100.0 96.0

115.3 112.2 109.2 106.4 104.7 102.1 101.5 100.3 100.0 96.2

120.6 116.4 112.8 109.8 107.1 103.4 102.5 100.5 100.0 97.9

134.2 128.2 123.5 117.9 113.9 110.1 106.0 102.7 100.0 95.6

1990 ........................................ 1989 ........................................ 1988 ........................................ 1987 ........................................ 1986 ........................................ 1985 ........................................ 1984 ........................................ 1983 ........................................ 1982 ........................................ 1981 ........................................

94.4 92.7 91.7 90.3 89.9 87.3 85.3 83.1 80.2 80.6

94.4 92.8 92.1 90.6 90.3 87.7 86.2 84.6 80.9 81.4

95.5 95.2 96.5 94.3 92.5 90.5 88.4 86.1 83.2 82.3

92.9 90.3 89.8 88.0 ... ... ... ... ... ...

1980 ........................................ 1979 ........................................ 1978 ........................................ 1977 ........................................ 1976 ........................................ 1975 ........................................ 1974 ........................................ 1973 ........................................ 1972 ........................................ 1971 ........................................

79.0 79.1 79.1 78.2 76.9 74.6 72.1 73.2 71.0 68.8

80.3 80.5 80.8 79.7 78.5 76.0 73.9 75.0 72.8 70.4

81.0 81.6 82.5 81.4 79.3 76.9 74.0 75.5 74.8 73.3

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1970 ........................................ 1969 ........................................ 1968 ........................................ 1967 ........................................ 1966 ........................................ 1965 ........................................ 1964 ........................................ 1963 ........................................ 1962 ........................................ 1961 ........................................

66.0 64.7 64.4 62.2 60.9 58.5 56.6 54.7 52.7 50.4

67.7 66.6 66.5 64.3 63.2 61.1 59.2 57.5 55.6 53.2

70.4 70.0 70.0 67.6 66.7 65.6 64.0 63.0 60.9 58.4

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1960 ........................................ 1959 ........................................ 1958 ........................................ 1957 ........................................ 1956 ........................................ 1955 ........................................ 1954 ........................................ 1953 ........................................ 1952 ........................................ 1951 ........................................

48.7 47.8 46.1 44.9 43.5 43.5 41.8 40.9 39.5 38.4

51.6 51.0 49.1 48.1 46.9 47.2 45.4 44.5 43.5 42.8

56.6 55.7 53.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1950 ........................................ 1949 ........................................ 1948 ........................................ 1947 ........................................

37.2 34.4 33.7 32.2

41.7 39.1 37.8 36.8

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...


SECTION

9

NATIONAL INCOME AND WEALTH

136


SECTION 9

NATIONAL INCOME AND WEALTH Highlights

1

The earliest statistics of prices were compiled by Samuel Blodgett Jr. in Economica: A Statistical Manual of the United States of America, published in 1806. It includes a collection of prices for 16 important commodities in five markets for the years 1785 to 1805. The first serious attempt to summarize price data in the form of index numbers was made by Horatio C. Burchard, Director of the Mint, in his report to the Secretary of the Treasury in 1881. In 1886, a special report containing retail prices for about 60 “necessaries of life,” was included in volume 20 of the Tenth Census. In 1891, a Senate Resolution led Roland P. Falkner to collect a voluminous body of data covering wholesale prices from 1840–1891, and retail prices for the 28month period ending September 1891. This information was published in the Aldrich Reports. In 1900, Falkner extended his indexes to 1899 with quotations for 142 articles, collected by the Department of Labor. In 1902, the Department of Labor began publishing its Index of Wholesale Prices, which it has published continuously to the present day (though in 1978 the main index was renamed as the Producer Price Index). In addition to this series, John R. Commons published an Index of Wholesale Prices for 1878 to 1900 in his Quarterly Bulletin of the Bureau of Economic Research. Bradstreet’s Index of Wholesale Prices for about 96 commodities was established in 1897 and included data beginning with 1890. Dun’s Index numbers of Wholesale Prices for about 350 commodities was published in Dun’s Review beginning in 1901 and extending back to 1860. Walter B. Smith and Arthur H. Cole computed wholesale commodity price indexes covering 1792 to 1862 for Fluctuations in American Business, 1790–1860, published by Harvard University Press in 1935. It covered Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. The most extensive historical price investigations, however, were undertaken under the auspices of the International Scientific Committee on Price History. They were summarized in Wholesale Commodity Prices in the United States, 1700–1861, published by Harvard University Press in 1938. Wholesale price indexes were compiled by Frederick C. Mills for economically significant commodities. Part of this series was first published by the National Bureau of Economic Research for 1830

to 1931 in Economic Tendencies in the United States. (Wholesale prices are compiled from prices in primary markets and pertain to the first major commercial transaction for each commodity. The quotations are generally selling prices of manufacturers or producers or the selling price on an organized exchange or at a central market.) The current price index was begun in 1952 and spliced to the former series. While the 1952 revision did not alter the conceptual definition of the index, it did adopt major changes in coverage and methods. The list of priced commodities was expanded from 947 to 1,800 in 1952, 2,450 in 1970, and 10,000 in 1998. The index is currently known as the Producer Price Index, as of 1978. The base years changed from 1890 to 1899 to 1913, 1926, 1967, and 1982. The weighting factors for each commodity represent the value of shipments for the specific commodity priced and for all others in the same group known to have similar price movements. The indexes are calculated as averages of relatives weighted by value of shipments. Changes in quality are factored into the index.

2

The volume of information available for wholesale prices is not matched at the retail level, especially for the early years. The official Consumer Price Index (CPI) was initiated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in 1904 with a food index covering the years 1890 to 1893. The Food Index was continued until the end of World War I when it became one component group of a comprehensive Cost of Living Index. Since then, the index has been expanded in scope, resulting in an improvement in the quality of data. At present the index is issued monthly. From 1918 to 1958, the National Industrial Conference Board also compiled a consumer price index. Consumer price data before 1913 are extremely patchy. The only cost of living indexes computed from retail price data before 1913 are Wesley C. Mitchell’s Relative Cost of Living for 1860 to 1880, Ethel Hoover’s Consumer Price Index for 1851 to 1880, and Rees’ Cost of Living Index, 1890–1914. These indexes were compiled from newspapers and other sources, and their reliability is affected by changes in quality, incomplete files, nominal prices, changes in consumer tastes, and demographic and other changes. In 1919, the BLS began the publication of complete indexes at semi-

SECTION 9: NATIONAL INCOME AND WEALTH

137

Annual Change in Consumer Price Index, 1960–2002 35 30

All items

25

Energy Medical care

Percent

20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2002

Year

annual intervals. The first major revision of the Consumer Price Index occurred in 1940, with subsequent revisions in 1953, 1964, 1978, 1987, and 1998. The last revision changed the base year to 1982–1984. The BLS publishes CPIs for two population groups: CPI-W covering urban wage-earners and clerical workers who comprise about 32 percent of the population and CPI-U for all urban consumers, including groups excluded from CPI-W, such as the unemployed, self-employed, retirees, professionals, and managers. The current CPI is based on a market basket of goods and services, including food, clothing, shelter, fuels, transportation, healthcare, and so on. It is based on data collected from 85 areas across the country (up from 40 in 1952, 46 in 1953, 50 in 1964, and 56 in 1966), and from more than 50,000 housing units and 23,000 establishments. The BLS publishes a national index as well as separate indexes for regions, area-size classes, and 26 local areas or MSAs. In calculating the index, each item is assigned a weight to account for its relative importance in consumer budgets. Price changes for the various items in each location are then averaged. Local data are then combined to obtain a city average. The percent change in the CPI from month to month or relative to the same month in the previous year is known as the inflation rate. PPI and CPI show the same general pattern of inflation but the latter is more volatile. The PPI is generally the leading indicator and

often tends to foreshadow trends that later occur in the CPI. Other measures of inflation include the Index of Industrial Materials Prices, the Dow Jones Commodity Spot Price Index, Futures Price Index, Employment Cost Index, Hourly Compensation Index, and the Unit Labor Cost Index.

3

Income and expenditures represent two facets of an economy and are commonly measured by the Gross National Product (GNP) and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In 1991, the Bureau of Economic Analysis began featuring GDP rather than GNP as the measure of national production because it is the more appropriate measure for short-term monitoring of the economy and also because it facilitates international comparisons. GDP is the primary measure of production in the System of National Accounts and is the total national output of goods and services valued at market prices. It includes purchases of goods and services by consumers and government, gross private domestic investment, and net exports of goods and services. GDP measures the output attributable to all labor and property supplied by U.S. residents. It differs from national income mainly in that GNP includes allowances for depreciation and for indirect business taxes. The dollar levels of GDP and GNP differ little but percentage changes may differ more significantly. The annual rates of growth of real GNP have been slightly less than the

138


annual rates of growth of real GDP for most years. The short-term differences are greater and tend to fluctuate more. National income is the aggregate of labor and property earnings which arise in the current production of goods and services. It is the sum of employee compensation, proprietors’ income, rental income of persons, corporate profits, and net interest. It measures the total factor cost of the goods and services produced by the economy. Capital consumption adjustment for corporations, sole proprietorships, and partnerships is the difference between capital consumption claimed on income tax returns and capital consumption allowances measured at straight-line depreciation, consistent service lives, and replacement cost. Personal income is the current income received by persons from all sources minus their contributions for social insurance (including transfers from government, such as Social Security, but excluding interpersonal transfers). Disposable personal income (income available for spending or saving) is personal income less personal tax and nontax payments.

4

In recent years, discussion has focused on the limitations of the standard measurements of national income and wealth. First, national product is primarily a measure of the output of the market economy. No account is taken of the value of homemakers’ services, home repairs, or noncommercial recreation. Second, there is no agreement on what goods should be properly considered the end products of the economy. As ordinarily constituted, national product includes all items of consumer expenditure, including expenditures on commuting and labor union dues, which are not end products in themselves. It also overstates the growth of the economy because it includes defense expenditures, as well as police and fire protection. Third, because of the techniques used in adjusting for price changes, national product fails to reflect fully the changes in the quality of goods. The limitation tends to understate economic growth. Fourth, aggregate figures on national product mask changes in the distribution of income between rich and poor, the age-composition of the population, and people-hours spent in economic activity.

5

As part of a comprehensive revision in 1996, BEA replaced its fixed-weight (1987 dollars) index as the featured measure of real GDP with an index based on chain-type annual weights. Under the new system, changes in real output and prices are calculated as the average of changes based on weights for the current and preceding years. (Components of real output are weighted by price, and components of price are weighted by output.) These annual changes are “chained” (multiplied) together to form a time series that allows for the effects of changes in relative prices and changes in the composition of output over time. As of the 1999 comprehensive revision, the new output indexes and new price indexes are expressed as 1996 = 100. The most recent comprehensive revision was in December

of 2003, which expresses indexes as 2000 = 100, but these data were released too late in the production cycle to be used in this edition.

6

The primary source of national income and product data is the Survey of Current Business, published monthly by the Department of Commerce. Detailed historical data appear in the two-volume National Income and Product Accounts of the United States. For earlier periods, the classic sources are Simon Kuznets’ National Income and Its Composition, 1919–1983; Capital in the American Economy: Its Formation and Financing; National Product Since 1869; and Enterprise and Social Progress; Willford I. King’s The Wealth and Income of the People of the United States; and Robert F. Martin’s National Income in the United States, 1799–1938.

7

Generally speaking, national saving equals national income minus national consumption and is identical to net national investment. Although data on saving are imperfect for statistical and conceptual reasons, they throw important light on the nature of the different groups of savers and the various forms of savings.

8

The Poverty Index was devised by the Social Security Administration in 1964 and revised by the Federal Inter-Agency Committee in 1969 and 1980. It is based solely on money income and does not include non-cash benefits, such as food stamps, Medicaid, and public housing. The Poverty Threshold is updated every year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index. In 1980, it was $4,290 for one person under 65 years, $3,949 for one person 65 years or over, and $11,269 for six persons. In 1983, the matrix was expanded to nine persons. In 2001, the Poverty Threshold was $9,044 for one person ($9,214 for a person under 65 years and $8,494 for a person 65 years or over), going up to $36,058 for nine or more persons.

9

The GDP passed the $1 trillion mark in 1970 and the $10 trillion mark in 2001. In 2002, it was $10.446 trillion, the largest national GDP in the world.

10 Services have overtaken manufacturing as the largest contributor to GDP. There are four trillion-dollar sectors: Services led with $2.312 trillion; followed by FIRE (Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate) ($2.184 trillion), manufacturing ($1.448 trillion), and government ($1.345 trillion). The other sectors are retail trade ($970.8 billion), transportation and public utilities ($839.4 billion), wholesale trade ($707.7 billion), construction ($490.3 billion), agriculture ($142.1 billion), and mining ($123.2 billion).


139

Gross Domestic Product, 1929–2002 12,000 Current dollars

Dollars (Billions)

10,000

Chained (1996) dollars

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0 1929

1939

1949

1959

1969

1979

1989

2002

Year

11

The annual growth rate of GDP remained fairly consistent throughout the 1990s, growing by between 3.2 percent (1991) and 6.5 percent (1997). The growth rate was buttressed by strong showing by consumption expenditures on services and gross private domestic investment.

household operation ($721.8 billion), recreation ($644.6 billion), personal business ($550.1 billion), clothing, accessories, and jewelry ($435.9 billion), religious and welfare activities ($166.4 billion), and education and research ($144.9 billion).

12 The Gross State Product is the gross market value of goods and services and is the state counterpart

In 2002, saving reached $1.573 trillion, of which gross private saving was $1.595 trillion. Gross government saving was -$21.9 billion, of which the federal portion was -$98.0 billion.

of the GDP. The states with the highest GSP in 2001 were California ($1.3593 trillion), New York ($826.5 billion), and Texas ($763.9 billion). The states with the lowest GSP were North Dakota ($19.0 billion), Vermont ($19.1 billion), and Wyoming ($20.4 billion).

13

Manufacturing is strongest in California ($163.8 billion), Texas ($93.8 billion), and Ohio ($79.6 billion), as of 2001. California leads across the board in all sectors and accounts for more than 13 percent of the national GDP.

14

Of personal consumption expenditures totaling $6.377 trillion in 2001, the largest item was medical care ($1.110 trillion), followed by food ($926.0 billion), housing ($866.0 billion), transportation ($750.4 billion),

15 16

In 2002, total personal income in the United States was $8.929 trillion, of which wage and salary disbursements accounted for $5.004 trillion, personal interest income $1.079 trillion, proprietors’ income $756.5 billion, personal dividend income $433.8 billion, and rental income $142.4 billion.

17

Personal income per capita, one of the key indicators of prosperity, was $30,941 in 2002. In constant 1996 dollars, personal income per capita is up from $22,856 in 1990 to $27,857 in 2002. Connecticut was the top state in this category with a per capita income of $38,450, followed by New Jersey ($35,521), Massachusetts ($35,333), Maryland ($32,680), New York

140


($32,451), New Hampshire ($30,912), Minnesota ($30,675), Illinois ($30,075), Colorado ($29,959), and California ($29,707). The three states with the lowest per capita income are Mississippi ($20,142), Arkansas ($21,169), and West Virginia ($21,327).

18

In 2001, an average family spent $39,518 annually on household needs. Of these, the largest items were housing ($13,011), transportation ($7,633), food ($5,321), personal insurance and pensions ($3,737), healthcare ($2,182), entertainment ($1,953), apparel and services (1,743), alcoholic beverages ($349), tobacco products and smoking supplies ($308), and reading ($141).

In 2001, the share of aggregate income received by the lowest fifth of families was 4.2 percent and that of the highest fifth was 47.7 percent. The top 5 percent of families received 14.6 percent and 21.0 percent in 1980 and 2001, respectively, of the aggregate income. In dollar terms, the highest fifth of families have a mean annual income of $145,970 and the lowest fifth have $10,136, compared with $93,705 and $9,122 in 1980, respectively, using constant 2001 dollars.

21 As of 2001, 20.7 percent of Black families and 19.4 percent of Hispanic families live below the poverty

19 Asian households receive the highest median money income ($53,635), as of 2001. Whites are next

level, compared with 7.4 percent of White families and 7.8 percent of Asian families. Overall 9.2 percent of families live below the poverty level. The states with the largest percentages of persons below the poverty level are New Mexico (18.8 percent), Louisiana (17.5 percent), and Mississippi (16.8 percent).

($44,517), Hispanics third ($33,565), and Blacks last ($29,470). The gap between Blacks and Hispanics on the one hand, and Asians and Whites on the other, has not improved since the 1970s.

22 The mean net worth, measured in constant 2001 dollars, of an American family has increased from $255,400 in 1989 to $395,500 in 2001.

20 The gap between the rich and the poor widened in recent decades. In 1980, the share of aggregate income received by the lowest fifth of families was 5.3 percent while that of the highest fifth was 41.1 percent.

23 The net stock of fixed tangible personal and institutional wealth in 2000 was $31.0 trillion, of which the private sector accounted for $22.2 trillion.


141

Table 9-1—Series F 1-5. Gross Domestic Product and GDP Growth Rate, Total and Per Capita, in Current and Chained (1996) Dollars, 1929–2002 Current price Year

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

Gross domestic product Gross domestic product (billion dollars) per capita (dollars)


GDP growth rate (percent)

GDP per capita growth rate (percent)

Real gross domestic product (billion dollars)

Real gross domestic product per capita (dollars)

10 446.2 10 082.2

36 340 35 398

3.6 2.6

2.7 1.7

9 439.9 9 214.5

32 839 32 352

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

9 824.6 9 274.3 8 781.5 8 318.4 7 813.2 7 400.5 7 054.3 6 642.3 6 318.9 5 986.2

34 823 33 234 31 830 30 497 28 993 27 784 26 799 25 544 24 618 23 630

5.9 5.6 5.6 6.5 5.6 4.9 6.2 5.1 5.6 3.2

4.8 4.4 4.4 5.2 4.4 3.7 4.9 3.8 4.2 1.8

9 191.4 8 859.0 8 508.9 8 159.5 7 813.2 7 543.8 7 347.7 7 062.6 6 880.0 6 676.4

32 579 31 746 30 842 29 915 28 993 28 321 27 914 27 160 26 804 26 354

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

5 803.2 5 489.1 5 108.3 4 742.5 4 452.9 4 213.0 3 932.7 3 534.9 3 259.2 3 131.3

23 215 22 188 20 845 19 529 18 501 17 664 16 636 15 085 14 035 13 614

5.7 7.5 7.7 6.5 5.7 7.1 11.3 8.5 4.1 12.0

4.6 6.4 6.7 5.6 4.7 6.2 10.3 7.5 3.1 10.9

6 707.9 6 591.8 6 368.4 6 113.3 5 912.4 5 717.1 5 505.2 5 132.3 4 919.3 5 021.0

26 834 26 646 25 987 25 174 24 565 23 970 23 288 21 902 21 184 21 830

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 795.6 2 566.4 2 295.9 2 031.4 1 823.9 1 635.2 1 501.0 1 385.5 1 240.4 1 128.6

12 276 11 401 10 313 9 221 8 363 7 571 7 017 6 537 5 909 5 434

8.9 11.8 13.0 11.4 11.5 8.9 8.3 11.7 9.9 8.6

7.7 10.5 11.8 10.3 10.5 7.9 7.3 10.6 8.7 7.2

4 900.9 4 912.1 4 760.6 4 511.8 4 311.7 4 084.4 4 099.0 4 123.4 3 898.4 3 697.7

21 521 21 821 21 383 20 481 19 771 18 911 19 163 19 456 18 570 17 804

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 039.7 985.3 911.5 834.1 789.3 720.1 664.4 618.7 586.5 545.7

5 069 4 860 4 540 4 197 4 015 3 705 3 462 3 268 3 143 2 970

5.5 8.1 9.3 5.7 9.6 8.4 7.4 5.5 7.5 3.5

4.3 7.0 8.2 4.5 8.4 7.0 5.9 4.0 5.8 1.8

3 578.0 3 571.4 3 466.1 3 308.3 3 227.5 3 028.5 2 846.5 2 690.4 2 578.9 2 432.0

17 446 17 616 17 266 16 646 16 416 15 583 14 831 14 212 13 821 13 236

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

527.4 507.4 467.9 461.5 438.0 415.2 381.1 379.9 358.6 339.5

2 918 2 865 2 687 2 694 2 603 2 512 2 347 2 381 2 285 2 201

3.9 8.4 1.4 5.4 5.5 8.9 0.3 5.9 5.6 15.4

1.8 6.6 -0.3 3.5 3.6 7.0 -1.4 4.2 3.8 13.5

2 376.7 2 319.0 2 162.8 2 183.9 2 141.1 2 099.5 1 960.5 1 973.9 1 887.3 1 815.1

13 148 13 092 12 420 12 751 12 728 12 703 12 073 12 371 12 024 11 764

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

294.3 267.7 269.6 244.4 222.3 223.0 219.7 198.4 161.8 126.7

1 940 1 794 1 838 1 696 1 572 1 594 1 587 1 451 1 199 950

9.9 -0.7 10.3 9.9 -0.3 1.5 10.7 22.6 27.7 25.1

8.1 -2.4 8.4 7.9 -1.4 0.4 9.4 21.0 26.2 23.9

1 686.6 1 550.9 1 560.0 1 495.1 1 505.5 1 693.3 1 714.1 1 583.7 1 360.0 1 148.8

11 119 10 396 10 639 10 374 10 648 12 101 12 386 11 582 10 084 8 612

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

101.3 92.0 86.1 91.9 83.7 73.3 66.0 56.4 58.8 76.6

767 702 662 712 653 576 522 449 471 617

10.1 6.9 -6.3 9.8 14.2 11.1 17.0 -4.1 -23.2 -16.1

9.3 6.0 -7.0 9.0 13.4 10.3 16.3 -4.7 -23.7 -16.7

980.7 903.5 835.6 865.8 822.5 728.3 668.3 603.3 611.8 703.6

7 423 6 896 6 429 6 713 6 417 5 718 5 284 4 800 4 897 5 667

1930 ...................................................... 1929 ......................................................

91.3 103.7

741 851

-12.0 ...

-12.9 ...

751.5 822.2

6 101 6 746

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. . . . = Not available.

142


Table 9-2. GDP Components in Current and Chained (1996) Dollars, 1929–2002 (Billions of dollars.) Current dollars Personal consumption expenditures Year

Gross domestic product

Total

Gross private domestic investment

Durable goods

Nondurable goods

Services

Total

Fixed investment

Net exports of goods and services

Change in private inventories

Government consumption expenditures and gross investment Federal

Total

Exports

Imports

Total Total

National defense

State and local

2002 ........................ 10 446.2 2001 ........................ 10 082.2

7 303.7 6 987.0

871.9 835.9

2 115.0 2 041.3

4 316.8 4 109.9

1 593.2 1 586.0

1 589.3 1 646.3

3.9 -60.3

-423.6 -348.9

1 014.9 1 034.1

1 438.5 1 383.0

1 972.9 1 858.0

693.7 628.1

447.4 399.9

1 279.2 1 229.9

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

9 824.6 9 274.3 8 781.5 8 318.4 7 813.2 7 400.5 7 054.3 6 642.3 6 318.9 5 986.2

6 683.7 6 246.5 5 856.0 5 529.3 5 237.5 4 969.0 4 716.4 4 454.7 4 209.7 3 971.2

803.9 755.9 693.2 642.5 616.5 589.7 560.8 513.4 470.8 443.0

1 972.9 1 830.1 1 708.5 1 641.6 1 574.1 1 497.3 1 438.0 1 375.2 1 322.9 1 278.8

3 906.9 3 660.5 3 454.3 3 245.2 3 047.0 2 882.0 2 717.6 2 566.1 2 415.9 2 249.4

1 755.4 1 636.7 1 538.7 1 390.5 1 242.7 1 143.8 1 097.1 955.1 866.6 800.2

1 691.8 1 577.2 1 465.6 1 327.7 1 212.7 1 110.7 1 034.6 934.0 851.6 800.4

63.6 59.5 73.1 62.9 30.0 33.0 62.6 21.1 15.0 -0.2

-365.5 -249.9 -151.7 -89.3 -89.0 -84.3 -87.1 -60.5 -27.9 -20.7

1 101.1 989.3 964.9 966.4 874.2 818.6 725.1 658.0 636.8 601.6

1 466.6 1 239.2 1 116.7 1 055.8 963.1 902.8 812.1 718.5 664.6 622.3

1 751.0 1 641.0 1 538.5 1 487.9 1 421.9 1 372.0 1 327.9 1 293.0 1 270.5 1 235.5

589.2 565.0 539.2 538.2 531.6 521.5 521.1 527.3 534.5 527.4

374.9 364.3 349.1 352.6 357.0 350.6 355.1 364.9 378.5 384.5

1 161.8 1 076.0 999.3 949.7 890.4 850.5 806.8 765.7 736.0 708.1

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

5 803.2 5 489.1 5 108.3 4 742.5 4 452.9 4 213.0 3 932.7 3 534.9 3 259.2 3 131.3

3 831.5 3 596.7 3 356.6 3 105.3 2 895.2 2 712.6 2 498.4 2 286.4 2 079.3 1 944.2

467.6 467.8 450.2 419.7 401.3 363.3 326.9 281.2 240.2 231.3

1 246.1 1 165.4 1 082.9 1 015.3 958.5 928.8 884.7 831.2 787.6 758.9

2 117.8 1 963.5 1 823.5 1 670.3 1 535.4 1 420.6 1 286.9 1 174.0 1 051.5 954.0

861.7 872.9 821.1 781.5 747.2 736.3 735.5 564.2 516.1 570.8

847.2 845.2 802.7 754.3 740.7 714.5 670.1 570.0 531.0 541.0

14.5 27.7 18.5 27.1 6.6 21.8 65.4 -5.8 -14.9 29.8

-71.4 -80.7 -106.3 -142.3 -131.9 -114.2 -102.0 -51.7 -20.5 -15.0

557.2 509.0 446.9 365.6 320.3 303.0 303.1 277.0 282.6 302.8

628.6 589.7 553.2 507.9 452.2 417.2 405.1 328.6 303.2 317.8

1 181.4 1 100.2 1 036.9 997.9 942.3 878.3 800.8 735.9 684.4 631.4

508.4 482.6 462.6 460.4 438.7 413.4 376.4 344.4 312.8 281.8

374.9 363.2 355.9 351.2 332.2 312.4 283.5 252.5 228.3 197.8

673.0 617.7 574.3 537.5 503.6 464.9 424.4 391.5 371.6 349.6

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

2 795.6 2 566.4 2 295.9 2 031.4 1 823.9 1 635.2 1 501.0 1 385.5 1 240.4 1 128.6

1 762.9 1 596.3 1 430.4 1 278.4 1 149.8 1 030.3 932.4 852.5 770.7 702.4

214.2 214.4 201.7 181.2 158.9 133.5 122.3 123.5 110.4 96.9

696.1 624.4 550.2 497.2 458.3 420.7 384.5 343.1 308.0 285.5

852.7 757.4 678.4 600.0 532.6 476.1 425.5 385.9 352.3 320.0

477.9 490.6 436.0 361.3 292.0 230.2 249.4 244.5 207.6 178.2

484.2 472.7 410.2 339.0 274.8 236.5 235.4 228.6 198.5 169.9

-6.3 18.0 25.8 22.3 17.1 -6.3 14.0 15.9 9.1 8.3

-14.9 -24.0 -26.1 -23.7 -2.3 13.6 -3.1 0.6 -8.0 -3.0

278.9 228.7 186.1 158.8 148.9 136.3 124.3 91.8 66.2 59.3

293.8 252.7 212.3 182.4 151.1 122.7 127.5 91.2 74.2 62.3

569.7 503.5 455.6 415.3 384.5 361.1 322.4 287.9 270.1 251.0

245.3 211.6 191.9 176.0 160.6 152.1 138.2 127.8 125.6 117.6

169.6 146.7 132.0 122.6 113.2 107.9 99.7 93.9 93.5 89.0

324.4 291.8 263.8 239.3 223.9 209.0 184.2 160.1 144.4 133.5

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

1 039.7 985.3 911.5 834.1 789.3 720.1 664.4 618.7 586.5 545.7

648.9 605.5 558.7 508.7 481.8 444.3 411.7 383.1 363.8 342.7

85.0 85.9 80.8 70.4 68.3 63.3 56.7 51.6 46.9 41.8

272.0 253.2 235.7 217.1 208.8 191.6 178.7 168.2 162.8 156.6

292.0 266.4 242.3 221.2 204.7 189.5 176.4 163.4 154.1 144.3

152.4 156.4 141.2 128.6 131.3 118.2 102.1 93.8 88.1 78.2

150.4 147.3 132.1 118.7 117.7 109.0 97.2 88.1 82.0 75.2

2.0 9.2 9.1 9.9 13.6 9.2 4.8 5.6 6.1 3.0

1.2 -1.2 -1.3 1.4 1.9 3.9 5.5 3.3 2.4 3.4

57.0 49.3 45.3 41.4 38.9 35.4 33.6 29.4 27.4 26.0

55.8 50.5 46.6 39.9 37.1 31.5 28.1 26.1 25.0 22.7

237.1 224.6 212.8 195.3 174.3 153.7 145.1 138.5 132.2 121.5

116.4 116.1 114.0 106.8 94.4 82.1 79.8 78.5 76.9 69.5

90.9 92.6 92.2 85.8 73.8 62.4 61.8 62.7 62.8 58.1

120.7 108.5 98.8 88.6 79.9 71.6 65.3 59.9 55.3 52.0

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

527.4 507.4 467.9 461.5 438.0 415.2 381.1 379.9 358.6 339.5

332.3 318.1 296.6 287.0 271.9 259.0 240.5 233.4 219.7 208.6

43.3 42.7 37.4 40.0 38.1 38.8 31.9 32.7 29.3 29.9

152.9 148.5 141.7 137.1 130.8 124.7 119.7 117.8 114.7 109.2

136.1 127.0 117.4 109.9 102.9 95.4 88.9 82.9 75.6 69.6

78.9 78.5 64.5 70.5 72.0 69.0 53.8 56.4 54.0 60.2

75.7 74.6 64.9 69.7 68.1 64.0 55.8 54.5 50.5 50.3

3.2 3.9 -0.4 0.8 3.9 5.0 -1.9 1.9 3.5 9.9

2.4 -1.7 0.4 4.0 2.3 0.4 0.3 -0.8 1.0 2.4

25.3 20.6 20.4 23.9 21.2 17.6 15.7 15.2 16.3 17.0

22.8 22.3 20.0 19.9 18.9 17.2 15.4 16.0 15.3 14.6

113.8 112.5 106.5 100.1 91.8 86.8 86.5 90.8 83.9 68.3

65.9 67.4 63.9 61.3 56.7 54.9 57.3 64.4 59.2 45.0

55.2 56.0 55.5 53.7 49.3 47.0 49.3 56.0 52.4 39.3

47.9 45.1 42.6 38.8 35.1 31.9 29.2 26.4 24.7 23.3

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

294.3 267.7 269.6 244.4 222.3 223.0 219.7 198.4 161.8 126.7

192.7 178.8 175.4 162.3 144.2 119.8 108.5 99.7 88.9 81.0

30.7 25.1 22.9 20.4 15.8 8.0 6.7 6.5 6.9 9.7

98.2 94.9 96.6 90.9 82.7 71.9 64.3 58.6 50.8 42.9

63.7 58.9 55.9 51.0 45.8 40.0 37.4 34.6 31.3 28.5

54.1 36.9 48.1 35.0 31.1 10.8 7.8 6.1 10.4 18.1

48.3 39.6 42.4 35.5 25.1 12.3 8.7 6.9 8.5 13.8

5.8 -2.7 5.7 -0.6 6.0 -1.5 -0.9 -0.7 1.9 4.3

0.7 5.2 5.4 10.8 7.1 -0.9 -2.2 -2.4 -0.3 1.0

12.3 14.4 15.5 18.7 14.1 6.7 4.8 3.9 4.3 5.4

11.6 9.2 10.1 7.9 7.0 7.5 6.9 6.3 4.6 4.4

46.9 46.8 40.6 36.4 39.8 93.2 105.5 94.9 62.8 26.6

26.0 27.6 24.2 22.6 29.0 84.2 97.0 86.5 54.1 17.9

19.6 19.9 18.4 18.2 25.3 82.1 94.6 84.2 51.2 14.3

20.9 19.2 16.5 13.9 10.8 9.0 8.5 8.5 8.7 8.7

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

101.3 92.0 86.1 91.9 83.7 73.3 66.0 56.4 58.8 76.6

71.2 67.2 64.2 66.8 62.2 55.9 51.5 45.9 48.7 60.7

7.8 6.7 5.7 6.9 6.3 5.1 4.2 3.5 3.6 5.5

37.0 35.1 34.0 35.2 32.9 29.3 26.7 22.3 22.7 29.0

26.4 25.4 24.6 24.7 23.0 21.5 20.5 20.2 22.4 26.3

13.6 9.3 7.1 12.2 8.6 6.7 3.7 1.7 1.3 5.9

11.2 9.1 7.7 9.5 7.5 5.6 4.3 3.1 3.6 7.0

2.4 0.2 -0.6 2.6 1.2 1.1 -0.6 -1.4 -2.4 -1.1

1.4 0.8 0.9 0.0 -0.2 -0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0

4.8 3.9 3.8 4.0 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.0 2.0 2.9

3.4 3.1 2.8 4.0 3.2 3.0 2.2 1.9 1.9 2.9

15.1 14.7 13.8 12.8 13.1 10.9 10.6 8.7 8.8 9.9

6.4 5.9 5.6 5.0 5.5 3.3 3.2 2.3 1.8 1.8

2.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9

8.7 8.9 8.2 7.8 7.6 7.6 7.3 6.5 7.0 8.1

1930 ........................ 1929 ........................

91.3 103.7

70.2 77.5

7.2 9.2

34.0 37.7

29.0 30.5

10.8 16.5

11.0 14.9

-0.2 1.5

0.3 0.4

4.4 5.9

4.1 5.6

10.0 9.4

1.8 1.7

0.9 0.9

8.2 7.7

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.


143

Table 9-2. GDP Components in Current and Chained (1996) Dollars, 1929–2002—Continued (Billions of dollars.) Chained (1996) dollars Personal consumption expenditures Year


Total

Gross private domestic investment

Durable goods

Nondurable goods

Services

Total

Fixed investment

Net exports of goods and services

Change in private inventories

Government consumption expenditures and gross investment Federal

Total

Exports

Imports

Total Total

National defense

State and local

2002 ........................ 2001 ........................

9 439.9 9 214.5

6 576.0 6 377.2

999.9 931.9

1 929.5 1 869.8

3 675.6 3 594.9

1 589.6 1 574.6

1 577.3 1 627.4

5.2 -61.4

-488.5 -415.9

1 058.8 1 076.1

1 547.4 1 492.0

1 712.8 1 640.4

613.3 570.6

400.0 366.0

1 099.7 1 069.4

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

9 191.4 8 859.0 8 508.9 8 159.5 7 813.2 7 543.8 7 347.7 7 062.6 6 880.0 6 676.4

6 223.9 5 964.5 5 683.7 5 423.9 5 237.5 5 075.6 4 928.1 4 748.9 4 594.5 4 466.6

... ... ... 657.3 616.5 583.5 557.7 518.3 479.0 454.9

... ... ... 1 619.9 1 574.1 1 529.0 1 485.1 1 430.3 1 389.7 1 364.0

... ... ... 3 147.0 3 047.0 2 963.4 2 886.2 2 802.5 2 729.7 2 651.8

1 762.9 1 660.5 1 558.0 1 393.3 1 242.7 1 140.6 1 107.0 977.9 899.8 829.5

1 696.6 1 596.7 1 481.0 1 328.6 1 212.7 1 109.2 1 045.9 958.4 886.5 832.5

64.7 62.1 76.6 63.8 30.0 30.4 66.8 20.0 17.1 -1.0

-398.8 -320.5 -221.1 -113.3 -88.9 -78.4 -86.6 -59.1 -19.8 -15.8

1 137.2 1 036.3 1 002.4 981.5 874.2 808.2 732.8 672.7 651.0 613.2

1 536.0 1 356.8 1 223.5 1 094.8 963.1 886.6 819.4 731.8 670.8 629.0

1 582.5 1 540.6 1 483.3 1 455.4 1 421.9 1 406.4 1 400.1 1 398.8 1 410.0 1 403.4

544.4 537.7 525.4 529.6 531.6 536.5 551.3 572.0 595.1 604.9

348.7 348.8 341.6 347.7 357.0 361.9 375.9 394.7 417.1 438.4

1 037.4 1 002.4 957.7 925.8 890.4 869.9 848.9 827.0 815.3 798.9

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

6 707.9 6 591.8 6 368.4 6 113.3 5 912.4 5 717.1 5 505.2 5 132.3 4 919.3 5 021.0

4 474.5 4 393.7 4 279.5 4 113.4 3 981.2 3 820.9 3 640.6 3 454.3 3 275.5 3 236.0

487.1 491.7 481.5 455.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 369.6 1 351.0 1 315.1 1 274.5 ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 616.2 2 546.0 2 477.2 2 379.3 ... ... ... ... ... ...

907.3 936.5 902.8 879.3 857.7 863.4 871.5 673.7 615.2 715.6

894.6 911.2 887.1 856.0 ... ... ... ... ... ...

16.5 29.6 18.4 29.6 ... ... ... ... ... ...

-56.5 -79.4 -112.1 -156.2 -165.1 -149.1 -128.4 -63.8 -14.6 5.2

575.7 529.4 473.5 408.0 366.8 341.6 332.6 306.9 314.6 338.6

632.2 608.8 585.6 564.2 531.9 490.7 461.0 370.7 329.2 333.4

1 387.3 1 343.5 1 307.5 1 292.5 1 255.2 1 190.5 1 118.4 1 081.0 1 046.0 1 030.0

606.8 594.7 586.9 597.8 ... ... ... ... ... ...

443.2 443.3 446.8 450.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...

781.1 749.5 721.4 695.6 ... ... ... ... ... ...

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

4 900.9 4 912.1 4 760.6 4 511.8 4 311.7 4 084.4 4 099.0 4 123.4 3 898.4 3 697.7

3 193.0 3 203.2 3 124.7 2 992.1 2 868.9 2 710.9 2 653.7 2 675.9 2 550.5 2 405.2

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

655.3 735.4 713.0 639.4 555.5 462.2 561.7 606.5 543.0 485.8

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

10.0 -45.5 -66.4 -65.3 -40.4 -7.5 -35.6 -62.0 -87.8 -74.6

334.8 302.4 275.9 249.7 243.6 230.0 231.6 211.4 173.5 160.4

324.8 347.9 342.3 315.0 284.0 237.5 267.2 273.4 261.3 235.0

1 020.9 1 001.1 982.2 952.7 943.3 942.5 924.8 908.3 914.9 913.8

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

3 578.0 3 571.4 3 466.1 3 308.3 3 227.5 3 028.5 2 846.5 2 690.4 2 578.9 2 432.0

2 317.5 2 264.8 2 184.2 2 066.2 2 006.1 1 897.6 1 784.8 1 684.0 1 617.3 1 541.2

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

436.2 466.9 441.3 417.2 437.3 402.0 352.6 325.7 305.3 271.0

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

-63.8 -70.2 -66.1 -49.2 -39.9 -26.4 -15.0 -22.0 -25.8 -18.4

159.3 143.7 136.3 127.0 124.3 116.5 114.2 100.7 93.7 88.9

223.1 213.9 202.4 176.2 164.2 142.9 129.2 122.7 119.5 107.3

931.1 952.5 956.6 927.1 862.1 791.1 767.1 752.4 735.0 693.2

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

2 376.7 2 319.0 2 162.8 2 183.9 2 141.1 2 099.5 1 960.5 1 973.9 1 887.3 1 815.1

1 510.8 1 470.7 1 393.0 1 381.8 1 348.8 1 310.4 1 221.9 1 197.2 1 142.4 1 107.1

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

272.8 272.9 226.5 247.4 258.6 262.1 210.8 221.0 211.1 233.2

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

-20.5 -34.2 -24.6 -9.0 -11.9 -16.1 -13.6 -20.2 -9.5 -1.0

87.5 72.4 71.8 83.1 76.5 65.6 59.3 56.5 60.6 63.5

108.0 106.6 96.4 92.1 88.4 81.7 72.9 76.7 70.1 64.5

661.3 661.4 626.2 606.7 580.8 580.4 602.9 647.5 605.1 500.0

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

1 686.6 1 550.9 1 560.0 1 495.1 1 505.5 1 693.3 1 714.1 1 583.7 1 360.0 1 148.8

1 090.9 1 025.3 998.1 976.4 956.9 851.8 801.7 779.1 758.3 776.7

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

232.5 164.3 215.3 168.6 175.0 69.0 52.2 42.3 71.6 135.4

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

-10.2 6.7 5.4 29.3 17.4 -28.7 -34.1 -33.1 -18.1 -9.8

51.8 59.2 59.8 75.9 66.5 30.5 21.6 20.1 24.1 36.7

62.0 52.5 54.4 46.6 49.1 59.2 55.7 53.2 42.2 46.5

367.4 367.3 328.9 307.1 359.7 1 041.0 1 195.6 1 059.9 711.1 303.0

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

980.7 903.5 835.6 865.8 822.5 728.3 668.3 603.3 611.8 703.6

724.9 689.0 652.6 663.5 639.6 580.6 546.9 511.0 523.0 574.3

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

110.9 79.6 61.9 93.6 74.9 58.4 31.6 17.5 11.8 39.2

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

-2.1 -5.5 -5.4 -15.1 -16.3 -18.0 -9.5 -11.0 -9.9 -10.5

35.7 31.4 29.8 30.1 23.9 22.7 21.5 19.4 19.3 24.6

37.8 36.9 35.2 45.2 40.2 40.7 31.0 30.4 29.2 35.1

182.4 179.7 164.6 153.2 158.9 137.0 133.0 118.0 122.4 126.6

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1930 ........................ 1929 ........................

751.5 822.2

592.3 625.7

... ...

... ...

... ...

62.5 93.6

... ...

... ...

-10.7 -10.5

29.6 35.8

40.3 46.3

121.3 110.1

... ...

... ...

... ...


144


Table 9-3. Gross State Product in Current and Chained (1996) Dollars, 1977–2001 (Billions of dollars.) Year Current Dollars 2001 .........................................

United States

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Hawaii

10 137.2

121.5

28.6

160.7

67.9

1 359.3

173.8

166.2

40.5

64.5

491.5

299.9

43.7

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

9 891.2 9 251.5 8 750.2 8 225.0 7 715.9 7 309.5 6 930.8 6 513.0 6 209.1 5 895.4

119.3 115.1 109.7 104.2 99.3 95.5 89.7 84.5 81.1 76.0

28.1 25.6 24.7 26.6 25.8 24.8 23.1 23.0 22.4 22.0

153.5 144.6 132.9 122.3 112.9 104.6 95.7 85.5 79.0 71.9

66.8 65.0 61.3 59.1 56.8 53.8 50.9 47.2 44.6 41.3

1 330.0 1 213.4 1 125.3 1 045.3 973.4 925.9 879.0 847.9 831.6 814.7

169.3 152.3 139.9 129.6 117.1 109.0 101.5 93.6 85.8 79.4

161.9 149.0 142.7 135.0 124.2 118.6 112.4 107.9 103.8 100.4

37.2 34.7 32.7 31.3 29.0 27.6 25.1 23.8 23.1 22.2

60.0 55.4 52.1 50.5 48.5 48.4 47.5 46.6 44.5 42.2

471.6 442.6 415.6 389.5 366.3 344.8 325.6 305.0 285.5 269.8

295.5 276.5 254.9 235.7 219.5 203.5 187.6 172.2 160.8 148.7

42.5 40.7 39.4 38.5 37.5 37.2 36.8 36.3 35.5 34.0

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

5 706.7 5 411.4 5 092.2 4 683.2 4 355.9 4 151.4 3 866.3 3 446.6 3 217.6 3 069.8

71.6 68.3 65.8 60.8 56.1 53.6 49.8 45.1 41.4 40.1

24.8 22.9 21.4 22.0 18.6 25.9 23.6 22.3 23.1 21.5

68.9 66.0 63.4 59.1 54.6 49.3 44.5 38.3 34.3 33.4

38.4 36.8 34.6 32.3 30.4 29.1 28.3 25.0 23.2 22.6

798.9 743.5 685.1 624.6 567.4 529.4 484.5 426.0 393.2 368.5

74.7 70.0 66.7 63.4 59.9 59.1 56.0 50.5 47.7 44.1

98.9 95.0 89.7 81.4 72.8 66.6 61.2 53.9 49.0 45.1

20.3 19.2 17.1 15.8 14.1 13.0 11.7 10.4 9.3 8.7

40.4 38.2 35.6 32.4 30.0 28.4 26.4 24.3 22.6 21.4

258.3 244.6 227.2 207.3 188.1 173.5 158.8 139.8 125.6 116.0

141.4 135.0 127.7 117.9 108.9 99.3 89.5 77.4 69.1 64.3

32.3 28.8 26.0 23.4 21.5 20.0 18.6 16.9 15.5 14.5

1980 1979 1978 1977

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

2 731.6 2 503.9 2 249.0 1 985.7

36.1 33.6 30.4 26.5

15.0 10.8 9.1 7.5

30.3 27.2 22.8 19.2

20.1 19.0 17.3 14.9

328.2 295.1 263.6 229.5

38.4 34.0 29.4 25.2

40.6 36.7 33.0 29.5

7.8 7.2 6.6 6.0

19.6 18.1 16.6 15.2

101.4 88.8 77.5 66.4

56.9 52.2 46.8 41.2

13.4 12.0 10.5 9.4

Chained (1996) Dollars 2001 .........................................

9 335.4

112.0

24.5

153.7

63.7

1 260.0

159.3

153.0

35.7

56.1

446.5

273.9

38.8

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

9 298.2 8 882.6 8 502.7 8 093.4 7 715.9 7 434.0 7 203.0 6 918.4 6 774.5 6 615.7

112.3 110.4 106.4 102.6 99.3 96.6 93.6 90.2 88.9 85.5

24.7 25.1 24.9 26.1 25.8 26.4 25.3 25.4 25.1 25.1

148.8 141.4 130.7 120.8 112.9 105.4 98.3 89.9 85.3 79.7

64.0 63.2 60.0 58.6 56.8 54.7 52.9 50.2 48.7 46.2

1 258.4 1 169.8 1 096.1 1 029.2 973.4 941.9 911.2 898.8 906.2 912.7

158.2 145.5 135.6 127.3 117.1 111.2 105.9 99.8 94.0 89.4

152.0 142.7 138.2 132.6 124.2 120.8 117.5 115.7 114.8 114.6

33.4 32.0 30.6 30.1 29.0 28.2 26.7 26.0 25.6 25.8

54.1 51.3 49.6 49.3 48.5 49.7 50.7 51.2 50.6 49.9

438.6 420.2 400.9 382.3 366.3 350.6 339.1 325.8 314.1 305.8

274.9 261.5 246.0 231.8 219.5 206.4 195.3 183.2 175.6 167.2

38.9 38.0 37.6 37.7 37.5 37.9 38.3 38.8 39.1 38.5

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

6 630.7 6 538.6 6 386.1 6 072.8 5 816.7

83.2 82.0 81.9 78.4 74.4

27.8 28.0 27.6 27.9 23.9

79.0 78.3 77.9 75.0 71.9

44.1 43.8 42.7 41.3 39.9

927.6 899.1 859.0 809.8 759.5

87.0 84.8 83.8 82.0 80.0

117.3 117.4 115.3 108.2 99.7

25.0 24.4 22.6 21.8 20.2

50.9 50.1 48.7 46.5 44.9

303.7 298.9 287.8 271.7 256.0

164.8 162.9 159.5 152.8 145.8

38.1 35.3 33.0 30.9 29.5



145

Table 9-3. Gross State Product in Current and Chained (1996) Dollars, 1977–2001—Continued (Billions of dollars.) Year

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota Mississippi

Current Dollars 2001 .........................................

36.9

475.5

189.9

90.9

87.2

120.3

148.7

37.4

195.0

287.8

320.5

188.1

67.1

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

36.8 34.6 31.0 29.4 28.1 27.2 24.9 22.8 20.4 18.7

466.3 440.9 423.2 400.3 375.9 359.5 342.3 317.2 303.2 285.7

189.8 181.3 176.1 163.0 155.1 148.4 141.7 131.5 123.6 114.2

89.7 85.5 83.1 81.7 77.0 71.7 69.2 62.8 61.1 57.7

84.5 80.2 76.6 73.0 68.2 64.1 62.2 58.4 56.3 53.6

117.2 112.4 107.6 101.5 95.5 91.5 86.9 80.9 76.7 70.8

145.0 133.9 122.6 123.5 116.9 112.2 104.1 95.6 91.2 95.9

36.3 34.1 32.2 30.4 28.9 28.0 26.5 25.4 24.4 23.6

185.0 173.8 164.1 154.6 145.1 139.5 134.0 126.4 120.7 117.6

283.1 257.8 241.4 223.6 210.1 197.5 188.0 175.7 167.3 161.5

323.7 312.1 293.2 279.5 265.1 254.2 246.8 222.9 206.7 194.2

186.1 171.5 163.0 152.3 141.5 131.8 125.0 115.4 111.9 103.9

66.2 64.2 61.7 58.7 56.6 54.6 51.4 47.4 44.2 41.3

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

17.7 16.7 15.0 13.8 13.1 13.0 12.5 11.6 10.5 10.5

275.8 263.5 250.3 231.8 217.9 205.7 192.7 172.1 163.6 160.0

110.8 106.7 99.2 92.0 85.7 81.1 77.4 67.9 63.5 63.8

55.8 52.7 48.8 45.2 43.1 42.4 41.0 36.7 36.6 37.7

51.5 48.3 46.3 44.0 41.3 40.5 38.1 34.8 33.0 31.6

67.9 65.1 61.2 56.8 53.5 51.7 49.0 43.3 41.6 40.6

94.9 86.6 83.7 77.0 76.2 85.1 83.8 77.8 79.1 77.7

23.5 23.1 21.7 19.4 17.5 16.1 14.9 13.1 12.1 11.2

115.0 109.6 102.7 92.5 84.2 77.0 69.8 61.9 56.0 52.8

160.0 159.2 152.3 139.6 126.1 115.1 104.0 90.9 81.7 76.0

190.8 186.9 178.2 167.6 161.1 151.3 141.0 125.0 113.2 113.3

100.4 96.2 90.1 84.0 77.9 74.4 69.9 60.6 56.4 54.6

39.2 37.7 36.0 33.8 31.4 30.7 29.2 26.2 24.9 24.2

1980 1979 1978 1977

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

9.8 9.2 8.3 7.1

146.5 140.3 128.7 115.4

58.4 57.7 53.3 47.4

34.0 32.8 30.1 26.3

28.0 26.2 22.6 20.3

36.7 35.3 32.0 28.5

64.0 52.1 45.3 39.4

10.2 9.3 8.4 7.6

47.3 43.5 39.4 35.5

68.2 61.6 55.6 49.7

102.9 104.2 98.1 88.1

49.7 46.4 41.1 36.3

21.5 20.2 17.9 16.0

Chained (1996) Dollars 2001 .........................................

36.8

441.8

178.2

87.0

80.7

110.1

125.3

34.0

175.3

265.7

297.5

175.4

61.5

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

37.1 34.7 31.0 29.3 28.1 27.4 25.3 23.7 21.8 20.5

441.9 424.9 411.4 394.5 375.9 364.1 353.3 334.7 328.5 317.9

181.5 175.4 171.7 161.1 155.1 150.0 145.9 138.5 133.6 126.6

87.5 84.4 82.3 81.5 77.0 73.1 71.6 66.3 66.1 63.9

79.9 77.5 74.8 72.1 68.2 65.6 65.0 62.4 61.9 60.5

109.5 106.6 104.4 100.2 95.5 92.8 89.6 84.5 81.9 77.9

125.7 129.5 120.8 120.7 116.9 116.5 110.5 102.8 100.7 107.7

33.7 32.4 31.1 30.0 28.9 28.3 27.8 27.3 27.0 27.0

170.7 164.0 157.6 151.5 145.1 142.1 140.3 136.1 133.9 134.5

266.8 247.4 234.0 219.7 210.1 200.5 195.2 186.7 182.8 181.9

306.4 299.5 285.4 276.0 265.1 258.3 255.8 237.2 226.5 219.8

176.8 165.6 158.9 150.4 141.5 133.8 130.2 123.1 122.7 116.9

62.3 61.8 59.9 57.8 56.6 55.4 53.0 49.9 48.0 45.9

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

20.0 19.4 18.1 17.3 16.9

317.9 314.6 309.4 296.4 285.9

127.0 126.2 121.8 116.8 111.5

63.4 61.8 59.4 56.9 55.7

59.8 58.5 58.1 57.0 54.8

77.5 76.8 74.9 71.8 69.1

108.0 105.1 106.8 100.9 101.4

27.8 28.3 27.6 25.6 24.0

137.1 135.8 132.1 123.4 116.6

187.2 193.8 192.3 181.9 169.3

225.1 228.2 225.7 218.1 215.1

116.6 115.9 112.5 108.7 103.6

44.9 44.9 44.6 43.4 41.0


146



Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Current Dollars 2001 .........................................

181.5

22.6

57.0

79.2

47.2

365.4

55.4

826.5

275.6

19.0

373.7

93.9

120.1

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

177.1 168.9 163.4 155.8 146.5 139.5 130.0 119.7 116.0 110.4

21.7 20.6 20.0 18.9 18.1 17.5 17.0 16.2 15.1 14.1

55.6 53.5 51.3 49.3 47.8 44.1 42.0 38.7 37.6 35.5

75.5 69.5 63.8 59.2 54.6 49.4 45.0 39.9 36.5 33.7

47.4 43.4 40.5 37.5 35.1 32.4 29.4 27.5 26.4 24.9

357.5 332.2 316.9 300.0 285.7 271.4 258.1 246.7 235.5 224.3

52.6 49.2 48.5 47.8 44.1 42.2 41.8 37.1 32.9 30.9

798.4 743.9 718.7 663.4 633.8 597.6 575.6 551.2 535.3 504.7

272.9 260.6 241.2 221.6 204.3 194.6 182.2 168.8 160.0 147.5

18.6 17.1 17.1 15.9 15.9 14.5 13.9 12.9 12.7 11.6

370.6 357.4 346.6 326.5 306.3 295.7 280.9 260.9 250.4 235.9

90.9 85.4 82.2 79.4 74.9 70.0 67.0 65.0 62.0 59.7

121.4 110.4 102.9 97.5 91.7 81.1 75.1 69.8 64.1 60.6

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

104.8 102.7 97.1 90.4 85.0 79.5 76.0 66.4 61.6 58.8

13.4 12.8 11.9 11.6 11.2 11.2 11.2 10.6 10.3 10.3

33.5 31.2 29.0 26.8 25.8 25.4 24.1 21.2 20.6 20.4

31.6 28.5 25.4 22.2 20.0 18.4 16.9 15.3 14.2 13.6

23.9 24.1 23.3 21.5 18.7 16.8 14.9 12.7 11.4 10.6

217.0 208.4 197.6 176.2 159.7 147.0 134.6 119.1 107.3 100.6

27.2 25.5 24.0 23.2 22.5 23.5 22.3 20.6 19.9 19.1

502.2 479.6 462.5 425.6 393.6 366.7 339.2 303.5 280.3 259.4

141.1 135.9 126.2 114.7 106.3 98.2 89.8 78.4 69.7 66.7

11.5 10.6 9.7 10.2 9.8 10.8 10.8 10.0 10.0 9.9

230.0 219.3 207.4 193.7 184.0 175.9 165.0 145.9 136.3 134.9

57.8 54.7 52.8 48.9 49.0 53.4 51.9 48.0 49.5 45.5

57.8 53.5 49.7 45.0 42.1 40.0 37.9 33.9 31.9 32.1

1980 1979 1978 1977

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

53.7 51.8 47.1 41.8

9.0 8.2 7.5 6.4

17.9 17.1 15.5 13.5

12.1 10.6 9.1 7.5

9.4 8.5 7.5 6.4

90.5 82.7 74.2 66.8

16.2 13.6 11.9 10.4

234.3 215.4 197.4 178.0

59.8 55.3 50.4 44.1

7.6 7.3 6.5 5.3

123.7 119.2 109.1 98.1

37.7 31.6 27.1 23.9

30.7 29.1 25.9 22.3

Chained (1996) Dollars 2001 .........................................

167.4

20.7

53.6

69.5

45.3

332.9

54.9

766.5

246.3

17.8

349.3

85.9

124.8

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

166.7 161.4 158.1 153.4 146.5 141.9 135.0 127.6 127.2 124.6

20.5 19.9 19.4 18.6 18.1 17.9 17.7 17.2 16.6 15.9

53.5 52.0 50.3 48.9 47.8 45.2 44.0 41.4 41.3 40.0

68.2 64.4 60.5 57.5 54.6 50.1 47.0 43.0 40.3 38.1

46.1 42.5 40.0 37.1 35.1 32.6 30.1 28.8 28.4 27.5

332.9 316.0 304.9 294.1 285.7 275.0 268.0 262.7 258.2 252.6

52.4 50.3 49.6 47.6 44.1 42.7 42.2 37.8 34.1 32.7

756.6 717.7 695.2 651.1 633.8 609.1 600.7 588.0 586.8 572.6

249.8 242.9 232.1 218.1 204.3 197.5 188.6 176.2 170.3 162.7

17.8 16.8 16.9 15.8 15.9 15.0 14.6 13.8 14.0 13.1

352.7 345.0 337.7 322.1 306.3 299.2 290.1 276.0 271.8 263.2

85.1 83.0 80.8 78.1 74.9 71.8 70.1 69.2 67.6 66.6

124.8 111.4 103.2 97.1 91.7 81.3 76.6 73.0 69.4 67.6

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

122.8 124.5 122.1 117.5 113.7

15.5 15.2 14.6 14.8 14.8

38.6 37.1 35.9 34.3 34.1

37.1 34.4 31.8 29.0 27.5

27.3 28.6 28.7 27.3 24.4

253.6 253.2 249.0 230.9 216.0

29.4 28.9 28.3 27.9 28.0

593.4 589.7 589.1 560.7 535.2

162.6 162.9 157.7 149.0 142.9

13.2 12.7 12.1 13.0 12.9

265.9 262.6 257.8 249.0 241.9

66.1 65.6 65.9 62.5 64.1

66.5 63.7 61.6 57.9 56.1



147


Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Current Dollars 2001 .........................................

408.4

36.9

115.2

24.3

182.5

763.9

70.4

19.1

273.1

223.0

42.4

177.4

20.4

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

399.5 380.2 365.0 347.3 329.7 318.8 301.1 288.2 275.3 260.6

36.1 31.9 30.8 29.4 26.7 25.7 24.4 23.6 22.7 21.8

112.2 106.8 101.4 95.4 89.9 86.9 81.5 76.0 71.9 68.8

23.5 21.7 20.6 19.8 19.4 18.3 17.2 16.3 15.1 14.1

177.4 170.8 162.2 151.7 142.1 136.8 129.7 119.8 111.8 102.0

738.3 678.8 641.4 608.6 553.2 513.9 482.7 452.6 424.7 403.3

68.4 62.6 59.1 55.1 51.5 46.3 42.2 38.4 35.7 33.7

18.1 17.2 16.3 15.5 14.7 14.0 13.7 13.2 12.6 11.8

260.8 241.5 228.0 212.1 200.0 189.0 179.7 170.8 161.8 154.0

218.1 208.5 192.0 175.2 161.8 151.3 146.3 138.2 130.6 122.5

40.9 40.5 39.0 38.3 37.2 36.3 34.8 32.2 30.9 29.3

173.0 164.9 157.7 148.2 141.0 133.7 127.2 119.5 112.3 104.9

19.1 17.0 16.4 16.2 15.9 14.9 14.4 14.1 13.6 13.6

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

249.9 238.2 224.7 206.7 190.9 180.8 171.0 155.3 145.7 142.0

21.6 21.1 19.7 17.9 16.5 15.2 13.8 12.3 11.4 10.8

66.1 62.3 58.2 53.3 48.4 44.7 42.0 36.4 32.9 31.6

13.0 12.1 11.3 10.8 10.2 9.8 9.3 8.1 7.7 7.7

95.0 92.4 87.8 81.5 74.2 69.3 64.7 57.3 52.3 50.5

388.1 357.0 334.8 304.7 299.6 315.8 296.8 270.9 265.8 250.6

31.4 28.7 27.2 25.2 24.5 24.1 22.3 19.9 18.6 17.6

11.8 11.3 10.5 9.3 8.3 7.7 7.0 6.3 5.8 5.5

148.2 141.8 131.8 121.1 110.3 100.7 92.2 81.3 73.4 68.0

115.5 104.7 95.6 86.9 80.5 74.5 71.1 65.4 60.8 57.7

28.3 27.3 26.4 24.5 23.9 23.5 22.8 20.8 21.2 20.5

100.4 95.4 90.0 82.4 78.1 74.2 70.1 63.0 59.5 57.7

13.4 12.0 11.7 11.1 11.2 13.0 12.9 12.2 13.1 13.3

1980 1979 1978 1977

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

130.6 123.2 112.3 100.6

9.7 8.9 8.0 7.3

28.2 26.0 23.3 20.3

6.8 6.7 6.0 5.1

45.4 42.4 38.3 33.6

207.5 174.5 151.1 131.6

15.5 13.9 12.1 10.4

4.9 4.5 4.0 3.4

60.5 54.9 49.5 44.1

52.0 48.2 42.0 36.0

19.1 17.8 16.3 14.7

53.4 50.6 45.7 40.9

10.8 8.3 6.9 5.7

Chained (1996) Dollars 2001 .........................................

374.5

33.5

106.5

23.2

168.4

698.5

63.9

18.0

241.5

202.5

39.0

167.3

18.3

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

374.0 362.5 351.9 340.9 329.7 322.9 312.2 306.1 300.8 293.0

33.3 30.1 29.5 28.8 26.7 26.2 25.4 25.2 24.9 24.7

106.1 102.4 98.4 94.3 89.9 87.8 84.6 80.4 78.0 76.5

22.9 21.5 20.3 19.7 19.4 18.7 18.1 17.4 16.6 15.9

166.6 162.7 156.8 149.2 142.1 138.6 134.4 127.1 122.0 114.3

688.5 660.5 631.7 597.9 553.2 527.7 504.3 480.0 461.4 447.2

63.6 59.7 57.0 54.0 51.5 47.0 44.0 40.9 39.0 37.8

17.4 16.6 15.9 15.3 14.7 14.1 14.1 13.8 13.5 13.0

236.9 224.5 218.4 207.9 200.0 192.5 187.6 181.2 175.9 173.4

202.8 198.3 185.5 172.2 161.8 154.0 152.9 148.2 144.4 139.7

38.7 39.1 37.8 37.7 37.2 36.6 35.7 33.8 33.0 32.0

166.0 160.2 154.5 146.9 141.0 135.2 131.8 126.7 121.9 116.7

17.5 16.9 16.5 16.0 15.9 15.6 15.3 15.0 14.5 14.6

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

291.5 288.4 282.5 269.9 256.4

25.5 25.9 25.2 23.6 22.6

76.0 73.9 71.4 67.8 63.5

15.1 14.5 14.1 14.0 13.8

110.5 111.2 109.7 105.4 99.0

439.5 425.7 416.2 389.4 391.2

36.3 34.5 33.9 32.4 32.4

13.4 13.3 12.7 11.7 10.8

174.5 173.5 167.5 159.6 150.5

136.6 128.6 121.9 115.0 110.2

31.8 31.4 31.3 29.9 29.7

115.3 113.3 111.0 104.9 102.2

14.3 13.6 13.7 13.0 13.3


148


Table 9-4—Series F 17-30. Per Capita Income and Product Series for Selected Items in Current and Chained (1996) Prices, 1929–2002 (Dollars; based on estimated population as of July 1, including Armed Forces abroad.) Current dollars Year


Personal income


Disposable personal income

Personal consumption expenditures


Disposable personal income

Personal consumption expenditures

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

36 340 35 398

31 062 30 494

27 188 25 957

25 408 24 531

32 839 32 352

24 479 23 692

22 877 22 390

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

34 823 33 234 31 830 30 505 28 997 27 787 26 803 25 546 24 622 23 637

29 797 27 902 26 917 25 439 24 299 23 283 22 372 21 576 21 004 20 080

25 237 23 749 23 037 21 887 21 072 20 361 19 626 18 981 18 527 17 669

23 690 22 384 21 226 20 277 19 438 18 657 17 920 17 133 16 403 15 681

32 579 31 746 30 842 29 922 28 997 28 325 27 918 27 163 26 809 26 363

23 501 22 678 22 359 21 470 21 072 20 798 20 507 20 235 20 220 19 873

22 061 21 373 20 601 19 891 19 438 19 058 18 724 18 264 17 903 17 637

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

23 215 22 188 20 845 19 529 18 501 17 664 16 636 15 085 14 035 13 614

19 614 18 593 17 433 16 317 15 425 14 738 13 853 12 576 11 922 11 301

17 176 16 235 15 312 14 246 13 555 12 941 12 215 11 036 10 364 9 773

15 327 14 539 13 697 12 787 12 029 11 373 10 569 9 757 8 954 8 453

26 834 26 646 25 987 25 174 24 565 23 970 23 288 21 902 21 184 21 830

20 058 19 833 19 522 18 870 18 641 18 229 17 799 16 673 16 328 16 265

17 899 17 760 17 463 16 938 16 541 16 020 15 401 14 741 14 105 14 069

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

12 276 11 401 10 313 9 221 8 363 7 571 7 017 6 537 5 909 5 434

10 205 9 247 8 302 7 432 6 765 6 166 5 730 5 254 4 736 4 358

8 869 8 033 7 253 6 519 5 960 5 470 5 013 4 619 4 138 3 860

7 741 7 091 6 425 5 803 5 272 4 771 4 359 4 022 3 671 3 382

21 521 21 821 21 383 20 481 19 771 18 911 19 163 19 456 18 570 17 804

16 063 16 120 15 845 15 256 14 873 14 393 14 268 14 496 13 692 13 218

14 021 14 230 14 035 13 583 13 155 12 551 12 407 12 626 12 149 11 581

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

5 069 4 860 4 540 4 197 4 015 3 705 3 462 3 268 3 143 2 970

4 101 3 851 3 559 3 272 3 085 2 868 2 688 2 541 2 454 2 342

3 591 3 329 3 119 2 899 2 742 2 567 2 412 2 249 2 174 2 081

3 164 2 987 2 783 2 559 2 451 2 286 2 145 2 024 1 950 1 865

17 446 17 616 17 266 16 646 16 416 15 583 14 831 14 212 13 821 13 236

12 823 12 451 12 196 11 776 11 417 10 965 10 456 9 886 9 666 9 361

11 300 11 171 10 881 10 396 10 204 9 764 9 300 8 896 8 668 8 388

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 918 2 865 2 687 2 694 2 603 2 512 2 347 2 381 2 285 2 201

2 283 2 224 2 125 2 098 2 021 1 917 1 818 1 834 1 759 1 677

2 026 1 983 1 899 1 867 1 800 1 715 1 629 1 622 1 552 1 499

1 838 1 796 1 703 1 675 1 616 1 567 1 481 1 463 1 400 1 352

13 148 13 092 12 420 12 751 12 728 12 703 12 073 12 371 12 024 11 764

9 210 9 167 8 922 8 988 8 930 8 675 8 276 8 319 8 071 7 953

8 358 8 303 7 999 8 068 8 018 7 928 7 524 7 503 7 279 7 176

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 940 1 794 1 838 1 696 1 572 1 594 1 587 1 451 1 199 950

1 516 1 396 1 440 1 333 1 269 1 229 1 201 1 114 918 722

1 388 1 281 1 307 1 194 1 145 1 087 1 072 990 880 703

1 270 1 199 1 196 1 126 1 020 856 784 729 659 607

11 119 10 396 10 639 10 374 10 648 12 101 12 386 11 582 10 084 8 612

7 863 7 343 7 433 7 183 7 599 7 729 7 920 7 737 7 507 6 739

7 192 6 872 6 807 6 775 6 768 6 088 5 793 5 698 5 623 5 822

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

767 702 662 712 653 576 522 449 471 617

595 558 528 576 537 475 425 373 400 528

581 545 512 560 525 465 417 365 393 517

539 513 494 518 485 439 407 366 390 489

7 423 6 896 6 429 6 713 6 417 5 718 5 284 4 800 4 897 5 667

5 912 5 589 5 201 5 556 5 400 4 827 4 430 4 063 4 214 4 896

5 486 5 259 5 022 5 145 4 990 4 558 4 324 4 065 4 186 4 626

1930 ...................................................... 1929 ......................................................

741 851

621 700

605 683

570 635

6 101 6 746

5 109 5 516

4 808 5 134



149

Table 9-5—Series F 192-209. National Income by Sector, Legal Form of Organization, and Type of Income, 1929–2001 (Billions of dollars.) Domestic business Year

Corporate business

Total Total Total

Compensation of employees

Sole proprietorships and partnerships

Corporate profits 1

Net interest

Total


Proprietors’ income 1

Net interest

2001 ..............................................

8 122.0

6 688.4

4 762.7

3 945.6

580.9

236.3

1 248.3

391.3

725.1

131.8

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

7 984.4 7 468.7 7 041.4 6 618.4 6 210.4 5 876.7 5 556.8 5 251.9 4 994.9 4 756.6

6 627.3 6 188.0 5 841.3 5 458.1 5 084.3 4 790.2 4 509.7 4 234.7 4 020.2 3 829.3

4 778.4 4 454.3 4 215.1 3 952.1 3 658.2 3 445.6 3 234.9 3 018.6 2 860.0 2 731.4

3 893.9 3 594.1 3 358.0 3 098.1 2 912.2 2 776.5 2 646.0 2 500.4 2 385.5 2 259.7

644.8 685.5 675.2 723.1 653.2 576.8 496.0 433.7 384.4 356.9

239.7 174.7 182.0 130.8 92.8 92.4 92.9 84.4 90.1 114.8

1 191.7 1 116.4 1 044.3 953.2 890.9 832.5 793.1 758.3 722.8 671.8

375.2 343.9 319.4 295.8 274.3 261.2 243.7 228.9 216.3 205.5

712.0 675.6 620.8 577.8 541.7 494.9 473.6 459.0 431.7 381.8

104.5 96.9 104.2 79.6 74.9 76.4 75.9 70.4 74.8 84.5

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

4 642.1 4 392.1 4 151.1 3 803.4 3 525.8 3 380.4 3 162.3 2 796.5 2 603.0 2 497.1

3 765.8 3 589.8 3 404.9 3 116.4 2 885.4 2 769.9 2 584.7 2 264.6 2 105.2 2 039.3

2 687.7 2 570.2 2 456.3 2 264.5 2 079.3 2 002.2 1 876.3 1 658.4 1 537.3 1 494.8

2 217.6 2 101.4 1 995.4 1 858.8 1 732.7 1 634.7 1 523.0 1 373.3 1 299.4 1 243.5

335.9 331.4 348.3 298.6 261.0 284.0 272.8 218.6 168.5 189.3

134.3 137.4 112.5 107.0 85.6 83.4 80.5 66.4 69.4 62.0

671.4 644.1 593.5 526.5 503.5 479.5 444.7 367.8 343.4 338.8

202.1 189.3 175.8 154.4 148.2 141.3 131.6 119.5 114.1 110.5

378.8 359.6 336.7 302.0 276.8 265.1 245.3 193.7 178.2 184.6

90.5 95.1 81.0 70.1 78.5 73.2 67.7 54.7 51.1 43.7

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

2 243.0 2 075.6 1 860.2 1 635.8 1 456.4 1 302.2 1 211.9 1 127.4 1 000.4 903.9

1 824.9 1 699.1 1 523.6 1 327.7 1 175.8 1 047.4 979.3 916.3 809.7 729.7

1 334.1 1 243.1 1 116.9 971.0 850.6 750.2 700.6 653.0 581.0 521.3

1 122.3 1 023.1 901.7 784.6 695.1 614.8 587.4 533.9 472.5 425.2

163.0 187.9 194.4 171.8 144.0 118.4 97.0 109.1 100.2 87.3

48.7 32.0 20.9 14.5 11.5 17.0 16.2 10.0 8.2 8.8

314.8 307.4 277.9 244.7 223.0 202.5 191.1 183.8 157.2 142.5

103.3 95.8 85.3 76.8 71.6 65.8 62.3 58.1 51.6 49.6

176.1 182.3 168.8 147.2 133.2 120.6 114.6 114.5 97.1 85.6

35.4 29.3 23.7 20.7 18.2 16.2 14.2 11.3 8.5 7.3

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

837.5 802.7 743.6 681.7 646.7 589.6 542.1 504.4 477.1 442.5

679.2 659.6 613.6 565.4 541.8 495.6 454.8 423.8 401.8 372.8

484.0 471.7 435.0 396.2 377.6 341.6 309.7 286.1 268.9 245.6

400.2 378.6 341.3 308.4 288.5 259.8 239.2 222.7 211.0 195.6

74.5 87.1 90.9 84.8 87.4 81.2 70.4 63.6 57.8 50.1

9.2 6.0 2.8 3.0 1.6 0.6 0.1 -0.1 0.1 -0.1

134.5 131.3 125.4 118.8 116.2 108.8 102.7 97.3 94.9 91.8

49.1 48.1 46.4 44.5 43.9 41.3 40.1 38.1 37.2 36.5

79.4 78.4 75.0 70.6 69.1 64.8 60.2 57.3 56.0 54.0

6.0 4.9 4.0 3.6 3.3 2.8 2.4 1.9 1.6 1.4

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

427.5 411.5 377.3 375.0 358.7 338.5 308.4 308.2 293.3 278.7

362.4 351.3 320.1 321.5 308.7 292.1 265.0 266.0 252.4 242.1

239.4 230.8 204.0 210.1 202.4 190.5 167.9 170.5 158.9 152.7

190.7 180.3 164.0 166.5 158.2 144.7 132.3 134.0 123.1 114.6

49.2 51.0 39.9 43.9 44.5 46.1 35.9 36.9 36.5 38.6

-0.5 -0.5 0.2 -0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.5

89.7 89.7 87.4 85.3 82.0 78.6 75.5 75.5 74.9 72.7

37.0 37.1 35.2 35.2 34.1 32.2 31.2 31.4 29.9 28.2

51.5 51.4 51.1 49.0 47.0 45.5 43.5 43.3 44.4 43.9

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

241.0 216.7 223.3 198.6 182.3 183.3 184.3 171.4 137.6 104.3

211.8 189.3 198.1 174.6 154.7 143.5 147.9 142.1 119.0 91.8

132.4 115.9 120.4 104.7 86.3 84.1 91.6 88.8 73.2 56.9

98.7 88.8 91.1 82.1 69.9 64.1 67.1 64.1 52.8 41.6

34.1 27.5 29.6 22.5 16.7 19.8 24.2 24.1 19.7 14.6

-0.4 -0.3 -0.3 0.0 -0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.7

64.4 59.9 64.9 58.4 57.2 49.6 46.8 44.1 37.3 27.6

25.3 23.6 24.0 22.4 20.4 17.6 16.2 14.6 12.7 9.8

38.6 35.7 40.4 35.6 36.6 31.7 30.3 29.1 24.1 17.3

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

81.1 72.9 67.4 74.0 65.8 57.9 50.2 41.4 43.9 60.4

70.5 62.5 57.1 64.4 56.2 49.7 42.5 34.7 37.2 52.9

42.8 36.7 32.6 38.1 33.3 28.0 24.5 18.7 19.9 29.6

32.9 29.8 27.3 30.5 26.3 23.1 21.0 18.0 19.0 25.4

9.2 5.9 4.3 6.5 5.8 3.6 2.2 -0.3 -0.4 2.8

0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.4

21.1 19.4 18.5 20.7 17.7 16.7 13.1 10.8 11.2 16.3

7.8 7.2 6.8 7.1 6.2 5.5 5.0 4.4 4.8 6.4

12.9 11.7 11.2 13.1 11.0 10.7 7.6 5.8 5.6 9.1

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8

1930 .............................................. 1929 ..............................................

75.6 86.8

67.6 78.8

39.4 45.9

30.8 34.2

7.1 10.4

1.4 1.3

20.3 24.2

7.8 8.6

11.7 14.9

0.8 0.6

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1Includes inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments.

150


Table 9-5—Series F 192-209. National Income by Sector, Legal Form of Organization, and Type of Income, 1929–2001—Continued (Billions of dollars.) Domestic business—Continued Other private business

Year


Total

Proprietors’ income 1

Government enterprises

Rental income of persons 2

Households and institutions

General government

Rest of the world

Net interest

2001 ..............................................

567.4

22.4

2.7

137.9

404.4

110.0

952.1

459.6

21.9

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

552.6 518.9 486.5 460.2 445.0 423.8 395.7 376.1 356.2 349.5

21.9 20.2 18.5 16.4 15.5 14.8 14.6 14.2 13.8 13.3

2.8 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.1 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.4

146.6 149.1 138.6 128.3 129.7 117.9 110.3 90.9 63.3 56.4

381.3 346.8 326.3 312.2 296.8 288.2 267.8 268.2 276.5 277.4

104.6 98.4 95.4 92.6 90.2 88.4 86.0 81.7 81.2 76.7

902.6 854.8 819.7 790.0 759.4 735.8 717.0 695.8 671.8 645.1

431.1 403.1 383.8 363.2 348.6 330.3 313.3 297.0 279.5 257.5

23.4 22.7 -3.4 7.1 18.1 20.3 16.8 24.4 23.4 24.7

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

333.5 308.3 291.3 266.6 247.1 234.6 214.5 192.5 181.8 165.0

13.1 12.6 11.8 11.6 11.1 10.7 10.0 9.2 8.6 8.2

2.2 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.6

49.1 40.5 44.1 35.8 32.2 39.1 39.5 36.9 39.6 39.6

269.1 253.1 233.3 217.3 202.0 182.9 162.8 144.6 131.9 115.6

73.2 67.2 64.0 58.9 55.6 53.6 49.3 46.0 42.8 40.6

609.4 567.3 532.6 499.9 471.1 444.3 411.0 375.8 353.1 325.5

237.9 214.6 195.1 173.3 153.7 141.0 131.2 119.2 108.2 97.6

29.0 20.4 18.4 13.7 15.5 25.4 35.3 36.9 36.4 34.7

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

140.2 117.3 100.4 86.1 78.1 72.5 68.4 62.7 56.3 51.9

7.5 6.9 6.2 5.7 5.1 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.4

1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5

31.3 24.5 22.4 20.4 21.5 22.0 23.0 23.1 21.6 21.2

99.8 84.5 70.6 58.9 50.4 44.8 40.2 34.7 30.3 26.7

35.8 31.4 28.4 25.9 24.0 22.2 19.3 16.8 15.2 14.0

295.7 266.3 244.8 225.1 206.4 189.6 169.8 155.4 143.1 130.9

87.1 77.3 69.7 62.4 57.1 52.0 47.1 43.0 38.9 35.6

35.3 32.9 22.1 20.7 17.1 13.2 15.7 12.7 8.7 7.7

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

47.9 45.6 43.3 41.5 39.8 37.5 35.4 33.8 31.9 29.7

3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4

20.3 20.3 20.2 20.4 19.9 19.2 18.6 18.5 17.8 16.9

23.9 21.8 19.9 18.1 17.0 15.7 14.3 12.9 11.9 10.7

12.8 11.0 9.9 8.9 8.3 7.7 7.1 6.6 6.1 5.7

119.4 107.5 97.8 87.4 78.4 69.3 64.4 59.3 55.5 51.6

32.4 29.5 26.1 23.4 21.3 19.3 17.9 16.7 15.6 14.5

6.4 6.2 6.2 5.5 5.2 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.2 3.6

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

27.8 25.9 23.9 21.9 20.3 19.2 18.1 16.6 15.0 13.6

1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1

0.3 0.3 0.3 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

16.2 15.2 14.5 13.8 13.1 12.8 12.5 11.5 10.5 9.5

9.8 8.9 7.8 6.9 5.9 5.2 4.5 3.9 3.5 3.1

5.5 5.0 4.7 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.0

48.1 44.9 42.9 39.8 37.2 34.8 33.0 32.4 31.5 27.7

13.9 12.4 11.5 10.6 9.9 9.1 8.1 7.8 7.2 6.9

3.2 2.9 2.7 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.0

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

12.3 11.0 10.5 9.5 9.3 8.2 8.0 7.8 7.3 6.2

1.0 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

8.7 7.8 7.6 7.0 7.0 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.0 4.0

2.7 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

2.7 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1

21.2 20.1 18.1 17.6 22.4 35.3 32.3 25.6 15.2 9.5

6.5 5.9 5.6 5.1 4.5 4.1 3.7 3.2 2.9 2.5

1.5 1.3 1.5 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

5.5 5.4 5.2 4.7 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.5 5.4 6.3

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

3.4 3.3 3.1 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.5 3.2 4.0

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1

1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8

7.8 7.6 7.7 6.9 7.3 6.0 5.6 4.7 4.5 4.7

2.4 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.9 2.3

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5

1930 .............................................. 1929 ..............................................

7.2 8.0

0.3 0.3

0.0 0.0

4.9 5.6

2.0 2.1

0.8 0.8

4.6 4.4

2.7 2.9

0.7 0.8

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1Includes 2Includes

inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments. capital consumption adjustment.


151

Table 9-6—Series F 226-237. National Income Without Capital Consumption Adjustment by Industry Group, 1929–2002 (Billions of dollars.) Domestic industries Private industries Year

Total Total Total

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing

Mining

Construction

Manufacturing

Finance, CommuniWholesale insurance, Transpor- cation and and retail tation and real public trade estate utilities

Services

Government

Rest of the world

2002 ........................ 2001 ........................

8 174.8 8 053.5

8 184.4 8 031.5

7 068.4 6 969.4

109.5 111.1

59.1 69.5

442.0 438.9

1 122.2 1 132.2

1 168.6 1 144.5

1 635.8 1 571.1

236.2 236.6

278.1 293.3

2 016.8 1 972.0

1 116.0 1 062.1

-9.6 21.9

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

7 958.7 7 424.5 7 013.2 6 599.6 6 206.4 5 884.4 5 576.4 5 267.9 5 018.2 4 769.1

7 935.3 7 401.8 7 016.6 6 592.6 6 188.3 5 864.0 5 559.6 5 243.5 4 994.8 4 744.4

6 928.0 6 448.5 6 101.6 5 709.9 5 338.7 5 039.9 4 756.6 4 466.0 4 241.8 4 022.6

109.7 111.3 102.4 101.6 101.9 86.9 93.7 91.9 90.7 83.6

62.9 48.6 54.2 58.2 50.7 45.7 43.9 40.5 39.7 40.2

422.9 389.4 349.6 309.3 290.3 266.7 252.8 228.3 215.6 214.6

1 250.7 1 180.5 1 145.4 1 119.3 1 073.9 1 058.5 1 006.0 929.1 886.0 863.9

1 140.2 1 063.7 1 006.1 933.6 864.5 810.0 774.7 721.5 698.7 667.3

1 521.5 1 379.3 1 309.5 1 197.1 1 088.0 1 013.5 932.7 897.1 841.5 786.4

243.7 234.0 224.6 207.2 194.7 183.9 176.6 163.2 152.9 146.1

286.8 277.3 271.3 266.5 266.9 256.7 246.6 229.1 213.2 205.0

1 889.8 1 764.2 1 638.6 1 517.2 1 407.8 1 318.1 1 229.5 1 165.4 1 103.6 1 015.6

1 007.3 953.3 915.1 882.6 849.6 824.2 803.0 777.5 753.0 721.8

23.4 22.7 -3.4 7.1 18.1 20.3 16.8 24.4 23.4 24.7

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

4 640.5 4 366.9 4 112.1 3 760.3 3 475.8 3 318.1 3 126.5 2 788.1 2 620.2 2 523.4

4 611.6 4 346.5 4 093.6 3 746.6 3 460.3 3 292.8 3 091.1 2 751.2 2 583.7 2 488.7

3 929.0 3 712.1 3 497.1 3 187.9 2 933.6 2 795.0 2 630.8 2 329.4 2 187.9 2 122.6

89.0 85.5 78.2 78.9 70.7 69.0 70.2 54.7 61.2 63.5

40.8 36.2 35.9 28.6 28.4 40.1 43.8 40.3 50.2 51.7

230.5 227.1 218.9 202.9 191.8 171.8 153.0 128.2 119.2 121.3

879.0 853.4 822.2 739.8 686.8 691.3 672.5 598.0 576.7 594.1

651.3 630.6 591.4 546.0 522.4 499.5 470.7 416.1 386.8 371.8

738.5 691.6 651.5 599.7 528.8 484.9 439.6 397.6 355.2 334.1

138.7 133.7 132.7 123.4 115.5 107.3 106.6 93.3 86.5 88.4

191.8 180.0 170.9 162.8 152.4 148.0 143.4 130.5 126.0 110.3

969.5 873.8 795.3 705.9 636.8 583.0 531.1 470.6 426.2 387.5

682.6 634.5 596.5 558.8 526.7 497.8 460.3 421.8 395.8 366.1

29.0 20.4 18.4 13.7 15.5 25.4 35.3 36.9 36.4 34.7

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

2 282.9 2 107.5 1 885.0 1 656.0 1 476.2 1 317.9 1 217.6 1 127.2 999.4 904.0

2 247.6 2 074.6 1 862.9 1 635.4 1 459.0 1 304.7 1 201.9 1 114.5 990.7 896.3

1 916.0 1 776.9 1 589.7 1 384.4 1 228.6 1 092.9 1 012.9 942.3 832.5 751.4

52.2 58.6 51.1 42.9 42.7 44.4 43.4 46.6 32.2 27.0

45.7 33.1 27.5 25.2 21.5 20.9 16.7 11.2 9.3 8.4

120.9 117.9 104.6 88.4 79.8 69.7 69.5 65.1 57.3 51.8

536.6 518.4 471.7 416.7 366.6 318.0 302.3 286.1 253.2 227.4

336.4 317.1 285.0 252.0 227.9 205.0 184.7 169.7 152.5 138.9

300.9 266.3 232.2 194.7 168.7 152.0 140.2 129.9 118.4 108.6

83.5 78.7 71.3 62.9 56.1 48.0 47.6 42.8 38.2 34.4

94.7 81.7 77.1 67.7 60.7 53.5 45.2 42.4 39.1 35.7

345.1 304.9 269.1 233.8 204.6 181.5 163.3 148.5 132.2 119.1

331.6 297.7 273.2 251.0 230.4 211.8 189.0 172.2 158.3 144.9

35.3 32.9 22.1 20.7 17.1 13.2 15.7 12.7 8.7 7.7

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

836.1 799.7 740.4 677.7 642.5 585.2 538.1 501.1 475.1 443.5

829.7 793.5 734.2 672.2 637.3 579.8 533.1 496.6 470.9 439.8

697.5 675.1 626.5 575.9 550.6 502.9 461.5 430.6 409.3 382.5

25.6 24.8 22.5 21.7 22.7 21.2 18.4 19.0 19.0 18.6

8.3 7.3 7.1 6.4 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.5 5.6

47.2 44.9 40.1 36.7 35.1 32.1 29.3 26.7 25.0 23.3

215.9 222.7 211.9 194.7 190.7 172.0 154.9 144.4 136.5 125.3

128.3 121.2 111.7 101.8 95.2 88.2 82.5 75.8 72.7 68.3

97.8 91.8 85.2 78.7 74.1 68.2 63.7 60.0 57.6 54.4

31.2 29.9 28.0 26.0 25.5 23.7 21.8 20.6 19.6 18.7

33.1 31.2 28.8 26.6 25.4 23.3 22.0 20.5 19.3 18.2

110.1 101.3 91.2 83.3 75.7 68.0 62.9 57.6 54.0 50.2

132.2 118.4 107.7 96.3 86.7 76.9 71.5 66.0 61.6 57.3

6.4 6.2 6.2 5.5 5.2 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.2 3.6

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

429.2 413.6 380.1 378.0 361.4 340.4 311.6 312.5 298.5 284.3

425.9 410.8 377.4 374.8 358.5 337.9 309.4 310.5 296.3 282.3

372.4 360.9 329.8 330.8 317.3 299.3 272.8 274.6 261.3 251.5

17.7 16.9 18.9 16.7 16.5 16.5 17.5 18.1 20.3 21.2

5.6 5.5 5.7 6.6 6.6 5.9 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.8

22.3 21.8 20.0 20.5 19.6 17.6 16.5 16.4 15.9 14.7

125.5 124.6 108.2 116.6 113.4 108.2 94.9 100.6 92.7 90.5

66.7 65.4 60.1 59.0 56.3 53.5 49.4 48.3 47.5 45.8

51.6 48.3 45.1 41.9 39.3 37.1 34.5 31.7 28.8 26.1

18.5 18.2 16.9 17.8 17.3 16.2 14.8 16.0 15.6 15.1

17.4 16.0 14.7 13.8 12.9 12.0 11.1 10.3 9.4 8.5

47.0 44.1 40.2 38.1 35.3 32.3 28.8 27.7 25.7 24.0

53.5 49.9 47.6 44.0 41.2 38.6 36.6 35.9 35.0 30.7

3.2 2.9 2.7 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.0

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

245.8 221.5 228.3 202.9 185.9 183.7 184.8 172.5 139.2 105.9

244.2 220.1 226.8 201.7 185.2 183.4 184.4 172.1 138.7 105.4

220.3 197.5 206.4 182.1 160.9 146.4 150.6 145.0 122.4 94.9

18.3 17.3 22.2 19.3 18.5 15.7 15.2 15.0 12.7 8.5

5.3 4.5 5.4 4.3 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4

12.4 10.9 11.0 8.5 6.5 4.3 4.1 5.5 6.5 4.2

76.4 64.9 68.8 59.6 49.2 52.2 60.3 58.3 45.5 33.2

41.4 39.2 40.1 37.7 34.7 28.1 25.9 24.0 20.6 17.5

23.8 21.4 20.1 18.0 17.1 14.5 13.7 13.0 12.0 10.6

13.4 12.1 12.8 11.6 10.4 10.5 11.2 10.8 8.6 6.3

7.3 6.7 6.0 5.1 4.8 4.2 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.3

22.0 20.4 20.0 18.1 16.6 14.1 13.1 11.8 10.2 8.8

23.9 22.7 20.4 19.6 24.3 36.9 33.8 27.1 16.4 10.6

1.5 1.3 1.5 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

82.5 74.1 68.8 75.2 66.4 58.5 50.8 41.6 44.2 61.0

82.2 73.7 68.4 74.8 66.1 58.2 50.6 41.3 43.8 60.5

73.4 65.1 59.8 67.0 58.0 51.4 44.3 36.0 38.6 55.1

6.2 6.1 6.1 7.7 5.9 6.7 4.3 3.9 3.6 5.3

1.9 1.6 1.6 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.2 0.6 0.7 1.0

2.6 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.3 1.1 0.8 1.1 2.2

22.5 18.1 15.1 19.5 16.3 13.3 11.0 7.7 7.3 12.5

14.7 12.7 12.3 12.5 11.0 9.6 8.5 5.9 6.9 10.2

9.5 9.2 8.9 8.3 7.7 7.1 6.7 6.9 8.0 9.7

5.0 4.6 4.1 4.6 4.3 3.7 3.4 3.1 3.2 4.4

3.0 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.3 2.6

8.0 7.5 7.2 7.5 6.8 6.1 5.7 5.1 5.6 7.2

8.8 8.6 8.6 7.8 8.2 6.8 6.3 5.4 5.2 5.5

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5

1930 ........................ 1929 ........................

76.7 88.2

76.0 87.4

70.7 82.3

6.6 8.7

1.7 2.1

3.2 3.8

18.3 22.0

12.7 13.9

11.6 13.7

5.6 6.6

2.8 2.8

8.3 8.8

5.3 5.1

0.7 0.8


152


Table 9-7—Series F 297-348. Personal Income by States, 1929–2002 Total income (millions of dollars) Year Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware


Florida

Georgia

Hawaii

Idaho

2002 ........................ 2001 ........................

112 592 109 388

20 467 19 660

142 725 137 331

63 463 61 304

1 155 247 1 129 868

149 481 148 239

148 211 145 548

26 084 25 624

24 760 23 262

494 027 475 607

245 707 239 754

37 397 35 625

33 585 32 363

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

105 485 100 422 96 481 91 284 87 221 83 903 79 832 75 439 72 282 67 650

18 806 17 600 17 138 16 488 15 762 15 513 15 168 14 789 14 039 13 243

131 046 120 264 112 895 103 702 95 787 88 870 82 014 74 900 70 120 66 077

58 930 55 919 53 784 51 055 48 700 45 995 43 498 41 190 39 322 36 164

1 100 679 995 326 931 564 861 557 812 404 771 470 735 104 714 107 701 572 669 842

143 043 128 386 118 413 108 765 100 012 92 947 85 860 80 212 74 207 68 992

141 413 130 579 124 880 116 421 109 354 104 315 99 788 96 866 93 779 88 344

24 455 22 716 21 879 20 145 19 369 18 237 17 378 16 663 15 939 15 204

22 849 20 785 20 255 19 135 18 517 18 217 18 499 18 251 17 533 16 651

455 313 425 157 405 146 377 673 355 136 333 525 311 909 296 927 279 028 268 304

231 412 213 508 200 104 183 757 172 935 159 800 149 165 138 771 130 684 121 094

34 384 32 626 31 841 31 218 30 393 30 202 29 740 29 068 27 859 26 198

31 177 28 901 27 066 25 226 24 173 22 869 21 399 20 105 18 382 16 825

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

64 095 60 044 55 699 51 846 48 704 46 015 42 681 38 487 36 052 34 137

12 566 11 778 10 776 10 427 10 721 10 756 9 958 9 302 8 263 6 902

63 319 60 011 55 837 52 003 47 848 43 957 39 521 34 601 31 629 29 950

34 159 32 410 30 493 28 540 27 364 26 211 24 496 21 848 20 539 19 638

655 567 606 701 561 121 517 348 477 762 447 103 411 616 367 505 341 872 320 691

65 095 60 760 56 387 53 528 51 062 49 467 46 762 42 523 39 632 36 154

87 935 84 703 78 551 71 099 64 598 60 063 55 906 49 963 46 782 43 380

14 476 13 778 12 507 11 423 10 531 9 927 9 061 8 191 7 626 7 076

16 078 15 174 14 147 12 898 12 146 11 534 10 847 9 823 9 389 8 617

258 479 240 687 216 505 196 939 179 952 166 919 151 952 135 842 123 450 114 110

115 414 107 725 100 277 92 007 85 126 78 364 71 100 62 145 56 801 52 536

24 915 22 483 20 399 18 574 17 259 16 316 15 328 14 056 12 846 12 041

16 054 14 721 13 354 12 422 11 851 11 577 10 968 10 128 9 368 9 050

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

30 781 27 855 24 923 22 005 19 893 17 537 15 786 14 181 12 544 11 279

6 002 5 328 5 013 4 906 4 736 3 932 2 795 2 266 1 939 1 766

26 255 22 702 19 100 16 122 14 262 12 640 11 854 10 476 9 013 7 860

17 363 16 084 14 587 12 514 11 179 10 047 9 191 8 203 6 893 6 105

286 289 252 213 219 674 191 536 171 412 152 721 138 734 124 102 112 211 102 416

31 442 27 342 23 625 20 400 18 148 16 347 14 901 13 252 11 520 10 166

38 726 34 008 30 081 26 909 24 334 22 329 20 955 19 154 17 488 16 227

6 427 5 718 5 179 4 707 4 356 3 962 3 701 3 400 3 043 2 765

7 881 7 432 7 001 6 615 6 110 5 731 5 266 4 785 4 517 4 162

98 882 84 094 72 332 62 309 55 438 50 353 46 712 41 495 35 365 30 701

46 489 41 633 36 945 32 423 29 189 26 061 24 312 22 064 19 411 17 268

11 140 9 679 8 497 7 652 7 032 6 465 5 965 5 178 4 660 4 221

8 280 7 363 6 668 5 751 5 241 4 635 4 349 3 683 3 168 2 778

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

10 276 9 453 8 669 7 933 7 512 6 990 6 417 5 905 5 539 5 263

1 595 1 406 1 214 1 114 1 006 931 862 762 700 665

6 897 6 061 5 200 4 533 4 175 3 821 3 594 3 352 3 188 2 959

5 500 5 010 4 581 4 219 3 976 3 573 3 370 3 104 2 916 2 729

96 421 89 485 81 589 74 368 69 086 63 503 59 422 54 811 51 276 47 512

9 018 7 983 7 168 6 451 5 986 5 559 5 197 4 915 4 692 4 457

15 468 14 540 13 170 12 314 11 247 10 237 9 517 8 863 8 405 7 866

2 536 2 387 2 178 1 987 1 863 1 758 1 595 1 473 1 375 1 298

3 789 3 450 3 378 3 178 2 961 2 837 2 683 2 556 2 440 2 327

27 419 24 297 20 898 18 155 16 389 14 873 13 573 12 380 11 535 10 692

15 630 14 390 12 956 11 703 10 779 9 780 8 866 8 180 7 533 7 001

3 888 3 379 2 950 2 620 2 412 2 205 2 012 1 850 1 735 1 620

2 552 2 311 2 023 1 896 1 785 1 752 1 530 1 481 1 448 1 351

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

5 100 4 889 4 643 4 416 4 164 3 882 3 432 3 544 3 394 3 198

666 564 528 539 551 506 495 514 488 446

2 719 2 489 2 249 2 130 1 948 1 729 1 583 1 534 1 445 1 274

2 514 2 480 2 268 2 156 2 095 2 029 1 862 1 897 1 887 1 820

44 794 42 383 38 627 36 781 34 210 31 248 28 384 27 550 25 682 23 154

4 139 3 866 3 595 3 501 3 185 2 890 2 646 2 594 2 567 2 381

7 444 7 145 6 679 6 629 6 217 5 696 5 286 5 188 4 781 4 377

1 259 1 201 1 148 1 127 1 121 975 849 822 765 713

2 237 2 151 2 086 1 995 1 941 1 857 1 859 1 904 1 968 1 885

10 123 9 664 8 736 8 028 7 248 6 269 5 476 5 186 4 654 4 135

6 716 6 421 6 021 5 736 5 547 5 175 4 690 4 717 4 587 4 253

1 497 1 307 1 168 1 107 1 039 983 934 921 892 816

1 273 1 243 1 174 1 145 1 085 986 935 924 965 882

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

2 778 2 499 2 616 2 369 2 191 2 173 2 067 1 899 1 528 1 087

324 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 033 932 914 773 690 664 649 664 486 314

1 616 1 500 1 617 1 360 1 364 1 301 1 217 1 028 954 673

20 036 18 026 17 740 16 785 16 258 15 223 14 664 13 355 10 050 7 364

2 015 1 852 1 836 1 679 1 449 1 324 1 197 1 196 1 014 729

3 813 3 380 3 464 3 351 3 020 2 789 2 880 2 863 2 549 2 004

666 570 526 509 470 436 430 411 363 321

1 796 1 710 1 652 1 554 1 541 1 432 1 359 1 355 1 171 930

3 664 3 222 3 097 2 962 2 891 2 954 2 831 2 520 1 723 1 236

3 683 3 223 3 220 2 901 2 748 2 715 2 627 2 353 1 824 1 334

713 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

784 728 741 667 612 556 563 511 440 299

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

800 708 679 738 690 591 567 443 431 593

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

252 237 223 228 205 180 155 131 137 184

508 486 446 488 468 391 350 291 289 397

5 868 5 302 5 134 5 189 4 887 4 073 3 652 3 258 3 417 4 360

616 578 563 587 590 478 396 378 377 498

1 568 1 418 1 294 1 443 1 347 1 177 1 078 958 1 015 1 303

276 236 204 241 220 177 161 140 145 187

813 741 706 722 695 599 525 478 541 603

1 000 910 816 832 743 606 552 447 485 595

1 050 964 896 951 899 793 725 602 586 749

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

242 228 219 215 235 192 191 105 126 170

1930 ........................ 1929 ........................

707 855

... ...

226 258

424 575

5 066 5 482

601 639

1 486 1 633

205 243

613 613

691 749

892 1 007

... ...

225 227



153

Table 9-7—Series F 297-348. Personal Income by States, 1929–2002—Continued Per capita income (dollars) Year Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware


Florida

Georgia

Hawaii

Idaho

2002 ........................ 2001 ........................

25 096 24 477

31 792 31 027

26 157 25 878

23 417 22 750

32 898 32 655

33 170 33 455

42 829 42 377

32 307 32 166

43 371 40 539

29 559 29 048

28 703 28 523

30 040 29 034

25 042 24 506

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

23 694 22 668 21 904 20 899 20 138 19 527 18 739 17 901 17 400 16 503

29 960 28 170 27 645 26 898 25 901 25 667 25 141 24 671 23 846 23 226

25 361 23 939 23 118 21 892 20 883 20 050 19 320 18 424 17 907 17 441

22 000 21 087 20 479 19 628 18 934 18 141 17 441 16 769 16 276 15 175

32 363 29 712 28 240 26 521 25 373 24 339 23 348 22 833 22 650 21 983

33 060 30 380 28 764 27 067 25 514 24 289 23 055 22 196 21 227 20 369

41 446 38 560 37 108 34 759 32 773 31 381 30 092 29 272 28 412 26 747

31 092 29 312 28 662 26 807 26 140 24 992 24 218 23 590 22 936 22 257

39 970 36 452 35 836 33 704 32 352 31 380 31 395 30 658 29 341 27 711

28 366 26 978 26 161 24 869 23 909 22 942 21 905 21 320 20 441 20 068

28 103 26 536 25 447 23 911 23 055 21 806 20 841 19 886 19 170 18 201

28 354 26 957 26 201 25 765 25 249 25 234 25 044 24 784 24 045 23 046

23 987 22 656 21 612 20 534 20 093 19 425 18 687 18 133 17 153 16 158

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

15 826 14 899 13 842 12 912 12 202 11 583 10 800 9 783 9 185 8 712

22 712 21 526 19 882 19 334 19 699 20 200 19 385 19 045 18 379 16 492

17 187 16 568 15 795 15 130 14 463 13 808 12 885 11 654 10 945 10 658

14 495 13 813 13 016 12 184 11 734 11 264 10 560 9 476 8 952 8 564

21 882 20 765 19 713 18 625 17 628 16 909 15 927 14 491 13 774 13 205

19 680 18 548 17 285 16 417 15 772 15 416 14 751 13 570 12 945 12 141

26 712 25 797 24 007 21 895 20 038 18 763 17 580 15 799 14 903 13 865

21 620 20 930 19 312 17 933 16 781 16 056 14 816 13 529 12 727 11 873

26 561 24 311 22 440 20 251 19 030 18 177 17 126 15 532 14 805 13 530

19 832 19 045 17 593 16 415 15 423 14 705 13 764 12 637 11 789 11 195

17 722 16 803 15 876 14 820 13 990 13 143 12 185 10 849 10 054 9 435

22 375 20 540 18 891 17 392 16 409 15 693 14 912 13 880 12 927 12 309

15 858 14 803 13 548 12 611 11 968 11 647 11 069 10 315 9 621 9 405

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

7 892 7 199 6 500 5 817 5 323 4 765 4 351 3 960 3 544 3 225

14 807 13 204 12 464 12 346 12 048 10 600 8 108 6 801 5 939 5 581

9 590 8 604 7 586 6 642 6 074 5 528 5 329 4 929 4 487 4 145

7 586 7 088 6 509 5 670 5 155 4 655 4 376 3 985 3 415 3 096

12 029 10 846 9 618 8 570 7 815 7 091 6 553 5 947 5 451 5 034

10 809 9 596 8 539 7 567 6 895 6 321 5 864 5 310 4 791 4 413

12 439 10 971 9 720 8 712 7 885 7 239 6 813 6 241 5 697 5 300

10 803 9 549 8 658 7 913 7 349 6 729 6 347 5 871 5 303 4 892

12 347 11 336 10 448 9 702 8 775 8 068 7 306 6 522 6 073 5 545

10 049 8 879 7 921 7 010 6 376 5 895 5 616 5 235 4 703 4 286

8 474 7 722 6 989 6 221 5 694 5 152 4 867 4 497 4 038 3 666

11 512 10 188 9 148 8 356 7 880 7 388 6 952 6 151 5 697 5 332

8 735 7 894 7 319 6 510 6 116 5 571 5 382 4 709 4 150 3 761

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

2 979 2 748 2 516 2 294 2 169 2 030 1 890 1 758 1 667 1 587

5 243 4 749 4 258 4 009 3 713 3 435 3 276 2 978 2 846 2 795

3 843 3 489 3 092 2 754 2 587 2 412 2 310 2 204 2 167 2 103

2 849 2 619 2 409 2 219 2 094 1 886 1 777 1 656 1 574 1 511

4 815 4 540 4 207 3 878 3 663 3 417 3 274 3 102 3 004 2 880

4 055 3 686 3 381 3 142 2 982 2 800 2 638 2 539 2 471 2 417

5 090 4 847 4 443 4 195 3 874 3 583 3 401 3 250 3 175 3 042

4 608 4 421 4 079 3 785 3 610 3 468 3 210 3 049 2 933 2 815

5 018 4 528 4 342 4 017 3 744 3 559 3 363 3 203 3 097 2 991

4 006 3 659 3 249 2 909 2 685 2 498 2 348 2 200 2 113 2 039

3 394 3 162 2 891 2 655 2 462 2 258 2 082 1 961 1 844 1 744

5 096 4 548 4 019 3 624 3 397 3 132 2 874 2 712 2 536 2 458

3 558 3 269 2 910 2 755 2 591 2 554 2 250 2 168 2 092 1 975

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

1 558 1 526 1 468 1 421 1 356 1 273 1 139 1 161 1 106 1 045

2 907 2 520 2 357 2 332 2 460 2 280 2 304 2 509 2 584 2 823

2 059 1 974 1 885 1 893 1 850 1 752 1 696 1 716 1 716 1 623

1 405 1 412 1 314 1 244 1 230 1 176 1 074 1 066 1 027 957

2 823 2 740 2 596 2 579 2 495 2 379 2 227 2 249 2 207 2 080

2 340 2 261 2 157 2 104 1 960 1 869 1 773 1 813 1 880 1 796

2 926 2 832 2 731 2 810 2 684 2 477 2 350 2 393 2 298 2 158

2 805 2 724 2 651 2 645 2 749 2 507 2 306 2 341 2 244 2 155

2 924 2 827 2 756 2 615 2 558 2 365 2 350 2 350 2 445 2 332

2 023 2 010 1 887 1 836 1 791 1 673 1 562 1 567 1 474 1 388

1 698 1 660 1 583 1 523 1 499 1 423 1 302 1 326 1 280 1 204

2 332 2 101 1 931 1 931 1 895 1 859 1 853 1 846 1 802 1 626

1 898 1 891 1 817 1 783 1 728 1 596 1 559 1 550 1 644 1 497

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

909 833 881 805 754 784 738 658 518 375

2 400 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 367 1 305 1 324 1 186 1 117 1 124 1 050 1 004 917 638

847 813 886 741 756 740 687 559 481 342

1 877 1 744 1 763 1 693 1 671 1 583 1 583 1 549 1 286 1 013

1 521 1 430 1 454 1 359 1 211 1 189 1 065 1 039 895 649

1 891 1 663 1 720 1 702 1 580 1 565 1 599 1 593 1 418 1 145

2 075 1 805 1 685 1 664 1 565 1 526 1 504 1 464 1 291 1 164

2 228 2 118 1 967 1 780 1 725 1 656 1 577 1 526 1 384 1 217

1 304 1 208 1 201 1 167 1 169 1 174 1 114 1 009 787 609

1 065 969 988 887 845 879 831 725 567 419

1 429 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 329 1 277 1 345 1 278 1 203 1 135 1 095 1 025 914 596

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

281 252 244 267 251 217 211 166 162 224

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

505 490 478 504 462 416 362 308 321 429

260 249 231 256 247 207 187 157 157 215

844 781 771 795 771 660 603 546 580 749

545 516 506 532 542 444 368 353 354 471

918 836 769 860 806 706 653 583 620 801

1 027 899 795 949 868 701 645 564 590 775

1 178 1 127 1 106 1 172 1 105 985 925 903 1 054 1 196

522 495 460 487 450 376 348 288 319 398

337 309 290 313 302 268 244 204 200 256

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

463 437 426 423 475 399 403 227 274 374

1930 ........................ 1929 ........................

267 323

... ...

520 600

228 310

887 991

578 634

921 1 024

857 1 032

1 256 1 269

470 518

307 347

... ...

503 507


154


Table 9-7—Series F 297-348. Personal Income by States, 1929–2002—Continued Total income (millions of dollars) Year Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

2002 ........................ 2001 ........................

419 858 413 044

173 889 168 622

82 642 79 822

78 322 76 828

105 013 101 223

113 725 109 317

35 991 34 491

197 156 190 015

250 966 248 778

303 745 296 480

170 142 164 784

64 242 61 922

163 603 159 093

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

401 803 373 813 362 081 340 594 322 790 304 767 288 509 274 221 264 869 245 952

164 543 154 405 149 318 139 459 132 890 126 525 121 537 114 675 108 845 101 147

77 730 72 908 71 280 67 938 64 696 60 171 57 999 53 391 53 161 49 849

73 882 69 997 67 896 63 728 60 074 56 627 54 857 52 250 50 407 46 990

98 215 91 218 88 148 82 927 78 221 74 080 70 781 67 559 65 060 60 329

103 630 99 052 97 458 92 286 87 879 84 573 80 872 75 911 72 466 68 179

32 867 30 680 29 469 27 773 26 434 25 046 24 174 23 292 22 676 21 820

180 941 167 360 158 501 148 826 140 809 135 115 129 849 124 076 119 417 114 466

241 963 217 066 205 176 191 596 180 237 170 052 161 886 154 262 149 096 142 464

292 786 276 187 264 520 250 216 238 095 231 594 219 121 203 828 192 038 181 495

159 037 147 151 140 031 129 020 122 080 113 217 107 152 99 787 97 025 90 714

59 597 56 799 55 072 51 598 48 898 46 242 44 077 40 768 38 398 35 775

154 099 143 814 138 987 131 144 123 992 117 640 112 314 106 298 101 493 95 730

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

237 593 224 024 210 272 196 947 185 432 176 786 167 548 151 615 145 889 140 177

97 907 92 630 85 759 80 258 75 382 71 752 67 928 61 063 58 494 56 752

48 313 45 888 42 399 41 225 39 144 37 903 36 586 32 967 32 425 31 894

45 104 42 267 40 207 38 107 36 256 34 784 32 971 29 888 28 789 26 824

57 175 53 696 49 939 47 081 44 234 42 703 40 877 36 423 35 319 33 439

64 229 59 528 56 239 53 287 53 005 53 432 51 171 47 754 45 955 42 990

21 521 20 600 19 036 17 289 15 754 14 575 13 480 12 078 11 223 10 459

110 450 104 005 96 072 87 731 80 612 74 852 68 506 61 372 56 730 52 861

139 772 135 096 127 580 115 761 105 976 98 329 90 815 80 376 73 889 68 242

177 103 169 113 158 529 148 191 142 146 133 728 122 857 110 771 104 477 102 455

87 795 82 277 75 578 71 570 66 784 63 152 59 267 52 158 49 546 46 546

33 928 32 281 30 177 28 249 26 695 25 679 24 397 22 120 21 223 20 061

91 000 87 050 81 744 77 115 72 859 69 342 64 479 57 919 54 396 51 576

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

126 662 117 000 106 079 95 637 86 598 78 990 72 877 66 471 59 280 54 617

51 881 48 256 43 602 38 910 35 002 31 197 29 103 27 177 23 593 21 549

28 181 26 584 24 630 21 225 19 106 17 841 16 050 15 460 12 796 11 421

23 781 21 690 18 853 16 937 15 448 14 097 12 965 11 943 10 405 9 309

30 159 27 838 24 501 21 788 19 283 17 113 15 741 13 974 12 394 11 185

37 301 32 342 28 314 24 636 21 960 19 263 17 233 15 132 13 515 12 348

9 474 8 434 7 531 6 789 6 222 5 386 5 050 4 520 3 999 3 650

47 475 42 381 38 168 34 360 31 442 28 592 26 378 23 923 21 593 19 684

61 329 54 427 48 698 43 863 40 208 37 100 34 802 32 108 29 420 27 244

95 967 89 727 81 287 72 863 64 588 57 191 53 984 50 370 44 815 40 381

42 157 37 996 33 924 30 085 26 623 24 404 22 757 21 099 17 898 16 467

17 868 16 425 14 445 12 937 11 562 10 093 9 362 8 489 7 403 6 495

46 217 42 601 37 933 33 874 30 416 27 494 25 277 23 574 21 120 19 396

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

50 948 48 062 44 470 41 436 38 998 35 930 33 130 31 012 29 832 28 251

19 827 19 099 17 321 15 932 15 204 14 059 12 710 11 930 11 361 10 622

10 924 10 244 9 285 8 638 8 470 7 769 6 999 6 680 6 280 6 008

8 577 7 934 7 242 6 662 6 366 5 932 5 557 5 285 5 143 4 934

10 287 9 503 8 684 7 934 7 330 6 701 6 171 5 900 5 611 5 288

11 336 10 498 9 904 9 049 8 274 7 477 6 904 6 446 6 041 5 723

3 412 3 115 2 854 2 669 2 536 2 376 2 197 2 035 1 971 1 894

18 010 16 281 14 616 13 210 12 133 10 998 10 062 9 216 8 608 7 962

25 589 23 770 21 928 20 043 18 439 17 060 15 972 14 956 14 390 13 595

37 310 36 400 33 970 30 675 29 364 26 865 24 142 21 983 20 559 19 156

15 463 14 201 12 824 11 644 10 839 9 988 9 038 8 685 8 190 7 758

5 866 5 345 4 876 4 459 4 129 3 792 3 490 3 363 3 054 2 917

18 003 16 522 15 396 13 920 13 096 12 229 11 253 10 660 10 154 9 635

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

27 236 26 387 24 827 24 383 23 369 21 418 20 144 20 020 18 725 17 808

10 324 9 832 9 233 9 250 8 951 8 319 7 699 8 126 7 377 7 009

5 679 5 528 5 388 5 265 4 751 4 475 4 694 4 357 4 530 4 286

4 726 4 548 4 495 4 066 3 858 3 668 3 658 3 468 3 612 3 124

4 967 4 812 4 569 4 367 4 166 3 918 3 741 3 789 3 612 3 390

5 510 5 406 5 159 5 034 4 554 4 115 3 861 3 849 3 631 3 350

1 871 1 771 1 696 1 622 1 565 1 477 1 342 1 323 1 316 1 209

7 492 7 127 6 734 6 512 6 138 5 613 5 203 5 179 4 859 4 430

12 957 12 434 11 627 11 319 10 731 10 109 9 476 9 356 8 813 8 459

19 096 18 315 17 223 17 480 16 989 16 303 14 671 15 021 13 203 12 320

7 382 6 950 6 680 6 318 5 954 5 676 5 367 5 217 4 949 4 762

2 698 2 661 2 412 2 219 2 192 2 153 1 916 1 978 1 949 1 841

9 326 9 054 8 556 8 162 7 930 7 515 7 019 6 983 6 589 6 241

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

16 003 14 609 15 532 13 672 12 523 11 151 10 697 9 766 8 341 7 130

6 047 5 388 5 643 4 963 4 458 4 284 4 116 3 918 3 211 2 521

4 021 3 496 4 177 3 054 3 071 2 513 2 300 2 388 2 038 1 517

2 803 2 501 2 558 2 426 2 048 2 003 2 061 1 883 1 506 976

2 906 2 672 2 804 2 423 2 279 2 091 2 005 1 885 1 512 1 125

3 012 2 828 2 644 2 282 2 116 2 146 2 170 2 012 1 505 1 123

1 095 1 068 1 088 999 947 865 887 889 718 537

3 867 3 484 3 407 3 057 2 928 2 815 2 854 2 698 2 247 1 669

7 758 7 016 7 065 6 584 6 333 5 811 5 667 5 397 4 708 3 963

11 009 9 669 9 710 8 903 7 808 7 246 7 593 7 309 5 830 4 530

4 306 3 898 4 161 3 551 3 256 2 812 2 537 2 435 2 122 1 673

1 675 1 470 1 666 1 412 1 266 1 308 1 333 1 202 967 672

5 658 5 151 5 288 4 709 4 477 3 968 3 799 3 558 3 085 2 441

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

5 937 5 557 5 096 5 744 5 092 4 471 3 921 3 392 3 761 5 155

1 890 1 764 1 598 1 847 1 610 1 401 1 190 971 1 016 1 425

1 272 1 197 1 143 1 306 986 1 073 675 630 740 994

760 696 706 794 723 677 536 469 501 754

916 862 831 949 813 727 635 553 565 772

862 839 795 796 742 646 584 494 518 675

447 419 397 429 425 359 345 304 308 396

1 306 1 188 1 119 1 167 1 078 948 895 790 859 1 058

3 364 3 146 2 933 3 192 3 110 2 793 2 622 2 395 2 613 3 223

3 616 3 224 2 893 3 405 3 027 2 564 2 175 1 659 1 885 2 592

1 461 1 434 1 359 1 482 1 291 1 224 964 824 961 1 196

467 445 427 468 474 365 356 266 254 349

1 964 1 906 1 797 1 927 1 771 1 597 1 387 1 260 1 368 1 823

1930 ........................ 1929 ........................

6 169 7 211

1 667 1 958

1 263 1 429

879 994

852 1 023

748 863

461 479

1 164 1 245

3 551 3 832

3 174 3 788

1 423 1 541

405 571

2 046 2 250



155

Table 9-7—Series F 297-348. Personal Income by States, 1929–2002—Continued Per capita income (dollars) Year Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

2002 ........................ 2001 ........................

33 320 32 990

28 233 27 522

28 141 27 225

28 838 28 432

25 657 24 878

25 370 24 454

27 804 26 853

36 121 35 279

39 044 38 864

30 222 29 629

33 895 33 059

22 370 21 653

28 841 28 221

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

32 297 30 246 29 505 27 950 26 672 25 379 24 219 23 220 22 650 21 260

27 010 25 543 24 891 23 418 22 501 21 623 20 978 19 982 19 181 18 009

26 540 24 989 24 555 23 499 22 464 20 985 20 345 18 820 18 862 17 818

27 439 26 134 25 519 24 182 22 977 21 771 21 258 20 438 19 905 18 806

24 258 22 702 22 118 20 979 19 957 19 056 18 389 17 722 17 278 16 207

23 185 22 205 21 948 20 874 19 978 19 314 18 602 17 587 16 880 16 030

25 732 24 218 23 404 22 134 21 163 20 142 19 453 18 749 18 309 17 638

34 060 31 851 30 455 28 857 27 545 26 650 25 850 24 956 24 255 23 516

38 034 34 360 32 714 30 773 29 166 27 689 26 559 25 453 24 731 23 671

29 408 27 906 26 860 25 509 24 398 23 934 22 830 21 365 20 259 19 307

32 231 30 194 29 092 27 086 25 904 24 295 23 241 21 903 21 582 20 427

20 920 20 082 19 635 18 580 17 793 16 984 16 392 15 355 14 635 13 766

27 493 25 857 25 171 23 926 22 828 21 873 21 094 20 166 19 454 18 514

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

20 744 19 634 18 461 17 289 16 284 15 508 14 682 13 289 12 771 12 250

17 616 16 770 15 616 14 664 13 821 13 143 12 445 11 203 10 698 10 355

17 372 16 562 15 315 14 899 14 020 13 395 12 798 11 485 11 227 10 968

18 177 17 093 16 331 15 583 14 904 14 330 13 602 12 373 11 989 11 248

15 478 14 602 13 570 12 782 11 995 11 558 11 062 9 859 9 589 9 110

15 215 13 997 13 113 12 266 12 028 12 121 11 628 10 865 10 558 10 037

17 473 16 886 15 813 14 595 13 463 12 533 11 665 10 551 9 873 9 231

23 012 22 001 20 626 19 216 17 966 16 961 15 693 14 228 13 246 12 403

23 208 22 458 21 334 19 504 17 954 16 720 15 549 13 859 12 803 11 830

19 020 18 276 17 198 16 130 15 573 14 734 13 576 12 243 11 462 11 125

20 000 18 966 17 592 16 899 15 881 15 093 14 255 12 594 11 992 11 320

13 156 12 540 11 695 10 913 10 293 9 922 9 463 8 615 8 301 7 901

17 743 17 083 16 086 15 250 14 505 13 868 12 960 11 716 11 035 10 457

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

11 077 10 243 9 277 8 385 7 623 6 986 6 464 5 903 5 266 4 874

9 449 8 814 8 006 7 199 6 516 5 830 5 440 5 100 4 455 4 105

9 671 9 114 8 438 7 283 6 580 6 192 5 596 5 398 4 473 4 005

10 038 9 240 8 082 7 307 6 721 6 186 5 717 5 274 4 613 4 145

8 231 7 640 6 784 6 095 5 462 4 933 4 607 4 145 3 715 3 391

8 833 7 813 6 951 6 135 5 557 4 956 4 510 3 994 3 593 3 328

8 408 7 497 6 751 6 142 5 708 5 019 4 764 4 319 3 864 3 594

11 230 10 035 9 062 8 191 7 536 6 878 6 382 5 822 5 291 4 894

10 673 9 472 8 480 7 636 6 994 6 439 6 024 5 551 5 106 4 748

10 369 9 701 8 834 7 957 7 084 6 279 5 926 5 552 4 966 4 501

10 320 9 409 8 471 7 559 6 729 6 216 5 838 5 431 4 628 4 275

7 076 6 549 5 806 5 259 4 757 4 205 3 936 3 613 3 208 2 867

9 390 8 713 7 787 6 991 6 306 5 733 5 282 4 937 4 443 4 107

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

4 580 4 354 4 045 3 785 3 599 3 360 3 131 2 981 2 902 2 789

3 810 3 714 3 401 3 153 3 041 2 856 2 617 2 486 2 399 2 246

3 862 3 652 3 312 3 093 3 067 2 833 2 549 2 432 2 284 2 180

3 816 3 548 3 268 3 032 2 894 2 689 2 516 2 384 2 305 2 227

3 184 2 971 2 718 2 501 2 329 2 134 1 972 1 906 1 822 1 731

3 106 2 901 2 749 2 527 2 331 2 139 2 003 1 909 1 806 1 741

3 423 3 140 2 872 2 658 2 539 2 383 2 212 2 049 1 983 1 903

4 573 4 209 3 831 3 516 3 284 3 055 2 881 2 722 2 638 2 507

4 486 4 207 3 903 3 583 3 331 3 101 2 932 2 799 2 734 2 605

4 194 4 145 3 906 3 554 3 450 3 215 2 949 2 728 2 592 2 427

4 053 3 779 3 463 3 182 2 997 2 781 2 540 2 460 2 331 2 236

2 641 2 408 2 197 2 001 1 839 1 688 1 557 1 499 1 362 1 322

3 843 3 561 3 370 3 067 2 895 2 738 2 533 2 427 2 330 2 215

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

2 700 2 642 2 511 2 522 2 452 2 270 2 177 2 209 2 091 2 026

2 209 2 131 2 015 2 042 2 008 1 907 1 805 1 943 1 778 1 711

2 061 2 026 1 990 1 939 1 758 1 670 1 788 1 657 1 725 1 638

2 165 2 106 2 098 1 911 1 821 1 753 1 791 1 739 1 827 1 602

1 633 1 604 1 543 1 491 1 437 1 346 1 289 1 305 1 237 1 153

1 690 1 685 1 635 1 616 1 502 1 397 1 339 1 343 1 278 1 210

1 919 1 850 1 797 1 720 1 669 1 581 1 448 1 449 1 438 1 319

2 407 2 324 2 258 2 267 2 184 2 047 1 938 2 017 1 944 1 815

2 511 2 430 2 321 2 296 2 194 2 071 1 930 1 947 1 895 1 817

2 438 2 358 2 246 2 309 2 275 2 238 2 076 2 202 1 985 1 896

2 155 2 065 2 016 1 930 1 838 1 790 1 724 1 711 1 633 1 582

1 237 1 245 1 156 1 063 1 051 1 045 928 940 906 851

2 156 2 126 2 044 1 949 1 905 1 818 1 726 1 737 1 659 1 554

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

1 831 1 685 1 816 1 639 1 534 1 465 1 386 1 258 1 036 892

1 524 1 361 1 456 1 313 1 204 1 251 1 198 1 138 913 724

1 532 1 356 1 642 1 217 1 245 1 092 1 003 1 024 835 609

1 463 1 299 1 352 1 310 1 136 1 165 1 169 1 045 851 552

990 938 995 865 826 803 767 701 538 395

1 117 1 074 1 019 885 833 889 876 786 592 449

1 195 1 183 1 240 1 169 1 134 1 079 1 102 1 102 857 631

1 642 1 496 1 500 1 355 1 315 1 312 1 324 1 287 1 117 870

1 656 1 480 1 512 1 435 1 396 1 348 1 299 1 262 1 073 901

1 718 1 527 1 563 1 466 1 329 1 325 1 391 1 354 1 050 829

1 437 1 328 1 451 1 270 1 190 1 110 1 006 947 797 615

770 705 802 670 611 629 629 533 439 307

1 427 1 327 1 376 1 224 1 191 1 130 1 068 963 806 640

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

751 704 648 731 650 573 505 437 486 671

551 518 472 547 481 421 359 294 310 438

501 475 458 523 393 425 269 253 297 400

425 382 383 428 387 362 287 250 266 401

320 305 297 341 294 265 233 205 211 291

364 360 348 353 330 290 265 227 241 318

526 495 471 510 506 430 416 371 377 491

710 663 633 665 618 548 523 466 512 638

779 724 672 732 714 643 609 559 613 759

680 625 572 685 619 530 453 347 394 540

524 517 494 540 472 451 358 308 363 457

215 205 201 224 229 177 174 131 127 175

519 504 475 508 466 420 367 334 365 491

1930 ........................ 1929 ........................

807 948

514 607

510 581

467 532

325 393

355 414

576 601

712 768

836 906

657 790

552 599

202 286

561 621


156


Table 9-7—Series F 297-348. Personal Income by States, 1929–2002—Continued Total income (millions of dollars) Year Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New New Jersey Hampshire

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

2002 ........................ 2001 ........................

22 650 21 769

51 086 49 642

65 571 63 200

43 703 42 779

339 889 328 743

44 352 42 260

684 070 684 704

229 356 224 094

16 846 16 422

334 832 326 876

87 818 86 550

100 481 98 026

390 560 378 350

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

20 744 19 405 18 942 17 726 16 992 16 297 15 499 15 178 14 076 13 337

47 599 45 293 43 313 40 724 39 618 36 293 34 325 32 513 31 548 29 853

60 149 55 439 52 017 47 258 43 331 39 377 35 878 32 386 30 199 27 349

41 265 37 121 35 198 32 397 30 228 28 650 26 990 25 273 24 652 23 609

318 222 288 796 278 788 260 705 246 659 233 209 220 817 213 419 208 197 195 796

39 692 37 725 36 857 34 860 33 232 31 716 29 670 27 819 25 964 24 358

665 762 616 292 590 406 553 543 530 990 503 163 478 586 464 201 455 657 431 672

217 727 202 455 192 577 179 691 167 638 157 634 147 793 139 239 130 627 120 648

16 022 14 848 14 709 13 332 13 607 12 243 12 177 11 362 11 242 10 318

319 653 304 342 293 208 279 367 264 162 255 313 245 156 232 463 222 812 210 117

82 931 77 512 74 677 69 951 66 289 63 333 60 800 58 395 56 155 52 947

95 508 89 080 85 305 80 575 75 561 71 209 66 130 61 916 58 163 54 891

365 626 342 357 330 733 313 457 299 001 285 923 275 337 267 020 258 186 244 892

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

12 416 11 693 10 693 10 463 10 143 9 785 9 609 8 991 8 580 8 147

28 591 26 581 25 119 23 553 22 379 21 778 20 601 18 379 17 761 16 866

25 194 22 256 19 544 17 281 15 716 14 581 13 351 12 145 11 448 10 833

23 029 22 792 21 390 19 369 17 399 15 767 14 198 12 495 11 284 10 377

192 117 182 298 170 764 155 179 142 617 133 549 124 377 112 284 104 023 96 717

22 739 21 183 19 854 18 756 17 883 17 259 15 889 14 455 13 493 12 440

419 743 395 022 369 668 340 068 317 914 297 729 279 294 250 945 234 717 217 203

115 609 108 585 100 196 91 734 84 988 79 105 72 659 63 685 58 324 54 704

10 121 9 280 8 352 8 968 8 788 8 673 8 375 7 704 7 352 6 820

204 114 193 035 180 757 168 668 160 236 153 456 144 407 130 647 123 547 118 479

51 027 48 090 45 153 43 221 43 222 43 396 41 683 38 579 37 887 34 067

52 178 48 060 44 030 40 274 38 003 36 205 34 309 31 392 29 654 28 981

235 802 222 195 205 200 190 657 178 938 170 034 159 652 147 437 140 802 132 632

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

7 211 6 549 6 053 5 119 4 703 4 341 3 966 3 646 3 132 2 694

14 578 13 742 12 674 10 870 9 996 9 507 8 404 8 054 6 873 6 200

9 544 8 237 7 035 5 798 4 993 4 345 3 873 3 478 3 038 2 718

9 164 8 007 6 960 6 009 5 301 4 642 4 313 3 913 3 457 3 126

86 877 77 188 69 206 62 130 56 572 51 658 48 236 44 327 40 507 37 335

11 002 9 756 8 571 7 459 6 606 5 866 5 160 4 568 4 054 3 613

194 906 175 040 159 114 145 544 134 395 125 420 117 323 108 803 101 636 95 115

48 648 43 288 38 921 34 339 31 233 27 889 25 904 23 492 20 647 18 255

5 297 5 477 5 294 4 172 3 990 4 044 3 881 3 903 2 761 2 299

109 120 99 899 89 887 80 906 72 611 65 556 61 722 56 188 50 410 46 461

29 131 25 200 21 518 18 874 16 867 15 176 13 623 12 188 10 682 9 716

26 930 24 275 21 272 18 431 16 398 14 367 13 062 11 497 10 153 9 056

120 478 109 533 98 539 89 035 80 837 73 412 67 674 61 420 55 755 51 036

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

2 527 2 279 2 068 1 967 1 930 1 799 1 670 1 638 1 649 1 410

5 648 5 266 4 646 4 357 4 208 3 907 3 546 3 456 3 355 3 085

2 440 2 170 1 909 1 643 1 548 1 465 1 367 1 260 1 121 931

2 890 2 711 2 440 2 204 2 018 1 831 1 692 1 575 1 512 1 409

34 763 32 106 29 679 26 965 25 019 23 104 21 473 20 009 19 064 17 730

3 271 2 953 2 693 2 490 2 402 2 277 2 146 2 032 1 964 1 883

89 292 83 346 77 536 70 368 65 248 60 686 57 227 53 604 51 553 48 899

16 748 15 351 13 782 12 504 11 568 10 419 9 646 8 903 8 459 7 874

1 989 1 895 1 689 1 622 1 622 1 598 1 371 1 380 1 478 1 060

43 748 41 555 38 026 34 463 32 865 30 070 27 757 26 001 24 972 23 697

8 925 8 108 7 380 6 726 6 178 5 760 5 372 5 013 4 839 4 633

8 276 7 582 6 910 6 335 5 971 5 524 5 069 4 708 4 467 4 197

48 153 44 796 41 175 37 912 35 457 32 880 30 668 28 684 27 691 26 592

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

1 409 1 354 1 377 1 323 1 266 1 204 1 105 1 115 1 097 1 076

3 011 2 825 2 800 2 699 2 341 2 267 2 349 2 209 2 309 2 160

841 767 698 666 622 599 514 477 434 371

1 338 1 266 1 164 1 148 1 075 1 019 943 904 844 798

16 870 16 001 14 872 14 633 13 745 12 656 11 894 11 670 10 832 10 014

1 797 1 741 1 617 1 468 1 310 1 211 1 116 1 091 1 046 965

46 937 44 974 42 383 41 289 38 919 36 640 34 401 33 283 31 247 29 817

7 447 7 046 6 585 6 219 6 186 5 803 5 343 5 248 5 054 4 909

1 155 1 038 1 119 978 954 916 833 813 801 872

23 278 22 378 20 902 21 111 20 088 18 819 17 432 17 386 15 854 14 789

4 475 4 251 4 067 3 780 3 620 3 411 3 221 3 217 3 108 2 850

4 046 3 917 3 618 3 518 3 515 3 282 3 036 3 067 3 024 2 848

26 067 25 169 23 926 23 817 22 633 20 945 19 767 20 195 18 785 17 915

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

981 803 890 787 672 575 557 555 470 387

2 070 1 753 1 971 1 612 1 490 1 435 1 325 1 259 1 023 701

323 282 274 264 255 237 230 230 217 120

717 679 671 619 569 516 485 450 410 348

8 781 7 942 7 867 7 271 6 873 6 521 6 483 6 012 5 034 4 070

830 738 679 589 522 499 463 412 323 239

27 614 25 748 25 677 24 144 22 794 20 607 19 502 17 808 15 211 13 212

4 380 3 791 3 848 3 394 3 228 2 899 2 782 2 524 2 053 1 517

842 723 860 864 620 569 551 527 388 326

12 834 11 608 12 124 10 798 9 850 9 268 9 090 8 605 7 115 5 712

2 550 2 455 2 389 2 192 2 028 1 963 1 947 1 722 1 395 978

2 539 2 295 2 313 2 051 1 851 1 709 1 734 1 696 1 261 875

16 306 14 596 14 768 13 915 12 731 11 749 11 563 10 796 9 235 7 692

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

318 296 285 284 263 262 198 161 183 206

582 527 536 556 538 562 357 381 425 572

101 92 82 79 85 66 54 48 53 61

285 275 258 272 258 240 228 198 202 262

3 425 3 094 2 859 3 054 2 896 2 554 2 344 2 148 2 418 3 033

201 187 173 182 168 139 114 95 92 126

11 693 11 154 10 665 11 316 10 898 9 659 9 006 8 214 8 790 11 314

1 158 1 108 1 013 1 098 995 900 837 680 604 789

227 206 183 214 155 182 121 99 119 127

4 560 4 234 3 833 4 409 4 035 3 502 3 069 2 592 2 689 3 766

869 814 805 876 760 711 603 531 518 722

662 617 567 582 561 458 433 350 369 488

6 436 5 952 5 599 6 229 5 867 5 057 4 717 4 084 4 388 5 823

1930 ........................ 1929 ........................

270 310

719 819

77 78

301 320

3 444 3 662

143 172

13 091 14 020

924 1 039

212 258

4 406 5 106

884 1 079

580 633

6 873 7 508



157

Table 9-7—Series F 297-348. Personal Income by States, 1929–2002—Continued Per capita income (dollars) Year Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New New Jersey Hampshire

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

2002 ........................ 2001 ........................

24 906 24 044

29 544 28 861

30 169 30 128

34 276 33 969

39 567 38 625

23 908 23 081

35 708 35 878

27 566 27 308

26 567 25 798

29 317 28 699

25 136 24 945

28 533 28 222

31 663 30 752

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

22 961 21 621 21 225 19 920 19 173 18 592 17 995 17 968 17 045 16 471

27 781 26 569 25 541 24 148 23 670 21 903 20 942 20 001 19 575 18 706

29 794 28 655 28 069 26 789 26 004 24 897 23 930 22 949 22 347 21 100

33 266 30 377 29 187 27 238 25 733 24 750 23 622 22 376 22 055 21 270

37 734 34 547 33 640 31 720 30 266 28 851 27 553 26 849 26 419 25 055

21 788 20 865 20 551 19 641 18 964 18 435 17 636 16 999 16 274 15 661

35 041 32 638 31 478 29 670 28 566 27 163 25 926 25 263 24 972 23 820

26 939 25 468 24 661 23 468 22 350 21 462 20 563 19 770 18 939 17 784

24 990 23 046 22 716 20 520 20 921 18 899 18 885 17 719 17 614 16 230

28 130 26 849 25 921 24 772 23 496 22 790 21 982 20 940 20 202 19 196

24 007 22 551 21 930 20 739 19 846 19 144 18 531 17 955 17 437 16 674

27 836 26 247 25 446 24 385 23 270 22 362 21 187 20 232 19 441 18 744

29 759 27 916 27 008 25 635 24 467 23 439 22 632 22 032 21 427 20 438

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

15 516 14 623 13 362 12 996 12 465 11 900 11 705 11 045 10 672 10 244

18 077 16 878 15 984 15 035 14 215 13 743 12 968 11 601 11 228 10 685

20 639 19 568 18 180 16 886 16 027 15 332 14 435 13 465 12 986 12 780

20 703 20 635 19 759 18 371 16 974 15 819 14 534 13 041 11 906 11 079

24 748 23 595 22 142 20 230 18 711 17 652 16 549 15 036 13 999 13 057

14 944 14 085 13 322 12 686 12 226 11 999 11 215 10 367 9 894 9 334

23 292 21 966 20 604 19 031 17 827 16 734 15 739 14 188 13 344 12 364

17 348 16 539 15 461 14 325 13 444 12 649 11 788 10 480 9 690 9 184

15 872 14 357 12 745 13 565 13 126 12 811 12 307 11 386 10 990 10 342

18 788 17 825 16 739 15 675 14 933 14 295 13 449 12 167 11 485 10 982

16 205 15 265 14 257 13 464 13 288 13 265 12 687 11 725 11 817 11 003

18 242 17 222 16 062 14 911 14 162 13 547 12 866 11 832 11 128 10 862

19 810 18 725 17 323 16 142 15 186 14 445 13 512 12 455 11 887 11 184

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

9 143 8 299 7 721 6 636 6 200 5 794 5 380 5 012 4 355 3 789

9 272 8 784 8 120 6 993 6 453 6 168 5 465 5 269 4 527 4 121

11 780 10 765 9 780 8 550 7 719 7 009 6 490 6 114 5 557 5 227

9 915 8 781 7 786 6 892 6 258 5 592 5 279 4 880 4 423 4 102

11 778 10 469 9 408 8 462 7 703 7 037 6 576 6 043 5 521 5 127

8 402 7 619 6 847 6 087 5 527 5 045 4 568 4 137 3 761 3 431

11 095 9 927 8 979 8 153 7 477 6 955 6 492 5 980 5 538 5 179

8 247 7 461 6 780 6 058 5 584 5 039 4 743 4 365 3 899 3 510

8 095 8 398 8 136 6 427 6 184 6 334 6 120 6 172 4 377 3 669

10 103 9 251 8 326 7 511 6 753 6 087 5 733 5 218 4 691 4 328

9 580 8 485 7 387 6 586 5 974 5 475 4 986 4 524 4 020 3 711

10 196 9 415 8 476 7 556 6 913 6 181 5 726 5 135 4 625 4 212

10 151 9 225 8 305 7 493 6 800 6 170 5 704 5 168 4 683 4 294

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

3 625 3 284 2 955 2 805 2 730 2 548 2 366 2 330 2 363 2 025

3 796 3 572 3 167 2 990 2 890 2 656 2 392 2 341 2 292 2 134

4 946 4 520 4 114 3 660 3 471 3 299 3 209 3 174 3 184 2 957

3 896 3 744 3 441 3 162 2 963 2 708 2 552 2 427 2 392 2 281

4 835 4 525 4 237 3 892 3 652 3 414 3 224 3 064 2 990 2 830

3 197 2 921 2 709 2 490 2 386 2 250 2 134 2 054 2 006 1 952

4 887 4 603 4 295 3 923 3 657 3 422 3 254 3 070 2 980 2 866

3 285 3 051 2 754 2 525 2 363 2 143 2 009 1 877 1 797 1 689

3 214 3 052 2 719 2 592 2 507 2 463 2 112 2 142 2 320 1 653

4 101 3 934 3 616 3 309 3 181 2 948 2 754 2 604 2 515 2 405

3 477 3 198 2 948 2 702 2 517 2 361 2 196 2 055 1 994 1 947

3 940 3 677 3 448 3 201 3 033 2 852 2 685 2 541 2 457 2 349

4 077 3 815 3 507 3 246 3 040 2 830 2 662 2 511 2 439 2 334

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

2 075 2 023 2 068 1 983 1 929 1 894 1 771 1 810 1 823 1 806

2 125 2 022 2 025 1 936 1 675 1 650 1 753 1 676 1 761 1 641

2 890 2 749 2 594 2 562 2 488 2 527 2 415 2 447 2 397 2 211

2 197 2 124 2 004 2 007 1 900 1 829 1 703 1 653 1 577 1 508

2 764 2 660 2 525 2 551 2 448 2 300 2 219 2 232 2 114 2 000

1 884 1 895 1 825 1 733 1 626 1 543 1 462 1 444 1 423 1 346

2 788 2 695 2 553 2 522 2 416 2 295 2 175 2 144 2 057 2 002

1 629 1 581 1 505 1 424 1 436 1 368 1 293 1 274 1 230 1 192

1 821 1 679 1 847 1 598 1 556 1 490 1 364 1 336 1 318 1 444

2 391 2 314 2 177 2 243 2 182 2 087 1 965 2 024 1 916 1 835

1 916 1 857 1 794 1 657 1 593 1 516 1 458 1 475 1 401 1 290

2 283 2 244 2 106 2 055 2 070 1 978 1 867 1 916 1 912 1 830

2 301 2 240 2 164 2 174 2 063 1 915 1 827 1 894 1 789 1 713

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

1 654 1 412 1 642 1 484 1 308 1 206 1 183 1 150 901 713

1 560 1 346 1 558 1 274 1 186 1 186 1 091 1 019 822 551

1 991 1 795 1 758 1 770 1 757 1 611 1 483 1 511 1 558 982

1 348 1 274 1 291 1 217 1 150 1 111 1 054 976 851 708

1 802 1 624 1 648 1 571 1 526 1 582 1 554 1 429 1 167 957

1 204 1 145 1 124 1 013 929 942 881 773 636 474

1 858 1 729 1 771 1 725 1 697 1 644 1 538 1 384 1 169 996

1 077 969 1 003 900 866 823 766 693 572 422

1 360 1 211 1 483 1 494 1 088 1 046 1 031 966 665 529

1 608 1 456 1 539 1 401 1 310 1 340 1 312 1 253 1 021 821

1 144 1 166 1 143 1 028 952 970 947 782 626 432

1 657 1 604 1 646 1 504 1 379 1 357 1 389 1 381 1 118 818

1 552 1 405 1 436 1 364 1 289 1 280 1 250 1 146 951 776

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

569 533 517 512 475 476 364 298 339 382

442 400 405 415 396 409 259 275 307 413

895 861 780 762 843 658 546 495 550 652

579 561 533 565 537 498 476 416 427 558

820 749 697 747 709 625 573 523 587 736

378 357 338 362 343 292 247 211 208 289

869 825 789 838 808 722 680 626 676 881

324 315 295 324 297 271 253 208 187 248

355 319 282 326 234 272 180 146 176 187

658 615 561 648 593 516 455 385 400 563

374 349 346 376 321 298 252 222 216 301

609 571 531 556 548 458 439 358 379 505

650 601 563 636 601 517 482 417 449 600

1930 ........................ 1929 ........................

501 592

521 596

833 868

647 686

847 918

334 410

1 035 1 152

292 332

311 382

661 771

368 455

607 668

712 772


158


Table 9-7—Series F 297-348. Personal Income by States, 1929–2002—Continued Total income (millions of dollars) Year

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

2002 ........................ 2001 ........................

33 276 32 061

104 302 100 902

20 316 20 146

158 717 154 130

618 560 608 466

55 953 54 764

18 167 17 627

238 325 232 730

198 221 191 645

42 575 41 174

163 216 157 832

15 208 14 609

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

30 741 28 762 27 673 26 293 24 818 23 787 22 612 22 090 21 269 20 444

97 410 91 075 86 672 81 045 76 287 72 050 68 511 64 711 61 803 58 406

19 511 18 442 17 497 16 288 15 883 14 454 14 177 13 297 12 732 11 897

149 936 141 046 134 241 125 457 119 287 114 260 106 855 100 394 94 465 86 583

586 587 539 527 511 964 468 950 428 726 402 097 377 583 356 784 337 934 314 726

52 518 48 923 46 772 43 696 40 354 37 278 34 579 31 950 29 788 27 750

16 752 15 575 14 738 13 752 13 073 12 449 11 898 11 357 10 999 10 332

221 778 204 727 193 007 180 190 169 938 161 442 154 982 147 223 140 207 132 536

186 843 174 148 163 192 150 203 139 328 129 681 123 337 117 621 112 634 104 786

39 438 37 472 36 738 35 202 33 771 32 611 31 666 30 375 29 101 27 367

152 572 143 589 137 759 128 920 121 864 115 960 110 570 104 337 99 454 92 669

13 805 12 931 12 129 11 433 10 609 10 293 9 954 9 515 9 061 8 636

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

20 287 19 670 18 205 16 478 15 233 14 229 13 194 11 896 11 073 10 306

56 158 51 276 47 923 44 136 40 974 38 536 35 696 31 614 29 096 27 504

11 312 10 288 9 639 9 199 8 691 8 340 8 101 7 066 6 847 6 517

82 267 77 105 71 901 66 524 61 581 57 750 53 675 47 884 45 043 42 556

297 569 274 343 255 402 240 782 234 594 231 003 214 431 193 793 183 378 167 976

25 939 23 843 22 225 21 208 20 367 19 462 18 223 16 481 15 282 14 078

10 193 9 769 8 905 8 100 7 392 6 887 6 345 5 740 5 340 5 010

127 614 121 058 112 022 102 817 94 364 87 362 80 697 71 985 66 326 61 470

98 143 88 616 80 130 73 872 69 114 64 847 60 901 56 435 53 161 50 418

26 133 24 440 23 259 22 198 21 578 20 853 20 081 18 723 18 403 17 325

89 025 84 013 78 126 73 378 69 101 65 733 62 423 56 873 54 819 52 018

8 159 7 510 6 962 6 770 6 941 7 117 6 812 6 493 6 710 6 333

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

9 243 8 222 7 364 6 690 6 093 5 531 5 154 4 863 4 515 4 140

24 429 21 744 19 264 16 990 15 462 13 689 12 678 11 181 9 795 8 715

5 625 5 621 5 064 4 376 3 840 3 862 3 520 3 505 2 754 2 376

38 268 34 535 30 761 26 887 24 132 21 378 19 732 17 786 15 569 13 839

142 772 124 003 106 800 92 059 82 087 72 117 63 719 56 283 49 287 44 434

12 464 11 026 9 606 8 331 7 302 6 355 5 686 5 057 4 514 4 026

4 460 3 972 3 506 3 041 2 791 2 492 2 304 2 131 1 934 1 752

54 627 47 894 42 483 37 439 33 538 30 005 27 300 24 396 21 657 19 448

45 338 39 987 34 536 29 544 26 502 23 641 20 999 18 473 16 307 15 100

15 947 14 411 12 872 11 535 10 287 9 154 8 085 7 268 6 617 5 981

47 881 43 302 38 408 34 218 30 578 27 697 25 512 23 182 20 670 18 901

5 573 4 777 4 044 3 355 2 852 2 550 2 250 1 912 1 633 1 451

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

3 910 3 602 3 315 3 032 2 798 2 563 2 381 2 235 2 140 1 998

7 961 7 264 6 577 5 927 5 485 4 882 4 423 4 106 3 881 3 609

2 171 2 001 1 855 1 729 1 707 1 577 1 402 1 430 1 475 1 291

12 557 11 563 10 631 9 544 8 915 8 082 7 412 6 896 6 503 6 123

40 969 37 257 33 590 30 105 27 590 25 249 23 460 21 893 20 896 19 845

3 614 3 249 2 984 2 773 2 629 2 472 2 334 2 221 2 137 1 958

1 622 1 481 1 345 1 220 1 127 992 904 845 814 778

17 685 16 418 14 820 13 373 12 236 11 303 10 468 9 482 8 867 8 212

14 372 13 696 12 590 11 318 10 348 9 131 8 462 8 082 7 886 7 307

5 444 4 886 4 536 4 276 4 031 3 796 3 548 3 328 3 188 3 054

17 629 16 421 14 949 13 685 12 928 11 803 10 894 10 106 9 767 9 235

1 308 1 179 1 074 1 005 939 911 877 852 833 804

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

1 910 1 871 1 774 1 723 1 678 1 611 1 507 1 512 1 415 1 346

3 438 3 267 3 033 2 924 2 809 2 703 2 536 2 689 2 604 2 417

1 277 1 043 1 142 1 112 951 890 954 931 864 980

5 785 5 629 5 249 5 069 4 855 4 530 4 278 4 235 3 950 3 783

18 815 18 325 17 311 16 837 15 752 14 696 13 661 13 322 13 000 12 068

1 832 1 714 1 595 1 538 1 422 1 305 1 180 1 185 1 156 1 090

748 709 658 647 624 572 549 543 518 504

7 717 7 446 6 981 6 680 6 371 5 872 5 525 5 452 5 291 4 876

6 955 6 713 6 325 6 162 5 796 5 509 5 225 5 095 4 831 4 542

3 011 2 962 2 862 2 937 2 743 2 478 2 334 2 462 2 441 2 346

8 948 8 656 7 974 7 810 7 448 6 899 6 402 6 448 6 242 5 969

765 729 684 669 627 587 544 560 560 569

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

1 220 1 104 1 128 1 144 1 081 1 076 1 078 1 042 894 695

1 954 1 770 1 818 1 584 1 516 1 447 1 428 1 279 1 099 774

840 704 934 762 666 622 550 497 452 291

3 407 3 078 3 102 2 825 2 683 2 621 2 486 2 141 1 658 1 298

10 602 9 912 9 257 8 472 7 535 7 219 7 172 6 552 4 867 3 484

938 847 821 751 698 668 646 706 512 327

443 415 428 399 373 326 300 303 267 224

4 167 3 725 3 680 3 322 3 379 3 387 3 278 2 957 2 598 1 731

4 109 3 659 3 663 3 347 3 222 3 176 3 265 2 970 2 277 1 549

2 118 1 975 2 109 1 942 1 691 1 516 1 400 1 287 1 122 938

5 178 4 702 4 751 4 213 3 836 3 499 3 295 3 165 2 654 2 110

498 456 433 386 345 302 294 283 235 194

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

540 505 467 508 487 437 405 377 389 484

589 517 459 491 460 406 371 307 278 360

232 223 208 212 162 208 126 89 131 167

998 894 847 935 849 737 681 560 536 736

2 811 2 654 2 544 2 614 2 303 1 993 1 779 1 543 1 587 2 055

265 249 237 235 244 204 162 155 158 190

187 176 163 173 168 148 137 121 131 170

1 270 1 136 1 028 1 095 996 882 796 701 696 904

1 146 1 053 987 1 006 941 798 714 598 637 845

776 725 676 758 705 604 554 454 450 619

1 720 1 602 1 572 1 703 1 596 1 416 1 160 1 011 1 094 1 403

151 146 138 147 132 118 96 85 86 109

1930 ........................ 1929 ........................

540 598

424 471

254 294

850 984

2 410 2 763

253 280

208 227

932 1 053

1 032 1 153

707 789

1 733 1 975

132 150



159

Table 9-7—Series F 297-348. Personal Income by States, 1929–2002—Continued Per capita income (dollars) Year

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

2002 ........................ 2001 ........................

31 107 30 256

25 395 24 840

26 694 26 566

27 378 26 808

28 401 28 472

24 157 24 033

29 464 28 756

32 676 32 338

32 661 31 976

23 628 22 862

29 996 29 196

30 494 29 587

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

29 257 27 645 26 837 25 643 24 310 23 389 22 257 21 761 21 005 20 228

24 209 22 914 22 115 20 998 20 096 19 221 18 489 17 665 17 071 16 358

25 815 24 576 23 453 21 885 21 399 19 588 19 399 18 413 17 862 16 907

26 290 25 014 24 101 22 814 22 022 21 449 20 426 19 541 18 707 17 433

27 992 26 244 25 398 23 756 22 167 21 209 20 339 19 645 19 028 18 090

23 410 22 203 21 594 20 613 19 514 18 508 17 638 16 830 16 217 15 592

27 465 25 757 24 547 23 026 22 019 21 135 20 379 19 657 19 204 18 171

31 210 29 246 27 968 26 385 25 173 24 202 23 507 22 616 21 858 21 033

31 605 29 807 28 285 26 469 25 015 23 660 22 946 22 282 21 825 20 850

21 821 20 682 20 234 19 351 18 527 17 882 17 395 16 712 16 109 15 214

28 389 26 926 26 004 24 481 23 301 22 365 21 538 20 519 19 790 18 667

27 941 26 294 24 714 23 360 21 732 21 216 20 726 20 113 19 434 18 805

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

20 167 19 657 18 271 16 651 15 587 14 685 13 717 12 439 11 605 10 815

16 040 14 834 14 045 13 056 12 258 11 666 10 910 9 775 9 071 8 651

16 227 14 767 13 807 13 217 12 486 11 942 11 619 10 195 9 915 9 451

16 808 15 883 14 910 13 909 12 995 12 247 11 453 10 276 9 695 9 196

17 446 16 323 15 324 14 486 14 165 14 196 13 396 12 303 11 961 11 391

14 983 13 977 13 156 12 638 12 248 11 846 11 233 10 333 9 807 9 290

18 047 17 517 16 197 14 992 13 842 12 994 12 048 10 968 10 287 9 717

20 527 19 780 18 556 17 332 16 237 15 286 14 298 12 936 12 075 11 291

20 017 18 670 17 270 16 300 15 522 14 738 14 021 13 124 12 431 11 903

14 579 13 529 12 708 11 950 11 464 10 936 10 417 9 626 9 439 8 866

18 152 17 299 16 201 15 358 14 530 13 845 13 182 12 046 11 592 11 006

17 985 16 383 14 968 14 194 14 004 14 242 13 493 12 723 13 251 12 879

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

9 742 8 595 7 693 7 004 6 411 5 844 5 405 4 972 4 625 4 295

7 794 7 044 6 334 5 684 5 257 4 720 4 459 4 029 3 603 3 274

8 142 8 158 7 347 6 351 5 591 5 667 5 178 5 163 4 065 3 538

8 319 7 618 6 895 6 108 5 574 5 017 4 696 4 298 3 808 3 451

9 957 8 929 7 912 6 979 6 362 5 738 5 194 4 683 4 192 3 861

8 464 7 786 7 041 6 328 5 739 5 150 4 743 4 326 3 979 3 658

8 702 7 853 7 036 6 179 5 753 5 192 4 869 4 548 4 176 3 856

10 176 8 995 8 040 7 192 6 534 5 934 5 484 4 972 4 486 4 092

10 913 9 965 8 887 7 832 7 181 6 533 5 919 5 312 4 731 4 381

8 172 7 432 6 703 6 053 5 479 4 974 4 457 4 026 3 682 3 378

10 161 9 281 8 292 7 417 6 670 6 061 5 622 5 130 4 595 4 238

11 753 10 572 9 384 8 152 7 212 6 701 6 172 5 410 4 709 4 269

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

4 114 3 865 3 595 3 336 3 113 2 870 2 691 2 552 2 457 2 329

3 064 2 827 2 570 2 340 2 176 1 958 1 787 1 669 1 602 1 498

3 256 2 995 2 773 2 577 2 500 2 278 2 000 2 020 2 092 1 863

3 189 2 967 2 741 2 473 2 332 2 128 1 965 1 855 1 771 1 690

3 646 3 373 3 105 2 840 2 630 2 433 2 284 2 155 2 079 2 021

3 391 3 103 2 900 2 721 2 605 2 494 2 386 2 281 2 230 2 091

3 634 3 388 3 128 2 885 2 729 2 456 2 266 2 128 2 072 1 994

3 795 3 558 3 252 2 967 2 746 2 563 2 403 2 218 2 121 2 005

4 205 4 097 3 850 3 566 3 385 3 078 2 858 2 735 2 680 2 535

3 117 2 798 2 573 2 417 2 271 2 126 1 974 1 853 1 762 1 671

3 983 3 751 3 441 3 180 3 025 2 789 2 616 2 458 2 412 2 304

3 919 3 584 3 315 3 121 2 906 2 743 2 588 2 535 2 502 2 387

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

2 234 2 183 2 067 2 024 1 998 1 958 1 847 1 855 1 765 1 717

1 437 1 392 1 316 1 286 1 260 1 229 1 166 1 233 1 196 1 115

1 870 1 564 1 740 1 669 1 419 1 342 1 457 1 436 1 327 1 497

1 618 1 598 1 512 1 476 1 422 1 327 1 274 1 276 1 178 1 122

1 955 1 948 1 871 1 856 1 784 1 697 1 630 1 598 1 564 1 488

2 035 1 970 1 888 1 862 1 758 1 666 1 573 1 604 1 596 1 544

1 923 1 832 1 732 1 720 1 655 1 524 1 456 1 432 1 380 1 334

1 936 1 885 1 784 1 738 1 712 1 637 1 554 1 533 1 510 1 420

2 436 2 380 2 281 2 262 2 172 2 116 2 077 2 066 1 973 1 874

1 625 1 597 1 551 1 594 1 477 1 318 1 225 1 276 1 247 1 182

2 258 2 225 2 075 2 060 1 990 1 875 1 774 1 839 1 799 1 736

2 312 2 278 2 172 2 132 2 011 1 913 1 858 1 932 1 912 1 955

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

1 553 1 378 1 433 1 459 1 369 1 278 1 274 1 201 1 149 934

925 873 911 793 780 753 732 648 545 394

1 283 1 116 1 526 1 270 1 132 1 086 979 846 757 475

1 028 951 965 892 872 912 864 728 561 436

1 363 1 300 1 214 1 147 1 047 1 058 1 045 944 719 528

1 348 1 262 1 257 1 180 1 094 1 121 1 049 1 126 880 594

1 169 1 125 1 192 1 127 1 090 1 035 953 932 775 643

1 257 1 132 1 148 1 015 1 002 950 900 843 785 582

1 721 1 595 1 624 1 504 1 401 1 419 1 527 1 469 1 196 864

1 056 1 023 1 110 1 032 925 888 820 739 613 498

1 506 1 387 1 434 1 296 1 211 1 182 1 109 1 053 866 672

1 719 1 647 1 610 1 506 1 362 1 258 1 224 1 150 944 779

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

750 720 672 731 711 645 600 559 575 711

310 276 250 273 258 229 211 175 159 205

361 345 320 323 244 309 184 129 189 241

340 311 300 334 304 264 245 204 198 277

438 417 404 418 372 326 294 257 266 348

480 458 444 444 463 389 310 298 305 369

516 491 457 485 471 414 383 338 365 474

467 426 390 423 390 350 320 285 284 370

658 614 582 599 569 490 443 376 402 534

407 388 370 418 390 337 313 259 257 356

547 513 507 551 518 461 380 333 362 469

602 587 561 607 551 496 411 371 374 476

1930 ........................ 1929 ........................

788 874

243 271

366 426

325 378

412 479

498 551

576 634

384 434

658 741

408 460

588 673

585 675


160


Table 9-8—Series F 552-565. Sources and Uses of Savings, 1929–2002 (Billions of dollars, except as noted.) Gross saving Year Total

Personal saving

Gross investment

Undistributed Capital corporate consumption profits 1

Government saving Federal

State and local

Private domestic

Government

Net foreign

Gross saving as a Statistical percentage of discrepancy gross national product

2002 ................................. 2001 .................................

1 565.1 1 662.4

285.8 169.7

139.9 122.7

1 163.9 1 106.8

-100.2 170.7

75.7 92.4

1 593.2 1 586.0

351.9 335.8

-488.9 -376.7

-108.8 -117.3

15.0 16.5

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

1 807.9 1 704.1 1 647.2 1 502.3 1 349.3 1 257.5 1 155.9 1 039.4 1 007.4 1 015.8

201.5 174.0 301.5 252.9 272.1 302.4 315.5 350.8 413.7 371.7

152.6 229.6 189.9 261.3 232.7 203.6 151.6 142.0 124.4 119.2

1 017.9 947.3 884.4 832.4 782.0 743.6 714.6 660.1 642.2 608.0

302.8 203.4 132.0 33.5 -51.5 -108.0 -130.9 -195.4 -222.2 -142.3

133.0 144.7 140.2 125.2 110.4 99.4 87.5 75.4 65.0 59.1

1 755.4 1 636.7 1 538.7 1 390.5 1 242.7 1 143.8 1 097.1 955.1 866.6 800.2

319.8 304.7 277.1 264.6 250.1 238.2 225.6 220.9 223.1 220.3

-395.8 -276.0 -199.7 -123.1 -110.7 -98.0 -108.3 -72.9 -38.7 14.9

-128.5 -38.8 -31.0 29.7 32.8 26.5 58.5 63.8 43.7 19.6

18.4 18.3 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.9 16.3 15.6 15.9 16.9

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

977.7 967.6 936.2 810.4 735.9 772.5 769.4 608.0 625.7 656.5

334.3 301.8 292.3 252.8 267.8 282.6 306.5 227.8 262.2 243.7

102.4 99.2 138.3 107.3 88.0 128.3 124.7 93.2 61.9 64.1

579.5 554.0 512.4 478.2 450.8 422.6 393.6 372.7 357.4 323.8

-104.3 -65.6 -77.2 -91.6 -139.2 -127.9 -121.6 -131.5 -93.1 -18.9

65.7 78.1 70.5 63.7 68.7 67.0 66.2 45.7 37.2 43.8

861.7 872.9 821.1 781.5 747.2 736.3 735.5 564.2 516.1 570.8

215.8 197.7 186.2 184.3 173.2 158.8 139.4 122.8 112.3 106.9

-69.2 -86.7 -113.2 -152.0 -140.6 -110.9 -87.0 -32.0 -0.2 6.3

30.6 16.3 -42.2 3.3 43.9 11.7 18.6 47.0 2.5 27.5

16.8 17.6 18.3 17.0 16.5 18.2 19.4 17.0 19.0 20.7

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

555.5 544.9 481.6 398.2 342.7 298.4 304.0 294.6 241.6 211.4

205.6 165.8 145.4 125.6 122.1 125.2 114.3 102.5 76.9 80.1

49.6 77.0 82.9 73.1 57.3 49.1 29.5 44.8 41.1 32.4

282.6 244.9 210.7 184.4 164.5 149.2 126.9 109.1 99.4 89.8

-22.8 16.6 -0.6 -20.6 -29.9 -47.7 6.4 8.3 -3.8 -9.5

40.6 40.5 43.1 35.7 28.6 22.7 27.0 30.0 28.4 18.2

477.9 490.6 436.0 361.3 292.0 230.2 249.4 244.5 207.6 178.2

100.3 88.5 77.1 67.5 66.4 64.5 57.4 49.4 46.3 44.0

11.4 1.4 -10.4 -9.0 8.9 21.4 7.1 8.7 -3.6 0.6

33.9 35.7 21.0 21.6 24.5 17.7 10.0 8.0 8.7 11.3

19.6 21.0 20.8 19.4 18.6 18.1 20.0 21.1 19.3 18.6

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

194.3 199.8 183.3 171.1 169.1 158.1 143.0 132.8 124.6 113.9

69.5 52.6 52.7 54.0 44.5 42.7 40.5 33.1 33.5 31.9

23.0 29.8 33.6 35.4 37.6 34.9 28.6 25.2 22.6 16.8

81.9 74.6 67.5 61.4 56.3 51.8 48.4 45.9 44.3 42.8

2.3 25.5 13.8 5.8 16.1 16.0 13.4 17.5 14.0 13.5

17.6 17.3 15.8 14.5 14.6 12.7 12.1 11.0 10.2 9.0

152.4 156.4 141.2 128.6 131.3 118.2 102.1 93.8 88.1 78.2

44.8 44.4 44.7 43.8 40.4 35.6 34.6 33.6 33.3 31.3

4.0 1.8 1.7 3.5 3.9 6.2 7.5 5.0 3.9 4.3

6.9 2.9 4.3 4.8 6.4 1.9 1.2 -0.4 0.7 -0.2

18.6 20.1 20.0 20.4 21.3 21.8 21.4 21.3 21.1 20.7

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

110.9 105.8 90.1 99.0 98.6 87.4 72.7 74.6 73.8 74.8

26.4 26.5 28.2 26.8 25.4 19.5 19.8 21.3 20.6 19.7

16.3 17.5 11.9 13.8 14.1 16.0 11.0 9.5 10.4 9.3

41.8 40.2 38.8 37.3 34.4 31.0 29.3 28.0 26.6 24.9

17.8 13.6 4.5 13.1 16.8 14.4 6.6 9.5 10.6 15.8

8.7 8.0 6.8 8.0 7.9 6.5 6.1 6.3 5.7 5.1

78.9 78.5 64.5 70.5 72.0 69.0 53.8 56.4 54.0 60.2

28.3 29.3 26.5 24.4 22.9 21.0 22.5 24.0 22.3 17.6

3.2 -1.2 0.9 4.8 2.8 0.4 0.2 -1.3 0.6 0.9

-0.6 0.8 1.7 0.6 -0.9 3.1 3.9 4.6 3.1 3.9

20.9 20.7 19.1 21.3 22.4 20.9 19.0 19.5 20.5 21.9

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

60.3 45.6 58.3 46.8 38.9 29.6 39.8 44.8 39.8 29.7

15.2 10.0 14.1 8.1 16.3 31.4 39.0 34.9 29.0 11.7

8.6 11.1 11.4 5.9 2.7 4.8 7.0 6.0 4.4 2.9

21.7 20.1 18.3 15.6 12.7 10.7 10.4 10.2 10.2 9.0

11.4 1.0 11.2 14.1 4.3 -20.2 -19.4 -9.3 -6.6 3.0

3.4 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.1

54.1 36.9 48.1 35.0 31.1 10.8 7.8 6.1 10.4 18.1

9.8 9.7 7.0 4.6 3.5 24.1 36.6 39.1 28.5 10.8

-1.8 0.9 2.4 9.3 4.9 -1.3 -2.0 -2.1 -0.1 1.3

1.7 1.8 -0.7 2.1 0.7 4.0 2.6 -1.7 -0.9 0.5

20.4 17.0 21.5 19.0 17.4 13.3 18.1 22.5 24.5 23.4

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

18.3 13.5 11.6 16.1 11.3 9.5 6.2 3.1 3.1 8.2

4.5 3.4 1.5 4.5 4.3 2.6 0.6 -0.7 -0.4 2.6

2.6 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.0 -1.0 -2.9 -3.3 -1.8

8.0 7.7 7.8 7.5 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.3 6.7 7.7

0.1 -1.7 -0.9 0.6 -2.9 -1.6 -1.9 -0.7 -1.2 -1.9

3.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.2 1.9 2.0 1.1 1.3 1.7

13.6 9.3 7.1 12.2 8.6 6.7 3.7 1.7 1.3 5.9

4.4 4.5 4.2 3.8 4.1 2.8 2.7 1.9 2.1 3.0

1.5 1.0 1.2 0.2 -0.1 -0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2

1.2 1.4 0.8 0.1 1.3 -0.1 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.9

18.0 14.5 13.5 17.4 13.5 12.9 9.4 5.5 5.3 10.7

1930 ................................. 1929 .................................

14.9 19.2

3.2 3.9

1.0 3.4

8.3 8.4

0.4 1.3

2.1 2.2

10.8 16.5

3.2 2.8

0.7 0.8

-0.3 0.9

16.2 18.4

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1Includes

inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments.


161

Table 9-9. Persons Below Poverty Level and Below 125 Percent of Poverty Level, 1960–2001 (Persons as of March of the following year, based on Current Population Survey.) Number below poverty level (thousands) Year All races 1

White

Black

Asian and Pacific Islander

Percent below poverty level

Hispanic 2

All races 1

White

Black

Below 125 percent of poverty level


Hispanic 2

Number (thousands)

Percent of total population

2001 ................................. 2000 3 ..............................

32 907 31 581

22 739 21 645

8 136 7 982

1 275 1 258

7 997 7 747

11.7 11.3

9.9 9.5

22.7 22.5

10.2 9.9

21.4 21.5

45 320 43 612

16.1 15.6

2000 4 .............................. 1999 ................................. 1998 ................................. 1997 ................................. 1996 ................................. 1995 ................................. 1994 ................................. 1993 ................................. 1992 ................................. 1991 .................................

31 054 32 258 34 476 35 574 36 529 36 425 38 059 39 265 38 014 35 708

21 242 21 922 23 454 24 396 24 650 24 423 25 379 26 226 25 259 23 747

7 862 8 360 9 091 9 116 9 694 9 872 10 196 10 877 10 827 10 242

1 214 1 163 1 360 1 468 1 454 1 411 974 1 134 985 996

7 153 7 439 8 070 8 308 8 697 8 574 8 416 8 126 7 592 6 339

11.3 11.8 12.7 13.3 13.7 13.8 14.5 15.1 14.8 14.2

9.4 9.8 10.5 11.0 11.2 11.2 11.7 12.2 11.9 11.3

22.0 23.6 26.1 26.5 28.4 29.3 30.6 33.1 33.4 32.7

10.7 10.7 12.5 14.0 14.5 14.6 14.6 15.3 12.7 13.8

21.2 22.8 25.6 27.1 29.4 30.3 30.7 30.6 29.6 28.7

43 377 44 286 46 036 47 853 49 310 48 761 50 401 51 801 50 592 47 527

15.7 16.2 17.0 17.8 18.5 18.5 19.3 20.0 19.7 18.9

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

33 585 31 528 31 745 32 221 32 370 33 064 33 700 35 303 34 398 31 822

22 326 20 785 20 715 21 195 22 183 22 860 22 955 23 984 23 517 21 553

9 837 9 302 9 356 9 520 8 983 8 926 9 490 9 882 9 697 9 173

858 939 1 117 1 021 ... ... ... ... ... ...

6 006 5 430 5 357 5 422 5 117 5 236 4 806 4 633 4 301 3 713

13.5 12.8 13.0 13.4 13.6 14.0 14.4 15.2 15.0 14.0

10.7 10.0 10.1 10.4 11.0 11.4 11.5 12.1 12.0 11.1

31.9 30.7 31.3 32.4 31.1 31.3 33.8 35.7 35.6 34.2

12.2 14.1 17.3 16.1 ... ... ... ... ... ...

28.1 26.2 26.7 28.0 27.3 29.0 28.4 28.0 29.9 26.5

44 837 42 653 42 551 43 032 43 486 44 166 45 288 47 150 46 520 43 748

18.0 17.3 17.5 17.9 18.2 18.7 19.4 20.3 20.3 19.3

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1970 1960

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

29 272 26 072 24 497 24 720 24 975 25 877 25 420 39 851

19 699 17 214 16 259 16 416 16 713 17 770 17 484 28 309

8 579 8 050 7 625 7 726 7 595 7 545 7 548 ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3 491 2 921 2 607 2 700 2 783 2 991 ... ...

13.0 11.7 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.3 12.6 22.2

10.2 9.0 8.7 8.9 9.1 9.7 9.9 17.8

32.5 31.0 30.6 31.3 31.1 31.3 33.5 ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

25.7 21.8 21.6 24.7 26.9 23.0 ... ...

40 658 36 616 34 155 35 659 35 509 37 182 35 624 54 560

18.1 16.4 15.8 16.7 16.7 17.6 17.6 30.4

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-219. 1Includes other races not shown separately. 2Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. 3Data reflect implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion 4Data based on Census 1990-based population controls and a sample of approximately 50,000 households.


to 78,000 households.

162


Table 9-10. Children Below Poverty Level, 1970–2001 (Persons as of March of the following year, based on Current Population Survey.) Number below poverty level (thousands) Year All races 1

White

Black

Percent below poverty level


Hispanic 2

All races 1

White

Black


Hispanic 2

2001 ................................. 2000 3 ..............................

11 175 11 005

7 086 6 834

3 423 3 495

353 407

3 433 3 342

15.6 15.6

12.8 12.4

30.0 30.9

11.1 12.5

27.4 27.6

2000 4 .............................. 1999 ................................. 1998 ................................. 1997 ................................. 1996 ................................. 1995 ................................. 1994 ................................. 1993 ................................. 1992 ................................. 1991 .................................

11 018 11 510 12 845 13 422 13 764 13 999 14 610 14 961 14 521 13 658

6 838 7 123 7 935 8 441 8 488 8 474 8 826 9 123 8 752 8 316

3 417 3 644 4 073 4 116 4 411 4 644 4 787 5 030 5 015 4 637

434 348 542 608 553 532 308 358 352 348

3 173 3 382 3 670 3 865 4 090 3 938 3 956 3 666 3 440 2 977

15.6 16.3 18.3 19.2 19.8 20.2 21.2 22.0 21.6 21.1

12.3 12.9 14.4 15.4 15.5 15.5 16.3 17.0 16.5 16.1

30.4 32.7 36.4 36.8 39.5 41.5 43.3 45.9 46.3 45.6

14.1 11.5 17.5 19.9 19.1 18.6 17.9 17.6 16.0 17.1

27.3 29.8 33.6 36.4 39.9 39.3 41.1 39.9 39.0 39.8

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

12 715 12 001 11 935 12 275 12 257 12 483 12 929 13 427 13 139 12 068

7 696 7 164 7 095 7 398 7 714 7 838 8 086 8 534 8 282 7 429

4 412 4 257 4 148 4 234 4 037 4 057 4 320 4 273 4 388 4 170

356 368 458 432 ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 750 2 496 2 576 2 606 2 413 2 512 2 317 2 251 2 117 1 874

19.9 19.0 19.0 19.7 19.8 20.1 21.0 21.8 21.3 19.5

15.1 14.1 14.0 14.7 15.3 15.6 16.1 17.0 16.5 14.7

44.2 43.2 42.8 44.4 42.7 43.1 46.2 46.2 47.3 44.9

17.0 18.9 23.5 22.7 ... ... ... ... ... ...

37.7 35.5 37.3 38.9 37.1 39.6 38.7 37.7 38.9 35.4

1980 ................................. 1975 ................................. 1970 .................................

11 114 10 882 10 235

6 817 6 748 6 138

3 906 3 884 3 922

... ... ...

1 718 1 619 ...

17.9 16.8 14.9

13.4 12.5 10.5

42.1 41.4 41.5

... ... ...

33.0 33.1 ...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-219. 1Includes other races not shown separately. 2Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. 3Data reflect implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion 4Data based on Census 1990-based population controls and a sample of approximately 50,000 households.


to 78,000 households.


163

Table 9-11. Current-Cost Net Stock of Fixed Assets and Consumer Durable Goods, 1925–2001 (Billions of dollars, year-end estimates.) Private fixed assets Year

Government fixed assets

Nonresidential

Total Total Total

Equipment and software

Residential

Total

Federal

State and local

Consumer durable goods

Structures

2001 ........................

31 021.9

22 190.4

11 102.2

4 335.1

6 767.2

11 088.2

6 001.8

1 479.8

4 522.1

2 829.7

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

29 677.9 27 856.5 26 218.7 24 924.8 23 701.0 22 617.0 21 617.7 20 396.6 19 384.8 18 614.5

21 215.2 19 880.4 18 649.6 17 653.1 16 722.5 15 908.5 15 203.7 14 318.0 13 582.6 13 021.5

10 695.4 10 013.8 9 457.8 9 006.8 8 527.2 8 124.2 7 731.5 7 327.1 6 986.8 6 760.5

4 215.5 3 943.9 3 711.6 3 519.8 3 352.2 3 182.8 2 992.4 2 828.6 2 708.2 2 622.8

6 480.0 6 069.9 5 746.2 5 487.0 5 175.0 4 941.4 4 739.1 4 498.5 4 278.6 4 137.7

10 519.8 9 866.7 9 191.8 8 646.3 8 195.3 7 784.2 7 472.2 6 991.0 6 595.8 6 261.0

5 758.7 5 425.5 5 141.7 4 942.9 4 724.8 4 533.0 4 322.4 4 085.6 3 894.6 3 732.4

1 454.1 1 420.5 1 381.4 1 367.0 1 343.2 1 314.4 1 279.2 1 229.0 1 176.0 1 129.8

4 304.6 4 005.0 3 760.3 3 575.9 3 381.5 3 218.6 3 043.2 2 856.7 2 718.6 2 602.6

2 703.9 2 550.6 2 427.4 2 328.8 2 253.7 2 175.6 2 091.6 1 993.0 1 907.5 1 860.6

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

18 186.5 17 363.9 16 423.1 15 458.3 14 605.0 13 705.3 13 005.0 12 327.7 11 918.7 11 318.7

12 760.3 12 197.2 11 540.9 10 857.3 10 266.6 9 657.8 9 163.5 8 667.6 8 376.1 7 949.7

6 622.7 6 285.1 5 934.8 5 574.0 5 298.8 5 056.4 4 794.6 4 532.8 4 402.7 4 145.8

2 541.9 2 400.2 2 264.9 2 130.6 2 035.1 1 920.6 1 814.4 1 724.2 1 665.7 1 575.6

4 080.7 3 884.8 3 669.9 3 443.4 3 263.7 3 135.8 2 980.2 2 808.5 2 737.0 2 570.2

6 137.7 5 912.2 5 606.1 5 283.3 4 967.8 4 601.3 4 368.9 4 134.8 3 973.4 3 804.0

3 611.6 3 438.7 3 262.2 3 102.6 2 948.6 2 782.1 2 668.6 2 567.2 2 508.5 2 371.3

1 087.1 1 039.5 985.9 929.5 895.5 855.6 826.5 791.3 752.5 709.1

2 524.5 2 399.3 2 276.3 2 173.2 2 053.1 1 926.5 1 842.1 1 775.9 1 756.0 1 662.2

1 814.6 1 727.9 1 620.0 1 498.4 1 389.8 1 265.5 1 173.0 1 092.9 1 034.1 997.6

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

10 294.0 9 061.7 7 876.1 6 969.0 6 235.8 5 717.5 5 276.0 4 456.4 3 946.4 3 586.8

7 212.7 6 339.9 5 473.0 4 787.4 4 207.5 3 815.2 3 489.4 2 968.2 2 613.5 2 366.4

3 675.9 3 202.6 2 772.7 2 449.0 2 204.0 2 010.1 1 821.7 1 500.4 1 334.6 1 225.6

1 420.1 1 220.9 1 048.0 920.3 818.9 740.5 648.8 525.2 468.4 434.5

2 255.8 1 981.7 1 724.8 1 528.7 1 385.1 1 269.6 1 172.9 975.1 866.2 791.1

3 536.8 3 137.3 2 700.2 2 338.5 2 003.4 1 805.1 1 667.7 1 467.8 1 278.9 1 140.8

2 150.7 1 877.0 1 650.4 1 513.8 1 426.0 1 352.2 1 286.5 1 054.0 940.3 858.0

652.7 586.7 528.4 493.2 470.4 436.5 411.4 363.9 338.2 308.6

1 497.9 1 290.2 1 122.0 1 020.6 955.6 915.7 875.2 690.2 602.1 549.4

930.6 844.8 752.8 667.8 602.3 550.1 500.0 434.2 392.5 362.4

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

3 258.8 2 998.6 2 748.4 2 501.8 2 324.0 2 141.8 2 011.9 1 894.8 1 826.5 1 752.2

2 129.6 1 973.7 1 815.7 1 649.2 1 538.7 1 418.1 1 330.3 1 245.5 1 209.0 1 167.4

1 113.9 1 013.2 918.6 838.1 778.0 714.5 668.4 632.8 611.5 591.4

404.6 368.2 332.5 300.8 273.8 246.0 228.5 215.7 206.5 199.0

709.3 645.0 586.1 537.2 504.2 468.5 439.9 417.1 405.1 392.4

1 015.7 960.5 897.1 811.1 760.7 703.6 661.9 612.7 597.5 576.0

788.6 707.8 642.3 591.3 546.3 505.0 474.7 452.8 431.3 404.9

290.9 271.7 256.2 243.5 228.1 216.9 210.0 204.7 198.7 187.6

497.6 436.1 386.1 347.7 318.2 288.1 264.7 248.1 232.6 217.3

340.6 317.1 290.4 261.4 239.0 218.6 207.0 196.5 186.2 179.9

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

1 693.7 1 643.1 1 582.3 1 527.7 1 457.6 1 343.8 1 249.7 1 195.9 1 150.5 1 085.9

1 131.4 1 099.4 1 055.2 1 022.7 976.1 905.7 842.2 808.0 776.3 735.9

575.9 564.9 543.2 526.4 494.6 448.4 415.0 401.7 386.4 365.9

194.8 188.7 179.7 172.8 158.8 142.2 129.6 123.5 115.5 108.3

381.0 376.3 363.5 353.6 335.7 306.2 285.5 278.2 270.9 257.6

555.6 534.5 512.0 496.3 481.6 457.2 427.2 406.2 390.0 370.0

385.5 372.2 361.6 343.0 328.9 296.5 275.4 259.7 254.1 236.9

180.5 176.5 172.3 165.9 159.8 147.4 141.2 131.1 124.2 114.3

205.0 195.7 189.3 177.1 169.1 149.1 134.3 128.6 129.9 122.6

176.8 171.5 165.6 162.0 152.6 141.6 132.1 128.3 120.0 113.1

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

984.2 896.6 873.0 811.0 695.5 609.4 564.8 522.4 470.0 411.1

671.5 611.5 582.2 529.5 445.7 374.8 344.1 326.3 310.4 289.5

332.0 304.1 291.5 263.7 221.1 184.5 167.3 162.1 158.4 148.5

96.9 85.3 77.2 65.2 52.1 42.6 37.4 36.3 36.7 35.8

235.1 218.8 214.2 198.5 169.0 141.9 129.9 125.8 121.8 112.7

339.5 307.4 290.8 265.8 224.7 190.3 176.7 164.2 152.0 141.0

211.7 199.6 214.2 214.7 194.2 186.7 173.5 150.9 118.0 84.4

102.7 103.0 113.0 121.7 116.6 117.4 106.8 82.7 50.9 24.4

109.0 96.6 101.2 93.0 77.6 69.2 66.7 68.2 67.1 60.0

101.0 85.5 76.5 66.9 55.6 47.9 47.2 45.2 41.6 37.2

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

361.9 336.0 327.2 323.2 303.9 282.2 275.7 265.2 255.8 280.3

262.2 245.1 239.6 237.6 222.9 208.0 204.4 197.9 193.8 214.3

133.9 126.6 125.5 126.3 119.3 112.3 110.4 107.7 107.6 116.8

31.7 29.4 28.9 28.8 26.3 24.8 24.8 24.6 25.6 28.3

102.2 97.2 96.5 97.4 93.0 87.5 85.6 83.2 81.9 88.5

128.3 118.5 114.2 111.3 103.6 95.7 94.0 90.1 86.3 97.4

67.4 61.4 59.1 57.0 54.0 48.5 45.6 41.6 35.5 35.9

15.7 14.0 13.4 12.6 11.4 9.9 8.6 7.6 6.7 6.8

51.7 47.4 45.7 44.4 42.6 38.6 37.0 34.0 28.8 29.1

32.3 29.5 28.5 28.7 27.1 25.7 25.7 25.8 26.5 30.1

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

315.8 331.1 326.0 315.8 307.2 297.0

242.0 254.0 249.8 241.4 234.9 227.0

129.2 135.5 135.2 133.1 130.0 126.5

30.7 31.9 31.4 30.9 29.9 28.3

98.5 103.6 103.8 102.2 100.1 98.2

112.8 118.5 114.5 108.3 104.9 100.5

39.5 40.6 40.5 39.7 38.9 38.0

7.5 7.9 8.5 8.7 9.0 9.2

32.0 32.7 32.1 31.0 29.9 28.9

34.4 36.5 35.7 34.6 33.5 32.0


164


Table 9-12. Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Net Stock of Fixed Assets and Consumer Durable Goods, 1925–2001 (Index numbers, 1996 = 100; year-end estimates.) Private fixed assets Year

Government fixed assets

Nonresidential

Total Total Total


Residential

Total

Federal

State and local

Consumer durable goods

Structures

2001 ........................

116.92

116.62

119.74

133.57

111.56

113.48

109.81

99.50

113.79

136.29

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

113.64 109.84 106.22 102.88 100.00 97.35 95.06 92.94 91.04 89.48

113.63 109.89 106.36 102.96 100.00 97.30 94.99 92.88 90.99 89.52

116.59 111.95 107.72 103.57 100.00 96.96 94.39 92.31 90.54 89.24

128.83 120.59 113.19 105.98 100.00 94.90 90.51 86.91 84.26 82.58

109.30 106.70 104.33 102.04 100.00 98.31 96.97 95.94 94.79 93.75

110.65 107.79 104.96 102.32 100.00 97.66 95.62 93.47 91.46 89.82

107.73 105.67 103.58 101.75 100.00 98.23 96.66 95.22 93.64 91.77

99.50 99.55 99.49 99.63 100.00 99.40 99.42 99.47 99.08 98.05

110.93 108.06 105.18 102.59 100.00 97.76 95.55 93.51 91.44 89.25

127.38 118.75 110.91 104.74 100.00 95.94 92.30 88.86 86.21 84.67

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

88.06 86.00 83.74 81.40 79.04 76.52 74.03 71.75 70.14 68.86

88.14 86.21 84.09 81.94 79.79 77.48 75.07 72.75 71.10 69.67

87.82 85.81 83.71 81.67 79.73 77.48 74.69 72.10 70.41 68.46

81.17 79.24 76.88 74.71 72.94 70.54 67.71 64.80 63.24 61.84

92.34 90.28 88.36 86.42 84.36 82.23 79.48 77.12 75.35 73.00

88.47 86.62 84.50 82.22 79.86 77.47 75.48 73.47 71.86 71.03

89.82 87.72 85.83 83.95 81.87 79.85 78.01 76.53 75.37 74.34

96.80 95.05 93.37 91.52 88.68 86.01 83.60 81.82 80.43 79.53

87.02 84.79 82.82 80.93 79.15 77.38 75.77 74.41 73.34 72.27

83.97 81.14 77.20 72.85 68.63 63.94 59.86 56.42 54.30 53.54

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

67.18 65.42 63.17 60.94 59.01 57.43 56.10 54.40 52.28 50.34

67.73 65.74 63.24 60.82 58.76 57.16 55.81 53.93 51.64 49.60

65.92 63.48 60.75 58.31 56.40 54.89 53.43 51.29 48.97 47.14

59.32 56.64 53.00 49.60 47.02 45.23 43.60 40.88 37.97 35.93

70.46 68.22 66.19 64.52 63.16 61.87 60.57 58.90 57.08 55.47

69.75 68.24 66.01 63.61 61.38 59.69 58.47 56.89 54.64 52.36

73.19 71.87 70.59 69.47 68.56 67.50 66.37 65.28 64.27 63.07

78.75 78.24 77.91 77.89 78.00 78.18 78.37 78.87 79.68 79.90

70.97 69.34 67.67 66.10 64.76 63.22 61.59 59.89 58.15 56.37

52.55 51.56 49.26 46.47 43.77 41.52 40.05 38.37 35.64 33.38

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

48.72 47.21 45.43 43.63 41.94 40.13 38.43 36.94 35.63 34.42

47.88 46.32 44.58 42.94 41.42 39.76 38.13 36.71 35.47 34.36

45.57 43.84 41.90 40.11 38.37 36.42 34.73 33.49 32.51 31.60

34.43 32.72 30.63 28.76 26.97 24.88 23.20 22.06 21.21 20.51

53.88 52.20 50.47 48.85 47.24 45.54 43.93 42.68 41.63 40.57

50.47 49.12 47.61 46.14 44.92 43.60 42.06 40.42 38.87 37.53

62.00 60.63 58.95 56.98 54.81 52.75 50.96 49.18 47.41 45.57

81.03 81.43 81.44 80.97 79.54 78.13 77.30 76.11 74.61 72.41

54.44 52.35 49.99 47.41 44.92 42.59 40.40 38.36 36.47 34.75

31.67 30.39 28.57 26.54 24.90 23.05 21.42 20.22 19.25 18.52

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

33.42 32.39 31.30 30.52 29.53 28.51 27.35 26.39 25.32 24.38

33.41 32.42 31.41 30.65 29.69 28.66 27.60 26.73 25.85 25.04

30.85 30.04 29.33 28.78 27.86 26.91 26.04 25.36 24.57 23.89

20.06 19.49 19.00 18.76 17.99 17.21 16.41 15.87 15.08 14.39

39.57 38.57 37.69 36.88 35.86 34.80 33.90 33.10 32.35 31.71

36.33 35.12 33.76 32.75 31.74 30.62 29.34 28.26 27.28 26.33

43.82 42.32 40.65 39.22 38.01 36.82 35.59 34.12 32.40 30.81

70.46 69.03 67.01 65.84 65.04 64.06 62.91 60.64 56.84 53.23

33.08 31.55 30.00 28.47 27.10 25.83 24.57 23.43 22.53 21.73

18.18 17.61 16.99 16.86 16.12 15.46 14.30 13.64 12.70 12.06

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

23.43 22.54 21.92 21.41 21.02 20.88 20.49 19.58 18.46 17.47

24.16 23.15 22.40 21.46 20.63 19.99 19.86 19.89 20.04 20.09

23.12 22.35 21.71 20.80 19.93 19.23 18.92 18.92 19.15 19.29

13.56 12.67 11.89 10.63 9.29 8.41 7.80 7.61 7.74 7.83

31.03 30.41 29.91 29.37 28.97 28.49 28.53 28.73 29.03 29.21

25.34 24.07 23.20 22.23 21.42 20.86 20.92 20.99 21.04 20.97

29.63 30.02 30.54 32.21 34.41 37.00 35.13 29.80 23.37 18.17

51.11 54.49 58.01 64.95 73.38 82.61 75.59 56.57 34.16 17.04

20.93 20.16 19.51 19.14 18.91 18.90 19.06 19.27 19.44 19.40

11.28 9.93 8.95 8.05 7.08 6.38 6.45 6.67 6.85 6.90

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

16.83 16.47 16.20 16.04 15.76 15.52 15.47 15.53 15.72 15.86

19.73 19.50 19.37 19.36 19.18 19.09 19.17 19.36 19.66 19.92

18.95 18.82 18.81 18.89 18.65 18.58 18.73 19.02 19.47 19.87

7.39 7.12 7.07 7.11 6.79 6.59 6.63 6.86 7.29 7.77

29.07 29.12 29.19 29.28 29.20 29.30 29.54 29.84 30.20 30.39

20.60 20.26 19.99 19.87 19.75 19.66 19.64 19.70 19.81 19.90

16.24 15.53 14.74 14.05 13.44 12.71 12.26 11.84 11.52 11.05

11.68 10.79 10.22 9.59 8.92 8.19 7.42 6.86 6.45 6.25

19.04 18.38 17.47 16.73 16.13 15.36 15.04 14.67 14.39 13.78

6.68 6.36 6.16 6.15 5.93 5.78 5.81 5.98 6.25 6.53

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

15.79 15.50 14.99 14.52 14.02 13.48

19.94 19.69 19.18 18.64 18.05 17.39

19.97 19.63 19.02 18.55 18.04 17.46

8.01 7.94 7.61 7.44 7.24 6.92

30.30 29.71 28.89 28.17 27.39 26.59

19.83 19.69 19.29 18.67 17.98 17.23

10.47 9.91 9.36 8.94 8.56 8.24

6.12 6.08 6.10 6.16 6.24 6.34

12.95 12.12 11.27 10.61 9.98 9.46

6.62 6.51 6.16 5.91 5.66 5.36


SECTION

10

CONSUMER INCOME AND EXPENDITURES

166


SECTION 10

CONSUMER INCOME AND EXPENDITURES Highlights

1

Reasonably reliable nationwide estimates of income distribution are available only from the 1940s when the minimum income requirement for filing income tax returns was substantially lowered to cover the vast majority of the population. Annual tabulations of tax-return data began during World War I but initially covered only a small fraction of the upper-income population. Sample field surveys of family incomes covering all income and occupation groups were introduced in the 1930s. Estimates of income distribution before the 1940s were pieced together from sample surveys in American Studies of the Distribution of Wealth and Income by Size (1939) by C. L. Merwin, The Present Distribution of Wealth in the United States (1896) by Charles B. Spahr, Wealth and Income of the People of the United States (1915) by Willford I. King, Income in the United States (1921–1922) by W. C. Mitchell, W. I. King, F. R. Maucaulay, and O. W. Knauth, and America’s Capacity to Consume (1934) by Maurice Leven, H. H. Moulton, and Clark Warburton. The Consumer Purchase Study (1935–1936) conducted by the National Resources Committee under Hildegarde Kneeland was the first sample field survey in which income data were collected from all types of families. Based largely on 300,000 family income schedules, it represented a marked improvement over earlier estimates by providing data for numerous subgroups classified by occupation, community, region, color, and family size. The Survey of Spending and Saving in Wartime is the only other pre-World War II source on the distribution of family income nationwide. The 1940 decennial census was the first to include income questions, making it possible to compare prewar and postwar income levels. For the post-World War II years, income data are available from two sources: the annual Current Population Surveys of the Census Bureau and the annual surveys of consumer finances conducted by the Survey Research Center of the University of Michigan. In addition, all censuses since 1950 provide detailed information on the level of total money income, as well as wage and salary income, classified by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and cross-classified by sex, race and occupation, and industry groups. Complementing these sources are income and expenditure surveys conducted by the Bureau of Labor

Statistics for selected population groups, studies of farm family income by the Department of Agriculture, and, since 1937, surveys of income distributions of workers covered under the Old Age, Survivors, Disability and Health Insurance (OASDHI) program. The much broader coverage of Federal Individual Income Tax Returns since World War II has made it possible to measure changes in relative income distribution over time. As part of its national income work, the Bureau of Economic Analysis, formerly the Office of Business Economics, publishes a personal income series by combining census and income tax data. To derive meaningful comparisons over time, the data for the prewar period have been adjusted to make them compatible with the postwar data. Direct compatibility among income distribution series has not been fully achieved because of variations in definitions and coverage. Definitional differences apply to the basic unit of classification, the income measure, the time period, and the family unit.

2

Collection of data on consumer expenditures began in the United States in the 1870s. The most substantial of these studies was made for Massachusetts by Carroll D. Wright in 1875. The usefulness of the data gathered in this study led Congress to request that further studies of this type on a broader base be conducted by the newly formed U.S. Bureau of Labor (of which Wright was made commissioner). The data on food expenditures obtained in the 1901 survey were used to devise an index of food prices purchased by workers. During that period, the need for a more inclusive index of retail prices became clearer because food prices rose much faster than those of many other commodities and rent. A nationwide study of the expenditures of wage earners and clerical workers was undertaken in 1918. The survey was first undertaken in seacoast cities (because of the number of wage disputes in shipbuilding centers) but later was expanded to other industrial centers. The first study of overall consumer expenditures of farm families was made in Livingstone County in New York State in 1909. Dramatic increases in industrial and agricultural productivity and the collapse of the economy in 1929 led a number of economists to study the factors affecting consumer expenditures and

167

SECTION 10: CONSUMER INCOME AND EXPENDITURES

Median Income, 1947–2001 (2001 dollars) 60,000 All families White Black Female householder, no spouse present

Annual income

50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

0 1947

1952

1957

1962

1967

1977

1972

1982

1987

1992

1997

2001

Year

to estimate changes in consumption patterns over time. The pioneer investigation in this field was presented in Simon Kuznets’ Commodity Flow and Capital Formation (1938). It showed national aggregates for four types of consumer goods and services. The Brookings Institution published estimates of expenditure patterns at different income levels for farm and nonfarm families in 1934 and for single individuals in 1929. In the middle 1930s, two national cross-section studies of consumer expenditure patterns were undertaken. The first, conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, covered employed city wage and clerical workers and was initiated to provide a new list of items and weights for the Consumer Price Index. The second, the Study of Consumer Purchases, was conducted jointly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of Home Economics of the Department of Agriculture. The results of the second study were used by the National Resources Planning Board as the basis for a national estimate of consumer expenditures. The first detailed estimates and aggregate consumer expenditures in goods and services appeared in High-Level Consumption by William H. Lough in 1935 and covered the period from 1909 to 1931. Data for later years were revised and extended in Outlay and Income in the United States, 1921–1938, by Harold Barger and in America’s Needs and Resources (1947) by J. Frederic Dewhurst. The first detailed estimates by the Department of Commerce of consumer expenditures for commodities and services were published in the

Survey of Current Business in June 1944. As defined by the Department of Commerce, consumer expenditures represent the market value of purchases of goods and services by individuals and nonprofit institutions as well as the value of food, clothing, housing, and financial services received by them as income in kind. Rental value of owner-occupied houses is included, but purchases of dwellings, which are classified as capital goods, are not. Other national sample surveys include the Surveys of Consumer Finances, conducted for the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System by the Consumer Research Center of the University of Michigan, and the Household Food Consumption Surveys of the Department of Agriculture.

3

Based on 1982–1984 = 100, the Consumer Price Index in 2002 was 179.9. The rise was highest in medical care (285.6), shelter (208.1), and food (176.2). It was lowest in fuel oil (111.5), telephone services (95.7), and energy (121.7). The U.S. city average CPI was 179.9, with wide rational variations. It was highest in BostonLawrence-Salem (196.5) and San Francisco-OaklandSan Jose, CA (193.0), and lowest in WashingtonBaltimore (113.0). By selected products and services, the highest rise was for fresh fruits and vegetables (258.4), cable television (301.3), refuse collection (285.4), breakfast cereals (203.0), automobile insurance (291.6), airline fares (231.6), medical care (285.6), tobacco products (461.5), and college tuition (372.6).

168


Per Capita Food Consumption by Selected Products, 1980–2001 80

Beef and Veal Pork Fish Chicken and Turkey

Pounds (carcass weight)

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2001

Year

4

The weekly food cost of a family of two has gone up from a range of $48.10 to $92.70 in 1990 to $63.80 to $124.70 in 2002. Relative cost for a family of four has gone up in the same period from $80.10 to $154.40 to $107.10 to $207.10.

5

Although the annual percentage rise in consumer prices in the United States was only 2.8 percent in 2002, it has one of the highest rates in the OECD, all countries of which, except five, have much lower rates. For example, Japan had an annual percentage decline 0.7 percent and Switzerland had a rise of 1.0 percent.

6

Based on a nationwide average of 100, the most expensive housing in 2002 was in New York (411.3), San Francisco, California (331.2), and Los Angeles (207.6). The cheapest housing was in Fort Smith, ArkansasOklahoma MSA (69.6), Augusta-Aiken, Georgia-South Carolina MSA (71.9), and San Angelo, Texas (73.1).

7

The purchasing power of the dollar has declined substantially since 1950. With 1982 = $1.00, the purchasing power of the dollar was $3.546 measured by producer prices and $4.149 measured by consumer prices in 1950. In 2002, the relative values were $0.720 and $0.556.


Table 10-1—Series G 179–188. Number and Median Money Income of Families and Unrelated Individuals, 1947–2001 (Income in current dollars.) Year

Total median income (dollars)

2001 ............................................................................

51 407

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

50 732 48 950 46 737 44 568 42 300 40 611 38 782 36 959 36 573 35 939

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

35 353 34 213 32 191 30 970 29 458 27 735 26 433 24 580 23 433 22 388

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

21 023 19 587 17 640 16 009 14 958 13 719 12 902 12 051 11 116 10 285

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

9 867 9 433 8 632 7 933 7 532 6 957 6 569 6 249 5 956 5 735

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

5 620 5 417 5 087 4 966 4 780 4 418 4 167 4 242 3 890 3 709

1950 1949 1948 1947

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

3 319 3 107 3 187 3 031

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

169

170


Table 10-2—Series G 416–469. Personal Consumption Expenditures, by Major Type of Product, 1946–2003 (Billions of dollars.)

Durable goods

Motor vehicles and parts

Furniture and household equipment

Gasoline, Clothing fuel, oil, and and other energy shoes goods

Nondurable goods

Food and beverages

183.8 169.4 163.0

2 208.3 2 086.0 2 013.6

1 064.2 1 005.6 964.6

311.2 304.4 297.5

208.7 180.4 188.5

312.9 293.9 273.1 256.2 242.9 228.6 213.4 193.4 178.7 171.7

163.9 153.0 141.0 131.4 124.8 116.3 108.3 99.3 91.9 88.7

1 947.2 1 804.8 1 683.6 1 619.0 1 555.5 1 485.1 1 437.2 1 379.4 1 330.5 1 284.8

925.2 873.1 829.8 796.2 768.7 740.9 720.6 691.9 669.3 657.5

297.7 286.3 270.9 258.1 250.2 241.7 238.1 229.9 221.9 208.7

212.8 215.3 209.4 195.0 194.1 175.9 152.1 126.5 102.9 95.8

171.6 171.6 163.7 153.4 143.0 128.5 119.0 106.6 93.4 92.1

89.8 84.9 80.5 73.2 66.0 59.0 55.4 47.7 43.9 43.4

1 249.9 1 166.7 1 083.5 1 015.3 958.4 928.7 884.6 831.2 787.6 758.9

636.8 591.6 553.5 515.2 492.0 467.6 447.4 423.8 403.4 383.5

214.2 214.4 201.7 181.2 158.9 133.5 122.3 123.5 110.4 96.9

87.0 93.5 93.1 83.5 71.3 54.8 49.5 56.1 51.1 44.5

86.7 82.7 74.3 67.2 60.2 54.5 51.5 47.9 42.4 37.8

40.5 38.2 34.3 30.5 27.4 24.2 21.3 19.5 16.9 14.6

696.1 624.5 550.2 497.1 458.3 420.7 384.5 343.1 308.0 285.5

648.5 605.2 558.0 507.8 480.9 443.8 411.4 382.7 363.3 342.1

85.0 85.9 80.8 70.4 68.3 63.3 56.7 51.6 46.9 41.8

35.5 38.4 36.1 30.0 30.3 29.9 26.0 24.4 21.5 17.8

35.7 34.7 32.9 30.0 28.2 25.1 23.2 20.7 19.3 18.3

13.7 12.9 11.8 10.4 9.8 8.2 7.5 6.6 6.1 5.7

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

331.7 317.6 296.2 286.9 271.7 258.8 240.0 233.1 219.5 208.5

43.3 42.7 37.4 40.0 38.1 38.8 31.9 32.7 29.3 29.9

19.7 18.9 15.1 17.6 15.8 17.7 12.8 13.9 11.4 12.2

18.0 18.1 16.9 17.2 17.3 16.4 14.8 14.7 14.0 14.1

.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

192.2 178.5 175.0 162.0 144.3

30.7 25.1 22.9 20.4 15.8

13.7 10.6 8.0 6.6 4.1

13.7 11.3 11.5 10.6 8.4

Year

Total

2003 .................... 2002 .................... 2001 ....................

7 752.3 7 385.3 7 045.4

941.8 911.3 881.9

423.6 418.1 406.9

334.5 323.7 312.0

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

6 739.4 6 282.5 5 879.5 5 547.4 5 256.8 4 975.8 4 743.3 4 477.9 4 235.3 3 986.1

863.3 817.6 750.2 692.7 652.6 611.6 582.2 526.7 483.6 453.9

386.5 370.8 336.1 305.1 284.9 266.7 260.5 234.0 213.0 193.5

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

3 839.9 3 598.5 3 353.6 3 100.2 2 899.7 2 720.3 2 503.3 2 290.6 2 077.3 1 941.1

474.2 471.8 453.6 421.7 403.0 363.5 326.5 280.8 240.2 231.3

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

1 757.1 1 592.2 1 428.5 1 278.6 1 151.9 1 034.4 933.4 852.4 770.6 701.9

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946

Other

Transpor- Medical tation care

Recreation

Services

Housing

624.3 595.6 563.1

4 602.1 4 388.0 4 149.8

1 198.6 1 144.6 1 073.7

293.8 292.8 294.0

1 302.2 1 202.7 1 109.9

319.3 303.3 283.8

1 061.9 1 036.4 980.9

191.5 149.8 133.9 147.7 144.8 133.3 129.0 126.6 124.6 120.8

532.9 495.6 449.0 416.9 391.9 369.2 349.5 331.1 314.7 297.8

3 928.8 3 660.0 3 445.7 3 235.8 3 048.7 2 879.1 2 723.9 2 571.8 2 421.2 2 247.4

1 006.5 948.4 894.6 842.6 800.1 764.4 726.1 683.9 658.5 631.1

291.3 276.4 259.5 245.7 226.5 207.7 190.6 172.7 157.7 145.3

1 026.8 961.1 921.4 873.0 833.5 797.9 752.9 715.1 672.2 608.9

268.3 248.6 229.3 215.1 202.5 187.9 171.4 160.4 146.6 132.9

945.9 860.7 790.5 722.4 667.6 622.5 596.7 569.8 535.5 490.6

204.1 198.9 185.5 174.4 163.1 152.1 142.5 130.9 120.5 117.2

124.1 110.4 100.0 96.6 91.4 110.8 108.4 106.7 108.6 113.7

285.0 265.7 244.5 229.1 211.9 198.2 186.3 169.8 155.2 144.5

2 115.9 1 960.0 1 816.5 1 663.3 1 538.3 1 428.1 1 292.2 1 178.6 1 049.4 950.8

597.9 557.4 521.5 483.7 448.4 412.7 374.5 341.0 315.2 289.7

147.7 142.0 133.4 120.9 111.1 104.5 93.2 81.1 72.9 70.3

556.0 492.5 442.8 392.2 357.5 331.5 303.2 274.3 243.3 216.7

125.9 114.3 102.1 90.0 83.7 77.7 69.7 63.6 56.8 50.6

461.0 432.8 409.4 381.2 349.9 319.8 282.1 261.6 218.8 196.7

356.0 324.7 289.6 262.6 242.5 223.2 201.8 179.6 161.4 149.7

107.3 101.2 94.3 84.1 76.6 70.8 66.0 62.5 56.4 51.7

102.1 80.6 61.6 58.0 53.2 48.1 44.0 34.4 29.5 27.7

130.6 118.0 104.7 92.4 86.0 78.5 72.7 66.6 60.8 56.4

846.9 753.3 676.6 600.2 534.7 480.2 426.6 385.8 352.2 319.5

256.2 227.3 202.4 180.2 162.2 147.7 134.8 123.3 112.6 102.8

65.2 59.9 53.4 48.7 42.5 37.9 34.1 31.6 29.6 26.8

184.4 161.0 143.1 125.3 109.1 95.6 82.3 73.3 65.6 58.4

43.6 38.8 34.7 31.4 28.4 25.4 22.5 19.7 17.6 16.3

183.8 166.2 151.8 132.8 120.1 109.7 97.1 88.0 81.4 74.0

272.0 253.1 235.7 217.1 208.7 191.5 178.6 168.2 162.8 156.6

143.8 131.5 122.2 112.4 109.3 100.7 93.5 88.2 86.1 84.0

47.8 46.5 43.2 39.2 37.4 34.1 32.4 29.8 29.0 27.6

26.3 25.0 23.3 21.9 20.7 19.2 17.7 17.0 16.4 15.8

54.1 50.2 47.0 43.5 41.4 37.6 35.0 33.1 31.4 29.2

291.5 266.1 241.6 220.3 203.8 189.0 176.1 162.9 153.6 143.8

94.1 86.9 79.8 74.1 69.5 65.4 61.4 58.0 54.7 51.2

24.0 21.6 19.3 17.4 15.9 14.7 13.8 12.9 12.3 11.6

51.7 45.8 40.1 34.7 31.5 28.6 26.4 23.0 21.2 19.0

15.1 13.8 12.5 11.1 10.4 9.6 9.1 8.5 8.0 7.4

68.8 62.9 57.7 53.0 48.4 44.2 40.4 36.9 35.0 33.3

5.7 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.6

152.8 148.5 141.7 137.1 130.8 124.7 119.7 117.8 114.7 109.2

82.3 80.6 77.9 75.1 71.4 68.6 66.8 65.4 64.1 60.7

27.0 26.4 24.9 24.5 24.4 23.3 22.3 22.2 22.0 21.3

15.8 15.3 14.8 14.3 13.3 12.4 11.4 10.9 10.2 9.6

27.7 26.1 24.2 23.2 21.7 20.4 19.3 19.4 18.4 17.6

135.6 126.5 117.0 109.8 102.8 95.2 88.4 82.5 75.4 69.5

48.2 45.0 42.0 39.3 36.7 34.4 32.3 29.9 27.0 24.3

11.2 10.6 9.9 9.7 9.2 8.6 8.2 8.0 7.4 7.0

17.7 16.4 14.8 13.4 12.1 11.2 10.5 9.5 8.5 7.7

6.9 6.4 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.2 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.0

31.3 29.4 27.0 25.4 23.8 21.7 20.0 18.5 17.1 16.0

3.3 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.2

98.2 94.9 96.6 90.9 82.7

53.9 52.5 54.2 52.3 47.4

19.6 19.3 20.1 18.8 18.2

8.9 8.4 8.2 7.0 5.9

15.8 14.7 14.1 12.8 11.3

63.3 58.6 55.6 50.7 45.8

21.7 19.6 17.9 16.0 14.2

6.0 5.8 5.7 5.2 4.9

7.2 6.7 6.5 5.7 4.9

3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7

15.0 14.0 13.6 12.5 11.3

Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts.

Other

Other


171

Table 10-3—Series G 881–915. Apparent Civilian Per Capita Consumption of Foods, 1849–2001 (Pounds, except eggs. Calendar years, except as noted.) Meats (carcass weight) Year Total

Edible fats and oils

Fish Pork, excluding (edible weight) Beef and veal lard

Total 1 (fat content)

Fruits

Butter, farm and factory Margarine 2 (actual weight) weight (actual weight)

Fresh (farm weight) Apples Total 3

Citrus 4

2001 .................................

160.6

63.6

46.9

14.7

...

...

...

125.8

24.3

15.6

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

164.0 166.0 163.4 157.4 160.4 164.4 164.8 161.1 164.3 161.8

65.1 64.9 64.3 63.4 65.0 64.3 63.7 61.8 63.2 63.7

47.8 49.3 48.2 44.7 45.2 48.4 49.0 48.5 49.1 46.8

15.2 14.8 14.5 14.3 14.5 14.8 15.0 14.8 14.6 14.8

77.0 69.5 66.8 66.2 66.9 68.1 70.2 72.3 69.5 67.5

8.3 7.9 8.2 8.4 9.0 9.1 9.8 11.0 10.9 10.5

4.5 4.7 4.4 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.3

127.2 129.6 128.8 129.4 126.2 122.5 124.9 123.5 122.8 112.5

23.4 20.3 26.6 26.5 24.6 23.8 24.7 25.8 24.2 19.0

17.5 18.5 19.0 18.1 18.7 18.7 19.3 19.0 19.1 18.1

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

162.3 167.1 173.1 169.8 174.0 176.7 175.1 175.7 170.1 177.6

64.8 66.1 69.7 70.8 76.0 76.1 75.3 75.5 73.9 74.1

46.4 48.4 48.8 45.6 45.2 47.7 47.2 47.4 44.9 49.9

14.9 15.6 15.1 16.1 15.4 15.0 14.1 13.3 12.4 12.6

66.0 63.4 66.3 66.0 67.6 67.3 64.4 62.7 61.1 60.2

10.9 10.2 10.3 10.5 11.4 10.8 10.4 10.4 11.0 11.1

4.4 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.3 4.2

116.2 122.9 120.9 121.5 117.3 110.6 112.6 110.0 107.3 103.6

21.4 23.6 25.4 23.9 24.2 21.5 22.5 28.0 23.4 23.5

19.6 21.2 19.8 20.8 17.8 17.3 18.4 18.3 17.5 16.8

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

179.9 177.5 182.4 189.7 191.5 181.0 188.9 176.8 192.2 198.4

73.4 74.9 84.2 88.9 91.5 86.0 82.3 77.1 82.1 81.1

52.1 48.6 42.3 42.3 40.7 38.4 47.0 43.2 48.1 53.0

12.4 13.0 13.4 12.6 12.9 12.1 12.1 12.7 12.5 11.5

60.1 59.3 57.9 56.2 58.1 55.5 55.4 56.4 56.3 54.8

11.3 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.9 11.0 11.1 11.1 11.1 10.9

4.5 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.7 4.5 4.8 5.0 5.2

104.8 100.1 103.4 99.7 101.5 101.8 95.5 96.4 94.7 100.3

26.1 23.0 26.2 26.1 28.5 29.0 27.1 27.2 27.2 29.0

19.2 17.1 17.9 16.5 17.1 19.5 16.4 16.1 15.5 16.4

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

192.7 189.5 191.9 188.0 180.3 177.8 186.9 181.2 175.3 173.8

81.6 80.1 79.9 78.1 76.9 74.1 74.3 68.8 65.5 65.0

48.1 46.9 48.3 47.0 42.8 43.6 48.8 48.5 47.4 46.8

11.7 11.2 11.0 10.6 10.9 10.9 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.7

55.7 54.8 54.1 52.3 52.8 50.9 50.8 49.5 48.8 48.4

10.8 10.7 10.7 10.5 10.6 9.8 9.6 9.4 9.2 9.3

5.4 5.6 5.8 5.5 5.8 6.6 7.1 7.1 7.5 7.5

101.2 79.0 78.3 80.9 81.4 81.1 78.7 74.5 83.4 88.6

28.8 28.3 26.3 31.6 29.1 29.1 26.2 22.1 29.5 30.8

17.0 14.9 15.7 16.2 16.1 16.3 17.9 16.7 17.4 16.4

1960* ............................... 1959 ................................. 1958 ................................. 1957 ................................. 1956 ................................. 1955 ................................. 1954 ................................. 1953 ................................. 1952 ................................. 1951 .................................

174.5 174.7 165.4 173.6 183.4 179.2 156.4 157.4 148.6 143.6

63.3 60.6 60.6 64.8 66.1 63.7 62.9 61.1 49.0 45.9

48.6 51.0 45.3 46.4 51.0 50.4 37.2 39.2 45.0 45.2

10.3 10.9 10.6 10.2 10.4 10.4 11.1 11.3 11.1 11.3

48.5 49.6 48.6 47.6 48.6 49.3 48.8 47.3 47.3 45.4

9.3 9.1 8.9 8.5 8.1 8.0 8.3 8.1 8.1 6.7

7.7 8.0 8.4 8.5 9.0 9.3 9.1 8.6 8.6 9.7

93.4 95.7 94.0 96.7 98.9 99.4 105.1 109.4 114.4 118.0

33.7 34.0 31.0 37.1 39.1 41.8 42.0 44.1 45.1 45.8

18.3 21.1 22.5 19.3 18.9 19.6 20.0 20.9 21.6 25.7

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

146.9 146.3 147.2 158.3 157.4 159.4 174.2 161.9 151.4 145.3

50.2 50.9 50.9 56.7 51.1 56.1 55.0 48.7 51.7 47.9

43.0 41.9 42.0 43.2 46.8 43.4 53.6 51.7 42.2 42.3

11.9 10.9 11.2 10.3 10.8 9.8 8.7 8.0 8.8 11.1

49.3 45.9 46.0 45.2 42.7 43.9 46.2 46.0 49.4 51.6

6.1 5.7 6.1 5.0 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.7 2.9 2.7

10.9 10.6 10.1 11.3 10.7 11.7 13.4 13.1 16.4 16.4

108.8 122.9 131.6 143.7 133.9 139.9 140.1 118.4 130.0 146.0

41.7 47.9 54.4 62.2 59.1 66.6 68.2 60.3 57.7 57.7

22.7 24.7 26.3 25.4 23.0 22.9 25.5 24.9 28.1 31.7

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

142.4 133.5 127.0 126.1 130.5 117.3 143.8 136.0 130.9 130.6

42.9 42.8 42.6 43.9 47.3 42.4 50.3 40.4 36.6 37.9

45.1 39.7 35.7 34.2 33.8 29.7 39.5 43.4 43.4 41.9

11.0 10.8 10.8 11.7 11.6 10.5 9.2 8.6 8.4 8.8

50.1 50.2 49.1 49.3 49.4 48.0 48.4 46.9 46.8 48.2

2.4 2.3 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.9

17.0 17.4 16.6 16.7 16.8 17.5 18.5 18.1 18.5 18.3

139.1 148.2 131.7 138.6 125.6 133.2 116.3 124.8 125.9 160.3

56.7 61.4 49.1 44.5 46.2 44.6 39.8 39.4 36.7 42.3

29.7 30.7 28.2 33.6 27.6 32.9 25.3 40.0 39.2 51.7

1Computed from unrounded numbers. 2Prior to 1909, data are for year beginning in July. 3Beginning 1934, excludes apples from non-commercial areas. Citrus fruit on 4Beginning 1941, year begins October or November prior to year indicated.


crop year basis, 1941 to date.

172


Table 10-3—Series G 881–915. Apparent Civilian Per Capita Consumption of Foods, 1849–2001—Continued (Pounds, except eggs. Calendar years, except as noted.) Dairy products Potatoes (farm weight)

Fresh vegetables (farm weight)

2001 .................................

46.2

196.6

207.5

30.0

16.3

251.1

66.2

140.9

5.8

9.4

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

47.3 48.0 47.0 48.5 49.9 49.2 49.6 50.1 48.3 50.2

200.4 191.3 186.5 190.1 185.9 180.9 186.5 180.7 173.9 170.3

210.0 213.1 213.4 216.4 219.8 220.7 222.5 223.7 228.7 231.6

29.8 29.0 27.8 27.5 27.3 26.9 26.5 26.0 25.9 24.9

16.6 16.7 16.3 16.1 15.6 15.5 16.0 16.0 16.2 16.2

249.7 248.8 238.6 234.3 233.4 232.3 235.1 233.7 233.6 232.9

66.9 66.7 63.7 63.1 63.1 62.1 62.6 62.0 60.4 58.1

146.3 142.6 143.0 146.8 146.4 140.0 142.9 142.1 138.0 136.5

5.8 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.7 6.0 6.2 6.5

10.3 9.8 9.3 9.1 8.7 7.9 8.1 9.0 10.0 10.3

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

46.7 50.0 49.6 47.9 48.8 46.3 48.3 49.8 47.1 45.8

170.2 175.4 170.2 165.1 158.5 158.4 156.4 151.1 150.8 144.9

233.3 236.9 237.1 237.3 240.3 240.8 237.6 235.9 235.6 241.7

24.6 23.8 23.7 24.1 23.1 22.5 21.5 20.6 19.9 18.2

15.8 16.1 17.3 18.4 18.4 18.1 18.2 18.1 17.6 17.4

234.1 237.0 246.6 253.8 253.5 255.2 260.1 260.2 264.1 264.4

56.2 53.6 51.9 51.0 47.1 45.6 44.0 42.7 42.2 42.0

135.9 129.8 131.7 129.8 125.6 124.6 119.1 117.7 116.9 115.9

6.0 7.0 6.9 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.1 5.9 6.0 5.5

10.3 10.1 9.8 10.2 10.5 10.5 10.2 10.1 9.9 10.0

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

51.1 49.3 46.0 50.1 49.4 52.6 49.4 52.4 57.9 56.1

151.3 148.5 143.4 148.6 148.1 148.8 145.9 148.0 151.3 148.0

245.5 250.6 253.9 257.5 260.2 261.4 260.4 269.0 273.6 275.7

17.5 17.2 16.8 16.0 15.5 14.3 14.4 13.5 13.0 12.0

17.5 17.3 17.6 17.6 18.0 18.6 17.5 17.5 17.6 17.7

271.1 276.6 271.5 267.0 269.8 276.0 283.0 288.4 303.0 309.9

40.8 40.2 37.2 35.9 35.6 32.8 33.9 33.8 18.6 22.1

116.9 116.4 115.2 115.5 119.1 114.5 111.0 112.8 109.8 110.5

4.8 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.6 6.0 5.8 6.0 5.7 5.5

10.3 11.3 10.5 9.4 12.5 12.2 12.8 13.5 13.7 13.1

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

61.8 92.0 94.0 92.0 96.0 93.0 96.0 100.0 98.0 102.0

154.3 98.9 98.7 98.1 96.0 98.6 98.6 101.4 101.4 103.8

275.3 273.7 275.8 276.6 291.0 290.7 291.5 292.0 291.2 292.9

11.4 10.8 10.5 10.0 9.7 9.5 9.4 9.2 9.1 8.5

17.8 18.1 18.5 18.0 18.3 18.7 18.5 18.2 18.1 18.3

308.9 309.7 316.5 321.6 313.6 314.5 317.9 316.9 325.8 328.0

33.8 32.9 31.6 31.9 30.7 28.9 27.2 26.6 26.2 26.5

110.9 112.5 112.8 113.0 112.0 113.0 114.0 114.0 115.0 118.0

5.5 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.9 4.9

13.6 14.1 14.9 14.8 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.7 16.0 16.0

1960* ............................... 1959 ................................. 1958 ................................. 1957 ................................. 1956 ................................. 1955 ................................. 1954 ................................. 1953 ................................. 1952 ................................. 1951 .................................

101.0 101.0 101.0 106.0 99.0 106.0 106.0 106.0 101.0 113.0

105.9 102.3 103.7 106.4 107.0 105.2 107.2 109.1 111.6 111.9

300.3 305.1 311.5 318.0 321.6 321.1 320.9 328.3 333.5 333.6

8.3 8.0 8.1 7.6 8.0 7.8 7.9 7.4 7.6 7.2

18.6 18.9 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.3 17.6 18.2 18.1 17.6

333.8 351.7 353.9 361.5 368.6 371.2 375.9 379.4 390.1 396.4

24.1 24.8 24.1 22.3 21.0 18.8 20.0 19.1 19.1 18.7

118.0 120.0 121.0 119.0 121.0 123.0 126.0 128.0 131.0 133.0

4.9 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.6

15.9 16.0 15.5 15.6 15.9 15.4 14.7 17.0 16.9 17.4

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

106.0 110.0 105.0 125.0 123.0 122.0 136.0 125.0 127.0 128.0

115.2 116.2 123.0 122.4 129.9 134.3 123.9 116.7 119.0 113.8

331.5 334.5 339.5 355.9 374.8 397.7 388.5 367.5 332.6 309.5

7.7 7.3 7.0 6.9 6.6 6.4 6.0 5.6 6.7 5.9

17.4 17.8 18.6 20.1 23.1 15.5 14.6 14.0 16.2 13.8

391.4 384.6 395.8 385.6 385.2 421.4 373.5 360.3 324.6 313.1

17.6 16.1 15.1 15.5 17.1 18.7 18.4 18.5 15.3 13.4

135.0 136.0 137.0 139.0 156.0 161.0 149.0 163.0 157.0 156.0

4.5 4.1 4.6 4.5 5.3 6.6 6.0 5.7 6.2 4.8

16.3 19.1 18.4 17.3 19.6 18.8 17.7 14.0 15.3 16.1

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

123.0 122.0 129.0 126.0 130.0 142.0 135.0 132.0 134.0 136.0

116.9 116.6 114.5 111.0 112.5 111.2 115.2 104.5 108.8 108.3

306.1 305.9 300.9 301.5 299.4 296.6 292.4 302.6 303.9 298.1

6.0 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.3 4.9 4.5 4.4 4.5

11.4 11.0 10.4 10.6 9.5 8.1 7.1 6.0 6.3 8.6

318.8 312.8 310.0 307.7 288.4 279.3 288.4 296.3 312.9 332.4

12.3 11.9 10.8 11.5 11.4 10.7 11.0 12.0 11.6 11.1

155.0 158.0 160.0 159.0 163.0 158.0 157.0 162.0 170.0 169.0

5.0 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.0 3.3 3.6 4.1 4.4

15.5 14.9 14.9 13.3 13.7 13.4 12.3 12.8 12.4 13.0

Year

Fluid milk and cream 5

5Cream included on whole-milk equivalent basis. 6Chicken only, 1909–1928, but turkey consumption very small during that 7September–August year through 1939; August–July year, thereafter.


time.

Ice cream (product weight)

Cheese

Eggs (number)

Chicken and turkey 6 (ready-to-cook)

Wheat flour

Peanuts (shelled) 7

Coffee (greenbean basis)


173

Table 10-3—Series G 881–915. Apparent Civilian Per Capita Consumption of Foods, 1849–2001—Continued (Pounds, except eggs. Calendar years, except as noted.) Meats (carcass weight)

Edible fats and oils

Fish Pork, excluding (edible weight) Beef and veal lard

Year Total

Total 1 (fat content)

Fruits

Butter, farm and factory Margarine 2 (actual weight) weight (actual weight)

Fresh (farm weight) Apples Total 3

Citrus 4

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

128.9 131.3 131.6 134.8 138.0 140.0 147.3 147.3 137.8 134.0

38.1 38.5 38.0 42.5 47.1 46.9 46.9 46.7 46.0 43.4

41.1 42.8 43.5 41.6 39.4 41.0 45.5 45.6 40.4 39.8

10.2 11.8 12.1 12.2 11.4 11.1 11.0 10.7 11.3 10.5

48.8 48.7 47.7 47.9 47.7 46.8 45.4 44.7 43.2 39.5

2.6 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.7 2.0

17.6 17.6 17.6 18.3 18.3 18.1 17.9 17.9 17.1 16.3

129.9 139.2 146.1 126.0 160.8 132.2 148.0 144.5 144.8 112.8

31.2 39.8 29.5 32.2 31.4 28.9 33.9 32.5 24.6 30.5

42.1 39.7 48.9 37.4 62.3 46.3 54.1 54.7 57.5 36.1

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

136.1 138.9 141.7 135.3 140.2 134.9 140.0 143.7 145.8 152.0

46.2 47.8 52.2 49.5 45.0 42.8 46.7 47.9 49.3 52.1

39.0 39.2 37.5 36.2 42.4 40.9 40.0 41.1 40.9 42.4

11.8 11.6 10.9 10.9 11.0 11.2 11.7 11.5 11.3 11.3

39.7 43.4 43.5 40.2 42.2 43.2 43.6 40.2 38.8 34.9

3.4 3.4 3.3 2.7 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.1

14.9 15.3 14.2 15.8 17.3 17.2 17.0 16.5 16.6 18.7

142.6 122.3 119.6 129.8 133.7 154.5 160.4 130.2 156.5 152.6

26.0 23.5 16.5 22.0 22.0 23.1 24.1 16.6 18.5 19.8

63.0 45.2 56.9 56.1 63.9 69.0 71.8 59.3 74.6 73.5

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

146.4 155.2 163.3 158.2 155.6 155.2 152.7 152.1 144.8 151.1

53.4 56.1 79.3 77.8 78.3 77.9 75.6 77.0 71.0 73.3

38.2 41.2 77.7 74.1 71.0 71.0 70.6 68.2 66.7 70.8

11.2 11.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

37.7 35.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1.6 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.9 1.6

18.4 17.9 19.7 17.6 17.8 19.9 18.5 18.3 17.6 20.0

134.7 135.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

17.8 16.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

59.4 62.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

150.7 150.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

72.3 72.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

71.9 71.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1.3 1.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

20.1 19.6 19.8 20.8 22.2 18.4 15.4 15.5 15.9 16.7

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

18.2 20.5 16.0 16.3 16.8 16.1 15.3 15.2 13.9 15.2

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1875 1874 1873 1872 1871

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

15.5 15.6 14.6 14.4 14.5 12.4 13.4 13.4 10.6 11.7

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1870 ................................. 1869 .................................

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

10.7 13.6

... ...

... ...

... ...

1859 ................................. 1849 .................................

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

14.8 13.7

... ...

... ...

... ...

1Computed from unrounded numbers. 2Prior to 1909, data are for year beginning in July. 3Beginning 1934, excludes apples from non-commercial areas. Citrus fruit on 4Beginning 1941, year begins October or November prior to year indicated.


crop year basis, 1941 to date.

174


Table 10-3—Series G 881–915. Apparent Civilian Per Capita Consumption of Foods, 1849–2001—Continued (Pounds, except eggs. Calendar years, except as noted.) Dairy products Year

Potatoes (farm weight)

Fresh vegetables (farm weight)

Fluid milk and cream 5

Ice cream (product weight)

Cheese

Eggs (number)

Chicken and turkey 6 (ready-to-cook)

Wheat flour

Peanuts (shelled) 7

Coffee (greenbean basis)

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

132.0 159.0 147.0 141.0 128.0 157.0 154.0 174.0 143.0 156.0

111.9 112.6 104.2 106.0 100.6 101.3 100.9 90.1 92.8 82.2

298.1 300.3 298.4 298.1 301.2 301.7 293.9 292.2 300.6 298.6

4.7 4.7 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.2

9.7 10.7 9.9 9.9 9.5 9.7 8.8 9.0 8.2 7.6

331.0 334.4 338.3 341.9 338.5 318.1 324.2 326.5 315.9 299.5

12.3 11.3 11.5 11.9 11.1 11.2 10.7 11.4 11.1 10.5

171.0 177.0 179.0 181.0 182.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 167.0

3.2 4.1 3.8 3.9 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.2 2.7 2.7

12.5 12.2 11.9 12.2 12.4 10.6 12.2 12.6 11.8 12.0

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

140.0 152.0 174.0 146.0 143.0 185.0 157.0 189.0 179.0 157.0

95.0 76.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

305.8 273.1 305.6 266.8 250.9 260.5 279.3 297.2 309.1 280.4

4.0 4.2 4.0 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.2 3.9 4.0

7.6 6.8 6.4 4.8 4.3 3.9 3.4 3.0 2.7 2.3

299.5 303.1 284.3 281.3 299.2 312.9 295.3 303.3 311.4 329.2

10.8 11.2 10.3 10.3 10.6 11.2 11.1 11.2 11.5 12.0

179.0 192.0 179.0 191.0 204.0 205.0 207.0 209.0 211.0 213.0

3.0 4.6 2.8 4.2 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.3

11.7 11.8 10.1 12.1 11.5 10.6 9.2 9.0 10.8 8.4

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

198.0 187.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

289.1 306.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

4.3 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.5 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.5

1.9 1.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

306.0 292.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

11.8 11.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

214.0 217.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2.5 2.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

9.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3.7 3.7 3.4 3.6 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.7 3.5

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3.8 3.5 3.5 3.2 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.2

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1875 1874 1873 1872 1871

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2.7 2.2 3.5 2.7 2.6 3.1 2.6 2.9 3.0 2.4

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1870 ................................. 1869 .................................

... ...

... ...

... ...

3.2 3.0

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

1859 ................................. 1849 .................................

... ...

... ...

... ...

2.9 4.1

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. 5Cream included on whole-milk equivalent basis. 6Chicken only, 1909–1928, but turkey consumption very small during that 7September–August year through 1939; August–July year, thereafter.


time.


175

Table 10-4. Families by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 1967–2001 (Income in 2001 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars, percent, families as of March of the following year.) Percent distribution Year

Number of families

Total

Under $5,000

$5,000– $9,999

Median income (dollars)

$10,000– $14,999

$15,000– $24,999

$25,000– $34,999

$35,000– $49,999

$50,000– $74,999

$75,000– $99,999

$100,000 and over

Value

Standard error

All Races 2001 .....................................

74 340

100.0

2.6

2.8

4.3

11.3

11.9

15.7

20.8

13.1

17.6

51 407

181

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

73 778 72 031 71 551 70 884 70 241 69 597

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3

2.7 3.0 3.4 3.6 4.1 3.7

4.4 4.5 4.5 4.8 5.1 5.5

10.9 11.0 11.4 11.9 12.1 12.3

11.9 11.5 11.9 11.8 12.5 12.6

15.8 15.9 15.8 16.7 16.5 17.1

21.1 21.0 21.5 21.5 21.8 21.4

13.2 13.2 12.9 12.4 12.1 12.0

17.7 17.4 16.1 14.8 13.5 13.1

52 148 51 996 50 689 49 017 47 516 46 843

190 319 261 294 235 245

1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1967

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

66 322 63 558 60 309 56 245 52 227 50 111

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.4 2.6 2.0 1.7 2.3 2.5

4.1 4.5 4.0 4.3 4.6 5.7

5.2 5.6 6.0 6.8 6.0 6.7

11.8 13.0 13.5 14.8 14.3 15.6

12.7 13.6 14.0 15.5 16.2 18.3

18.2 18.5 20.3 22.0 24.4 25.2

22.2 22.0 23.4 22.4 21.0 17.7

11.7 11.1 9.7 7.7 6.9 5.0

11.7 9.1 7.0 4.8 4.3 3.3

46 429 43 518 42 776 39 784 38 954 35 629

222 235 183 151 ... ...

White 2001 .....................................

61 647

100.0

1.9

2.2

3.9

10.5

11.6

15.8

21.4

13.8

18.9

54 067

251

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

61 330 60 256 60 077 59 515 58 934 58 872

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1.8 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7

2.2 2.3 2.7 2.8 3.2 2.9

3.9 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.4 4.8

10.2 10.5 10.7 11.2 11.4 11.7

11.6 11.3 11.8 11.7 12.4 12.5

15.9 16.1 15.9 16.9 16.7 17.3

21.8 21.9 22.4 22.1 22.8 22.4

13.9 14.0 13.6 13.2 12.8 12.5

18.7 18.3 17.2 15.9 14.6 14.2

54 509 54 411 53 168 51 421 50 275 49 191

246 274 307 285 299 295

1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1967

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

56 803 54 991 52 710 49 873 46 535 44 814

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1.7 2.1 1.6 1.5 1.9 2.1

3.0 3.5 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.9

4.4 4.9 5.1 6.0 5.4 5.9

11.4 12.4 12.8 14.2 13.5 14.8

12.6 13.5 13.9 15.3 16.2 18.4

18.7 19.1 20.9 22.7 25.3 26.3

23.2 23.0 24.6 23.4 22.0 18.8

12.4 11.7 10.3 8.2 7.3 5.3

12.5 9.9 7.6 5.3 4.6 3.6

48 480 45 742 44 569 41 376 40 411 36 981

234 246 191 151 ... ...

Black 2001 .....................................

8 847

100.0

6.7

7.0

7.2

16.5

14.0

15.2

17.4

8.7

7.2

33 598

527

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

8 731 8 664 8 452 8 408 8 455 8 055

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5.4 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.5 6.4

6.6 7.7 8.7 9.3 10.2 10.0

7.7 8.8 8.3 8.6 9.6 10.0

16.4 15.2 17.8 17.1 17.3 16.8

14.7 13.9 13.3 13.6 13.2 14.3

16.1 15.0 15.2 15.0 15.9 15.6

16.9 16.5 16.0 17.2 15.9 14.7

8.2 7.9 7.8 7.1 6.3 7.8

7.9 9.1 6.9 5.8 5.2 4.4

34 616 33 755 31 890 31 457 29 792 29 956

583 641 636 693 529 713

1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1967

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

7 471 6 921 6 317 5 586 4 928 4 589

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

7.1 6.4 5.2 4.0 5.5 6.5

11.6 12.5 11.0 11.7 11.4 13.0

11.2 10.7 13.3 14.0 11.9 14.1

15.2 18.4 19.5 20.0 22.1 23.8

13.5 14.5 14.6 17.1 16.9 17.3

15.7 15.0 16.1 16.4 17.1 14.8

15.4 14.3 13.6 12.7 11.3 7.4

6.0 5.6 4.8 3.2 3.0 2.1

4.2 2.6 1.9 1.0 0.9 0.9

28 135 26 339 25 788 25 458 24 789 21 895

500 480 553 365 ... ...

Asian and Pacific Islander 2001 .....................................

2 980

100.0

2.6

1.8

3.2

9.8

9.6

13.8

19.7

13.9

25.6

60 158

1 262

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

2 982 2 506 2 459 2 381 2 247 2 125

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.3 2.8 3.3 2.9 3.8 2.7

1.7 3.3 3.6 2.3 3.2 3.3

3.6 4.3 3.2 4.4 4.9 6.3

8.2 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.6 9.7

9.1 8.8 10.7 9.0 10.7 10.0

13.4 14.6 13.6 16.3 14.7 14.9

20.1 17.8 19.5 21.9 18.5 21.9

14.9 13.6 15.8 13.6 15.6 13.6

26.7 26.7 21.9 21.1 20.1 17.7

64 365 59 820 57 293 57 026 55 160 53 470

1 133 1 759 1 950 1 976 2 142 1 240

1990 .....................................

1 536

100.0

3.2

3.1

3.8

10.2

9.8

14.5

21.2

16.2

18.1

55 482

2 063

Hispanic Origin 1 2001 .....................................

8 516

100.0

4.1

4.8

7.9

17.7

16.2

17.3

16.8

8.1

7.3

34 490

467

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

8 017 7 561 7 273 6 961 6 631 6 287

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.8 4.1 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.7

4.9 5.1 6.6 7.8 8.1 8.4

8.0 8.7 8.7 10.2 9.9 11.0

17.4 18.1 18.6 18.4 20.4 20.5

15.8 16.0 16.6 15.1 15.7 15.8

17.5 16.9 16.3 17.1 15.9 15.6

17.4 16.5 15.9 14.7 14.1 14.0

8.3 7.9 6.6 6.2 6.4 5.5

6.9 6.8 6.2 5.9 5.1 4.5

35 403 33 633 32 112 30 951 29 407 28 341

520 520 616 720 557 640

1990 1985 1980 1975 1972

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

4 981 4 206 3 235 2 499 2 312

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

4.2 4.0 3.6 3.1 2.6

7.8 9.0 7.7 9.4 6.2

10.9 10.7 10.2 10.8 10.6

18.5 18.9 20.1 21.8 20.7

14.9 15.8 17.0 18.0 20.8

17.8 17.3 17.9 20.5 22.0

15.3 15.0 16.2 12.1 12.4

6.1 6.2 4.6 2.9 3.1

4.5 3.1 2.7 1.4 1.6

30 772 29 855 29 943 27 697 30 008

743 769 800 664 ...

Non-Hispanic White 2001 .....................................

53 628

100.0

1.6

1.8

3.3

9.5

10.9

15.6

22.0

14.6

20.6

57 328

242

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

53 729 53 071 53 107 52 875 52 625 52 861

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1.6 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4

1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.7 2.2

3.3 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.7 4.1

9.2 9.5 9.6 10.3 10.3 10.7

11.0 10.6 11.2 11.2 12.0 12.1

15.7 16.0 15.9 16.8 16.8 17.5

22.3 22.6 23.2 23.1 23.8 23.4

14.6 14.8 14.5 14.0 13.6 13.3

20.4 19.9 18.6 17.2 15.7 15.3

57 810 57 488 55 971 54 591 52 821 51 927

237 377 282 355 283 292

1990 1985 1980 1975 1972

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

52 038 50 912 49 584 47 447 46 213

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1.5 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.5

2.6 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.3

3.8 4.5 4.8 5.7 5.2

10.8 11.9 12.4 13.8 12.5

12.4 13.3 13.7 15.2 15.0

18.8 19.2 21.1 22.8 23.6

23.9 23.7 25.1 24.0 24.2

13.0 12.2 10.6 8.4 8.8

13.3 10.4 7.9 5.5 6.0

50 219 47 162 45 448 42 086 42 884

288 251 214 215 183

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey. 1May

be of any race. . . . = Not available.

176


Table 10-5. Shares of Aggregate Income Received by Each Fifth and Top 5 Percent of Households, 1967–2002 (Number of households as of March of the following year, percent.) Year

Number (thousands)

Share of aggregate income (percent) Lowest fifth

Second fifth

Third fifth

Fourth fifth

Highest fifth

Top 5 percent

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

111 278 109 297

3.5 3.5

8.8 8.7

14.8 14.6

23.3 23.0

49.7 50.1

21.7 22.4

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

108 209 106 434 103 874 102 528 101 018 99 627 98 990 97 107 96 426 95 669

3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.8

8.9 8.9 9.0 8.9 9.0 9.1 8.9 9.0 9.4 9.6

14.8 14.9 15.0 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.0 15.1 15.8 15.9

23.0 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.3 23.3 23.4 23.5 24.2 24.2

49.8 49.4 49.2 49.4 49.0 48.7 49.1 48.9 46.9 46.5

22.1 21.5 21.4 21.7 21.4 21.0 21.2 21.0 18.6 18.1

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

94 312 93 347 92 830 91 124 89 479 88 458 86 789 85 290 83 918 83 527

3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2

9.6 9.5 9.6 9.6 9.7 9.7 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.2

15.9 15.8 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.8

24.0 24.0 24.3 24.3 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.7 24.7 25.0

46.6 46.8 46.3 46.2 45.7 45.3 44.9 44.7 44.5 43.8

18.6 18.9 18.3 18.2 17.5 17.0 16.5 16.4 16.2 15.6

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

82 368 80 776 77 330 76 030 74 142 72 867 71 163 69 859 68 251 66 676

4.3 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.1

10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.5 10.5 10.6

16.9 16.9 16.9 17.0 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.3

24.9 24.7 24.8 24.8 24.8 24.8 24.7 24.6 24.5 24.5

43.7 44.0 43.7 43.6 43.3 43.2 43.1 43.6 43.9 43.5

15.8 16.4 16.2 16.1 16.0 15.9 15.9 16.6 17.0 16.7

1970 1969 1968 1967

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

64 778 63 401 62 214 60 813

4.1 4.1 4.2 4.0

10.8 10.9 11.1 10.8

17.4 17.5 17.5 17.3

24.5 24.5 24.4 24.2

43.3 43.0 42.8 43.8

16.6 16.6 16.6 17.5

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, March Current Population Survey.


177

Table 10-6. Purchasing Power of the Dollar, 1950–2002 (PPI, 1982 = $1.00; CPI, 1982–1984 = $1.00.) Annual average as measured by Year Producer prices

Consumer prices

2002 ....................................................................................... 2001 .......................................................................................

0.720 0.711

0.556 0.565

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

0.725 0.752 0.766 0.759 0.762 0.782 0.797 0.802 0.812 0.822

0.581 0.600 0.614 0.623 0.638 0.656 0.675 0.692 0.713 0.734

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

0.839 0.880 0.926 0.949 0.969 0.955 0.964 0.984 1.000 1.041

0.766 0.807 0.846 0.880 0.913 0.928 0.961 1.003 1.035 1.098

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

1.136 1.289 1.433 1.546 1.645 1.718 1.901 2.193 2.392 2.469

1.215 1.380 1.532 1.649 1.757 1.859 2.029 2.251 2.391 2.466

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

2.545 2.632 2.732 2.809 2.841 2.933 2.985 2.994 2.985 2.994

2.574 2.726 2.873 2.993 3.080 3.166 3.220 3.265 3.304 3.340

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

2.994 3.021 3.012 3.077 3.195 3.279 3.289 3.300 3.268 3.247

3.373 3.427 3.457 3.549 3.678 3.732 3.717 3.735 3.765 3.846

1950 .......................................................................................

3.546

4.151

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract: 2003. Note: Producer prices prior to 1961, and consumer prices prior to 1964, exclude Alaska and Hawaii. Producer prices based on finished goods index. Annual figures are based on average monthly data.

178


Table 10-7. Consumer Price Indexes (CPI-U), by Major Groups, 1980–2002 (1982–1984 = 100, except as noted; percent change.)

Year

All items

Commodities

Services

Food

Energy

All items less food and energy

Food and beverages

Shelter

Transportation

Medical care

Apparel

Education and communication 1

Index 2002 ................................. 2001 .................................

179.9 177.1

149.7 150.7

209.8 203.4

176.2 173.1

121.7 129.3

190.5 186.1

176.8 173.6

208.1 200.6

152.9 154.3

285.6 272.8

124.0 127.3

106.8 105.2

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

172.2 166.6 163.0 160.5 156.9 152.4 148.2 144.5 140.3 136.2

149.2 144.4 141.9 141.8 139.9 136.4 133.8 131.5 129.1 126.6

195.3 188.8 184.2 179.4 174.1 168.7 163.1 157.9 152.0 146.3

167.8 164.1 160.7 157.3 153.3 148.4 144.3 140.9 137.9 136.3

124.6 106.6 102.9 111.5 110.1 105.2 104.6 104.2 103.0 102.5

181.3 177.0 173.4 169.5 165.6 161.2 156.5 152.2 147.3 142.1

168.4 164.6 161.1 157.7 153.7 148.9 144.9 141.6 138.7 136.8

193.4 187.3 182.1 176.3 171.0 165.7 160.5 155.7 151.2 146.3

153.3 144.4 141.6 144.3 143.0 139.1 134.3 130.4 126.5 123.8

260.8 250.6 242.1 234.6 228.2 220.5 211.0 201.4 190.1 177.0

129.6 131.3 133.0 132.9 131.7 132.0 133.4 133.7 131.9 128.7

102.5 101.2 100.3 98.4 95.3 92.2 88.8 85.5 ... ...

1990 1989 1988 1987 1980

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

130.7 124.0 118.3 113.6 82.4

122.8 116.7 111.5 107.7 86.0

139.2 131.9 125.7 120.2 77.9

132.4 125.1 118.2 113.5 86.8

102.1 94.3 89.3 88.6 86.0

135.5 129.0 123.4 118.2 80.8

132.1 124.9 118.2 113.5 86.7

140.0 132.8 127.1 121.3 81.0

120.5 114.1 108.7 105.4 83.1

162.8 149.3 138.6 130.1 74.9

124.1 118.6 115.4 110.6 90.9

... ... ... ... ...

Percent Change 2 2002 ................................. 2001 .................................

1.6 2.8

-0.7 1.0

3.1 4.1

1.8 3.2

-5.9 3.8

2.4 2.6

1.8 3.1

3.7 3.7

-0.9 0.7

4.7 4.6

-2.6 -1.8

1.5 2.6

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

3.4 2.2 1.6 2.3 3.0 2.8 2.6 3.0 3.0 4.2

3.3 1.8 0.1 1.4 2.6 1.9 1.7 1.9 2.0 3.1

3.4 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.9 3.9 5.1

2.3 2.1 2.2 2.6 3.3 2.8 2.4 2.2 1.2 2.9

16.9 3.6 -7.7 1.3 4.7 0.6 0.4 1.2 0.5 0.4

2.4 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.7 3.0 2.8 3.3 3.7 4.9

2.3 2.2 2.2 2.6 3.2 2.8 2.3 2.1 1.4 3.6

3.3 2.9 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.3 4.5

6.2 2.0 -1.9 0.9 2.8 3.6 3.0 3.1 2.2 2.7

4.1 3.5 3.2 2.8 3.5 4.5 4.8 5.9 7.4 8.7

-1.3 -1.3 0.1 0.9 -0.2 -1.0 -0.2 1.4 2.5 3.7

1.3 0.9 1.9 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.9 ... ... ...

1990 1989 1988 1987 1980

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

5.4 4.8 4.1 3.6 13.5

5.2 4.7 3.5 3.2 12.3

5.5 4.9 4.6 4.2 15.4

5.8 5.8 4.1 4.1 8.6

8.3 5.6 0.8 0.5 30.9

5.0 4.5 4.4 4.1 12.4

5.8 5.7 4.1 4.0 8.5

5.4 4.5 4.8 4.7 17.6

5.6 5.0 3.1 3.0 17.9

9.0 7.7 6.5 6.6 11.0

4.6 2.8 4.3 4.4 7.1

... ... ... ... ...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract: 2003. Note: Annual figures are based on average monthly data. Reflects buying patterns of all urban consumers. 1December 1977 = 100. 2Change from immediate


prior year. 1980 change from 1979; 1987 change from 1986.

SECTION

11

SOCIAL WELFARE

180


SECTION 11

SOCIAL WELFARE Highlights

Government Transfer Payments to Individuals, 1970 and 2001

1970

Other 0.7% Retirement and disability insurance benefits 49.4%

Veterans benefits 10.8%

Unemployment insurance benefits 6.1%

Income maintenance benefits 14.3%

Medical payments 18.7%

2001

Veterans benefits 2.4% Unemployment insurance benefits 2.9%

Other 1.5%

Retirement and disability insurance benefits 40.5%

Income maintenance benefits 10.0%

Medical payments 42.8%

SECTION 11: SOCIAL WELFARE

1

The United States adopted the concepts of Social Security and Welfare much later than other Western democracies. Throughout the nineteenth century, social welfare activities remained a local responsibility. Following public support of education in Massachusetts and other states, state intervention was extended to health programs, care of blind and orphaned people, worker’s compensation, and retirement pensions. It was not until the Social Security Act of 1935 that the federal government participated in any major way in permanent welfare programs for the general population. The act established a national system of old age insurance and provided federal grants-in-aid to the states for public assistance, maternal and child health and welfare services, general public health services, and vocational rehabilitation services. The Social Security Administration administers many of these programs, and its annual and monthly reports carry an enormous volume of statistical data.

2

Of 109.3 million households in the United States in 2001, 5.9 million received food stamps, 7.9 million received school lunches, 5.0 million received public housing, and 15.8 million received Medicaid.

181

8

Of the 13,529,000 custodial parents who were awarded child support in 1999, 1,786,000 did not receive any payments, and 3,530,000 custodial parents live below poverty level.

9

In 2000, 27.6 percent of the population did some voluntary work. More women volunteer than men (31.1 percent vs. 23.8 percent), and more Whites volunteer than Blacks (29.4 percent vs. 19.2 percent). Approximately one-third of voluntary work is churchrelated.

10 In 2002, Americans spent $240.9 billion on charity, of which $183.7 billion came from individuals. The majority of private philanthropy is earmarked for religion, education, health, and arts, culture, and humanities. The Census Bureau does not distinguish between religious organizations and religion-affiliated charities. Religion itself is considered a charity, even if it does not engage in what is generally considered as charitable work. Of the total number of households in 2000, approximately 12 percent do not contribute anything to charity.

3

11 There were 61,810 foundations in the United States in 2001 of which 214 had assets of more than

4

$250 million, 351 had assets between $100 million and $250 million, and 4,576 had assets between $50 million and $100 million. These foundations made annual grants in 2000 of $15.015 billion, of which 25.2 percent went to education, 20.6 percent to health, 14.4 percent to human services, and 12.0 percent to arts and culture.

In 2002, 189.9 million people were covered by Social Security, of whom 28.5 million were over age 65. The annual maximum taxable earnings were $84,900. In 1998, there were 730,000 pension plans, of which 673,600 were defined contribution plans and 56.8 defined benefit plans. The total number of participants was 99.5 million.

5 In 1998, there were 300,593 401(k) plans, with assets of $1.541 billion. 6

In 2002, 18.120 million people received work disability benefits, representing approximately 10 percent of the civilian labor force.

7

In 2002, 19.1 million people participated in federal food stamp programs.

12 In 2001, 73 percent of America’s children under six years of age were in childcare arrangements other than in the parental home: 22.8 percent were in the care of relatives; 14.1 percent in the care of babysitters other than relatives; and 56.4 percent in organized childcare facilities.

13 In 2002, there were 112,574 licensed childcare centers and 306,694 licensed family childcare providers.

182


Table 11-1. Government Transfer Payments to Individuals—Summary, 1970–2001 (Billions of dollars.)

Year

Retirement and disability insurance benefits

Total

Income maintenance benefits

Medical payments

Unemployment insurance benefits

Veterans benefits

Federal education and training assistance payments 1

Other 2

2001 ......................................................

1 111.8

449.9

475.8

110.9

32.4

26.5

13.1

3.2

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 014.2 965.5 935.1 914.9 883.0 841.0 792.8 760.6 714.8 635.7

425.1 402.9 392.0 379.4 364.6 350.0 334.8 320.8 304.7 285.7

423.2 399.8 386.3 379.6 361.3 337.5 308.3 284.7 257.3 223.5

106.5 104.5 100.7 100.3 102.5 100.4 95.6 90.3 84.6 72.5

21.1 20.7 19.9 20.3 22.5 21.9 24.1 34.9 39.7 26.9

24.9 24.1 23.2 22.2 21.4 20.5 19.7 19.4 18.6 18.1

11.0 11.4 11.2 11.5 8.6 9.0 8.6 9.1 8.0 7.3

2.4 2.1 1.9 1.7 2.1 1.6 1.8 1.4 2.0 1.8

1990 ...................................................... 1985 ......................................................

561.4 394.7

263.9 197.2

189.1 114.6

63.5 44.4

18.2 15.9

17.7 16.6

7.3 5.5

1.8 0.6

1980 ......................................................

262.7

128.8

62.0

34.3

18.7

14.7

4.1

0.2

1970 ......................................................

69.3

34.3

13.0

9.9

4.2

7.5

0.4

0.1

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Excludes

veterans. Consists largely of federal fellowship payments (National Science Foundation fellowships and traineeships, subsistence payments to state maritime academy cadets, and other federal fellowships), interest subsidy on higher education loans, basic educational opportunity grants, and Job Corps payments. largely of Bureau of Indian Affairs payments, education exchange payments, Alaska Permanent Fund dividend payments, compensation of survivors of public safety officers, compensation of victims of crime, disaster relief payments, compensation for Japanese internment, and other special payments to individuals.

2Consists

Table 11-2. Social Security—Covered Employment, Earnings, and Contribution Rates, 1980–2002 (Millions, except as noted; includes Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and Guam; represents all reported employment; data are estimated; OASDHI = Old-age, survivors, disability, and health insurance; SMI = Supplementary medical insurance.) Item

Unit

Workers with insured status 1 .............. Million Male ................................................. Million Female ............................................. Million

1980

1985

1990

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

140.4 76.6 63.8

150.9 80.7 70.1

164.0 86.5 77.5

167.5 87.9 79.6

169.1 88.5 80.6

170.7 89.1 81.6

173.2 90.2 83.0

175.3 91.1 84.2

177.8 92.1 85.7

180.2 93.1 87.1

182.7 94.1 88.6

185.1 95.2 89.9

187.5 96.3 91.3

189.9 97.3 92.6

Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million

25.7 36.5 23.0 18.6 9.0 8.0 7.0 12.1

22.0 40.1 29.9 19.2 9.0 8.8 7.5 14.3

21.3 41.6 36.4 22.8 8.7 8.8 8.2 16.3

20.1 40.8 38.1 25.6 9.0 8.5 8.2 17.3

19.5 40.3 38.9 26.8 9.3 8.5 8.2 17.7

19.0 39.8 39.7 28.2 9.5 8.4 8.1 18.1

18.8 39.4 40.6 29.5 9.0 8.0 8.0 18.5

18.8 38.9 41.2 30.8 10.2 8.5 8.1 18.8

19.1 38.2 41.8 31.9 10.7 8.0 8.0 19.3

19.6 37.5 42.2 33.1 11.3 8.9 7.9 19.6

20.2 36.9 42.5 34.4 11.8 9.0 7.0 19.8

20.7 36.5 42.5 35.8 12.2 9.4 7.9 20.1

21.2 36.3 42.2 36.9 13.0 9.0 8.0 20.3

21.6 36.2 41.8 37.7 13.9 10.3 8.1 20.4

Workers reported with— Taxable earnings 2 .......................... Million Maximum earning 2 ......................... Million

113 10

120 8

134 8

134 8

136 8

138 8

141 8

143 9

146 9

149 9

151 9

154 10

154 9

153 8

Bil. dol. Bil. dol. Percent

1 329 1 178 88.6

1 942 1 725 88.8

2 704 2 359 87.2

2 916 2 533 86.8

3 023 2 636 87.2

3 169 2 785 87.9

3 359 2 920 86.9

3 566 3 074 86.2

3 847 3 285 85.4

4 143 3 522 85.0

4 448 3 750 84.3

4 784 3 987 83.4

4 874 4 143 85.0

4 950 4 227 85.4

Dollars Dollars

11 761 10 430

16 125 14 326

20 227 17 642

21 776 18 911

22 205 19 364

22 929 20 152

23 818 20 703

24 869 21 432

26 324 22 483

27 814 23 644

29 402 24 784

31 159 25 972

31 702 26 945

32 396 27 665

Annual maximum taxable earnings 3 ... Dollars

Under 25 years old .......................... 25 to 34 years old ............................ 35 to 44 years old ............................ 45 to 54 years old ............................ 55 to 59 years old ............................ 60 to 64 years old ............................ 65 to 69 years old ............................ 70 years old and over ......................

Earnings in covered employment 2 ...... Reported taxable 2 ........................... Percent of total ............................ Average per worker Total earnings 2 ........................... Taxable earnings 2 ......................

25 900

39 600

51 300

55 500

57 600

60 600

61 200

62 700

65 400

68 400

72 600

76 200

80 400

84 900

Contribution rates for OASDHI: 4 Each employer and employee ......... Percent Self-employed 5 ............................... Percent

6.1 8.1

7.0 14.1

7.6 15.3

7.6 15.3

7.6 15.3

7.6 15.3

7.6 15.3

7.6 15.3

7.6 15.3

7.6 15.3

7.6 15.3

7.6 15.3

7.6 15.3

7.6 15.3

SMI, monthly premium 6 ...................... Dollars

9.6

15.5

28.6

31.8

36.6

41.1

46.1

42.5

43.8

43.8

45.5

45.5

50.0

54.0

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Estimated number fully insured for retirement and/or survivor benefits as of end of year. 2Includes self-employment. 3Beginning 1994 upper limit on earnings subject to HI taxes was repealed. 4As of January 1, 2002, each employee and employer pays 7.65 percent and the self-employed pay 15.3 percent. 5Self-employed pays 11.8 percent in 1985. The additional amount is supplied from general revenues. Beginning 1990,

income tax purposes and for computing self-employment income subject to social security tax. as of July 1; beginning 1985, as of January 1. As of January 1, 2002, the monthly premium is $54.00.

61980,

self-employed pays 15.3 percent, and half of the tax is deductible for

SECTION 11: SOCIAL WELFARE

183

Table 11-3. Social Security Trust Funds, 1990–2002 (Billions of dollars.) Type of trust fund

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Old-age and survivors insurance (OASI): Net contribution income 1 ............................... Interest received 2 .......................................... Benefit payments 3 ......................................... Assets, end of year ........................................

272.4 16.4 223.0 214.2

310.1 32.8 291.6 458.5

328.0 35.7 302.9 514.0

357.4 39.8 316.3 589.1

380.4 44.5 326.8 681.6

407.3 49.8 334.4 798.8

433.0 57.5 352.7 931.0

453.4 64.7 372.3 1 071.5

468.1 71.2 388.1 1 217.5

Disability insurance (DI): Net contribution income 1 ............................... Interest received 2 .......................................... Benefit payments 3 ......................................... Assets, end of year ........................................

28.7 0.9 24.8 11.1

54.7 2.2 40.9 37.6

57.7 3.0 44.2 52.9

56.5 4.0 45.7 66.4

59.5 4.8 48.2 80.8

63.9 5.7 51.4 97.3

71.8 6.9 55.0 118.5

75.7 8.2 59.6 141.0

78.2 9.2 65.7 160.5


deposits by states and deductions for refund of estimated employee-tax overpayment. Beginning in 1990, includes government contributions on deemed wage credits for military service in 1957 and later. Includes taxation of benefits beginning in 1990.

2In 1990, includes interest on advance tax transfers. Beginning 1990, includes interest on reimbursement for unnegotiated checks. 3Includes payments for vocational rehabilitation services furnished to disabled persons receiving benefits because of their disabilities.

Beginning in 1990, amounts reflect deductions for

unnegotiated benefit checks.

Table 11-4. Federal Food Programs, 1990–2002 (Number in millions, millions of dollars, dollars; for years ending Sept. 30; program data include Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, Northern Marianas, and the former Trust Territory when a federal food program was operated in these areas; participation data are average monthly figures except as noted; participants are not reported for the commodity distribution programs; cost data are direct federal benefits to recipients, and exclude federal administrative payments and applicable state and local contributions; federal costs for commodities and cash-in-lieu of commodities are shown separately from direct cash benefits for those programs receiving both.) Program

Unit

1990

1995

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Food stamp Participants ............................................................. Million Federal cost ............................................................ Million dollars Monthly average coupon value per recipient .......... Dollars

20.1 14 187 58.92

26.6 22 765 71.26

22.9 19 550 71.27

19.8 16 889 71.12

18.2 15 755 72.21

17.2 14 985 72.78

17.3 15 547 74.83

19.1 18 243 79.60

Nutrition assistance program for Puerto Rico Federal cost ............................................................ Million dollars

937

1 131

1 174

1 204

1 236

1 268

1 296

1 351

Million Million Million Million dollars

1 662 273 24.1 3 214

2 090 309 25.7 4 466

2 194 347 26.3 4 934

2 198 362 26.6 5 102

2 207 392 26.9 5 314

2 205 409 27.2 5 493

2 182 425 27.5 5 612

2 278 441 28.0 6 051

School breakfast (SB) Children participating 1 ............................................ Million Federal cost ............................................................ Million dollars

4.1 596

6.3 1 049

6.9 1 214

7.1 1 272

7.4 1 345

7.6 1 393

7.8 1 450

8.1 1 566

Special supplemental food program (WIC) 2 Participants ............................................................. Million Federal cost ............................................................ Million dollars

4.5 1 637

6.9 2 517

7.4 2 815

7.4 2 808

7.3 2 853

7.2 2 852

7.3 3 008

7.5 3 132

Child and adult care (CAC) 3 Participants 4 ........................................................... Million Federal cost ............................................................ Million dollars

1.5 720

2.4 1 296

2.5 1 393

2.6 1 372

2.7 1 438

2.7 1 501

2.7 1 548

2.9 1 658

Federal cost of commodities donated to— 5 Child nutrition (NSLP, CC, SF 6, and SB) 7 ............. Million dollars Emergency feeding 8 .............................................. Million dollars

646 286

733 100

661 152

774 190

754 234

704 182

917 333

864 382

National school lunch program (NSLP) Free lunches served ............................................... Reduced-price lunches served ............................... Children participating .............................................. Federal cost ............................................................

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Average

monthly participation (excluding summer months of June through August). Includes children in public and private elementary and secondary schools and in residential child care institutes.

2WIC serves pregnant and postpartum women, infants, and children up to age 5. 3Program provides year-round subsidies to feed preschool children in child care centers

and family day care homes. Certain care centers serving disabled or elderly adults also receive meal

subsidies. 4Average quarterly daily attendance at participating institutions. 5Includes the federal cost of commodity entitlements, cash-in-lieu of commodities, and bonus foods. 6Summer Feeding (SF) program provides free meals to children in poor areas during summer months. 7Includes the value of commodities provided through the national school lunch, school breakfast, child and adult care food, and summer food service programs. 8Provides free commodities to needy persons for home consumption through food banks, hunger centers, soup kitchens, and similar nonprofit agencies. Includes

program, the commodity purchases for soup kitchens/food banks program, and commodity disaster relief.

the emergency food assistance

184


Table 11-5. Private Pension Plans—Summary, by Type of Plan, 1980–1998 (Number in millions, except as noted; billions of dollars.) Total Item

Defined contribution plan

Defined benefit plan

Unit 1980

Number of plans 1 ............... Total participants 2,3 ............ Active participants 2,4 ...... Contributions 5 .................... Benefits 6 .............................

Thous. Million Million Bil. dol. Bil. dol.

488.9 57.9 49.0 66.2 35.3

1985 632.1 74.7 62.3 95.1 101.9

1990 712.3 76.9 61.8 98.8 129.4

1995 693.4 87.5 66.2 158.8 183.0

1998 730.0 99.5 73.3 201.9 273.1

1980 340.8 19.9 18.9 23.5 13.1

1985 462.0 35.0 33.2 53.1 47.4

1990 599.2 38.1 35.5 75.8 63.0

1995

1998

623.9 47.7 42.7 117.4 97.9

1980

673.6 57.9 50.3 166.9 161.9

1985

148.1 38.0 30.1 42.6 22.1

170.2 39.7 29.0 42.0 54.5

1990 113.1 38.8 26.3 23.0 66.4

1995 69.5 39.7 23.5 41.4 85.1

1998 56.4 41.6 23.0 35.0 111.2

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. Note: "Pension plan" is defined by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) as "any plan, fund, or program which was heretofore or is hereafter established or maintained by an employer or an employee organization, or by both, to the extent that such plan (a) provides retirement income to employees, or (b) results in a deferral of income by employees for periods extending to the termination of covered employment or beyond, regardless of the method of calculating the contributions made to the plan, the method of calculating the benefits under the plan, or the method of distributing benefits from the plan." A defined benefit plan provides a definite benefit formula for calculating benefit amounts—such as a flat amount per year of service or a percentage of salary times years of service. A defined contribution plan is a pension plan in which the contributions are made to an individual account for each employee. The retirement benefit is dependent upon the account balance at retirement. The balance depends upon amounts contributed, investment experience, and in the case of profit sharing plans, amounts which may be allocated to the account due to forfeitures by terminating employees. Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOP) and 401(k) plans are included among defined contribution plans. Data are based on Form 5500 series reports filed with the Internal Revenue Service. 1Excludes all plans covering only one participant. 2Includes double counting of workers in more than one plan. 3Total participants include active participants, vested separated workers, and retirees. 4Any workers currently in employment covered by a plan and who are earning or retaining

credited service under a plan. Includes any nonvested former employees who have not yet incurred

breaks in service. 5Includes both employer and employee contributions. 6Benefits paid directly from trust and premium payments

made from plan to insurance carriers. Excludes benefits paid directly by insurance carriers.

Table 11-6. State Unemployment Insurance—Summary, 1980–2002 (Number in thousands, except as noted; percent; dollars; includes unemployment compensation for state and local government employees where covered by state law.) Item

Unit

1980

1985

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Insured unemployment avg. weekly ...... Thous. Percent of covered employment 1 ..... Percent Percent of civilian unemployed .......... Percent

3 356 3.9 43.9

2 617 2.9 31.5

2 522 2.4 35.8

3 342 3.1 38.7

3 245 3.1 33.8

2 751 2.6 30.8

2 670 2.5 33.4

2 572 2.3 34.7

2 596 2.3 35.9

2 323 2.0 34.5

2 222 1.9 35.8

2 188 1.8 38.0

2 110 1.7 38.0

2 974 2.3 45.0

3 585 ... 44.0

Unemployment benefits avg. weekly ..... Dollars Percent of weekly wage .................... Percent

100 36.6

128 35.3

162 36.0

170 36.4

174 35.4

180 36.0

182 35.7

187 35.5

189 34.5

193 33.5

200 32.9

212 33.1

221 32.9

238 34.6

257 ...

Weeks compensated ............................. Beneficiaries first payments .................. Average duration of benefits 2 ............... Claimants exhausting benefits .............. Percent of first payment 3 ..................

Million Thous. Weeks Thous. Percent

149.0 9 992 14.9 3 072 33.2

119.3 8 372 14.2 2 572 31.2

116.0 8 629 13.4 2 323 29.4

155.1 10 075 15.4 3 472 34.8

150.2 9 243 16.2 3 838 39.9

125.6 7 884 15.9 3 204 39.2

123.4 7 959 15.5 2 977 36.3

118.3 8 035 14.7 2 662 34.3

119.0 7 995 14.9 2 739 33.4

106.6 7 325 14.6 2 485 32.8

101.4 7 332 13.8 2 266 31.8

100.6 6 951 14.5 2 300 31.4

96.0 7 033 13.7 2 144 31.8

136.3 9 877 13.8 2 827 34.1

166.3 10 088 16.5 4 416 42.5

Contributions collected 4 ....................... Benefits paid .......................................... Funds available for benefits 5 ................ Average employer contribution rate 6 ....

Bil. dol. Bil. dol. Bil. dol. Percent

11.4 14.2 6.6 2.4

19.3 14.7 10.1 3.1

15.2 18.0 37.9 2.0

14.5 25.5 30.5 1.9

17.0 25.1 25.8 2.2

19.8 21.8 28.0 2.5

21.8 21.5 31.3 2.6

22.0 21.2 35.4 2.4

21.6 21.8 38.6 2.3

21.2 19.7 43.8 2.1

19.8 19.4 48.0 1.9

19.2 20.3 50.3 1.8

19.9 20.5 54.1 1.8

19.7 31.6 46.6 1.7

19.7 42.0 35.7 ...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Insured unemployment as percent of average covered employment in preceding year. 2Weeks compensated divided by first payment. 3Based on first payments for 12-month period ending June 30. 4Contributions from employers; also employees in states which tax workers. 5End of year. Sum of balances in state clearing accounts, benefit-payment accounts, and 6As percent of taxable wages.


state accounts in federal unemployment trust funds.

SECTION

12

EDUCATION AND LEARNING

186


SECTION 12

EDUCATION AND LEARNING Highlights College Enrollment by Sex, 1960 and 2001 18 15.9 15 Total Male Female

Millions

12

9.0

9 6.9 6 3.6 3

2.3 1.2

0 1960

2001

Year

1

Educational statistics have been collected and issued by the Office of Education from 1870 to 1953, by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare from 1953 to 1979, and by the Department of Education from 1979 to the present. From 1870 to 1917, these statistics were included in the Annual Report of the United States Commissioner of Education and from 1918 to 1958 in the Biennial Survey of Education. Since 1962, the National Center for Educational Statistics has published summary data on education in two annual publications: Digest of Educational Statistics and Condition of Education. Two problems that arise in the study of educational statistics are inconsistencies in the definitions of terms and procedures and a lack of timeliness. School authorities are not compelled by law to report to the Department of Education, but the vast majority of them

do so voluntarily. Nonpublic schools under the operational control of private individuals and groups have reported their data in a slightly different format over the years, making this data incomparable with public school data. Enrollment information is collected on a state-by-state basis and represents a cumulative count of the total number of students registered at any time during the school year in each state. Students enrolled in more than one state in a school year are counted more than once, resulting in inflated totals.

2

The first school in the United States was established by the Dutch West India Company on Manhattan Island in 1633, with Adam Roelantsen as its first master. In 1783, the school’s name was changed to Collegiate

SECTION 12: EDUCATION AND LEARNING

School. The first school committee or board was elected in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1645. The first school to operate on a one class to one room basis was set up in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1846. The first school superintendent, Roswell William Haskins, was appointed in 1836 in Buffalo, New York. The Compulsory School Law, the first piece of educational legislation, was passed on June 14, 1642, by Massachusetts. According to the records of the Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay, the legislation stated that “This Court, taking into consideration the great neglect of many parents and masters in training up their children in learning and labor and other employments which may be profitable to the Commonwealth, so hereupon order and decree that in every town the chosen men appointed for managing the prudential affairs of the same shall henceforth stand charged with the care of the redress of this evil.” On November 11, 1647, Massachusetts ordered that “every town in this jurisdiction, after the Lord has increased them to the number of 50 householders, shall then forthwith appoint one within their town to teach all such children as shall resort to him to write and read, whose wages shall be paid either by the parents or masters of such children, or by the inhabitants in general.” In 1852, the governor of Massachusetts ordered that children between the ages of 8 and 14 must attend school for 12 weeks in the year, six of which must be consecutive.” The first public school tax was an act providing “for the establishment of free schools,” enacted January 15, 1825 by the state of Illinois. The tax was levied at the rate of 2 percent. The first schoolbook was the New England Primer (1689–1690) printed by R. Pierce and sold by Benjamin Harris at the London Coffee House in Boston. Middlesex County Association for the Improvement of Common Schools was the first local education association organized in Middlesex, Connecticut, in May 1799. The first national education association, the American Institute of Instruction, was founded in Boston in 1830. The oldest educational magazine, the Juvenile Mirror, first appeared in New York City in 1811.

3

The Department of Education was founded by the Act of Congress on March 2, 1867, as an agency for the “purpose of collecting such statistics and facts as shall show the condition and progress of education in the several states and territories, and of diffusing such information respecting the organization and management of school systems and methods of teaching as shall aid the people of the United States in the establishment and maintenance of efficient school systems and otherwise promote the cause of education.” The first commissioner was Henry Barnard. The Act of July 28, 1868 abolished the Department of Education and created in its stead the Office of Education in the Department of Interior.

187

4

The first college in the United States was Harvard College, founded in 1636. The first commencement, held in 1642, was presided over by Henry Dunster, the college’s first president, who served from 1640 to 1654. Georgetown College, the first Catholic college, was established in Washington, D.C. in 1791. The first city college, the College of Charleston in Charleston, South Carolina, was founded in 1770, chartered in 1785, and opened in 1790. Oberlin Collegiate Institute, the first coeducational college, opened in 1833. The first college to receive a royal charter was the Royal College of William and Mary in 1693. The first college for women was Mount Holyoke Seminary in South Hadley, Massachusetts, founded in 1837. The Cooper Union in New York City was the first college to prohibit discrimination on account of race, religion, or color in 1851. The first state university was the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, chartered in 1785 and opened in 1801. Lincoln University, the first Black university, was chartered in 1854 as Ashmun Institute in Chester County, Pennsylvania. The first educational institution legally designated as a university was the University of the State of Pennsylvania in 1791, known now as the University of Pennsylvania. The first university founded by a federal land grant was Ohio University in Athens, Ohio, chartered in 1804 and opened in 1808. The first college alumni association was the Society of Alumni of Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, founded in 1821. Yale University awarded the first doctorates in 1861 to Eugene Schuyler, James Morris Whiton, and Arthur Williams Wright.

5

In 2000, there are 68.479 million pupils enrolled at all levels of education, of which 58.976 million (86.1 percent) are enrolled in public schools; 47.223 million pupils are enrolled in public schools K through 12; 5.944 million in private schools K through 12; 11.7 million in public colleges; and 3.56 in private colleges. Total enrollment in schools and colleges is expected to reach 71.36 million in 2012. Between 1975 and 1980, total school and college enrollment dropped from 61 million to 58.3 million, but then picked up again in the 1990s and into 2000.

6

Education ranks among the largest expenditure items in national and state budgets. In 2002, elementary and secondary education cost $454.1 billion, and college and university education cost $291.9 billion, for a total of $746.0 billion, compared with $131.342 billion in 1960.

7

The number of high school graduates rose only marginally in the 1990s from 2.5 million in 1990 to 2.6 million in 2002.

188


8

Higher education had a healthy growth rate through 2000. Of the total enrollment of 15.3 million in 2000, males made up 6.722 million (43.9 percent) and females 8.591 million (56.1 percent). Females were in minority in higher education until 1980. In 1960 male enrollment was 2.3 million compared with female enrollment of 1.2 million. Female majority status in college enrollment began in the 1980s and has continued ever since. Male enrollment actually dropped between 1990 and 1997. Of total enrollment, 11.753 million (76.7 percent) are enrolled in public institutions and 3.560 million (23.2 percent) in private institutions; 13.155 million are in undergraduate programs, 1.85 million in graduate programs, and 307,000 in first-time professional programs.

9 In terms of college graduates in 2002, Asians have the highest level with 47.2 percent, followed by Whites with 27.2 percent, Blacks with 17.0 percent, and Hispanics with 11.1 percent.

10 Blacks have made dramatic gains in education as a result of federal programs. In 1950, only 12.9 percent of Blacks over 25 were high school graduates and only 2.1 percent held college degrees. By 2002, the relative numbers increased to 78.7 percent and 17.0 percent.

11 Southern states are much less successful in the educational attainment of their citizens than Northern states. In terms of the percentage of persons with high school diplomas in 2002, Texas is at the bottom with 78.1 percent. Other Southern states with less than the national average of 84.1 percent are Alabama, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and West Virginia. The states leading in educational attainment at the high school level are Alaska (90.6 percent) and Wyoming (90 percent). The states that have the highest percentage of people with bachelor’s degrees or more are Maryland (37.6 percent), Colorado (35.7 percent), Massachusetts (34.3 percent) Virginia (34.6 percent), Connecticut (32.6 percent), New Jersey (31.4 percent), and Minnesota (30.5 percent),

12 In 2000, 1,946,400 nonfatal crimes against students were reported. Of these, 128,400 were considered serious. These include, rape, sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault.

13 Preprimary school enrollment in 2001 was 11.653 million, of which 4.250 million were in nursery schools and 3.191 million in kindergarten. Black enrollment rate is higher than that of Whites at this level

(69.2 percent vs. 63.2 percent). Only slightly more children are enrolled in public nursery schools than private ones (2.126 million vs. 2.124 million). However, many more children are enrolled in public kindergartens than private ones (2,690,000 vs. 501,000).

14 The average salary of a classroom teacher has risen from $15,970 in 1980 to $44,700 in 2002. Teacher salaries are highest in California ($54,300), Connecticut ($53,600), New Jersey ($53,200), and New York ($52,000). They are lowest in South Dakota ($31,300), North Dakota ($32,300), Mississippi ($33,300), and Louisiana ($36,300).

15 One of the determinants of the quality of education is the student-teacher ratio. This ratio has always been higher in private schools at all levels, but the federal government is now engaged in an effort to reduce overcrowding in public schools and to appoint more teachers. Since 1960, the student-teacher ratio has improved in public elementary school from 28.4 to 15.9 in 2000.

16 Schools are among the largest users of computers in the United States. During the 2002–2003 school year, there were 13.2 million computers in schools or 4.1 students per computer, and 73.9 percent of schools have high-speed Internet access.

17 Catholic school systems in the United States have been downsizing since the 1960s. In 1999–2000, there were 6,707 Catholic elementary schools enrolling 1,815,000 students and 1,114 Catholic secondary schools enrolling 608,000 students, compared with 10,133 elementary schools enrolling 3,860,000 students and 1,227 secondary schools enrolling 636,000 students in 1967.

18

Average Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) scores have been declining. In 1967, average SAT scores were 543 for verbal (540 for males and 545 for females) and 516 for math (535 for males and 495 for females). The relative scores in 2002 were 504 for verbal (507 for males and 502 for females) and 516 for math (534 for males and 500 for females). Only 21.2 percent scored 600 or above in verbal and 25.3 percent in math, while 15.8 percent scored below 400 in verbal and 14.7 percent in math.

19

Average American College Testing (ACT) scores inched higher from 19.9 in 1967 to 20.8 in 2002, but males did better than females (20.9 for males vs. 20.7 for females). Males did better in math and science reasoning while females did better in English and reading.


189

20 Spanish and French are the most popular foreign languages in schools, preferred by 68 percent and

28 Voluntary financial support for higher education rose to $23.9 billion annually in 2002 from $1.7 bil-

18 percent respectively. German is a distant third at 4.8 percent.

lion in 1970. The increase includes $17.2 billion from individuals and alumnae, $4.37 billion from business corporations, and $6.3 billion from foundations.

21 Hispanic students lead in the proportion of status dropouts, that is, the percentage of the population who have not completed high school and are not enrolled. While the White dropout rate was 13.4 in 2001 (15.3 percent for males and 11.4 percent for females), and the Black dropout rate was 13.8 percent (16.9 percent for males and 11.0 percent for females), the Hispanic rate was 31.7 percent (37.1 percent for males and 25.5 percent for females).

22 More high school graduates enroll in higher education institutions compared with 1975. In 2001, 61.7 percent of high school graduates went on to college (59.7 percent male, 63.6 percent female, 64.2 percent White, and 54.6 percent Black), compared with 50.7 percent of high school graduates in 1975 (52.6 percent males, 49.0 percent Black females, 51.1 percent White, and 41.7 percent Black).

23 In 2002, 583,000 foreign (nonimmigrant) students were enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities. Of these, 38,000 were from Africa, 363,000 from Asia, 82,000 from Europe, and 68,000 from Latin America. Of the large number of Asian, 67,000 came from India, 49,000 from South Korea, 47,000 from Japan, and 29,000 from China. Engineering, science, and business remain popular majors for foreign students.

24 Of the 4,182 institutions of higher education in the United States in 2000, 2,450 were four-year institu-

29 In 1998, the 12 most popular languages on campuses were Spanish (656,600), French (199,100), German (89,000), Italian (49,300), Japanese (43,100), Russian (23,800), Latin (26,100), Chinese (28,500), Greek (16,400), Hebrew (15,800), Portuguese (6,900), and Arabic (5,500).

30 Of college freshmen in 2001, 44 percent were A to A+ students in high school, 49.5 percent B to B+ students, and 6.2 C to C+ students. By political orientation, 26.9 percent were liberal, 49.5 percent middle of the road, and 19.1 percent conservative.

31 In 2001, 2.416 million students earned degrees from colleges and universities. Of that total, 42.4 percent were male (compared with 65.8 percent male in 1960). More women than men received associate’s, bachelor’s, and master’s degrees, but men earned more first professional doctoral degrees.

32 The most popular fields of study in 2001, at the baccalaureate level were business and management (21.3 percent), social sciences (10.3 percent), education (8.4 percent), health sciences and psychology both at (5.9 percent). At the master’s level, the most popular fields of study are education (27.5 percent), business management (24.8 percent), health sciences (9.3 percent), engineering (5.8 percent) and public administration (5.4 percent).

tions and 1,732 two-year institutions.

25 With 1983 = 100, the Higher Education Price Index increased from 39.5 in 1970 to 206.4 in 2001. During the same time period, the personnel compensation component of the price index grew from 42.1 to 218.1, and the services, supplies, and equipment component from 31.9 to 171.5. The highest jump was in library acquisitions, which grew from 25.7 to 317.4.

26 Federal financial assistance for college and university students in the form of loans and grants totaled $55.296 billion in 2002.

27 Charges in 2002, including tuition, room, and board, were $8,045 (compared with $3,408 in 1985) in public institutions and $22,521 in private institutions (compared with $8,203 in 1985).

33 In 2001, 15,403 medical degrees (43.3 percent female) were conferred by medical schools, 4,391 dental degrees (38.6 percent female) by dental schools, 37,904 law degrees (47.3 percent female) by law schools, and 5,026 theological degrees (32.0 percent female) by seminaries.

34 Nonresident aliens earned 24.4 percent of all doctoral degrees and 13.1 percent of all master’s degrees. Their doctoral share is highest in engineering, mathematics, and computer and information science.

190


Table 12-1. School Enrollment, 1965–2012 (Number in thousands, as of fall.) All levels Year

K through grade 8

College 1

Grades 9 through 12

Total Public

Private

Public

Private

Public

Private

Public

Private

2012, proj. ............................................. 2011, proj. .............................................

71 365 70 956

61 252 60 937

10 113 10 020

33 578 33 389

4 680 4 649

14 137 14 197

1 297 1 303

13 537 13 351

4 136 4 068

2010, proj. 2009, proj. 2008, proj. 2007, proj. 2006, proj. 2005, proj. 2004, proj. 2003, proj. 2002, proj. 2001, proj.

............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................

70 683 70 516 70 390 70 292 70 183 70 001 69 747 69 456 69 174 68 962

60 740 60 630 60 560 60 511 60 441 60 300 60 093 59 847 59 599 59 440

9 945 9 886 9 829 9 782 9 743 9 700 9 653 9 609 9 575 9 522

33 244 33 122 33 069 33 078 33 174 33 315 33 500 33 677 33 756 33 854

4 625 4 604 4 592 4 588 4 592 4 603 4 620 4 644 4 660 4 668

14 317 14 485 14 649 14 768 14 739 14 597 14 346 14 069 13 857 13 722

1 313 1 327 1 341 1 355 1 358 1 351 1 334 1 310 1 292 1 276

13 179 13 023 12 842 12 665 12 528 12 388 12 247 12 101 11 986 11 864

4 007 3 955 3 896 3 839 3 793 3 746 3 699 3 655 3 622 3 578

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

68 479 67 666 66 983 66 470 65 743 64 764 63 888 63 118 62 633 61 681

58 976 58 167 57 676 57 323 56 732 55 933 55 245 54 654 54 208 53 357

9 504 9 500 9 306 9 147 9 011 8 831 8 643 8 464 8 425 8 324

33 709 33 488 33 346 33 073 32 764 32 341 31 898 31 504 31 088 30 506

4 678 4 765 4 702 4 623 4 551 4 465 4 335 4 215 4 175 4 113

13 514 13 369 13 193 13 054 12 847 12 500 12 213 11 961 11 735 11 541

1 266 1 254 1 235 1 218 1 213 1 197 1 163 1 132 1 147 1 162

11 753 11 309 11 138 11 196 11 120 11 092 11 134 11 189 11 385 11 310

3 560 3 482 3 369 3 306 3 247 3 169 3 145 3 116 3 103 3 049

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

60 269 59 279 58 485 58 253 57 709 57 226 57 150 57 432 57 591 57 916

52 061 51 120 50 349 49 982 49 467 48 901 48 686 48 935 49 262 49 691

8 208 8 159 8 136 8 272 8 242 8 325 8 465 8 497 8 330 8 225

29 878 29 152 28 501 27 933 27 420 27 034 26 905 26 981 27 161 27 280

4 084 4 035 4 036 4 232 4 116 4 195 4 300 4 315 4 200 4 100

11 338 11 390 11 687 12 076 12 333 12 388 12 304 12 271 12 405 12 764

1 150 1 163 1 206 1 247 1 336 1 362 1 400 1 400 1 400 1 400

10 845 10 578 10 161 9 973 9 714 9 479 9 477 9 683 9 696 9 647

2 974 2 961 2 894 2 793 2 790 2 768 2 765 2 782 2 730 2 725

1980 ...................................................... 1975 ......................................................

58 305 61 004

50 335 53 654

7 971 7 350

27 647 30 515

3 992 3 700

13 231 14 304

1 339 1 300

9 457 8 835

2 640 2 350

1970 ...................................................... 1965 ......................................................

59 838 54 394

52 322 46 143

7 516 8 251

32 558 30 563

4 052 4 900

13 336 11 610

1 311 1 400

6 428 3 970

2 153 1 951

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Data

beginning 1996 based on new classification system. This classification includes some additional, primarily 2-year, colleges than before and excludes a few institutions that did not award degrees. Includes institutions that were eligible to participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs.


191

Table 12-2. School Expenditures by Type of Control and Level of Instruction in Constant (2001–2002) Dollars, 1960–2002 (Billions of dollars, for school years ending in year shown.) Colleges and universities 1

Elementary and secondary schools Year

Total Total

Private 2

Public

Total

Public

Private

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

745.2 725.4

454.1 436.6

422.1 405.6

32.0 31.0

291.1 288.8

182.5 181.7

108.6 107.2

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

714.1 686.1 658.3 631.2 610.8 597.0 581.6 570.2 558.3 549.1

433.1 415.9 398.2 380.3 367.0 358.3 350.4 343.0 336.8 331.2

401.8 385.4 368.3 351.2 338.7 330.5 323.3 316.2 310.8 305.3

31.3 30.5 29.9 29.2 28.4 27.7 27.1 26.8 26.0 25.9

281.0 270.2 260.2 250.9 243.8 238.8 231.2 227.2 221.4 217.8

176.5 168.2 162.0 156.6 153.1 151.2 145.7 144.0 140.1 139.0

104.5 102.0 98.2 94.3 90.6 87.6 85.5 83.2 81.3 78.9

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

535.4 510.0 482.0 467.7 441.3 417.2

324.1 307.9 289.2 280.7 265.0 251.7

298.6 283.7 265.7 257.8 243.3 230.8

25.5 24.1 23.5 22.9 21.6 20.9

211.3 202.2 192.9 187.1 176.3 165.5

135.3 128.1 122.8 119.4 114.7 107.3

76.0 74.1 70.0 67.6 61.6 58.2

1980 ...................................................... 1975 ......................................................

380.2 373.9

236.8 236.9

220.3 223.1

16.5 13.8

143.4 137.0

95.1 92.8

48.3 44.2

1970 ......................................................

322.9

203.7

191.9

11.8

119.2

76.6

42.7

1960 ......................................................

144.7

101.4

94.7

6.7

43.3

23.7

19.7

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. Note: Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools include current expenditures, interest on school debt and capital outlay; data deflated by the Consumer Price Index, wage earners, and clerical workers through 1975; thereafter, all urban consumers, on a school year basis, as supplied by the National Center for Education Statistics. 1Data

beginning 1996 based on new classification system. This classification includes some additional, primarily 2-year, colleges than before and excludes a few institutions that did not award degrees. Includes institutions that were eligible to participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs.

2Estimated.

Table 12-3. School Enrollment by Sex and Level, 1960–2001 (Number in millions; as of October; for the civilian noninstitutional population.) All levels 1

Elementary

High school

College

Year Total

Male

Female

Total

Male

Female

Total

Male

Female

Total

Male

Female

2001 ......................................................

73.1

36.3

36.9

36.9

19.0

17.9

16.1

8.2

7.8

15.9

6.9

9.0

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

72.2 72.4 72.1 72.0 70.3 69.8 69.3 65.4 64.6 63.9

35.8 36.3 36.0 35.9 35.1 35.0 34.6 32.9 32.2 32.1

36.4 36.1 36.1 36.2 35.2 34.8 34.6 32.5 32.3 31.8

36.7 36.7 36.4 36.3 35.5 35.7 35.4 34.8 34.3 33.8

18.9 18.8 18.7 18.7 18.3 18.3 18.2 17.9 17.7 17.3

17.9 17.9 17.7 17.6 17.3 17.4 17.2 16.9 16.6 16.4

15.8 15.9 15.6 15.8 15.3 15.0 14.6 13.6 13.3 13.1

8.1 8.2 7.9 8.0 7.9 7.7 7.4 7.0 6.8 6.8

7.7 7.7 7.6 7.7 7.4 7.3 7.2 6.6 6.5 6.4

15.3 15.2 15.5 15.4 15.2 14.7 15.0 13.9 14.0 14.1

6.7 7.0 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.8 6.3 6.2 6.4

8.6 8.2 8.6 8.6 8.4 8.0 8.2 7.6 7.8 7.6

1990 ...................................................... 1989 ...................................................... 1988 ...................................................... 1987 ...................................................... 1986 2 .................................................... 1985 ...................................................... 1984 ...................................................... 1983 ...................................................... 1982 ......................................................

63.0 61.5 61.1 60.6 60.5 59.8 58.9 59.3 59.4

31.5 30.8 30.7 30.7 30.6 30.0 29.9 30.1 30.0

31.5 30.7 30.5 29.9 30.0 29.7 29.0 29.2 29.4

33.2 32.5 32.2 31.6 31.1 30.7 30.3 30.6 30.7

17.1 16.7 16.6 16.3 16.1 15.7 15.6 15.7 15.8

16.0 15.8 15.6 15.3 15.0 15.0 14.7 14.8 14.9

12.8 12.9 13.2 13.8 14.2 14.1 13.9 14.1 14.2

6.5 6.6 6.7 7.0 7.2 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.2

6.4 6.3 6.4 6.8 7.0 6.9 6.8 7.0 7.0

13.6 13.2 13.1 12.7 12.7 12.5 12.3 12.4 12.3

6.2 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.9

7.4 7.2 7.2 6.7 6.7 6.6 6.3 6.3 6.4

1980 ...................................................... 1975 ......................................................

58.6 61.0

29.6 31.6

29.1 29.4

30.6 33.8

15.8 17.3

14.9 16.5

14.6 15.7

7.3 8.0

7.3 7.7

11.4 9.7

5.4 5.3

6.0 4.4

1970 ......................................................

60.4

31.4

28.9

37.1

19.0

18.1

14.7

7.4

7.3

7.4

4.4

3.0

1960 ......................................................

46.3

24.2

22.0

32.4

16.7

15.7

10.2

5.2

5.1

3.6

2.3

1.2

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. Note: For 1960, persons 5 to 34 years old; 1970–1979, 3 to 34 years old; beginning 1980, 3 years old and over; elementary includes kindergarten and grades 1–8; high school, grades 9–12; and college, 2-year and 4-year colleges, universities, and graduate and professional schools; data for college represent degree-credit enrollment. 1Beginning 1970, includes nursery schools, not shown separately. 2Revised. Data beginning 1986, based on a revised edit and tabulation

package.

192


Table 12-4. Educational Attainment, by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex, 1940–2001 (Percent; until 1960, as of April; for 1970 and after, as of March.) All races 1

Non-Hispanic White

Hispanic 2

Non-Hispanic Black

Year Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Completed Four Years or More of High School 3 2001 ............................................................................

84.4

84.2

88.6

88.8

80.6

78.6

55.6

57.4

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

84.2 83.5 82.8 82.0 81.9 81.7

84.0 83.4 82.9 82.2 81.6 81.6

88.5 87.7 87.1 86.3 86.1 86.0

88.4 87.7 87.1 86.3 85.9 85.8

79.1 77.2 75.4 73.8 74.6 73.5

78.7 77.5 77.1 76.5 74.6 74.1

56.6 56.0 55.7 54.9 53.0 52.9

57.5 56.3 55.3 54.6 53.3 53.8

1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

77.7 69.2 55.0 39.5 32.6 22.7

77.5 68.1 55.4 42.5 36.0 26.3

81.6 72.4 57.2 41.6 34.6 24.2

81.3 71.5 57.7 44.7 38.2 28.1

65.8 51.2 35.4 20.0 12.6 6.9

66.5 51.5 36.6 23.1 14.7 8.4

50.3 44.9 ... ... ... ...

51.3 44.2 ... ... ... ...

Completed Four Years or More of College 3 2001 ............................................................................

28.0

24.3

30.9

26.5

15.9

16.3

11.1

11.3

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

27.8 27.5 26.5 26.2 26.0 26.0

23.6 23.1 22.4 21.7 21.4 20.2

30.8 30.6 29.3 29.0 28.8 28.9

25.5 25.0 24.1 23.7 23.2 22.2

16.4 14.3 14.0 12.5 12.5 13.7

16.8 16.5 15.5 14.0 14.8 13.0

10.7 10.7 11.1 10.6 10.3 10.1

10.6 11.0 10.9 10.1 8.3 8.4

1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

24.4 20.9 14.1 9.7 7.3 5.5

18.4 13.6 8.2 5.8 5.2 3.8

26.7 22.8 15.0 10.3 7.9 5.9

19.8 14.4 8.6 6.0 5.4 4.0

11.9 7.7 6.8 3.5 2.1 1.4

10.8 8.1 5.6 3.6 2.4 1.2

9.8 9.2 ... ... ... ...

8.7 6.2 ... ... ... ...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes other races, not shown separately. 2Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. 3Beginning 1995, persons who are high school graduates and those with a BA degree or higher.


Table 12-5. Preprimary School Enrollment—Summary, 1970–2001 (Number in thousands, percent; as of October; civilian noninstitutional population; includes public and nonpublic nursery school and kindergarten programs; excludes 5 year olds enrolled in elementary school; based on Current Population Survey.) Item

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

1999

2000

2001

NUMBER OF CHILDREN (thousands) Population, 3 to 5 Years Old ....................................

10 949

10 183

9 284

10 733

11 207

12 518

11 920

11 858

Total Enrolled 1 .........................................................

4 104

4 954

4 878

5 865

6 659

7 739

7 844

7 592

11 653 7 441

Nursery ....................................................................... Public ...................................................................... Private .....................................................................

1 094 332 762

1 745 570 1 174

1 981 628 1 353

2 477 846 1 631

3 378 1 202 2 177

4 331 1 950 2 381

4 506 2 209 2 298

4 326 2 146 2 180

4 250 2 126 2 124

Kindergarten ............................................................... Public ...................................................................... Private .....................................................................

3 010 2 498 511

3 211 2 682 528

2 897 2 438 459

3 388 2 847 541

3 281 2 767 513

3 408 2 799 608

3 338 2 777 560

3 266 2 701 565

3 191 2 690 501

White ........................................................................... Black ...........................................................................

3 443 586

4 105 731

3 994 725

4 757 919

5 389 964

6 144 1 236

6 093 1 264

5 861 1 265

5 677 1 323

Hispanic 2 ....................................................................

...

...

370

496

642

1 040

1 189

1 155

1 218

3 years old .................................................................. 4 years old .................................................................. 5 years old ..................................................................

454 1 007 2 643

683 1 418 2 852

857 1 423 2 598

1 035 1 765 3 065

1 205 2 086 3 367

1 489 2 553 3 697

1 505 2 768 3 571

1 540 2 556 3 496

1 504 2 526 3 411

ENROLLMENT RATE Total Enrolled 1 .........................................................

37.5

48.6

52.5

54.6

59.4

61.8

65.8

64.0

63.9

White ........................................................................... Black ...........................................................................

37.8 34.9

48.6 48.1

52.7 51.8

54.7 55.8

59.7 57.8

63.0 58.9

65.3 67.9

63.2 68.5

63.2 69.2

Hispanic 2 ....................................................................

...

...

43.3

43.3

49.0

51.1

53.2

52.6

53.9

3 years old .................................................................. 4 years old .................................................................. 5 years old ..................................................................

12.9 27.8 69.3

21.5 40.5 81.3

27.3 46.3 84.7

28.8 49.1 86.5

32.6 56.0 88.8

35.9 61.6 87.5

39.0 68.8 88.5

39.2 64.9 87.6

38.4 66.4 86.7

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes races not shown separately. 2Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any

race. The method of identifying Hispanic children was changed in 1980 from allocation based on status of mother to status reported for each child. The number of Hispanic children using the new method is larger. . . . = Not available.


193

Table 12-6. Public and Private Elementary and Secondary Teachers, Enrollment, and Student/Teacher Ratios, 1955–2001 (Number in thousands, ratio; as of fall.) Elementary and secondary teachers (thousands)

Elementary and secondary enrollment (thousands)

Elementary and secondary student/teacher ratio

Year Total

Public

Private 1

Total

Public

Private 1

Total

Private 1

Public

2001 ..............................................

3 379

2 988

390

53 520

47 576

5 944

15.8

15.9

15.2

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

3 343 3 306 3 221 3 134 3 054 2 978 2 926 2 870 2 822 2 787

2 953 2 911 2 830 2 746 2 667 2 598 2 552 2 504 2 459 2 432

390 395 391 388 387 380 374 366 363 355

53 167 52 875 52 476 51 968 51 375 50 502 49 609 48 813 48 145 47 322

47 223 46 857 46 539 46 127 45 611 44 840 44 111 43 465 42 823 42 047

5 944 6 018 5 937 5 841 5 764 5 662 5 498 5 348 5 322 5 275

15.9 16.0 16.3 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.1 17.0

16.0 16.1 16.4 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.3 17.4 17.4 17.3

15.2 15.2 15.2 15.1 14.9 14.9 14.7 14.6 14.7 14.9

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

2 753 2 734 2 668 2 631 2 592 2 549 2 508 2 476 2 458 2 440

2 398 2 357 2 323 2 279 2 244 2 206 2 168 2 139 2 133 2 127

355 377 345 352 348 343 340 337 325 313

46 451 45 741 45 430 45 487 45 205 44 979 44 908 44 967 45 165 45 544

41 217 40 543 40 189 40 008 39 753 39 422 39 208 39 252 39 566 40 044

5 234 5 198 5 242 5 479 5 452 5 557 5 700 5 715 5 600 5 500

16.9 16.7 17.0 17.3 17.4 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.4 18.7

17.2 17.2 17.3 17.6 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.4 18.6 18.8

14.7 13.8 15.2 15.6 15.7 16.2 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.6

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

2 485 2 461 2 479 2 488 2 457 2 453 2 410 2 372 2 337 2 293

2 184 2 185 2 207 2 209 2 189 2 198 2 165 2 136 2 106 2 063

301 276 272 279 268 255 245 236 231 230

46 208 46 651 47 635 48 717 49 478 49 819 50 073 50 446 50 726 51 271

40 877 41 651 42 550 43 577 44 311 44 819 45 073 45 446 45 726 46 071

5 331 5 000 5 085 5 140 5 167 5 000 5 000 5 000 5 000 5 200

18.6 19.0 19.2 19.6 20.1 20.3 20.8 21.3 21.7 22.4

18.7 19.1 19.3 19.7 20.2 20.4 20.8 21.3 21.7 22.3

17.7 18.1 18.7 18.4 19.3 19.6 20.4 21.2 21.6 22.6

1970 .............................................. 1965 ..............................................

2 292 1 933

2 059 1 710

233 223

51 257 48 473

45 894 42 173

5 363 6 300

22.4 25.1

22.3 24.7

23.0 28.3

1960 .............................................. 1955 ..............................................

1 600 1 286

1 408 1 141

192 145

42 181 35 280

36 281 30 680

5 900 4 600

26.4 27.4

25.8 26.9

30.7 31.7

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics, 2002. Note: Data for teachers are expressed in full-time equivalents; includes kindergarten and a relatively small number of nursery school teachers and students; ratios for public schools reflect totals reported by states and differ from totals reported by schools on school districts; some data have been revised from previously published figures; detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. 1Many

of the private school numbers are estimates.

194


Table 12-7—Series H 598-601. High School Graduates, 1870–2002 (Number in thousands.) Year of graduation

Total

2002 ............................................................................ 2001 ............................................................................

2 889 2 847

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

2 823 2 759 2 704 2 612 2 518 2 520 2 464 2 480 2 478 2 493

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

2 589 2 744 2 773 2 694 2 643 2 677 2 767 2 888 2 995 3 020

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

3 043 3 101 3 127 3 152 3 148 3 133 3 073 3 035 3 002 2 938

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

2 889 2 822 2 695 2 672 2 665 2 658 2 283 1 943 1 918 1 964

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1954 1952

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

1 858 1 627 1 506 1 434 1 415 1 276 1 197

1950 1948 1946 1944 1942

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

1 200 1 190 1 080 1 019 1 242

1940 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

1 221 1 120 1 068 1 015 965 915 871 827 747

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

667 632 597 579 561 528 494 426 357 334

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics, 2002.


Table 12-7—Series H 598-601. High School Graduates, 1870–2002—Continued (Number in thousands.) Year of graduation

Total

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

311 298 285 272 259 240 219 200 181 168

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

156 142 129 127 126 119 112 105 99 97

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

95 90 84 80 76 72 65 59 53 48

1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

44 39 33 32 33 32 31 28 27 25

1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1875 1874 1873 1872 1871

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

24 23 22 21 20 20 19 18 17 17

1870 ............................................................................

16

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics, 2002.

195

196


Table 12-8. High School Dropouts, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1975–2001 (Percent; as of October.) Item

1975

1980

1985

1990 1

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

EVENT DROPOUTS 2 Total 3 ................................................... White ..................................................... Male ................................................... Female .............................................. Black ...................................................... Male ................................................... Female .............................................. Hispanic 4 .............................................. Male .................................................. Female ..............................................

5.8 5.4 5.0 5.8 8.7 8.3 9.0 10.9 10.1 11.6

6.0 5.6 6.4 4.9 8.3 8.0 8.5 11.5 16.9 6.9

5.2 4.8 4.9 4.7 7.7 8.3 7.2 9.7 9.3 9.8

4.0 3.8 4.1 3.5 5.1 4.1 6.0 8.0 8.7 7.2

5.0 4.7 4.6 4.9 6.2 6.5 5.7 9.2 8.4 10.1

5.4 5.1 5.4 4.8 6.1 7.9 4.4 11.6 10.9 12.5

4.7 4.5 4.8 4.1 6.3 4.6 7.8 8.4 9.2 7.6

4.3 4.2 4.9 3.5 4.8 4.1 5.7 8.6 10.4 6.7

4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 5.0 4.6 5.5 8.4 8.6 8.2

4.7 4.4 4.1 4.7 6.0 5.2 6.8 7.1 6.9 7.3

4.5 4.3 4.7 4.0 5.6 7.6 3.8 6.8 7.1 6.5

4.7 4.6 5.3 3.8 5.7 6.1 5.4 8.1 7.6 8.7

15.6 13.9 13.5 14.2 27.3 27.8 26.9 34.9 32.6 36.8

15.6 14.4 15.7 13.2 23.5 26.0 21.5 40.3 42.6 38.1

13.9 13.5 14.7 12.3 17.6 18.8 16.6 31.5 35.8 27.0

13.6 13.5 14.2 12.8 15.1 13.6 16.2 37.3 39.8 34.5

13.3 12.7 13.6 11.7 15.5 17.5 13.7 34.7 36.1 33.1

13.9 13.6 14.3 13.0 14.4 14.2 14.6 34.7 34.2 35.4

12.8 12.5 12.9 12.1 16.0 17.4 14.7 34.5 36.2 32.7

13.0 12.4 13.8 10.9 16.7 17.5 16.1 30.6 33.2 27.6

13.9 13.7 15.7 11.7 17.1 20.5 14.3 34.4 39.7 28.6

13.1 12.8 13.9 11.8 16.0 16.3 15.7 33.9 36.4 31.1

12.4 12.2 13.5 10.9 15.3 17.4 13.5 32.3 36.8 27.3

13.0 13.4 15.3 11.4 13.8 16.9 11.0 31.7 37.1 25.5

STATUS DROPOUTS 5 Total 3 ................................................... White ..................................................... Male .................................................. Female .............................................. Black ...................................................... Male .................................................. Female .............................................. Hispanic 4 .............................................. Male .................................................. Female ..............................................

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Beginning 1990 reflects new editing procedures for cases with missing data on school enrollment. 2Percent of students who drop out in a single year without completing high school. For grades 10 to 12. 3Includes other races, not shown separately. 4Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. 5Percent of the population who have not completed high school and are not enrolled, regardless of when

they dropped out. For persons 18 to 24 years old.


197

Table 12-9. Higher Education—Summary, 1980–2000 (Number in thousands, except as noted; institutions, staff, and enrollment as of fall; finances for fiscal year ending in the following year; covers universities, colleges, professional schools, junior and teachers colleges, both publicly and privately controlled, regular session; includes estimates for institutions not reporting.) Item

1980

1985

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

ALL INSTITUTIONS Number of Institutions 1 .............................. 4-year ......................................................... 2-year .........................................................

3 231 1 957 1 274

3 340 2 029 1 311

3 559 2 141 1 418

3 706 2 244 1 462

4 009 2 267 1 742

4 064 2 309 1 755

4 048 2 335 1 713

4 084 2 363 1 721

4 182 2 450 1 732

Instructional Staff— (Lecturer or Above) 2 (thousands) ............. Percent full-time (percent) ..........................

686 66

715 64

817 61

932 59

932 59

990 57

999 ...

1 028 58

... ...

Total enrollment 3,4 (thousands) ................. Male ........................................................... Female .......................................................

12 097 5 874 6 223

12 247 5 818 6 429

13 819 6 284 7 535

14 262 6 343 7 919

14 368 6 353 8 015

14 502 6 396 8 106

14 507 6 369 8 138

14 791 6 491 8 301

15 312 6 722 8 591

4-year institutions ....................................... 2-year institutions .......................................

7 571 4 526

7 716 4 531

8 579 5 240

8 769 5 493

8 804 5 563

8 897 5 606

9 018 5 489

9 199 5 593

9 364 5 948

Full-time ..................................................... Part-time ....................................................

7 098 4 999

7 075 5 172

7 821 5 998

8 129 6 133

8 303 6 065

8 438 6 064

8 563 5 944

8 786 6 005

9 010 6 303

Public ......................................................... Private ........................................................

9 457 2 640

9 479 2 768

10 845 2 974

11 092 3 169

11 120 3 247

11 196 3 306

11 138 3 369

11 309 3 482

11 753 3 560

Undergraduate 4 ........................................ Men ........................................................ Women ................................................... First-time freshmen ................................

10 475 5 000 5 475 2 588

10 597 4 962 5 635 2 292

11 959 5 380 6 579 2 257

12 232 5 401 6 831 2 169

12 327 5 421 6 906 2 274

12 451 5 469 6 982 2 219

12 437 5 446 6 991 2 213

12 681 5 559 7 122 2 352

13 155 5 778 7 377 2 428

First professional ........................................ Men ........................................................ Women ...................................................

278 199 78

274 180 94

273 167 107

298 174 124

298 173 126

298 170 129

302 169 134

303 165 138

307 164 143

Graduate 4 ................................................. Men ........................................................ Women ...................................................

1 343 675 670

1 376 677 700

1 586 737 849

1 732 768 965

1 742 759 983

1 753 758 996

1 768 754 1 013

1 807 766 1 041

1 850 780 1 071

Public Institutions (millions of dollars): Current funds revenues 5 ........................... Tuition and fees ..................................... Federal government ............................... State government ................................... Auxiliary enterprises ...............................

43 196 5 570 5 540 19 676 4 615

65 005 9 439 6 852 29 221 6 685

94 905 15 258 9 763 38 240 9 059

123 501 23 257 13 672 44 243 11 595

129 505 24 631 14 189 46 114 12 281

137 571 26 058 14 544 49 115 13 070

144 970 27 428 15 554 52 132 13 776

157 314 29 126 16 952 56 370 15 174

... ... ... ... ...

Public Institutions (millions of dollars): Current funds expenditures 5 ..................... Educational and general ........................ Auxiliary enterprises ...............................

42 280 34 173 4 658

63 194 50 873 6 830

92 961 74 395 9 050

119 525 96 086 11 309

125 429 101 027 12 032

132 846 106 741 12 819

140 539 113 594 13 567

152 325 122 709 14 448

... ... ...

1 274 945 329

1 311 932 379

1 418 972 446

1 462 1 047 415

1 742 1 088 654

1 755 1 092 663

1 713 1 069 644

1 721 1 068 653

1 732 1 076 656

2-YEAR INSTITUTIONS Number of Institutions 1,6 ............................ Public ......................................................... Private ........................................................ Instructional Staff— (Lecturer or Above) 2 (thousands) .............

192

211

...

285

285

307

...

314

...

Enrollment 3,4 (thousands) .......................... Public ......................................................... Private ........................................................

4 526 4 329 198

4 531 4 270 261

5 240 4 996 244

5 493 5 278 215

5 563 5 314 249

5 606 5 361 245

5 489 5 246 243

5 593 5 339 253

5 948 5 697 251

Male ........................................................... Female .......................................................

2 047 2 479

2 002 2 529

2 233 3 007

2 329 3 164

2 359 3 204

2 390 3 216

2 333 3 156

2 387 3 205

2 559 3 390

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Number

of institutions includes count of branch campuses. Due to revised survey procedures, data beginning 1990 are not comparable with previous years. Beginning 1996 data reflect a new classification of institutions; this classification includes some additional, primarily 2-year, colleges than before and excludes a few institutions that did not award degrees. Includes institutions that were eligible to participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. 2Due to revised survey methods, data beginning 1990 not comparable with previous years. 3Branch campuses counted according to actual status, e.g., 2-year branch in 2-year category. 4Includes unclassified students. (Students taking courses for credit, but are not candidates for degrees.) 5Includes items not shown separately. 6Includes schools accredited by the National Association of Trade and Technical Schools. See footnote 1 for information pertaining to data beginning 1996. . . . = Not available.

198


Table 12-10—Series H 751-765. Institutions of Higher Education—Degrees Conferred by Sex, 1870–2012 (Number.) Bachelor’s or first professional School year ending

Master’s or second professional

Doctor’s or equivalent

Total, all degrees 1 Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

2012, proj. ............................................. 2011, proj. .............................................

2 740 200 2 699 000

631 800 624 600

891 600 875 100

204 000 201 000

297 000 290 000

26 000 25 800

20 800 20 500

2010, proj. ............................................. 2009, proj. ............................................. 2008, proj. ............................................. 2007, proj. ............................................. 2006, proj. ............................................. 2005, proj. ............................................. 2004, proj. ............................................. 2003, proj. ............................................. 2002, proj. ............................................. 2001 ......................................................

2 672 000 2 648 000 2 624 300 2 601 500 2 581 700 2 561 300 2 548 200 2 527 200 2 494 700 2 416 123

618 300 614 000 609 800 605 600 602 600 601 000 597 300 585 500 580 700 574 702

863 600 852 100 841 700 830 300 822 700 808 200 806 900 795 700 782 100 749 176

201 000 200 000 199 000 198 000 197 000 197 000 197 000 199 000 201 000 194 351

287 000 284 000 281 000 279 000 276 000 273 000 270 000 269 000 267 000 274 125

25 700 25 600 25 500 25 400 25 300 25 200 25 200 25 200 25 200 24 728

20 400 20 300 20 300 20 200 20 100 19 900 19 800 19 800 19 700 20 176

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 384 729 2 322 759 2 297 733 2 288 112 2 247 695 2 217 700 2 205 580 2 167 038 2 108 427 2 024 668

574 606 563 085 564 867 566 079 567 202 570 984 577 129 578 034 565 882 547 891

743 326 715 657 698 137 685 530 674 324 664 950 667 564 662 531 644 817 618 595

191 792 186 148 184 375 180 947 179 081 178 598 176 085 169 258 161 842 156 482

265 264 253 838 245 789 238 454 227 220 219 031 210 985 200 327 190 996 180 686

25 028 25 146 26 664 27 146 26 841 26 916 26 552 26 073 25 557 24 756

19 780 18 931 19 346 18 730 17 811 17 530 16 633 16 059 15 102 14 538

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 940 106 1 872 716 1 834 836 1 822 575 1 830 000 1 828 446 1 818 489 1 814 880 1 787 809 1 752 170

535 657 528 392 522 687 527 305 535 184 532 983 533 697 530 390 525 587 522 675

586 675 561 219 542 877 535 576 526 549 521 557 515 080 512 174 499 443 484 421

153 653 149 354 145 163 141 269 143 508 143 390 143 595 144 697 145 532 147 043

170 648 161 267 154 154 148 080 145 059 142 861 140 668 145 224 150 014 148 696

24 401 22 648 22 615 22 061 21 819 21 700 22 064 21 902 22 224 22 711

13 970 13 072 12 255 11 980 11 834 11 243 11 145 10 873 10 483 10 247

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 731 154 1 726 749 1 743 782 1 740 681 1 725 684 1 665 553 1 654 365 1 586 702 1 507 694 1 392 603

526 327 529 996 539 617 547 919 557 817 553 797 575 843 564 680 541 313 511 138

473 221 460 242 448 168 435 989 430 578 425 052 423 749 407 700 389 371 366 538

150 749 153 370 161 212 167 783 167 248 161 570 157 842 154 468 149 550 138 146

147 332 147 709 150 408 149 381 144 523 130 880 119 191 108 903 102 083 92 363

22 943 23 541 23 658 25 142 26 267 26 817 27 365 28 571 28 090 27 530

9 672 9 189 8 473 8 090 7 797 7 266 6 451 6 206 5 273 4 577

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 271 414 1 167 152 1 025 507 907 755 820 685 659 681 612 148 549 516 512 608 485 611

484 174 444 190 390 084 353 112 328 269 309 456 291 706 267 062 255 292 249 115

343 060 319 769 276 144 237 117 221 970 212 591 196 769 170 948 154 276 141 312

125 624 121 531 113 552 103 109 93 081 81 319 73 850 67 302 62 603 57 830

82 667 72 225 63 197 54 617 47 521 39 848 35 333 31 382 28 815 26 779

25 890 22 722 20 183 18 163 16 121 14 692 12 955 11 448 10 377 9 463

3 976 3 436 2 906 2 454 2 116 1 775 1 535 1 374 1 245 1 112

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

476 704 461 823 438 030 409 132 377 698 352 881 357 327 372 315 401 203 454 960

252 996 252 517 241 560 221 650 198 615 182 839 186 884 199 793 225 981 278 240

136 187 127 414 121 942 116 786 110 899 103 002 104 624 103 256 104 005 104 306

51 965 48 360 44 229 41 329 39 393 38 739 38 147 40 946 43 557 46 196

25 727 24 172 21 357 20 611 19 888 19 461 18 676 20 213 19 977 18 881

8 801 8 371 7 978 7 817 8 018 8 014 8 181 7 515 6 969 6 663

1 028 989 964 939 885 826 815 792 714 674

1950 1949 1948 1946 1944 1942

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

496 661 421 282 317 607 157 349 141 582 213 491

328 841 263 608 175 615 58 664 55 865 103 889

103 217 101 884 95 571 77 510 69 998 81 457

41 220 35 212 28 931 9 484 5 711 14 179

16 963 15 529 13 501 9 725 7 703 10 469

5 804 4 527 3 496 1 580 1 880 3 036

616 522 493 386 425 461

1940 1938 1936 1934 1932

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

216 521 189 503 164 197 157 279 160 084

109 546 97 678 86 067 82 341 83 271

76 954 67 265 57 058 53 815 54 792

16 508 13 400 11 503 11 516 12 210

10 233 8 228 6 799 6 777 7 157

2 861 2 502 2 370 2 456 2 247

429 430 400 374 407

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Beginning

in 1966, total includes Associate’s degrees not shown separately.


199

Table 12-10—Series H 751-765. Institutions of Higher Education—Degrees Conferred by Sex, 1870–2012 —Continued (Number.) Bachelor’s or first professional School year ending

Master’s or second professional

Doctor’s or equivalent

Total, all degrees 1 Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

1930 1928 1926 1924 1922

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

139 752 124 995 108 407 92 097 68 488

73 615 67 659 62 218 54 908 41 306

48 869 43 502 35 045 27 875 20 362

8 925 7 727 6 202 5 515 4 304

6 044 4 660 3 533 2 701 1 680

1 946 1 249 1 216 939 708

353 198 193 159 128

1920 1918 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

53 516 42 041 49 823 48 100 48 097 45 959 42 943 40 434

31 980 26 269 31 852 31 417 32 183 31 312 29 560 28 547

16 642 12 316 13 398 12 495 12 085 11 084 9 848 8 934

2 985 1 806 2 934 2 638 2 256 2 021 2 215 1 821

1 294 1 094 972 939 1 014 1 004 820 635

522 491 586 549 486 481 436 449

93 65 81 62 73 57 64 48

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

39 755 40 531 36 162 34 202 34 189 33 813 32 514 31 962 31 117 30 790

28 762 29 433 26 376 25 269 25 215 24 934 24 237 23 872 23 225 23 099

8 437 8 459 7 424 6 965 6 804 6 585 6 264 6 035 5 741 5 582

1 555 1 713 1 511 1 215 1 366 1 538 1 340 1 385 1 464 1 405

558 475 460 404 421 387 339 333 394 339

399 397 339 320 358 341 302 302 264 334

44 54 52 29 25 28 32 35 29 31

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

29 375 27 867 26 816 26 963 26 342 25 712 23 352 19 989 17 722 17 803

22 173 21 064 20 358 20 550 20 076 19 723 17 917 15 342 13 840 13 902

5 237 4 916 4 694 4 681 4 517 4 383 3 933 3 325 2 962 2 938

1 280 1 275 1 188 1 163 1 213 1 124 1 013 ... ... ...

303 267 252 250 265 210 210 ... ... ...

359 327 285 299 236 247 261 ... ... ...

23 18 39 20 35 25 18 ... ... ...

1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

16 703 16 305 16 383 14 402 14 040 15 882 13 732 16 029 15 928 15 830

12 857 12 397 12 562 11 008 10 731 12 043 10 408 12 294 12 168 12 035

2 682 2 623 2 694 2 394 2 366 2 691 2 357 2 822 2 830 2 836

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

147 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1875 1874 1873 1872 1871

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

13 829 13 036 12 381 10 915 12 871 12 616 12 366 11 723 8 660 12 370

10 411 9 808 9 416 8 329 9 911 9 905 9 593 9 070 6 626 10 484

2 485 2 273 2 117 1 816 2 094 2 027 1 900 1 737 1 226 1 873

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

51 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1870 ......................................................

9 372

7 993

1 378

...

...

1

...


in 1966, total includes Associate’s degrees not shown separately. . . . = Not available.

200


Table 12-11. Institutions of Higher Education—Charges, 1985–2002 (Dollars; estimated; for the entire academic year ending in year shown; figures are average charges per full-time equivalent student; room and board are based on full-time students.) Tuition and required fees 1 Year and academic control

All institutions

2-year colleges

4-year colleges

Board rates 2 Other 4-year schools

All institutions

2-year colleges

4-year colleges

Dormitory charges Other 4-year schools

All institutions

2-year colleges

4-year colleges

Other 4-year schools

Public 2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

2 727 2 562

1 379 1 333

4 281 3 979

3 419 3 208

2 597 2 455

2 036 1 906

2 835 2 686

2 498 2 358

2 721 2 569

1 722 1 600

2 837 2 657

2 793 2 652

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 506 2 430 2 360 2 271 2 179 2 057 1 942 1 782 1 624 1 454

1 338 1 327 1 314 1 276 1 239 1 192 1 125 1 025 937 824

3 768 3 640 3 468 3 323 3 151 2 977 2 820 2 604 2 410 2 159

3 091 2 974 2 877 2 778 2 660 2 499 2 360 2 192 1 933 1 707

2 364 2 347 2 228 2 111 2 020 1 949 1 880 1 841 1 780 1 691

1 834 1 828 1 795 1 789 1 681 1 712 1 681 1 668 1 612 1 594

2 628 2 576 2 438 2 282 2 192 2 108 1 993 1 982 1 852 1 767

2 239 2 247 2 130 2 025 1 937 1 866 1 828 1 761 1 745 1 641

2 440 2 330 2 225 2 148 2 057 1 959 1 873 1 756 1 731 1 612

1 549 1 450 1 401 1 339 1 297 1 232 1 190 1 106 1 074 1 050

2 516 2 408 2 285 2 187 2 104 1 992 1 897 1 856 1 789 1 658

2 521 2 410 2 312 2 232 2 133 2 044 1 958 1 787 1 782 1 655

1990 ...................................................... 1985 ......................................................

1 356 971

756 584

2 035 1 386

1 608 1 117

1 635 1 241

1 581 1 302

1 728 1 276

1 561 1 201

1 513 1 196

962 921

1 561 1 237

1 554 1 200

Private 2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

15 851 15 000

10 010 9 067

21 183 20 106

14 995 14 233

3 106 2 993

2 664 3 000

3 465 3 300

2 996 2 893

3 564 3 374

3 204 2 722

4 471 4 270

3 294 3 121

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

14 081 13 428 12 801 12 498 11 864 11 111 10 572 9 942 9 434 8 772

8 235 7 854 7 464 7 236 7 094 6 914 6 370 6 059 5 752 5 570

19 307 18 340 17 229 16 552 15 605 14 537 13 874 13 055 12 192 11 379

13 361 12 815 12 338 11 871 11 297 10 653 10 100 9 533 9 053 8 389

2 882 2 865 2 762 2 663 2 606 2 509 2 434 2 344 2 252 2 074

2 922 2 884 2 785 2 181 2 098 2 023 1 970 1 875 2 090 1 989

3 157 3 188 3 132 3 142 3 218 3 035 2 946 2 825 2 727 2 470

2 790 2 765 2 648 2 520 2 429 2 362 2 278 2 197 2 098 1 943

3 224 3 075 2 954 2 878 2 738 2 587 2 490 2 348 2 221 2 063

2 808 2 581 2 672 2 537 2 371 2 233 2 067 1 970 1 789 1 744

4 070 3 914 3 756 3 826 3 680 3 469 3 277 3 018 2 860 2 654

2 976 2 850 2 731 2 602 2 473 2 347 2 261 2 151 2 038 1 889

1990 ...................................................... 1985 ......................................................

8 174 5 315

5 196 3 485

10 348 6 843

7 778 5 135

1 948 1 462

1 811 1 294

2 339 1 647

1 823 1 405

1 923 1 426

1 663 1 424

2 411 1 753

1 774 1 309

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1For in-state students. 2Beginning 1990, rates

reflect 20 meals per week, rather than meals served 7 days a week.

SECTION

13

LAW ENFORCEMENT, COURTS, AND PRISONS

202


SECTION 13

LAW ENFORCEMENT, COURTS, AND PRISONS Highlights

Crime Rates by Type, 1960–2002 6,000 Violent crime Property crime

Rate per 100,000 inhabitants

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0 1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2002

Year

1

Under the U.S. Constitution, law enforcement is a function of state and municipal governments. Crimes under federal jurisdiction include offenses against the U.S. government and against or by its employees while engaged on official duties, as well as offenses that involve the crossing of state lines or interference with interstate commerce. Excluding the military and federal jurisdictions, there are 51 separate criminal law jurisdictions, one in each of the 50 states and one in the District of Columbia. Each of these has its own criminal law and procedure and its own law enforcement agencies with substantial differences in penalties for like offenses. While almost all of them follow the Anglo-Saxon Common Law, Louisiana’s legal heritage, for example, is largely French and Continental.

2

The major sources of law enforcement and criminal justice data are the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Bureau of Justice Statistics. The latter has emerged in recent years as an incomparable data provider, publishing such reports as Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, Criminal Victimization in the United States, Prisoners in State and Federal Institutions, Children in Custody, National Surveys of Courts, Census of State Correctional Facilities, Survey of Prison Inmates, Parole in the United States, Capital Punishment, and Expenditure and Employment Data for the Criminal Justice System. The FBI’s major publication is Crime in the United States, which grew out of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program initiated in 1930 by the International Association of Chiefs of Police. In 1958, a

SECTION 13: LAW ENFORCEMENT, COURTS, AND PRISONS

special committee was appointed to study the program. Their report made 22 recommendations that were incorporated in the Uniform Crime Reports, beginning with the 1958 issue. Its major innovations were the Crime Index and the Crime Rates per 100,000. Offenses are divided into two groups, designated Part I and Part II. Part I offenses make up the Crime Index. The original eight FBI Index offenses are murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft. Arson was added as the eighth Index offense in 1979. The FBI Reports are complemented by the National Crime Survey (NCS) of the Bureau of Justice Statistics. NCS data come directly from the victims and include offenses reported to the police as well as those not reported. When an offense involves more than one criminal act, it is counted only once under the more serious category.

3

The earliest statistics on the courts were collected and published by the Bureau of the Census from 1932 to 1945. There are several types of courts with varying degrees of jurisdiction: original, appellate, general, and limited or special. The 94 federal courts of original jurisdiction are known as the District Courts.

4

Statistics on prisoners were collected by the Bureau of the Census in connection with each decennial census of population from 1850 to 1890. Independent enumerations of prisoners were made in 1904, 1910, 1923, and 1933. The first nationwide collection of data was made in 1926 by the Bureau of the Census, which published an annual summary until 1950. From 1950 to 1971, the data were published by the FBI, from 1971 to 1979 by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, and since 1979 by the Bureau of Justice Statistics.

5 Crime rates have declined since the early 1990s. Since 1991 the rate of crimes dropped 29 percent, from a rate per 100,000 of 5,898 in 1991 to 4,161 in 2001. The violent crimes rate dropped 33 percent, from 758 to 504, of which the murder rate went down 43 percent from 9.8 to 5.6. (All rates are per 100,000.) Property crimes went from a rate of 5,140 to 3,656.

6

The states with the highest violent crime rate per 100,000 as of 2001 are Florida (797), Maryland (781), New Mexico (781), and Tennessee (745). The states with the lowest crime rates are Vermont (105), Maine (112), South Dakota (155), and New Hampshire (170). The District of Columbia tops all states on this basis, with a rate of 1,737, but this figure is more comparable with city data because the District of Columbia is effectively a single city.

203

7

Among cities, the highest violent crime rate per 100,000 population in 2001 are Atlanta, GA (2,534), Baltimore, MD (2,240), Detroit, MI (2,191), and St. Louis, MO (2,188). Among the cities with the lowest violent crime rates are Virginia Beach, VA (194) and Honolulu, HI (277).

8

Beginning in 1988, more Black males became homicide victims than White males. In 2000, 6,482 Black males were murdered, compared with 5,925 White males. The Black male homicide rate is 38.6 per 100,000, compared with 5.3 for White males. Black females also have a higher homicide rate than White females (7.5 vs. 2.1).

9

In 2001, there were 9,878 hate crimes reported by 12,054 law enforcement agencies. Of these, 2,951 were directed against Blacks, 1,376 against homosexuals, and 1,054 against Jews.

10 In 2001, there were 78,443 arrests of juveniles under 18 years of age for violent crimes, 29,290 juvenile arrests for weapon law violations, and 146,758 juvenile arrests for drug abuse.

11 In 2001, there were 10.762 million arrests. Of these, 7.235 million were of Whites and 3.259 million were of Blacks. Males made up 78.1 percent of the arrestees. Of serious crimes, the most common arrests were for larceny/theft (881,500) and aggravated assault (370,700). The most common nonserious crimes were drug abuse violations (1.266 million), other assaults (999,900), and driving under the influence (970,300).

12 The government has been waging a losing war on drugs for many decades. In 2002, 5.065 million pounds of drugs were seized by the Drug Enforcement Administration, compared with 1.663 million pounds in 1995. Drug arrest rates for drug abuse violations rose to 587.1 per 100,000 in 2000, compared with 435.3 in 1990.

13 In 2000, 1.815 million illegal aliens were apprehended by the Border Patrol, compared with 1.170 million in 1990. From these, $1.945 billion worth of narcotics were seized.

14 In 2000, there were 15,785 general purpose law enforcement agencies in the United States, of which 12,666 were local agencies.

204


15 The number of police officers killed in the line of duty was 135 in 2000, which is about average for the

18 In 2001, 903,141 child abuse and neglect cases were reported. Of these, neglect was involved in 516,646

past 10 years. In 2001, the number was 220, including 72 officers killed during the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001. Other than in 2001, more police officers are killed in the South than in any other region.

cases (57.2 percent), physical abuse in 168,284 cases (18.6 percent), sexual abuse in 86,834 cases (9.4 percent), emotional neglect in 61,779 cases (6.8 percent), and medical neglect in 17,664 cases (2.0 percent).

16 In 2001, the Supreme Court docket consisted of 9,176 cases, up from 5,144 cases in 1980. Appellate cases

19 In 2000, there were 613,534 jail inmates (excluding state and federal prisons). That year state and feder-

made up 2,210 of those cases, compared with 2,749 in 1980. Although the total cases on the Supreme Court docket has nearly doubled since 1980, the total cases available for argument have dropped to 137 from 264. The number of signed opinions also dropped, to 76 in 2001 from 123 in 1980.

al prisoners totaled 1.316 million. The total of all persons on probation or parole and in jails and prisons in 2000 was 6.438 million or 3.1 percent of the resident adult population.

17 In 2001, a total of 1087 public officials were indicted for corruption, 920 were convicted, and 437 were awaiting trial. Of these, 502 federal officials, 95 state officials, and 224 local officials were indicted.


205

Table 13-1—Series H 952-961. Crimes and Crime Rates by Type, 1960–2002 (Number in thousands, rate per 100,000 inhabitants; data refer to offenses known to the police; rates are based on Bureau of the Census population data excluding Armed Forces abroad.) Violent crime Year

Total

Murder and non-negligent Forcible rape manslaughter

Total

Property crime

Robbery

Aggravated assault

Total

Burglary

Larceny $50 and over

Auto theft

Number of Offenses 2002 ...................................................... 2001 1 ....................................................

11 877 11 877

1 426 1 439

16 16

95 91

421 424

894 909

10 451 10 437

2 152 2 117

7 053 7 092

1 246 1 228

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

11 608 11 634 12 486 13 195 13 494 13 863 13 990 14 145 14 438 14 873

1 425 1 426 1 534 1 636 1 689 1 799 1 858 1 926 1 932 1 912

16 16 17 18 20 22 23 25 24 25

90 89 93 96 96 98 102 106 109 107

408 409 447 499 536 581 619 660 672 688

912 912 977 1 023 1 037 1 099 1 113 1 136 1 127 1 093

10 183 10 208 10 952 11 558 11 805 12 064 12 132 12 219 12 506 12 961

2 051 2 102 2 333 2 461 2 506 2 594 2 713 2 835 2 980 3 157

6 972 6 956 7 376 7 744 7 905 7 998 7 880 7 821 7 915 8 142

1 160 1 152 1 243 1 354 1 394 1 472 1 539 1 563 1 611 1 662

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

14 476 14 251 13 923 13 509 13 212 12 430 11 882 12 109 12 974 13 424

1 820 1 646 1 566 1 484 1 489 1 329 1 273 1 258 1 322 1 362

23 22 21 20 21 19 19 19 21 23

103 95 92 91 91 88 84 79 79 83

639 578 543 518 543 498 485 507 553 593

1 055 952 910 855 834 723 685 653 669 664

12 655 12 605 12 357 12 025 11 723 11 103 10 608 10 851 11 652 12 062

3 074 3 168 3 218 3 236 3 241 3 073 2 984 3 130 3 447 3 780

7 946 7 872 7 706 7 500 7 257 6 926 6 592 6 713 7 143 7 194

1 636 1 565 1 433 1 289 1 224 1 103 1 032 1 008 1 062 1 088

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

13 408 12 250 11 209 10 985 11 350 11 292 10 253 8 718 8 249 8 588

1 345 1 208 1 086 1 030 1 004 1 040 975 876 835 817

23 21 20 19 19 21 21 20 19 18

83 76 68 64 57 56 55 51 47 42

566 481 427 413 428 471 442 384 376 388

673 629 571 534 501 493 456 421 393 369

12 064 11 042 10 123 9 955 10 346 10 253 9 279 7 842 7 414 7 772

3 795 3 328 3 128 3 072 3 109 3 265 3 039 2 566 2 376 2 399

7 137 6 601 5 991 5 906 6 271 5 978 5 263 4 348 4 151 4 424

1 132 1 113 1 004 978 966 1 010 977 929 887 948

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

8 098 7 411 6 720 5 903 5 224 4 739 4 565 4 109 3 752 3 488

739 662 595 500 430 387 364 317 302 289

16 15 14 12 11 10 9 9 9 9

38 37 32 28 26 23 21 18 18 17

350 299 263 203 158 139 130 116 111 107

335 311 287 257 235 215 203 174 165 157

7 359 6 749 6 125 5 404 4 793 4 352 4 200 3 793 3 451 3 199

2 205 1 982 1 859 1 632 1 410 1 283 1 213 1 086 994 950

4 226 3 889 3 483 3 112 2 822 2 573 2 514 2 298 2 090 1 913

928 879 784 660 561 497 473 408 367 336

1960 ......................................................

3 384

288

9

17

108

154

3 096

912

1 855

328

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1The

murder and non-negligent homicides that occurred as a result of the events of September 11, 2001 were not included in this table.

206


Table 13-1—Series H 952-961. Crimes and Crime Rates by Type, 1960–2002—Continued (Number in thousands, rate per 100,000 inhabitants; data refer to offenses known to the police; rates are based on Bureau of the Census population data excluding Armed Forces abroad.) Violent crime Year

Total Total

Murder and non-negligent Forcible rape manslaughter

Property crime

Robbery

Aggravated assault

Total

Burglary

Larceny $50 and over

Auto theft

Rate per 100,000 Inhabitants 2002 ...................................................... 2001 1 ....................................................

4 118.8 4 162.6

494.6 504.5

5.6 5.6

33.0 31.8

145.9 148.5

310.1 318.6

3 624.1 3 658.1

746.2 741.8

2 445.8 2 485.7

432.1 430.5

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4 124.8 4 266.5 4 619.3 4 930.0 5 086.6 5 275.9 5 373.8 5 487.1 5 661.4 5 898.4

506.5 523.0 567.6 611.0 636.6 684.5 713.6 747.1 757.5 758.2

5.5 5.7 6.3 6.8 7.4 8.2 9.0 9.5 9.3 9.8

32.0 32.8 34.5 35.9 36.3 37.1 39.3 41.1 42.8 42.3

145.0 150.1 165.5 186.2 201.9 220.9 237.8 256.0 263.7 272.7

324.0 334.3 361.4 382.1 391.0 418.3 427.6 440.5 441.9 433.4

3 618.3 3 743.6 4 052.5 4 316.3 4 451.0 4 590.5 4 660.2 4 740.0 4 903.7 5 140.2

728.8 770.4 863.2 918.8 945.0 987.0 1 042.1 1 099.7 1 168.4 1 252.1

2 477.3 2 550.7 2 729.5 2 891.8 2 980.3 3 043.2 3 026.9 3 033.9 3 103.6 3 229.1

412.2 422.5 459.9 505.7 525.7 560.3 591.3 606.3 631.6 659.0

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

5 802.7 5 774.0 5 694.5 5 575.5 5 501.9 5 224.5 5 031.3 5 175.0 5 603.6 5 858.2

729.6 666.9 640.6 612.5 620.1 556.8 539.2 537.7 571.1 594.3

9.4 8.7 8.5 8.3 8.6 8.0 7.9 8.3 9.1 9.8

41.1 38.3 37.8 37.6 38.1 36.8 35.7 33.7 34.0 36.0

256.3 234.3 222.1 213.7 226.0 209.3 205.4 216.5 238.9 258.7

422.9 385.6 372.2 352.9 347.4 304.0 290.2 279.2 289.2 289.7

5 073.1 5 107.1 5 054.0 4 963.0 4 881.8 4 666.4 4 492.1 4 637.4 5 032.5 5 263.9

1 232.2 1 283.6 1 316.2 1 335.7 1 349.8 1 291.7 1 265.5 1 338.7 1 488.0 1 647.2

3 185.1 3 189.6 3 151.7 3 095.4 3 022.1 2 911.2 2 795.2 2 871.3 3 083.1 3 135.3

655.8 634.0 586.1 531.9 509.8 463.5 437.7 431.1 458.6 474.1

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

5 950.0 5 565.5 5 140.3 5 077.6 5 287.3 5 298.5 4 850.4 4 154.4 3 961.4 4 164.7

596.6 548.9 497.8 475.9 467.8 487.8 461.1 417.4 401.0 396.0

10.2 9.7 9.0 8.8 8.8 9.6 9.8 9.4 9.0 8.6

36.8 34.7 31.0 29.4 26.6 26.3 26.2 24.5 22.5 20.5

251.1 218.4 195.8 190.7 199.3 220.8 209.3 183.1 180.7 188.0

298.5 286.0 262.1 240.0 233.2 231.1 215.8 200.5 188.8 178.8

5 353.3 5 016.6 4 642.5 4 601.7 4 819.5 4 810.7 4 389.3 3 737.0 3 560.4 3 768.8

1 684.1 1 511.9 1 434.6 1 419.8 1 448.2 1 532.1 1 437.7 1 222.5 1 140.8 1 163.5

3 167.0 2 999.1 2 747.4 2 729.9 2 921.3 2 804.8 2 489.5 2 071.9 1 993.6 2 145.5

502.2 505.6 460.5 451.9 450.0 473.7 462.2 442.6 426.1 459.8

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3 984.5 3 680.0 3 370.2 2 989.7 2 670.8 2 449.0 2 388.1 2 180.3 2 019.8 1 906.1

363.5 328.7 298.4 253.2 220.0 200.2 190.6 168.2 162.3 158.1

7.9 7.3 6.9 6.2 5.6 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.6 4.8

18.7 18.5 15.9 14.0 13.2 12.1 11.2 9.4 9.4 9.4

172.1 148.4 131.8 102.8 80.8 71.7 68.2 61.8 59.7 58.3

164.8 154.5 143.8 130.2 120.3 111.3 106.2 92.4 88.6 85.7

3 621.0 3 351.3 3 071.8 2 736.5 2 450.9 2 248.8 2 197.5 2 012.1 1 857.5 1 747.9

1 084.9 984.1 932.3 826.6 721.0 662.7 634.7 576.4 535.2 518.9

2 079.3 1 930.9 1 746.6 1 575.8 1 442.9 1 329.3 1 315.5 1 219.1 1 124.8 1 045.4

456.8 436.2 393.0 334.1 286.9 256.8 247.4 216.6 197.4 183.6

1960 ......................................................

1 887.2

160.9

5.1

9.6

60.1

86.1

1 726.3

508.6

1 034.7

183.0


murder and non-negligent homicides that occurred as a result of the events of September 11, 2001 were not included in this table.


207

Table 13-2. Federal Drug Seizures, by Type of Drug, 1990–2002 (Pounds; for fiscal years ending in year shown; reflects the combined drug seizure effort of the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Customs Services, and beginning October 1993 the U.S. Border Patrol within the jurisdiction of the United States as well as maritime seizures by the U.S. Coast Guard; based on reports to the federal-wide Drug Seizure System, which eliminates duplicate reporting of a seizure involving more than one federal agency.) Cannabis Year

Total

Heroin

Cocaine Total

Marijuana

Hashish

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

5 065 661 2 920 326

6 841 4 394

226 879 240 002

2 415 970 2 678 046

2 415 777 2 677 613

193 433

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 986 772 2 665 709 2 084 882 1 762 806 1 737 647 1 662 562 1 336 561 1 046 914 1 094 165 920 331

3 357 2 538 3 214 3 592 3 014 3 407 2 830 3 516 2 552 3 067

248 938 291 144 259 895 221 375 283 490 244 888 285 230 244 315 304 086 246 318

2 639 002 2 372 027 1 821 773 1 537 839 1 451 142 1 414 267 1 048 502 799 083 787 527 670 946

2 615 015 2 370 269 1 821 241 1 536 170 1 397 976 1 382 366 1 047 284 773 004 783 479 499 097

23 987 1 758 532 1 669 53 167 31 902 1 218 26 080 4 048 171 849

1990 ......................................................

745 002

1 515

211 828

531 660

514 723

16 937

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003.

208


Table 13-3—Series H 971-986. Suicides, 1900–2001 (Number, rate per 100,000 resident population; refers only to deaths occurring within the United States.) Suicides

Suicides Year

Year Number

Number

Rate

2001 ............................................

30 622

10.8

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 1 ......................................... 1993 1 ......................................... 1992 1 ......................................... 1991 ............................................

29 350 29 199 30 600 30 500 30 900 31 300 32 400 31 100 29 800 30 200

10.4 10.7 11.3 11.4 11.6 11.9 12.4 12.1 11.7 12.0

1990 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1981 ............................................

30 900 30 200 30 407 30 796 30 904 29 500 29 286 28 295 28 242 27 596

12.4 12.2 12.4 12.7 12.8 12.3 11.9 12.1 12.2 12.0

1980 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1971 ............................................

26 900 27 206 27 300 28 681 26 934 27 100 25 683 25 118 25 004 24 092

11.9 12.1 12.5 13.3 12.5 12.7 12.1 12.0 12.6 11.7

1970 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1961 ............................................

23 480 22 364 21 372 21 325 21 281 21 507 20 588 20 825 20 207 18 999

11.6 11.1 10.7 10.8 10.9 11.1 10.8 11.0 10.9 10.4

1960 ............................................ 1959 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1954 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1951 ............................................

19 041 18 633 18 519 16 632 16 727 16 760 16 356 15 947 15 567 15 909

10.6 10.6 10.7 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.1 10.1 10.0 10.4

1950 ............................................ 1949 ............................................ 1948 ............................................ 1947 ............................................ 1946 ............................................ 1945 ............................................ 1944 ............................................ 1943 ............................................ 1942 ............................................ 1941 ............................................

17 145 16 993 16 354 16 538 16 152 14 782 13 231 13 725 16 117 17 102

11.4 11.4 11.2 11.5 11.5 11.2 10.0 10.2 12.0 12.8

1940 ............................................ 1939 ............................................ 1938 ............................................ 1937 ............................................ 1936 ............................................ 1935 ............................................ 1934 ............................................ 1933 ............................................ 1932 ............................................ 1931 ............................................

18 907 18 511 19 802 19 294 18 294 18 214 18 828 19 993 20 646 19 807

14.4 14.1 15.3 15.0 14.3 14.3 14.9 15.9 17.4 16.8

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Based

on a 10 percent sample of deaths. Includes deaths of nonresidents.

Rate

1930 ............................................ 1929 ............................................ 1928 ............................................ 1927 ............................................ 1926 ............................................ 1925 ............................................ 1924 ............................................ 1923 ............................................ 1922 ............................................ 1921 ............................................

18 323 16 045 15 390 14 096 13 082 12 209 11 846 11 096 10 876 10 906

15.6 13.9 13.5 13.2 12.6 12.0 11.9 11.5 11.7 12.4

1920 ............................................ 1919 ............................................ 1918 ............................................ 1917 ............................................ 1916 ............................................ 1915 ............................................ 1914 ............................................ 1913 ............................................ 1912 ............................................ 1911 ............................................

8 790 9 543 9 685 9 157 9 181 10 011 9 802 8 932 8 549 8 612

10.2 11.5 12.3 13.0 13.7 16.2 16.1 15.4 15.6 16.0

1910 ............................................ 1909 ............................................ 1908 ............................................ 1907 ............................................ 1906 ............................................ 1905 ............................................ 1904 ............................................ 1903 ............................................ 1902 ............................................ 1901 ............................................

7 283 7 061 6 506 5 027 4 323 2 940 2 611 2 371 2 124 2 105

15.3 16.0 16.8 14.5 12.8 13.5 12.2 11.3 10.3 10.4

1900 ............................................

2 036

10.2


Table 13-4—Series H 987-998. Police Officers Killed, 1945–2001 (Covers law enforcement officers killed in line of duty.) Year

Total killed

2001 1 ....................................................

220

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

135 107 142 132 112 133 141 129 130 124

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

133 145 155 148 133 148 147 152 164 157

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

165 165 146 123 140 185 179 176 157 181

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

146 125 123 123 99 83 88 88 78 71

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

48 49 49 45 46 55 61 63 63 64

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

36 55 64 67 82 59


72 officers feloniously slain during the events of September 11, 2001 are included in data for 2001.

209

210


Table 13-5—Series H 1012-1027. Criminal Justice System—Public Expenditures, by Level of Government, 1902–2001 (Millions of dollars.) All governments Year Total 1

Police protection

Federal government

Judicial activities

Correction

Total 1

Police protection

State government

Judicial activities

Correction

Total 1

Police protection

Local government

Judicial activities

Correction

Total 1

Police protection

Judicial activities

Correction

2001 ...............

167 113

72 406

37 751

56 956

30 443

15 014

10 230

5 199

63 372

10 497

14 444

38 432

83 377

50 718

15 938

16 721

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

155 722 146 556 135 899 129 793 120 194 112 868 103 471 97 542 93 777 87 567

68 911 65 364 60 828 57 754 53 007 48 645 46 005 44 037 41 327 38 971

34 298 32 185 29 901 28 529 26 158 24 472 22 602 21 558 20 989 19 298

52 512 49 007 45 170 43 511 41 029 39 752 34 864 31 947 31 461 29 297

27 820 27 392 22 834 27 065 23 344 22 651 19 084 18 591 17 423 15 231

14 002 14 797 12 208 12 518 10 115 9 298 8 059 8 069 7 400 6 725

8 497 8 515 7 462 10 651 9 459 9 184 8 184 7 832 7 377 6 384

4 231 4 080 3 165 3 896 3 766 4 169 2 841 2 690 2 646 2 122

58 166 57 186 49 454 42 353 39 903 41 196 37 161 34 227 33 755 31 484

9 788 9 632 7 996 6 670 6 499 6 451 6 000 5 603 5 593 5 507

13 250 12 875 10 858 8 567 8 110 8 676 8 026 7 820 7 723 6 754

35 129 34 680 30 599 27 117 25 294 26 069 23 135 20 803 20 439 19 223

78 995 74 830 70 831 66 916 62 811 58 933 55 517 52 562 50 115 47 075

48 219 45 593 43 312 40 974 38 227 35 364 33 365 31 733 29 659 28 017

14 842 14 142 13 559 13 079 12 355 11 674 11 023 10 283 10 052 9 418

15 934 15 098 13 960 12 863 12 229 11 895 11 130 10 546 10 404 9 640

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

79 434 70 949 65 231 58 871 53 500 48 563 43 943 39 680 35 842 24 691

35 923 32 794 30 961 28 768 26 255 24 399 22 686 20 648 19 022 16 822

17 357 15 589 13 971 12 555 11 485 10 629 9 463 8 621 7 771 ...

26 154 22 567 20 299 17 549 15 759 13 535 11 794 10 411 9 048 7 869

12 798 9 674 8 851 7 496 6 595 6 416 5 868 4 844 4 458 2 317

5 666 5 307 4 954 4 231 3 643 3 495 3 396 2 815 2 527 1 904

5 398 2 949 2 639 2 271 2 090 2 129 1 785 1 523 1 390 ...

1 734 1 418 1 258 994 862 792 687 606 541 413

28 345 25 269 22 837 20 157 18 556 16 252 14 213 12 785 11 602 7 085

5 163 4 780 4 531 4 067 3 749 3 469 3 173 2 963 2 833 2 241

5 971 5 442 4 886 4 339 4 005 3 636 3 271 2 950 2 748 ...

17 211 15 047 13 420 11 691 10 802 9 148 7 768 6 873 6 020 4 844

43 559 38 825 36 098 33 265 30 178 27 462 25 154 23 186 20 968 15 289

26 097 23 672 22 371 21 089 19 356 17 847 16 516 15 276 14 172 12 677

8 676 7 682 6 826 6 230 5 691 5 090 4 627 4 361 3 784 ...

8 786 7 471 6 901 5 947 5 132 4 524 4 011 3 548 3 011 2 612

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

22 064 26 028 24 132 21 574 19 681 17 249 14 954 12 985 11 721 10 517

15 163 13 917 13 120 11 865 11 028 9 786 8 512 7 624 6 903 6 165

... 5 628 5 051 4 267 3 807 3 281 1 708 1 579 1 491 1 358

6 901 6 040 5 523 4 934 4 386 3 843 3 240 2 740 2 422 2 291

2 126 3 379 3 122 2 779 2 450 2 189 1 961 1 629 1 492 1 448

1 739 2 053 1 952 1 765 1 612 1 461 1 222 1 089 962 805

... 876 746 616 472 429 136 118 179 134

387 354 337 299 256 217 215 171 133 121

6 285 8 463 6 888 5 812 5 204 4 612 3 906 3 304 2 948 2 291

2 027 2 150 1 892 1 800 1 696 1 512 1 308 1 132 903 932

... 1 318 1 497 1 026 903 779 439 386 346 327

4 258 3 824 3 177 2 847 2 475 2 193 1 813 1 534 1 378 1 387

13 653 15 401 14 322 12 983 12 027 10 449 9 092 8 052 7 281 6 663

11 397 9 882 9 276 8 300 7 720 6 813 5 982 5 403 4 948 4 489

... 1 903 2 809 2 626 2 432 2 073 1 223 1 075 965 912

2 256 2 197 2 009 1 788 1 654 1 434 1 213 1 035 911 895

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

8 571 7 340 6 070 5 424 4 903 4 574 4 222 4 009 3 795 3 613

5 081 4 430 3 725 3 331 3 033 2 792 2 586 2 440 2 326 2 210

1 190 1 002 976 894 793 748 697 693 628 593

1 706 1 462 1 369 1 199 1 077 1 034 939 876 841 810

978 800 445 429 393 377 342 358 304 298

589 492 290 282 257 243 220 209 196 193

129 106 90 87 79 75 66 94 57 58

83 71 65 60 57 59 56 55 51 47

2 134 1 849 1 622 1 381 1 224 1 135 1 042 960 902 849

689 621 541 441 385 348 315 297 276 261

282 236 209 193 175 155 141 127 118 109

1 051 914 872 747 664 632 586 536 508 479

5 454 4 691 4 003 3 615 3 286 3 062 2 838 2 691 2 589 2 466

3 803 3 317 2 894 2 609 2 391 2 201 2 051 1 934 1 854 1 756

779 660 677 614 539 518 490 472 453 426

572 477 432 392 356 343 297 285 282 284

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

3 349 3 149 2 861 2 655 2 434 2 231 2 080 ... ... ...

2 030 1 880 1 769 1 624 1 487 1 359 1 254 1 160 1 080 ...

597 561 519 481 447 409 399 ... ... ...

722 708 573 550 500 463 427 ... 365 ...

291 275 261 252 250 206 210 ... ... ...

173 170 159 155 156 129 124 122 141 104

74 68 63 62 61 49 56 ... ... ...

44 37 39 35 33 28 30 ... 28 ...

769 733 671 584 526 475 446 418 386 365

245 228 214 179 159 139 130 119 106 97

99 92 87 77 72 68 66 61 57 53

425 413 370 328 295 268 250 238 223 215

2 289 2 141 1 929 1 819 1 658 1 550 1 424 ... ... ...

1 612 1 482 1 396 1 290 1 172 1 091 1 000 919 833 ...

424 401 369 342 314 292 277 ... ... ...

253 258 164 187 172 167 147 ... 114 ...

1950 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1942

............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

864 724 ... 549 ... 497 444

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

88 80 ... 70 ... 83 50

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

332 ... ... ... ... 159 ...

85 65 ... 45 ... 41 40

49 ... ... ... ... 35 ...

198 153 107 97 82 83 80

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

691 579 ... 434 ... 373 354

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1940 1938 1936 1932

............... ............... ............... ...............

... ... ... ...

386 378 331 349

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

21 19 17 31

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

34 30 19 15

... ... ... ...

86 85 73 87

... ... ... ...

331 329 295 303

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

1927 1922 1913 1902

............... ............... ............... ...............

... ... ... ...

290 204 92 50

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

20 14 3 0

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

7 4 1 0

... ... ... ...

64 64 28 14

... ... ... ...

263 186 88 50

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...


1969, legal services and prosecution and indigent defense included in totals. . . . = Not available.


Table 13-6—Series H 1063-1078. U.S. Supreme Court—Cases Filed and Disposed of During October Terms, 1940–2001 Total cases Year Filed

Available for argument

2001 .............................................................

9 176

137

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

8 965 8 445 8 083 7 692 7 602 7 565 8 100 7 786 7 245 6 770

138 124 124 138 140 145 136 145 166 196

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

6 316 5 746 5 657 5 268 5 123 5 158 5 006 5 100 5 079 5 311

201 275 301 239 319 317 309 331 331 321

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

5 144 4 781 4 731 4 704 4 731 4 761 4 688 5 079 4 640 4 533 3 405 3 271 3 106 2 752 2 774 2 288 2 294 2 373 2 185

264 285 291 290 302 314 287 309 308 296 347 346 462 402 338 275 393 388 264

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

1 940 1 862 1 819 1 639 1 802 1 644 1 397 1 302 1 283 1 234

282 249 275 323 266 246 196 170 193 197

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

1 181 1 270 1 465 1 295 1 510 1 316 1 237 997 984 1 178

191 202 238 208 256 215 274 210 259 376

1940 .............................................................

977

281


211

212


Table 13-7—Series H 1097-1111. U.S. District Courts—Civil and Criminal Cases, 1941–1997 (Number, for years ending June 30.) Civil cases Year

Total cases commenced

Criminal cases Total cases terminated

Defendants disposed of Cases commenced 1

Not convicted Total

Imprisonment

Probation 2

1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

265 200 272 700 239 000 236 000 228 600 226 900 207 700

249 000 246 400 226 100 228 900 225 200 239 600 211 700

48 700 47 100 44 200 44 900 45 700 47 500 45 100

7 500 8 500 9 000 10 000 9 200 10 000 10 000

54 500 51 000 46 300 51 100 50 400 48 400 46 800

39 900 36 500 31 700 34 500 34 200 31 100 29 200

11 900 11 600 11 500 12 800 12 600 13 100 13 800

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

217 900 233 500 239 600 239 000 254 800 273 700 261 500 241 800 206 200 180 600

213 400 234 600 238 100 237 500 265 800 268 600 241 800 213 600 185 500 172 900

46 500 44 900 43 500 42 200 40 400 38 500 35 900 34 900 31 600 30 400

9 800 10 100 9 900 10 200 9 300 8 800 8 400 7 700 8 200 8 300

46 700 44 500 42 900 43 900 40 700 38 500 36 100 35 600 32 300 29 900

27 800 24 900 22 500 23 300 20 600 18 700 17 700 17 900 15 900 13 700

14 200 15 000 16 100 16 000 15 200 14 400 13 900 14 100 12 700 12 200

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

168 800 154 700 138 800 130 600 130 600 117 300 103 500 98 560 96 173 93 396

155 000 140 000 123 200 115 500 108 600 103 800 96 700 97 402 94 256 85 368

28 000 31 500 34 600 39 800 39 100 41 100 37 700 40 367 47 043 41 290

8 000 8 300 9 400 11 700 11 500 11 800 11 800 11 741 12 296 12 512

28 600 32 900 36 500 41 500 40 100 37 400 36 200 34 983 37 220 32 103

13 200 14 600 17 400 19 600 18 500 17 300 17 200 17 540 16 832 14 378

11 100 13 500 14 500 16 100 18 200 17 900 16 600 15 026 15 395 13 243

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

87 321 77 193 71 449 70 961 70 906 67 678 66 930 63 630 61 836 58 293

80 435 73 354 68 873 70 172 66 184 65 478 63 954 62 379 57 996 55 416

39 959 35 413 32 571 32 207 31 494 33 334 30 268 39 920 37 665 28 460

8 178 5 993 6 169 5 191 4 661 4 961 4 211 5 042 4 599 4 046

28 178 26 803 25 674 26 344 27 314 28 757 29 170 29 803 28 511 28 625

12 415 12 847 12 610 13 085 13 282 13 668 13 273 13 639 14 042 14 162

11 387 9 991 9 820 9 435 10 256 10 779 11 634 12 047 11 071 10 714

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

59 284 57 800 67 115 62 380 62 394 59 375 59 461 64 001 58 428 51 600

61 829 62 172 61 285 63 568 67 700 58 974 59 903 57 490 53 150 52 119

28 137 28 729 28 897 28 120 28 739 35 310 41 808 37 291 37 950 38 670

3 784 3 696 3 661 3 471 4 244 5 135 4 848 4 289 3 834 4 066

26 728 27 033 26 808 26 254 27 567 33 855 38 141 33 473 34 788 37 000

13 433 13 648 13 288 12 986 12 854 16 889 18 483 15 637 15 379 14 963

10 391 10 726 10 903 10 760 11 759 14 021 16 856 15 118 17 018 19 271

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

54 622 53 421 46 725 58 956 67 835 60 965 38 499 36 789 38 140 38 477

53 259 48 396 48 791 54 515 61 000 52 300 37 086 36 044 38 352 38 561

36 383 34 432 32 097 33 652 33 203 39 429 39 621 36 588 33 294 31 823

4 173 4 190 4 862 5 527 6 597 7 536 ... ... ... ...

33 502 32 074 29 380 31 108 29 885 34 117 ... ... ... ...

14 435 14 204 12 961 14 375 14 353 16 311 ... ... ... ...

16 046 14 690 13 422 12 612 11 446 13 153 ... ... ... ...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Excludes transfers. 2Includes probation and


suspended sentence.


Table 13-8—Series H 1119-1124. Juvenile Court—Cases Handled, 1940–2000 (Number in thousands, rate per 100,000 population.) Delinquency cases, 10 to 17 years old Year Total 1

Rate

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

1 612 1 667 1 743 1 811 1 796 1 768 1 666 1 522 1 482 1 414

52.5 55.5 56.8 61.7 62.0 61.9 59.4 55.3 55.2 54.0

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

1 317 1 189 1 151 1 145 1 150 1 112 1 034 1 030 1 073 1 100

51.4 47.0 45.2 44.5 44.2 42.2 38.7 38.3 39.1 39.1

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

1 093 1 048 1 023 1 076 1 077 1 050 1 252 1 143 1 112 1 125

38.3 36.2 34.6 35.8 35.1 33.8 37.5 34.2 33.6 34.1

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

1 052 989 900 811 745 697 686 601 555 503

32.3 30.7 28.5 26.3 24.7 23.6 23.5 21.4 20.6 19.3

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

510 483 470 440 520 431 395 374 332 298

20.1 19.6 20.0 19.8 25.2 21.4 20.2 19.7 18.2 16.8

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

280 272 254 262 295 344 330 344 250 224

16.1 15.6 14.9 15.1 16.9 19.6 18.6 18.7 13.4 11.8

1940 .............................................................

200

10.5

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1For

1940–1956, includes traffic cases.

213

214


Table 13-9—Series H 1135-1143. Federal and State Prisoners by Jurisdicition and Sex, 1925–2001 (Prisoners under jurisdiction of state and federal authorities; inmates sentenced to maximum term of more than one year.) Prisoners present (at end of year) Year Rate 1

Total

Federal institutions

State institutions

Male

Female

2001 ......................................................

1 345 842

474

136 569

1 209 273

1 260 603

85 239

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 331 278 1 304 074 1 245 402 1 195 498 1 137 722 1 085 022 1 016 691 932 074 846 277 789 610

470 476 461 445 427 411 389 359 332 313

126 955 114 275 103 682 94 987 88 815 83 663 79 795 74 399 65 706 56 696

1 204 323 1 189 799 1 141 720 1 100 511 1 048 907 1 001 359 936 896 857 675 780 571 732 914

1 246 234 1 221 611 1 167 802 1 121 663 1 068 123 1 021 059 956 566 878 037 799 776 745 808

85 044 82 463 77 600 73 835 69 599 63 963 60 125 54 037 46 501 43 802

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

739 980 680 907 603 732 560 812 522 084 480 568 443 398 419 346 395 516 353 673

297 276 247 231 217 202 188 179 171 154

50 403 47 168 42 738 39 523 36 531 32 695 27 602 26 331 23 652 22 169

689 577 633 739 560 994 521 289 485 553 447 873 415 796 393 015 371 864 331 504

699 416 643 643 573 587 533 990 497 540 459 223 424 193 401 870 379 075 339 375

40 564 37 264 30 145 26 822 24 544 21 345 19 205 17 476 16 441 14 298

1980 ...................................................... 1979 ...................................................... 1978 ...................................................... 1977 2 .................................................... 1977 3 .................................................... 1976 ...................................................... 1975 ...................................................... 1974 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1972 ...................................................... 1971 ......................................................

315 974 301 470 294 396 285 456 278 141 262 833 240 593 218 466 204 211 196 092 198 061

139 133 132 129 126 120 111 102 96 93 95

20 611 22 588 26 391 28 650 28 650 26 980 24 131 22 361 22 815 21 713 20 948

295 363 278 882 268 005 256 806 249 491 235 853 216 462 196 105 181 396 174 470 177 113

303 643 289 465 282 813 274 244 267 097 252 794 231 918 211 077 197 523 189 823 191 732

12 331 12 005 11 583 11 212 11 044 10 039 8 675 7 389 6 004 6 269 6 329

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

196 429 196 007 187 914 194 896 199 654 210 895 214 336 217 283 218 830 220 149

96 97 94 98 102 108 111 114 117 119

20 038 19 623 19 703 19 579 19 245 21 040 21 709 23 128 23 944 23 696

176 391 176 384 168 211 175 317 180 409 189 855 192 627 194 155 194 886 196 453

190 794 189 413 182 102 188 661 192 703 203 327 206 632 209 538 210 823 212 268

5 635 6 594 5 812 6 235 6 951 7 568 7 704 7 745 8 007 7 881

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

212 953 208 105 205 643 195 414 189 565 185 780 182 901 173 579 168 233 165 680

117 117 117 113 112 112 112 108 107 107

23 218 22 492 21 549 20 420 20 134 20 088 20 003 19 363 18 014 17 395

189 739 184 954 183 944 174 836 169 287 165 692 162 845 154 184 150 186 148 245

205 265 200 469 198 208 188 113 182 190 178 655 175 907 166 909 161 994 159 610

7 688 7 636 7 435 7 301 7 375 7 125 6 994 6 670 6 239 6 070

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

166 123 163 749 155 977 151 304 140 079 133 649 132 456 137 220 150 384 165 439

109 109 106 105 99 98 100 103 112 124

17 134 16 868 16 328 17 146 17 622 18 638 18 139 16 113 16 623 18 465

148 989 146 881 139 649 134 158 122 457 115 011 114 317 121 107 133 761 146 974

160 309 157 663 149 739 144 961 134 075 127 609 126 350 131 054 144 167 159 228

5 814 6 086 6 238 6 343 6 004 6 040 6 106 6 166 6 217 6 211

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

173 706 179 818 160 285 152 741 145 038 144 180 138 316 136 810 137 997 137 082

131 137 123 118 113 113 109 109 110 110

19 260 19 730 17 083 15 309 15 373 14 777 12 080 10 851 12 282 12 964

154 446 160 088 142 299 134 048 128 200 129 888 126 140 126 096 124 901 124 118

167 345 173 143 154 826 147 375 139 990 139 278 133 769 132 520 133 573 132 638

6 361 6 675 5 459 5 366 5 048 4 902 4 547 4 290 4 424 4 444

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

129 453 120 496 116 390 109 983 97 991 91 669

104 98 96 91 83 79

12 181 12 964 8 204 7 722 6 803 ...

115 314 107 532 108 422 98 795 89 322 ...

124 785 115 876 111 836 104 983 94 287 88 231

4 668 4 620 4 554 4 363 3 704 3 438

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Rate per 100,000 estimated 2Jurisdiction counts. 3Custody counts.


population.


215

Table 13-10. Adults on Probation, in Jail or Prison, or on Parole, 1980–2001 (As of December 31, except jail counts as of June 30.) Year

Total 1

Probation

Jail

Prison

Parole

Male

Female

2001, est. ...............................................

6 585 200

3 932 751

623 628

1 330 980

731 147

...

...

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

6 437 500 6 331 300 6 126 100 5 725 800 5 482 700 5 335 100 5 141 300 4 944 000 4 762 600 4 535 600

3 826 209 3 779 922 3 670 441 3 296 513 3 164 996 3 077 861 2 981 022 2 903 061 2 811 611 2 728 472

613 534 596 485 584 372 557 974 510 400 499 300 479 800 455 500 441 781 424 129

1 316 333 1 287 172 1 224 469 1 176 564 1 127 528 1 078 542 990 147 909 381 850 566 792 535

723 898 714 457 696 385 694 787 679 733 679 421 690 371 676 100 658 601 590 442

... ... ... 4 825 300 4 629 900 4 546 400 4 377 400 4 215 800 4 050 300 3 913 000

... ... ... 900 500 852 800 828 100 763 900 728 200 712 300 622 600

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4 348 000 4 055 600 3 714 100 3 459 600 3 239 400 3 011 400 2 689 200 2 475 100 2 192 600 2 006 600

2 670 234 2 522 125 2 356 483 2 247 158 2 114 621 1 968 712 1 740 948 1 582 947 1 357 264 1 225 934

403 019 393 303 341 893 294 092 272 735 254 986 233 018 221 815 207 853 2195 085

743 382 683 367 607 766 562 814 526 436 487 593 448 264 423 898 402 914 360 029

531 407 456 803 407 977 355 505 325 638 300 203 266 992 246 440 224 604 225 539

3 746 300 3 501 600 3 223 000 3 021 000 2 829 100 2 606 000 ... ... ... ...

601 700 554 000 491 100 438 600 410 300 405 500 ... ... ... ...

1980 ......................................................

1 840 400

1 118 097

2182

319 598

220 438

...

...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Totals may 2Estimated.

not add due to individuals having multiple correctional statuses.


288

216


Table 13-11—Series H 1155-1167. Prisoners Executed Under Civil Authority, by Race, 1930–2002 (Prior to 1960, excludes Alaska and Hawaii except for three federal executions in Alaska: 1939, 1948, and 1950.) All offenses Year Total

White

Black

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

71 66

53 48

18 17

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

85 98 68 74 45 56 31 38 31 14

48 61 48 45 31 33 20 23 19 7

36 33 18 27 14 22 11 14 11 7

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

23 16 11 25 18 18 21 5 2 1

16 8 6 13 11 11 13 4 1 1

7 8 5 12 7 7 8 1 1 -

1971–1980 ............................................

3

3

-

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 1 7 15 21 47 42

1 1 6 8 13 28 20

1 1 7 8 19 22

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

56 49 49 65 65 76 81 62 83 105

21 16 20 34 21 44 38 30 36 57

35 33 28 31 43 32 42 31 47 47

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

82 119 119 153 131 117 120 131 147 123

40 50 35 42 46 41 47 54 67 59

42 67 82 111 84 75 70 74 80 63

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

124 160 190 147 195 199 168 160 140 153

49 80 96 69 92 119 65 77 62 77

75 77 92 74 101 77 102 81 75 72

1930 ......................................................

155

90

65

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. - = Quantity zero.


217

Table 13-12. Federal Prosecutions of Public Corruption, 1980–2001 (Number; as of December 31; prosecution of persons who have corrupted public office in violation of Federal Criminal Statutes.) Total 1 Year Indicted

Convicted

Federal officials Awaiting trial

Indicted

Convicted

State officials Awaiting trial

Indicted

Convicted

Local officials Awaiting trial

Indicted

Convicted

Awaiting trial

2001 ......................................................

1 087

920

437

502

414

131

95

61

75

224

184

110

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 000 1 134 1 174 1 057 984 1 051 1 165 1 371 1 189 1 452

938 1 065 1 014 853 902 878 969 1 362 1 081 1 194

327 329 340 327 244 323 332 403 380 346

441 480 442 459 456 527 571 627 624 803

422 460 414 392 459 438 488 595 532 665

92 101 85 83 64 120 124 133 139 149

92 115 91 51 109 61 99 113 84 115

91 80 58 49 83 61 97 133 92 77

37 44 37 20 40 23 17 39 24 42

211 237 277 255 219 236 248 309 232 242

183 219 264 169 190 191 202 272 211 180

89 95 90 118 60 89 96 132 91 88

1990 1989 1988 1987 1985

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 176 1 348 1 274 1 276 1 157

1 084 1 149 1 067 1 081 997

300 375 288 368 256

615 695 629 651 563

583 610 529 545 470

103 126 86 118 90

96 71 66 102 79

79 54 69 76 66

28 18 14 26 20

257 269 276 246 248

225 201 229 204 221

98 122 79 89 49

1980 ......................................................

727

602

213

123

131

16

72

51

28

247

168

82


individuals who are neither public officials nor employees but who were involved with public officials or employees in violating the law, not shown separately.

SECTION

14

ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, RECREATION, AND TRAVEL

220


SECTION 14

ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, RECREATION, AND TRAVEL Highlights

Travel Between the United States and Foreign Countries, 1974–2001 90

90 80 70

70

60

60

50

50

40

40

30

30

20

20

10

10

0

0 1974

1979

1984

1989

1994

Billions of dollars

Millions of visitors

80

Overseas travelers Visitors Expenditures abroad Receipts

2001

Year

1

Statistics on recreation have not been generally compiled and published systematically. One major difficulty is in defining the term “recreation.” Another difficulty is that even the compiled data remain in the files of the collecting agency. The National Park Service is the most dependable source. Since 1850, it has administered the large areas set aside for recreational purposes by Congress or by executive order. These include National Parks, National Seashores, National Monuments, National Historical and Military Areas, and National Parkways. Data on municipal parks and state parks come from the National Recreation and Park Association and data on national forests from the Forest Service.

2

In 2001, the National Park System included 78,943,000 acres, of which national parks accounted for 49,862,000 acres. The system had 279.9 million visitors who stayed an average of 15.3 nights.

3

In 2001, per capita annual expenditure $1,953 on entertainment of all kinds, of which $141 on published materials. Motion pictures generated $69.4 billion in revenues.

4

In 2000, there were 37,024 libraries of all kinds in the United States, including 9,480 public libraries, 4,777

SECTION 14: ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, RECREATION, AND TRAVEL

academic libraries, 9,948 special libraries, and 1,411 government libraries. With over 14 million volumes, Harvard University has the largest university library.

5

In 2002, consumers spent $12.6 billion on sound recordings (compared with $7.5 billion in 1990). Rock was the most popular genre, accounting for $24.7 billion, followed by rap ($13.8 billion), rhythm and blues ($11.7 billion), country ($10.7 billion), pop ($9.0 billion), religious ($6.7 billion), jazz ($3.2), and classical ($3.1 billion).

6

In 2001, there were 34.1 million anglers, 13.0 million hunters, and 66.1 million wildlife watchers.

7

Attendance at major league baseball in 2001 was 73.9 million, with nearly 7 million more attending at National League games compared with the American League. The average salary of a major league baseball player was $2.139 million compared with $371,000 in 1985.

8

In 2001, there were 29 professional basketball teams and 937 NCAA men’s and 958 women’s college teams. Total attendance at professional basketball games was 21.436 million. The average professional player’s salary was $3.6 million in 2000, compared with $325,000 in 1985.

9

In 1997, there were 31 professional football teams and 608 college teams. The average professional player’s salary was $986,000 in 2001 compared with $217,000 in 1985.

10 Horse racing has lost much of its popularity in the 1990s. Horse racing days declined from 13,745 in 1985 to 11,380 in 1998 and attendance dropped from 73.346 million to 37.728 million in 1998. However, a parimutuel turnover showed an upturn from $12.22 billion to $15.56 billion.

11 In 2001, there were 15,689 golf courses in the United States catering to 27.4 million golfers. Of the total number of golf courses, 4,313 were private.

12 In 1997, there were 245,000 tennis courts serving 19.5 million players.

221

13 In 2001, there were 123,000 bowling lanes serving 55.4 million participants. More men (28.2 million) bowl than women (27.2 million).

14 In 2001, there were 37,000 motion picture theaters in the United States attended by 1.49 billion people. Total box-office receipts were $8.4 billion. The average admission price increased from $3.55 in 1985 to $5.60 in 2001.

15 In 2001, there were 17.192 million boats, and retail expenditures on boating were $28.5 billion. 16 Sales of sporting goods reached $73.485 billion in 2001. Of this, athletic and sport clothing accounted for $11.068 billion, and athletic and sport footwear accounted for $13.275 billion.

17 Sales of bicycles and related supplies increased from $2.4 billion in 1990 to $4.7 billion in 2001. 18 The most popular participatory arts and crafts activity as of 2002 are weaving (16 percent), photography (12 percent), drawing (9 percent), pottery (7 percent), and creative writing (7 percent).

19 In 2001, there were 28 new theatrical productions attended by 11.9 million persons that grossed $666 million in ticket sales. Broadway road tours were attended by 11.0 million people and grossed $541 million. There were 363 nonprofit professional theaters whose 4,787 productions and 81,828 performances were attended by 21.1 million people.

20 In 2001, there were 96 professional opera companies whose 2,031 performances were attended by 6.5 million people.

21 In 2001, symphony orchestras staged 36,437 performances attended by 31.5 million people and grossed $774.7 million in revenues.

22 As of 2001, the 10 most popular sports activities are exercise walking, swimming, camping, exercising with equipment, bowling, fishing (fresh water), bicycle riding, billiards, basketball, and golf. More women than

222


men exercise by walking, swim, and exercise with equipment. More men than women camp, bowl, and fish.

23 Information on travel is compiled annually by the Bureau of Economic Analysis and published periodically in the Survey of Current Business. Statistics on arrivals in the United States are reported by the U.S. Travel and Tourism Administration, while those on departures are reported in International Air Travel Statistics. Data on domestic travel are published by the Travel Data Center.

24 In 2001, there were 44.9 million foreign visitors to the United States generating $91.126 billion. That year 58.0 million Americans visited foreign countries, spending $82.535 billion.

25 Of Americans visiting foreign countries, 15.6 million went to Canada, 17.2 million to Mexico, and 11.4 million to Europe. Of foreign travelers to the United States, half came from Canada and Mexico (23.1 million), and 21.8 million came from Europe.

26 Domestic travel generated $490.3 billion in 2000. The states with the largest internal tourism revenues were California ($63.8 billion, or 13 percent), Florida ($41.7 billion), Texas ($32.3 billion), New York ($29.3 billion), and Illinois ($21.9 billion).


223

Table 14-1—Series H 806-828. National Parks, Monuments, and Allied Areas—Area and Visits, 1850–2001 (Thousands of acres, number in thousands; for years ending Sept. 30 prior to 1941; thereafter, for years ending Dec. 31, or as of Jan. 1 of the following year; includes areas in Alaska, Hawaii, Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico.) Total, enumerated areas 1 Year

Area (thousand acres)

National parks

Visits 2


National monuments visits

Visits 2

National historical and military areas 3 visits

National parkways visits

2001 ......................................................

78 943

279 900

49 862

64 100

21 800

66 700

34 400

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

78 153 78 166 77 654 77 457 77 458 77 355 74 905 75 515 76 492 76 607

285 900 287 100 286 700 275 300 265 800 269 600 268 600 273 100 274 700 267 800

49 785 49 859 49 416 49 384 49 315 49 307 48 111 45 521 46 208 46 135

66 100 64 300 64 500 65 300 63 100 64 800 63 000 59 800 58 700 57 400

23 800 24 300 23 600 24 100 23 600 23 500 23 600 26 500 26 600 25 800

72 200 72 600 74 200 63 000 59 000 56 900 59 500 61 900 63 300 61 000

34 000 34 600 32 800 31 600 30 900 31 300 29 300 30 400 30 700 28 800

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

76 362 76 331 76 176 75 970 75 863 75 749 74 913 74 846 74 800 73 665

258 700 269 400 282 500 287 200 281 100 263 400 248 600 243 600 244 100 329 700

46 089 46 081 45 985 45 875 45 791 45 739 45 454 45 427 45 414 44 470

57 700 57 400 56 400 56 600 53 500 50 000 49 700 50 000 49 600 63 300

23 900 23 700 23 200 23 500 21 200 15 900 15 800 16 200 16 200 17 100

57 500 63 900 61 200 68 600 65 500 61 900 63 600 57 300 62 300 95 000

29 100 31 200 42 000 39 300 41 600 40 000 37 900 37 700 36 100 43 800

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

70 936 70 797 70 541 29 571 29 389 29 091 29 031 29 117 28 878 28 731

300 300 282 400 283 100 262 600 267 700 238 800 217 400 215 600 211 600 200 543

15 801 15 684 15 679 15 374 15 365 15 344 14 777 14 740 14 730 14 470

60 200 57 500 62 900 62 000 60 600 58 800 53 100 54 700 54 400 49 115

16 300 16 800 19 100 18 500 19 300 17 300 15 200 16 300 16 300 15 913

88 500 83 900 88 400 85 500 82 800 75 700 72 900 71 600 72 600 75 182

40 200 35 000 37 700 36 200 30 900 36 000 18 100 13 000 30 900 27 671

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

28 543 28 460 27 971 27 187 26 551 26 549 26 102 25 869 26 003 25 958

172 005 163 990 150 836 139 676 133 081 121 312 111 386 102 711 97 045 86 663

14 307 14 275 14 212 13 664 13 628 13 619 13 566 13 338 13 333 13 211

879 42 519 42 515 39 641 38 556 36 566 34 047 33 438 32 191 27 906

17 304 14 610 14 206 13 741 13 144 12 286 12 164 11 676 11 752 10 922

46 593 47 052 43 838 40 403 43 030 39 022 34 847 30 786 27 958 26 356

27 818 26 678 23 919 21 130 15 925 12 977 11 478 12 523 11 835 9 733

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

25 704 24 497 24 398 24 410 24 398 23 924 23 908 23 902 23 840 23 702

79 229 68 901 65 461 68 016 61 602 56 573 54 210 52 268 47 379 37 106

13 208 13 205 13 106 13 136 13 131 12 670 12 641 12 640 12 589 12 557

26 630 22 392 21 672 20 903 20 055 18 830 17 969 17 372 17 143 15 079

10 738 10 696 9 734 9 351 8 769 7 953 7 805 7 540 6 807 6 187

21 820 15 437 14 076 15 582 13 543 12 605 12 587 12 593 11 979 10 590

8 983 8 952 8 131 7 890 7 438 6 700 6 067 5 693 3 558 2 449

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

23 836 22 976 22 955 22 824 22 424 22 126 22 107 21 061 20 886 20 817

33 253 31 736 29 859 25 534 21 752 11 714 8 340 6 828 9 371 21 237

12 222 11 420 11 347 11 347 11 062 11 061 11 055 10 303 10 300 10 285

13 919 12 968 11 293 10 674 8 991 4 538 2 646 2 054 3 815 8 459

5 310 4 923 4 438 4 027 3 603 2 512 1 851 1 578 1 832 3 745

9 476 8 778 7 849 7 575 6 734 3 694 3 310 2 851 3 130 7 292

1 996 1 422 1 510 1 247 1 262 383 268 131 256 896

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

20 762 19 892 18 647 16 537 15 433 15 115 15 244 15 140 12 968 12 523

16 755 15 531 16 331 15 133 11 990 7 676 6 337 3 482 3 755 3 545

10 258 9 459 9 409 8 750 8 692 8 486 8 532 8 435 8 417 8 027

7 358 6 854 6 619 6 705 5 791 4 056 3 517 2 867 2 949 3 153

2 817 2 592 2 364 1 966 1 681 1 332 1 386 523 406 392

5 924 5 472 6 784 6 073 4 518 2 288 1 434 91 400 ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

445

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Not

the same as the "national park system." Definition of the national park system has changed from time to time. For 1850–1962, "total enumerated areas" are merely totals of the other items listed; thereafter, totals include other national parks and allied areas not shown separately, as follows (as of year end or Jan. 1 of the following year): 1970, 16 areas, 100 thousand acres and 4,742 visits; 1969, 13 areas, 94 thousand acres, and 2,415 thousand visits; 1968, 14 areas, 128 thousand acres and 1,790 thousand visits; 1967, 10 areas, 48 thousand acres and 2,393 thousand visits; 1966, 10 areas, 23 thousand acres and 2,296 thousand visits; 1965, 1 area, 18 acres and 1,673 thousand visits; 1964, 1 area, 18 acres and 1,840 thousand visits; 1963, 1 area, 18 acres and no reported visits. 2Beginning 1964, includes visits to the White House. 3Includes national historical parks, national military parks, national battlefields, national battlefield parks, national battlefield sites, national cemeteries, national historic sties, national memorials, and one national memorial park. Does not include historical areas established under the Antiquities Act of 1906 and designated national monuments, nor the White House. 4Includes visits to two National Recreation Areas adjacent to North Cascades National Park. . . . = Not available.

224


Table 14-1—Series H 806-828. National Parks, Monuments, and Allied Areas—Area and Visits, 1850–2001 —Continued (Thousands of acres, number in thousands; for years ending Sept. 30 prior to 1941; thereafter, for years ending Dec. 31, or as of Jan. 1 of the following year; includes areas in Alaska, Hawaii, Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico.) Total, enumerated areas 1 Year


National parks Area (thousand acres)

Visits 2

National monuments visits

Visits 2

National historical and military areas 3 visits

National parkways visits

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

10 581 10 538 10 359 10 320 10 249 9 987 8 813 8 790 8 781 8 452

3 247 3 248 3 025 2 798 2 315 2 055 1 671 1 494 1 216 1 172

7 797 7 755 7 581 7 570 7 501 7 286 7 278 7 278 7 278 6 950

2 775 2 757 2 569 2 381 1 942 1 762 1 424 1 281 1 045 1 007

472 491 456 417 373 292 247 213 172 164

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

8 452 8 372 7 554 7 491 5 984 5 880 5 986 5 984 5 977 5 978

1 058 811 455 491 358 335 240 252 230 224

6 950 6 873 6 255 6 254 4 742 4 666 4 437 4 437 4 431 4 431

920 757 452 488 356 335 240 252 229 224

139 54 3 2 2 1 1 (Z) (Z) (Z)

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

5 998 5 013 4 363 3 547 3 265 3 471 3 471 3 470 3 459 3 300

199 86 69 61 31 141 121 ... ... ...

4 431 3 449 3 449 3 444 3 251 3 457 3 457 3 456 3 445 3 286

199 86 69 61 31 141 121 ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3 300 3 300 3 287 3 287 3 287 3 287 3 058 3 058 3 058 3 058

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3 286 3 286 3 274 3 274 3 274 3 274 3 052 3 052 3 052 3 051

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1890 ......................................................

2 889

...

2 889

...

...

...

...

1872–1889 5 ..........................................

1 921

...

1 921

...

...

...

...

1850–1871 6 ..........................................

1

...

1

...

...

...

...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Not

the same as the "national park system." Definition of the national park system has changed from time to time. For 1850–1962, "total enumerated areas" are merely totals of the other items listed; thereafter, totals include other national parks and allied areas not shown separately, as follows (as of year end or Jan. 1 of the following year): 1970, 16 areas, 100 thousand acres and 4,742 visits; 1969, 13 areas, 94 thousand acres, and 2,415 thousand visits; 1968, 14 areas, 128 thousand acres and 1,790 thousand visits; 1967, 10 areas, 48 thousand acres and 2,393 thousand visits; 1966, 10 areas, 23 thousand acres and 2,296 thousand visits; 1965, 1 area, 18 acres and 1,673 thousand visits; 1964, 1 area, 18 acres and 1,840 thousand visits; 1963, 1 area, 18 acres and no reported visits. 2Beginning 1964, includes visits to the White House. 3Includes national historical parks, national military parks, national battlefields, national battlefield parks, national battlefield sites, national cemeteries, national historic sties, national memorials, and one national memorial park. Does not include historical areas established under the Antiquities Act of 1906 and designated national monuments, nor the White House. 5Yellowstone National Park, the first national park, established 1872. 6Hot Springs Reservation set aside by the federal government in 1832 and established as a national park in 1921. Initial federal acreage was much greater than indicated, but over a period of years was subdivided into tracts and sold, some 900-odd acres being permanently reserved to the federal government. These series begin with 1850, the first year following the establishment of the Department of the Interior. . . . = Not available. Z = Less than 500.


Table 14-2—Series H 836-848. State Parks—Acreage, Expenditures, and Attendance, 1939–2002 Year

Acreage 1 (thousand acres)

Expenditures (thousand dollars)

Attendance (thousand visitors)

2002 ............................................................... 2001 ...............................................................

13 162 13 030

1 886 201 1 774 085

758 216 766 021

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ...............................................................

12 807 12 916 ... 12 484 12 318 11 807 ... ... 11 831 11 148

1 629 594 1 499 687 ... 1 322 991 1 283 839 1 245 779 ... ... 1 086 631 1 094 573

786 610 766 842 ... 783 400 747 812 745 602 ... ... 724 805 736 897

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ...............................................................

11 238 11 061 10 820 13 752 13 726 10 128 10 148 9 936 9 912 9 326

1 060 158 981 760 903 426 848 290 799 851 101 500 892 000 838 000 888 000 968 000

722 819 762 842 710 342 694 432 675 465 661 916 665 524 644 843 631 031 618 080

1980 ............................................................... 1979 ............................................................... 1975 ...............................................................

9 468 9 411 9 838

993 000 1 078 000 649 000

548 912 609 010 566 000

1970 1967 1962 1961

............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ...............................................................

8 555 7 352 5 763 5 799

386 752 279 520 108 881 110 101

482 536 391 063 284 795 273 484

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ...............................................................

5 602 5 681 5 406 5 248 5 165 5 086 5 005 4 876 4 928 4 877

87 373 88 268 73 222 74 008 65 844 55 093 49 134 49 565 40 469 38 545

259 001 255 310 237 329 216 780 200 705 183 188 166 427 159 116 149 255 120 722

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ...............................................................

4 657 ... ... ... 4 634 ... ... ... ... 4 260

36 399 31 921 32 059 25 991 15 445 10 564 6 466 6 570 9 373 10 022

114 291 106 792 105 248 109 995 92 507 57 649 39 668 38 306 70 359 97 489

1940 ............................................................... 1939 ...............................................................

... ...

9 443 7 429

... ...


state forests, wildlife refuges and waysides not administered by state park agencies. . . . = Not available.

225

226


Table 14-3—Series H 878-893. Personal Consumption Expenditures for Recreation, 1929–2001 (Billions of dollars.)

Year

Total

Wheel Video and goods, audio sports and goods, photoNondurcomputer Radio and graphic able toys equiptelevision equipand sport ment, and repair ment, supplies musical boats, and instrupleasure ments aircraft

Admissions to specified spectator amusements

Total

Motion picture theaters

Legitimate Commertheaters Clubs and cial and fraternal participant opera, organizaamuseSpectator and tions ments sports entertainments of nonprofit institutions

Parimutuel net receipts

Books and maps

Magazines, Flowers, newsseeds, papers, and potted and sheet plants music

2001 ..............

593.9

66.7

60.8

105.6

4.2

29.4

8.7

10.6

10.1

17.3

73.3

4.8

35.1

35.2

18.5

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

.............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ..............

564.7 526.5 489.1 456.6 429.6 401.6 368.7 340.1 313.8 295.3

62.7 60.4 56.5 53.2 50.6 47.2 43.4 39.5 36.5 34.6

55.3 50.4 46.2 42.8 40.5 38.5 35.2 32.5 30.1 29.5

106.3 98.1 90.3 83.7 80.0 77.0 71.0 62.6 57.0 55.1

4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4

27.1 25.0 23.4 22.1 20.7 19.2 18.2 17.5 16.1 15.6

7.8 7.6 6.9 6.3 5.8 5.5 5.2 5.0 4.9 5.2

9.9 8.9 8.7 8.6 8.0 7.6 7.2 6.8 6.0 5.4

9.5 8.5 7.7 7.1 6.9 6.1 5.8 5.7 5.1 4.9

16.7 15.9 14.9 14.6 14.0 12.7 11.8 11.1 10.2 9.5

68.4 63.0 57.3 52.8 48.3 43.9 38.6 34.0 29.9 25.7

4.7 4.5 4.3 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.4

33.2 30.8 28.2 26.3 24.9 23.1 20.8 18.8 17.1 16.4

34.2 32.5 31.0 29.1 27.6 26.2 24.9 23.1 22.0 22.1

17.5 16.7 15.9 15.3 14.9 13.8 13.2 12.5 12.0 11.0

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

.............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ..............

284.9 268.2 248.4 224.5 204.7 187.6 172.9 155.0 138.9 129.5

32.8 30.7 27.7 25.3 22.9 21.4 20.5 18.4 17.1 16.0

29.7 29.3 27.7 25.6 23.0 21.2 20.4 16.9 16.3 16.4

52.9 52.4 50.8 46.2 41.8 35.9 32.0 28.5 23.0 22.2

3.7 3.7 3.8 3.5 3.2 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.5

14.8 13.3 11.9 10.8 10.5 9.7 9.7 8.7 8.0 7.1

5.1 4.6 3.9 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.1 2.7

5.2 4.4 4.4 4.0 3.9 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.1 2.0

4.5 4.3 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.1 2.7 2.4

8.7 8.0 7.1 6.7 6.1 5.5 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.4

24.6 21.8 19.8 17.3 16.0 15.1 13.8 12.9 11.6 10.8

3.5 3.3 3.4 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.5

16.2 15.0 14.2 13.0 11.4 10.6 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.3

21.6 20.1 19.2 17.6 16.5 15.9 15.7 14.6 13.8 13.0

10.9 10.5 9.7 9.2 7.7 6.9 6.5 6.0 5.7 5.3

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

.............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ..............

116.7 108.4 95.9 85.5 78.2 70.5 63.4 57.6 51.5 46.0

14.6 13.6 12.3 10.8 10.0 9.0 8.2 7.4 6.6 5.8

15.6 16.2 14.1 12.8 11.4 10.1 9.0 8.5 7.4 5.6

20.6 19.4 17.3 15.8 14.8 13.5 12.1 11.3 10.1 8.9

2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.5

6.6 6.4 5.9 5.0 4.4 4.3 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.5

2.6 2.8 2.8 2.4 2.1 2.2 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.7

1.8 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5

2.3 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

2.9 2.5 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5

9.1 8.0 7.2 6.4 5.6 4.9 4.2 3.5 3.0 2.6

2.3 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2

6.5 5.7 5.0 4.1 3.6 3.6 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.0

12.0 10.9 9.1 7.7 7.0 6.4 5.9 5.3 4.8 4.4

4.7 4.2 3.6 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.2 1.9

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

.............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ..............

43.1 40.0 36.7 33.1 30.9 26.9 24.6 22.5 20.8 19.3

5.5 5.2 4.8 4.3 4.0 3.6 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.7

5.2 5.2 4.8 4.1 3.6 2.9 2.5 2.2 2.0 2.0

8.5 8.0 7.6 7.0 6.3 5.1 4.3 3.7 3.4 3.2

1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9

3.3 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8

1.6 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

1.1 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4

1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0

2.4 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.2

1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6

2.9 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2

4.1 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.2 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.0

1.8 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

.............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ..............

18.5 17.7 16.3 15.9 15.5 14.6 13.6 13.1 12.3 11.7

2.5 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7

2.0 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9

3.0 3.1 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2

0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4

1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8

1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3

1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6

0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

.............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ..............

11.2 10.0 9.7 9.3 8.6 6.2 5.4 5.0 4.7 4.3

1.4 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

2.4 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6

0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ... ...

1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.0

1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.0 0.8

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3

1.5 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6

0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

.............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ..............

3.8 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.5 3.3

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.9

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ... ... ... 0.1 0.1

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ... 0.1

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

0.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

1930 .............. 1929 ..............

4.0 4.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.9 1.0

... ...

0.9 0.9

0.7 0.7

0.1 0.1

0.1 0.1

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

... ...

0.3 0.3

0.5 0.5

0.2 0.2



227

Table 14-4—Series H 921-940. Travel to Foreign Countries—Travelers and Expenditures, 1919–2001

Table 14-5—Series H 941-951. Foreign Visitors to the United States—Number and Receipts, 1919–2001

(Travelers in thousands, expenditures in millions of dollars.)

(Travelers in thousands, expenditures in millions of dollars.)

Year 2001 ...............................................

Total overseas travelers 1

Total expenditures abroad 2

25 249

Year

Total visitors 1

Total receipts 2

60 117

2001 ...............................................

21 833

73 119

............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

25 975 24 466 23 698 24 194 22 658 20 639 18 458 18 662 17 791 16 155

82 267 74 731 71 286 73 426 69 809 63 395 58 417 57 875 54 742 48 384

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

26 853 24 579 23 069 21 634 19 786 19 059 18 149 17 102 15 965 14 521

64 788 58 865 56 509 52 051 48 076 44 916 43 782 40 713 38 552 35 322

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

15 990 14 791 14 443 13 616 12 038 12 696 11 690 9 628 8 510 8 040

37 349 33 416 32 114 30 022 26 746 25 155 23 305 13 149 12 394 11 479

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

15 059 13 999 12 512 10 434 8 860 7 537 7 528 7 873 8 761 9 069

43 007 36 205 29 434 23 563 20 385 17 762 17 177 11 408 12 393 12 913

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

8 163 7 835 7 790 7 390 6 897 6 354 6 467 6 933 6 790 5 667

10 397 9 413 8 475 7 451 6 856 6 417 5 980 5 371 4 944 4 311

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

8 200 7 230 5 764 4 509 4 456 3 674 3 700 3 554 2 861 2 490

10 588 8 441 7 183 6 150 5 742 4 697 4 032 ... 2 706 2 464

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

5 260 4 623 3 885 3 425 2 975 2 623 2 220 1 990 1 767 1 575

3 973 3 407 3 030 3 207 2 657 2 438 2 211 2 114 1 939 1 785

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

2 193 1 894 1 825 1 431 1 274 1 130 937 780 671 602

2 330 2 058 1 775 1 646 1 590 1 380 1 207 1 015 957 885

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

1 634 1 516 1 398 1 369 1 239 1 075 912 827 772 684

1 750 1 610 1 460 1 372 1 275 1 153 1 009 929 840 757

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

572 520 447 419 345 328 307 287 296 255

919 902 825 785 705 654 595 574 550 473

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

676 573 495 435 329 117 75 57 71 170

754 700 631 573 457 298 225 173 155 212

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

242 258 282 229 117 102 70 50 42 46

419 392 334 342 257 162 117 84 82 70

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

156 282 370 435 381 314 302 300 393 438

190 290 303 348 297 245 218 199 259 341

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

81 100 98 96 81 69 75 60 49 66

95 135 130 135 117 101 81 66 65 94

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

538 517 518 471 433 408 351 291 320 294

463 483 448 400 372 347 303 260 243 200

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

83 78 78 73 70 65 79 65 53 75

129 139 121 114 110 83 77 71 61 76

1920 ............................................... 1919 ...............................................

302 152

190 123

1920 ............................................... 1919 ...............................................

81 47

67 56



1Excludes

1Excludes 2Excludes

the following: travel to Canada and Mexico; travel between conterminous United States and Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands; cruise travelers; military personnel and other government employees and their dependents stationed abroad and U.S. citizens residing abroad. 2Includes shore expenditures of cruise travelers; excludes travel expenditures of military personnel and other government employees and their dependents stationed abroad and U.S. citizens residing abroad.

Canada and Mexico, except for 1933 and 1934. For years ending June. trans-ocean fares. . . . = Not available.

SECTION

15

AGRICULTURE

230


SECTION 15

AGRICULTURE Highlights

Farms and Land in Farms, 1880–2000 7

1,800 1,600

6

Number of farms (millions)

1,200 4

1,000

3

800 600

Land in farms (millions of acres)

1,400 5

2 400 1

Number of farms Land in farms

200 0

0 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

2000

Year

1

Annual agricultural statistics have been published by the Department of Agriculture since May 1, 1863. The Statistical Reporting Service and the Economic Research Service now compile them. From 1840 to 1920, the Census of Agriculture was taken every 10 years; from 1925 to 1978, about every 5 years; and since 1982, those years ending in 2 or 7. The first census was limited in scope to domestic animals, production of principal crops, and the value of wool and dairy products. Number of farms, acreage, and value of farmland were first included in 1850, farm tenure in 1880, and classification of farmland by use in 1925.

2

The definition of a farm has varied from census to census. Before 1954, the cutoff was three acres with annual output valued at $150 or more, but farms smaller than three acres were included if the value of output reached the same level. Between 1925 and 1945, farms included places of three or more acres on which there were agricultural operations and places of less than three acres with an annual output of three acres or more. Between 1910 and 1920, the definition was even more liberal, including farms smaller than three acres with less than $250 in output, if they required the continuous services of one person. In 1860 and 1900, there were no acreage or value limits. In 1870, 1880, and 1890, farms smaller than three acres were included only if the value of output exceeded $500. In the census of 1850, no

SECTION 15: AGRICULTURE acreage qualification was given, but there was a floor of $100 for value of products. In 1959, the acreage limit was raised to 10 and the value limit to $250 for smaller farms. Since the 1974 Census of Agriculture, a farm was defined as any place on which $1,000 or more of agricultural products were produced and/or sold.

3

Estimates of farm population are equally problematic. Since 1960, farm population has been defined as all persons living in rural territory on places of 10 or more acres producing at least $50 worth of agricultural produce. The principal characteristics of farm population are its higher age profile, higher outflow, and higher birth rates. The classification of farm operator was first made in the Census of 1900. It designates a person who operates a farm as an owner, salaried employee, tenant, renter, or sharecropper. Because of the decreasing importance of the cropper system in the South, croppers have not been classified since 1959. Since 1880, farms have been classified by tenure, and since 1900, by race of the owner.

4

Estimates of farm income were started in 1924 on a crop-year basis. Only scattered data on farm income are available for the period before 1910. Willford I. King provides some data for census years from 1850 in The Wealth and Income of the People of the United States. The National Industrial Conference Board’s National Income in the United States, 1799 to 1938 provides decennial projections going back to 1800, and the Department of Agriculture’s Gross Farm Income and Indices of Farm Production and Prices in the United States, 1869–1937 extends back to 1869.

5

For many crops, estimates of acreage, production, and prices began in 1866 when the Department of Agriculture began making regular reports. These data are found in Agricultural Statistics, Crop Production and Crop Values. Data on livestock have been published since 1867, based on the Census of Agriculture.

6

Early development of the dairy industry is indicated by the export statistics of 1890, which showed the New England states, New York, and Pennsylvania producing considerable amounts of butter and cheese in excess of their consumption requirements. By the middle of the nineteenth century, milk cows were distributed as far west as southern Wisconsin, eastern Iowa, western Missouri and Arkansas, and the eastern third of Texas. By 1860, they had spread to the Pacific coast states. Before 1850, milk, butter, and cheese were produced mainly on farms. Factory cheese production began shortly after 1850; the first condensery was estab-

231

lished in 1856 and the first commercial creamery in 1861. Unsweetened condensed milk was first produced in 1885.

7

The share of the farm sector in the economy has steadily declined as the United States moved into the postindustrial age. In 1998, agriculture contributed only 2 percent of the $7.9 trillion economy. Although the United States is in many ways the granary of the world, it employs fewer people in that sector today than it did in 1990. The number of farms has declined from 2.440 million in 1980 to 2.158 million in 2002. The land in farms has declined from 1,039 million acres to 941.0 million acres from 1980 to 2002, and harvested cropland has followed the same trend from 382 million acres to 340 million acres. However, gross farm output grew at a slower pace than other sectors of the economy, reaching $221.3 billion in 2001 from $142.9 billion in 1980.

8

Texas has the most land in farms (131.3 million acres) in 2002, followed by Montana (57 million acres), Kansas (47 million acres), Nebraska (46 million acres), New Mexico and Dakota (44 million acres each). Arizona and Wyoming lead in the average size of farms with 3,761 and 3,630 acres respectively. Texas leads in the gross value of agricultural output with $77.351 billion, followed by California with $69.768 billion and Illinois $56.475 billion. Texas and Nebraska lead in cattle, California and Wisconsin in dairy products, and Iowa and Illinois in corn and soybean.

9

Agriculture is one of the strongest export sectors and has always shown a positive trade balance. In 2002, agriculture had a trade balance of $11.1 billion with exports valued at $53.0 billion (8 percent of all exports) and imports of $41.9 billion. The United States accounts for 38.6 percent of the world production of corn and 38.3 percent of soybeans in 2002. In exports, it accounts for 22.8 percent of the wheat, 54.4 percent of corn, 43.3 percent of soybeans, and 37.9 percent of cotton.

10 By cash receipts from farm marketings, the five principal U.S. crops are corn, soybean, vegetables, wheat, and cotton, which together account for 60 percent of value (corn is considered a cereal, while only sweet corn is considered a vegetable). The most popular vegetable is the potato with a production of $3,151 million in 2002, followed by the tomato ($1,854 million). The most popular fruit is the grape with a production of $2,853 million in 2002, followed by the orange ($1,834 million).

232


11 The Balance Sheet of the Farming Sector was first attempted in 1944. In 2001, it showed assets of

15 Production of red meat and poultry was 85.4 billion pounds in 2002, of which beef accounted for 27.2

$1.251 trillion, of which real estate accounted for $999 billion.

million pounds and poultry for 38.1 million pounds.

12 There are over 55 million acres of irrigated lands, which are found primarily in the West and South. California led all states in this respect with 8.713 million acres under irrigation in 1997, or 15.8 percent of all irrigated cropland, followed by Missouri (12.6 percent), and Texas (9.8 percent). Irrigation accounted for withdrawals of 134 billion gallons of water per day.

16 The number of farms producing all the cattle of the United States in 2003 was 96.1 million for a total production value of $69.8 billion. Hog and pig’s number of farms was 58.9 million for a total production of $4.2 billion.

17 Milk production in 2002 was 169.8 billion pounds valued at $20.7 billion. Butter production was

13 Farms that produce less than $10,000 annually account for 50.4 percent of the number of farms, but

1.355 billion pounds; cheese 8.599 billion pounds, yogurt 3.135 billion pounds, and ice cream 1.351 billion pounds.

only 13.9 percent of the acreage and 1.5 percent of the value of sales. Farms that produce more than $10,000 in sales account for 49.6 percent of the number of farms, 86.1 percent of the acreage, and 98.5 percent of sales. In 1997 there were 84,002 corporate farms owning 131.5 billion acres and selling $56.9 billion worth of farm products.

18 New exotic styles of food have created a demand for spices and herbs, almost all of them import-

14 California is the nation’s principal farm producer with a total production of $25.9 billion in 2001, followed by Texas and Iowa with a production of $13.8 billion and $11.6 billion respectively.

ed. In 2002, 260,000 tons of spices were imported, including pepper, sesame seed, capsicum, cinnamon, cassia, ginger root, and cumin.

19 Nearly 30 percent of farm workers are Hispanic, most of them living at below poverty levels.

SECTION 15: AGRICULTURE

233

Table 15-1—Series K 162-173. Farms and Land in Farms, by Size of Farms, 1880–2002 (Farms in thousands, land in farms in thousands of acres.) Number of farms Year Total

Under 10 acres

Land in farms

50–99 acres

1,000 acres and over

Total

Under 10 acres

50–99 acres

1,000 acres and over

2002 ................................................................................................................. 2001 .................................................................................................................

2 135 2 149

... ...

... ...

... ...

941 480 941 310

... ...

... ...

... ...

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992

................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................

2 167 2 187 2 192 1 912 ... ... ... ... 1 925

... ... ... 154 ... ... ... ... 166

... ... ... 295 ... ... ... ... 283

... ... ... 176 ... ... ... ... 173

943 090 947 440 953 500 956 010 958 675 962 515 965 935 968 845 ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1987 ................................................................................................................. 1982 ................................................................................................................. 1978 ................................................................................................................. 1974 ................................................................................................................. 1969 ................................................................................................................. 1964 ................................................................................................................. 1959 ................................................................................................................. 1954 1 .............................................................................................................. 1950 .................................................................................................................

2 088 2 241 2 258 2 314 2 730 3 158 3 711 4 782 5 388

183 188 151 128 162 183 244 484 489

311 344 356 385 460 542 658 864 1 048

169 163 161 155 151 145 136 130 121

964 500 ... 986 800 1 014 800 1 063 346 1 110 185 1 123 508 1 158 192 1 162 643

7 000 ... 7 000 6 000 568 778 1 053 2 260 2 443

22 500 ... 24 800 25 900 33 620 39 590 47 950 62 725 75 647

602 000 ... 599 900 600 400 578 412 584 847 554 631 531 482 494 856

1945 1 .............................................................................................................. 1940 ................................................................................................................. 1935 1 .............................................................................................................. 1930 ................................................................................................................. 1925 1 .............................................................................................................. 1920 ................................................................................................................. 1910 1 .............................................................................................................. 1900 ................................................................................................................. 1890 ................................................................................................................. 1880 .................................................................................................................

5 859 6 102 6 812 6 295 6 372 6 454 6 362 5 740 4 565 4 009

595 509 571 362 379 2292 335 268 150 139

1 157 1 291 1 444 1 375 1 421 1 475 1 438 1 366 1 122 1 033

113 101 89 81 63 67 50 47 32 29

1 141 615 1 065 114 1 054 515 990 112 924 319 958 677 3881 431 841 202 ... ...

2 805 2 679 3 057 1 922 2 097 ... ... 1 482 ... ...

83 206 93 336 104 016 98 700 101 906 105 631 103 121 98 600 ... ...

460 006 365 772 309 701 276 667 224 472 220 636 167 082 200 324 ... ...

1Excludes

Alaska and Hawaii. Alaska. includes Alaska and Hawaii. . . . = Not available.

2Excludes 3Total

234


Table 15-2—Series K 195-203. Farmers’ Marketing and Purchasing Cooperatives, Memberships, and Business, 1913–2001 (Number, dollars.) Cooperatives listed Year Total

Marketing and related

Estimated memberships (1,000)

Farm supply

Total

Marketing and related

Farm supply

Estimated business, net 1 (mil. dollars)

Total

Marketing and related 2

Farm supply

2001 .......................................................................................................................

3 229

1 995

1 234

3 034

1 288

1 746

99 798

75 042

24 756

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

3 346 3 466 3 651 3 791 3 884 4 006 4 174 4 244 4 315 4 494

2 069 2 153 2 304 2 405 2 481 2 548 2 678 2 697 2 697 2 805

1 277 1 313 1 347 1 386 1 403 1 458 1 496 1 547 1 618 1 689

3 085 3 173 3 353 3 387 3 664 3 768 3 986 4 023 4 071 4 058

1 367 1 442 1 579 1 681 1 869 1 922 2 050 2 046 2 051 2 033

1 718 1 731 1 774 1 706 1 795 1 846 1 936 1 977 2 020 2 025

96 150 95 159 101 193 103 024 103 082 90 534 86 324 80 148 76 709 76 636

72 065 71 982 76 642 77 843 79 429 69 321 65 545 60 930 58 196 58 720

24 085 23 177 24 551 25 181 23 653 21 213 20 779 19 218 18 513 17 916

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

4 663 4 799 4 937 5 109 5 369 5 625 5 782 5 989 6 125 6 211

2 946 2 996 3 101 3 168 3 398 3 589 3 646 3 781 3 826 3 855

1 717 1 803 1 836 1 941 1 971 2 036 2 136 2 208 2 299 2 356

4 119 4 134 4 195 4 440 4 600 4 781 4 842 4 955 5 136 5 335

2 114 2 099 2 053 2 158 2 290 2 383 2 445 2 402 2 469 2 479

2 006 2 035 2 142 2 282 2 310 2 398 2 397 2 553 2 666 2 856

77 266 72 129 66 430 60 318 58 395 65 601 73 047 66 755 69 150 71 534

60 178 55 222 51 006 46 047 43 300 48 961 56 078 50 812 52 788 54 475

17 088 16 907 15 424 14 271 15 095 16 641 16 969 15 943 16 362 17 059

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

6 293 6 445 6 600 6 736 7 533 7 645 7 755 7 854 7 797 7 995

3 924 3 938 4 050 4 143 4 804 4 916 4 977 5 053 5 016 5 264

2 369 2 507 2 550 2 593 2 731 2 729 2 778 2 801 2 781 2 731

5 379 5 627 5 695 5 758 5 906 6 123 6 106 6 128 6 147 6 158

2 574 2 567 2 632 2 692 2 850 3 151 3 133 3 140 3 156 3 130

2 804 3 060 3 063 3 066 3 056 2 972 2 973 2 988 2 991 3 028

66 254 56 268 47 305 43 584 40 104 41 342 35 366 25 991 21 665 20 556

50 120 42 747 36 253 33 027 30 692 32 682 27 602 20 076 16 925 16 210

16 134 13 521 11 052 10 557 9 412 8 660 7 764 5 915 4 740 4 340

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

7 790 7 747 7 940 8 125 8 329 8 583 8 847 8 907 9 039 9 163

5 015 4 954 5 105 5 254 5 380 5 498 5 621 5 696 5 833 5 941

2 775 2 793 2 835 2 871 2 949 3 085 3 226 3 211 3 206 3 222

6 355 6 364 6 445 6 502 6 826 7 082 7 080 7 219 7 099 7 203

3 133 3 175 3 259 3 333 3 672 3 831 3 655 3 623 3 464 3 523

3 222 3 189 3 186 3 169 3 154 3 251 3 425 3 596 3 635 3 680

19 080 17 396 17 034 16 557 15 608 14 742 14 354 13 842 13 024 12 409

15 207 13 796 13 513 13 218 12 523 11 832 11 522 11 138 10 463 9 937

3 873 3 600 3 521 3 339 3 085 2 910 2 832 2 704 2 561 2 472

1960 ....................................................................................................................... 1959 3 ..................................................................................................................... 1958 ....................................................................................................................... 1957 ....................................................................................................................... 1956 ....................................................................................................................... 1955 ....................................................................................................................... 1954 ....................................................................................................................... 1953 ....................................................................................................................... 1952 ....................................................................................................................... 1951 .......................................................................................................................

9 345 9 658 9 735 9 891 9 894 9 903 10 072 10 128 10 179 10 064

6 048 6 271 6 352 6 518 6 519 6 557 6 698 6 750 6 855 6 781

3 297 3 387 3 383 3 373 3 375 3 346 3 374 3 378 3 324 3 283

7 273 7 559 7 486 7 673 7 732 7 604 7 608 7 475 7 364 7 091

3 673 3 915 3 943 4 184 4 288 4 281 4 355 4 336 4 331 4 212

3 600 3 644 3 543 3 489 3 444 3 323 3 252 3 139 3 033 2 879

12 036 11 747 10 753 10 379 9 756 9 642 9 475 9 521 9 410 8 147

9 628 9 376 8 566 8 233 7 710 7 620 7 497 7 508 7 491 6 462

2 408 2 371 2 187 2 146 2 046 2 022 1 978 2 013 1 919 1 685

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

10 035 10 075 10 135 10 125 10 150 10 150 10 300 10 450 10 550 10 600

6 922 6 993 7 159 7 268 7 378 7 400 7 522 7 708 7 824 7 943

3 113 3 082 2 976 2 857 2 772 2 750 2 778 2 742 2 726 2 657

6 584 6 384 5 890 5 436 5 010 4 505 4 250 3 850 3 600 3 400

4 075 3 973 3 630 3 378 3 150 2 895 2 730 2 580 2 430 2 420

2 509 2 411 2 260 2 058 1 860 1 610 1 520 1 270 1 170 980

8 726 9 320 8 635 7 116 6 070 5 645 5 160 3 780 2 840 2 280

7 083 7 700 7 195 6 005 5 147 4 835 4 430 3 180 2 360 1 911

1 643 1 620 1 440 1 111 923 810 730 600 480 369

1936 1931 1926 1921 1915 1913

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

10 500 11 950 10 803 7 374 5 424 3 099

8 388 10 362 9 586 6 476 5 149 2 988

2 112 1 588 1 217 898 275 111

3 660 3 000 2 700 ... 651 ...

2 710 2 608 2 453 ... 592 ...

950 392 247 ... 59 ...

1 840 2 400 2 400 1 256 636 310

1 586 2 185 2 265 1 198 624 304

254 215 135 58 12 6

1Data for years to 1951 are not entirely comparable due to revisions in statistical procedure. 2Includes services related to marketing or supply purchasing 3Denotes first year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii.



235

Table 15-3—Series K 204-219. Balance Sheet of the Farming Sector Business, 1940–2001 (Billions of dollars. As of December 31 beginning 1980; before then January 1. Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.) Assets

Claims

Physical Non–real estate

Year Total

Real estate

Livestock and poultry 1

Machinery and motor vehicles

Crops stored on and off farm 2

Household equipment and furnishings

Investment and cooperatives

Total

Total liability

Proprietors’ equities

2001 ........................................................................................

1 251.0

998.7

73.2

90.7

25.2

59.0

...

1 251.0

192.0

1 059.0

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................

1 206.5 1 141.1 1 083.4 1 051.3 1 003.9 967.0 935.5 906.0 870.0 845.0

949.9 889.1 840.0 808.4 769.5 741.0 704.0 674.0 643.0 626.0

76.8 73.2 63.2 67.0 60.0 58.0 68.0 73.0 71.0 68.0

90.3 90.2 89.8 88.7 88.8 89.0 88.0 86.0 88.6 86.3

27.9 28.3 29.9 32.7 31.7 27.4 23.3 23.3 24.0 22.0

57.1 56.6 54.8 49.7 49.0 49.1 47.6 46.3 43.1 ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 206.5 1 141.1 1 083.4 1 051.3 1 003.9 967.0 935.5 906.0 870.0 845.0

184.1 176.4 172.9 165.0 156.0 151.0 147.0 142.0 139.0 139.0

1 022.3 964.7 910.5 885.9 848.9 816.0 789.0 764.0 731.0 706.0

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................

996.2 976.0 956.8 911.4 848.0 892.8 975.9 1 064.3 1 056.8 1 091.1

620.0 601.0 595.5 578.9 542.3 586.0 735.0 829.3 819.1 830.0

69.1 66.2 62.2 58.0 47.8 46.3 49.5 49.5 53.0 60.8

91.7 90.2 86.7 84.5 86.1 86.3 91.1 92.1 92.6 102.8

22.4 23.3 22.7 17.8 16.6 22.9 26.3 24.4 26.4 35.9

46.3 42.2 37.0 32.9 28.7 27.8 24.3 24.4 23.0 19.4

27.6 26.1 25.1 25.3 24.4 24.3 24.3 22.8 21.9 22.2

996.2 976.0 956.8 911.4 848.0 892.8 975.9 1 064.3 1 056.8 1 001.1

145.1 146.0 148.5 153.7 166.6 187.9 204.3 206.5 203.1 175.2

851.1 830.0 808.3 757.7 681.3 704.9 771.5 857.9 853.7 915.9

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................

1 089.2 873.4 736.3 664.2 576.3 577.0 478.5 394.8 351.8 314.9

850.1 655.0 554.7 496.4 418.1 420.6 327.7 267.3 239.6 213.0

60.6 51.3 31.9 29.0 29.4 29.4 42.4 34.1 27.3 23.7

86.9 85.1 76.9 71.0 64.0 63.1 44.2 39.3 35.6 33.8

32.8 28.0 24.4 22.1 21.3 21.1 22.0 14.5 11.8 10.7

19.4 16.0 13.8 12.1 11.7 11.7 12.3 11.9 10.8 10.1

19.3 18.3 15.2 14.9 13.4 12.8 10.8 9.7 8.8 7.6

1 089.2 873.4 736.3 664.2 576.3 577.0 478.5 394.8 351.8 314.9

178.7 136.5 119.3 102.7 90.8 91.5 74.1 65.3 59.1 61.1

910.5 736.9 617.0 561.6 485.5 485.5 404.4 327.5 292.7 253.8

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................

305.8 294.8 280.1 266.8 253.8 237.2 229.2 221.4 212.8 204.2

207.1 201.5 192.0 181.8 172.2 160.9 152.1 143.8 138.0 131.8

23.5 20.2 18.8 18.9 17.6 14.4 15.8 17.3 16.4 15.5

31.8 30.9 29.5 27.3 25.8 24.7 23.9 23.4 22.5 22.2

10.9 10.6 9.6 10.0 9.7 9.2 9.8 9.3 8.8 8.0

9.7 9.6 9.0 8.4 8.6 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.1 8.9

7.2 6.8 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.0 4.8 4.5

305.8 294.8 280.1 266.8 253.8 237.2 229.2 221.4 212.8 204.2

58.1 54.6 50.4 45.7 41.6 37.6 34.9 31.7 28.7 26.2

247.7 240.2 229.7 221.1 212.2 199.6 194.3 189.7 184.1 178.0

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................

203.5 202.1 185.8 177.9 169.6 165.1 161.2 164.3 167.0 151.5

130.2 124.4 115.9 110.4 102.9 98.2 95.0 96.5 95.1 86.6

15.2 17.7 13.9 11.0 10.6 11.2 11.7 14.8 19.5 17.1

22.7 21.8 20.2 20.2 19.3 18.6 18.4 17.4 16.7 14.1

7.7 9.3 7.6 8.3 8.4 9.6 9.2 9.0 8.8 7.9

9.6 9.8 9.9 10.0 10.5 10.0 9.9 9.9 10.3 9.7

4.2 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.3

203.5 202.1 185.8 177.9 169.6 165.1 161.2 164.3 167.0 151.5

24.8 23.6 20.4 19.3 18.8 17.6 16.9 16.1 14.7 13.1

178.7 178.5 165.4 158.6 150.8 147.5 144.3 148.2 152.3 138.4

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................

132.5 134.9 127.9 116.4 103.5 94.2 84.6 73.7 62.9 55.0

75.3 76.6 73.7 68.5 61.0 53.9 48.2 41.6 37.5 34.4

12.9 14.4 13.3 11.9 9.7 9.0 9.7 9.6 7.1 5.3

12.2 10.1 7.4 5.3 5.4 6.5 5.4 4.9 4.0 3.3

7.6 8.6 9.0 7.1 6.3 6.7 6.1 5.1 3.8 3.0

8.6 9.1 8.5 7.7 6.1 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.9 4.2

2.1 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9

132.5 134.9 127.9 116.4 103.5 94.2 84.6 73.7 62.9 55.0

12.4 11.4 9.3 8.5 8.0 8.3 8.9 10.0 10.5 10.4

120.1 123.5 118.6 107.9 95.5 85.9 75.7 63.7 52.4 44.6

1940 ........................................................................................

52.9

33.6

5.1

3.1

2.7

4.2

0.8

52.9

10.0

42.9

1Beginning in 1961, excludes horses and mules. 2Includes crops held on farms and crops held off farms by farmers as security for CCC loans.


236


Table 15-4—Series K 256-285. Farm Income and Expenses, 1910–2001 (Millions of dollars.) Realized gross income from farming Cash receipts from marketing Government payments

Value of farm products consumed in farm households

106 300

20 700

...

...

99 300 98 300 94 000 96 500 92 100 87 800 89 800 90 445 85 636 85 786

22 900 21 500 12 400 7 500 7 300 7 300 7 900 13 400 9 200 8 200

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

80 297 76 800 71 600 65 800 63 700 74 300 69 900 67 200 72 300 72 500

89 220 84 100 79 400 76 000 71 600 69 800 72 900 69 600 70 300 69 200

9 300 10 900 14 500 16 700 11 800 7 700 8 400 9 300 3 500 1 900

700 700 700 700 900 900 1 000 1 000 1 100 1 200

5 600 5 500 5 400 4 900 4 600 4 700 4 900 12 600 13 100 12 600

143 300 135 100 117 300 99 300 94 780 90 700 92 449 87 068 61 190 52 859

71 700 62 300 53 200 48 600 48 668 45 800 51 090 41 132 25 520 22 276

68 000 69 200 59 200 47 600 46 112 43 100 41 359 45 936 35 670 30 583

1 300 1 400 3 000 1 800 734 800 531 2 607 3 961 3 145

1 200 1 300 1 200 1 200 1 334 1 100 1 295 1 104 831 732

11 000 9 300 8 100 7 300 5 973 5 400 4 687 3 913 3 474 3 226

57 925 55 550 50 897 48 998 49 740 44 926 42 567 42 271 41 258 39 771

50 522 48 143 44 117 42 693 43 294 39 350 37 233 37 398 36 356 35 089

20 907 19 541 18 620 18 434 18 373 17 392 17 377 17 435 16 294 15 660

29 615 28 602 25 497 24 259 24 921 21 958 19 856 19 963 20 062 19 429

3 717 3 794 3 462 3 079 3 277 2 463 2 181 1 696 1 747 1 493

773 750 732 745 817 813 930 1 016 1 076 1 176

2 913 2 863 2 586 2 481 2 352 2 300 2 223 2 161 2 079 2 012

12 079 11 454 13 500 11 325 11 444 11 464 12 503 13 088 15 051 15 987

38 088 37 468 37 911 34 001 34 274 33 138 33 589 34 986 36 759 37 055

34 154 33 511 33 456 29 714 30 401 29 490 29 832 31 001 32 528 32 858

15 208 14 648 14 229 12 338 14 038 13 523 13 556 14 078 14 290 13 239

18 946 18 863 19 227 17 376 16 363 15 967 16 276 16 923 18 238 19 619

702 682 1 089 1 016 554 229 257 213 275 286

1 250 1 318 1 505 1 484 1 585 1 678 1 789 2 007 2 220 2 304

1 981 1 957 1 861 1 787 1 734 1 741 1 711 1 765 1 736 1 607

................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. .................................................................................

13 673 12 780 17 664 15 354 15 068 12 312 11 705 11 736 9 853 6 490

32 271 31 628 34 722 34 146 29 539 25 813 24 448 23 397 18 794 13 851

28 461 27 805 30 227 29 620 24 802 21 663 20 536 19 620 15 565 11 111

12 356 12 396 13 098 13 093 11 016 9 655 9 185 8 127 6 526 4 619

16 105 15 409 17 129 16 527 13 786 12 008 11 351 11 493 9 039 6 492

283 185 257 314 772 742 776 645 650 544

2 063 2 230 2 733 2 765 2 662 2 356 2 181 2 253 1 758 1 429

1 464 1 408 1 505 1 447 1 303 1 052 955 879 821 767

................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. .................................................................................

4 482 4 414 4 361 6 005 4 308 5 278 2 923 2 555 2 032 3 344

11 059 10 585 10 149 11 367 10 756 9 696 8 568 7 107 6 405 8 421

8 382 7 872 7 723 8 864 8 391 7 120 6 357 5 332 4 748 6 381

3 469 3 336 3 200 3 924 3 649 2 977 3 021 2 486 1 996 2 540

4 913 4 536 4 523 4 940 4 742 4 143 3 336 2 846 2 752 3 841

723 763 446 336 278 573 446 131 ... ...

1 210 1 209 1 235 1 434 1 394 1 320 1 125 1 030 993 1 265

744 741 745 733 693 683 640 614 664 775

Year

Net income of farm operators from farming

Realized gross farm income

2001 .................................................................................

59 700

246 500

225 800

93 900

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. .................................................................................

58 400 57 100 56 800 60 400 57 700 52 500 50 700 44 533 47 918 38 600

241 700 234 500 232 100 238 669 235 741 210 743 216 076 204 738 200 534 191 950

218 800 212 900 219 700 230 600 228 400 203 500 208 200 200 300 188 600 184 359

95 000 92 400 101 700 112 400 115 500 95 700 100 300 87 447 85 684 82 077

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. .................................................................................

44 700 39 700 40 600 39 700 31 000 28 800 26 100 14 200 23 800 26 900

198 000 191 900 174 500 168 400 156 100 161 200 168 000 153 900 164 100 166 300

186 000 179 900 171 900 165 100 152 800 157 900 156 100 151 100 151 300 146 000

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. .................................................................................

16 100 27 400 25 200 19 900 18 682 25 500 26 130 33 349 18 171 14 194

149 300 150 700 128 400 108 800 101 812 100 600 98 340 98 911 70 119 60 603

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. .................................................................................

16 825 16 856 14 825 14 882 16 253 14 987 12 266 13 206 13 215 12 987

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. .................................................................................

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931


Total

Crops

Livestock and livestock products

Gross rental value of farm dwellings


237

Table 15-4—Series K 256-285. Farm Income and Expenses, 1910–2001—Continued (Millions of dollars.) Expenses of agricultural production Operating expenses (excluded hired labor) Year Total

Feed Livestock purchased purchased

Seed purchased 1

Fertilizer and lime

Repairs

Miscellaneous 2

Taxes on farm property

Wages Interest on Net rent to paid for farm nonfarm hired farm mortgage landlords labor 3 debt

2001 .........................................................................

200 770

25 225

15 685

8 312

10 323

...

45 933

7 008

22 189

14 144

12 029

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... .........................................................................

193 660 188 274 186 502 187 637 180 970 173 819 167 191 160 500 152 500 153 300

24 526 24 527 25 031 26 334 25 237 23 832 22 635 21 400 20 100 19 300

16 058 13 840 12 576 13 820 11 294 12 506 13 305 14 600 13 600 14 100

7 512 7 212 7 212 6 711 6 212 5 462 5 373 5 200 4 900 5 100

10 021 9 922 10 624 10 927 10 929 10 029 9 177 8 400 8 300 8 700

... ... ... ... ... ... ... 9 200 8 500 8 600

42 857 43 929 42 712 41 649 40 171 40 213 37 774 28 200 24 900 22 500

6 908 6 807 7 013 6 939 6 816 6 711 6 475 6 300 6 200 5 900

20 637 19 808 19 120 18 410 17 331 16 294 15 310 15 000 14 000 13 900

14 278 13 585 13 365 13 133 12 961 12 576 11 556 10 800 11 200 12 200

11 832 11 308 11 443 11 870 12 971 10 914 11 765 10 900 10 800 9 900

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... .........................................................................

144 300 140 200 133 900 128 700 125 100 132 400 141 900 139 600 140 300 139 400

20 700 21 000 20 400 17 500 17 500 16 900 19 400 20 600 18 600 20 900

14 700 13 100 12 800 11 800 9 800 9 200 9 500 8 800 9 700 9 000

3 600 3 600 3 400 3 300 3 200 3 100 3 400 2 700 3 200 3 400

7 100 7 200 6 900 6 500 6 800 7 500 8 400 7 100 8 000 9 400

7 300 7 300 6 800 6 800 6 400 6 400 6 400 6 500 6 400 7 000

18 800 19 200 17 200 17 500 15 500 16 500 16 900 17 100 15 500 12 400

5 600 5 100 4 800 4 900 4 600 4 500 4 300 4 500 4 000 4 200

12 500 11 100 10 400 10 000 9 500 10 000 9 400 8 900 9 400 8 900

14 500 14 700 14 700 15 000 16 500 18 600 21 100 21 400 21 800 19 900

8 200 7 900 7 400 7 300 6 100 7 700 8 100 5 200 5 500 6 200

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... .........................................................................

133 100 123 300 103 200 89 000 83 130 75 100 72 210 65 562 52 809 47 806

21 000 19 300 16 000 14 000 14 370 12 900 14 513 13 224 8 397 8 049

10 700 13 000 10 200 7 100 5 871 5 000 5 131 8 065 6 668 5 123

3 200 2 900 2 600 2 500 2 537 2 100 2 082 1 617 1 115 1 072

9 500 7 400 6 600 6 500 6 141 6 700 5 808 3 354 2 690 2 633

7 100 7 300 6 600 5 800 9 096 4 500 6 659 5 229 4 708 4 707

11 800 11 500 9 500 6 700 12 586 5 600 10 178 8 836 8 312 7 650

3 900 3 900 3 600 3 700 3 607 3 200 3 096 2 888 2 815 2 704

9 300 9 000 8 300 8 000 7 037 6 600 6 036 5 232 4 594 4 367

16 300 13 100 10 200 8 500 3 852 6 400 3 044 2 495 2 132 1 905

6 100 6 200 4 000 3 400 4 220 4 000 5 100 5 679 3 491 2 246

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... .........................................................................

41 091 38 759 36 209 34 775 33 406 30 933 29 481 29 688 28 639 27 125

7 189 6 602 5 894 6 472 6 324 5 749 5 715 6 128 5 575 5 121

4 345 4 219 3 676 3 391 3 498 2 913 2 420 2 917 3 106 2 730

829 737 672 678 626 637 566 553 521 521

2 222 2 084 2 130 2 124 1 952 1 754 1 701 1 570 1 474 1 373

5 031 4 896 4 831 4 495 4 227 4 073 3 940 3 942 3 944 3 858

5 132 4 732 4 451 4 068 3 854 3 628 3 515 3 315 3 135 2 936

2 957 2 732 2 515 2 275 2 108 1 943 1 833 1 763 1 684 1 597

3 643 3 299 3 047 2 878 2 889 2 849 2 913 2 990 2 961 2 977

1 717 1 599 1 477 1 343 1 205 1 077 952 846 759 686

1 302 1 297 1 307 1 305 1 442 1 328 1 223 1 193 1 132 1 109

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... .........................................................................

26 352 26 106 25 236 23 294 22 374 21 889 21 577 21 275 22 630 22 252

4 923 4 744 4 541 4 035 3 894 3 880 3 906 3 770 4 331 4 144

2 502 2 693 2 702 1 934 1 610 1 539 1 563 1 320 1 918 2 437

510 491 508 510 519 566 525 551 594 551

1 315 1 291 1 206 1 166 1 166 1 185 1 209 1 178 1 184 1 064

3 966 4 069 3 921 3 917 3 785 3 600 3 506 3 541 3 506 3 282

2 829 2 724 2 517 2 332 2 307 2 204 2 077 2 106 2 142 2 064

1 502 1 401 1 306 1 242 1 178 1 141 1 084 1 060 1 033 983

2 923 2 882 2 842 2 734 2 641 2 615 2 596 2 736 2 857 2 921

628 572 521 482 442 402 371 345 318 291

1 010 1 011 1 161 1 029 1 109 1 057 1 159 1 214 1 421 1 368

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... .........................................................................

19 410 17 982 18 790 17 032 14 500 13 062 12 333 11 608 10 040 7 781

3 283 3 024 3 996 3 746 3 022 2 738 2 427 2 135 1 625 1 089

2 004 1 529 1 589 1 379 1 170 1 011 812 908 877 635

518 543 581 514 428 435 440 406 301 203

975 895 826 755 683 657 576 505 417 334

2 975 2 896 2 818 2 468 2 054 1 689 1 608 1 465 1 289 1 132

1 763 1 702 1 580 1 421 1 185 1 081 1 071 1 026 937 875

919 872 806 733 617 557 499 477 466 463

2 811 2 806 2 990 2 783 2 532 2 299 2 202 2 027 1 631 1 249

264 243 232 225 219 221 230 246 272 284

1 233 1 107 1 370 1 455 1 401 1 064 1 043 1 044 890 647

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... .........................................................................

6 858 6 266 5 920 6 178 5 642 5 116 4 715 4 358 4 483 5 537

998 732 557 805 755 528 542 422 348 448

517 465 368 332 283 312 183 199 193 253

197 169 206 194 147 108 104 65 79 117

306 273 258 279 261 188 176 120 118 202

1 038 959 907 879 749 717 608 554 521 635

784 759 726 732 664 647 663 669 730 834

451 456 448 452 440 434 424 438 510 589

1 029 988 979 988 868 775 679 617 669 914

293 305 320 341 364 396 430 472 526 553

448 379 318 380 383 347 256 158 55 136

1Includes 2Includes 3Includes

bulbs, plants, and trees. interest on non real estate debt, marketing, charges, net insurance premiums (crop, fire, wind, and hail) and miscellaneous supplies and services purchased. values of perquisites. . . . = Not available.

238


Table 15-4—Series K 256-285. Farm Income and Expenses, 1910–2001—Continued (Millions of dollars.) Realized gross income from farming Cash receipts from marketing Year

Net income of Realized gross farm operators farm income from farming

Total

Crops

Livestock and livestock products

Government payments

Value of farm products consumed in farm households

Gross rental value of farm dwellings

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. .................................................................................

4 259 6 152 5 981 5 699 5 937 6 734 4 855 5 068 4 343 3 370

11 472 13 938 13 598 13 336 13 302 13 716 12 785 12 167 11 059 10 573

9 055 11 312 10 991 10 733 10 558 11 021 10 225 9 545 8 575 8 058

3 868 5 130 4 956 5 125 4 875 5 545 5 413 4 865 4 300 4 106

5 187 6 182 6 035 5 608 5 683 5 476 4 812 4 680 4 275 3 952

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 552 1 713 1 724 1 725 1 875 1 827 1 706 1 772 1 717 1 746

865 913 883 878 869 868 854 850 767 769

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. ................................................................................. .................................................................................

7 795 9 078 8 887 8 304 4 570 4 307 4 181 3 728 4 456 3 371

15 944 17 918 16 547 13 410 9 744 8 147 7 793 7 978 7 710 7 213

12 600 14 538 13 467 10 736 7 746 6 392 6 036 6 238 6 008 5 584

6 644 7 603 6 974 5 642 4 035 3 263 2 899 3 077 3 095 2 905

5 956 6 935 6 493 5 094 3 711 3 129 3 137 3 161 2 913 2 679

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 509 2 556 2 341 2 003 1 384 1 192 1 228 1 222 1 204 1 165

835 824 739 671 614 563 529 518 498 464

1910 .................................................................................

4 176

7 495

5 780

2 929

2 851

...

1 270

445



239

Table 15-4—Series K 256-285. Farm Income and Expenses, 1910–2001—Continued (Millions of dollars.) Expenses of agricultural production Operating expenses (excluded hired labor) Year Total

Feed Livestock purchased purchased

Seed purchased 1

Fertilizer and lime

Repairs

Miscellaneous 2

Taxes on farm property

Wages Interest on Net rent to paid for farm nonfarm hired farm mortgage landlords labor 3 debt

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... .........................................................................

6 944 7 664 7 757 7 462 7 372 7 347 7 447 7 054 6 614 6 638

791 919 977 892 891 988 1 116 819 676 710

362 504 588 465 396 382 313 304 319 202

124 122 134 140 142 136 120 111 109 123

297 300 318 267 298 299 264 263 234 249

785 886 827 787 774 711 654 637 557 550

914 998 1 001 986 1 033 1 021 1 030 1 027 1 027 1 052

648 651 636 620 599 589 583 590 583 586

1 177 1 300 1 290 1 302 1 330 1 267 1 248 1 251 1 127 1 170

570 582 590 593 598 612 647 679 680 653

321 486 496 520 425 470 520 430 368 304

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... ......................................................................... .........................................................................

8 837 8 331 7 507 6 092 4 836 4 167 4 029 3 974 3 833 3 582

1 254 1 097 1 106 614 517 411 414 406 419 350

422 567 522 414 260 207 215 250 217 188

178 138 132 122 76 62 62 62 74 65

390 358 311 232 193 165 195 175 161 168

695 615 536 464 395 343 297 289 278 251

1 263 1 143 1 024 863 715 639 648 634 606 588

556 454 361 339 304 284 261 257 225 215

1 790 1 515 1 337 1 127 904 815 804 804 789 758

574 476 417 379 341 314 296 276 252 225

504 928 859 825 534 403 355 340 343 331

1910 .........................................................................

3 531

426

199

56

152

251

558

195

755

203

320

1Includes 2Includes 3Includes

bulbs, plants, and trees. interest on non real estate debt, marketing, charges, net insurance premiums (crop, fire, wind, and hail) and miscellaneous supplies and services purchased. values of perquisites.

240


Table 15-5—Series K 358-360. Consumer Expenditures, Farm Value, and Marketing Bill for All Farm Food Products Purchased by Domestic Civilian Consumers, 1913–2001 (Billions of dollars.) Year

Consumer expenditures 1

Farm value

Marketing bill

2001 ...............................................................................................................................................

688

130

558

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................

661 625 585 566 547 530 512 489 474 465

123 122 120 122 122 114 110 110 105 102

538 503 465 445 424 416 403 380 369 364

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................

441 419 399 376 360 345 332 315 299 288

107 104 97 90 89 86 90 85 81 83

334 316 302 285 271 259 242 230 218 204

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................

264 245 217 189 181 167 152 137 120 ...

82 79 70 57 58 56 56 51 39 ...

183 166 147 132 123 111 96 86 81 ...

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................

102 95 90 85 83 78 48 72 69 67

33 32 29 27 28 26 23 23 22 22

68 63 61 58 55 52 51 49 47 45

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................

66 63 61 58 56 53 51 51 51 49

22 21 22 21 19 19 19 20 20 20

44 42 40 38 36 34 32 32 30 29

1950 ............................................................................................................................................... 1949 ............................................................................................................................................... 1948 ............................................................................................................................................... 1947 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 1947 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 1946 ............................................................................................................................................... 1945 ............................................................................................................................................... 1944 ............................................................................................................................................... 1943 ............................................................................................................................................... 1942 ............................................................................................................................................... 1941 ...............................................................................................................................................

44 43 45 42 36 31 24 22 22 20 16

18 17 20 19 19 16 13 12 11 9 7

26 26 25 23 18 16 12 11 11 10 9

1940 ............................................................................................................................................... 1939 ............................................................................................................................................... 1939 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 1938 ............................................................................................................................................... 1937 ............................................................................................................................................... 1936 ............................................................................................................................................... 1935 ............................................................................................................................................... 1935 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 1934 ............................................................................................................................................... 1933 ............................................................................................................................................... 1932 ............................................................................................................................................... 1931 ...............................................................................................................................................

14 15 13 13 14 14 14 13 12 11 11 13

6 5 5 5 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 5

8 10 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 7 7 8

1For 1913–1947, consumer expenditures for farm food eaten away from home are based on retail food store prices. 2Comparable with later years. Beginning 1947, a new series based on 1958 benchmark estimate. 3Comparable with earlier years. 4Revised figures according to the commodity flow method; comparable to 1947–1970.



241

Table 15-5—Series K 358-360. Consumer Expenditures, Farm Value, and Marketing Bill for All Farm Food Products Purchased by Domestic Civilian Consumers, 1913–2001—Continued (Billions of dollars.) Year

Consumer expenditures 1

Farm value

Marketing bill

1930 1929 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................

16 18 17 16 16 16 16 14 14 13 13

6 8 7 7 10 7 7 6 6 5 5

10 10 10 9 10 9 9 9 8 8 8

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913

............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................

16 15 13 12 10 8 8 7

7 8 7 6 4 4 4 4

9 8 6 6 5 4 4 4

1For

1913–1947, consumer expenditures for farm food eaten away from home are based on retail food store prices.

242


Table 15-6—Series K 496-501. Acreages of Harvested Crops by Use, and Indexes of Cropland Used for Crops and Crop Production per Acre, 1910–1998 1 (Acres in millions.) Acreages of harvested crops by use (million acres) Year Total

Index (1977 = 100)

Products for domestic use

2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................

317 321 325 327 326 332 326 314 339 330 337 337

90 90 91 91 91 92 92 88 90 87 89 89

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................

322 318 297 302 325 342 348 306 362 366

90 90 87 88 94 98 99 88 101 102

239 215 179 196 229 263 252 182 249 237

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................

352 348 337 344 337 336 328 321 294 305

101 100 97 100 98 97 96 93 88 90

215 232 224 232 240 236 229 225 203 243

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................

297 294 303 308 295 298 301 300 295 303

88 88 89 90 88 89 89 89 88 90

225 233 249 239 226 222 227 223 229 21 232

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................

324 324 324 324 324 340 346 348 349 344

94 95 94 95 98 100 100 100 100 102

255 257 273 268 255 283 298 304 298 267

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................

345 360 356 355 352 354 362 357 348 344

100 102 100 99 98 98 100 100 98 97

276 293 280 287 278 280 301 299 296 292

1Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. 21961 and earlier, does not include feed for horses or mules.



243

Table 15-6—Series K 496-501. Acreages of Harvested Crops by Use, and Indexes of Cropland Used for Crops and Crop Production per Acre, 1910–1998 1—Continued (Acres in millions.) Acreages of harvested crops by use (million acres) Year Total

Index (1977 = 100)

Products for domestic use

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................

341 331 349 347 323 345 304 340 371 365

97 96 98 100 99 100 99 100 102 101

290 263 279 266 251 269 227 253 276 267

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................

369 365 361 358 359 360 355 354 355 359

101 100 99 99 98 98 97 97 97 97

265 254 242 236 229 238 221 223 219 206

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................

360 364 362 349 340 340 334 333 329 330

97 99 98 94 92 92 90 90 89 89

210 217 208 213 195 198 185 198 196 200

1910 ...............................................................................................................................................

325

87

200

1Excludes

Alaska and Hawaii.

244


Table 15-7. Gross Farm Product Summary, 1980–2001 (Billions of dollars.) Year

1980

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Current Dollars Farm output, total ................................................................................................... Cash receipts from farm marketing .................................................................... Farm housing ..................................................................................................... Farm products consumed on farms ................................................................... Other farm income ............................................................................................. Change in farm inventories ................................................................................ Less: intermediate goods and services purchased 1 ............................................. Equal: gross farm product ...................................................................................... Less: Consumption of fixed capital ........................................................................ Indirect business tax 2 ........................................................................................ Plus: Subsidies to operators ..................................................................................

142.9 140.3 5.1 1.2 2.4 -6.1 86.8 56.1 18.6 3.0 1.0

185.3 172.1 5.1 0.7 4.9 2.4 105.7 79.6 22.1 4.3 7.5

197.9 194.2 6.0 0.5 6.3 -9.2 124.7 73.2 24.6 5.0 6.1

222.6 201.2 6.2 0.5 6.8 7.9 130.4 92.2 25.4 5.0 6.2

226.3 208.6 6.4 0.5 7.8 2.9 138.1 88.3 26.3 5.2 6.3

214.6 197.6 6.7 0.5 9.0 0.9 134.1 80.6 27.3 5.2 10.4

207.5 191.4 7.2 0.5 9.9 -1.5 132.3 75.2 28.9 5.3 18.4

214.3 199.4 7.6 0.6 8.9 -2.2 136.5 77.8 28.7 5.4 19.5

221.3 200.9 8.0 0.6 10.3 1.6 140.7 80.6 29.4 5.6 17.7

Equals: Farm National Income ..............................................................................

35.5

60.8

49.7

68.1

63.1

58.5

59.3

63.3

63.2

Chained 1996 Dollars Farm output, total ................................................................................................... Cash receipts from farm marketings .................................................................. Farm housings ................................................................................................... Fram products consumed on farms ................................................................... Other farm income ............................................................................................. Change in farm inventories ................................................................................ Less: Intermediate goods and services purchased 1 .............................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

200.8 186.3 6.9 0.6 5.7 2.6 117.0

217.9 214.7 6.3 0.5 7.0 -12.3 132.3

222.6 201.2 6.2 0.5 6.8 7.9 130.4

237.5 218.7 6.0 0.5 8.2 3.2 134.4

238.5 219.8 6.0 0.5 9.9 1.6 138.2

244.1 226.2 6.1 0.5 11.8 -2.0 137.2

249.2 233.4 6.0 0.5 10.6 -2.5 133.3

246.1 224.4 5.9 0.5 12.2 2.0 134.6

Equals: Gross farm product ...................................................................................

...

84.2

85.5

92.2

103.6

100.3

108.1

120.5

114.3

1Includes

rent paid to nonoperator landlords. nontax liability. . . . = Not available.

2Includes


245

Table 15-8. Value Added to the Economy by Agricultural Sector, 1980–2001 (Billions of dollars.) Year

1980

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Final agricultural sector output ............................................................................... Final crop output (sales) 1 ...................................................................................... Final animal output (sales) 1 .................................................................................. Services and forestry ............................................................................................. Machine hire and custom work .......................................................................... Forest products sold .......................................................................................... Other farm income ............................................................................................. Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings ....................................................

148.0 64.4 70.3 13.3 0.7 1.0 0.6 11.0

188.8 83.3 90.2 15.3 1.8 1.9 4.5 7.2

203.5 95.7 87.8 19.9 1.9 2.8 5.8 9.4

228.4 115.5 92.1 20.8 2.2 2.7 6.2 9.8

230.6 112.4 96.5 21.8 2.4 2.9 6.9 9.7

219.7 101.7 94.2 23.8 2.2 3.1 8.7 9.9

212.9 92.4 95.3 25.2 2.0 2.8 10.2 10.2

218.8 95.0 99.3 24.4 2.2 2.9 8.7 10.7

225.8 93.9 106.3 25.6 2.0 2.8 10.1 10.6

Less: Intermediate consumption outlays ............................................................... Farm origin 2 .......................................................................................................... Feed purchased ................................................................................................. Livestock and poultry purchased ....................................................................... Manufactured inputs 2 ............................................................................................ Fertilizers and lime ............................................................................................. Pesticides .......................................................................................................... Other intermediate expenses 2 .............................................................................. Repair and maintenance of capital items ...........................................................

77.0 34.9 21.0 10.7 22.4 9.5 3.5 19.7 7.1

92.9 39.5 20.4 14.6 22.0 8.2 5.4 31.4 8.6

109.7 41.8 23.8 12.5 26.1 10.0 7.7 41.7 9.5

113.2 42.7 25.2 11.3 28.6 10.9 8.5 41.9 10.3

119.8 46.9 26.3 13.8 29.2 10.9 9.0 44.6 10.4

117.6 44.8 25.0 12.6 28.1 10.6 9.0 44.6 10.4

118.6 45.6 24.5 13.8 27.1 9.9 8.6 45.9 10.5

121.9 48.1 24.5 16.1 28.7 10.0 8.5 45.1 10.8

127.5 49.2 25.2 15.7 29.7 10.3 8.6 48.6 11.2

Plus: net government transactions 3 ...................................................................... Direct government payments ............................................................................. Property taxes .................................................................................................... Equals: gross value added .................................................................................... Less: capital consumption ..................................................................................... Equals: net value added ........................................................................................ Less: employee compensation .............................................................................. Less: net rent received by nonoperator landlords ................................................. Less: real estate and nonreal estate interest .........................................................

-2.8 1.3 3.9 68.2 21.5 46.7 8.3 6.1 16.3

3.1 9.3 5.9 98.9 18.1 80.8 12.5 10.2 13.4

0.1 7.3 6.8 93.9 19.2 74.8 14.3 10.9 12.6

0.1 7.3 6.8 115.3 19.4 95.9 15.2 13.0 13.0

4.9 12.4 7.0 110.9 19.5 91.4 15.9 11.9 13.1

4.9 12.4 7.0 107.0 19.9 87.2 16.8 11.4 13.4

14.3 21.5 6.8 108.6 20.1 88.4 17.4 11.3 13.6

15.5 22.9 6.9 112.4 20.3 92.1 17.9 11.8 14.3

13.2 20.7 7.0 111.5 20.6 90.9 19.0 12.0 14.1

Equals: net farm income ........................................................................................

16.1

44.6

37.0

54.8

50.5

45.6

46.2

48.0

45.7

1Includes

home consumption and value of inventory adjustment. other outlays not shown separately. 3Direct government payments minus motor vehicle registration and licensing fees and property taxes. 2Includes

246


Table 15-9. Value of Agricultural Exports and Imports, 1980–2002 (Billions of dollars, percent.) Exports, domestic products Year

Imports for consumption

Trade balance Total

Percent of all exports

Total

Percent of all imports

2002 ......................................................................................................... 2001 .........................................................................................................

11.1 14.3

53.0 53.7

8 8

41.9 39.4

4 3

2000 ......................................................................................................... 1999 ......................................................................................................... 1998 ......................................................................................................... 1997 ......................................................................................................... 1996 ......................................................................................................... 1995 ......................................................................................................... 1994 ......................................................................................................... 1993 ......................................................................................................... 1992 ......................................................................................................... 1991 .........................................................................................................

12.3 10.7 14.9 21.1 26.9 26.1 19.2 17.8 18.4 16.5

51.2 48.4 51.8 57.2 60.4 56.3 46.3 42.9 43.2 39.4

7 8 8 9 10 10 10 10 10 10

39.0 37.7 36.9 36.1 33.5 30.3 27.0 25.1 24.8 22.9

3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5

1990 .........................................................................................................

16.6

39.5

11

22.9

5

1980 .........................................................................................................

23.9

41.2

18

17.4

7

SECTION

16

FORESTRY AND FISHERIES

248


SECTION 16

FORESTRY AND FISHERIES Highlights National Forest System, 1900–2002 240 220 200 180

Acres (millions)

160 140 120

Within unit boundaries Under Forest Service administration

100 80 60 40 20 0 1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

1998

2002

Year

1

The National Forest Service is the largest landowner in the United States and oversees the National Forest System, which covers more than 232 million acres. A forest is defined as land that is at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size. The states with the largest forest areas in 2002 are California (24.4 million acres), Alaska (24.3 million acres), Idaho (21.5 million acres), Montana (19.1 million acres), and Oregon (17.5 million acres).

2

Data on lumber were first collected in 1810 by the Census Office (later the Census Bureau). Subsequent statistics were published by this agency for 1819, decennially for 1839 to 1899, and annually from 1904 to 1954, except in 1905, 1906, 1913, 1915 to 1918, 1920, and 1948. Current data are reported in An Analysis of the Timber

Situation in the United States, 1989–2040; Forest Statistics of the United States, U.S. Timber Production, Trade, Consumption and Price Statistics, 1960–1988; and the annual Land Areas of the National Forest System.

3

The total forest area of the United States in 1992 was 754 million acres, of which 360 million acres were in private hands, 116 million acres were federally owned or managed, and 29 million acres were owned by states, counties, and municipalities. Of the total acreage, 168 million acres were in the Northeast, 212 million acres in the South, 142 million acres in the Rockies, and 217 million acres in the West. The net volume of growing stock was 786 billion cubic feet, of which softwood accounted for 450 billion cubic feet.

SECTION 16: FORESTRY AND FISHERIES

4

The most popular softwood is Douglas fir, and the most popular hardwood is oak. However, stumpage prices for Sugar pine ($209) are generally higher than those for Douglas fir ($185) because it is favored by carpenters and construction people.

5

249

Fisheries Service. Statistics on commercial landed catches of fish are shown as round, salable weight of recoverable meat. Data do not include catches made for personal use by hobby fishermen, or landings by foreign fishing vessels.

8

The GDP of timber-related industry was $106.2 billion in 2002, of which paper and allied products accounted for $73.0 billion and wood products for $33.1 billion. The wood manufacturing products industries employed 556,000 persons, and paper, paperboard, and other paper products industries employed 530,000 persons in 2001. In 2002, domestic production of industrial roundwood was 14.9 billion cubic feet; lumber, 7.1 billion cubic feet; plywood and veneer, 1.1 billion cubic feet; and pulp products, 5.7 billion cubic feet.

The fishing species most often caught are whiting, cod, flounder, haddock, herring, lobster, mackerel, and ocean perch in the New England states; menhaden, oysters, and crabs in the Middle Atlantic and Chesapeake Bay states; shrimp, menhaden, and mullet in the South Atlantic and Gulf states; lake trout and white fish in the Great Lakes states; tuna, salmon, sardine, halibut, and mackerel in the Pacific coast states; tuna in Hawaii; and salmon, halibut, and herring in Alaska.

6 The total production of paper and paperboard in 2000 was 96.3 million short tons, of which paper

The total fish catch in 2001 was 9.5 billion pounds valued at $3.2 billion. Of these, shellfish accounted for 1.2 billion pounds worth $1.7 billion. Menhaden and pollock account for more than half the fish catch, but salmon has the highest dollar value ($208.9 million) after Pollock ($230.7 million). Among shellfish, shrimp ($568.5 million) and crabs ($381.7 million) have the highest dollar value. The largest fishing ports (on the basis of landed fish) are Dutch Harbor in Alaska, Pascagoula-Moss Point in Mississippi, Kodiak in Alaska, and Empire-Venice in Louisiana. The largest fishing port (on the basis of value of fish catch) is New Bedford, Massachusetts. In 2001, 1.7 million pounds of fish were canned. Shrimp is the most abundant supply in 2001 with 1.3 million pounds followed by canned tuna (796 million pounds).

accounted for 45.5 million short tons. The United States consumes double its annual production of newsprint of 13.0 million metric tons.

7

The first comprehensive statistical study of fisheries and fishery industries was produced for the year 1880 by the U.S. National Museum with the cooperation of the Commission of Fisheries and the Superintendent of the Tenth Census. The next general survey was conducted by the Bureau of the Census in 1908, followed by one in 1931 and another in 1950. Since then, annual data have been available for all coastal areas. Annual surveys are also made of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. Extended data are available for landing at the important fishing ports for certain species and for canned and industrial fishery products. Current fishery data are published in the Current Fishery Statistics and Fisheries of the United States by the National Marine

9

10 Aquaculture has become a major sector of the fishing industry, producing 598.5 million pounds of catfish and 54.5 million pounds of trout in 2002 for a value of $58.3 million.

250


Table 16-1—Series L 10-14. National Forest System Areas and Purchases, 1905–2002 (Acres, thousands of dollars, forest area and forest purchases data as of June 30.) Gross area of national forests and other lands 1 Year

Within unit boundaries (thousands of acres)

Gross area approved for national forest purchase

Under Forest Service administration (thousands of acres)

Total area (acres)

Total price (thousands of dollars)

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

232 380 ...

192 462 ...

... ...

... ...

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

... ... ... 231 864 ... ... ... ... 231 502 ...

... ... ... 191 813 ... ... ... ... 191 453 ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

231 000 231 000 230 000 230 000 230 000 230 000 230 000 230 000 230 000 230 000

191 000 191 000 191 000 191 000 191 000 191 000 191 000 191 000 191 000 191 000

51 000 99 000 42 000 87 000 23 000 16 000 8 000 7 000 2 000 111 000

24 000 34 000 235 000 38 000 7 000 6 900 4 200 2 400 1 500 50 400

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

226 000 226 000 226 000 226 000 226 000 226 000 226 000 226 000 225 000 225 000

187 000 187 000 188 000 188 000 188 000 188 000 187 000 187 000 187 000 187 000

42 000 58 000 51 000 45 000 43 000 12 000 25 000 117 000 79 000 32 000

27 900 30 200 22 500 16 600 12 300 3 300 6 000 17 500 14 752 4 467

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

226 064 226 045 226 502 227 721 226 519 226 434 225 743 225 584 225 613 226 110

186 900 186 632 186 921 186 799 186 497 186 577 186 476 186 316 186 324 186 385

92 437 126 341 112 767 104 507 171 947 28 507 40 873 24 698 22 556 10 355

11 539 12 353 9 413 7 037 13 307 1 364 1 600 1 795 964 236

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

226 623 227 359 231 080 231 293 232 118 235 728 235 694 229 112 229 165 229 258

185 772 185 805 188 042 188 013 188 117 188 120 188 138 181 568 181 293 181 255

7 845 8 716 10 463 17 519 21 376 18 665 17 761 7 969 10 181 25 317

114 224 722 416 372 192 109 99 106 265

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

229 341 229 175 228 936 228 810 228 760 228 703 228 643 228 633 228 725 228 309

181 205 180 895 180 528 180 264 179 726 179 381 179 101 178 508 178 340 177 653

61 078 60 719 103 490 380 471 ... 5 9 8 759 243 522 195 818

532 464 739 2 190 ... 1 1 38 1 103 805

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

228 174 228 784 227 280 226 621 197 435 188 292 188 037 186 837 186 215 185 252

176 779 176 494 175 238 174 405 165 979 163 310 162 591 162 009 161 361 160 788

553 077 534 138 800 113 425 637 289 104 366 184 420 681 667 314 83 086 547 945

2 203 2 275 2 713 2 124 11 535 14 991 10 018 1 221 206 1 944

1On January 2, 1954, some 6,910,000 acres of land utilization project lands were transferred to the Forest Service for administration. . . . = Not available.


251

Table 16-1—Series L 10-14. National Forest System Areas and Purchases, 1905–2002—Continued (Acres, thousands of dollars, forest area and forest purchases data as of June 30.) Gross area of national forests and other lands 1 Year

Within unit boundaries (thousands of acres)

Gross area approved for national forest purchase

Under Forest Service administration (thousands of acres)

Total area (acres)

Total price (thousands of dollars)

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

183 976 184 565 184 404 183 938 184 124 184 126 182 817 182 100 181 800 181 820

160 091 159 751 159 481 158 800 158 759 158 395 157 503 157 237 156 837 156 666

538 048 464 177 261 107 135 088 191 725 247 067 130 290 79 923 242 169 112 397

1 468 1 787 1 996 726 737 1 187 425 348 826 499

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

180 300 174 261 175 951 176 340 176 089 184 506 185 321 186 617 187 406 190 608

156 032 153 933 155 375 155 220 155 400 162 773 163 849 165 517 165 027 168 165

101 428 103 355 185 199 175 463 54 898 282 900 391 114 425 717 287 698 ...

451 657 848 853 316 1 618 1 940 2 005 1 627 ...

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

192 931 194 505 167 977 150 832 106 994 85 693

168 029 172 230 147 820 132 732 94 159 75 352

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

1On January 2, 1954, some 6,910,000 acres of land utilization project lands were transferred to the Forest Service for administration. . . . = Not available.

252


Table 16-2—Series L 72-86. Domestic Production, Net Imports, and Apparent Consumption of Industrial Products in Roundwood Equivalent, 1900–2002 (Millions of cubic feet, excludes fuelwood.) Total Year

Domestic production

Net imports

Apparent consumption

Domestic production of lumber

Domestic production of plywood and veneer

Domestic production of pulp products

Logs Imports

Exports

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

14 902 14 634

2 736 2 846

17 637 17 481

7 060 6 820

1 074 1 067

5 708 5 691

81 70

309 307

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

15 436 15 632 15 620 15 703 15 416 15 537 15 306 15 011 14 994 14 780

2 533 2 406 2 206 1 718 1 621 1 625 1 493 1 322 ... ...

17 696 18 038 17 827 17 421 17 034 17 161 16 800 16 334 15 628 15 153

7 199 7 379 7 093 7 103 6 886 6 815 7 052 6 887 6 864 6 677

1 187 1 208 1 201 1 213 1 281 1 303 1 320 1 293 1 265 1 226

5 881 5 813 6 114 6 097 5 908 6 079 5 576 5 423 5 463 5 434

68 47 30 20 18 13 18 15 7 2

331 326 316 384 422 451 429 460 351 331

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

15 530 15 413 14 985 14 670 13 845 12 515 12 725 12 065 10 910 10 710

784 ... 1 245 1 925 2 075 2 270 2 105 1 600 1 020 1 665

15 986 ... 16 230 16 595 15 920 14 785 14 830 13 665 11 930 11 775

7 213 ... 6 920 6 990 6 545 5 665 5 770 5 370 4 635 4 395

1 368 ... 1 630 1 650 1 505 1 420 1 400 1 365 1 135 1 180

5 353 ... 4 885 4 670 4 545 4 165 4 355 4 165 3 980 4 125

4 ... 15 15 15 20 30 30 20 20

288 ... 825 705 620 655 600 565 550 435

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

12 120 12 510 12 235 11 965 11 815 10 575 11 540 11 925 11 440 11 310

900 1 520 1 910 1 515 970 530 950 1 395 1 515 1 565

13 020 14 030 14 145 13 480 12 785 11 105 12 490 13 325 12 960 12 875

5 300 5 680 5 825 5 730 5 475 4 890 5 095 5 670 5 535 5 715

1 175 1 370 1 460 1 425 1 355 1 165 1 150 1 320 1 300 1 225

4 390 4 110 3 745 3 645 3 805 3 485 4 220 3 755 3 520 3 560

25 25 20 30 15 15 15 5 10 15

560 665 585 525 555 455 455 575 535 360

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

11 115 11 000 11 025 10 410 10 645 10 540 10 170 9 560 9 035 8 745

1 065 1 375 1 275 1 205 1 430 1 385 1 315 1 360 1 415 1 250

12 180 12 370 12 305 11 615 12 075 11 930 11 485 10 920 10 450 9 995

5 355 5 535 5 630 5 360 5 645 5 670 5 635 5 355 5 120 4 945

1 065 1 050 1 120 1 030 1 030 1 030 960 870 800 765

3 835 3 585 3 385 3 190 3 190 3 095 2 865 2 670 2 565 2 475

25 15 15 15 15 10 10 15 20 20

430 375 405 310 220 190 170 150 85 75

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

8 920 9 390 8 530 8 615 9 620 9 225 8 755 8 790 8 775 8 740

1 220 1 345 1 185 1 155 1 330 1 270 1 190 1 230 1 160 1 205

10 145 10 735 9 715 9 770 10 950 10 495 9 945 10 020 9 935 9 950

5 080 5 745 5 160 5 100 5 920 5 785 5 635 5 710 5 820 5 780

705 720 615 560 590 575 480 475 435 390

2 575 2 355 2 165 2 350 2 475 2 200 1 960 1 910 1 810 1 825

20 20 15 25 30 35 35 40 30 35

45 35 30 25 30 25 25 20 10 15

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

8 525 7 355 8 375 8 090 7 705 6 605 7 455 7 560 8 085 8 055

1 380 935 1 090 815 810 685 555 565 705 650

9 910 8 290 9 465 8 905 8 515 7 290 8 010 8 125 8 790 8 705

5 905 5 000 5 750 5 500 5 295 4 365 5 115 5 325 5 645 5 680

345 320 290 275 255 250 270 280 305 265

1 500 1 275 1 470 1 370 1 260 1 140 1 160 1 030 1 130 1 075

45 30 45 30 25 25 25 20 30 55

10 10 10 10 (Z) 5 5 5 5 5

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

6 990 6 370 5 570 6 360 5 990 5 090 4 340 4 040 3 400 4 600

420 535 470 610 560 420 355 345 305 335

7 410 6 905 6 040 6 980 6 540 5 515 4 695 4 385 3 705 4 945

4 845 4 470 3 860 4 505 4 295 3 565 2 925 2 665 2 100 3 105

235 210 195 195 165 145 130 125 120 125

930 725 595 640 555 485 430 415 350 400

35 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

10 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Z = Less than 2.5 million cubic feet. . . . = Not available.


253

Table 16-2—Series L 72-86. Domestic Production, Net Imports, and Apparent Consumption of Industrial Products in Roundwood Equivalent, 1900–2002—Continued (Millions of cubic feet, excludes fuelwood.) Total Year

Domestic production

Net imports

Apparent consumption

Domestic production of lumber

Domestic production of plywood and veneer

Domestic production of pulp products

Logs Imports

Exports

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

6 305 8 045 7 670 7 780 8 215 8 350 8 250 8 535 7 605 6 560

400 330 290 340 375 360 285 345 290 165

6 705 8 375 7 960 8 115 8 595 8 710 8 530 8 880 7 895 6 730

4 560 6 020 5 710 5 790 6 180 6 375 6 140 6 375 5 480 4 505

155 200 175 175 145 135 115 115 90 75

395 445 400 380 400 345 340 340 340 260

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

7 770 7 725 7 310 7 940 8 530 8 020 8 565 9 170 9 330 9 020

205 125 180 170 165 135 15 165 145 150

7 975 7 850 7 490 8 110 8 695 8 150 8 550 9 005 9 185 8 870

5 440 5 370 4 955 5 570 6 185 5 750 6 290 6 835 6 990 6 680

80 105 95 90 90 85 85 80 80 80

360 330 335 245 325 300 265 260 250 240

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

9 295 9 275 8 725 9 555 9 225 8 625 8 490 8 215 7 880 7 580

80 50 80 115 95 90 150 140 60 110

9 215 9 225 8 645 9 440 9 130 8 535 8 340 8 075 7 820 7 470

6 910 6 910 6 520 7 145 7 145 6 755 6 675 6 445 6 180 5 930

90 80 70 65 60 35 20 15 10 5

220 230 205 235 225 195 190 175 160 150

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1900 ......................................................

7 285

140

7 140

5 680

5

135

...

...


254


Table 16-3—Series L 87-97. Per Capita Consumption of Timber Products, by Major Product, 1900–1999 (Forest area and forest purchases data as of June 30.) Industrial roundwood Year

All products Total

Lumber

Plywood and veneer

Pulp products

Miscellaneous products 1

Fuelwood

1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

72.8 72.2 70.9 73.8 75.9 76.3 75.0 74.5 72.4

63.5 62.9 61.4 63.5 64.7 64.3 63.0 62.6 60.4

36.7 35.7 34.6 34.1 33.8 34.3 33.3 32.8 31.0

4.8 4.7 4.6 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0

20.1 20.7 20.4 22.6 24.0 22.7 22.3 22.3 22.2

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.2

9.3 9.3 9.5 10.3 11.2 12.0 11.9 11.9 12.0

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

77.4 79.8 81.0 82.9 81.0 78.7 78.9 74.5 67.2 68.1

65.3 67.5 68.5 70.2 68.1 64.2 63.6 60.7 52.8 54.3

34.6 36.9 36.8 38.2 36.7 34.7 34.3 32.2 26.8 27.2

5.6 5.9 7.1 7.5 7.3 6.9 6.9 7.0 5.7 5.8

22.8 22.5 22.6 22.5 22.2 20.7 20.5 19.6 18.5 19.5

2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8

12.1 12.3 12.5 12.7 12.9 14.5 15.3 13.8 14.4 13.8

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

70.7 74.6 72.4 67.8 62.5 55.8 63.0 68.0 67.9 66.5

57.0 64.8 65.5 63.2 59.8 53.2 60.5 65.6 65.6 64.1

29.6 35.4 36.9 35.8 32.3 28.5 31.2 36.2 36.2 34.7

5.8 7.3 7.8 7.6 7.2 6.2 6.3 7.7 8.1 7.4

19.8 20.3 19.1 18.1 18.6 16.7 21.2 19.8 19.4 20.0

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0

13.6 9.8 6.9 4.5 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.4

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

64.4 66.4 66.8 65.1 68.1 67.9 65.0 63.3 62.0 61.0

61.7 63.4 63.3 61.2 63.8 63.1 59.9 57.7 56.0 54.4

31.9 33.5 34.4 33.5 34.9 35.6 32.9 32.0 30.9 29.9

6.4 6.3 6.8 5.9 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.0 4.7 4.5

21.4 21.4 19.8 19.2 19.9 18.9 18.7 17.9 17.8 17.3

2.1 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.7

2.6 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.6 6.0 6.6

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

63.3 68.2 64.0 65.9 74.6 73.8 72.3 74.5 75.8 78.6

56.1 60.4 55.5 56.8 64.8 63.3 61.0 62.6 63.0 64.2

30.8 35.2 31.9 31.6 37.5 37.5 36.8 37.7 38.7 38.9

4.2 4.4 3.8 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.1 3.1 2.8 2.6

18.2 17.6 16.5 18.2 19.9 18.1 16.8 17.3 16.9 17.8

2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.7

7.2 7.8 8.5 9.1 9.8 10.5 11.3 12.0 12.7 14.4

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

80.0 74.6 81.9 79.8 78.4 73.2 78.6 79.9 86.3 91.9

65.1 55.7 63.7 61.2 59.4 51.9 57.6 59.5 65.1 65.0

41.8 34.5 40.5 38.1 38.1 31.9 37.7 39.6 43.1 43.4

2.3 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.2 1.9

15.6 14.1 15.3 14.7 13.3 12.3 11.5 11.3 12.3 11.9

5.1 5.0 5.8 6.5 6.3 6.0 6.5 6.7 7.4 7.7

14.9 18.9 18.2 18.6 18.9 21.3 21.1 20.4 21.2 26.9

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

85.3 84.8 79.8 85.8 84.3 78.8 75.3 74.8 69.6 75.3

55.8 52.8 46.5 54.2 51.1 43.4 37.1 34.9 29.7 39.9

36.4 33.7 29.2 34.1 32.7 27.0 21.8 20.1 15.9 23.9

1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0

10.4 10.1 8.7 10.7 9.4 8.3 7.6 7.2 6.3 7.2

7.3 7.4 7.1 7.9 7.6 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.7 7.8

29.4 32.0 33.3 31.6 33.3 35.5 38.2 39.8 39.9 35.4

1Includes

cooperage logs, poles and piling, fence posts, hewn ties, round mine timbers, box bolts, excelsior bolts, chemical wood, shingle bolts and miscellaneous items. Lands were transferred to the Forest Service for administration.


255

Table 16-3—Series L 87-97. Per Capita Consumption of Timber Products, by Major Product, 1900–1999 —Continued (Forest area and forest purchases data as of June 30.) Industrial roundwood Year

All products Total

Lumber

Plywood and veneer

Pulp products

Miscellaneous products 1

Fuelwood

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

85.3 94.8 92.8 95.1 99.3 103.1 104.4 109.5 105.9 101.4

54.5 68.8 66.1 68.2 73.2 75.2 74.7 79.4 71.7 62.0

35.6 47.3 45.1 46.9 51.4 54.0 52.4 56.3 49.2 40.8

1.2 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.7

7.9 8.5 8.0 7.8 7.9 7.1 6.8 6.8 6.3 4.7

9.7 11.3 11.5 12.1 12.7 12.9 14.5 15.2 15.4 15.9

30.8 26.0 26.8 26.9 26.1 27.8 29.6 30.2 34.2 39.4

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

113.1 113.5 112.7 117.5 124.1 120.6 126.4 131.5 135.8 137.4

74.9 74.7 71.7 78.4 85.3 81.1 86.3 92.6 96.4 94.5

50.5 50.6 47.6 53.9 60.6 56.9 61.7 67.0 70.3 68.0

0.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9

5.9 4.9 4.8 5.0 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.1 4.0

17.7 18.2 18.4 18.7 18.9 18.8 19.4 20.5 21.1 22.5

38.2 38.8 41.1 39.1 38.8 39.6 40.1 38.9 39.5 43.0

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

142.0 144.2 142.3 152.5 152.6 150.2 152.6 154.2 155.6 156.2

99.7 101.9 97.5 108.5 106.9 101.8 101.5 100.2 98.7 96.3

72.5 74.7 71.7 79.7 81.7 78.8 78.7 77.6 76.6 74.5

1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

3.8 3.7 3.2 3.9 3.5 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.4

22.5 22.7 21.8 24.3 21.1 19.6 19.5 19.5 19.3 19.2

42.3 42.3 44.8 44.0 45.7 48.3 51.1 54.0 56.8 59.9

1900 ......................................................

156.9

93.8

72.3

0.1

2.2

19.2

63.1

1Includes

cooperage logs, poles and piling, fence posts, hewn ties, round mine timbers, box bolts, excelsior bolts, chemical wood, shingle bolts and miscellaneous items. Lands were transferred to the Forest Service for administration.

256


Table 16-4—Series L 166-177. Paper and Board Domestic Production, Apparent Consumption, and Waste Paper Consumption, 1809–1999 (Thousands of short tons.) Paper and board Year Apparent consumption 1

Domestic production

Waste paper consumption

1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

96 611 94 526 95 029 90 381 89 509 89 080 84 857 82 868 79 427

104 051 99 961 99 186 94 287 96 180 95 195 91 013 87 577 84 078

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 23 500

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

78 679 76 786 76 587 74 361 70 905 66 983 68 449 64 947 59 290 62 109

85 711 84 100 84 532 82 105 77 855 74 137 75 055 69 519 63 117 66 258

21 700 20 200 19 700 18 700 17 900 16 400 16 700 15 600 14 600 15 000

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

61 042 67 000 64 300 62 100 60 500 52 800 61 100 61 800 59 500 55 100

64 814 72 700 70 400 66 500 64 300 56 000 65 500 67 400 64 500 59 700

14 900 15 400 14 800 14 100 13 600 11 700 14 000 14 100 12 925 12 100

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

53 516 54 187 51 245 46 926 47 113 44 080 41 703 39 230 37 541 35 749 34 015 30 823 30 666 31 441 30 178 26 876 26 605 24 418 26 047

58 057 59 003 55 664 51 945 52 680 49 102 46 384 43 715 42 216 40 312 38 725 35 119 35 268 36 496 34 719 31 379 31 360 29 017 30 561

10 594 10 939 10 222 9 888 10 564 10 231 9 843 9 613 9 075 9 018 9 414 8 671 8 493 8 836 9 041 7 857 8 531 7 881 9 071

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

24 375 20 315 21 897 21 102 19 278 17 371 17 183 17 036 17 084 17 762

29 011 24 694 26 082 24 749 22 510 19 665 19 445 19 437 19 780 20 421

7 956 6 600 7 585 8 009 7 278 6 800 6 859 6 368 5 495 6 075

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

14 484 13 510 11 381 12 837 11 976 10 479 9 187 9 190 7 998 9 382

16 757 15 949 13 542 16 028 14 651 12 758 11 289 10 916 9 727 11 347

4 668 4 366 ... ... ... 3 587 ... ... ... ...

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

10 169 11 140 10 403 10 002 9 794 7 930 7 871 6 875 5 333

12 319 13 411 12 451 11 925 11 584 9 281 9 194 7 865 6 027

... 3 842 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1Beginning 1929, includes changes in newsprint stocks. . . . = Not available.


257

Table 16-4—Series L 166-177. Paper and Board Domestic Production, Apparent Consumption, and Waste Paper Consumption, 1809–1999—Continued (Thousands of short tons.) Paper and board Year Apparent consumption 1

Domestic production

1920 1919 1918 1917 1914 1909 1904 1899 1889 1879 1869 1859 1849 1839 1819 1809

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1Beginning 1929, includes changes in newsprint stocks. 2Estimated from values reported by the Bureau of the Census. . . . = Not available.

7 185 5 966 5 938 5 804 5 153 4 121 3 107 2 168 935 452 2386 127 278 238 212 23

Waste paper consumption

7 640 6 253 6 275 6 054 5 395 4 103 3 029 2 168 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... 1 854 ... ... 1 510 984 589 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

258


Table 16-5—Series L 224-235. Yield and Value of Domestic Fisheries, Imports and Exports, 1880–2002 Yield (millions of lbs.) domestic

Year Total

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

For human food

Value (millions of dollars) For industrial use

Total imports 1

Domestic total

Total exports 1

9 397 9 492

7 205 7 314

2 192 2 178

3 092 3 238

... ...

... ...

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

9 069 9 069 9 369 9 194 9 842 9 565 9 788 10 467 9 637 9 484

6 912 6 832 7 173 7 244 7 474 7 667 7 936 8 214 7 618 7 031

2 157 2 507 2 021 2 598 2 091 2 121 2 525 2 253 2 019 2 453

3 550 3 550 3 467 3 128 3 448 3 487 3 770 3 809 3 678 3 308

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

9 404 8 463 7 192 6 896 6 031 6 258 6 438 6 439 6 367 5 977

7 041 6 204 4 588 3 946 3 393 3 294 3 320 3 238 3 285 3 547

2 363 2 259 2 604 2 950 2 638 2 964 3 118 3 201 3 082 2 430

3 522 3 238 3 520 3 115 2 763 2 326 2 350 2 355 2 390 2 388

9 048 9 604 8 872 8 818 7 626 6 679 5 883 5 129 4 523 4 206

5 639 4 707 2 275 1 660 1 356 1 084 949 1 021 1 059 1 157

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

6 482 6 267 6 028 5 271 5 388 4 877 4 967 4 858 4 806 4 969

3 654 3 318 3 177 2 592 2 775 2 465 2 496 2 398 2 435 2 400

2 828 2 949 2 851 2 319 2 613 2 412 2 471 2 460 2 371 2 569

2 237 2 234 1 854 1 554 1 349 977 932 937 748 643

3 648 3 809 3 086 2 634 2 328 1 637 1 711 1 583 1 494 1 074

1 006 1 084 906 520 385 305 262 299 158 139

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4 917 4 337 4 160 4 055 4 366 4 777 4 541 4 847 5 354 5 187

2 537 2 321 2 347 2 368 2 573 2 587 2 497 2 556 2 540 2 490

2 380 2 016 1 814 1 687 1 794 2 190 2 044 2 291 2 814 2 697

613 526 497 440 472 446 390 377 396 362

1 037 844 823 708 720 601 564 501 490 401

118 104 68 82 85 70 64 57 36 35

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4 942 5 122 4 747 4 789 5 268 4 809 4 762 4 487 4 432 4 433

2 498 2 369 2 651 2 475 2 690 2 579 2 705 2 519 2 778 3 048

2 444 2 753 2 096 2 314 2 578 2 230 2 057 1 968 1 654 1 385

354 346 373 354 372 339 359 356 364 365

363 370 331 299 283 259 252 246 240 212

44 44 31 36 40 40 32 28 22 36

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4 901 4 804 4 513 4 349 4 467 4 598 4 533 4 162 3 875 4 900

3 307 3 305 3 146 3 020 3 049 3 167 2 865 2 737 2 683 3 062

1 594 1 499 1 367 1 329 1 418 1 431 1 668 1 425 1 192 1 838

347 343 371 312 313 270 213 204 170 129

198 152 157 110 130 101 78 67 40 41

28 35 24 53 40 38 36 48 32 22

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4 060 4 445 4 254 4 353 4 826 4 135 4 104 2 997 2 612 2 630

2 675 2 713 2 639 2 703 2 854 2 583 2 434 2 087 1 864 2 129

1 385 1 732 1 615 1 650 1 972 1 552 1 670 911 748 501

96 98 94 101 95 83 77 61 56 77

42 46 39 51 42 36 31 305 30 43

18 14 14 15 13 14 14 8 8 12

1Fish as fish products. Includes Puerto Rico; beginning 1955, imports also include landings of tuna by foreign vessels in American Samoa and imports of tuna into U.S. outlying areas. . . . = Not available.


259

Table 16-5—Series L 224-235. Yield and Value of Domestic Fisheries, Imports and Exports, 1880–2002—Continued Yield (millions of lbs.) domestic

Year Total

For human food

Value (millions of dollars) For industrial use

Total imports 1

Domestic total

Total exports 1

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3 224 3 491 3 061 2 806 2 871 2 891 2 461 2 726 2 619 2 255

2 478 2 601 2 370 2 172 2 198 2 029 1 874 1 807 1 677 1 451

746 890 691 634 673 862 587 919 942 804

109 126 114 112 107 105 ... ... ... ...

51 67 59 56 50 49 46 ... ... ...

17 24 21 19 20 21 21 ... ... ...

1917 1908 1907 1906 1905

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 676 2 053 1 930 2 046 2 002

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

71 63 61 59 57

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

1892 1891 1890 1889 1880

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 652 1 709 1 758 1 685 1 706

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

41 42 41 39 39

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

1Fish as fish products. Includes Puerto Rico; beginning 1955, imports also include landings of tuna by foreign vessels in American Samoa and imports of tuna into U.S. outlying areas. . . . = Not available.

SECTION

17

MINERALS

262


SECTION 17

MINERALS Highlights

Crude Petroleum Production, 1980–2001

Billions of 42-gallon barrels

35 30 25 Crude production Estimated proved reserves

20 15 10 5 0 1980

1983

1986

1992

1989

1995

1998

2001

Year

1

The principal source for minerals data is the Minerals Yearbook published annually since 1932–1933 by the U.S. Bureau of Mines. For earlier years, the same data are provided by the Minerals Resources of the United States, which was published from 1882 until 1932 by the U.S. Geological Survey. Since 1977, mineral fuel data have been collected and published by the Energy Information Administration.

2

Censuses of mineral industries have been conducted by the Bureau of the Census at various intervals since 1840. Since 1967, the census has been conducted every fifth year for years ending in 2 and 7.

3

Because of poor husbandry of natural resources and unbridled consumption habits, the United States is losing its commanding position in the production of major minerals. In 2002, the United States was 100 percent dependent on foreign suppliers for columbium, strontium, manganese, vanadium, and bauxite, 88 percent for the platinum group, 80 percent for tantalum, 79 percent for tin, 76 percent for barite, 75 percent for cobalt, 70 percent for tungsten, 63 percent for chromium, 61 for silver, 60 percent for zinc, 43 percent for nickel, 39 percent for aluminum, 37 percent for copper and 25 percent for gypsum.

SECTION 17: MINERALS

4

In 1997, there were 25,000 mining establishments employing 509,000 workers. The value added in mining was $139 billion, of which oil and gas extraction accounted for $110.3 billion. California leads all states in non fuel mineral production with $3.4 billion, followed by Nevada ($2.9 billion), Texas ($2.2 billion), and Florida ($2.0 billion).

5

The federal government maintains the world’s largest stockpile of strategic minerals. In 2001, they included 54,000 tons of tin, 6.8 million troy oz. of silver, 16 million pounds of cobalt, 2.1 million tons of manganese, 69 million pounds of tungsten, 125 million tons of zinc, 21,000 tons of titanium, 108,000 troy oz. of platinum, 902,000 short tons of chromium, and 1.0 million carats of diamonds.

6

The United States is the world’s largest exporter of coal, producing 1.1 billion tons of coal, or 21.2 percent of world production. The United States is the second largest producer of coal; the first is China. The most significant coal mining states are Wyoming, Kentucky, and West Virginia. The number of mines has declined to 707 in 2000 from 5,598 in 1980, and the number of miners from 225,000 to 72,000 during the same period.

7

Proved U.S. reserves of oil may last for 10 years at current rates of production. The United States fares better in natural gas with reserves of 177 trillion cubic feet in 2000. U.S. production of natural gas accounts for 19.4 percent in 2001 of the world total, making it the world’s second largest natural gas producer, after Russia. U.S.

263

production of crude oil in 2000 was 2.1 billion barrels, of which Alaska alone accounted for 354 million barrels and offshore wells for 635 million barrels. U.S. dependence on foreign oil, which was significantly reduced in the 1970s, is once again rising. Imports of foreign oil increased to 3.3 billion barrels compared with 1.9 billion barrels in 1980. The number of oil wells drilled, which peaked in 1990 at close to 602,000, dropped to fewer than 534,000 in 2000. There were 163 operating refineries in 1998, down from 319 in 1980. The refineries total output was 6.3 billion barrels, of which motor gasoline was a little less than half (2.9 billion). Natural gas production was 20.7 trillion cubic feet in 2001 of which Louisiana (5.2) and Texas (6.5) together accounted for 59 percent.

8

The 2002 prices of major minerals are far below those prevailing in 1980. Copper dropped from $1.01 per pound to 75 cents; platinum from $677 per troy oz. to $559; gold from $613 per oz. to $305; silver from $20.63 per oz. to $4.5; and tin from $8.46 per pound to $3.0.

264


Table 17-1. Mineral Production, 1990–2002 (Production as measured by mine shipments, mine sales, or marketable production.) Year

1990

Fuel Minerals Coal, total (millions of short tons) ........................................................................... Bituminous (millions of short tons) ..................................................................... Subbituminous (millions of short tons) ............................................................... Lignite (millions of short tons) ............................................................................ Anthracite (millions of short tons) ....................................................................... Natural gas (marketed production) (trillions of cubic feet) ...................................... Petroleum (crude) (millions of bbl.) 1 ...................................................................... Uranium (recoverable content) (millions of lb.) ......................................................

1995

2000

2001

2002, estimate

1 029.1 693.2 244.3 88.1 3.5 18.59 2 686 8.9

1 033.0 613.8 328.0 86.5 4.7 19.51 2 394 6.0

1 073.6 574.3 409.2 85.6 4.6 20.00 2 125 4.0

1 127.7 611.3 434.4 80.0 1.9 20.63 2 118 2.6

1 093.8 565.7 444.7 82.1 1.3 19.97 2 097 ...

Nonfuel Minerals Asbestos (sales) (1,000 metric tons) ...................................................................... Barite, primary, sold/ used by producers (1,000 metric tons) ................................. Boron minerals, sold or used by producers (1,000 metric tons) ............................. Bromine, sold or used by producers (1,000 metric tons) ....................................... Cement Portland (millions of metric tons) ........................................................................ Masonry (millions of metric tons) ....................................................................... Clays (1,000 metric tons) ....................................................................................... Diatomite (1,000 metric tons) ................................................................................. Feldspar (1,000 metric tons) 2 ................................................................................ Fluorspar, finished shipments (1,000 metric tons) ................................................. Garnet (industrial) (1,000 metric tons) ................................................................... Gypsum, crude (millions of metric tons) ................................................................. Helium (millions of cubic meters) 3 ......................................................................... Lime, sold or used by producers (millions of metric tons) ...................................... Mica, scrap and flake, sold/ used by producers (1,000 metric tons) ...................... Peat, sales by producers (1,000 metric tons) ......................................................... Perlite, processed, sold or used (1,000 metric tons) .............................................. Phosphate rock (marketable) (millions of metric tons) ........................................... Potash (K2O equivalent) sales (1,000 metric tons) ................................................ Pumice and pumicite, producer sales (1,000 metric tons) ..................................... Salt, common, sold/ used by producers (millions of metric tons) ........................... Sand and gravel, sold/ used by producer (millions of metric tons) ......................... Construction (millions of metric tons) ..................................................................... Industrial (millions of metric tons) ........................................................................... Sodium carbonate (natural) (soda ash) (1,000 metric tons) ................................... Sodium sulfate (natural) (1,000 metric tons) .......................................................... Stone (millions of metric tons) 4 ............................................................................. Crushed and broken (millions of metric tons) ..................................................... Dimension (1,000 metric tons) 5 ......................................................................... Sulfur: Total shipments (1,000 metric tons) ........................................................... Sulfur: Frasch mines (shipments) (1,000 metric tons) ........................................... Talc, and pyrophyllite, crude (1,000 metric tons) ................................................... Vermiculite concentrate (1,000 metric tons) ...........................................................

(D) 430 1 090 177

9 543 1 190 218

5 392 1 070 228

5 400 ... 212

3 400 ... 225

67 3 42 900 631 630 64 47 15 85 16 109 721 576 46 1 710 443 37 855 829 26 9 100 349 1 110 1 110 1 120 11 500 3 680 1 270 209

73 4 43 100 722 880 51 46 17 101 19 108 660 700 44 1 480 529 41 935 907 28 10 100 327 2 420 1 260 1 160 12 100 (D) 1 060 171

84 4 40 800 677 790 60 20 98 20 101 755 672 39 1 300 697 46 1 148 1 120 28 10 200 491 2 810 1 560 1 250 10 300 10 500 851 150

... ... 40 000 644 800 ... 53 16 87 19 98 870 588 32 1 200 920 45 1 158 1 130 28 10 300 512 2 820 1 600 1 220 9 250 9 100 853 (D)

... ... 40 700 700 820 ... 47 16 85 18 84 760 548 36 1 200 950 44 1 158 1 130 28 10 300 500 2 890 1 590 1 300 9 280 830 (D)

Metals Antimony ore and concentrate (metric tons) .......................................................... Aluminum (1,000 metric tons) ................................................................................ Bauxite (dried) (1,000 metric tons) ......................................................................... Copper (recoverable content) (1,000 metric tons) ................................................. Gold (recoverable content) (metric tons) ................................................................ Iron ore (gross weight) (millions of metric tons) 6 ................................................... Lead (recoverable content) (1,000 metric tons) ..................................................... Magnesium metal (1,000 metric tons) .................................................................... Manganiferous ore (gross weight) (1,000 metric ton) 7 .......................................... Mercury (metric tons) 8 ........................................................................................... Molybdenum (concentrate) (1,000 metric tons) ..................................................... Nickel (1,000 metric tons) ...................................................................................... Palladium metal (kilograms) ................................................................................... Platinummetal (kilograms) ...................................................................................... Silicon (silicon content) (1,000 metric tons) ........................................................... Silver (recoverable content) (metric tons) .............................................................. Titanium concentrate: Ilmenite (gross weight) (1,000 metric tons) ........................ Tungsten ore and concentrate (metric tons) 9 ........................................................ Zinc (recoverable content) (1,000 metric tons) ......................................................

(D) 4 048 (D) 1 590 294 57 484 139 (D) 562 62 5 930 1 810 418 2 120 (D) (D) 515

262 3 375 (D) 1 850 317 61 394 142 (D) (D) 61 2 5 260 1 590 396 1 560 (D) (D) 614

(D) 3 668 ... 1 440 353 63 468 (D) ... 41 10 300 3 110 367 1 860 ... 829

300 2 637 ... 1 340 335 46 466 45 ... ... 38 12 100 3 610 282 1 740 ... ... 842

2 700 ... 1 130 300 50 450 45 ... ... 33 13 000 3 900 270 1 470 ... ... 740

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 142 gallon bbl. 2Beginning 1995, includes aplite. 3Refined. 4Excludes abrasive stone, bituminous limestone and sandstone, 5Includes Puerto Rico. 6Represents shipments; includes byproduct ores. 75 to 35 percent manganiferous ore. 8Covers mercury recovered as a by product of gold ores only. 9Content of ore and concentrate.

. . . = Not available. D = Withheld to avoid disclosing individual company data. - = Quantity zero.

and ground soapstone, all included elsewhere in table. Includes calcareous marl and slate.


265

Table 17-2. Net U.S. Imports of Selected Minerals and Metals as Percent of Apparent Consumption, 1980–2002 (Percent.) Product

1980

1990

1995

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Bauxite 1 .......................... Columbium ....................... Manganese ...................... Mica (sheet) ..................... Strontium ......................... Vanadium ......................... Tin .................................... Barite ............................... Potash .............................. Tantalum ..........................

94 100 98 100 100 35 79 44 65 90

98 100 100 100 100 (D) 71 71 68 71

99 100 100 100 100 84 84 65 75 80

100 100 100 100 100 (D) 86 76 80 75

100 100 100 100 100 78 85 80 80 80

100 100 100 100 100 80 85 67 80 80

100 100 100 100 100 ... 86 71 70 80

100 100 100 100 100 100 88 87 80 80

100 100 100 100 100 100 79 76 80 80

Chromium ........................ Cobalt .............................. Zinc 2 ................................ Tungsten .......................... Nickel ............................... Silver ................................ Aluminum ......................... Copper ............................. Gypsum ........................... Iron and steel ...................

91 93 60 53 76 7

80 79 35 90 60 ... 23 27 30 21

75 76 35 84 56

16 35 13

84 86 41 81 64 ... 36 15 46 13

23 13 28 20

80 73 35 77 64 14 27 14 28 27

80 73 30 81 63 14 30 27 29 22

78 74 60 68 58 52 33 37 22 17

78 78 60 59 56 44 35 31 25 15

63 75 60 70 43 61 39 37 25 14

Iron ore ............................ Sulfur ............................... Cadmium ......................... Mercury ............................ Platinum group ................. Selenium ..........................

25 14 55 27 87 59

3 21 ( 3) (D) 88 46

14 21 23 ... ... 31

14 13 16 (D) ... (D)

12 18 20 ... ... (D)

17 17 19 ... ... (D)

19 22 6 ... ... ...

15 12 3 ... ... ...

11 15 ... ... ...

3

3

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes alumina. 2Beginning 1990, effect

of sharp rise in exports of concentrates. If calculated on a refined zinc-only basis, reliance would be about the same as pre-1990 level; 1990, 64 percent; 1991, 61 percent; 1992, 61 percent; 1993, 67 percent; 1994, 70 percent; 1995, 71 percent; and 1996 and 1997, 70 percent; 1998, 69 percent; and 1999, 71 percent. exports. D = Withheld to avoid disclosing individual company data. . . . = Not available. - = Quantity zero.

3Net

266


Table 17-3. Selected Mineral Products—Average Prices, 1980–2002 Nonfuels Year

2002 ................................. 2001 .................................

Fuels

Copper, Tin Platinum 1 Gold Silver Lead Zinc electrolytic (New York) (dol./troy oz.) (dol./fine oz.) (dol./fine oz.) (cents per lb.) (cents per lb.) (cents per lb.) (cents per lb.)

Sulfur, crude 2 (dol./metric ton)

Bituminous coal 3, 4 (dol./short ton)

Crude petroleum 3 dol./bbl.)

Natural gas 3 (dol./1,000 cu. ft.)

75 77

559 533

305 272

4.52 4.39

44 44

298 315

40 44

25.00 10.11

26.35 25.36

22.51 21.84

2.95 4.02

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

88 76 79 107 109 138 111 92 107 109

549 379 375 397 398 425 411 375 360 371

280 280 295 332 389 386 385 361 345 363

5.00 5.25 5.54 4.89 5.19 5.15 5.29 4.30 3.94 4.04

44 44 45 47 49 42 37 32 35 34

370 366 373 381 412 416 369 350 402 363

56 54 51 65 51 56 49 46 58 53

24.73 37.81 29.14 36.06 34.11 44.46 28.60 31.86 48.14 71.45

24.15 23.92 24.87 24.64 25.17 25.56 25.68 26.15 26.78 27.49

26.72 15.56 10.87 17.23 18.46 14.62 13.19 14.25 15.99 16.54

3.69 2.19 1.96 2.32 2.17 1.55 1.85 2.04 1.74 1.64

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

123 131 121 83 66 67 67 77 73 84

467 507 523 553 461 291 357 424 327 446

385 383 438 478 368 318 361 424 376 460

4.82 5.50 6.53 7.01 5.47 6.14 8.14 11.44 7.95 10.52

46 39 37 36 22 19 26 22 26 37

386 520 441 419 383 596 624 655 654 733

75 82 60 42 38 40 49 41 39 45

80.14 86.62 85.95 89.78 105.22 106.46 94.31 87.24 108.27 111.48

27.43 27.40 27.66 28.19 28.84 30.78 30.63 31.11 32.15 31.51

20.03 15.86 12.58 15.40 12.51 24.09 25.88 26.19 28.52 31.77

1.71 1.69 1.69 1.67 1.94 2.51 2.66 2.59 2.46 1.98

1980 .................................

101

677

613

20.63

43

846

37

89.06

29.17

21.59

1.59

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Average annual dealer prices. 2F.o.b. works. 3Average value at the point of production 4Includes lignite.

or domestic first purchase price.


267

Table 17-4—Series M 138-142. Crude Petroleum—Production, Value, and Proved Reserves, 1859–2001 (Thousands of 42-gallon barrels, except as indicated.) Year

Production

Average value at well per bbl. dollars

Estimated proved reserves, Dec. 31

2001 ......................................................

2 123 000

21.84

22 400 000

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 131 000 2 141 000 2 282 000 2 355 000 2 360 000 2 394 000 2 462 000 2 499 000 2 617 000 ...

26.72 15.56 10.87 17.23 18.46 14.62 13.19 14.25 15.99 ...

22 000 000 21 800 000 21 000 000 22 500 000 22 000 000 22 400 000 22 500 000 23 000 000 23 700 000 ...

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 685 000 2 785 000 2 979 000 3 047 000 3 168 000 3 275 000 3 250 000 3 171 000 3 157 000 3 129 000

20.03 15.86 12.58 15.40 12.51 24.09 25.88 26.19 28.52 31.77

26 300 000 26 500 000 26 800 000 27 300 000 26 900 000 28 400 000 28 400 000 27 735 000 27 858 000 29 426 000

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3 146 000 3 121 000 3 178 000 3 009 000 2 976 000 3 057 000 3 203 000 3 361 000 3 455 000 3 454 000

21.59 12.64 9.00 8.57 8.19 7.67 6.87 3.89 3.39 3.39

29 800 000 29 810 000 27 804 000 29 486 000 30 942 000 32 700 000 34 250 000 35 300 000 36 339 000 38 063 000

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3 517 450 3 371 751 3 329 042 3 216 715 3 027 763 2 848 514 2 786 822 2 752 723 2 676 189 2 621 758

3.18 3.09 2.94 2.92 2.88 2.86 2.88 2.89 2.90 2.89

39 001 000 29 632 000 30 707 000 31 377 000 31 452 000 31 352 000 30 991 000 30 970 000 31 389 000 31 759 000

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 574 933 2 574 590 2 448 937 2 616 901 2 617 283 2 484 428 2 314 988 2 357 082 2 289 836 2 247 711

2.88 2.90 3.01 3.09 2.79 2.77 2.77 2.68 2.53 2.53

31 613 000 31 719 000 30 536 000 30 300 000 30 434 649 30 012 170 29 560 746 28 944 828 27 960 554 27 468 031

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 973 574 1 841 940 2 020 185 1 856 987 1 733 939 1 713 655 1 677 904 1 505 613 1 386 645 1 402 228

2.51 2.54 2.60 1.93 1.41 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.14

25 268 398 24 649 489 23 280 444 21 487 685 20 873 560 20 826 813 20 453 231 20 064 152 20 082 793 19 559 296

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 353 214 1 264 962 1 214 355 1 279 160 1 099 687 996 596 908 065 905 656 785 159 851 081

1.02 1.02 1.13 1.18 1.09 0.97 1.00 0.67 0.87 0.65

19 024 515 18 483 012 17 348 146 15 507 268 13 063 400 12 400 000 12 177 000 12 000 000 12 300 000 13 000 000

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

898 011 1 007 323 901 474 901 129 770 874 763 743 713 940 732 407 557 531 472 183

1.19 1.27 1.17 1.30 1.88 1.68 1.43 1.34 1.61 1.73

13 600 000 13 200 000 11 000 000 10 500 000 8 800 000 8 500 000 7 500 000 7 600 000 7 600 000 7 800 000


268


Table 17-4—Series M 138-142. Crude Petroleum—Production, Value, and Proved Reserves, 1859–2001—Continued (Thousands of 42-gallon barrels, except as indicated.) Year

Production

Average value at well per bbl. dollars

Estimated proved reserves, Dec. 31

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

442 929 378 367 355 928 335 316 300 767 281 104 265 763 248 446 222 935 220 449

3.07 2.01 1.98 1.56 1.10 0.64 0.81 0.95 0.74 0.61

7 200 000 6 700 000 6 200 000 5 900 000 5 900 000 5 500 000 5 400 000 5 500 000 5 400 000 5 000 000

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

209 557 183 171 178 527 332 190 252 988 269 434 234 162 200 922 177 534 69 389

0.61 0.70 0.72 1.44 1.46 1.24 1.72 1.88 1.60 0.96

4 500 000 4 200 000 4 000 000 7 800 000 7 600 000 7 600 000 7 200 000 6 800 000 6 400 000 3 000 000

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

63 621 57 071 55 364 60 476 60 960 52 892 49 344 48 431 50 515 54 293

1.19 1.13 0.80 0.68 0.96 1.09 0.72 0.60 0.51 0.56

2 900 000 2 500 000 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

45 824 35 164 27 612 28 283 28 065 21 859 24 218 23 450 30 350 27 661

0.77 0.77 0.65 0.67 0.71 0.88 0.85 1.10 0.78 0.92

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1875 1874 1873 1872 1871

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

26 286 19 914 15 397 13 350 9 133 12 163 10 927 9 894 6 293 5 205

0.94 0.86 1.17 2.38 2.52 1.35 1.17 1.83 3.64 4.34

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1870 1869 1868 1867 1866 1865 1864 1863 1862 1861

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

5 261 4 215 3 646 3 347 3 598 2 498 2 116 2 611 3 057 2 114

3.86 5.64 3.62 2.41 3.74 6.59 8.06 3.15 1.05 0.49

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1860 ...................................................... 1859 ......................................................

500 2

9.59 16.00

... ...



269

Table 17-5. Mineral Industries—Employment, Hours, and Earnings, 1990–2002 Industry and item

1990

2000

2002

All Mining All employees (thousands) .......................................... Production workers (thousands) ................................. Average weekly hours (number) ............................. Average weekly earnings (dollars) ..........................

765 538 45 603

599 446 44 735

581 435 43 743

Coal Mining All employees (thousands) .......................................... Production workers (thousands) ................................. Average weekly hours (number) ............................. Average weekly earnings (dollars) ..........................

136 110 45 822

72 59 46 945

75 64 45 934

Oil and Gas Extraction All employees (thousands) .......................................... Production workers (thousands) ................................. Average weekly hours (number) ............................. Average weekly earnings (dollars) ..........................

190 84 44 591

125 67 41 802

123 69 40 761

Metal Mining All employees (thousands) .......................................... Production workers (thousands) ................................. Average weekly hours (number) ............................. Average weekly earnings (dollars) ..........................

53 42 43 646

38 29 43 871

29 22 43 879

Nonmetallic Minerals, Except Fuels All employees (thousands) .......................................... Production workers (thousands) ................................. Average weekly hours (number) ............................. Average weekly earnings (dollars) ..........................

113 85 45 532

115 87 46 722

108 80 45 749


SECTION

18

CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING

272


SECTION 18

CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING Highlights

Value of Construction Put in Place, 1980–2002 1,000 900 800

Dollars (billions)

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

Year

1

Housing and construction statistics were collected and published by the Department of Labor until 1959 when the Department of Commerce assumed that responsibility. The Bureau of the Census issues a variety of publications providing data in these fields, including Current Construction Reports, Housing Starts and Housing Completions, New One Family Houses Sold and for Sale, Price Indexes of New One-Family Houses Sold, Housing Units Authorized by Building Permits, Expenditures for Residential Upkeep and Improvements, Value of New Construction Put in Place, and Current Housing Reports. Other sources include the F. W. Dodge division of McGraw-Hill, the National Association of Home Builders, and the National Association of Realtors. Censuses of the construction industry were

first conducted by the Bureau of the Census for 1929, 1935, and 1939; beginning in 1967, a census has been taken every five years, in years ending in 2 and 7.

2 From 1850 to 1930, the Bureau of the Census collected some housing data as part of its censuses of population and agriculture. Beginning in 1940, separate censuses of housing have been taken at 10-year intervals. Beginning in 1970, information on structural characteristics of housing have been included in the censuses.

3

In 1997, 631,595 businesses were involved in construction, with the total value of business equaling

SECTION 18: CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING

273

$832.489 billion. In 2002, the value of new construction was $860.923 billion, with private buildings and structures accounting for $650.495 billion of that amount (of which $421.521 billion was for residential buildings). Private construction included $265.889 billion worth of single-family homes, up from $140.123 billion in 1993. Educational construction saw the biggest increase, nearly tripling in value from $4.8 billion in 1993 to $13.0 billion in 2002.

2,400 ft. or more, 36 percent have more than four bedrooms, 68 percent are heated with gas, 87 percent have central air conditioning, 58 percent have a fireplace, and 88 percent have a garage.

4

10 Blacks and Hispanics have a lower home ownership rate than Whites. White non-Hispanic home own-

Sales of new single-family homes rose to 973,000 in 2002 compared with 545,000 in 1980. Of these, 196,000 were luxury homes valued at $300,000 or more. Median prices of new private one-family homes increased to $187,500 nationwide, reversing a decade-old trend. The prices are highest in the Northeast ($264,300) and lowest in the South ($163,400). The highest home prices are found in San Francisco, Orange County, California, and Boston, Massachusetts. The least expensive homes are found in Beaumont/Port Arthur, Texas and Buffalo/Niagara Falls and Syracuse, New York.

5 In 2001, the total number of housing units in the United States was 119.117 million, of which 72.265 million were owner-occupied and 33.996 million were rented.

6

Home ownership is part of the American dream, but as of 2002, only 67.9 percent of the population achieved that dream. Home ownership is highest in South Carolina (77.3 percent), Minnesota (77.3 percent), and West Virginia (77.0 percent). It is lowest in Hawaii and New York because of the high cost of firsttime ownership.

7 In 2002, Americans spent $173.234 billion on home improvement, maintenance, and repairs compared with $46.338 billion in 1980. Average monthly mortgage payments jumped from $329 in 1976 to $804 in 2002, but dropped from 24 percent of personal income to 18.5 percent during the same period of time.

8

Of the 1.325 million new one-family homes completed and sold in 2002, 37 percent have a floor space of

9

In 2000, the median rent for an apartment nationwide was $602, and 28.8 percent of the apartments had a rent of $750 or more.

ership is 74.5 percent, while only 47.3 percent of Blacks and 48.2 percent of Hispanics own homes in 2002. The majority of Blacks and Hispanics live in apartments.

11 In 1998, 46.1 percent of home buyers were firsttime buyers whose down payment was only 12.8 percent of the sale price.

12 In 1999, there were 4,657,000 commercial buildings in the United States, of which 327,000 were educational, 349,000 food service establishments, 127,000 hospitals and healthcare centers, 153,000 hotels and motels, 739,000 office buildings, 305,000 public assembly buildings, 603,000 warehouses, and 307,000 churches and religious worship centers.

13 In 2002, Allentown, PA had the highest vacancy rate for office buildings (29.6 percent), while the lowest rates were in Des Moines, IA, Honolulu, HI, and Houston, TX (13.1 percent).

14 Although the quality of American housing has steadily improved during the twentieth century, 1.673 million homes have no bathrooms, 920,000 have signs of mice and rats, 1.168 million have holes in floors, 40,000 have no electrical wiring, and 9.667 million have water leakages.

274


Table 18-1. Total Housing Inventory, 1965–2002 (Number in thousands.) Vacant

Total occupied

Year-round vacant Year

All housing units

Held off market Total Total

For rent

For sale only

Rented or sold

Seasonal Total

Usual Occasional residence use elsewhere

Total

Owner

Renter

Other

2002 ...................... 2001 ......................

123 318 121 480

... ...

11 272 10 916

3 497 3 203

1 277 1 301

877 882

5 621 5 530

1 902 1 887

1 035 1 064

2 684 2 579

3 507 3 554

108 539 107 010

73 713 72 593

34 826 34 417

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................

119 628 119 044 117 282 115 621 114 139 112 655 110 952 109 611 108 316 107 276

... ... ... ... 13 155 12 669 12 257 11 894 11 926 12 023

10 439 10 848 10 516 10 114 9 945 9 570 9 229 8 937 8 932 9 137

3 024 3 119 3 046 2 978 3 008 2 946 2 858 2 809 2 769 2 780

1 148 1 184 1 205 1 133 1 082 1 022 953 894 970 1 070

856 956 927 867 834 810 772 625 628 602

5 411 5 589 5 338 5 136 5 022 4 793 4 646 4 609 4 564 4 686

1 892 1 948 1 792 1 818 1 709 1 667 1 612 1 508 1 443 1 494

1 037 965 910 885 852 801 815 994 1 011 1 084

2 482 2 676 2 636 2 433 2 461 2 325 2 219 2 108 2 111 2 107

3 469 3 268 3 232 3 305 3 209 3 099 3 028 2 957 2 994 2 886

105 720 104 928 103 534 102 202 100 984 99 985 98 695 97 717 96 391 95 253

71 250 70 097 68 638 67 143 66 041 64 739 63 136 62 533 61 823 61 010

34 470 34 831 34 896 35 059 34 943 35 246 35 558 35 184 34 568 34 242

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................

106 283 105 729 103 653 101 811 99 318 97 333 95 256 93 044 91 876 90 862

12 059 12 240 11 633 11 294 10 173 9 446 8 910 8 479 8 145 8 070

9 128 9 349 8 533 8 265 7 821 7 400 7 080 6 693 6 369 6 136

2 662 2 732 2 802 2 752 2 588 2 221 1 934 1 810 1 670 1 524

1 064 1 082 968 978 937 1 006 947 862 843 759

660 705 678 688 683 664 664 633 554 595

4 742 4 830 4 085 3 848 3 614 3 510 3 535 3 389 3 302 3 259

1 485 1 565 1 213 1 066 991 977 992 926 959 909

1 068 1 014 887 787 741 659 622 642 588 615

2 189 2 251 1 985 1 996 1 883 1 875 1 921 1 821 1 754 1 735

2 931 2 891 3 100 3 029 2 352 2 046 1 830 1 787 1 776 1 934

94 224 93 489 92 020 90 517 89 145 87 887 86 346 84 565 83 731 82 793

60 248 59 755 58 700 57 915 56 844 56 152 55 671 54 671 54 237 54 084

33 976 33 734 33 320 32 602 32 302 31 736 30 675 29 894 29 495 28 709

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................

87 739 85 735 83 496 81 645 80 189 78 821 77 462 75 407 73 313 71 320

8 101 7 589 6 948 6 861 6 774 6 896 6 904 6 558 6 368 6 238

5 996 5 893 5 260 5 224 5 190 5 202 5 155 4 851 4 665 4 559

1 575 1 579 1 433 1 472 1 546 1 647 1 661 1 521 1 421 1 353

734 607 524 574 598 591 557 467 432 422

623 705 650 651 564 536 543 524 516 478

3 064 3 003 2 653 2 528 2 482 2 429 2 393 2 340 2 297 2 307

814 794 689 707 705 649 617 588 642 652

568 591 467 438 467 470 452 433 419 416

1 683 1 618 1 498 1 383 1 310 1 309 1 325 1 320 1 237 1 239

2 106 1 696 1 688 1 637 1 584 1 694 1 750 1 706 1 703 1 680

79 638 78 146 76 548 74 784 73 415 71 925 70 558 68 849 66 945 65 081

52 223 50 972 49 739 48 461 47 518 46 463 45 615 44 424 43 096 41 816

27 415 27 174 26 810 26 324 25 897 25 462 24 943 24 425 23 849 23 266

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965

...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................

69 778 68 479 67 171 66 014 65 212 64 213

6 137 6 218 6 218 6 538 6 726 6 712

4 391 4 437 4 446 4 762 4 909 4 853

1 299 1 296 1 392 1 566 1 778 1 884

427 408 439 499 522 548

427 402 389 348 349 330

2 238 2 332 2 227 2 349 2 261 2 092

615 619 551 571 546 504

429 454 438 460 434 379

1 195 1 258 1 238 1 318 1 280 1 209

1 746 1 782 1 772 1 776 1 817 1 860

63 640 62 261 60 952 59 476 58 486 57 501

40 834 40 049 38 918 37 842 37 109 36 230

22 806 22 211 22 034 21 634 21 377 21 271

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Housing Vacancy Survey. Note: Beginning in 1986 vacant seasonal mobile homes were included in the count of vacant seasonal units. Seasonal vacant housing units were underestimated prior to 1987. . . . = Not available.


275

Table 18-2—Series N 1-29. Value of Construction Put in Place, 1964–2002 (Millions of dollars.) Private construction Year

Total construction

Residential Total

Office Total

New housing units

Commercial

Improvements

Farm nonresidential

2002 ....................................... 2001 .......................................

860 923 852 553

650 495 652 496

421 521 388 324

298 450 279 391

123 071 108 933

35 149 49 745

58 231 63 606

5 040 5 135

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

828 768 766 062 705 685 653 429 615 900 557 818 539 193 491 033 463 661 432 592

642 633 596 331 551 383 502 734 476 638 427 885 418 999 375 073 347 814 322 483

374 457 350 562 314 607 289 014 281 115 247 351 258 561 225 067 199 393 166 251

265 047 251 271 223 983 198 062 191 114 171 404 176 390 150 911 ... ...

109 410 99 290 90 624 90 951 90 002 75 947 82 172 74 156 ... ...

52 407 45 052 40 394 32 813 26 530 22 996 20 443 19 999 ... ...

64 055 59 376 55 681 53 088 49 381 44 096 39 615 34 396 ... ...

5 988 5 059 4 284 3 815 3 658 3 014 3 226 3 392 ... ...

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

476 778 477 502 462 012 446 643 433 454 403 416 370 190 311 887 279 332 289 070

369 300 379 328 367 277 355 994 348 872 325 601 299 952 248 437 216 268 224 378

191 103 204 255 204 496 199 652 190 677 160 520 155 015 125 833 84 676 99 241

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

273 936 272 873 239 867 200 501 172 132 152 635 155 170 153 781 139 126 122 414

210 290 216 228 189 721 157 418 128 153 109 342 117 038 121 433 109 096 92 715

100 381 116 444 109 838 92 004 68 273 51 581 55 967 65 085 60 693 48 514

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

105 890 104 944 96 824 87 221 85 753 81 886 75 097

77 982 77 151 69 386 61 844 61 907 59 966 54 893

35 863 37 214 34 172 28 737 28 611 30 235 30 526

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...


276


Table 18-2—Series N 1-29. Value of Construction Put in Place, 1964–2002—Continued (Millions of dollars.) State and local consturction Year

Total public construction

Total

Residential

Office

Commercial

Educational

Highway and Water supply, sewage street and waste disposal

Conservation and development

Total federal construction

2002 ....................................... 2001 .......................................

210 428 200 057

194 115 184 976

4 592 4 568

7 446 6 793

2 789 3 011

56 091 50 001

59 856 59 003

19 601 18 699

1 215 1 318

16 313 15 081

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

186 135 169 732 154 302 150 695 139 263 129 933 120 193 115 960 115 847 110 109

171 969 155 706 139 984 136 608 123 938 114 181 105 753 101 535 101 471 97 264

4 246 4 603 4 340 4 336 4 220 4 043 3 359 3 686 ... ...

6 300 4 521 4 605 4 619 4 404 3 914 3 559 3 192 ... ...

2 562 2 519 1 993 2 227 1 724 1 329 1 075 1 119 ... ...

45 713 41 117 35 015 33 758 28 603 25 743 20 541 19 227 ... ...

53 062 49 174 44 782 43 017 39 500 37 616 37 281 34 353 ... ...

17 357 17 491 16 621 17 008 15 419 13 132 13 365 13 964 ... ...

1 313 1 346 1 444 1 503 1 191 1 265 1 194 1 052 ... ...

14 166 14 025 14 318 14 087 15 325 15 751 14 440 14 424 14 376 12 845

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

107 478 98 174 94 735 90 648 84 582 77 815 70 238 63 450 63 064 64 691

95 379 86 018 82 471 76 596 72 170 65 811 58 998 52 893 53 056 54 278

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

12 099 12 155 12 264 14 052 12 412 12 004 11 240 10 557 10 008 10 413

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

63 646 56 646 50 146 43 083 43 980 43 293 38 132 32 348 30 030 29 699

54 004 48 081 42 000 35 994 37 196 37 205 33 042 27 648 25 786 25 889

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

9 642 8 564 8 146 7 088 6 783 6 088 5 091 4 700 4 244 3 810

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

27 908 27 793 27 437 25 377 23 846 21 920 20 203

24 798 24 643 24 238 22 061 20 043 18 048 16 485

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3 110 3 150 3 199 3 316 3 803 3 872 3 718

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. . . . = Not available.


277

Table 18-3—Series N 78-89. Value of Construction Contracts Awarded (Dodge), by Class of Construction, 1901–1998 (Millions of dollars, includes new structures and alterations to existing structures.) Nonresidential buildings Year

Total Total

Commercial

Industrial

Educational and science

Hospital

Public buildings

Religious

Social and recreational

Miscellaneous

Residential buildings

Nonbuilding construction

1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

375 300 358 400 331 800 306 500 296 700 271 500 252 200 230 800

134 000 136 500 120 300 114 200 101 500 88 800 87 000 86 200

63 900 58 600 51 800 46 600 40 800 34 200 32 800 32 700

10 100 14 100 13 100 13 800 11 200 9 000 8 900 8 300

26 900 27 800 22 900 22 900 21 000 19 300 17 600 19 000

10 800 11 500 11 100 10 800 10 500 10 500 10 900 9 600

6 000 6 900 6 300 6 300 6 100 3 900 5 800 6 200

3 800 3 700 2 900 2 800 2 500 2 400 2 500 2 400

9 300 9 800 8 100 7 100 6 500 6 800 5 500 5 100

3 100 4 000 4 000 3 800 3 000 2 600 3 100 3 000

173 000 152 600 146 400 127 800 133 600 123 900 110 600 94 400

68 200 69 400 65 100 64 400 61 600 58 900 54 600 50 200

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

246 000 271 300 262 200 259 000 249 300 235 800 214 300 194 100 157 100 157 300

95 400 106 100 97 900 98 800 91 600 92 300 82 100 67 900 64 600 65 500

44 800 53 600 51 600 53 700 52 400 54 600 48 200 38 300 32 300 35 200

8 400 12 700 9 500 8 600 7 300 8 100 7 900 5 400 9 600 9 300

16 600 15 900 14 100 13 200 11 700 10 000 8 500 7 100 6 800 6 600

9 200 8 800 8 200 9 000 7 900 7 800 7 400 8 500 8 000 6 400

5 700 5 200 4 400 4 700 3 200 3 100 2 700 2 100 1 900 1 400

2 200 2 000 2 200 2 100 2 100 2 000 1 700 1 500 1 200 1 200

5 300 5 000 4 700 4 300 4 200 4 000 3 300 2 900 2 800 3 400

3 100 2 900 3 200 3 200 2 800 2 500 2 400 2 100 2 000 2 000

100 900 116 200 116 200 114 100 115 600 102 100 95 300 88 400 55 000 56 300

49 700 49 000 48 100 46 100 42 100 41 400 36 900 37 800 37 500 35 400

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

151 800 168 400 159 900 139 700 110 100 92 700 93 700 99 300 88 885 80 188

56 900 50 200 45 000 35 100 30 000 31 600 33 200 31 400 ... ...

27 700 24 400 20 600 13 600 10 200 9 200 11 800 12 800 11 369 9 610

9 200 7 600 9 200 5 400 4 500 6 800 5 600 4 800 3 005 2 619

7 400 6 300 5 700 5 200 4 900 5 900 6 300 5 100 4 760 5 649

5 400 4 800 3 800 4 500 4 500 3 700 3 800 3 300 3 516 3 188

1 600 1 600 1 500 2 300 2 100 2 100 2 100 2 000 1 490 1 493

1 200 1 300 1 200 1 000 900 800 800 700 640 603

2 700 4 100 3 000 3 300 3 000 3 100 2 800 2 700 1 237 1 296

1 700 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 003 1 131

60 400 74 600 74 900 62 000 44 200 31 300 33 600 45 700 42 882 34 714

34 500 43 700 39 900 42 600 35 900 29 800 27 000 22 100 18 983 19 883

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

68 294 68 294 61 732 54 514 50 150 49 272 47 330 45 546 41 303 37 135

24 455 25 949 22 513 20 139 19 393 17 219 15 522 14 377 13 010 12 115

9 056 9 786 7 645 6 080 5 835 5 457 4 572 4 445 4 216 3 797

3 664 3 915 3 768 3 701 3 623 3 064 2 970 2 274 2 086 1 814

5 253 5 543 5 347 5 216 4 939 4 164 3 554 3 314 3 060 3 015

2 811 2 817 2 114 1 873 1 721 1 515 1 625 1 485 1 079 985

1 007 1 154 1 112 959 939 842 789 964 677 671

575 674 778 793 825 783 814 755 811 805

1 137 1 116 954 834 855 800 599 648 704 623

952 944 795 683 656 596 598 493 377 403

24 837 25 633 24 838 21 155 17 827 21 248 20 565 20 502 18 039 16 123

19 001 16 710 14 382 13 220 12 930 10 805 11 244 10 667 10 255 8 897

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

36 318 36 269 35 090 32 173 31 612 24 632 20 596 18 804 18 070 17 151

12 240 11 387 10 948 11 293 11 208 8 497 7 110 6 956 6 695 6 823

3 725 3 496 3 197 3 267 3 140 2 359 1 816 1 489 979 915

2 114 1 880 1 400 2 168 2 381 1 878 1 274 2 051 2 558 2 883

3 005 2 666 2 907 2 936 2 883 2 134 2 063 1 720 1 472 1 335

832 865 879 870 678 475 519 434 444 581

679 605 655 470 428 301 249 203 233 158

789 799 746 699 681 551 486 385 318 299

631 601 500 429 422 270 252 222 153 136

464 474 664 455 595 530 452 452 538 515

15 105 17 150 14 696 13 039 12 862 11 072 9 344 7 840 7 963 7 605

8 973 7 732 9 446 7 841 7 542 5 063 4 142 4 008 3 412 2 723

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

16 592 11 826 11 121 9 175 7 490 3 299 1 994 3 274 8 255 6 007

5 182 3 644 3 666 2 716 2 716 1 850 899 1 424 3 897 2 316

1 209 885 975 785 773 346 81 121 302 471

1 142 559 840 941 1 317 1 027 473 766 2 228 1 182

1 180 824 725 392 221 100 69 62 148 141

655 555 405 192 131 113 59 111 185 89

124 119 84 73 25 16 12 25 102 89

336 276 245 118 68 35 12 7 24 53

261 222 232 122 93 60 33 58 101 78

274 204 161 92 88 153 161 274 808 214

8 832 5 706 5 299 4 569 3 142 563 348 868 1 818 1 954

2 578 2 476 2 155 1 890 1 631 885 746 982 2 541 1 738

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

4 004 3 551 3 197 2 913 2 675 1 845 1 543 1 256 1 351 3 093

1 295 966 1 072 1 156 960 681 551 417 488 1 141

318 247 216 297 249 165 151 99 123 311

442 175 121 314 198 109 116 128 44 116

147 201 334 223 219 168 112 39 81 223

94 83 116 82 74 47 37 37 48 121

80 110 114 105 102 98 56 51 118 181

46 38 36 37 28 24 18 18 27 53

63 82 108 84 75 55 46 27 34 99

104 29 28 15 14 16 15 19 13 36

1 597 1 334 986 905 802 479 249 249 280 811

1 112 1 251 1 139 852 914 685 743 589 583 1 141


278


Table 18-3—Series N 78-89. Value of Construction Contracts Awarded (Dodge), by Class of Construction, 1901–1998—Continued (Millions of dollars, includes new structures and alterations to existing structures.) Nonresidential buildings Year

Total Total

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

Commercial

Industrial

Educational and science

Hospital

Public buildings

Religious

Social and recreational

Miscellaneous

Residential buildings

Nonbuilding construction

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

4 523 5 751 6 628 6 303 6 381 6 006 4 479 3 992 3 344 2 355

1 822 2 425 2 438 2 439 2 418 2 202 1 583 1 456 1 395 998

616 929 885 933 921 872 591 518 496 332

257 546 509 376 471 327 233 313 278 153

366 370 390 369 373 419 ... ... ... ...

163 152 165 163 133 111 ... ... ... ...

140 121 76 80 67 55 ... ... ... ...

93 106 128 157 149 153 ... ... ... ...

117 147 219 261 252 253 ... ... ... ...

71 55 67 102 52 12 ... ... ... ...

1 101 1 916 2 788 2 573 2 671 2 748 2 052 1 736 1 340 879

1 599 1 410 1 402 1 291 1 292 1 057 844 801 609 479

1920 1 .................................... 1919 1 .................................... 1918 ....................................... 1917 ....................................... 1916 ....................................... 1915 ....................................... 1914 ....................................... 1913 ....................................... 1912 ....................................... 1911 .......................................

2 564 2 590 1 767 1 691 1 413 978 775 917 923 828

1 394 1 213 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

444 406 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

555 498 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

570 849 305 355 483 418 ... ... ... ...

600 517 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

859 166 112 129 125 107 97 104 119 120

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

1Twenty-five

states only. Totals for 27 states are 1919: 2,699; 1920: 2,635. . . . = Not available.


279

Table 18-4. Price and Cost Indexes for Construction, 1980–2002 (1996 = 100, Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.) Name of index

1980

1985

1990

1995

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

U.S. Census Bureau composite Fixed-weighted 1 .................................................................. Implicit price deflator 2 .......................................................... U.S. Census Bureau houses under construction 3 Fixed-weighted ........................................................................ Price deflator ............................................................................

59.3 59.0

71.8 71.1

85.5 85.0

97.7 97.8

106.0 106.1

110.3 110.4

115.3 115.4

120.2 119.6

122.7 122.6

58.0 57.0

69.8 68.3

84.6 83.4

98.1 98.1

105.6 105.6

110.4 110.4

115.4 115.5

121.2 121.3

124.4 124.4

Federal Highway Administration, composite 4 ......................... Bureau of Reclamation composite 5 .........................................

79.7 62

83.6 75

88.9 85

99.8 98

105.2 105

111.9 107

119.3 111

118.7 112

121.2 114

Turner Construction Co.: Building construction 6 ..................... Engineering News-Record 7 Buildings .............................................................................. Construction .........................................................................

54

74

87

97

109

113

118

121

123

60.6 57.6

75.8 74.6

84.4 84.2

97.1 97.3

105.8 105.3

107.9 107.8

110.5 110.7

111.6 112.7

113.1 116.3

Handy-Whitman public utility 8 Buildings .............................................................................. Electric 9 ............................................................................... Gas ..................................................................................... Water 10 .............................................................................. C.A. Turner Telephone Plant 11 ..............................................

66 60 60 64 79

76 74 75 76 77

85 86 86 85 87

97 98 99 98 96

104 104 104 104 102

107 105 107 107 101

110 109 111 112 103

114 113 114 116 106

116 116 116 120 108

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Weighted

average of the various indexes used to deflate the Construction Put in Place series. In calculating the index, the weights (i.e., the composition of current dollar estimates in 1996 by category) are held constant.

2Derived ratio of total current to constant dollar Construction Put in Place (multiplied by 100). 3Excludes value of site. 4Based on average contract unit bid prices for composite mile (involving specific average amounts of excavation, paving, reinforcing steel, structural steel, and structural concrete). 5Derived from the four quarterly indexes which are weighted averages of costs of labor, materials, and equipment for the construction of dams and reclamation projects. 6Based on firm’s cost experience with respect to labor rates, materials prices, competitive conditions, efficiency of plant and management, and productivity. 7Building construction index computed on the basis of a hypothetical unit of construction requiring 6 bbl. of portland cement, 1,088 M bd. ft. of 2’’x4’’ lumber, 2,500 lb. of structural steel,

and 68.38

hours of skilled labor. General construction index based on same materials components combined with 200 hours of common labor. 8Based on data covering public utility construction costs in six geographic regions. Covers skilled and common labor. 9As derived by U.S. Census Bureau. Covers steam generation plants only. 10As derived by U.S. Census Bureau. Reflects costs for structures and improvements at water pumping and treatment plants. 11Computed by the Census Bureau by averaging the weighted component indexes published for six geographic regions.

Table 18-5. Median Sales Price of New Privately Owned One-Family Houses Sold, by Region, 1980–2002 (Dollars.) Year

United States total

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

187 600 175 200

264 300 246 400

178 000 172 600

163 400 155 400

238 500 213 600

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

169 000 161 000 152 500 146 000 140 000 133 900 130 000 126 500 121 500

227 400 210 500 200 000 190 000 186 000 180 000 169 000 162 600 169 000

169 700 164 000 157 500 149 900 138 000 134 000 132 900 125 000 115 600

148 000 145 900 135 800 129 600 126 200 124 500 116 900 115 000 105 500

196 400 173 700 163 500 160 000 153 900 141 400 140 400 135 000 130 400

1990 ...................................................... 1985 ...................................................... 1980 ......................................................

122 900 84 300 64 600

159 000 103 300 69 500

107 900 80 300 63 400

99 000 75 000 59 600

147 500 92 600 72 300

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003.

280


Table 18-6. Homeownership Rates, by Age of Householder and Household Status, 1985–2002 (Percent.) Age of householder and household type

United States ..............................................................

1985

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

63.9

63.9

64.7

65.4

65.7

66.3

66.8

67.4

67.8

67.9

Less than 25 years old ................................................ 25 to 29 years old ....................................................... 30 to 34 years old ....................................................... 35 to 39 years old ....................................................... 40 to 44 years old ....................................................... 45 to 49 years old .......................................................

17.2 37.7 54.0 65.4 71.4 74.3

15.7 35.2 51.8 63.0 69.8 73.9

15.9 34.4 53.1 62.1 68.6 73.7

18.0 34.7 53.0 62.1 69.0 74.4

17.7 35.0 52.6 62.6 69.7 74.2

18.2 36.2 53.6 63.7 70.0 73.9

19.9 36.5 53.8 64.4 69.9 74.5

21.7 38.1 54.6 65.0 70.6 74.7

22.5 38.9 54.8 65.5 70.8 75.4

23.0 39.0 55.0 65.2 71.7 74.9

50 to 54 years old ....................................................... 55 to 59 years old ....................................................... 60 to 64 years old ....................................................... 65 to 69 years old ....................................................... 70 to 74 years old ....................................................... 75 years old and over .................................................

77.5 79.2 79.9 79.5 76.8 69.8

76.8 78.8 79.8 80.0 78.4 72.3

77.0 78.8 80.3 81.0 80.9 74.6

77.2 79.4 80.7 82.4 81.4 75.3

77.7 79.7 80.5 81.9 82.0 75.8

77.8 79.8 82.1 81.9 82.2 76.2

77.8 80.7 81.3 82.9 82.8 77.1

78.5 80.4 80.3 83.0 82.6 77.7

78.2 81.0 81.8 82.4 82.5 78.1

77.8 80.8 81.5 82.8 82.5 78.4

Less than 35 years old ................................................ 35 to 44 years old ....................................................... 45 to 54 years old ....................................................... 55 to 64 years old ....................................................... 65 years old and over .................................................

39.9 68.1 75.9 79.5 74.8

38.5 66.3 75.2 79.3 76.3

38.6 65.2 75.2 79.5 78.1

39.1 65.5 75.6 80.0 78.9

38.7 66.1 75.8 80.1 79.1

39.3 66.9 75.7 80.9 79.3

39.7 67.2 76.0 81.0 80.1

40.8 67.9 76.5 80.3 80.4

41.2 68.2 76.7 81.3 80.3

41.3 68.6 76.3 81.1 80.5

78.2 57.8 45.8

78.1 55.2 44.0

79.6 55.3 45.1

80.2 55.5 46.1

80.8 54.0 46.1

81.5 55.7 47.0

81.8 56.1 48.2

82.4 57.5 49.1

82.9 57.9 49.9

83.1 58.0 49.2

45.8 38.8 51.3

49.0 42.4 53.6

50.5 43.8 55.4

51.4 44.9 56.0

51.8 45.2 56.7

52.1 45.7 56.9

52.7 46.3 57.6

53.6 47.4 58.1

54.4 48.2 59.0

54.8 48.7 59.4

30.1 30.6

31.7 32.5

34.2 33.0

35.5 35.9

35.9 39.5

36.7 40.3

37.2 41.5

38.0 40.6

38.6 41.0

38.8 41.6

AGE

TYPE OF HOUSEHOLD Family Households Married-couple families ............................................... Male householder, no spouse present ........................ Female householder, no spouse present .................... Nonfamily Households One-person ................................................................. Male householder ................................................... Female householder ............................................... Other Male householder ................................................... Female householder ...............................................



281

Table 18-7—Series N 170. Mobile Home Shipments, 1959–2002

Table 18-8—Series N 186. Low-Rent Public Housing Units, 1947–1993

(Number.)

(Low-rent public housing units cover those units subsidized by U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development under annual contributions contracts, including new, conventional and turnkey units and existing housing either acquired or leased. Includes Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands.)

Year

Mobile home shipments

2002 ................................................................. 2001 .................................................................

168 500 193 300

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

250 400 348 100 373 100 353 700 361 500 340 000 304 000 254 000 210 000 171 000

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

188 000 198 000 218 000 233 000 244 000 284 000 296 000 296 000 240 000 241 000

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

222 000 277 000 276 000 277 000 246 000 213 000 329 000 567 000 576 000 492 000

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

401 000 413 000 318 000 240 000 217 000 217 000 191 000 151 000 118 000 90 000

1960 ................................................................. 1959 .................................................................

104 000 121 000

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Manufactured Homes Survey. Note: A manufactured, or mobile, home is defined as a movable dwelling, 8 feet or more wide and 40 feet or more long, designed to be towed on its own chassis, with transportation gear integral to the unit when it leaves the factory, and without need of a permanent foundation. These manufactured homes include multiwides and expandable manufactured homes. Excluded are travel trailers, motor homes, and modular housing.

Year

Total low-rent public housing 1 (thousands)

1993 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1991 ......................................................

1 324.7 1 323.3 1 320.0

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 305.3 1 205.0 1 448.8 1 443.0 1 365.1 1 378.0 1 524.9 1 483.3 1 432.2 1 404.0

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 321.1 1 332.9 1 224.8 1 308.8 1 305.4 1 316.7 1 314.0 1 323.6 1 260.2 1 175.9

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 155.3 1 034.7 923.7 850.2 778.2 735.7 714.3 682.3 646.6 624.1

1960 ...................................................... 1959 ...................................................... 1958 ...................................................... 1957 ...................................................... 1956 ...................................................... 1955 2 .................................................... 1954 ...................................................... 1953 ...................................................... 1952 ...................................................... 1951 ......................................................

593.3 585.2 557.2 534.6 533.6 489.7 455.7 455.2 436.8 404.8

1950 2 .................................................... 1949 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1947 ......................................................

302.1 204.9 193.8 192.0

1As of December 31. 2Excludes units which

have been sold to mutual housing associations, limited dividend corporations (PWA), and homestead associations on which HUD has mortgages for collection.

282


Table 18-9—Series N 200-215. Value of Gross and Net Stocks of Residential Structures in Current Dollars, 1925–1993 (Billions of constant 1970 dollars.) Gross stocks of residential structures Year

Private nonfarm

Total, all types

Private non-housekeeping

Farm 1–4 units

5 or more units

Mobile homes

1993 ...................................................... 1991 ......................................................

8 798 7 869

7 164 6 345

1 015 974

172 167

34 32

147 129

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

7 543 7 152 6 662 6 376 5 817 5 706 4 815 4 522 4 292 4 211

6 075 5 744 5 337 5 100 4 643 4 566 3 764 3 534 3 353 3 294

933 916 854 819 743 701 655 606 569 554

163 164 159 159 153 150 134 131 129 130

32 32 30 30 28 27 26 25 25 25

124 103 101 94 93 104 88 86 82 78

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4 380 3 494 3 135 2 627 2 274 2 017 1 862 1 801 1 573 1 395

3 502 2 735 2 455 2 052 1 771 1 567 1 446 1 429 1 261 1 127

522 452 402 336 292 259 239 199 163 135

136 114 106 91 82 75 71 60 55 51

24 22 20 18 16 14 14 42 35 31

79 66 57 49 42 37 34 30 24 19

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 284.7 1 197.3 1 094.4 1 010.6 941.8 888.9 848.0 807.5 765.7 731.6

1 050.2 983.4 903.3 836.5 782.1 739.8 707.2 675.1 641.3 614.1

111.1 100.3 88.4 79.0 72.5 67.0 62.2 57.2 52.2 48.2

50.5 47.7 44.3 42.6 39.5 39.5 38.4 38.3 38.0 37.9

27.9 25.6 23.4 21.2 19.4 16.7 16.3 14.9 13.6 12.6

16.0 13.4 10.9 9.1 7.9 6.9 5.9 5.0 4.4 3.9

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

713.5 689.0 645.1 618.4 593.7 556.7 517.1 498.8 486.8 465.0

600.8 579.8 540.9 517.7 496.0 463.4 427.7 410.5 398.1 378.6

45.6 43.9 41.6 40.1 39.0 37.4 35.7 35.1 35.0 34.0

37.7 37.6 37.2 37.0 36.4 35.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 33.8

11.9 11.4 10.8 10.5 10.2 9.8 9.5 9.5 9.7 9.6

3.6 3.2 2.7 2.3 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.8

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

428.4 386.2 369.3 342.6 286.7 243.4 226.2 211.5 195.1 179.3

347.8 312.0 297.8 274.4 228.8 194.8 181.3 168.2 155.4 144.3

32.1 29.6 28.5 26.8 22.9 19.9 18.5 17.2 15.8 14.7

32.2 29.4 28.5 27.5 23.3 18.9 17.2 16.8 15.8 14.2

9.3 8.9 8.8 8.6 7.5 6.5 6.2 5.8 5.5 5.1

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.1 * ... ... ... ...

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

162.9 151.4 146.4 142.3 132.2 121.8 119.3 114.2 109.1 122.2

131.3 121.7 117.5 114.0 105.9 97.5 95.4 91.2 86.9 97.1

13.5 12.6 12.1 11.8 10.9 10.0 9.8 9.4 9.0 10.1

12.9 12.3 12.3 12.1 11.3 10.6 10.5 10.2 9.9 11.3

4.7 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.7

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

140.5 147.4 143.6 136.3 131.6 127.8

111.6 117.1 113.8 108.1 105.3 101.7

11.5 12.0 11.3 10.1 8.2 8.2

13.2 14.0 14.4 14.4 14.6 14.8

4.2 4.3 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.1

... ... ... ... ... ...

* = Less than $0.05 billion. . . . = Not available.


283

Table 18-10—Series N 216-231. Mean Age of Stocks of Residential Structures, 1925–1994 (Years.) Gross stocks of residential structures Year

Private nonfarm Total, all types

Private non-housekeeping

Farm 1–4 units

5 or more units

Mobile homes

1994 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1991 ......................................................

24.0 24.0 23.8

24.4 24.4 24.3

21.8 21.8 20.3

43.2 43.2 42.9

... ... 23.9

11.0 11.1 11.0

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

23.6 23.7 23.7 23.7 23.8 23.7 24.9 25.0 25.0 24.8

24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.7 24.3 26.3 26.3 26.3 26.1

19.8 19.1 18.8 18.6 18.4 18.7 18.1 18.1 17.9 17.6

43.2 43.6 43.5 43.2 43.1 43.4 46.0 45.8 45.5 45.5

23.6 23.4 23.1 22.7 22.3 22.0 21.6 21.0 20.4 19.9

10.7 8.7 8.5 8.4 8.3 9.2 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.4

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

23.2 24.6 24.6 24.7 24.9 24.9 24.8 26.8 26.8 27.1

23.9 25.9 25.9 26.1 26.3 26.4 26.3 27.2 27.3 27.4

17.8 17.1 16.9 16.7 16.4 16.0 15.6 15.9 16.9 18.1

42.8 45.4 45.6 45.8 46.0 46.0 46.0 49.8 49.6 49.4

19.3 18.7 18.1 17.5 17.0 16.5 16.1 11.5 11.6 11.6

7.7 6.7 6.4 6.2 5.8 5.4 4.9 4.1 4.1 4.2

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

27.6 27.6 27.6 27.7 27.7 27.7 27.9 28.1 28.3 28.5

27.7 27.5 27.4 27.4 27.3 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6

19.7 20.4 21.3 22.0 22.4 23.1 24.0 25.3 26.8 27.9

49.0 49.1 49.1 49.0 49.0 48.8 48.7 48.5 48.3 48.2

11.5 11.5 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.8 13.6 14.6 15.9 16.9

4.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.9

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

28.7 28.9 29.2 29.4 29.6 30.0 30.5 30.9 31.3 31.6

27.7 27.8 28.2 28.4 28.6 29.0 29.6 30.1 30.6 31.0

28.8 29.2 29.5 29.5 29.3 29.0 28.6 28.2 27.8 27.4

48.0 47.8 47.5 47.3 47.0 46.8 46.6 46.4 46.3 46.2

18.0 19.0 19.9 20.7 21.2 21.6 21.8 21.9 21.8 21.6

3.6 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.8 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.3

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

32.1 32.8 33.2 33.7 34.1 34.2 33.6 33.0 32.5 32.1

31.5 32.4 32.9 33.5 33.9 34.1 33.5 32.9 32.2 31.8

27.0 27.0 27.0 26.9 26.6 26.1 25.3 24.5 23.7 23.0

46.2 46.2 46.3 46.5 46.5 46.4 45.6 44.8 44.1 43.5

21.3 21.1 20.8 20.4 20.0 19.7 19.1 18.4 17.7 17.2

2.8 2.3 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.5 ... ... ... ...

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

32.0 31.9 31.6 31.3 30.9 30.4 29.9 29.2 28.5 27.8

31.7 31.6 31.4 31.0 30.6 30.2 29.6 28.9 28.2 27.5

22.4 21.9 21.4 20.8 20.2 19.5 18.7 17.9 17.0 16.1

43.0 42.4 42.0 41.6 41.2 40.8 40.3 39.7 39.0 38.4

16.7 16.3 15.8 15.4 14.9 14.3 13.7 13.0 12.4 11.7

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

27.3 26.8 26.6 26.6 26.8 27.0

27.0 26.5 26.2 26.2 26.3 26.4

15.4 14.8 14.7 15.0 15.8 16.7

37.8 37.4 37.0 36.6 36.3 35.9

11.0 10.7 10.4 10.3 10.4 10.8

... ... ... ... ... ...


284


Table 18-11—Series N 238-245. Occupied Housing Units and Tenure of Home, 1890–2001 (Number in thousands, percent.) Tenure of homes Year 1

Total occupied housing units (thousands)

Owner occupied Number (thousands)

Number of renter-occupied units (thousands)

Percent

2001 .......................................

106 261

72 265

68.0

33 996

1999 1997 1995 1993

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

102 803 99 487 97 693 94 724

68 796 65 487 63 544 61 252

66.9 65.8 65.0 64.7

34 007 34 000 34 150 33 472

1990 1987 1985 1983 1981

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

91 947 90 888 88 425 84 638 83 175

59 025 58 164 56 145 54 742 54 342

64.2 64.0 63.5 64.7 65.3

32 923 32 724 32 280 29 914 28 833

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

80 390 78 572 77 167 75 280 74 005 72 523 62 562 69 337

51 795 51 411 50 283 48 765 47 904 46 867 42 157 41 653

64.4 65.4 59.4 59.2 64.7 64.6 67.4 64.4

28 595 27 160 26 884 26 515 26 101 25 656 20 405 24 684

1970 ....................................... 1960 * .................................... 1956 2 .................................... 1950 ....................................... 1945 2 ....................................

63 450 53 024 49 874 42 826 37 600

39 885 32 796 30 121 23 560 20 009

62.9 61.9 60.4 55.0 53.2

23 565 20 227 19 753 19 266 17 591

1940 1930 1920 1910 1900 1890

34 855 29 905 24 353 20 256 15 964 12 690

15 196 14 002 10 867 9 084 7 205 6 066

43.6 47.8 45.6 45.9 46.7 47.8

19 659 15 320 12 944 10 698 8 224 6 624

....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................................

1Figures for 1956 are for December 31; figures for 1945 are for November 1; figures 2These figures are not comparable with other years; based on sample surveys. * = First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii.

for decennial years 1890 to 1970 are for census dates.


285

Table 18-12—Series N 246-258. Housing Units Vacancy Rates, by Region, 1950–2002 (Percent; annual average, except where noted.) Homeowner vacancy rate

Rental vacancy rate

Year United States

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

United States

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

2002 ............................................ 2001 ............................................

1.7 1.8

1.2 1.2

1.8 1.7

1.9 2.1

1.6 1.6

9.0 8.4

5.8 5.3

10.1 9.7

11.8 11.1

6.9 6.2

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1991 ............................................

1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.7

1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.5

1.3 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3

1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.2

1.5 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.9 1.7

8.0 8.1 7.9 7.7 7.8 7.6 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.4

5.6 6.3 6.7 6.7 7.4 7.2 7.1 7.0 6.9 6.9

8.8 8.6 7.9 8.0 7.9 7.2 6.8 6.6 6.7 6.7

10.5 10.3 9.6 9.1 8.6 8.3 8.0 7.9 8.2 8.9

5.8 6.2 6.7 6.6 7.2 7.5 7.1 7.4 7.1 6.5

1990 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1981 ............................................

1.7 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.4

1.6 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1

1.3 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.4

2.1 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.3

1.8 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.6 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.7

7.2 7.4 7.7 7.7 7.3 6.5 5.9 5.7 5.3 5.0

6.1 4.7 4.8 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.7 4.0 3.7 3.7

6.4 6.8 6.9 6.8 6.9 5.9 5.9 6.1 6.3 5.9

8.8 9.7 10.1 10.9 10.1 9.1 7.9 6.9 5.8 5.4

6.6 7.1 7.7 7.3 7.1 6.2 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.1

1980 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1971 ............................................

1.4 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0

1.1 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0

1.6 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.2

1.3 1.1 1.3 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2 2.0

1.6 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.9

5.4 5.0 5.0 5.2 5.6 6.0 6.2 5.8 5.6 5.4

4.2 4.0 4.8 5.1 4.7 4.1 4.2 3.9 3.3 3.0

6.0 5.1 4.8 5.1 5.6 5.7 6.1 5.9 6.1 5.7

6.0 5.8 5.5 5.7 6.4 7.7 8.0 7.1 7.0 7.3

5.2 4.9 4.8 5.0 5.4 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.0 5.7

1970 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1961 ............................................

1.0 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1

1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2

1.2 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7

1.1 1.2 1.3 2.0 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.3

5.3 5.5 5.9 6.8 7.7 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.1 8.7

2.7 3.0 3.7 4.8 5.3 5.6 5.2 5.1 4.7 4.9

5.8 5.7 5.4 5.7 6.5 7.2 7.9 8.7 9.0 9.3

7.2 7.2 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.9 10.4

5.6 6.1 7.1 8.9 10.9 11.9 11.0 10.2 9.5 10.7

1960* .......................................... 1959 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 19501 ..........................................

1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9

1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.9 ...

1.2 1.1 1.4 0.9 0.8 ...

1.6 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.0 ...

1.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.4 ...

8.1 7.0 6.5 5.6 6.1 ...

4.9 3.9 3.8 3.4 3.1 ...

8.3 7.1 7.3 5.4 5.6 ...

9.5 9.4 7.9 6.7 8.1 ...

11.0 8.5 7.5 7.4 8.7 ...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Housing Vacancy Survey. 1As of April. * = First year

for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. . . . = Not available.

286


Table 18-13—Series N 273-276. Residential Nonfarm Mortgage Debt Outstanding, by Type of Property, 1925–2002 (Billions of dollars as of December 31.) Year

Multi-family residential mortgages

Home mortgages

2002 .................................................................................................. 2001 ..................................................................................................

6 462.6 5 738.6

488.5 445.4

2000 .................................................................................................. 1999 .................................................................................................. 1998 .................................................................................................. 1997 .................................................................................................. 1996 .................................................................................................. 1995 .................................................................................................. 1994 .................................................................................................. 1993 .................................................................................................. 1992 .................................................................................................. 1991 ..................................................................................................

5 205.4 4 787.2 4 362.9 3 978.3 3 720.0 3 478.2 3 301.5 3 119.3 2 957.1 2 788.6

400.6 368.4 331.3 300.1 288.0 275.5 269.6 269.1 272.0 284.9

1990 .................................................................................................. 1989 .................................................................................................. 1988 .................................................................................................. 1987 .................................................................................................. 1986 .................................................................................................. 1985 .................................................................................................. 1984 .................................................................................................. 1983 .................................................................................................. 1982 .................................................................................................. 1981 ..................................................................................................

2 619.9 2 383.0 2 157.7 1 924.2 1 726.5 1 523.6 1 326.1 1 191.6 1 075.0 1 034.9

288.3 288.1 275.3 259.2 239.4 205.9 186.1 161.2 146.1 142.4

1980 .................................................................................................. 1979 .................................................................................................. 1978 .................................................................................................. 1977 .................................................................................................. 1976 .................................................................................................. 1975 .................................................................................................. 1974 .................................................................................................. 1973 .................................................................................................. 1972 .................................................................................................. 1971 ..................................................................................................

962.3 859.3 741.5 630.7 538.0 476.9 438.2 402.5 359.9 320.9

142.5 135.0 125.2 114.3 105.9 100.7 100.0 93.2 82.9 70.1

1970 .................................................................................................. 1969 .................................................................................................. 1968 .................................................................................................. 1967 .................................................................................................. 1966 .................................................................................................. 1965 .................................................................................................. 1964 .................................................................................................. 1963 .................................................................................................. 1962 .................................................................................................. 1961 ..................................................................................................

294.5 280.5 262.2 245.1 231.9 218.6 201.4 184.1 167.5 153.3

60.1 53.2 48.3 44.8 41.3 38.2 34.6 30.0 26.7 23.6

1960 .................................................................................................. 1959 .................................................................................................. 1958 .................................................................................................. 1957 .................................................................................................. 1956 .................................................................................................. 1955 .................................................................................................. 1954 .................................................................................................. 1953 .................................................................................................. 1952 .................................................................................................. 1951 ..................................................................................................

140.8 129.6 116.8 107.0 98.3 87.5 75.0 65.7 58.2 51.4

20.8 18.7 16.6 14.6 14.1 13.5 12.7 12.1 11.5 10.6

1950 .................................................................................................. 1949 .................................................................................................. 1948 .................................................................................................. 1947 .................................................................................................. 1946 .................................................................................................. 1945 .................................................................................................. 1944 .................................................................................................. 1943 .................................................................................................. 1942 .................................................................................................. 1941 ..................................................................................................

45.0 37.4 33.1 28.1 23.0 18.6 17.9 17.8 18.2 18.4

9.3 7.8 6.7 5.8 5.3 4.9 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.9

1940 .................................................................................................. 1939 .................................................................................................. 1938 .................................................................................................. 1937 .................................................................................................. 1936 .................................................................................................. 1935 .................................................................................................. 1934 .................................................................................................. 1933 .................................................................................................. 1932 .................................................................................................. 1931 ..................................................................................................

17.4 16.3 15.8 15.5 15.4 15.4 15.6 15.4 16.7 18.1

5.7 5.6 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.8 5.1 5.7 6.0 6.2

1930 .................................................................................................. 1929 .................................................................................................. 1928 .................................................................................................. 1927 .................................................................................................. 1926 .................................................................................................. 1925 ..................................................................................................

18.9 18.9 17.9 16.4 14.8 13.0

6.5 6.0 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.2

Source: Federal Reserve Board.

SECTION

19

MANUFACTURING

288


SECTION 19

MANUFACTURING Highlights

1

Manufacturing is defined as the mechanical or chemical transformation of inorganic and organic substances into new products or the assembly of component parts of products. Manufacturing activities were classified from 1947 through 1997 according to the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual, published by the Office of Management and Budget. First issued in 1939, it was revised in 1945, 1957, 1972, and 1987. Beginning in 1997, the SIC codes were replaced with a new system called the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).

2

The basic source of data on manufactures has been the Census of Manufactures conducted by the Bureau of the Census, beginning in 1809. A census was taken at 10-year intervals thereafter until 1899 (with the exception of 1829), at five-year intervals from 1904 to 1919, and biennially from 1921 to 1939. It was suspended during World War II but resumed in 1947. Legislation enacted in 1948 provided for a Census of Manufactures every five years with annual sample surveys for interim years. The Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) is based on a sample of 55,000 establishments out of an approximate total of 200,000. The scope of the census has varied from one census to another. From 1849 to 1899, the minimum size limit of factories was output valued at $500 or more. It was raised to $5,000 or more for 1929 to 1937. Beginning in 1947, the criterion was employment of one or more persons at any time during the census year. However, these changes have not appreciably affected the historical comparability of the census figures except for the data on the number of establishments. There have also been numerous changes in the definition of manufacturing industries. When the changes result in the omission of an entire industry, the adjustments are generally carried back through the previous censuses. Furthermore, the treatment of nonproduction workers has not been consistent over the years. Personnel in manufacturing industries engaged in distribution and construction have been reported separately since 1939, but not before. Officers of corporations are included as employees, but not proprietors and partners of unincorporated firms, for whom no data have been collected since 1963. Another difference concerns value

added in manufacturing. The standard formula for calculating value added by manufacture since 1958 differs from the one used for 1954 and previous years. Before 1958, value added by an establishment was calculated by subtracting the cost of materials, supplies, containers, fuels, electrical energy, and contract work from the value of shipments. This was known as unadjusted value added. Beginning in 1958, the formula was changed to adjusted value added which includes two elements: (1) value added by merchandising (the difference between the sales value and the cost of merchandise sold without further manufacture, processing, and assembly); and (2) an adjustment in the net change in finished goods and work-in-process inventories between the beginning and the end of the year. This concept should not be confused with the National Income Originating in Manufacturing, which is obtained by subtracting from the value of shipments not only the cost of materials, but also other costs such as depreciation charges, state and local taxes, allowances for bad debts, and purchases of services from nonmanufacturing enterprises (engineering and management consultants, advertising, telephone, insurance, royalties, patent fees, and so on). It is therefore a net concept of value added in manufacturing and generally exceeds the latter by about a third.

3

The value added in manufacturing in 2001 was $1.854 trillion, or $165,014 per worker, $82.96 per production worker hour, and $3.13 per dollar of wages.

4

The GDP in manufacturing in 2001 was $1.423 trillion, of which durable goods accounted for $813 billion and nondurable goods for $610 billion. The largest manufacturing sectors in value were chemicals ($163.5 billion), industrial machinery ($148.2 billion), electronic and electric equipment ($143.1 billion), food ($123.7 billion), motor vehicles and equipment ($111.4 billion), and fabricated metal products ($100.8 billion).

5

In 2001, manufacturing employed 15.880 million workers whose total wages amounted to $593.051 billion or $37,347 per worker ($17.96 per hour).

289

SECTION 19: MANUFACTURING

Manufactures—Shipments and New Orders: 1970–2002 4,000 Shipments New Orders

3,500

Dollars (in billions)

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0 1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

Year

6

The most industrialized state is California with value of shipments in 2001 totaling $414.762 billion, followed by Texas ($321.361 billion), Ohio ($241.902 billion), Michigan ($209.003 billion), Illinois ($196.449 billion), Pennsylvania ($178.613 billion), and New York ($146.455 billion).

than in 1980 (714 billion). However, consumption per person declined from 4,000 in 1980 to 2,000 annually in 2002.

11 Iron and steel were once the bellwethers of manufacturing, but they no longer have that role.

7 Based on 1997 = 100, the national industrial production index was 110.5 in 2002, and the manufacturing

Nevertheless, the United States is a major producer of steel mill products, producing 116.4 million tons in 2001, up from 95.5 million tons in 1990.

index was 111.4. The fastest growing sectors since 1997 are computers, which jumped to 220.4, and motor vehicles and parts (117.3). Several sectors lost ground, including apparel and leather (72.2) and textile and product mills (82.5).

12 The computer industry, hardly 20 years old, has become one of the most dynamic sectors. There are

8

Net manufacturing sales in 2002 were $4.221 trillion, net profit was $197 billion, and net profit after taxes was $136 billion.

9 Alcoholic beverage sales have increased from $72.6 billion in 1990, to $112.3 billion in 2002. During the same period, the consumer price index for alcoholic beverages increased from 129.3 to 183.6.

10 Official anti-smoking campaigns and lawsuits against tobacco companies seem to have had an effect on cigarette production and consumption. In 2002, cigarette production was significantly lower at 565 billion

manufacturers that produced 19.647 million computers valued at $41.818 billion in 2002. Of these, 12.920 million were personal computers.

13 Home electronic equipment sales have increased from $43 billion in 1990 to $92 billion in 2001. Of these, home office products, such as telephones, answering devices, word processors, and fax machines, accounted for $34.281 billion.

14

Toy industry shipments totaled $30.606 billion, of which video games accounted for $10.326 billion, dolls accounted for $2.429 billion, and arts and crafts for $2.183 billion.

290


Table 19-1. Gross Domestic Product in Manufacturing in Current and Real (1996) Dollars, by Industry, 1990–2001 (Billions of dollars.) Industry

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

CURRENT DOLLARS Gross domestic product, total ..........................

5 803.2

7 400.5

7 813.2

8 318.4

8 781.5

9 274.3

9 824.6

10 082.2

Manufacturing ............................................... Durable goods ................................................. Lumber and wood products .......................... Furniture and fixtures .................................. Stone, clay, and glass products ................... Primary metal industries .............................. Fabricated metal products ............................ Industrial machinery ..................................... Electronic and other electric equipment ....... Motor vehicles and equipment ..................... Other transportation equipment ................... Instruments and related products ................ Misc. manufacturing industries .....................

1 040.6 586.6 32.2 15.6 25.3 43.2 69.4 118.2 105.7 47.3 60.5 49.3 19.8

1 289.1 729.8 42.3 19.5 32.4 53.0 87.2 132.8 146.9 98.2 47.7 47.2 22.7

1 316.0 748.4 39.9 20.7 33.2 50.8 93.1 136.3 153.2 92.2 51.4 53.7 23.8

1 379.6 791.2 41.2 22.7 37.2 52.6 97.6 143.2 165.9 96.5 55.5 53.6 25.2

1 431.5 830.7 41.9 24.3 38.7 53.1 101.7 158.6 159.2 111.5 58.4 57.5 25.9

1 481.3 853.8 44.1 25.8 41.4 50.5 106.9 152.3 161.2 119.4 65.1 58.2 28.9

1 520.3 886.4 42.1 26.1 40.6 50.2 109.6 173.1 162.0 120.4 66.3 63.5 32.5

1 423.0 812.8 39.2 25.0 36.7 45.1 100.8 148.2 143.1 111.4 71.4 61.7 30.2

Nondurable goods ............................................ Food and kindred products ......................... Tobacco manufactures ................................ Textile mill products .................................... Apparel and other textile products .............. Paper and allied products ............................ Printing and publishing ................................ Chemicals and allied products .................... Petroleum and coal products ....................... Rubber and misc. plastic products .............. Leather and leather products .......................

454.0 96.4 11.9 22.0 25.4 45.0 73.1 109.9 31.7 33.9 4.7

559.2 121.1 15.1 24.8 27.3 58.9 80.8 150.8 29.0 46.1 5.3

567.6 118.7 14.8 25.3 27.0 55.9 88.2 153.6 30.2 49.7 4.2

588.4 123.1 15.4 25.7 26.5 53.8 91.1 164.8 31.4 52.1 4.3

600.8 121.8 17.3 25.8 26.0 55.7 95.6 164.8 32.9 56.8 4.1

627.5 136.6 19.4 24.9 24.7 56.8 105.4 167.3 30.4 58.7 3.4

633.9 127.0 21.2 23.8 24.7 60.2 106.5 169.0 38.5 59.3 3.7

610.2 123.7 21.1 22.1 23.3 55.9 100.2 163.5 40.6 56.6 3.3

Gross domestic product, total .........................

6 707.9

7 543.8

7 813.2

8 159.5

8 508.9

8 858.9

9 191.4

9 214.5

Manufacturing ............................................... Durable goods ................................................. Lumber and wood products .......................... Furniture and fixtures .................................. Stone, clay, and glass products ................... Primary metal industries .............................. Fabricated metal products ............................ Industrial machinery ..................................... Electronic and other electric equipment ....... Motor vehicles and equipment ..................... Other transportation equipment ................... Instruments and related products ................ Misc. manufacturing industries .....................

1 102.3 585.1 45.1 18.1 29.4 43.7 76.1 93.5 68.6 68.7 75.7 68.9 22.8

1 284.7 714.9 41.6 20.7 32.8 49.6 90.8 124.7 128.7 103.2 49.4 52.6 23.3

1 316.0 748.4 39.9 20.7 33.2 50.8 93.1 136.3 153.2 92.2 51.4 53.7 23.8

1 387.3 813.0 39.5 22.1 36.6 52.7 96.2 158.4 182.2 97.1 54.8 49.8 24.8

1 444.3 892.9 40.1 22.9 36.6 54.5 96.5 195.8 210.8 111.6 56.7 49.0 24.9

1 513.9 949.3 40.9 23.7 37.4 57.0 97.7 206.7 249.2 115.0 61.7 47.6 27.4

1 585.4 1 044.3 41.8 24.1 37.2 56.1 102.7 249.2 311.8 117.3 60.5 51.0 31.3

1 490.3 990.1 39.0 22.4 33.9 53.5 92.3 222.5 335.2 108.5 62.0 46.1 28.5

Nondurable goods ............................................ Food and kindred products ......................... Tobacco manufactures ................................ Textile mill products .................................... Apparel and other textile products .............. Paper and allied products ............................ Printing and publishing ................................ Chemicals and allied products .................... Petroleum and coal products ....................... Rubber and misc. plastic products .............. Leather and leather products .......................

520.2 109.5 14.5 22.8 27.3 52.5 102.9 131.1 22.9 34.0 5.2

570.3 133.3 15.7 26.0 28.0 52.2 89.2 148.0 26.9 47.0 5.3

567.6 118.7 14.8 25.3 27.0 55.9 88.2 153.6 30.2 49.7 4.2

574.7 118.1 13.9 25.0 26.5 58.3 86.4 164.2 25.6 53.2 4.2

555.5 112.1 11.9 24.1 25.2 56.2 85.6 155.2 26.4 55.6 3.8

570.8 120.5 6.8 23.0 22.9 56.1 90.4 160.6 35.3 57.6 3.2

558.0 111.2 6.2 23.2 23.3 53.1 90.1 162.8 29.9 61.3 3.6

518.3 106.5 5.0 20.7 22.3 49.7 80.8 157.8 24.6 57.0 3.1

CHAINED (1996) DOLLARS



291

Table 19-2—Series P 1-12. Manufactures Summary, 1849–2001 (Number, hours, dollars.) Establishments Year Total

Factories, Excluding Hand and Neighborhood Industries 2001 ................................................................

With 20 or more employees

Production workers engaged in manufacturing 1 (1,000)

Man-hours, production workers (mil.)

Total payroll (mil. dol.)

Value added by manufacture 2 (mil. dol.)

Capital expenditures, new (mil. dol.)

End-of-year inventories (mil. dol.)

...

...

11 235

22 347

593 051

1 853 929

143 652

441 526

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................

... ... ... 362 829 ... ... ... ... 370 912 ...

... ... ... 119 748 ... ... ... ... 118 967 ...

11 944 11 977 12 190 12 065 12 168 12 253 11 947 11 726 11 641 11 652

23 954 24 210 24 583 24 183 25 011 25 072 24 560 23 845 23 563 23 383

617 211 601 473 586 958 569 809 560 518 545 363 522 566 504 363 494 109 467 040

1 973 622 1 954 498 1 891 266 1 825 688 1 749 662 1 711 442 1 605 980 1 483 054 1 424 700 1 341 386

154 479 150 325 152 708 151 511 139 300 128 400 112 000 103 000 103 200 103 000

470 085 452 800 447 651 433 449 427 000 421 000 397 000 383 000 374 000 380 000

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................

... ... ... 358 952 ... ... ... ... 348 385 ...

... ... ... 120 822 ... ... ... ... 117 959 ...

12 233 12 536 12 439 12 280 11 765 12 174 12 573 12 203 12 401 13 543

24 463 24 934 24 815 24 303 23 178 23 732 24 637 23 612 23 538 26 233

472 622 463 045 450 776 428 480 402 467 396 610 384 922 354 232 341 406 341 320

1 346 970 1 325 434 1 269 313 1 165 741 1 035 437 1 000 142 983 228 882 015 824 118 837 507

105 000 98 700 81 600 78 600 76 400 83 100 75 300 61 900 75 000 78 600

393 000 381 000 362 000 333 000 311 000 322 000 330 000 308 000 307 000 279 000

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1973 1972 1971

................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

... ... ... 350 757 ... ... ... 321 000 ...

... ... ... 113 843 ... ... ... 114 000 ...

13 900 14 538 14 229 13 691 13 100 12 600 14 200 13 500 12 900

26 746 28 324 27 677 26 687 25 400 24 100 28 100 26 700 25 300

316 494 298 529 271 541 242 032 233 000 210 000 193 000 174 000 156 000

773 831 747 481 657 412 585 166 511 000 442 000 404 000 354 000 314 000

70 100 61 500 55 200 47 500 40 700 37 300 27 000 24 100 20 900

262 000 239 000 209 000 188 000 170 000 158 000 125 000 108 000 102 000

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

... ... ... 305 680 ... ... ... 306 617 ... ...

... ... ... 107 138 ... ... ... 99 352 ... ...

13 258 14 358 14 041 13 955 13 827 13 076 12 403 12 232 12 127 11 779

26 669 28 600 28 157 27 838 28 103 26 568 25 246 24 509 24 270 23 289

141 886 142 645 132 568 123 481 117 157 106 643 98 685 93 283 89 819 83 677

300 228 304 441 285 059 261 984 250 880 226 940 206 194 192 083 179 071 164 281

22 164 22 291 20 613 21 503 20 236 16 615 13 294 11 370 10 436 9 780

101 285 98 206 90 505 84 406 77 721 68 009 63 211 59 913 58 067 54 744

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

... ... 299 017 ... ... ... 286 814 285 000 267 000 262 000

... ... 95 278 ... ... ... 90 470 ... ... ...

12 210 12 273 11 681 12 839 13 131 12 954 12 372 13 501 12 706 12 509

24 174 24 444 22 679 25 208 26 089 25 898 24 334 27 066 25 618 25 264

83 673 81 204 73 875 76 315 74 015 69 097 62 963 66 493 59 598 54 742

163 999 161 536 141 541 147 838 144 909 135 023 117 032 121 659 109 162 102 086

10 098 9 140 9 544 12 144 11 233 8 233 8 201 8 048 7 883 7 782

53 560 52 552 49 947 ... ... ... 40 341 ... ... ...

1950 ................................................................. 1949 ................................................................. 1947 ................................................................. 1939 3 ............................................................... 1937 ................................................................. 1935 ................................................................. 1933 ................................................................. 1931 .................................................................

260 000 ... 240 807 173 802 166 794 167 916 139 325 171 450

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

11 779 11 016 11 918 7 808 8 569 7 204 5 788 6 163

23 717 21 770 24 317 ... ... ... ... ...

46 643 41 482 39 696 412 706 12 830 9 565 56 238 ...

89 750 75 367 74 291 24 487 25 174 18 553 14 008 18 601

5 041 5 067 5 998 ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 26 129 9 632 9 863 ... ... ...

1929 1927 1925 1923 1921

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

206 663 187 629 183 877 192 096 192 059

... ... ... ... ...

8 370 7 848 7 871 8 194 6 476

... ... ... ... ...

14 284 13 123 12 958 12 997 9 870

30 591 26 325 25 668 24 570 17 253

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

1919 1914 1909 1904 1899

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

270 231 268 436 264 810 213 444 204 754

... ... ... ... ...

8 465 6 602 6 262 5 182 4 502

... ... ... ... ...

12 427 5 016 4 106 2 991 2 259

23 842 9 386 8 160 6 019 4 647

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Factories and Hand and Neighborhood Industries 1899 ................................................................. 1889 ................................................................. 1879 ................................................................. 1869 ................................................................. 1859 ................................................................. 1849 .................................................................

509 490 353 864 253 852 252 148 140 433 123 025

... ... ... ... ... ...

5 098 4 129 2 733 2 054 1 311 957

... ... ... ... ... ...

2 596 2 209 ... ... ... ...

5 475 4 102 1 973 1 395 854 464

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

1The Bureau of Labor 2For 1849–1933, cost

Statistics annual averages for employment in manufacturing indicates 1943 as the year of maximum employment, with 15,147,000 production workers. of contract work was not subtracted from value of products in calculating value added by manufacture. For 1935–1953, value added by manufacture represents unadjusted value added; beginning 1954, it represents adjusted value, which includes the change during the year in finished goods and work-in-process inventories. 3Except as noted, figures have been revised by retabulation of returns to exclude data for establishments classified as manufacturing in 1939 but not as nonmanufacturing beginning 1947. Value added by manufacture in 1939, prior to revision and on a basis comparable with prior years, was $24.7 billion. 4Figures revised on basis of estimates rather than by retabulation of 1939 reports. Estimates made as follows: For nonproduction employees, by multiplying the retabulated figure for number of production workers by the ratio of all employees to production workers computed from unrevised 1939 data; for salaries and wages, by multiplying the retabulated wage figure by the ratio for salaries and wages also derived from the unrevised 1939 data. 5Excludes data for salaried officers of corporations and their salaries; therefore, not strictly comparable with figures for other years. . . . = Not available.

292


Table 19-3—Series P 74-92. Value of Manufactures’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders, 1947–2002 (Billions of dollars, ratio. As of December 31, except shipments are for calendar year.) Inventories Year

Total shipments

Ratio of inventories to sales 1

Total

Total new orders

Total unfilled orders

2002 ................................................................. 2001 .................................................................

3 892 3 970

444 452

1.37 1.42

3 801 3 875

481 513

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

4 209 4 032 3 900 3 835 3 597 3 480 3 238 3 020 2 904 2 878

481 464 499 444 431 425 400 380 379 391

1.35 1.35 1.39 1.37 1.43 1.44 1.44 1.51 1.57 1.65

4 161 3 957 3 808 3 780 3 567 3 427 3 200 2 960 2 635 2 866

545 501 492 508 485 443 431 422 448 515

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

2 912 2 840 2 695 2 476 2 336 2 334 2 288 2 071 1 960 2 018

405 391 369 338 323 335 340 312 312 283

1.65 1.63 1.57 1.59 1.68 1.73 1.73 1.78 1.95 1.69

2 934 2 875 2 739 2 513 2 342 2 348 2 315 2 105 1 946 2 016

527 505 471 427 390 384 370 343 309 323

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

1 853 1 727 1 523 1 358 1 186 1 039 1 017 875 756 671

265 242 212 188 175 160 158 124 108 103

1.72 1.68 1.67 1.66 1.77 1.84 1.86 1.71 1.72 1.83

1 876 1 771 1 580 1 381 1 194 1 022 1 048 912 770 671

324 301 257 200 177 169 186 156 119 105

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

634 642 603 558 538 492 448 421 400 371

102 98 91 85 78 68 63 60 58 55

1.92 1.83 1.80 1.82 1.74 1.66 1.69 1.71 1.75 1.77

624 648 608 565 557 506 459 426 401 373

105 114 108 103 96 78 64 53 47 46

1960* ................................................................ 1959 ................................................................. 1958 ................................................................. 1957 ................................................................. 1956 ................................................................. 1955 ................................................................. 1954 ................................................................. 1953 ................................................................. 1952 ................................................................. 1951 .................................................................

371 363 327 345 333 318 280 298 271 260

54 53 50 52 51 45 42 44 42 39

1.74 1.74 1.83 1.81 1.83 1.71 1.80 1.79 1.84 1.80

363 369 323 330 341 329 268 282 278 287

44 52 47 53 68 60 48 60 76 67

1950 1949 1948 1947

223 193 217 186

32 27 29 26

1.70 1.65 1.59 0.69

241 187 212 183

41 24 31 34

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. Note: Before 1992, dollars are on the SIC basis; from 1992 forward, dollars are on the NAICS basis. 1Ratios

of average inventories to average monthly sales. * = First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii.


293

Table 19-4—Series P 93-106. Manufacturing Corporations—Sales, Profits, and Stockholders’ Equity, 1947–2002 (Billions of dollars.) Inventories Year

Net profits

Sales (net)

Stockholders’ equity 1 Before federal income taxes

After federal income taxes

2002 ................................................................. 2001 .................................................................

4 221 4 295

197 83

136 36

1 805 1 843

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

4 548 4 149 3 949 3 920 3 758 3 528 3 256 3 015 2 890 2 761

381 355 315 331 307 275 244 118 31 99

275 258 234 245 225 198 175 83 22 66

1 823 1 569 1 483 1 463 1 348 1 241 1 110 1 040 1 035 1 064

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

2 811 2 745 2 596 2 378 2 221 2 331 2 335 2 114 2 039 2 145

158 188 215 173 129 137 166 133 108 159

110 135 154 116 83 88 108 86 71 101

1 044 999 958 901 875 866 864 813 770 743

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

1 913 1 742 1 496 1 328 1 203 1 065 1 061 1 017 850 751

146 154 133 115 105 80 92 81 63 53

93 99 81 70 65 49 59 48 37 31

668 601 541 497 463 423 395 374 343 321

1970 ................................................................. 1969 2 ............................................................... 1968 ................................................................. 1967 ................................................................. 1966 ................................................................. 1965 ................................................................. 1964 ................................................................. 1963 ................................................................. 1962 ................................................................. 1961 .................................................................

709 695 632 575 554 492 443 413 390 356

48 58 55 48 52 47 40 35 32 28

29 33 32 29 31 28 23 20 18 15

307 290 266 248 230 212 200 190 181 173

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

346 338 305 320 307 278 249 266 250 245

28 30 23 28 30 29 21 24 23 27

15 16 13 15 16 15 11 11 11 12

165 157 147 141 132 120 113 108 104 98

1950 1949 1948 1947

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

182 155 166 151

23 14 18 17

13 9 12 10

83 78 72 65

Source: U.S. Council of Economic Advisors. Economic Report of the President, 2004. 1Average equity for the year, using four end-of-quarter 2Beginning in 1969, includes newspapers.

figures.

294


Table 19-5. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries, by State, 2001–2002 (Dollars.) State

2001

2002

United States ...................................................................................

14.76

15.29

Alabama ........................................................................................... Alaska ............................................................................................... Arizona ............................................................................................. Arkansas ........................................................................................... California .......................................................................................... Colorado ........................................................................................... Connecticut ....................................................................................... Delaware .......................................................................................... District of Columbia 1 ........................................................................ Florida ...............................................................................................

12.76 11.70 13.80 12.90 14.69 14.72 16.42 16.56 15.14 12.68

13.10 13.24 14.16 13.30 14.89 15.85 17.25 16.62 15.39 13.30

Georgia ............................................................................................. Hawaii ............................................................................................... Idaho ................................................................................................. Illinois ................................................................................................ Indiana .............................................................................................. Iowa .................................................................................................. Kansas .............................................................................................. Kentucky ........................................................................................... Louisiana .......................................................................................... Maine ................................................................................................

12.50 13.18 13.85 14.66 16.42 14.67 15.48 15.44 16.18 14.71

13.39 13.07 13.80 14.99 17.16 15.31 15.98 15.73 17.03 15.55

Maryland ........................................................................................... Massachusetts .................................................................................. Michigan ........................................................................................... Minnesota ......................................................................................... Mississippi ........................................................................................ Missouri ............................................................................................ Montana ............................................................................................ Nebraska .......................................................................................... Nevada ............................................................................................. New Hampshire ................................................................................

14.56 15.75 19.45 14.76 11.93 16.11 14.03 13.64 13.79 13.98

15.21 16.25 20.48 15.06 12.32 16.79 14.43 14.05 14.62 14.20

New Jersey ....................................................................................... New Mexico ...................................................................................... New York .......................................................................................... North Carolina .................................................................................. North Dakota .................................................................................... Ohio .................................................................................................. Oklahoma ......................................................................................... Oregon .............................................................................................. Pennsylvania .................................................................................... Rhode Island ....................................................................................

14.74 13.27 16.24 12.81 12.77 16.79 13.66 14.74 14.37 12.68

15.20 13.43 16.74 13.18 13.17 17.49 14.12 15.06 14.75 12.75

South Carolina .................................................................................. South Dakota .................................................................................... Tennessee ........................................................................................ Texas ................................................................................................ Utah .................................................................................................. Vermont ............................................................................................ Virginia .............................................................................................. Washington ....................................................................................... West Virginia .................................................................................... Wisconsin ......................................................................................... Wyoming ...........................................................................................

13.79 12.11 12.88 14.04 13.76 14.18 14.49 17.96 14.80 15.44 17.26

14.00 12.60 13.15 13.93 14.12 14.33 15.25 18.15 15.40 15.86 17.73

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Washington

PMSA (primary metropolitan statistical area).


295

Table 19-6. U.S. Aircraft Shipments, 1980–2003 (Number, millions of dollars.) Total

Civil

Year

Large transports Units

Military

General aviation 1

Helicopters

Value

Units Units

Value

Units

Value

Units

Value

Value

2003, preliminary .............................................. 2002 ................................................................. 2001 .................................................................

2 925 3 233 3 809

40 535 48 613 56 470

275 379 526

18 300 26 000 35 056

1 895 2 203 2 618

6 415 7 876 8 517

420 321 415

290 157 247

335 330 250

15 530 14 580 12 650

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................

4 027 3 849 3 560 2 777 2 235 2 436 2 309 2 585 2 585 3 092

51 664 58 128 55 286 42 614 36 247 33 658 36 568 41 166 47 397 44 657

485 620 559 374 269 256 309 408 567 589

31 171 38 475 36 880 25 810 17 564 15 263 18 124 24 133 28 750 26 856

2 816 2 525 2 220 1 569 1 130 1 077 928 964 941 1 021

8 558 7 935 5 874 4 674 3 127 2 842 2 357 2 144 1 840 1 968

493 345 363 346 278 292 308 258 324 571

270 200 252 231 193 194 185 113 142 211

233 359 418 488 558 811 764 955 753 911

11 665 11 518 12 280 11 899 15 363 15 359 15 902 14 776 16 665 15 622

1990 ................................................................. 1985 ................................................................. 1980 .................................................................

3 321 3 610 14 677

38 585 27 269 18 929

521 278 387

22 215 8 448 9 895

1 144 2 029 11 877

2 007 1 431 2 486

603 384 1 366

254 506 656

1 053 919 1 047

14 109 16 884 5 892


off-the-shelf military aircraft.

SECTION

20

TRANSPORTATION

298


SECTION 20

TRANSPORTATION Highlights

Motor Vehicle Registrations, 1980–2002 250

Number of registrations (millions)

200

150

100

50

0 1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

Year

1

The first transportation agency in the United States, the Office of Road Inquiry, was created in 1894, “to make inquiries in regard to the systems of road management throughout the United States, to make investigations in regard to the best methods of roadmaking, to prepare publications on this subject suitable for publication.” It was succeeded by the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering in 1916 and by the Bureau of Public Roads in 1918 (called Public Roads Administration between 1939 and 1949). The Bureau was transferred to the Department of Transportation in 1966 and its functions assigned to the Federal Highways Administration. The first survey of highway mileage, revenues, and expenditures was made in 1904, followed by others in 1909 and 1914.

2

In 1912, Congress authorized $500,000 for an experimental program of rural post road construction. However, it was not until the Federal Aid Road Act of 1916 that the Federal-State Highway Program was established on an ongoing basis. In 1921, Congress authorized designation of a system of principal interstate and intercounty roads, limited to 7 percent of the rural mileage then existing. The Federal Aid Highway Act of 1944 specifically authorized the use of funds for highways in urban areas. In addition, the Act provided for the designation of a Federal-Aid secondary system and a national system of interstate highways. Under President Dwight Eisenhower, the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 established the goal of a 41,000mile interstate system, which forms the basis of the U.S.

SECTION 20: TRANSPORTATION

road transportation system today. In 1995, Congress abolished the Federal-Aid Highway System and replaced it with the National Highway System (NHS). Roads are classified as (1) arterial highways, (2) collector facilities that link arterials and lower systems, and (3) local roads.

3

The principal sources of highway and motor transport data are the Highway Statistics of the Federal Highway Administration, the Transport Statistics of the United States published by the Interstate Commerce Commission, various surveys and censuses conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the Factbook of the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures published by the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, Accident Facts published by the National Safety Council, and Transportation in America published by the Eno Foundation for Transportation.

4

The first federal highway was the Great National Pike, also known as the Cumberland Road, which was built in sections from 1806 to 1840 between Cumberland, Maryland, and Vandalia, Illinois. The total construction cost was $6.821 million.

5

The first hard-surfaced road in what is now the United States was built by the Dutch in 1663. It ran for 100 miles from Pahaquarry Mines in New Jersey to Kingston, New York. The first toll road was the Little River Turnpike built in 1785 from Alexandria, Virginia, to Snicker’s Gap, a pass through the Blue Ridge Mountains leading to the Shenandoah Valley.

6 Of the total passenger traffic of 2.498 trillion passenger miles in 2001, private automobiles handled 1.938 trillion passenger miles, air public carriers 488 billion passenger miles, buses 42 billion passenger miles, and railroads 15 billion-passenger miles. Of the total freight traffic of 3.733 trillion ton miles, railroads carried 1.558 trillion ton miles, trucks 1.051 trillion ton miles, and inland waterways 494 billion ton miles.

7

In 1997, 11,089,733 tons of commodities were shipped in the United States. Of these shipments, trucks handled 7,700,675 tons, rail 1,549,817 tons, and inland waterways 563,369 tons.

8

Transportation accidents and deaths are closely monitored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. In 2001, there were 6,323,000 motor vehicle accidents and 42,100 deaths, 2,987 railroad accidents and 548 deaths, 45 air carrier accidents and 531 deaths, 1,723 general aviation accidents and 563 deaths.

299

There were 7,740 recreational boating accidents in 2000 and 701 deaths, and in 1995, 14,327 rail rapid transit accidents and 51 deaths.

9

The total highway mileage in the United States in 2001 was 3,948,335 miles, of which interstates accounted for 46,467 miles, other arterial roads 379,790 miles, collector roads 793,374 miles, local roads 2,719,578 miles, urban roads 877,004 miles, and rural roads 3,071,331 miles. The longest road system is in Texas (300,767 miles), followed by California (168,771 miles). By pavement condition, 35 percent of the roads are above average, 42 percent are average, and 23 percent are below average.

10 Highways are generally paid for by issuing bonds which are then redeemed by imposing tolls and imposts on highway users. In 2000, imposts on highway users totaled $132.324 billion, while total highway debt outstanding was $96.383 billion.

11 In 2001, motor vehicle registrations totaled 230,428,000 of which automobiles (including taxicabs) accounted for 137,633,000 and motorcycles 4,862,000. California has the largest number of motor vehicles (28.780 million). There were 8,082,000 new car sales in 2002 (5,854,000 of them domestic) and 9,036,000 new truck sales. Foreign car manufacturers have captured 27.6 percent of the U.S. car market and 11.7 percent of the truck market.

12 In 2000, 75.7 percent of the 128.3 million workers commuted alone by automobile to work, 12.2 percent carpooled, and only 4.7 percent used public transportation, while 3.3 percent worked at home. The average travel time to work was 25.5 minutes.

13 Roadway congestion measured in annual person hours of delay is 47,595 nationwide, costing $900 million in delay and fuel costs, or $505 per person. The worst road congestion is in Los Angeles (791,970 hours), followed by New York (400,115 hours), Chicago (221,300 hours), San Francisco (167,200 hours), Washington, D.C. (123,190 hours), and Houston (120,945 hours).

14 In 2001, there were 12.5 million motor vehicle accidents, involving 13.6 million cars, 7.4 million trucks, and 119,000 motor cycles. Fatalities numbered 42,100, of which 20,200 were vehicle occupants, 4,900 were pedestrians, 3,200 were motorcyclists, and 700 bicyclists. Traffic death rates have decreased significantly since 1972 from 26.2 to 14.8 per 100,000 population, from 44.5 to 19.0 per 100,000 registered vehicles, from 4.3 to 1.5

300


per 100 million vehicle miles, and from 46.1 to 22.0 per 100,000 licensed drivers. By state, Louisiana, Montana, and South Carolina have the highest fatality rates at 2.3 per 100 million vehicle miles. In 2001, 21 percent of all drivers involved in fatal crashes had blood alcohol concentrations exceeding 0.8 percent. Nearly 15,000 people died in alcohol-related accidents.

15 The cost of operating an automobile has increased from 14.4 cents per mile in 1975 to 50.2 cents

respectively. In 1982, the ICC adopted a procedure to adjust the threshold for inflation on the basis of 1978 dollars.

21 The principal sources of information on railways before 1890 is Poor’s Manual of Railroads. Current data are contained in Railway Age and Yearbook of Railroad Facts published by the Association of American Railroads.

per mile in 2002. Of the variable costs, gas and oil cost 5.9 cents per mile.

22 The first interstate railroad was the Petersburg Railroad, chartered by a special act of the General

16 Environmental regulations and technology have combined to reduce substantially the average fuel con-

Assembly of Virginia in 1830 and by a special act of the North Carolina legislature in 1831. It ran for 59 miles along the north bank of the Roanoke River from Petersburg, Virginia, to Blakeley, North Carolina. The first railroad for the commercial transportation of passengers and freight was the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, incorporated in 1827.

sumption of a car and increase the average number of miles per gallon. The domestic motor fuel consumption in 2001 was 163.0 billion gallons, up from 92.3 billion gallons in 1970. The annual average fuel consumption in 2001 was 73.3 billion gallons for cars, 1.0 billion gallons for buses, 35.3 billion gallons per truck, and 53.3 billion gallons for vans, pickups, and SUVs. The average miles per gallon for cars increased from 13.5 miles in 1970 to 22.1 miles in 2001.

17 In 2001, U.S. cars traveled a total of 1.6 trillion miles, buses 7.0 billion miles, trucks 208 billion miles, and vans, pickups, and SUVs 938 billion miles. The average annual car mileage is 11,800.

18 In 2001, there were 6,000 mass transit systems (including 2,264 motor bus systems) carrying 9.653 million people. Buses carried 5.849 billion, heavy rail 2.728 billion, light rail 336 million, and commuter rail 419 million. There were 12 Class I Intercity motor carriers (down from 48 in 1980). Their operating revenue declined from $1.397 billion in 1980 to $1.076 billion.

19 In 2002, the trucking industry had a fleet of 212,000 trucks and 958,000 truck-tractors with revenues of $157.215 billion.

20 Railroad companies reporting to the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) are divided into four groups: (1) regular line-haul; (2) switching and terminal; (3) private or circular (because they are reported on brief circulars); and (4) unofficial. Data on the last three groups are excluded from official statistics. Beginning in 1911, the ICC also divided regular line-haul railroads into Class I, II, and III. Initially, Class I had revenues of more than $1 million, Class II had revenues between $100,000 and $1 million, and Class III had revenues under $100,000. In 1978, the categories were redefined with thresholds for Classes I, II, and III raised to $50 million, $10 to $50 million, and below $10 million

23

U.S. railroads have downsized in the last decade, resulting in only nine Class I railroads with 162,000 employees (compared with 23 Class I railroads with 302,000 employees in 1985). The total rail line mileage in 2001 was 119,000 railroad line owned and 204,000 railroad track owned. Railroads had operating revenues of $34.576 billion (of which freight generated $33.533 billion) and operating expenditures of $29.164 billion, leaving a net income of $2.740 billion. AMTRAK carried 23.4 billion passengers and had a revenue of $1.299 billion.

24 The principal sources of information on water transportation are Waterborne Commerce of the United States issued by the Corps of Engineers of the Department of the Army; Merchant Fleets of the World issued by the U.S. Maritime Administration; The Bulletin issued by the American Bureau of Shipping; and World Fleet Statistics issued by Lloyd’s Register of Shipping. Historical statistics on merchant shipping are found in a variety of sources, including Merchant Marine Statistics, 1924–1965, Congressional Documents, such as Decadence of American Shipping and Compulsory Pilotage, 1789–1882, publications of the Maritime Commission, especially Ocean-Going Merchant Fleets of Principal Maritime Nations, and the censuses of water transportation conducted by the Bureau of the Census and its predecessors. The first census for 1880 was limited to steam vessels (excluding fishing vessels) and those of 1916 and 1926 provided data for all vessels over 5 tons. Changes in maritime law on admeasurement (a determination or comparison of measurements) of gross tonnage have also affected the data. Gross tonnage is a measurement of space, not weight, in which 100 cubic feet (95 cubic feet before 1865) equals one ton. Also, an act in 1874 excluded

SECTION 20: TRANSPORTATION canal boats and unrigged tonnage from the totals. Other measurements used over the years included duty tonnage (tonnage on which duties were collected), district tonnage (reported by district collectors of customs), registered tonnage, and net tonnage.

25 The United States has six major waterways systems: the Atlantic intracoastal waterway, the Great Lakes, the Gulf intercoastal waterway, the Mississippi River system, the Columbia River, and the Snake River. The Mississippi River with 714.8 million tons accounts for more than two-thirds of the total freight carried in these systems.

26 In 2000, the global merchant fleet consisted of 28,259 vessels with weights over 1,000 gross tons, of which 463 are registered in the United States. Of the 463 ships, 154 are tankers, and 11 are cruise ships.

27 The output of U.S. shipyards has been falling since 1970, bringing shipbuilding, one of the oldest industrial activities in the United States, to the verge of extinction. In 1999, private shipyards employed 99,900 workers compared with 178,000 in 1980 and had only five ships under construction, compared with 69 in 1980.

28 Only scattered data on air transportation are available for the years before 1926. Regular collection of national statistics began with the establishment in that year of an Aeronautical Branch in the Department of Commerce. The Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 created the Civil Aeronautics Authority, reorganized in 1940 into two separate entities: The Civil Aeronautics Board and the Civil Aeronautics Administration. In 1958, the latter’s functions were transferred to the Federal Aviation Agency, which, in turn, was made a part of the Department of Transportation and renamed the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The FAA’s annual Statistical Handbook of Civil Aviation is the principal source of data in this field. Air Transportation data are also presented annually in Air Transport Facts and Figures, published by the Air Transport Association of America. A major development in 1978 was the Airline Deregulation Act which encouraged competition among airlines and also blurred the distinction between domestic and international operators.

301

$106.788 billion and operating expenditures were $115.348 billion, leaving a net profit of -$11,285 billion. The airline industry employed 601.400 persons, including 67,500 pilots.

30 In 2002, Atlanta’s Hartsfield International Airport topped O’Hare Airport in Chicago as the airport where the most passengers enplaned. In order, the cities with top airports in passengers enplaned after Atlanta and Chicago are: Dallas/Fort Worth, Los Angeles, Denver, Phoenix, Las Vegas, Minneapolis, Detroit, Houston, Seattle-Tacoma, Orlando, St Louis, San Francisco, Newark, Charlotte, New York La Guardia, and Cincinatti.

31 There are only two major players in the aircraft industry: Boeing and McDonnell Douglas. In 2002, Boeing was the larger with 158 orders for civil jet transport aircraft; McDonnell Douglas had 16.

32 In 2000, there were 56 aircraft accidents, and 92 fatalities. 33 In 2001, there were 19,306 airports in the United States, of which 13,990 were private airports. In 2000, there were 217,533 active aircraft, of which 7,935 were owned by air carriers. Of the 612,274 pilots, commercial pilots numbered 120,502. Women make up only 5.6 percent of all pilots.

34 In 2002, U.S. aircraft shipments totaled 2,926 units worth $40.5 billion. Of these, large transports numbered 275, general aviation aircraft 1,895, and helicopters 420.

35 The percentage of on-time arrivals and departures in U.S. airports has been steadily improving. The national average was 82.7 percent for the former and 85.5 percent for the latter in the fourth quarter of 2002. Denver led in both areas at 89.6 percent and 91.3 percent respectively.

36 There were 7,698 complaints against U.S. airlines in 2002. The most common complaints were flight

29 The scheduled airline industry covers certificated route air carriers, commercial operators with large

problems, customer service, baggage, ticketing and boarding, and refunds.

aircraft and commuter airlines. In 2002, these airlines had 611.7 billion passengers against an available seatmiles of 892.7 billion miles. There were 9.029 million aircraft departures. Total operating revenue was

37 In 2001, there were 164,000 miles of pipeline valued at $32.148 billion and delivering 7.082 billion barrels of crude oil.

302


Table 20-1. Transportation-Related Components of U.S. Gross Domestic Product, 1980–2001 (Billions of dollars, percent.) Item

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2001

Current Dollars Total transportation-related final demand ........................................ Total gross domestic product (GDP) ........................................... Transportation-related final demand as a percent of GDP ...........

349.4 2 795.6 12.5

495.9 4 213.0 11.8

617.5 5 803.2 10.6

782.0 7 400.5 10.6

1 031.8 9 824.6 10.5

1 046.9 10 082.2 10.4

Personal consumption of transportation ........................................... Motor vehicles and parts ............................................................. Gasoline and oil ............................................................................ Transportation services ...............................................................

238.4 87.0 86.7 64.7

372.9 175.7 97.2 100.0

455.5 206.4 107.3 141.8

560.3 249.3 113.3 197.7

768.8 336.6 164.4 267.8

794.8 361.3 162.1 271.4

Gross private domestic investment ................................................. Transportation structures .............................................................. Transportation equipment ............................................................. Net exports of transportation-related goods and service 1 ...........

52.1 3.7 48.4 -1.1

74.0 4.3 69.7 -34.7

78.7 3.0 75.7 -28.5

130.5 4.4 126.1 -43.3

195.0 5.3 189.7 -108.8

170.8 5.0 165.8 -108.1

Exports (+) ........................................................................................ Civilian aircraft, engines, and parts .............................................. Automotive vehicles, engines, and parts ...................................... Passenger fares ........................................................................... Other transportation ......................................................................

45.7 14.1 17.4 2.6 11.6

57.5 13.5 24.9 4.4 14.7

106.0 32.2 36.5 15.3 22.0

132.9 26.1 61.8 18.9 26.1

179.4 48.1 80.4 20.8 30.1

174.3 52.6 75.4 18.0 28.3

Imports (-) ........................................................................................ Civilian aircraft, engines, and parts .............................................. Automotive vehicles, engines, and parts ...................................... Passenger fares ........................................................................... Other transportation ......................................................................

46.8 3.1 28.3 3.6 11.8

92.2 5.3 64.9 6.4 15.6

134.5 10.5 88.5 10.5 25.0

176.2 10.7 123.8 14.7 27.0

288.2 26.4 195.9 24.3 41.6

282.4 31.4 189.8 22.4 38.8

Government transportation-related purchases ................................. Federal purchases 2 .................................................................... State and local purchases 2 ......................................................... Defense-related purchases 3 ....................................................... Total domestic transportation-related final demand 4 ............... Total gross domestic demand (GDD) ................................... Transportation-related final demand as a percent of GDP ...

60.0 7.0 48.8 4.2 350.5 2 810.5 12.5

83.7 10.0 67.5 6.2 530.6 4 327.2 12.3

111.8 12.9 90.1 8.8 642.4 5 874.6 10.9

134.5 16.3 109.8 8.4 825.3 7 484.7 11.0

176.8 19.4 148.4 9.0 1 140.6 10 190.1 11.2

189.4 20.9 159.4 9.1 1 155.0 10 431.0 11.1

Chained (1996) Dollars Total transportation-related final demand ........................................ Total gross domestic product (GDP) ........................................... Transportation-related final demand as a percent of GDP ...........

537.7 4 900.9 11.0

643.3 5 717.1 11.3

719.9 6 707.9 10.7

802.8 7 543.8 10.6

977.8 9 191.4 10.6

984.1 9 214.5 10.7

Personal consumption of transportation ........................................... Motor vehicles and parts ............................................................. Gasoline and oil ............................................................................ Transportation services ...............................................................

362.3 142.7 94.9 124.7

494.3 236.9 104.8 152.6

532.6 246.1 113.1 173.4

574.6 253.4 120.2 201.0

727.1 338.4 135.7 253.0

751.8 361.9 138.8 251.1

Gross private domestic investment ................................................. Transportation structures .............................................................. Transportation equipment ............................................................. Net exports of transportation-related goods and service 1 ..........

84.0 6.4 77.6 -5.0

99.6 5.7 93.9 -56.1

91.1 3.7 87.4 -31.3

132.8 4.6 128.2 -43.1

191.7 5.1 186.6 -103.2

168.6 5.0 163.6 -103.5

Exports (+) ........................................................................................ Civilian aircraft, engines, and parts .............................................. Automotive vehicles, engines, and parts ...................................... Passenger fares ........................................................................... Other transportation ......................................................................

76.2 26.9 28.3 4.5 16.5

76.0 19.5 30.5 7.1 18.9

123.7 40.9 39.8 19.1 23.9

135.4 27.2 62.5 18.9 26.8

169.5 43.2 78.5 19.8 28.0

161.8 44.8 73.4 17.0 26.6

Imports(-) ......................................................................................... Civilian aircraft, engines, and parts .............................................. Automotive vehicles, engines, and parts ...................................... Passenger fares ........................................................................... Other transportation ......................................................................

81.2 6.0 52.5 5.5 17.2

132.1 7.7 95.8 9.3 19.3

155.0 13.5 101.6 12.7 27.2

178.5 11.2 124.6 14.9 27.8

272.7 23.9 192.5 20.9 35.4

265.3 27.3 186.7 17.7 33.6

Government transportation-related purchases ................................. Federal purchases 2 .................................................................... State and local purchases 2 ......................................................... Defense-related purchases 4 ........................................................ Total domestic transportation-related final demand 4 ............... Total gross domestic demand (GDD) ................................... Transportation-related final demand as a percent of GDP ...

96.4 13.3 77.3 5.8 542.5 4 890.9 11.1

105.5 13.9 83.5 8.1 699.4 5 866.2 11.9

127.5 16.1 101.1 10.3 751.2 6 764.9 11.1

138.5 17.2 112.6 8.7 845.9 7 621.8 11.1

162.2 19.3 134.2 8.7 1 081.0 9 561.2 11.3

167.2 20.1 138.4 8.7 1 087.6 9 600.7 11.3

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Sum of exports and imports. 2Federal purchases and state and local purchases are the sum of consumption expenditures and gross investment. 3Defense-related purchases are the sum of transportation of material and travel. 4Sum of total personal consumption of transportation, total gross private domestic investment, net exports of transportation-related

transportation-related purchases.

goods and services, and total government


303

Table 20-2—Series Q 1-11. Volume of Domestic Intercity Freight and Passenger Traffic, by Type of Transport, 1980–2001 (Billions of passenger miles, billions of ton-miles of freight.) Volume of passenger traffic Year

Passenger traffic, total

Private automobiles

Airways

Volume of freight traffic

Buses

Freight traffic, total

Railroads

Truck

Railroads

Domestic water transportation

Oil pipeline

Air carrier, domestic, all services

2001, preliminary ........................

2 498

1 938

504

42

15

3 733

1 051

1 558

494

616

15

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................

2 494 2 424 2 328 2 247 2 182 2 098 2 065

1 911 1 873 1 806 1 740 1 693 1 641 1 625

530 502 476 464 447 415 398

38 35 32 31 29 28 28

15 14 14 13 13 14 14

3 746 3 686 3 591 3 534 3 516 3 407 3 261

1 074 1 059 1 027 996 972 921 908

1 534 1 499 1 442 1 421 1 426 1 375 1 275

506 495 488 487 485 497 475

617 618 620 617 619 601 591

16 15 14 14 14 13 12

1990 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1980 ............................................

1 847 1 636 1 468

1 452 1 310 1 210

359 290 219

23 24 27

13 11 11

2 896 2 458 2 487

735 610 555

1 091 895 932

475 382 407

584 564 588

10 7 5


Table 20-3. Employment and Earnings in Transportation and Warehousing, by Industry, 1990–2002 (Thousands of employees, dollars.) 2002 NAICS code 1

Industry

1990

1995

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Number of Employees Transportation and warehousing ...................................................... Air transportation .............................................................................. Rail transportation ........................................................................ Water transportation ..................................................................... Truck transportation ...................................................................... Transit and ground ....................................................................... Pipeline transportation .................................................................. Scenic and sightseeing ................................................................. Support activities .......................................................................... Couriers and messengers ............................................................ Warehousing and storage ................................................................

48, 49 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 491, 2 493

3 476 529 272 57 1 122 274 60 16 364 375 407

3 838 511 233 51 1 249 328 54 22 430 517 444

4 027 542 221 51 1 308 350 50 25 473 546 462

4 168 563 225 51 1 354 363 48 25 497 568 474

4 300 586 229 52 1 392 371 47 26 518 586 494

4 410 614 232 56 1 406 372 46 28 537 605 514

4 372 615 227 54 1 387 375 45 29 539 587 514

4 205 559 218 52 1 339 372 42 26 527 558 514

Average Weekly Earnings 2 Transportation and warehousing ...................................................... Air transportation .......................................................................... Truck transportation ...................................................................... Transit and ground ....................................................................... Pipeline transportation .................................................................. Scenic and sightseeing ................................................................. Support activities .......................................................................... Couriers and messengers ............................................................ Warehousing and storage ............................................................

48, 49 481 484 485 486 487 488 491, 2 493

472 497 490 316 610 289 437 236 405

513 485 554 356 751 303 491 343 463

543 478 592 374 775 305 515 395 498

547 482 610 385 793 322 525 380 516

548 457 626 391 806 340 530 382 536

562 496 635 400 826 360 549 384 558

563 536 604 400 860 372 578 390 565

581 560 627 423 936 361 616 398 572

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1North American Industry Classification 2For nonsupervisory workers.

System, 2002.

304


Table 20-4. Transportation Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries, 1980–2001 (Number.) Type of transport Year and casualty

Motor vehicles (thousands)

Air Railroad Airlines

Commuter air carriers

On demand air carriers

General aviation

Recreational boating

Pipeline Hazardous liquid

Gas

Waterborne

Rail Rapid Transit

Hazardous materials

Accidents 2001 ................................. 2000 ................................. 1995 ................................. 1990 ................................. 1980 .................................

6 323 6 394 6 699 6 471 6 216

2 987 2 983 2 459 2 879 8 205

45 56 36 24 19

7 12 12 15 38

72 80 75 107 171

1 723 1 835 2 056 2 241 3 590

... 7 740 8 019 6 411 5 513

209 234 161 198 1 524

129 147 188 180 246

... 3 791 4 298 3 613 4 624

... ... 14 327 12 178 6 789

17 557 17 583 14 742 8 879 15 719

Deaths 2001 ................................. 2000 ................................. 1995 ................................. 1990 ................................. 1980 .................................

42.1 41.9 41.8 44.6 51.1

548 512 567 599 584

531 92 168 39 1

13 5 9 6 37

60 71 52 51 105

563 593 735 767 1 239

681 701 829 865 1 360

7 37 18 6 15

... 1 3 3 -

... 32 51 85 206

... 32 51 117 83

7 15 7 8 19

Injuries 2001 ................................. 2000 ................................. 1995 ................................. 1990 ................................. 1980 .................................

3 033 3 189 3 465 3 231 2 848

9 739 10 424 12 546 22 736 58 696

16 27 25 29 19

4 7 17 11 14

23 12 14 36 43

322 310 396 409 681

... 4 355 4 141 3 822 2 650

46 77 53 69 177

10 4 11 7 15

... 125 145 175 180

... ... 11 238 10 036 6 801

135 248 400 423 626

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. . . . = Not available. - = Quantity zero.


305

Table 20-5—Series Q 50-63. Mileage of Rural Roads and Municipal Streets, 1921–2001 (Mileage.) Total mileage Year Total

Rural roads

2001 ..................................................................................................

3 948

3 071

2000 .................................................................................................. 1999 .................................................................................................. 1998 1 ............................................................................................... 1997 .................................................................................................. 1996 .................................................................................................. 1995 .................................................................................................. 1994 .................................................................................................. 1993 .................................................................................................. 1992 .................................................................................................. 1991 ..................................................................................................

3 936 3 917 3 906 3 946 3 920 3 912 3 907 3 905 3 901 3 884

3 084 3 071 3 065 3 109 3 093 3 093 3 093 3 099 3 116 3 134

1990 .................................................................................................. 1989 .................................................................................................. 1988 .................................................................................................. 1987 .................................................................................................. 1986 .................................................................................................. 1985 .................................................................................................. 1984 .................................................................................................. 1983 .................................................................................................. 1982 .................................................................................................. 1981 ..................................................................................................

3 867 3 877 3 871 3 874 3 880 3 862 3 892 3 880 3 866 3 853

3 122 3 123 3 132 3 164 3 178 3 171 3 218 3 217 3 226 3 221

1980 .................................................................................................. 1979 .................................................................................................. 1978 .................................................................................................. 1977 .................................................................................................. 1976 .................................................................................................. 1975 .................................................................................................. 1974 .................................................................................................. 1973 .................................................................................................. 1972 .................................................................................................. 1971 ..................................................................................................

3 955 3 918 3 885 3 867 3 857 3 838 3 816 3 807 3 787 3 759

3 331 3 224 3 190 3 180 3 209 3 199 3 178 3 176 3 173 3 166

1970 .................................................................................................. 1969 .................................................................................................. 1968 .................................................................................................. 1967 .................................................................................................. 1966 .................................................................................................. 1965 .................................................................................................. 1964 .................................................................................................. 1963 .................................................................................................. 1962 .................................................................................................. 1961 ..................................................................................................

3 730 3 710 3 684 3 705 3 698 3 690 3 644 3 620 3 600 3 573

3 169 3 162 3 152 3 184 3 188 3 009 3 003 3 002 3 005 2 995

1960 .................................................................................................. 1959* ................................................................................................ 1958 .................................................................................................. 1957 .................................................................................................. 1956 .................................................................................................. 1955 .................................................................................................. 1954 .................................................................................................. 1953 .................................................................................................. 1952 .................................................................................................. 1951 ..................................................................................................

3 546 3 511 3 479 3 453 3 430 3 418 3 395 3 366 3 343 3 326

2 989 2 974 2 959 2 952 2 945 2 954 2 941 2 925 2 925 2 925

1950 .................................................................................................. 1949 .................................................................................................. 1948 .................................................................................................. 1947 .................................................................................................. 1946 .................................................................................................. 1945 .................................................................................................. 1944 .................................................................................................. 1943 .................................................................................................. 1942 .................................................................................................. 1941 ..................................................................................................

3 313 3 322 3 323 3 326 3 316 3 319 3 311 3 311 3 309 3 309

2 922 2 934 2 929 2 933 2 934 2 939 2 932 2 930 2 925 2 926

1940 .................................................................................................. 1939 .................................................................................................. 1938 .................................................................................................. 1937 .................................................................................................. 1936 .................................................................................................. 1935 .................................................................................................. 1934 .................................................................................................. 1933 .................................................................................................. 1932 .................................................................................................. 1931 ..................................................................................................

3 287 3 274 3 257 3 245 3 267 3 310 3 309 3 286 3 296 3 291

2 920 2 913 2 898 2 894 2 920 3 032 3 034 3 029 3 040 3 036

1930 .................................................................................................. 1929 .................................................................................................. 1928 .................................................................................................. 1927 .................................................................................................. 1926 .................................................................................................. 1925 .................................................................................................. 1924 .................................................................................................. 1923 .................................................................................................. 1922 .................................................................................................. 1921 ..................................................................................................

3 259 3 272 3 262 3 257 3 242 3 246 3 243 3 233 3 196 3 160

3 009 3 024 3 016 3 013 3 000 3 006 3 004 2 996 2 960 2 925

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. National Transportation Statistics 2003. Note: Includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia. When states did not submit reports, data were estimated by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 1Beginning

in 1998, approximately 43,000 miles of Bureau of Land Management roads are excluded. * = First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii.

306


Table 20-6—Series Q 136-147. Public Highway Debt—State and Local Governments, 1970–2001 (Dollars in millions.) Debt issued

Debt outstanding 1

Debt redeemed

Year Total

2001 ......................................................

State

Local 2

Total

State

Local 2

Total

State

Local 2

...

11 012

...

...

4 660

...

...

66 256

...

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

14 513 12 822 16 412 12 347 9 728 11 305 10 833 14 178 12 988 9 516

9 067 9 554 9 789 8 174 6 653 4 718 5 739 10 035 9 460 6 252

5 446 3 268 6 623 4 173 3 075 6 587 5 094 4 143 3 528 3 264

8 623 5 808 11 735 7 043 6 380 5 634 6 178 11 554 7 809 6 142

3 897 3 609 6 466 4 228 4 161 2 939 3 698 8 813 5 532 4 356

4 726 2 199 5 269 2 815 2 219 2 695 2 480 2 741 2 277 1 786

96 383 89 778 82 599 77 501 72 197 68 733 63 062 58 373 53 539 48 316

61 434 55 646 49 182 45 666 41 720 39 228 37 449 35 408 34 186 30 258

34 949 34 132 33 417 31 835 30 477 29 505 25 613 22 965 19 353 18 058

1990 1985 1980 1970

..................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

5 708 8 194 2 381 1 892

3 147 5 397 1 160 1 306

2 561 2 797 1 221 586

3 120 5 294 1 987 1 270

1 648 3 835 1 114 800

1 472 1 459 873 470

46 586 32 690 27 616 19 124

28 362 21 277 20 210 14 020

18 224 11 413 7 406 5 133

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1End-of-year. 2Local data estimated.



307

Table 20-7—Series Q 148-162. Motor Vehicle Sales from U.S. Factories, Motor Vehicle Registrations, and Motor Fuel Usage Consumption, 1900–2001 (Number in thousands, millions of gallons.) Motor-vehicle factory sales (thousands)

Motor-vehicle registration (thousands)

Motor-fuel consumption (millions of gallons)

Year Number of passenger cars

Number of motor trucks and buses 1

2001 ......................................................

4 884

6 224

230 428

137 633

163 047

73 261

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

5 504 5 428 5 677 6 070 6 140 6 310 6 549 5 962 5 685 5 407

7 022 6 699 6 435 6 153 5 776 5 713 5 640 4 895 4 062 3 388

221 475 216 309 211 617 207 754 206 365 201 530 198 045 194 063 190 362 188 136

133 621 132 432 131 839 129 749 129 728 128 387 127 883 127 327 126 581 128 300

162 554 161 411 155 379 150 386 147 365 143 834 140 839 137 262 132 888 128 563

73 065 73 283 71 695 69 892 69 221 68 072 67 874 67 048 65 436 64 317

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

6 050 6 807 7 105 7 085 7 516 8 002 7 621 6 739 5 049 6 255

3 725 4 062 4 121 3 821 3 393 3 464 3 075 2 414 1 906 1 701

188 798 187 261 184 397 179 044 176 191 171 654 166 200 163 900 159 600 158 300

133 700 143 081 141 252 137 324 135 431 127 885 128 100 126 200 123 700 123 100

130 755 131 900 130 100 127 500 121 301 121 300 118 700 116 100 113 400 114 500

69 568 73 900 73 300 73 300 73 200 71 518 70 600 70 300 69 100 69 100

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

6 400 8 419 9 165 9 201 8 500 6 713 7 331 9 658 8 824 8 585

1 667 3 037 3 706 3 441 2 979 2 272 2 727 2 980 2 447 2 053

155 796 151 900 148 400 142 100 138 500 132 900 129 900 125 700 118 800 113 000

121 601 118 500 116 600 112 300 110 200 106 706 104 800 102 000 97 100 92 700

115 000 122 100 125 100 119 600 115 700 109 000 106 300 110 500 105 100 97 600

69 982 77 300 81 700 80 400 79 700 74 140 75 100 78 700 73 500 69 500

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

6 547 8 224 8 822 7 437 8 598 9 306 7 752 7 638 6 933 5 543

1 692 1 923 1 896 1 539 1 731 1 752 1 540 1 463 1 240 1 134

108 407 105 096 100 884 96 931 93 962 90 358 86 301 82 714 79 173 75 958

89 244 86 861 83 592 80 414 78 123 75 258 71 983 69 055 66 108 63 417

96 331 92 240 87 154 81 911 78 979 75 312 72 097 68 760 66 101 64 534

67 819 63 395 59 456 56 020 54 208 49 723 48 431 46 084 44 608 42 863

1960 ...................................................... 1959* ..................................................... 1958 ...................................................... 1957 ...................................................... 1956 ...................................................... 1955 ...................................................... 1954 ...................................................... 1953 ...................................................... 1952 ...................................................... 1951 ......................................................

6 675 5 591 4 258 6 113 5 816 7 920 5 559 6 117 4 321 5 338

1 194 1 137 877 1 107 1 104 1 249 1 042 1 206 1 218 1 427

73 869 71 354 68 296 67 125 65 148 62 689 58 505 56 217 53 262 51 913

61 671 59 454 56 890 55 918 54 211 52 145 48 468 46 43 823 42 688

63 210 61 715 58 589 56 954 55 149 52 565 49 118 47 381 45 037 42 473

41 171 40 879 38 904 37 594 36 128 34 319 31 670 30 384 28 735 26 910

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

6 666 5 119 3 909 3 558 2 149 70 0.6 0.1 223 3 780

1 337 1 134 1 376 1 239 941 656 738 700 819 1 061

49 162 44 690 41 086 37 841 34 373 31 035 30 479 30 888 33 004 34 894

40 339 36 458 33 355 30 849 28 217 25 797 25 566 36 009 27 973 29 624

39 860 36 440 34 329 31 680 28 876 22 046 19 292 18 642 22 438 26 429

25 037 23 645 22 149 20 864 19 502 14 023 11 805 11 424 214 974 18 502

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3 717 2 888 2 020 3 929 3 679 3 274 2 161 1 560 1 104 1 948

755 700 489 891 782 697 576 329 228 432

32 453 31 010 29 814 30 059 28 507 26 546 25 262 24 159 24 391 26 094

27 466 26 226 25 250 25 467 24 183 22 258 21 545 20 657 20 901 22 396

24 038 22 571 21 311 21 115 19 561 17 637 16 557 15 367 15 427 16 621

16 759 15 826 15 069 15 018 14 026 ... ... ... ... ...

1A substantial portion of the number of trucks and buses 2Beginning 1942, includes travel by military vehicles.

consists of chassis only.


Total

Automobiles

Total

Passenger vehicles

308


Table 20-7—Series Q 148-162. Motor Vehicle Sales from U.S. Factories, Motor Vehicle Registrations, and Motor Fuel Usage Consumption, 1900–2001—Continued (Number in thousands, millions of gallons.) Motor-vehicle factory sales (thousands)

Motor-vehicle registration (thousands)

Motor-fuel consumption (millions of gallons)

Year Number of passenger cars

Number of motor trucks and buses 1

Total

Automobiles

Total

Passenger vehicles

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 787 4 455 3 775 2 936 3 692 3 735 3 186 3 625 2 274 1 468

575 882 583 465 609 531 417 409 270 148

26 750 26 705 24 689 23 303 22 200 20 068 17 613 15 102 12 274 10 494

23 035 23 121 21 362 20 193 19 268 17 481 15 436 13 253 10 704 9 212

15 777 15 051 13 090 11 936 10 552 9 143 7 809 6 313 5 014 4 064

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 906 1 652 943 1 746 1 526 896 548 462 356 199

322 225 227 128 92 74 25 24 22 11

9 239 7 577 6 160 5 118 3 618 2 491 1 763 1 258 944 640

8 132 6 679 5 555 4 727 3 368 2 332 1 664 1 190 902 619

3 448 2 747 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

181 124 64 43 33 24 22 11 9 7

6 3 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.7 ... ... ...

468 312 198 143 108 79 55 33 23 15

548 306 194 140 106 77 54 33 23 15

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1900 ......................................................

4

...

8

8

...

...

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. National Transportation Statistics 2003. 1A

substantial portion of the number of trucks and buses consists of chassis only. . . . = Not available.


309

Table 20-8—Series Q 199-207. Miles of Travel by Motor Vehicles, 1921–2001 (Million vehicle-miles.) Year

Total travel, all motor vehicles

Average miles per vehicle Passenger cars

Trucks and combinations Passenger cars

Trucks alone

2001 ......................................................

2 781 462

1 619 422

207 686

11 800

26 400

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 746 925 2 691 056 2 631 522 2 561 695 2 485 848 2 422 696 2 357 588 2 296 378 2 247 151 2 172 050

1 600 287 1 569 100 1 549 577 1 502 556 1 469 854 1 438 294 1 406 089 1 374 709 1 371 569 1 358 185

205 520 202 688 196 380 191 477 182 971 178 156 170 216 159 888 153 384 149 543

12 000 11 800 11 700 11 600 11 300 11 200 11 000 10 800 10 800 10 600

25 600 26 000 25 400 27 000 26 100 26 500 25 800 26 300 25 400 24 200

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 144 362 2 096 000 2 025 000 1 921 000 1 834 000 1 774 000 1 720 000 1 653 000 1 592 000 1 556 000

1 408 266 1 412 000 1 380 000 1 325 000 1 780 000 1 246 798 1 236 000 1 204 000 1 172 000 1 144 000

146 242 679 000 639 000 591 000 551 000 514 000 480 000 444 000 417 000 408 000

10 500 10 200 10 000 9 700 9 500 9 800 9 200 9 100 9 100 8 900

23 600 22 900 22 500 23 300 22 100 20 600 22 600 21 100 19 900 19 000

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 527 000 1 529 000 1 548 000 1 477 000 1 412 000 1 330 000 1 286 000 1 309 000 1 268 000 1 186 300

1 111 596 1 122 000 1 154 000 1 116 000 1 084 000 1 033 950 1 013 000 1 051 000 1 026 000 970 000

399 000 401 000 385 000 346 000 312 000 282 000 262 000 256 000 229 000 204 000

9 100 9 100 9 500 9 500 9 400 9 700 9 200 9 900 10 200 10 100

18 700 18 500 18 000 16 700 15 400 15 200 15 000 15 400 14 800 14 100

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 120 705 1 070 575 1 015 649 961 553 930 497 887 640 846 500 805 423 766 852 737 535

916 700 885 000 850 000 811 000 777 000 723 000 696 000 662 000 627 000 604 000

185 000 172 000 161 000 149 000 143 000 160 000 146 000 139 000 135 000 129 000

10 300 9 900 9 900 9 800 9 700 9 600 9 700 9 600 9 500 9 500

13 600 13 500 12 400 12 800 12 500 10 900 10 400 10 400 10 600 10 500

1960 ...................................................... 1959* ..................................................... 1958 ...................................................... 1957 ...................................................... 1956 ...................................................... 1955 ...................................................... 1954 ...................................................... 1953 ...................................................... 1952 ...................................................... 1951 ......................................................

718 845 700 478 664 653 647 004 631 161 605 646 561 963 544 433 513 581 491 093

587 000 572 000 540 000 523 000 515 000 493 000 453 000 435 000 410 000 392 000

127 000 12 500 120 000 118 000 112 000 109 000 105 000 105 000 99 000 95 000

9 500 9 600 9 500 9 300 9 500 9 400 9 300 9 400 9 400 9 200

10 700 10 700 10 800 10 800 10 500 10 600 10 700 11 000 10 800 10 500

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

458 246 424 461 397 957 370 894 340 880 250 173 212 713 208 192 268 224 333 612

365 000 342 000 319 000 301 000 281 000 200 000 167 000 162 000 218 000 276 000

89 000 78 000 74 000 66 000 56 000 46 000 42 000 43 000 47 000 55 000

9 100 9 400 9 600 9 800 10 000 7 800 6 500 6 200 7 800 9 300

10 300 9 700 9 900 9 600 9 300 9 100 8 900 9 000 9 500 10 600

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

302 188 285 402 271 177 270 110 252 128 228 568 215 563 200 642 200 517 216 151

250 000 236 000 224 000 224 000 209 000 ... ... ... ... ...

50 000 47 000 45 000 44 000 41 000 ... ... ... ... ...

9 100 9 000 8 900 8 800 8 600 ... ... ... ... ...

10 200 10 100 10 000 9 800 9 600 ... ... ... ... ...

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

206 320 197 720 172 856 158 453 140 735 122 346 104 838 84 995 67 697 55 027

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. National Transportation Statistics 2003. Note: Passenger cars exclude vans, pick-ups, and SUVs, which are included along with trucks and combinations. * = First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. . . . = Not available.

310


Table 20-9—Series Q 208-223. Motor Vehicle Deaths and Death Rates, 1913–2001 (Rate per 100,000 population.) Year

Rate 1

Number

2001 ............................................................................

42 900

14.8

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

43 000 43 000 43 500 43 500 43 300 43 400 42 500 41 900 43 500 46 800

14.9 15.3 15.4 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.6 15.6 15.4 16.5

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

46 800 47 100 49 100 48 300 47 900 45 900 46 200 44 600 46 000 51 400

17.9 18.4 19.2 19.1 19.1 18.4 18.7 18.2 19.0 21.5

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

53 200 53 500 52 400 49 500 47 000 45 900 46 400 55 500 56 300 54 000

22.5 22.8 22.7 22.1 21.2 20.7 21.4 25.8 26.2 26.5

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

54 633 55 791 55 200 52 924 53 041 49 163 47 700 43 564 40 804 38 091

25.3 27.6 28.8 27.8 28.3 26.5 26.1 24.3 23.1 22.0

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

38 137 37 910 36 981 38 702 39 628 38 426 35 586 37 955 37 794 36 996

22.4 22.7 22.5 24.1 25.1 24.6 23.0 24.9 25.0 24.6

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

34 763 31 701 32 259 32 697 33 411 28 076 24 282 23 823

23.3 21.5 22.3 23.0 24.0 21.4 18.3 17.7

33 549 36 313 30 900 21 700 12 500 6 700

25.5 29.3 26.4 19.6 12.3 7.0

1938–1942 avg. 1933–1937 avg. 1928–1932 avg. 1923–1927 avg. 1918–1922 avg. 1913–1917 avg.

.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Based

on populations standardized for age (base 1940) to remove influence of changes in age distribution.


311

Table 20-10—Series Q 224-232. Motor Vehicle Accidents—Number and Deaths, by Type of Accident, 1913–2001 (Number, rate.) Traffic deaths 1 Year

Total motor vehicle accidents (thousands)

Traffic death rates Collision accidents

Total

Non-collision accidents

With other motor vehicles

With pedestrians With fixed objects

Per 10,000 motor vehicles

Per 100 million vehicle miles

2001 ......................................................

12 500

42 900

5 100

18 400

5 800

12 300

1.9

1.5

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

13 400 11 400 12 700 13 800 11 200 10 700 11 200 11 900 10 000 11 300

43 000 43 000 43 500 43 500 43 300 43 400 42 500 41 900 41 000 43 500

4 600 4 300 4 200 4 400 4 500 4 400 4 400 4 200 4 100 4 700

20 600 18 800 18 500 19 900 19 500 19 000 18 900 18 300 17 600 18 200

5 300 5 800 5 900 5 900 5 800 6 400 6 300 6 400 6 300 6 600

11 200 11 100 12 000 12 000 12 300 12 100 11 500 11 500 11 700 12 600

1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2

1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.9

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

11 500 12 800 20 600 20 800 17 700 19 300 18 800 18 300 18 100 18 000

46 800 47 100 49 100 48 300 47 900 45 900 46 200 44 600 46 000 51 400

4 900 5 000 5 300 5 200 13 100 12 600 12 600 12 200 12 600 14 200

19 900 20 000 20 900 20 700 20 800 19 900 20 300 19 200 19 800 22 200

7 300 7 600 7 700 7 500 8 900 8 500 8 600 8 200 8 400 9 400

13 100 12 600 13 400 13 200 3 300 3 200 3 000 3 100 3 200 3 600

2.4 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.9 3.4

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.8 3.2

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

17 900 18 100 18 300 17 600 16 800 16 500 15 600 16 600 17 000 16 400

53 200 53 500 52 400 49 500 47 000 45 900 46 400 55 500 56 300 54 000

14 700 15 200 14 500 13 700 13 000 12 700 12 800 15 600 15 800 13 700

23 000 22 200 22 400 20 200 20 100 19 500 19 700 23 600 23 900 23 300

9 700 9 700 9 600 9 100 8 600 8 400 8 500 10 200 10 300 10 600

3 700 3 500 3 600 3 400 3 200 3 100 3 100 3 800 3 900 7 100

3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.6 4.4 4.4 4.8

3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.3 4.7

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

16 000 15 500 14 600 13 700 13 600 13 200 12 300 11 500 11 000 10 400

54 633 55 791 54 862 52 924 53 041 49 163 47 700 43 564 40 804 38 091

400 15 700 17 400 16 700 16 300 14 900 14 600 13 800 12 900 12 200

23 200 23 700 22 400 22 000 22 200 20 800 19 600 17 600 16 400 14 700

9 900 10 100 9 900 9 400 9 400 8 900 9 000 8 200 7 900 7 650

800 3 900 2 700 2 350 2 500 2 200 2 100 1 900 1 750 1 700

4.9 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.2 5.1 5.0

4.9 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.2

1960 ...................................................... 1959* ..................................................... 1958 ...................................................... 1957 ...................................................... 1956 ...................................................... 1955 ...................................................... 1954 ...................................................... 1953 ...................................................... 1952 ...................................................... 1951 ......................................................

10 400 10 200 10 000 10 200 10 300 9 900 9 550 9 900 9 500 9 400

38 137 37 910 36 981 38 702 39 628 38 426 35 586 37 955 37 794 36 996

11 900 11 800 11 600 11 800 13 000 12 100 11 500 12 200 11 900 11 200

14 800 14 900 14 200 15 400 15 200 14 500 12 800 13 400 13 500 13 100

7 850 7 850 7 650 7 850 7 900 8 200 8 000 8 750 8 900 9 150

1 700 1 600 1 650 1 700 1 600 1 600 1 500 1 500 1 450 1 400

5.1 5.3 5.4 5.7 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.7 7.1 7.1

5.3 5.4 5.6 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.3 7.0 7.4 7.5

215

23

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

8 300 7 600 8 200 8 400 6 150 5 500 4 800 4 400 5 200 7 000

34 763 31 701 32 259 32 697 33 411 28 076 24 282 23 823 28 309 39 969

10 600 9 100 8 950 8 800 8 900 6 600 5 600 5 690 6 740 9 450

11 650 10 500 10 200 9 900 9 400 7 150 5 700 5 300 7 300 12 500

9 000 8 800 9 950 10 450 11 600 11 000 9 900 9 900 10 650 13 550

1 300 1 100 1 000 1 000 950 800 700 700 850 1 350

7.1 7.1 7.9 8.6 9.7 9.1 8.0 7.7 8.6 11.5

7.6 7.5 8.1 8.8 9.8 11.2 11.4 11.4 10.6 12.0

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

6 100 5 700 5 800 7 000 ... ... ... ... ... ...

34 501 32 386 32 582 39 643 38 089 36 369 36 101 31 363 29 500 33 700

7 800 7 900 7 350 9 690 9 410 9 720 9 820 8 680 7 000 7 850

10 100 8 700 8 900 10 320 9 500 8 750 8 110 6 470 6 070 6 820

12 700 12 400 12 850 15 500 15 250 14 350 14 480 12 840 11 490 13 370

1 100 1 000 940 1 160 1 060 1 010 1 040 900 800 870

10.6 10.4 10.9 13.2 13.4 13.7 14.3 13.0 12.2 13.0

11.4 11.4 12.0 14.7 15.1 15.9 16.8 15.6 16.1 17.0

1Totals may not equal sums of various types because totals for most types are estimated, and these 2Data based on improved reporting procedure; therefore not entirely comparable with other years.


have been rounded.

312


Table 20-10—Series Q 224-232. Motor Vehicle Accidents—Number and Deaths, by Type of Accident, 1913–2001—Continued (Number, rate.) Traffic deaths 1 Year

Total motor vehicle accidents (thousands)

Traffic death rates Collision accidents

Total

Non-collision accidents

With other motor vehicles

With pedestrians With fixed objects

Per 10,000 motor vehicles

Per 100 million vehicle miles

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

32 900 31 200 28 000 25 800 23 400 21 900 19 400 18 400 15 300 13 900

8 730 8 430 7 360 7 280 ... ... ... ... ... ...

5 880 5 400 4 310 3 430 ... ... ... ... ... ...

12 900 12 250 11 420 10 820 ... ... ... ... ... ...

720 620 540 500 ... ... ... ... ... ...

12.4 11.8 11.4 11.2 10.6 11.0 11.0 12.2 ... ...

17.4 17.3 17.4 17.7 18.0 17.9 ... ... ... ...

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

12 500 11 200 10 700 10 200 8 200 6 600 4 700 4 200

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Totals

may not equal sums of various types because totals for most types are estimated, and these have been rounded. . . . = Not available.


313

Table 20-11. Domestic Motor Fuel Consumption, by Type of Vehicle, 1970–2001 (Billions of gallons, miles per gallon.) Average fuel consumption (billions of gallons) Year

Average annual percent change 2

All vehicles 1

Cars 1

Average miles per gallon

Vans, pickups, SUVS

Buses 3

Trucks 4

All vehicles 1

Cars 1

Buses 3

Vans, pickups, SUVS

Trucks 4

2001 ............................................

163.0

0.3

73.3

1.0

53.3

35.3

17.1

22.1

6.9

17.6

5.9

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1991 ............................................

162.5 161.4 155.4 150.4 147.4 143.8 140.8 137.3 132.9 128.6

0.7 3.9 3.3 2.0 2.5 2.1 2.5 3.3 3.3 -1.7

73.1 73.2 71.7 69.9 69.2 68.1 68.1 67.2 65.6 64.5

1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9

52.9 52.8 50.5 49.4 47.4 45.6 44.1 42.9 40.9 38.2

35.2 33.9 32.0 29.9 29.6 29.0 27.7 26.2 25.5 25.0

16.9 16.7 16.9 17.0 16.9 16.8 16.7 16.7 16.9 16.9

21.9 21.4 21.6 21.5 21.2 21.1 20.8 20.6 21.0 21.2

6.8 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.7

17.4 17.0 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.3 17.3 17.4 17.3 17.0

5.8 6.0 6.1 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.0

1990 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1981 ............................................

130.8 131.9 130.1 127.5 125.2 121.3 118.7 116.1 113.4 114.5

-0.8 1.4 2.0 1.8 3.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 -1.0 -0.4

69.8 74.1 73.5 73.5 73.4 71.7 70.8 70.5 69.3 69.3

0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

35.6 33.3 32.7 30.6 29.1 27.4 25.6 23.9 22.7 23.7

24.5 23.5 22.9 22.5 21.9 21.4 21.4 20.8 20.4 20.4

16.4 15.9 15.6 15.1 14.7 14.6 14.5 14.2 14.1 13.6

20.3 18.0 18.8 18.0 17.4 17.5 17.4 17.1 16.9 16.5

6.4 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.3 5.4 5.7 5.9 5.9 5.9

16.1 16.1 15.4 14.9 14.6 14.3 14.0 13.7 13.5 12.5

6.0 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.3

1980 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1970 ............................................

115.0 109.0 92.3

-5.9 2.5 4.8

70.2 74.3 67.8

1.0 1.1 0.8

23.8 19.1 12.3

20.0 14.6 11.3

13.3 12.2 12.0

16.0 14.0 13.5

6.0 5.8 5.5

12.2 10.5 10.0

5.4 5.6 5.5

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Motorcycles included in cars through 2Change from immediate prior year. 3Includes school buses. 4Includes combinations.

1994; thereafter in total, not shown separately.

Table 20-12. Average Cost of Owning and Operating an Automobile 1, 1975–2002 (Dollars, percent.) Average total cost per mile (current cents) Year Total cost

Gas and oil

Gas and oil as a percent of total cost

Average total cost per 15,000 miles (current dollars)

Maintenance

Tires

Total cost

Variable cost

Fixed cost 2

2002 ............................................ 2001 ............................................

50.2 51.0

5.9 7.9

11.8 15.5

4.1 3.9

1.8 1.8

7 533 7 654

1 770 2 040

5 764 5 614

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1991 ............................................

49.1 47.0 46.1 44.8 42.6 41.2 39.4 38.7 38.8 37.3

6.9 5.6 6.2 6.6 5.6 5.8 5.6 5.9 5.9 6.6

14.1 11.9 13.4 14.7 13.1 14.1 14.2 15.2 15.2 17.7

3.6 3.3 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.2

1.7 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9

7 363 7 050 6 908 6 723 6 389 6 185 5 916 5 804 5 824 5 601

1 829 1 590 1 605 1 620 1 440 1 440 1 365 1 380 1 350 1 455

5 534 5 460 5 303 5 103 4 949 4 745 4 551 4 424 4 474 4 146

1990 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1975 ............................................

33.0 23.2 21.2 14.4

5.4 5.6 5.9 4.8

16.4 24.0 27.9 33.4

2.1 1.2 1.1 1.0

0.9 0.7 0.6 0.7

4 954 3 484 3 176 2 154

1 260 1 113 1 143 968

3 694 2 371 2 033 1 186

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. National Transportation Statistics 2003. 1All figures reflect the average cost of operating a vehicle 15,000 miles per year in stop and go conditions. 2Fixed costs (ownership costs) include insurance, license, registration, taxes, depreciation, and finance charges.

314


Table 20-13. Motor Vehicle Sales and Inventories, 1967–2002 Retail sales of new passenger cars Year

Thousands of units, not seasonally adjusted Total

Domestic

Imports

Retail inventories of new domestic passenger cars (thousands of units, end of period)

Millions of units, seasonally adjusted annual rate Total

Domestic

Not seasonally adjusted

Imports

Seasonally adjusted

Inventory to sales ratio

2002 .................................. 2001 ..................................

8 102 8 422

5 871 6 323

2 231 2 099

8.1 8.5

5.9 6.4

2.2 2.1

1 148 956

1 168 918

2.3 2.1

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

.................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ..................................

8 852 8 697 8 142 8 273 8 527 8 636 8 990 8 518 8 214 8 175

6 833 6 982 6 764 6 906 7 254 7 129 7 255 6 734 6 277 6 137

2 019 1 715 1 378 1 366 1 273 1 507 1 735 1 784 1 938 2 038

8.9 8.7 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.7 9.0 8.5 8.2 8.2

6.8 7.0 6.8 6.9 7.3 7.2 7.3 6.7 6.3 6.1

2.0 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0

1 377 1 368 1 324 1 330 1 363 1 619 1 437 1 365 1 276 1 283

1 341 1 332 1 288 1 264 1 354 1 582 1 449 1 378 1 288 1 296

2.6 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.6

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

.................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ..................................

9 300 9 777 10 546 10 171 11 406 10 978 10 390 9 179 7 979 8 534

6 897 7 078 7 539 7 081 8 215 8 205 7 952 6 793 5 758 6 209

2 403 2 699 3 006 3 090 3 191 2 774 2 439 2 386 2 221 2 326

9.3 9.8 10.5 10.2 11.4 11.0 10.4 9.2 8.0 8.5

6.9 7.1 7.5 7.1 8.2 8.2 8.0 6.8 5.8 6.2

2.4 2.7 3.0 3.1 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.3

1 408 1 669 1 601 1 680 1 499 1 630 1 415 1 352 1 126 1 471

1 418 1 687 1 601 1 716 1 515 1 619 1 411 1 350 1 127 1 495

2.6 3.1 2.3 2.8 2.0 2.5 2.1 2.0 2.2 3.6

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

.................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ..................................

8 982 10 559 11 164 11 046 9 994 8 538 8 774 11 350 10 873 10 228

6 581 8 230 9 164 8 971 8 492 6 951 7 362 9 589 9 253 8 662

2 400 2 329 2 000 2 075 1 502 1 587 1 412 1 762 1 621 1 566

9.0 10.6 11.2 11.0 10.0 8.5 8.8 11.4 10.9 10.2

6.6 8.2 9.2 9.0 8.5 7.0 7.4 9.6 9.3 8.7

2.4 2.3 2.0 2.1 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.6

1 448 1 691 1 729 1 731 1 465 1 419 1 672 1 600 1 311 ...

1 440 1 667 1 731 1 743 1 494 1 468 1 730 1 654 1 379 ...

2.6 2.4 2.3 2.3 1.9 2.2 3.4 2.5 1.7 ...

1970 1969 1968 1967

.................................. .................................. .................................. ..................................

8 403 9 582 9 655 8 347

7 119 8 464 8 625 7 568

1 283 1 117 1 030 779

8.4 9.6 9.7 8.3

7.1 8.5 8.6 7.6

1.3 1.1 1.0 0.8

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...



315

Table 20-13. Motor Vehicle Sales and Inventories, 1967–2002—Continued Retail sales of new trucks and buses Thousands of units, not seasonally adjusted

Unit sales of cars and light trucks (millions of units, seasonally adjusted annual rate)

Millions of units, seasonally adjusted annual rate

Year and month 0–10,000 pounds Total Domestic

Imports

10,001 pounds and over

0–10,000 pounds Total Domestic

Imports

10,001 pounds and over

Total

Domestic

Imports

2002 ..................................... 2001 .....................................

9 035.4 9 050.1

7 572.1 7 629.4

1 060.9 977.8

402.4 442.9

9.0 9.0

7.6 7.6

1.1 1.0

0.4 0.4

16.7 17.0

13.4 13.9

3.3 3.1

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

8 964.8 8 717.1 7 821.6 7 225.8 6 929.3 6 481.4 6 422.4 5 681.1 4 903.3 4 365.8

7 545.5 7 309.6 6 651.0 6 225.7 6 087.6 5 662.7 5 638.0 4 980.9 4 232.7 3 594.8

840.8 762.8 646.2 571.2 430.9 390.5 396.3 364.5 395.9 528.8

578.5 644.7 524.4 428.9 410.8 428.2 388.1 335.7 274.7 242.2

9.0 8.7 7.8 7.2 6.9 6.5 6.4 5.7 4.9 4.4

7.5 7.3 6.6 6.2 6.1 5.7 5.6 5.0 4.2 3.6

0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5

0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2

17.2 16.8 15.4 15.1 15.0 14.8 15.0 13.9 12.8 12.3

14.4 14.3 13.4 13.1 13.3 12.9 12.9 11.7 10.5 9.7

2.9 2.5 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.6

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

4 848.4 5 067.8 5 242.4 5 000.6 4 912.1 4 741.7 4 093.1 3 117.3 2 562.8 2 255.6

3 947.4 4 107.0 4 195.8 3 786.1 3 671.4 3 618.4 3 207.2 2 465.2 1 967.5 1 581.7

602.7 630.3 697.9 912.2 967.2 828.3 607.7 463.3 410.4 447.6

298.3 330.5 348.7 302.3 273.5 295.0 278.2 188.8 184.9 226.3

4.9 5.1 5.2 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.1 3.1 2.6 2.3

4.0 4.1 4.2 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.2 2.5 2.0 1.6

0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

13.9 14.5 15.4 14.9 16.1 15.4 14.2 12.1 10.4 10.6

10.8 11.2 11.7 10.9 11.9 11.8 11.2 9.3 7.7 7.8

3.0 3.3 3.7 4.0 4.2 3.6 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.8

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

2 487.4 3 589.7 4 256.8 3 813.0 3 300.5 ... ... ... ... ...

1 731.1 2 730.2 3 481.1 3 112.8 2 738.3 2 052.6 2 180.1 2 509.4 2 122.5 1 693.0

484.6 469.4 335.9 323.1 237.5 ... ... ... ... ...

271.7 390.1 439.8 377.1 324.7 298.3 423.9 495.7 437.4 338.9

2.5 3.6 4.2 3.8 3.3 ... ... ... ... ...

1.7 2.7 3.5 3.1 2.7 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.1 1.7

0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 ... ... ... ... ...

0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3

11.2 13.8 15.0 14.5 13.0 ... ... ... ... ...

8.3 11.0 12.6 12.1 11.2 9.0 9.5 12.1 11.4 10.4

2.9 2.8 2.3 2.4 1.7 ... ... ... ... ...

1970 1969 1968 1967

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

... ... ... ...

1 408.5 1 551.1 1 464.2 1 193.8

... ... ... ...

337.3 384.5 343.3 329.7

... ... ... ...

1.4 1.6 1.5 1.2

... ... ... ...

0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3

... ... ... ...

8.5 10.0 10.1 8.8

... ... ... ...

Source: U.S. Bureau of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. . . . = Not available.

316


Table 20-14. Motor Vehicle Travel, by Type of Vehicle and by Speed, 1970–2001 (Vehicle-miles, average miles and speed, percent.) Vehicle-miles of travel (billions) Year Total 1

Cars 1

Buses 2

Average mile per vehicle (thousands)

Vans, pickups, SUVs

Trucks 3

Total 1

Cars 1

Buses 2

Motor vehicle speed on rural highways

Vans, pickups, SUVs

Trucks 3

Citations Average recorded speed (thou(miles per sands) 4 hour)

Percent of vehicles exceeding 55 mph

60 mph

65 mph

2001 ....................

2 782

1 619

7.0

938

208

11.8

11.8

9.3

11.1

26.4

...

...

...

...

...

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

2 747 2 691 2 632 2 562 2 486 2 423 2 358 2 296 2 247 2 172

1 600 1 569 1 550 1 503 1 470 1 438 1 416 1 385 1 381 1 367

7.6 7.7 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.4 6.1 5.8 5.8

923 901 868 851 817 790 765 746 707 649

206 203 196 191 183 178 170 160 153 150

12.2 12.2 12.2 12.1 11.8 11.8 11.7 11.6 11.6 11.3

11.9 11.9 11.8 11.6 11.3 11.2 10.8 10.5 10.6 10.3

10.2 10.5 9.8 9.8 9.4 9.4 9.6 9.4 9.0 9.1

11.7 12.0 12.2 12.1 11.8 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.4 12.2

25.7 26.0 25.4 27.0 26.1 26.5 25.8 26.3 25.4 24.2

... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 433 7 004 7 594

... ... ... ... ... ... ... 60.8 61.2 59.9

... ... ... ... ... ... ... 78 81 76

... ... ... ... ... ... ... 51 56 48

... ... ... ... ... ... ... 24 28 21

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

2 144 2 096 2 026 1 921 1 835 1 775 1 720 1 653 1 595 1 555

1 418 1 412 1 380 1 325 1 280 1 256 1 236 1 204 1 172 1 144

5.7 5.7 5.5 5.3 4.7 4.5 4.6 5.2 5.8 6.2

575 536 502 457 424 391 358 328 306 296

146 143 138 134 127 124 122 116 111 109

11.1 10.9 10.7 10.5 10.1 10.0 10.0 9.8 9.6 9.5

10.3 10.2 10.0 9.7 9.5 9.4 9.2 9.1 9.1 8.9

9.1 9.1 8.9 8.9 7.9 7.5 8.0 8.9 10.4 11.5

11.9 11.7 11.5 11.1 10.8 10.5 11.2 10.5 10.3 10.2

23.6 22.9 22.5 23.3 22.1 20.6 22.6 21.1 19.9 19.0

7 511 7 488 7 566 7 992 8 549 8 449 ... ... ... ...

60.4 60.1 59.5 59.7 59.7 59.5 ... ... ... ...

78 77 74 74 76 75 ... ... ... ...

50 49 46 46 46 44 ... ... ... ...

23 22 19 19 18 17 ... ... ... ...

1980 .................... 1975 .................... 1970 ....................

1 527 1 328 1 110

1 122 1 040 920

6.1 6.1 4.5

291 201 123

108 81 62

9.5 9.6 10.0

8.8 9.3 10.0

11.5 13.1 12.0

10.4 9.8 8.7

18.7 15.2 13.6

667 ... 200

57.5 ... 63.8

66 ... 87

25 ... 69

7 ... 44

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Motorcycles included in cars through 1994; 2Includes school buses. 3Includes combinations. 4Citations issued for 55 mph violations

thereafter in total, not shown separately.


Table 20-15. Class I Intercity Motor Carriers of Passengers, 1990–2001 (Number, dollars.)

Year

Number of intercity carriers 1

Operating revenue (millions of dollars) Number

Intercity regular route

Operating expenses (millions of dollars)

Other

Operating income (millions of dollars)

Revenue passengers (millions) Intercity regular route passengers

Total

Other passengers

Average fare, intercity regular route (dollars)

2001 ............................................

12

1 076

917

158

1 039

36

32

30

2

30.27

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1993 ............................................

12 14 15 17 17 20 20 21

1 088 1 014 999 1 000 912 917 870 928

920 864 860 834 771 767 718 747

168 150 139 165 141 150 152 182

1 035 1 014 947 948 878 899 919 880

53 0.2 52 52 33 18 -48 48

33 43 47 52 37 43 41 40

31 33 37 41 34 38 36 35

2 10 10 12 4 5 4 5

29.46 26.16 23.14 20.57 22.85 20.10 19.77 21.32

1990 ............................................

21

943

739

204

1 026

-83

44

37

7

20.22


carriers preponderantly in local or suburban service and carriers engaged in transportation of both property and passengers.


317

Table 20-16—Series Q 235-250. Public Transit Equipment, Passengers, and Passenger Revenue, 1922–2000 (Number, dollars.) Equipment owned December 31 Year Heavy rail

Trolley buses

Motor buses

Total revenue and nonrevenue passengers (millions)

Passenger revenue (millions of dollars)

Employees (thousands)

Employee payroll (millions of dollars)

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

10 591 10 306 10 301 10 242 10 201 10 157 10 138 10 261 10 245 10 331

951 859 880 859 871 885 877 851 907 752

75 013 74 228 72 142 72 770 71 678 67 107 68 123 64 850 63 080 60 377

9 363 9 168 8 750 8 374 7 948 7 763 7 949 ... ... ...

8 746 8 282 7 970 7 546 7 416 6 816 6 756 6 351 6 152 6 037

346 338 328 321 315 300 294 299 279 276

... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 932 7 671 7 395

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

10 419 10 506 10 539 10 168 10 386 9 326 9 083 9 943 9 867 9 801

832 725 710 671 680 676 664 686 763 751

58 714 58 919 62 572 63 017 66 218 64 285 67 294 62 093 62 114 60 393

8 799 8 931 8 666 8 735 8 777 8 636 8 829 7 889 7 741 7 964

5 912 5 420 5 225 5 114 5 113 4 575 4 448 3 172 3 077 2 701

262 272 276 277 278 270 263 195 194 193

7 325 6 898 6 675 6 324 6 119 5 843 5 488 3 921 3 731 3 494

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

9 641 9 522 9 567 9 639 9 714 9 608 9 403 9 387 9 423 9 325

823 725 593 645 685 703 718 794 1 030 1 037

59 411 54 490 52 866 51 968 52 382 50 811 48 700 48 286 49 075 49 150

8 567 8 130 7 616 7 286 7 081 6 972 6 935 6 660 6 567 6 847

2 556 2 436 2 271 2 280 2 161 1 861 1 940 1 798 1 729 1 741

189 178 165 163 163 160 153 141 138 139

3 281 3 025 2 741 2 547 2 404 2 236 1 967 1 624 1 455 1 393

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

10 600 10 665 10 745 10 645 10 680 10 664 10 614 10 634 11 084 11 419

1 050 1 082 1 185 1 244 1 326 1 453 1 865 2 155 3 161 3 593

49 700 49 600 50 000 50 180 50 130 49 600 49 200 49 400 48 800 49 000

7 332 7 803 8 019 8 172 8 083 8 253 8 328 8 400 8 695 8 883

1 639 1 555 1 470 1 457 1 385 1 340 1 326 1 316 1 330 1 321

138 141 144 146 144 145 145 147 149 152

1 274 1 184 1 110 1 055 995 964 917 892 878 856

1960 ............................................................................ 1959* ........................................................................... 1958 ............................................................................ 1957 ............................................................................ 1956 ............................................................................ 1955 ............................................................................ 1954 ............................................................................ 1953 ............................................................................ 1952 ............................................................................ 1951 ............................................................................

11 866 11 983 12 201 12 759 13 225 14 532 15 600 17 234 19 176 20 604

3 826 4 297 4 848 5 412 5 748 6 157 6 598 6 941 7 180 7 071

49 600 49 500 50 100 50 800 51 400 52 400 54 000 54 700 55 980 57 660

9 395 9 557 9 732 10 389 10 941 11 529 12 392 13 902 15 119 16 125

1 335 1 308 1 282 1 320 1 351 1 359 1 410 1 449 1 438 1 412

156 159 165 177 186 198 211 220 227 232

857 832 831 840 852 864 895 913 903 872

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

22 986 24 728 26 280 30 158 33 479 36 377 37 199 37 505 37 508 37 670

6 504 6 366 5 687 4 707 3 916 3 711 3 561 3 501 3 385 3 029

56 820 57 035 58 540 56 917 52 450 49 670 48 400 47 100 46 000 39 300

17 246 19 008 21 368 22 540 23 372 23 254 23 017 22 000 18 000 14 085

1 387 1 420 1 417 1 324 1 332 1 314 1 297 1 236 979 759

240 253 261 266 261 242 242 239 219 205

835 841 829 790 713 632 599 554 462 386

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

37 662 40 372 42 605 45 312 48 103 50 466 54 118 58 124 ... ...

2 802 2 184 2 032 1 655 1 136 578 441 310 ... ...

35 000 32 600 28 500 27 500 23 900 23 800 18 700 17 200 ... ...

13 098 12 837 12 645 13 246 13 146 12 226 12 038 11 327 12 025 13 924

702 682 663 690 686 642 ... ... ... ...

203 202 202 209 206 204 204 201 ... ...

360 352 344 348 328 311 303 287 ... ...

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

15 567 16 985 16 989 17 201 17 234 16 651 16 301 16 311 15 735

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. National Transportation Statistics 2002. . . . = Not available. * = First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii.

318


Table 20-17—Series Q 577-590. U.S. Scheduled Airline Industry, 1926–2002 (Number, gallons, and miles per hour.)

Year

Number of operators

Aircraft in service 1

Persons employed

Revenue passengers Revenue carried, miles flown (thousands) unduplicated 2 (thousands)

Revenue passengermiles flown (millions)

Ton-miles flown Express and Mail freight (thousands) (thousands)

Fuel consumed 3 (millions of gallons)

Average available seats

Average speed (mph)

2002 ............................................ 2001 ............................................

... ...

... ...

601 400 672 000

... ...

611 700 622 100

639 600 651 700

23 160 000 20 119 000

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1991 ............................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

680 000 646 400 621 100 586 500 564 400 547 000 539 800 537 100 540 400 533 600

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

666 200 636 000 612 900 594 700 581 200 547 800 528 800 488 500 475 100 452 300

692 800 652 000 618 100 603 400 578 800 540 700 519 400 489 700 478 600 448 000

21 443 000 19 317 000 18 131 000 17 959 000 15 301 000 14 578 000 13 792 000 11 944 000 11 130 000 10 225 000

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1990 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1981 ............................................

60 62 66 68 74 86 87 84 98 98

4 665 4 477 4 439 4 231 3 799 2 860 2 692 2 618 2 468 2 523

545 000 507 000 481 000 457 000 422 000 355 000 345 000 329 000 330 000 350 000

4 491 000 4 193 000 4 141 000 3 988 000 3 725 000 3 320 000 3 133 000 2 809 000 2 699 000 2 703 000

466 000 454 000 455 000 448 000 419 000 382 000 345 000 319 000 294 000 286 000

457 900 432 700 423 300 404 500 366 500 336 400 305 100 281 800 259 600 248 800

10 600 000 10 275 000 9 632 000 8 260 000 7 344 000 6 020 000 6 566 000 6 092 000 5 482 000 5 686 000

2 004 000 1 911 000 1 837 000 1 758 000 1 081 000 1 659 000 1 618 000 1 480 000 1 404 000 1 374 000

16 252 15 624 15 094 14 461 13 682 12 603 11 470 10 526 10 268 10 810

151.9 152.1 153.1 152.9 153.4 152.5 153.7 154.1 153.0 147.2

408 406 409 413 409 409 414 415 408 403

1980 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1971 ............................................

72 52 34 32 32 33 31 33 37 38

2 505 2 466 2 345 2 234 2 271 2 260 2 244 2 361 2 361 2 389

371 000 341 000 329 000 314 000 303 000 290 000 305 000 312 000 305 000 285 000

2 816 000 2 791 000 2 520 000 2 419 000 2 320 000 2 241 000 2 258 000 2 448 000 2 376 000 2 378 000

297 000 317 000 275 000 240 000 223 000 205 000 208 000 202 000 191 000 173 000

255 200 262 000 226 800 193 200 179 000 162 800 162 900 161 900 152 406 132 687

5 742 000 5 964 000 5 818 000 4 109 000 3 855 000 4 796 000 3 760 000 3 692 000 3 354 000 3 023 000

1 342 000 1 225 000 1 181 000 1 039 000 1 001 000 1 109 000 1 016 000 1 048 000 1 049 000 1 154 000

11 311 11 369 10 534 10 296 9 832 9 507 9 546 10 671 9 985 9 841

143.1 139.9 140.0 136.9 134.1 130.4 127.7 123.8 118.1 115.3

405 406 409 408 406 403 402 404 404 405

1970 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1961 ............................................

33 33 38 39 40 40 40 40 40 41

2 437 2 423 2 317 2 194 2 027 1 896 1 863 1 832 1 831 1 867

242 206 255 386 244 742 223 381 196 298 169 952 153 243 143 112 138 673 136 987

2 013 484 2 000 269 1 715 857 1 462 240 1 178 458 1 088 112 957 575 888 793 827 694 795 165

153 408 158 405 145 774 128 479 105 789 92 073 79 139 69 366 60 738 56 900

104 156 102 717 87 508 75 487 60 591 51 887 44 141 38 457 33 623 31 062

1 966 009 1 916 472 1 578 992 1 314 409 1 108 691 943 128 743 963 603 725 554 599 454 142

705 711 801 416 564 084 405 352 291 277 225 992 189 782 174 439 166 801 150 452

... 27 113 223 332 448 507 554 696 743

110.4 109.8 100.8 94.4 91.2 89.2 86.1 83.4 79.4 72.9

350 394 373 354 320 314 297 287 274 253

1960 ............................................ 1959 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1954 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1951 ............................................

42 39 39 40 40 42 43 44 46 49

1 594 1 596 1 546 1 494 1 347 1 212 1 175 1 139 1 078 981

133 717 132 042 119 746 119 333 103 489 95 548 84 765 84 651 79 687 72 898

820 756 841 925 784 200 791 265 694 050 627 336 556 880 525 374 465 477 411 878

56 352 54 955 48 297 48 761 41 738 38 025 32 343 28 721 25 010 22 652

30 567 29 308 25 375 25 379 22 399 19 852 16 802 14 794 12 559 10 590

386 933 344 728 294 018 268 791 247 255 229 966 189 765 179 063 162 047 144 790

135 923 120 308 107 018 100 218 94 523 88 751 82 768 74 106 70 443 64 734

922 1 142 1 188 1 165 1 005 912 776 692 588 ...

65.5 58.7 55.8 53.7 52.4 51.2 50.1 46.1 42.7 39.6

235 223 220 215 213 208 206 198 191 185

1950 ............................................ 1949 ............................................ 1948 ............................................ 1947 ............................................ 1946 ............................................ 1945 ............................................ 1944 ............................................ 1943 ............................................ 1942 ............................................ 1941 ............................................

52 51 39 27 23 19 18 18 19 19

960 913 878 810 674 421 288 204 186 370

61 903 59 886 60 416 58 998 69 182 50 313 31 198 29 654 26 910 19 223

369 826 355 501 338 217 325 054 309 889 208 969 138 732 105 355 111 341 134 406

17 345 15 081 13 168 12 890 12 213 6 576 4 046 3 020 3 137 33 464

8 007 6 752 5 976 6 105 5 945 3 360 2 177 1 632 1 418 1 385

152 223 123 603 102 360 64 637 38 590 22 175 16 974 15 618 11 896 5 257

47 740 41 889 38 198 33 086 32 969 65 103 51 146 36 067 21 167 13 108

418 375 332 294 236 135 90 65 69 82

37.5 35.0 32.4 30.0 25.3 19.7 19.1 18.3 17.9 17.5

180 179 172 168 160 155 156 ... ... ...

1940 ............................................ 1939 ............................................ 1938 ............................................ 1937 ............................................ 1936 ............................................ 1935 ............................................ 1934 ............................................ 1933 ............................................ 1932 ............................................ 1931 ............................................

19 418 516 22 24 26 24 25 32 39

369 4 276 5 260 291 280 363 423 418 456 490

15 984 410 639 59 008 7 586 7 079 5 945 4 201 4 369 4 020 4 314

110 101 82 925 68 610 66 791 64 307 55 918 41 526 49 256 45 894 43 109

32 523 31 561 31 077 3 887 ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 052 683 480 412 6 439 6 316 6 190 6 175 6 127 6 107

3 476 2 713 2 182 2 162 1 866 1 098 7 597 7 423 7 290 7 221

10 118 8 611 7 449 6 698 5 741 4 133 82 237 92 568 92 701 93 140

66 47 38 34 31 27 19 22 20 16

16.5 14.7 13.9 12.5 10.7 10.3 8.9 7.6 6.6 ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1930 ............................................ 1929 ............................................ 1928 ............................................ 1927 ............................................ 1926 ............................................

43 38 34 18 13

497 442 268 ... ...

2 778 1 958 101 496 ... ...

32 645 22 729 10 528 5 856 4 318

... ... ... ... ...

685 ... ... ... ...

7 101 770 759 713 71

... ... ... ... ...

12 6 2 1 1

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Figures for 1961–1971 for domestic airlines are for total aircraft in service, domestic and international. 2Duplication has been eliminated where the same passengers were carried on more than one route of an

carrier. gasoline prior to 1970; jet fuel beginning in 1970. . . . = Not available.

3Shows

air carrier, but still exists where the same passengers were carried by more than one air


319

Table 20-18—Series Q 624-637. Air Transportation Accidents, 1927–2001 (Number.) Domestic scheduled air carriers 1 Year Total accidents

Total passenger fatalities 2

Number of fatal accidents

2001 ............................................

45

6

531

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1991 ............................................

56 52 50 49 38 36 20 23 16 25

3 2 1 4 5 3 4 1 4 4

92 12 1 8 380 168 239 1 33 62

1990 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1981 ............................................

22 25 28 32 21 17 14 23 15 25

6 8 3 4 2 4 1 4 3 4

39 131 285 231 5 197 4 15 233 4

1980 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1971 ............................................

15 18 19 18 21 29 43 32 43 39

5 4 2 2 2 7 6 7 6

38 352 16 75 36 122 460 217 186 194

1970 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1961 ............................................

31 37 44 43 50 55 45 39 35 56

1 7 11 8 4 6 6 4 5 5

132 258 226 59 205 106 48 158 124

1960 ............................................ 1959 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1954 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1951 ............................................

62 61 42 44 55 445 549 37 44 45

310 9 4 4 4 8 4 5 6 11

326 209 114 32 143 156 16 86 46 142

1950 ............................................ 1949 ............................................ 1948 ............................................ 1947 ............................................ 1946 ............................................ 1945 ............................................ 1944 ............................................ 1943 ............................................ 1942 ............................................ 1941 ............................................

39 35 56 44 33 40 30 23 23 27

4 8 5 8 9 8 5 2 5 4

96 96 83 199 75 76 48 22 55 35

1940 ............................................ 1939 ............................................ 1938 ............................................ 1937 ............................................ 1936 ............................................ 1935 ............................................ 1934 ............................................ 1933 ............................................ 1932 ............................................ 1931 ............................................

30 28 23 42 65 58 71 100 108 118

3 2 5 5 8 8 8 9 16 13

35 9 25 40 44 15 17 8 19 25

1930 ............................................ 1929 ............................................ 1928 ............................................ 1927 ............................................

88 124 85 25

9 21 11 4

24 14 14 1

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1From

1927 to 1994, includes scheduled revenue operators only. Beginning 1995, including all flights by U.S. air carriers operating under 14 CF4 121. Figures between 1980 and 1990 represent both domestic and international flights. than persons aboard aircraft who were killed, fatalities resulting from the September 11, 2001 terrorist acts are excluded. - = Quantity zero.

2Other

320


Table 20-19—Series Q 604-623. Airports, Aircraft, Pilots, and Miles Flown, 1927–2001 (Number.) Airports and landing fields 1

Certified airplane pilots 3 Total civil aircraft 2

Year Total

Lighted

Total

Airline transport

Commercial

Private

2001 ............................................

19 306

...

...

612 274

144 702

120 502

243 823

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1991 ............................................

19 281 19 098 18 770 18 345 18 292 18 224 18 343 18 317 17 846 17 581

... ... ... 4 832 4 847 4 838 4 830 4 842 4 831 4 811

... ... ... 200 000 198 600 195 500 281 000 279 000 277 000 275 500

625 581 635 472 618 298 616 000 622 000 639 184 654 000 665 000 683 000 692 000

141 596 137 642 134 612 131 000 127 000 123 877 117 000 117 000 116 000 112 000

121 858 124 261 122 053 125 000 129 000 133 980 139 000 143 000 146 000 148 000

251 561 258 749 247 226 248 000 254 000 261 000 284 000 284 000 288 000 293 000

1990 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1981 ............................................

17 490 17 446 17 327 17 015 16 582 16 319 16 075 16 029 15 831 15 476

4 822 4 443 4 890 4 922 4 954 4 941 4 889 4 878 4 844 4 795

275 900 274 800 272 700 275 100 275 700 274 900 271 500 264 900 259 000 261 600

703 000 700 000 694 000 700 000 709 000 710 000 722 000 718 000 733 000 764 000

108 000 102 000 97 000 91 000 87 000 83 000 79 000 75 000 73 000 70 000

149 000 145 000 143 000 144 000 148 000 152 000 155 000 159 000 165 000 169 000

299 000 293 000 300 000 301 000 306 000 311 000 322 000 319 000 322 000 329 000

1980 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1971 ............................................

15 161 14 746 14 574 14 117 13 770 13 251 13 062 12 700 12 405 12 070

4 738 4 631 4 567 4 483 4 362 4 171 3 999 3 880 3 827 3 759

259 400 251 500 236 800 215 300 205 900 196 300 188 000 179 800 170 800 166 800

827 000 815 000 799 000 784 000 744 000 728 000 734 000 715 000 751 000 741 000

70 000 64 000 56 000 50 000 45 000 43 000 41 000 38 000 38 000 36 000

183 000 182 000 186 000 189 000 188 000 189 000 192 000 182 000 196 000 192 000

357 000 343 000 338 000 327 000 309 000 306 000 306 000 299 000 321 000 313 000

1970 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1961 ............................................

11 261 11 050 10 470 10 126 9 673 9 566 9 490 8 814 8 084 7 715

3 554 3 430 3 312 3 149 2 988 2 878 2 773 2 672 2 481 2 299

154 450 190 749 179 285 166 598 155 132 142 078 137 189 129 975 124 273 117 904

732 729 720 028 691 695 617 931 548 757 479 770 431 041 378 700 830 220 804 707

34 430 31 442 28 607 25 817 23 917 22 440 21 572 20 269 23 220 22 042

186 821 176 585 164 458 150 135 131 539 116 665 108 428 96 341 275 495 268 707

303 779 299 491 281 728 253 312 222 427 196 393 175 574 152 209 531 505 513 958

1960 ............................................ 1959 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1954 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1951 ............................................

6 881 6 426 6 018 6 412 7 028 6 839 6 977 6 760 6 042 6 237

2 133 1 943 1 809 1 713 1 399 1 247 1 108 1 050 1 858 ...

111 580 105 309 98 893 93 189 87 531 85 320 92 067 91 102 89 313 88 545

783 232 758 368 731 078 702 519 669 079 643 201 613 695 585 974 581 218 580 574

20 985 19 364 18 303 16 900 15 295 13 700 13 341 12 757 11 357 10 813

262 437 255 377 245 541 237 149 221 096 211 142 201 441 195 363 193 575 197 900

499 810 483 627 467 234 448 470 432 688 418 359 398 913 377 854 376 286 371 861

1950 ............................................ 1949 ............................................ 1948 ............................................ 1947 ............................................ 1946 ............................................ 1945 ............................................ 1944 ............................................ 1943 ............................................ 1942 ............................................ 1941 ............................................

6 403 6 484 6 414 5 759 4 490 4 026 3 427 2 769 2 809 2 484

1 670 1 480 1 521 1 447 1 019 1 007 964 859 700 662

92 809 92 622 95 997 94 821 81 002 37 789 27 919 27 180 27 170 26 013

... 525 174 491 306 433 241 400 061 296 895 183 383 173 206 166 626 129 947

... 9 025 7 762 7 059 7 654 5 815 3 046 2 315 2 177 1 587

... 187 769 176 846 181 912 203 251 162 873 68 449 63 940 55 760 34 578

... 328 380 306 699 244 270 189 156 128 207 111 888 106 951 108 689 93 782

1940 ............................................ 1939 ............................................ 1938 ............................................ 1937 ............................................ 1936 ............................................ 1935 ............................................ 1934 ............................................ 1933 ............................................ 1932 ............................................ 1931 ............................................

2 331 2 280 2 374 2 299 2 342 2 368 2 297 2 188 2 117 2 093

776 735 719 720 705 698 664 626 701 680

17 928 13 772 11 159 10 836 9 229 9 072 8 322 9 284 10 324 10 780

69 829 33 706 22 983 17 681 15 952 14 805 13 949 13 960 18 594 17 739

1 431 1 197 1 159 1 064 842 736 676 554 330 ...

18 791 11 677 7 839 6 411 7 288 7 362 7 484 7 635 7 967 8 513

49 607 20 832 13 985 10 206 7 822 6 707 5 789 5 771 10 297 9 226

1930 ............................................ 1929 ............................................ 1928 ............................................ 1927 ............................................

1 782 1 550 1 364 1 036

640 ... ... ...

9 818 9 922 5 104 2 740

15 280 10 430 4 887 1 572

... ... ... ...

7 847 6 165 ... ...

7 433 4 265 ... ...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes seaplane bases, heliports, and beginning 1954, military fields having joing civil-military use. Prior to 1954, all military fields are included. 21946–1952 includes gliders. Beginning 1950 and until 1994, includes active and inactive aircraft; after 1994, active aircraft only. 3Beginning 1963, data are for active certified airplane pilots only. Also beginning 1963, total includes student, helicopter, glider, glider, and other pilots,


not shown separately.


321

Table 20-20. Top 40 Airports in 2002—Passengers Enplaned, 1992 and 2002 (Number in thousands, rank) 1992

2002

Airport Total passengers

Rank

Total passengers

Rank

All Airports ................................................................

454 060

X

558 705

X

Total Top 40 ............................................................... Atlanta (Hartsfield Intl), GA ......................................... Chicago (O’Hare Intl), IL ............................................. Dallas/Ft Worth Intl, TX ............................................... Los Angeles Intl, CA ................................................... Denver Intl, CO ........................................................... Phoenix Sky Harbor Intl, AZ ........................................ Las Vegas (McCarran Intl) NV .................................... Minneapolis-St Paul Intl, MN ....................................... Detroit (Wayne County), MI ........................................ Houston International, TX ...........................................

343 114 19 705 28 948 24 671 18 395 13 595 10 787 9 347 10 055 10 425 8 358

X 3 1 2 4 6 7 12 11 10 21

428 111 34 927 27 029 22 759 19 397 16 077 15 952 15 581 14 639 13 939 13 343

X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Seattle-Tacoma Intl, WA ............................................. Orlando Intl, FL ........................................................... St Louis (Lambert-St Louis Muni), MO ........................ San Francisco Intl, CA ................................................ Newark, NJ ................................................................. Charlotte (Douglas Muni), NC ..................................... New York (LaGuardia), NY ......................................... Cincinatti, OH .............................................................. Philadelphia, PA .......................................................... Boston, (Logan Intl), MA .............................................

8 572 8 765 10 436 14 208 10 479 8 239 9 252 4 916 6 968 9 320

19 16 9 5 8 22 14 27 23 13

12 222 12 133 11 748 11 253 11 138 10 147 9 889 9 882 9 788 9 174

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Baltimore, MD ............................................................. Chicago, IL (Midway) .................................................. Salt Lake City, UT ....................................................... Pittsburgh, PA ............................................................. Miami/Ft Lauderdale, FL ............................................. Miami Intl, FL .............................................................. Tampa, FL ................................................................... New York,( JFK), NY ................................................... Honolulu, HI ................................................................ San Diego (Intl-Lindbergh), CA ...................................

3 648 1 983 6 096 8 582 3 499 9 076 4 398 8 468 8 742 5 657

35 56 25 18 38 15 30 20 17 26

8 949 7 770 7 718 7 688 7 676 7 444 7 317 7 293 7 169 7 114

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Oakland Metro Intl, CA ................................................ Portland, OR ............................................................... Washington (Reagan National), DC ............................ Kansas City, MO ......................................................... San Jose Intl, CA ........................................................ Cleveland (Hopkins Intl), OH ...................................... Washington (Dulles Intl), DC ....................................... Memphis, TN ............................................................... New Orleans, LA ......................................................... Sacramento, CA ..........................................................

3 104 3 588 6 837 3 515 3 137 3 785 4 479 3 339 3 252 2 489

42 36 24 37 41 34 28 39 40 49

5 977 5 795 5 715 5 105 5 028 5 003 4 978 4 702 4 548 4 107

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. X = Not applicable.

322


Table 20-21—Series Q 284-312. Railroad Mileage and Equipment, 1896–2001 (Number.) Equipment 1 Year

Total mileage of track Total locomotives in service 2

Freight-train cars in service 3

Passenger-train cars in service, railroad only

Average capacity 4

Number

December 31 2001 ............................................

204 000

19 745

...

500 000

...

2000 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1991 ............................................

205 000 207 000 224 000 225 000 228 000 228 000 232 000 231 000 234 000 241 000

20 028 20 256 20 261 19 684 19 269 18 812 18 505 18 161 18 004 18 344

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

560 000 579 000 576 000 568 000 571 000 583 000 591 000 587 000 605 000 633 000

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1990 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1981 ............................................

244 000 249 000 251 000 254 000 256 000 257 000 264 000 270 000 275 000 278 000

18 835 19 015 19 364 19 358 20 790 22 932 22 548 25 838 27 073 27 808

... ... 2 332 2 350 2 307 2 502 2 580 2 610 3 736 3 945

659 000 682 000 725 000 749 000 799 000 867 000 948 000 1 007 000 1 039 000 1 111 000

87.5 87.8 86.4 85.0 84.1 83.2 83.4 82.4 81.6 80.5

1980 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1971 ............................................

290 000 300 000 322 000 321 000 314 000 324 000 354 000 354 000 356 000 359 194

28 094 27 900 27 000 29 700 29 600 28 210 30 110 29 926 29 338 29 185

4 347 2 400 2 400 5 700 5 600 6 471 7 080 7 363 7 763 8 869

1 168 000 1 148 000 1 201 000 1 275 000 1 309 000 1 359 000 1 373 000 1 387 000 1 411 000 1 441 000

78.5 77.7 76.9 75.5 73.8 72.9 71.4 70.5 69.6 68.4

1970 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1961 ............................................

360 330 364 915 366 238 368 030 370 104 370 636 372 300 374 522 376 290 379 415

29 122 29 090 29 448 29 874 30 124 30 061 30 296 30 506 30 701 30 889

11 378 12 630 14 816 17 822 18 974 20 022 21 510 22 616 23 430 24 433

1 453 708 1 464 194 1 484 571 1 510 963 1 523 741 1 515 169 1 517 564 1 542 456 1 581 213 1 635 342

67.1 65.8 64.3 63.4 61.4 59.8 58.2 56.8 56.3 55.7

1960 ............................................ 1959 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1954 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1951 ............................................

381 745 383 912 385 264 386 978 389 668 390 965 392 580 393 736 394 631 395 831

31 178 31 539 31 616 32 391 32 593 33 533 35 033 37 251 39 697 42 473

25 746 27 419 28 999 29 564 30 817 32 118 33 035 34 106 34 942 36 326

1 690 396 1 708 116 1 755 775 1 777 557 1 738 631 1 723 747 1 761 386 1 801 874 1 783 352 1 777 878

55.4 55.0 54.8 54.5 54.0 53.7 53.7 53.5 53.2 52.9

1950 ............................................ 1949 ............................................ 1948 ............................................ 1947 ............................................ 1946 ............................................ 1945 ............................................ 1944 ............................................ 1943 ............................................ 1942 ............................................ 1941 ............................................

396 380 397 232 397 203 397 355 398 037 398 054 398 437 398 730 399 627 403 625

42 951 43 272 44 474 44 344 45 511 46 253 46 305 45 406 44 671 44 375

37 359 38 006 39 406 39 057 38 697 38 633 38 217 38 331 38 446 38 334

1 745 778 1 778 811 1 785 067 1 759 758 1 768 400 1 787 073 1 797 012 1 784 472 1 773 735 1 732 673

52.6 52.4 51.9 51.5 51.3 51.1 50.8 50.7 50.5 50.3

1940 ............................................ 1939 ............................................ 1938 ............................................ 1937 ............................................ 1936 ............................................ 1935 ............................................ 1934 ............................................ 1933 ............................................ 1932 ............................................ 1931 ............................................

405 975 408 350 411 324 414 572 416 381 419 228 422 401 425 664 428 402 429 823

44 333 45 172 46 544 47 555 48 009 49 541 51 423 54 228 56 732 58 652

38 308 38 977 39 931 40 949 41 390 42 426 44 884 47 677 50 598 52 096

1 684 171 1 680 519 1 731 096 1 776 428 1 790 043 1 867 381 1 973 247 2 072 632 2 184 690 2 245 904

50.0 49.7 49.4 49.2 48.8 48.3 48.0 47.5 47.0 47.0

1Includes switching and terminal companies. 2For 1890–1927, number of locomotives; for 1928,

number of units, except for steam locomotives. (A unit is the least number of wheel bases together with superstructure cabable of independent propulsion, but not necessarily equipped with an independent control.)

3Excludes caboose cars. 4For 1916–1956, represents

steam locomotives and freight cars of class I railroads, excluding switching and terminal companies; for 1957–1967, includes all class I locomotives, excluding switching and terminal companies. . . . = Not available.


323

Table 20-21—Series Q 284-312. Railroad Mileage and Equipment, 1896–2001—Continued (Number.) Equipment 1 Year

Total mileage of track Total locomotives in service 2

Passenger-train cars in service, railroad only

Freight-train cars in service 3 Average capacity 4

Number

1930 ............................................ 1929 ............................................ 1928 ............................................ 1927 ............................................ 1926 ............................................ 1925 ............................................ 1924 ............................................ 1923 ............................................ 1922 ............................................ 1921 ............................................

429 883 429 054 427 750 424 737 421 341 417 954 415 028 412 993 409 359 407 531

60 189 61 257 63 311 65 348 66 847 68 098 69 486 69 414 68 518 69 122

53 584 53 838 54 800 55 729 56 855 56 814 57 451 57 159 56 827 56 950

2 322 267 2 323 683 2 346 751 2 378 800 2 403 967 2 414 083 2 411 627 2 379 131 2 352 483 2 378 510

46.9 46.3 45.8 45.5 45.1 44.8 44.3 43.8 43.1 42.5

1920 ............................................ 1919 ............................................ 1918 ............................................ 1917 ............................................ 1916 ............................................

403 580 403 891 402 343 400 353 397 014

68 942 68 977 67 936 66 070 65 595

56 102 56 290 56 611 55 939 55 193

2 388 424 2 426 889 2 397 943 2 379 472 2 329 475

42.4 41.9 41.6 41.5 40.9

June 30 1916 ............................................ 1915 ............................................ 1914 ............................................ 1913 ............................................ 1912 ............................................ 1911 ............................................

394 944 391 142 387 208 379 508 371 238 362 824

65 314 66 502 67 012 65 597 63 463 62 463

54 774 55 810 54 492 52 717 51 583 49 906

2 343 378 2 341 567 2 349 734 2 298 478 2 229 163 2 208 997

40.5 39.7 39.1 38.3 37.4 36.9

1910 ............................................ 1909 ............................................ 1908 ............................................ 1907 ............................................ 1906 ............................................ 1905 ............................................ 1904 ............................................ 1903 ............................................ 1902 ............................................ 1901 ............................................

351 767 342 351 333 646 327 975 317 083 306 797 297 073 283 822 274 196 265 352

60 019 58 219 57 698 55 388 51 672 48 357 46 743 43 871 41 225 39 584

47 179 45 664 45 292 43 973 42 262 40 713 39 752 38 140 36 987 35 969

2 148 478 2 086 835 2 100 784 1 991 557 1 837 914 1 731 409 1 692 194 1 653 782 1 546 101 1 464 328

35.9 35.3 34.9 33.8 32.2 30.8 30.1 29.4 ... ...

1900 ............................................ 1899 ............................................ 1898 ............................................ 1897 ............................................ 1896 ............................................

258 784 250 143 245 334 242 013 239 140

37 663 36 703 36 234 35 986 35 950

34 713 33 850 33 595 33 626 33 003

1 365 531 1 295 510 1 248 826 1 221 730 1 221 887

... ... ... ... ...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes switching and terminal companies. 2For 1890–1927, number of locomotives; for 1928,

number of units, except for steam locomotives. (A unit is the least number of wheel bases together with superstructure cabable of independent propulsion, but not necessarily equipped with an independent control.)

3Excludes caboose cars. 4For 1916–1956, represents

steam locomotives and freight cars of class I railroads, excluding switching and terminal companies; for 1957–1967, includes all class I locomotives, excluding switching and terminal companies. . . . = Not available.

324


Table 20-22—Series Q 331-345. Railroad Freight Traffic, 1912–2001 (Thousands of revenue-tons.) Year

Total revenue freight originated (Class I railroads in carloads)

December 31 2001 ......................................................

1 742 000

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 738 000 1 717 000 1 649 000 1 585 000 1 611 000 1 550 000 1 470 000 1 397 000 1 399 000 1 383 000

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 425 000 1 403 000 1 429 000 1 372 000 1 306 000 1 312 100 1 429 400 1 292 600 1 268 600 1 453 000

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 492 400 1 502 100 1 390 400 1 394 700 1 370 000 1 395 100 1 530 000 1 532 000 1 448 000 1 391 000

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 484 110 1 472 620 1 430 441 1 406 668 1 447 852 1 386 090 1 353 117 1 283 382 1 231 415 1 191 154

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 237 575 1 228 277 1 185 951 1 374 884 1 440 937 1 389 346 1 217 005 1 376 046 1 343 294 1 467 023

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 343 308 1 213 911 1 488 612 1 514 985 1 342 230 1 404 080 1 471 366 1 462 314 1 403 612 1 209 559

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

994 728 886 794 757 470 998 398 942 538 775 588 750 951 684 592 630 989 871 412


Table 20-22—Series Q 331-345. Railroad Freight Traffic, 1912–2001—Continued (Thousands of revenue-tons.) Year

Total revenue freight originated (Class I railroads in carloads)

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 123 530 1 303 048 1 248 989 1 243 171 1 296 651 1 206 655 1 146 747 1 234 692 980 516 898 191

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 202 219 1 045 148 1 209 957 1 210 247 1 150 456

June 30 1916 ...................................................... 1915 ...................................................... 1914 ...................................................... 1913 ...................................................... 1912 ......................................................

878 761 982 892 1 026 817 889 999 866 398


325

326


Table 20-23. Cargo-Carrying U.S.-Flag Fleet, by Area of Operation, 2002 (Number; thousands of metric tons, one ton equals 100 cubic feet of space.) Total fleet

Liquid carriers

Dry bulk carriers

Other freighters 1

Containerships

Area of operation Number

Tons

Number

Tons

Number

Tons

Number

Tons

Number

Tons

VESSELS OF 1,000 GROSS TONS AND MORE Grand Total ................................................................ Foreign waterborne trade 2 ......................................... Domestic trade ............................................................ Coastal .................................................................... Inland waterway ...................................................... Great Lakes ............................................................ Government ................................................................

3 166 347 2 639 953 1 634 52 180

30 282 6 672 20 053 13 190 5 297 1 566 3 557

1 954 73 1 853 511 1 339 3 28

16 888 1 642 14 362 9 935 4 410 17 884

627 169 458 209 206 43 -

5 132 1 659 3 473 1 387 572 1 514 -

117 61 51 51 5

3 206 2 373 747 747 86

468 44 277 182 89 6 147

5 056 998 1 471 1 121 315 35 2 587

Total Self-Propelled .................................................. Foreign waterborne trade 2 ......................................... Domestic trade ............................................................ Coastal .................................................................... Inland waterway ...................................................... Great Lakes ............................................................ Government ................................................................

489 150 159 121 38 180

17 567 5 662 8 348 6 976 1 372 3 557

137 24 85 85 28

8 393 1 332 6 177 6 177 884

60 22 38 1 37 -

2 363 979 1 384 33 1 351 -

90 61 24 24 5

3 050 2 373 591 591 86

202 43 12 11 1 147

3 761 978 196 175 21 2 587

Total Non-Self-Propelled 3 ........................................ Foreign waterborne trade 2 ......................................... Domestic trade ............................................................ Coastal .................................................................... Inland waterway ...................................................... Great Lakes ............................................................

2 677 197 2 480 832 1 634 14

12 715 1 010 11 705 6 214 5 297 194

1 817 49 1 768 426 1 339 3

8 495 310 8 185 3 758 4 410 17

567 147 420 208 206 6

2 769 680 2 089 1 354 572 163

27 27 27 -

156 156 156 -

266 1 265 171 89 5

1 295 20 1 275 946 315 14

Grand Total ................................................................ Foreign waterborne trade 2 ......................................... Domestic trade ............................................................ Coastal .................................................................... Inland waterway ...................................................... Great Lakes ............................................................

27 552 101 27 451 1 847 25 493 111

40 938 51 40 887 1 432 39 301 154

1 767 6 1 761 110 1 647 4

2 689 4 2 685 117 2 565 3

21 705 95 21 610 380 21 211 19

34 449 47 34 402 549 33 828 25

-

-

4 080 4 080 1 357 2 635 88

3 800 3 800 766 2 908 126

Total Self-Propelled .................................................. Domestic trade ............................................................ Coastal .................................................................... Inland waterway ...................................................... Great Lakes ............................................................

111 111 75 27 9

55 55 31 21 3

20 20 17 1 2

14 14 10 3 1

3 3 3

2 2 -

2

-

88 88 5 821 2 618 4

39 39 -

Total Non-Self-Propelled .......................................... Foreign waterborne trade 2 ......................................... Domestic trade ............................................................ Coastal .................................................................... Inland waterway ...................................................... Great Lakes ............................................................

27 441 101 27 340 1 772 25 466 102

40 883 51 40 832 1 401 39 280 151

1 747 6 1 741 93 1 646 2

2 675 4 2 671 107 2 562 2

21 702 95 21 607 380 21 211 16

34 447 47 34 400 549 33 828 23

-

-

3 992 3 992 1 299 2 609 84

3 761 3 761 745 2 890 126

VESSELS LESS THAN 1,000 GROSS TONS

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes 2Includes 3Includes

general cargo, ro-ro (roll-on, roll-off), multipurpose, lighter aboard ship (LASH) vessels, and deck barges. Excludes offshore supply vessels. U.S./Canada TransLakes. Integrated Tug Barge (ITB) Units. - = Quantity zero.


327

Table 20-24. Waterborne Commerce, by Type of Commodity, 1990–2001 (Millions of short tons.) 2001 Commodity

1990

2000 1

1995

Total

TOTAL 1 ................................................

2 163.9

2 240.4

Coal ......................................................

339.9

324.5

Petroleum and Petroleum Products .. Crude petroleum ................................... Petroleum products 1 ............................. Gasoline ............................................ Distillate fuel oil ................................. Residual fuel oil ................................

923.2 485.7 437.5 116.9 77.4 145.2

907.1 504.6 402.5 114.4 76.7 111.9

Chemicals and Related Products ...... Fertilizers .............................................. Other chemicals and related products ...

123.8 32.2 91.6

153.7 35.7 118.0

Crude Material, Inedible 1 ................... Forest products, wood and chips .......... Pulp and waste paper ............................ Soil, sand, gravel, rock, and stone ........ Limestone .......................................... Phosphate rock ................................. Sand and gravel ................................ Iron ore and scrap ................................ Marineshells ......................................... Nonferrous ores and scrap .................... Sulphur, clay and salt ........................... Slag ...................................................... Other nonmetal minerals .......................

374.7 55.7 11.8 144.2 43.1 14.6 62.9 101.7 2.1 31.2 8.2 2.3 17.5

Primary Manufactured Goods 1 .......... Papers products .................................... Lime, cement and glass ........................ Primary iron and steel products ............. Primary nonferrous metal products ....... Primary wood products .........................

Foreign imports

2 386.8

1 042.5

297.0

303.3

1 044.0 571.4 472.4 125.2 91.7 131.6

1 048.6 573.6 475.0 127.7 91.1 133.7

172.4 35.1 137.3

381.7 47.2 14.9 152.5 54.0 10.7 77.0 104.9 0.5 27.9 23.4 1.9 8.4

76.0 10.7 28.3 25.1 8.9 3.0

Food and Farm Products 1 ................. Fish ....................................................... Grain 1 .................................................. Corn ................................................... Wheat ................................................ Oilseeds ................................................ Soybeans ......................................... Vegetables products .............................. Processed grain and animal feed .......... Other agricultural products ....................

Foreign exports

945.1

399.0

227.7

19.9

55.8

369.7 86.0 283.8 93.1 65.6 78.7

620.6 486.2 134.3 27.7 20.6 40.9

58.3 1.3 57.0 6.9 5.0 14.0

169.7 39.0 130.6

71.1 14.2 56.9

43.8 11.3 32.6

54.7 13.6 41.2

380.3 33.1 13.6 165.0 67.4 3.4 79.0 97.9 0.3 29.2 11.3 4.0 25.9

354.0 27.1 13.8 162.6 68.9 1.7 77.5 76.8 0.3 25.7 10.3 4.4 33.1

213.7 10.2 0.2 129.3 56.0 1.7 68.5 54.0 0.2 6.2 1.5 1.7 10.5

95.0 6.1 1.2 29.8 10.4 8.1 13.4 17.1 3.9 2.6 20.9

45.3 10.7 12.5 3.5 2.4 0.9 9.3 2.4 4.9 0.1 1.8

106.3 13.1 33.9 44.1 12.3 2.9

153.0 12.1 55.9 57.1 25.5 2.5

137.1 11.9 52.1 46.6 23.8 2.7

40.3 0.4 19.9 13.9 6.1 0.1

82.9 5.4 31.0 31.6 12.6 2.3

13.9 6.1 1.3 1.0 5.1 0.3

267.5 3.2 157.3 96.1 44.5 36.0 32.2 6.7 28.2 36.3

303.2 3.6 167.9 105.0 48.5 46.1 42.0 9.0 33.0 43.5

283.3 2.4 145.2 88.2 43.4 57.6 47.3 8.9 23.1 46.1

281.9 2.4 140.7 87.9 40.3 61.5 49.4 8.8 22.4 46.1

96.5 0.1 54.8 39.0 12.1 25.2 20.0 1.2 7.7 7.3

30.8 1.3 1.6 0.1 0.2 0.6 3.5 1.0 23.0

154.6 1.0 84.3 48.8 28.0 35.6 29.4 3.9 13.9 15.8

All Manufacturing Equipment, Machinery and Products ..................

42.2

57.0

83.6

80.3

19.9

47.7

12.8

Waste and Scrap, nec ........................

13.2

5.4

4.3

3.5

3.5

-

-

Unknown or Not Elsewhere Classified ..........................................

3.4

1.6

6.8

8.2

0.1

4.4

3.7


categories not shown separately. - = Quantity zero or rounds to zero.

2 424.6

Domestic

328


Table 20-25. Merchant Fleets of the World, 2001 (Vessels of 1,000 gross tons and over.) Country of registry

Total

Dry bulk 1

Tanker

Containership

Roll-on/roll-off

Cruise/passenger

Other 2

World Total, 2001 .................................

28 070

7 053

5 714

2 661

1 513

305

10 824

United States ....................................... Privately-owned ................................. Government-owned ...........................

444 261 183

131 104 27

17 17 -

91 86 5

60 28 32

13 2 11

132 24 108

Foreign Total ........................................ Panama ................................................. Liberia .................................................... Russia ................................................... China, People’s Republic of .................. Malta ...................................................... Cyprus ................................................... Bahamas ............................................... Singapore .............................................. Saint Vincent & the Grenadines ............

27 626 4 758 1 505 1 477 1 451 1 339 1 244 996 862 750

6 922 1 141 583 271 268 339 167 248 410 91

5 697 1 449 353 97 325 436 451 162 130 138

2 570 525 277 21 103 57 120 60 165 28

1 453 308 58 8 16 56 29 65 32 32

292 42 28 6 3 4 8 74 5

10 692 1 293 206 1 074 736 447 469 387 125 456

Greece ................................................... Norway (NIS) 3 ...................................... Antigua & Barbuda ................................ Japan ..................................................... Indonesia ............................................... Turkey ................................................... Netherlands ........................................... Korea (South) ........................................ Italy ........................................................ Hong Kong ............................................

717 650 620 607 562 536 518 491 424 414

287 311 17 246 127 94 66 138 216 48

277 85 20 153 27 149 2 101 48 249

46 5 164 21 26 23 48 47 28 62

24 69 24 120 12 26 17 9 81 3

16 9 6 3 9 3 12 -

67 171 395 61 370 241 376 193 39 52

Philippines ............................................. Cambodia .............................................. Germany ................................................ Malaysia ................................................ Belize ..................................................... Denmark (DIS) 3 .................................... India ....................................................... Thailand ................................................. Marshall Islands .................................... Honduras ...............................................

406 389 362 351 348 302 301 283 250 213

55 10 13 115 54 73 100 93 113 44

143 32 54 16 7 113 28 81 13

6 1 223 50 8 73 7 13 38 2

31 3 10 8 4 13 1 3

1 3 2 1 2

170 343 113 122 266 136 81 148 17 149

United Kingdom ..................................... Ukraine .................................................. Isle of Man ............................................. Sweden ................................................. China, Republic of (Taiwan) .................. Brazil ..................................................... Iran ........................................................ Vietnam ................................................. Syria ...................................................... Netherlands Antilles ..............................

201 195 188 172 166 148 138 138 130 121

61 16 84 61 17 68 31 24 1 8

6 6 23 7 49 39 47 12 8 1

51 3 17 67 7 7 2 20

32 2 21 60 1 9 2 1 1 3

16 1

35 7 161 43 44 32 25 51 99 120 88

Cayman Islands ..................................... Portugal (MAR) 3 ................................... Egypt ..................................................... Korea (North) ......................................... All other .................................................

119 108 104 100 2 472

52 32 15 4 710

24 9 20 5 302

3 3 2 141

1 10 7 241

1 1 29

39 53 60 90 1 049

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002. 1Includes bulk/oil, ore/oil, and ore/bulk/oil carriers. 2Breakbulk ships, partial containerships, refrigerated cargo ships, barge and specialized cargo ships. 3International Shipping Registry which is an open registry under which the ship flies the flag of the specified

- = Quantity zero.

nation but is exempt from certain taxation and other regulations.


329

Table 20-26. Freight Carried on Major U.S. Waterways, 1980–2001 (Millions of tons.) Waterway

Atlantic intracoastal waterway .... Great Lakes ................................ Gulf intracoastal waterway ......... Mississippi River system 1 .......... Mississippi River mainstem .... Ohio River system 2 ................ Columbia River ........................... Snake River ................................

1980

4.0 183.5 94.5 584.2 441.5 179.3 49.2 5.1

1985

1990

3.1 148.1 102.5 527.8 384.0 203.9 42.4 3.5

4.2 167.1 115.5 659.6 475.6 260.0 51.4 4.8

1995

3.5 177.7 117.9 710.1 520.2 267.6 57.1 6.8

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Main 2Main

channels and all tributaries of the Mississippi, Illinois, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers. channels and all navigable tributaries and embayments of the Ohio, Tennessee, and Cumberland Rivers.

1997

3.6 188.6 118.1 707.1 504.7 274.9 52.7 6.1

1998

3.8 192.2 113.8 708.3 504.4 278.8 49.1 5.8

1999

3.4 182.9 109.6 716.9 512.3 277.9 50.7 5.8

2000

3.1 187.5 113.8 715.5 515.6 274.4 55.2 6.7

2001

2.5 171.4 112.2 714.8 504.2 281.8 50.3 5.6

SECTION

21

COMMUNICATIONS

332


SECTION 21

COMMUNICATIONS Highlights

Percentage of Households with Computers and Internet Access, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2001 100 Households with computers Households with Internet access 80 72.7 68.1

Percent

60

61.1 55.4 44.7

40

40.0

38.7

37.1

32.0

30.8 20

0 White

Black

American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut

Asian or Pacific Islander

Hispanic

Race and Hispanic origin

1

Communication systems are regulated primarily by the Federal Communications Commission and also by the Interstate Commerce Commission. The bulk of the regional telephone services are provided by the socalled Baby Bells, but the telecommunications industry has been transformed beyond recognition by new communications technology. There is no longer any distinction between local and regional providers and carriers and national ones, and all communications companies are engaged not only in telephones, but in video, Internet, satellites, data transmission, cellulars, interactives and a host of other new services. AT&T continues to be the largest communications company, closely followed by MCI (owned by Worldcom) and Sprint. Until the 1980s, AT&T was a virtual monopoly, controlling

virtually all local and interstate facilities and services. Through Western Union, it controlled production facilities as well. The number of companies within AT&T (known as American Bell Telephone Company until 1900) varied from time to time. At its peak in 1915/1916, it included 39 companies, but subsequent consolidations reduced it to 25. At the time of its breakup, it included 21 totally owned and controlled regional companies (AT&T owned 100 percent of the outstanding shares, although these companies operated under their own names), one subsidiary of one of these regional companies, two companies in which it had substantial minority interests (Cincinnati Bell and Southern New England Telephone Company), Bell Telephone Laboratories, and Western Electric Company.

SECTION 21: COMMUNICATIONS

2

An interesting footnote in the history of U.S. communications is the story of the rise and fall of Western Union Telegraph. Founded in 1851 as the New York and Mississippi Valley Printing and Telegraph Company, it emerged within a few decades as the sole telegraph company in the United States. Western Union developed close contractual ties with the railways, constructing telegraph pole lines along railroad rights-of-way and using railroad stations and personnel for pickup and delivery of telegraph messages. Western Union’s most serious rival was the Postal Telegraph which was acquired in the 1880s by Mackay’s Commercial Cable Company (later IT&T). Postal Telegraph merged with the Western Union in 1943, but shortly thereafter telegraph was rendered obsolete by other modern forms of communication.

3

Another nineteenth century technological breakthrough that became obsolete was the submarine cable. The first successful cable linking North America with Europe was laid in 1866. The first telegraph rate on cable (presumably from New York to London) was $100 for 100 words. Subsequently, it was reduced, first to $50 and later to $25. By 1868, the rate had fallen to $15.75 and by 1885 to $4.00. By 1916, the New York to London rate was $.17 cents per word. Radio was not a significant factor in overseas communication until the Radio Corporation of America entered the field as successor to the Marconi Company, which was the first company to utilize and market the invention of wireless.

4

Among all forms of communications, federal control has been most effective in radio and television. In 1912, the Department of Commerce was given authority to license radio equipment, operators and broadcast stations, which began operation in 1921. On February 23, 1927, Congress established the Federal Radio Commission; its powers were transferred to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1934.

5

Statistics on radio and television are provided in the annual reports of the FCC as well as its Statistics of the Communications Industry. Unlike the telephone and telegraph, radio and television are not common carriers (public utilities that are subject to strict government supervision) and therefore are not subject to rate or earnings regulation. Statistics on radio and television broadcasting stations are presented in terms of licensed and authorized stations, the former generally referring to operating stations. FM radio was authorized as a regular service in 1941; in the same year the first commercial station was licensed. Noncommercial FM is a separate service with a specific spectrum allocation. Television was first authorized on a regular commercial basis on July 1, 1941, and two stations in New York were the first to begin operations. Time series broadcast

333

advertising were first developed by L. D. H. Weld of McCann-Erickson Advertising Agency and continued after his death in 1946 by Hans Zeisel and others.

6

The first mail service was started in the Colonies in 1673 between New York and Boston, a distance of 260 miles. The trip took two weeks on horseback; much of that time was spent waiting for ferries. Mail was not inexpensive. At a time when a decent day’s wage was 50 cents, a letter from New York to Philadelphia cost $3.50, and from New York to Williamsburg, Virginia, $11.50. The first postage rates were fixed by the Continental Congress in 1782. In the early days the recipient rather than the sender paid the postage. In 1847, postage stamps were introduced, and in 1885, compulsory prepayment for all domestic letter mail was established. Postcards were introduced in 1898. It was not until 1863 that mail was divided into classes. Local rates were often improvised because no one knew for sure how much it cost to transport mail. The first letter rate on the Pony Express (which operated between Missouri and California during 1860 and 1861) was $5 for a half ounce; it was later reduced to $2 and then $1. Rates continued to fall well into the twentieth century, reaching their lowest in 1928 and 1946 when a first-class postage stamp cost only 5 cents. Postage rates have been rising since then, while telephone rates have done the opposite. In 1915, it cost $20.70 to call New York from San Francisco, but only 5 cents to mail a letter; in 1999, it cost only 7 cents for the same long distance call (for one minute), but 33 cents to mail a letter.

7

Since 1970, contrary to popular perceptions and prejudices against “snail mail,” the U.S. Postal Service has become one of the most efficient and productive businesses in the nation. Although the number of post offices is down from 30,754 in 1975 to 27,791 in 2002, the number of pieces of mail handled grew from 89.3 billion to 202.8 billion, the number of employees from 667,000 to 854,000, and operating revenues from $19.253 billion to $66.463 billion during the same period.

8

A book has never been properly defined, but according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) it is any printed and bound publication longer than 49 pages that is not a periodical. Book publishing statistics, compiled from a number of sources, are not strictly comparable over time and may vary depending on what is included as well as what is excluded. The legal requirement of copyright and deposit of copies with the Library of Congress ensures that the publication of the vast majority of books is documented. The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) system also has the same effect, although compliance is voluntary.

334


9

In 2001, book publishers employed 89,700 paid employees, with an annual payroll of $4,803 million. The book title output, the most important industry indicator, has increased from 46,738 in 1990 to 96,080 in 2000. The subjects with most titles are sociology and economics (12,039), fiction (11,808), science (7,140), history (6,948), religion (5,086), and medicine (4,817). Average hardcover prices have gone up from $24.64 in 1980 to $60.80 in 2000 and trade paperback prices from $8.60 to $29.48.

10 Slightly different trends are found in the newspaper and periodical publishing industry. The number of daily newspapers declined from 1,744 in 1980 to 1,507 in 2000, although the number of periodicals increased from 10,236 to 13,846 during the same period. Fewer people read newspapers in 2002 than in 1970. Total circulation of dailies has fallen from 62.1 million to 55.2 million during this period. In per capita terms, the circulation has fallen from 0.30 to 0.19. Per capita circulation is highest in Virginia (0.43) and lowest in Maryland and Georgia (0.11).

11 Total advertising expenditures in all media were $237.4 billion in 2002. The share of each medium is determined by the nature of the special audience that is being addressed. The highest is television at 24.3 percent, followed by direct mail (19.3 percent), newspapers (18.7 percent), radio (8.0 percent), the “Yellow Pages” (5.8 percent), magazines (4.6 percent), and business papers (1.8 percent).

12 The total value of recording media shipments (including CDs, cassettes, and albums) was $12.614 billion in 2002, down from $14.585 billion in 1999.

13 Deregulation of the telecommunications industry has encouraged competition. In 2002, there were 5,364 service providers (including 2,905 local service providers) and the gross sectoral revenue had grown to $294.4 billion. That same year, there were 253 million access lines handling 515 billion local calls and 98 billion toll calls. International calls numbered 6.265 billion. The telecommunications industry had operating revenues in 2001 of $264.1 billion and operating expenses of $232.9 billion leaving, a net revenue of $31.121 billion.

14 There were 2,481 cellular telephone systems with 140.8 million subscribers in 2002. 15 The United States is fast approaching total saturation in the utilization of all media. In 2001, access to telephones was 94.6 percent, radio 99.0 percent, and television 98.2 percent. Cable is behind at 68.0 percent, computers 56.5 percent, and Internet access 50.5 percent.


335

Table 21-1—Series R 93-105. Radio and Television Stations, Sets Produced, and Households with Sets, 1921–2001 (Number, as of June 30, except as noted.) Operation broadcast stations 1 Year

Standard broadcast (AM)

Frequency modulation (FM), commercial

Cable television

Television (TV), commercial

Households with

Total subscribers (households, in thousands)

Systems

Radio sets (thousands)

Television sets (thousands)

2001 ......................................................

4 727

6 051

1 309

9 926

73 000

...

102 000

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4 685 4 783 4 793 4 762 4 857 4 909 4 913 4 994 4 961 4 985

5 892 5 766 5 662 5 542 5 419 5 296 5 109 4 971 4 785 4 570

1 288 1 243 1 221 1 195 1 174 1 161 1 145 1 137 1 118 1 099

10 243 10 700 10 845 10 950 11 119 11 218 11 214 11 217 11 075 10 704

69 300 68 500 67 000 65 900 64 600 63 000 60 500 58 800 57 200 55 800

... ... ... 98 000 98 000 98 000 98 000 97 300 96 600 65 500

101 000 99 000 98 000 97 000 96 000 95 000 94 000 93 000 92 000 93 000

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4 987 4 975 4 932 4 902 4 863 4 718 4 754 4 733 4 668 4 634

4 392 4 269 4 155 4 041 3 944 3 875 3 716 3 527 3 380 3 349

1 092 1 061 1 028 968 919 883 841 813 777 756

9 575 ... 8 500 7 900 7 600 6 644 6 200 5 600 4 825 4 375

54 900 47 800 43 800 41 000 37 500 31 300 30 000 25 000 21 000 18 300

94 400 92 800 91 100 89 900 88 100 87 100 86 700 ... ... ...

92 000 90 000 89 000 87 000 86 000 85 000 84 000 83 300 81 500 79 900

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4 589 4 511 4 459 4 474 ... 4 463 4 305 4 295 4 273 4 250

3 282 3 036 2 922 3 007 ... 2 767 2 413 2 278 2 229 2 122

734 723 714 697 701 706 694 692 690 688

4 225 4 150 3 875 3 832 3 681 3 506 3 158 2 991 2 841 2 639

15 500 14 100 13 000 11 900 10 800 9 800 8 700 7 300 6 000 5 300

78 600 ... ... ... ... 71 400 ... ... ... ...

76 000 74 500 72 900 71 200 69 600 69 000 ... ... ... ...

1970 ...................................................... 1970 2, 3 ................................................. 1969 ...................................................... 1968 ...................................................... 1967 ...................................................... 1966 ...................................................... 1965 ...................................................... 1964 ...................................................... 1963 ...................................................... 1962 ...................................................... 1961 ......................................................

4 288 ... 4 254 4 203 4 135 4 075 4 025 3 976 3 860 3 745 3 602

2 126 ... 2 018 1 850 1 708 1 515 1 343 1 181 1 120 1 012 889

691 ... 680 655 626 613 589 582 581 571 553

2 490 ... 2 260 2 000 1 770 1 570 1 325 1 200 1 000 800 700

4 500 ... 3 600 2 800 2 100 1 575 1 275 1 085 950 850 725

62 000 108 60 600 58 500 57 500 57 000 55 200 54 000 52 300 51 305 50 695

59 550 60 594 58 250 56 670 55 130 53 850 52 700 51 600 50 300 48 855 47 200

1960* ..................................................... 1960 2 .................................................... 1959 ...................................................... 1958 ...................................................... 1957 ...................................................... 1956 ...................................................... 1955 ...................................................... 1954 ...................................................... 1953 ...................................................... 1952 ...................................................... 1951 ......................................................

3 483 ... 3 377 3 253 3 079 2 896 2 732 2 583 2 458 2 355 2 281

741 ... 622 548 530 530 540 553 580 629 649

579 ... 566 556 519 496 458 402 198 108 107

640 ... 560 525 500 450 400 300 150 70 ...

650 ... 550 450 350 300 150 65 30 14 ...

50 193 48 504 *49 450 48 500 47 600 46 800 45 900 45 100 44 800 42 800 41 900

45 750 46 312 *43 950 41 924 38 900 34 900 30 700 26 000 20 400 15 300 10 320

1950 ...................................................... 1950 2 .................................................... 1949 ...................................................... 1948 ...................................................... 1947 ...................................................... 1946 ...................................................... 1945 ...................................................... 1944 ...................................................... 1943 ...................................................... 1942 4 .................................................... 1941 ......................................................

2 144 ... 2 066 2 034 1 795 1 215 955 924 912 925 897

691 ... 737 1 020 918 511 53 52 48 42 49

104 ... 69 108 66 30 9 9 8 10 2

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

40 700 40 411 39 300 37 623 35 900 33 998 33 100 32 500 30 800 30 600 29 300

3 875 5 030 940 172 14 8 ... ... ... ... ...

1Includes

246

Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam and Virgin Islands for all years. Prior to 1948, the FCC did not keep records on the number of stations on the air. Therefore, data for 1933–1948 are for authorized stations and may include a number that were actually not on the air.

2Census figures, as of April 1. 3In 1970 census of housing, only battery-operated radios were enumerated. 4Authorization of new radio stations and production of radio receivers for commercial


use halted from April 1942 until October 1945.

336


Table 21-1—Series R 93-105. Radio and Television Stations, Sets Produced, and Households with Sets, 1921–2001—Continued (Number, as of June 30, except as noted.) Operation broadcast stations 1 Year

Standard broadcast (AM)

Frequency modulation (FM), commercial

Cable television

Television (TV), commercial

Households with

Total subscribers (households, in thousands)

Systems

Radio sets (thousands)

Television sets (thousands)

1940 ...................................................... 1940 2 .................................................... 1939 ...................................................... 1938 ...................................................... 1937 ...................................................... 1936 ...................................................... 1935 ...................................................... 1934 ...................................................... 1933 ...................................................... 1932 ...................................................... 1931 ......................................................

847 ... 778 743 704 656 623 593 598 604 612

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

28 500 28 048 27 500 26 667 24 500 22 869 21 456 20 400 19 250 18 450 16 700

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1930 ...................................................... 1930 2 .................................................... 1929 ...................................................... 1928 ...................................................... 1927 ...................................................... 1926 ...................................................... 1925 ...................................................... 1924 ...................................................... 1923 ...................................................... 1922 ...................................................... 1921 5 ....................................................

618 ... 606 677 681 528 571 530 556 30 1

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

13 750 12 049 10 250 8 000 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...


Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam and Virgin Islands for all years. Prior to 1948, the FCC did not keep records on the number of stations on the air. Therefore, data for 1933–1948 are for authorized stations and may include a number that were actually not on the air.

2Census figures, as of April 1. 5First station to receive regular


license as of September 15; other stations in operation experimentally.


337

Table 21-2. Recording Media—Manufacturers’ Shipments and Value, 1982–2003 (Number in millions, dollars in millions.) Medium

1982

1985

1990

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

UNIT SHIPMENTS 1 Total .................................................. CD ...................................................... CD single ........................................... Cassette ............................................. Cassette single .................................. LP/ EP ................................................ Vinyl single ......................................... Music video ........................................ DVD audio ......................................... SACD ................................................. DVD video ..........................................

577.4 ... ... 182.3 ... 243.9 137.2 ... ... ... ...

653.0 22.6 ... 339.1 ... 167.0 120.7 ... ... ... ...

865.7 286.5 1.1 442.2 87.4 11.7 27.6 9.2 ... ... ...

955.6 495.4 7.8 339.5 85.6 1.2 15.1 11.0 ... ... ...

1 122.7 662.1 9.3 345.4 81.1 1.9 11.7 11.2 ... ... ...

1 112.7 722.9 21.5 272.6 70.7 2.2 10.2 12.6 ... ... ...

1 137.2 778.9 43.2 225.3 59.9 2.9 10.1 16.9 ... ... ...

1 063.4 753.1 66.7 172.6 42.2 2.7 7.5 18.6 ... ... ...

1 123.9 847.0 56.0 158.5 26.4 3.4 5.4 27.2 ... ... 0.5

1 160.6 938.9 55.9 123.6 14.2 2.9 5.3 19.8 ... ... 2.5

1 079.2 942.5 34.2 76.0 1.3 2.2 4.8 18.2 ... ... 3.3

968.5 881.9 17.3 45.0 -1.5 2.3 5.5 17.7 0.3 ... 7.9

859.7 803.3 4.5 31.1 -0.5 1.7 4.4 14.7 0.4 ... 10.7

798.4 745.9 8.3 17.2 ... 1.5 3.8 19.9 0.4 1.3 17.5

3 641.6 ... ... 1 384.5 ... 1 925.1 283.0 ... ... ... ...

4 378.8 389.5 ... 2 411.5 ... 1 280.5 281.0 ... ... ... ...

7 541.1 3 451.6 6.0 3 472.4 257.9 86.5 94.4 172.3 ... ... ...

10 046.6 6 511.4 45.8 2 915.8 298.5 10.6 51.2 213.3 ... ... ...

12 068.0 8 464.5 56.1 2 976.4 274.9 17.8 47.2 231.1 ... ... ...

12 320.3 9 377.4 110.9 2 303.6 236.3 25.1 46.7 220.3 ... ... ...

12 533.8 9 934.7 184.1 1 905.3 189.3 36.8 47.5 236.1 ... ... ...

12 236.8 9 915.1 272.7 1 522.7 133.5 33.3 35.6 323.9 ... ... ...

13 711.2 11 416.0 213.2 1 419.9 94.4 34.0 25.7 508.0 ... ... 12.2

14 584.7 12 816.3 222.4 1 061.6 48.0 31.8 27.9 376.7 ... ... 66.3

14 323.7 13 214.5 142.7 626.0 4.6 27.7 26.3 281.9 ... ... 80.3

13 740.9 12 909.4 79.4 363.4 -5.3 27.4 31.4 329.2 6.0 ... 190.7

12 614.2 12 044.1 19.6 209.8 -1.6 20.5 24.9 288.4 8.5 ... 236.3

11 854.4 11 232.9 35.9 108.1 ... 21.7 21.5 399.9 8.0 26.3 369.6

VALUE Total .................................................. CD ...................................................... CD single ........................................... Cassette ............................................. Cassette single .................................. LP/ EP ................................................ Vinyl single ......................................... Music video ........................................ DVD audio ......................................... SACD ................................................. DVD video ..........................................

Source: Recording Industry Association of America, Washington, DC. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Net units, after returns. . . . = Not available.

338


Table 21-3—Series R 163-171. Postal Service—Post Offices, Revenues, Expenditures, and Pieces of Mail Handled, 1789–2002 (Number; thousands of dollars; for years ending June 30; includes Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico.) Revenues 2 (thousands of dollars)

Post offices 1

Year

Expenditures 2 (thousands of dollars)

Pieces of mail handled (thousands)

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

27 791 27 876

66 463 000 65 834 000

65 234 000 65 640 000

202 822 000 207 463 000

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

27 876 27 893 38 159 38 019 38 212 28 392 28 657 28 728 28 837 28 912

64 540 000 62 755 000 60 116 000 58 331 000 56 544 000 54 509 000 49 576 000 47 986 000 47 105 000 44 202 000

62 992 000 60 642 000 57 786 000 54 873 000 53 113 000 50 730 000 48 455 000 46 322 000 45 653 000 43 291 000

207 882 000 201 644 000 196 905 000 190 888 000 183 440 000 180 734 000 177 100 000 171 200 000 166 400 000 165 900 000

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

28 959 29 083 29 203 29 319 29 344 29 557 29 750 29 990 30 155 30 242

40 074 000 38 920 000 35 939 000 32 297 000 31 021 000 28 956 000 26 474 000 24 699 000 23 628 000 20 781 000

40 490 000 38 370 000 36 119 000 32 520 000 30 716 000 29 207 000 26 357 000 24 083 000 22 826 000 21 369 000

166 300 000 161 600 000 161 000 000 153 900 000 147 400 000 140 100 000 131 500 000 119 400 000 114 000 000 110 100 000

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

30 326 30 449 30 518 30 521 30 521 30 754 31 000 31 385 31 686 31 947

19 253 000 17 999 000 15 841 000 14 622 000 12 747 000 11 590 000 10 857 000 9 913 000 9 347 000 8 751 000

19 413 000 17 529 000 16 220 000 15 310 000 13 923 000 12 578 000 11 295 000 9 926 000 9 522 000 8 955 000

106 300 000 99 800 000 98 900 000 92 200 000 89 800 000 89 300 000 90 100 000 89 700 000 87 200 000 87 000 000

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

32 002 32 064 32 260 32 626 33 121 33 624 34 040 34 498 34 797 34 955

7 701 695 7 025 898 6 423 515 5 101 982 4 784 186 4 483 390 4 276 123 3 879 128 3 557 041 3 423 059

7 867 269 7 168 489 6 543 920 6 249 027 5 726 523 5 275 840 4 927 825 4 698 528 4 331 617 4 249 414

84 881 833 82 004 501 79 516 731 78 366 572 75 607 302 71 873 166 69 676 477 67 852 738 66 493 190 64 932 859

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

35 238 35 750 36 308 37 012 37 515 38 316 39 405 40 609 40 919 41 193

3 276 588 3 035 232 2 550 221 2 496 614 2 419 354 2 349 477 2 268 517 2 091 714 1 947 316 1 776 816

3 873 953 3 640 368 3 440 810 3 044 438 2 883 305 2 712 150 2 667 664 2 742 126 2 666 860 2 341 399

63 674 604 61 247 220 60 129 911 59 077 633 56 441 216 55 233 564 52 213 170 50 948 156 49 905 875 46 908 410

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

41 464 41 607 41 695 41 760 41 751 41 792 42 161 42 654 43 358 43 739

1 677 487 1 571 851 1 410 971 1 299 141 1 224 572 1 314 240 1 112 877 966 227 859 817 812 828

2 222 949 2 149 322 1 687 805 1 504 799 1 353 654 1 145 002 1 068 987 952 529 873 950 836 859

45 063 737 43 555 108 40 280 374 37 427 706 36 318 158 37 912 067 34 930 685 32 818 262 30 117 633 29 235 791

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

44 024 44 327 44 586 44 877 45 230 45 686 46 506 47 641 48 159 48 733

766 949 745 955 728 634 726 201 665 343 630 795 586 733 587 631 588 172 656 463

807 629 784 550 772 308 772 743 753 616 696 503 630 733 699 887 793 684 802 485

27 749 467 26 444 846 26 041 979 25 801 279 23 571 315 22 331 752 20 625 827 19 868 456 24 306 744 26 544 352

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

49 063 49 482 49 944 50 266 50 601 50 957 51 266 51 613 51 950 52 168

705 484 696 948 693 634 683 122 659 820 599 591 572 949 532 828 484 854 463 491

803 667 782 344 725 700 714 577 679 704 639 282 587 377 556 851 545 644 620 994

27 887 823 27 951 548 26 837 005 26 686 556 25 483 529 ... ... 23 054 832 ... ...

1Excludes branches and stations. 2Accounting basis changed from cash


to accrual basis in 1954; from accrual basis to accrued cost basis in 1963.


339

Table 21-3—Series R 163-171. Postal Service—Post Offices, Revenues, Expenditures, and Pieces of Mail Handled, 1789–2002—Continued (Number; thousands of dollars; for years ending June 30; includes Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico.) Year

Revenues 2 (thousands of dollars)

Post offices 1

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

52 641 53 084 54 347 55 414 55 935 56 380 56 810 58 020 58 729 59 237

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891



437 150 239 976 329 726 312 058 287 248 287 935 266 620 246 744 237 880

454 323 362 498 324 834 319 839 306 204 298 546 283 544 262 068 248 525 237 649

... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18 567 445 17 588 659 16 900 552

59 580 60 144 60 704 62 658 65 600 68 131 71 131 74 169 75 924 76 945

224 129 203 562 191 479 183 585 167 933 152 827 143 582 134 224 121 848 111 631

229 977 221 004 208 352 190 238 178 450 167 399 152 362 138 784 124 786 115 555

14 850 102 14 004 577 13 364 069 12 255 666 11 361 091 10 187 506 9 502 460 8 887 467 8 085 447 7 424 390

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

76 688 75 000 73 570 71 022 70 360 70 064 69 805 68 403 67 119 64 329

102 354 95 021 89 013 82 665 82 499 76 983 75 080 75 897 70 930 65 932

107 740 101 632 98 054 94 077 90 933 87 180 84 994 81 582 76 981 73 060

7 129 990 6 576 310 6 214 447 5 781 002 5 693 719 5 134 281 4 919 090 5 021 841 4 776 575 4 369 900

1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

62 401 58 999 57 376 55 157 53 614 51 252 48 434 46 820 46 231 44 512

60 882 56 176 52 695 48 838 43 948 42 561 43 326 45 509 41 876 36 785

66 260 62 317 56 458 53 006 51 005 50 046 47 225 43 283 40 482 39 593

4 005 408 3 860 200 3 576 100 3 495 100 3 747 000 ... ... ... ... ...

1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1875 1874 1873 1872 1871

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

42 989 40 588 38 253 37 345 36 383 35 547 34 294 33 244 31 863 30 345

33 315 30 042 29 278 27 532 28 644 26 791 26 471 22 997 21 915 20 037

36 543 33 450 34 165 33 486 33 263 33 611 32 126 29 085 26 658 24 390

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1870 1869 1868 1867 1866 1865 1864 1863 1862 1861

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

28 492 27 106 26 481 25 163 29 389 28 882 28 878 29 047 28 875 28 586

18 880 17 314 16 292 15 237 14 387 14 556 12 438 11 164 8 300 8 349

23 999 23 698 22 731 19 235 15 352 13 695 12 645 11 314 11 125 13 607

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1860 1859 1858 1857 1856 1855 1854 1853 1852 1851

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

28 498 28 539 27 977 26 586 25 565 24 410 23 548 22 320 20 910 19 796

8 518 7 968 7 487 7 354 6 921 6 642 6 256 5 241 5 185 6 411

14 875 15 754 12 722 11 508 10 405 9 968 8 577 7 983 7 108 6 278

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1850 1849 1848 1847 1846 1845 1844 1843 1842 1841

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

18 417 16 749 16 159 15 146 14 601 14 183 14 103 13 814 13 733 13 778

5 500 4 705 4 555 3 880 3 487 4 290 4 237 4 296 4 547 4 408

5 213 4 479 4 327 3 980 4 076 4 321 4 299 4 375 4 628 4 500

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3436 3388

1Excludes branches and stations. 2Accounting basis changed from cash to accrual basis in 1954; from accrual basis to accrued cost basis in 1963. 3For 1918 and 1919, includes $44,500,000 and $71,392,000, respectively, war-tax revenue accruing from increased


postage.

340


Table 21-3—Series R 163-171. Postal Service—Post Offices, Revenues, Expenditures, and Pieces of Mail Handled, 1789–2002—Continued (Number; thousands of dollars; for years ending June 30; includes Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico.) Revenues 2 (thousands of dollars)

Post offices 1

Year



1840 1839 1838 1837 1836 1835 1834 1833 1832 1831

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

13 468 12 780 12 519 11 767 11 091 10 770 10 693 10 127 9 205 8 686

4 544 4 485 4 239 4 102 3 408 2 994 2 824 2 617 2 259 1 998

4 718 4 637 4 431 3 288 2 842 2 757 2 911 2 930 2 266 1 936

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1830 1829 1828 1827 1826 1825 1824 1823 1822 1821

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

8 450 8 004 7 530 7 300 6 150 5 677 5 182 4 043 4 709 4 650

1 851 1 707 1 660 1 525 1 448 1 307 1 198 1 130 1 117 1 059

1 933 1 782 1 690 1 470 1 367 1 229 1 188 1 157 1 168 1 165

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1820 1819 1818 1817 1816 1815 1814 1813 1812 1811

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4 500 4 000 3 618 3 459 3 260 3 000 2 670 2 708 2 610 2 403

1 112 1 205 1 230 1 003 962 1 043 730 703 649 587

1 161 1 118 1 036 917 804 748 727 631 540 499

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1810 1809 1808 1807 1806 1805 1804 1803 1802 1801

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 300 2 012 1 944 1 848 1 710 1 558 1 405 1 258 1 114 1 025

552 507 461 479 446 421 389 352 327 320

496 498 463 454 417 377 338 322 282 255

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1800 1799 1798 1797 1796 1795 1794 1793 1792 1791

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

903 677 639 554 468 453 450 209 195 89

281 265 233 214 195 161 129 105 67 46

214 188 179 150 132 118 90 72 55 37

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1790 ...................................................... 1789 ......................................................

75 75

38 48

32 48

... ...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Excludes branches and stations. 2Accounting basis changed from cash 4For three months only.


to accrual basis in 1954; from accrual basis to accrued cost basis in 1963.


341

Table 21-4—Series R 172-187. Postal Service—Volume of Mail and Employees, 1926–2002 (Numbers in millions, except employees in thousands; includes Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico.) Year

Periodicals (formerly second class)

First class 1

Standard A (formerly third class)

Standard B (formerly fourth class)

Post office employees

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

102 379 103 656

9 690 10 077

87 231 89 938

1 075 1 093

854 891

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

103 526 101 937 101 937 101 434 99 660 96 296 96 296 92 200 90 800 89 817

10 365 10 274 10 317 10 411 10 126 10 194 10 228 10 300 10 300 10 400

90 057 85 662 82 875 77 254 71 626 71 112 69 416 65 773 62 547 ...

1 128 1 043 1 023 988 949 936 872 744 764 ...

901 906 905 893 886 875 852 818 819 808

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

89 270 85 826 82 381 78 933 76 252 72 517 68 507 64 320 62 271 61 476

10 680 10 523 10 448 10 324 10 588 10 380 9 522 9 220 9 527 9 956

63 725 62 779 81 970 59 734 55 049 52 170 48 249 40 735 36 719 33 607

663 626 649 615 602 576 599 568 597 590

843 817 824 791 785 744 702 679 675 670

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

60 276 57 976 56 020 53 668 52 459 52 482 52 929 52 291 50 293 51 493

10 220 8 400 8 691 8 673 8 899 9 713 8 838 9 034 9 494 9 604

30 381 27 513 26 330 24 050 22 514 21 867 22 537 22 689 21 908 20 532

633 614 691 762 759 801 859 893 914 968

667 663 656 655 679 702 710 701 706 729

1970 ...................................................... 1969 2 .................................................... 1968 ...................................................... 1967 ...................................................... 1966 ...................................................... 1965 ...................................................... 1964 ...................................................... 1963 ...................................................... 1962 ...................................................... 1961 ......................................................

48 640 46 411 43 183 41 998 40 422 38 068 36 943 35 833 35 333 34 289

9 351 9 206 8 907 8 711 8 634 8 600 8 559 8 227 8 090 7 966

19 974 19 622 20 665 20 985 20 305 19 454 18 599 18 407 17 837 17 569

977 1 031 1 039 1 070 1 066 1 045 1 066 1 076 1 024 978

741 739 731 717 675 596 585 587 588 582

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

33 235 32 274 32 218 31 561 30 078 28 713 27 085 27 257 26 502 25 578

7 535 7 099 7 148 6 888 6 915 6 740 6 483 6 762 6 956 6 520

17 910 16 978 15 849 15 702 14 676 15 050 13 866 12 004 11 630 10 534

1 016 1 038 1 170 1 184 1 173 1 136 1 195 1 245 1 257 1 235

563 550 538 521 509 512 507 507 524 498

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

24 500 23 206 21 948 20 665 20 059 21 009 20 510 ... 16 972 15 989

6 265 6 987 6 344 6 124 5 832 5 522 4 635 ... 4 571 4 607

10 343 9 389 8 188 6 803 6 055 5 446 4 409 ... 5 435 6 075

1 179 1 209 1 143 1 067 994 1 028 961 ... 779 738

501 518 503 471 487 436 390 374 360 361

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

15 224 14 657 14 226 13 882 12 731 12 498 11 557 10 878 14 598 15 824

4 577 4 310 4 377 4 529 4 353 4 138 3 956 3 869 4 552 4 857

5 556 5 181 5 272 5 356 4 674 4 030 3 612 3 753 3 641 4 100

712 693 670 685 618 573 531 530 617 766

353 349 345 332 324 309 314 322 333 339

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

16 901 17 170 16 706 16 284 15 266

4 968 4 834 4 678 4 753 4 658

4 325 4 341 3 838 4 062 3 962

837 770 752 743 770

340 340 337 332 329

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1For 1926–1929, domestic airmail included with first class mail. Includes airmail from 1971. Data for 1980 includes 2In fiscal year 1969, the department changed from a fully distributed cost system to an attributable cost system.


penalty and franked mail, not shown separately.

342


Table 21-5—Series R 188-190. Postal Rates for First-Class Mail, Letters and Postal Cards, 1863–2002 (Dollars. First-class mail as a mail category not officially established until 1863. Ship and steamboat letters, 1792–1863, carried special rates.) Year of rate change

Letters, nonlocal

Postal cards

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

0.37 0.34

0.23 0.20

1999 ...................................................... 1995 ...................................................... 1991 ......................................................

0.33 0.32 0.29 per oz.

0.20 0.20 0.19

1988 ...................................................... 1985 ...................................................... 1982 1 .................................................... 1981 ......................................................

0.25 per oz. 0.22 per oz. 0.20 per oz. 0.18 per oz.

0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12

1978 ...................................................... 1975 (Dec. 31) ....................................... 1975 (Sept. 14) ...................................... 1974 ...................................................... 1971 ......................................................

0.15 per oz. 0.13 per oz. 0.10 per oz. 0.10 per oz. 0.08 per oz.

0.10 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.06

1968–1970 ............................................ 1963 ...................................................... 1953 (Aug. 1) ......................................... 1952 ......................................................

0.06 per oz. 0.05 per oz. 0.04 per oz. 0.03 per oz.

0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02

1940 1932 1919 1917

( 2) 0.03 per oz. 0.02 per oz. 0.03 per oz.

( 2) 0.01 0.01 0.02

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1885 ...................................................... 1883 ...................................................... 1872 ...................................................... 1863 4 ....................................................

0.02 per oz. 0.02 per 1/2 oz. 0.03 per 1/2 oz. 0.03 per 1/2 oz.

0.01 0.01

30.01

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1From November 1981. 2The 1940 rate change provided

that the three-cent letter rate was not to apply to first-class matter for local delivery or for delivery within a county with a population of more than 1 million people if it was entirely within a corporate city.

3Government postal cards first authorized in 1872. 4A uniform rate regardless of distance, a free city delivery

service, and a letter unit of 1/2 ounce instead of the former "single letter" were inaugurated.

Table 21-6. Newspaper, Periodical, Database, and Directory Publishers—Estimated Revenue, Printing Expenses, and Inventories, 1999–2001 (Dollars in millions.) Newspaper publishers (NAICS 51111)

Item 1999

2000

Periodical publisher (NAICS 51112) 2001

1999

2000

Database and directory publishers (NAICS 51114) 2001

1999

2000

2001

Revenue 1 ............................................. Print ....................................................... Subscription and sales ...................... Advertising ......................................... Internet .................................................. Subscription and sales ...................... Advertising ......................................... Contract printing .................................... Distribution of flyers, inserts, etc. .......... Graphic design services ........................ Sales or licensing of rights of content .... Rental or sales of mailing lists ............... Publishing services for others ...............

48 414 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

51 507 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

47 277 42 367 9 394 32 973 433 ... 324 1 788 977 42 75 14 12

37 901 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

39 834 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

39 266 31 714 13 816 17 898 1 150 856 293 934 110 44 231 161 369

15 433 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

16 657 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

17 469 11 730 594 11 136 1 010 603 407 144 ... ... 121 1 253 31

Expenses: Purchased Printing ..........

3 427

3 352

3 121

4 287

4 981

4 426

1 198

1 112

1 238

Inventories at End of Year .................. Finished goods and work-in-process ..... Materials, supplies, fuel, etc. .................

737 43 694

786 51 736

748 63 685

1 258 877 381

1 340 879 462

1 185 773 413

408 383 ...

398 370 ...

376 355 22

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes other sources of revenue, not shown separately. . . . = Not available.


343

Table 21-7. Book Publishers—Estimated Revenue, Printing Expenses, and Inventories, 1998–2001 (Dollars in millions.) Item

1998

Revenue, Total .......................................................... Books, print, total ........................................................ Books, Internet, total ................................................... Books, other media, total ............................................ Sale or licensing of rights to content ........................... Contract printing services ........................................... Fulfillment services ..................................................... Publishing services for others ..................................... Other services revenue ...............................................

1999

22 480 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2000

2001

24 129 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

25 236 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

26 096 21 310 1 503 829 303 188 143 39 1 772

Expenses: Purchased Printing ................................

3 908

4 104

4 229

4 212

Inventories at End of Year ........................................ Finished goods and work-in-process .......................... Materials, supplies, fuel, etc ........................................

2 737 2 510 227

2 984 2 723 261

3 463 3 200 263

4 092 3 889 203


Table 21-8. Telephone Systems, 1985–2001 Item

1985

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001 1

Local Exchange Carriers 2 Carriers (number) 3 ...................................................................................... Access lines (millions) ................................................................................. Business access lines (millions) .............................................................. Residential access lines (millions) ........................................................... Other access lines (public, mobile, special) (millions) ............................. Number of local calls (originating) (billions) ................................................. Number of toll calls (originating) (billions) ................................................... Gross book cost of plant (billions of dollars) ................................................ Depreciation and amortization reserves (billions of dollars) ........................ Netplant (billions of dollars) ......................................................................... Total assets (billions of dollars) ................................................................... Total stockholders equity (billions of dollars) ............................................... Operating revenues (billions of dollars) ....................................................... Local revenues (billions of dollars) .......................................................... Operating expenses (billions of dollars) 4 .................................................... Net operating income (billions of dollars) 5 .................................................. Net income (billions of dollars) .................................................................... Employees (thousands) ............................................................................... Compensation of employees (billions of dollars) ......................................... Average monthly residential local telephone rate (dollars) 6 ....................... Average monthly single-line business telephone rate (dollars) 6 .................

55 112 31 79 2 365 ... 191 49 142 162 63 73 32 48 13 9 ... ... ... ...

51 130 36 89 6 402 63 240 89 151 180 74 84 37 62 14 11 569 23 19 41

53 166 46 101 19 484 94 284 127 157 197 72 96 46 72 14 11 447 21 20 42

51 178 49 104 25 504 95 296 138 158 198 74 101 50 74 16 13 437 23 20 42

51 194 53 108 33 522 101 309 149 160 198 72 103 52 75 16 12 435 22 20 42

52 205 57 110 38 544 97 325 163 161 200 70 108 55 78 18 12 436 23 20 41

52 228 57 115 55 554 102 342 176 166 204 67 113 58 79 20 13 436 24 20 41

52 245 58 115 72 537 106 362 190 172 214 72 117 60 81 20 15 434 24 21 42

30 253 54 112 87 515 98 360 194 166 208 66 109 55 77 19 11 386 23 22 42

Long Distance Carriers Number of carriers with presubscribed lines (number) ................................ Number of presubscribed lines (millions) .................................................... Total toll service revenues (billions of dollars) ............................................. Interstate switched access minutes (billions of minutes) .............................

... ... 43 167

325 132 52 307

583 153 74 432

621 159 82 468

... ... 89 497

... ... 94 519

... ... 99 553

... ... 101 568

... ... 91 540

425 3 446 3 487

984 8 030 8 059

2 830 15 889 14 335

3 520 19 325 14 598

4 259 22 753 15 662

4 477 24 250 14 726

5 305 28 515 14 980

5 742 30 135 14 909

6 265 33 287 11 386

2 332 172 ...

5 188 201 167

9 397 514 1 756

8 939 661 3 637

10 232 851 4 112

10 242 921 4 798

10 379 1 216 4 528

10 982 1 480 7 600

8 040 1 417 5 414

International Telephone Service 7 Number of U.S. billed calls (millions) ........................................................... Number of U.S. billed minutes (millions) ..................................................... U.S. billed revenues (millions of dollars) ..................................................... U.S. carrier revenue net of settlements with foreign carriers (millions of dollars) ................................................................................................... Revenue from private- line service (millions of dollars) ............................... Revenue from resale service (millions of dollars) ........................................

Source: Recording Industry Association of America, Washington, DC. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Beginning in 2001, detailed financial data only filed by regional Bell operating companies. Access lines and calls reported by 50 reporting companies. 2Gross operating revenues, gross plant, and total assets of reporting carriers estimated at more than 90 percent of total industry. New accounting rules

became effective in 1990; prior years

may not be directly comparable on a one-to-one basis. Includes Virgin Islands, and prior to 1995, Puerto Rico. 3The reporting threshold for carriers is $100 million in annual operating revenue. 4Excludes taxes. 5After tax deductions. 6Based on surveys conducted by FCC. 7Beginning in 1995, data are for all U.S. points, and include calls to and from Alaska,

Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and offshore U.S. points. Beginning 1995, carriers first started reporting traffic to and from Canada and Mexico. Data for Canada and Mexico in prior years are staff estimates. . . . = Not available.

344


Table 21-9. Households with Computers and Internet Access, 2001 (Percent.) Households with computers

Households with Internet access

Characterisitc Total

Rural

Urban

Central city

Total

Rural

Urban

Central city

All Households ..........................................................

56.5

55.6

56.7

51.5

50.5

48.7

51.1

45.7

Age of Householder Under 25 years old ...................................................... 25 to 34 years old ....................................................... 35 to 44 years old ....................................................... 45 to 54 years old ....................................................... 55 years old or over ....................................................

51.1 62.5 69.9 66.9 39.1

41.3 61.5 71.2 68.0 38.0

53.0 62.8 69.4 66.4 39.5

50.9 57.5 62.1 59.9 35.5

44.7 57.3 62.6 60.9 33.9

33.5 55.4 62.3 61.1 32.1

46.7 58.8 63.4 61.3 35.0

45.3 53.9 54.3 53.4 29.9

Householder Race/Ethnicity White ........................................................................... Black ........................................................................... American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut 1 ................................ Asian or Pacific Islander 1 ........................................... Hispanic ......................................................................

61.1 37.1 44.7 72.7 40.0

58.0 31.5 37.6 269.4 36.6

62.4 37.7 49.5 72.8 40.3

249.5

60.0 33.9

67.4 38.1

55.4 30.8 38.7 68.1 32.0

51.0 24.4 31.4 68.2 29.9

56.8 30.9 41.5 64.1 32.6

54.8 27.4 44.1 363.1 29.8

Household Type Married couple with children under 18 ........................ Male householder with children under 18 ................... Female householder with children under 18 ............... Family households without children ............................ Nonfamily households .................................................

78.9 55.1 49.2 58.8 39.2

78.6 53.6 51.0 55.0 31.6

79.0 55.6 48.9 60.4 40.9

72.4 51.8 41.6 55.2 41.4

71.6 44.9 40.0 53.2 35.0

69.7 39.9 40.9 48.9 26.9

73.6 47.2 42.3 55.3 36.2

64.6 44.3 33.5 49.7 37.0

Education of Householder Elementary .................................................................. Some high school ....................................................... High school graduate or GED ..................................... Some college .............................................................. Bachelor’s degree or more ..........................................

16.0 28.2 46.5 64.5 79.8

13.4 27.6 50.0 68.5 81.1

17.1 28.4 45.0 63.2 79.5

16.9 25.5 39.0 58.4 76.7

11.2 22.7 39.8 57.7 75.2

10.4 22.4 42.1 60.2 75.1

11.6 22.6 39.3 57.3 75.0

11.5 19.8 32.5 52.0 72.0

Household Income Under $5,000 .............................................................. $5,000 to $9,999 ......................................................... $10,000 to $14,999 ..................................................... $15,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... $20,000 to $24,999 ..................................................... $25,000 to $34,999 ..................................................... $35,000 to $49,999 ..................................................... $50,000 to $74,999 ..................................................... $75,000 and over ........................................................

25.9 19.2 25.7 31.8 40.1 49.7 64.3 77.7 89.0

17.9 16.4 24.3 29.4 40.0 49.4 64.7 78.1 89.0

28.2 20.1 26.3 32.6 40.1 49.9 64.2 77.6 88.9

24.5 20.6 24.3 33.9 36.4 49.9 64.4 75.8 86.4

20.5 14.4 19.4 23.6 31.8 42.2 56.4 71.4 85.4

12.5 11.0 18.1 21.0 31.7 40.5 55.0 70.6 84.8

23.0 15.5 20.7 25.3 32.4 43.7 57.5 71.7 85.5

20.2 14.5 19.3 24.6 28.7 41.3 56.2 70.5 83.8

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Non-Hispanic. 2Figure does not

meet standards of reliability or precision.

SECTION

22

ENERGY

346


SECTION 22

ENERGY Highlights

Energy Consumption, by End-Use Section, 1970–2001 100.0 90.0 80.0

Quadrillion Btu

70.0 Total consumption Industrial and miscellaneous Transportation Residential and commercial

60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 1970

1977

1981

1985

1989

1993

1997

2001

Year

1

Data on the production of electric energy have been available since the beginning of the first commercial production in 1882, but because of the changing bases of measurement and variations in coverage, the information is difficult to evaluate for the years before 1920. The Bureau of the Census conducted censuses of the light and power industries at five-year intervals from 1902 to 1937. The Electrical World (McGraw-Hill) and the National Electric Light Association also published considerable data on this early period. Early data on capacity have to be converted from horsepower (hp) to kilowatts (kW) to be comparable. Data on generation also were often reported without allowance for kWh used in generation, and end uses were reported by appliances (such as lamps) rather than as kWh. These variations in measurements, classification, and coverage often resulted in differences as high as 25 percent.

Generators in mobile equipment, such as ships, railroads, and barges, are also unaccounted for in the totals.

2

The principal sources of data on energy are the Energy Information Administration, the Edison Electric Institute, and the American Gas Association. Among the EIA annuals are Annual Energy Review, Electric Power Annual, Natural Gas Annual, Petroleum Supply Annual, State Energy Data Report, State Energy Price and Expenditure Report, Financial Statistics of Selected Electric Utilities, Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers, Annual Energy Outlook, and International Energy Annual. The Edison Electric Institute produces the Statistical Yearbook of Electric Utility Industry and the Year-End Summary of the Electric Power Situation in the United States while the American Gas Association published Gas Facts.

SECTION 22: ENERGY

3

Energy data were presented formerly in widely varying units, but increasingly are being converted to a common thermal unit, the Btu (British Thermal Unit). A Btu is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit at or near 39.2 degrees F. The conversion factors are as follows: Production Petroleum (barrel) 5.800 million Btu Coal (short ton) 21.278 million Btu Natural Gas (cubic feet) 1,028 Btu Nuclear Power (kWh) 10,676 Btu Geothermal Power (kWh) 20,914 Btu Fossil Fuel (kWh) 10,272 Btu

Consumption 5.586 million Btu 20.852 million Btu 1,028 Btu 10,676 Btu 20,914 Btu 10,272 Btu

4

Of the total consumption of 96.95 quadrillion Btu in 2001, 39.7 percent is derived from petroleum, 24.1 percent from natural gas, 22.8 percent from coal, 8.3 percent from nuclear power, and 5.9 percent from renewable sources, such as hydroelectric, geothermal, and bio fuels. The United States is more or less self-sufficient in the major energy sources except petroleum, of which it imports 20.26 quadrillion Btu.

347

8

In 1997, the average single-family detached home consumed 102 million Btu at a cost of $1,338 per year. Of total consumption, natural gas accounted for 5.28 quadrillion Btu, electricity for 3.54 quadrillion Btu, and fuel oil for 1.07 quadrillion Btu.

9

The United States has had a negative trade balance in both natural gas and crude oil since 1970. Crude oil imports reached 3.336 billion barrels in 2002 compared with 483 million barrels in 1970. Of the total imports OPEC countries supply 1.490 billion barrels and nonOPEC countries supply 1.846 billion barrels.

10 There are 104 nuclear power plants located in the United States in 31 states. Illinois has the most with 11. Total generation of electric power is 768.8 billion kWh or 20.7 percent of total. The United States accounts for slightly less than one-fourth of the 436 nuclear plants worldwide.

11 Electric utilities generate 3.839 trillion kWh and sell 3.471 trillion kWh. Of total generation, 36.5 percent goes to residential customers.

5

The share of coal in both production and consumption has shown remarkable growth. Its production has increased from 14.61 quadrillion Btu in 1970 to 23.44 quadrillion Btu, and its consumption from 12.27 quadrillion Btu to 21.93 quadrillion Btu. Other alternative forms of energy, once touted as the wave of the future, have yet to make an impact on the energy picture.

12 In 2001, the gas utility industry had 64,792,000 customers, (of which 59,729,000 were residential), sales of 8.565 quadrillion Btu, and revenues of $71.73 billion.

13 The Strategic Petroleum Reserve grew from 7.6 million barrels in 1977 to 599 million barrels in 2002, equivalent to 53 days of crude oil imports.

6

By end-use consumption, residential and commercial use account for 38.8 percent of total energy, industrial use for 33.6 percent, and transportation for 27.6 percent in 2001.

7

Energy prices rose steeply from 1970 to 1985, but have stabilized since then. The average fuel price per million Btu was $1.65 in 1970, $8.40 in 1985, and $9.85 in 2000.

14 Solar collectors have yet to realize their potential as inexpensive energy producers. The number of solar collector manufacturers dropped from a high of 225 in 1984 to 26 in 2001, and total shipments declined from 17,191,000 square feet to 11,189,000 square feet.

15 Developed water power in the United States generated 275.573 million kWh in 2000. The Pacific region produced one-half of the total.

348


Table 22-1. Energy Overview, 1949–2001 (Quadrillion Btu.) Production Year

Fossil fuels 1

Nuclear electric power

Imports

Renewable energy 2

Total 3

Petroleum 4

Exports

Total 5

Coal

Consumption

Total 6, 5

Adjustments 7

Fossil fuels 8, 5


Renewable energy 2

Total 9, 10

2001 ....................

58.11

8.03

5.32

71.37

25.40

30.15

1.27

3.76

-1.44

83.13

8.03

5.32

96.32

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

57.25 57.51 59.20 58.76 58.28 57.44 57.95 55.74 57.59 57.83

7.86 7.61 7.07 6.60 7.09 7.08 6.69 6.41 6.48 6.42

6.16 6.60 6.56 7.08 7.14 6.67 6.06 6.16 5.91 6.16

71.22 71.65 72.79 72.39 72.47 71.16 70.68 68.26 69.93 70.36

24.53 23.13 22.91 21.74 20.29 18.88 19.24 18.51 16.97 16.35

28.97 27.25 26.58 25.22 23.70 22.26 22.39 21.27 19.37 18.33

1.53 1.53 2.09 2.19 2.37 2.32 1.88 1.96 2.68 2.85

4.01 3.71 4.30 4.51 4.63 4.51 4.06 4.26 4.94 5.14

2.76 1.58 0.08 1.64 2.68 2.32 0.24 2.30 1.50 0.97

85.00 82.65 81.59 81.09 79.98 77.49 76.48 75.05 73.52 72.00

7.86 7.61 7.07 6.60 7.09 7.08 6.69 6.41 6.48 6.42

6.16 6.60 6.56 7.08 7.14 6.67 6.06 6.16 5.91 6.16

98.94 96.77 95.15 94.73 94.22 91.22 89.25 87.58 85.87 84.52

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

58.53 57.47 57.87 57.17 56.58 57.54 58.85 54.42 57.46 58.53

6.10 5.60 5.59 4.75 4.38 4.08 3.55 3.20 3.13 3.01

6.13 6.29 5.49 5.69 6.13 6.03 6.43 6.49 5.99 5.47

70.73 69.36 68.95 67.61 67.09 67.65 68.83 64.11 66.57 67.01

17.12 17.16 15.75 14.16 13.20 10.61 11.43 10.65 10.78 12.64

18.82 18.77 17.30 15.40 14.15 11.78 12.47 11.75 11.86 13.72

2.77 2.64 2.50 2.09 2.25 2.44 2.15 2.04 2.79 2.94

4.75 4.66 4.37 3.81 4.02 4.20 3.79 3.69 4.61 4.31

-0.19 1.42 0.89 -0.04 -0.50 1.19 -0.82 0.90 -0.59 -0.08

72.46 73.02 71.66 68.63 66.15 66.22 66.62 63.29 64.04 67.75

6.10 5.60 5.59 4.75 4.38 4.08 3.55 3.20 3.13 3.01

6.13 6.29 5.49 5.69 6.13 6.03 6.43 6.49 5.99 5.47

84.60 84.89 82.77 79.16 76.72 76.42 76.69 73.07 73.23 76.33

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

59.01 58.01 55.07 55.10 54.72 54.73 56.33 58.24 58.94 58.04

2.74 2.78 3.02 2.70 2.11 1.90 1.27 0.91 0.58 0.41

5.49 5.17 5.04 4.25 4.77 4.72 4.77 4.43 4.40 4.27

67.24 65.95 63.14 62.05 61.60 61.36 62.37 63.58 63.92 62.72

14.66 17.93 17.82 18.76 15.67 12.95 13.13 13.47 10.30 8.54

15.80 19.46 19.11 19.95 16.76 14.03 14.30 14.61 11.39 9.53

2.42 1.75 1.08 1.44 1.60 1.76 1.62 1.43 1.53 1.55

3.69 2.86 1.92 2.05 2.17 2.32 2.20 2.03 2.12 2.15

-1.05 -1.65 -0.34 -1.95 -0.18 -1.07 -0.48 -0.46 -0.48 -0.82

69.98 72.89 71.86 70.99 69.10 65.35 67.91 70.32 67.70 64.60

2.74 2.78 3.02 2.70 2.11 1.90 1.27 0.91 0.58 0.41

5.49 5.17 5.04 4.25 4.77 4.72 4.77 4.43 4.40 4.27

78.29 80.90 79.99 78.00 76.01 72.00 73.99 75.71 72.70 69.29

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

59.19 56.29 54.31 52.60 50.04 47.23 45.79 44.04 41.73 40.31

0.24 0.15 0.14 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02

4.08 4.10 3.78 3.69 3.43 3.40 3.23 3.10 3.12 2.95

63.50 60.54 58.23 56.38 53.53 50.68 49.06 47.17 44.88 43.28

7.47 6.90 6.21 5.56 5.63 5.40 4.96 4.65 4.56 4.19

8.34 7.68 6.91 6.16 6.15 5.89 5.45 5.09 4.99 4.44

1.94 1.53 1.38 1.35 1.35 1.38 1.34 1.36 1.08 0.98

2.63 2.13 2.00 2.12 1.83 1.83 1.81 1.84 1.47 1.38

-1.37 -0.47 -0.71 -1.52 -0.83 -0.72 -0.87 -0.78 -0.57 -0.60

63.52 61.36 58.50 55.13 53.51 50.58 48.54 46.51 44.68 42.76

0.24 0.15 0.14 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02

4.08 4.10 3.78 3.69 3.43 3.40 3.23 3.10 3.12 2.95

67.84 65.62 62.42 58.91 57.02 54.02 51.82 49.65 47.83 45.74

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

39.87 39.05 37.22 40.13 39.77 37.36 33.76 35.35 34.98 35.79

0.01 ... ... ... 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2.93 2.90 2.92 2.85 2.85 2.78 2.75 2.83 2.94 2.96

42.80 41.95 40.13 42.98 42.62 40.15 36.52 38.18 37.92 38.75

4.00 3.91 3.72 3.46 3.17 2.75 2.32 2.28 2.11 1.87

4.19 4.08 3.88 3.53 3.21 2.79 2.35 2.31 2.15 1.89

1.02 1.05 1.42 2.17 1.98 1.46 0.91 0.98 1.40 1.68

1.48 1.53 2.05 3.44 2.95 2.29 1.70 1.87 2.37 2.62

-0.43 -1.03 -0.32 -1.29 -1.13 -0.44 -0.53 -0.96 -0.95 -1.05

42.14 40.55 38.72 38.93 38.89 37.41 33.88 34.83 33.80 34.01

0.01 ... ... ... 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2.93 2.90 2.92 2.85 2.85 2.78 2.75 2.83 2.94 2.96

45.09 43.47 41.65 41.79 41.75 40.21 36.64 37.66 36.75 36.97

1950 .................... 1949 ....................

32.56 28.75

0.00 0.00

2.98 2.97

35.54 31.72

1.89 1.43

1.91 1.45

0.79 0.88

1.47 1.59

-1.37 0.40

31.63 29.00

0.00 0.00

2.98 2.97

34.62 31.98

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administartion. 1Coal, natural gas (dry), crude oil, and natural gas plant liquids. 2End-use consumption and electricity net generation. 3Also includes hydroelectric pumped storage. 4Crude oil and petroleum products. Includes imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. 5Also includes natural gas, coal, coal coke, and electricity. 6Also includes natural gas, petroleum, coal coke, and electricity. 7A balancing item. Includes stock changes, losses, gains, miscellaneous blending components, and unaccounted-for supply. 8Coal, coal coke net imports, natural gas, and petroleum. 9Also includes hydroelectric pumped storage and electricity net imports. 10Alcohol (ethanol blended into motor gasoline) is included in consumption values for both "Fossil Fuels" and "Renewable Energy,"


but is counted only once in total energy consumption.

SECTION 22: ENERGY

349

Table 22-2—Series S 95-107. Consumption of Fuels, by Electric Utilities, 1949–2002 Net generation, by fuel (millions of kilowatt hours)

Fuel consumed

Year Total 1

Coal

Petroleum

Gas

Nuclear

Coal (thousands of short tons)

Oil (thousands 42-gallon barrels)

Gas (millions of cubic feet)

2002 2 .............................. 2001 .................................

2 714 254 2 677 005

1 926 442 1 903 956

89 856 124 880

685 840 639 129

780 064 768 826

985 374 972 691

156 809 216 672

6 064 989 5 832 302

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

2 692 478 2 569 670 2 547 065 2 430 320 2 346 018 2 293 908 2 270 133 2 230 741 2 138 705 2 103 263

1 966 265 1 881 087 1 873 516 1 845 016 1 795 196 1 709 426 1 690 694 1 690 070 1 621 206 1 590 623

111 221 118 061 128 800 92 555 81 411 74 554 105 901 112 788 100 154 119 752

601 038 556 396 531 257 479 399 455 056 496 058 460 219 414 927 404 074 381 553

753 893 728 254 673 702 628 644 674 729 673 402 640 440 610 291 618 776 612 565

994 933 949 802 946 295 931 949 907 209 860 594 848 796 842 153 805 140 793 666

195 228 207 871 222 640 159 715 144 626 132 578 183 618 192 462 172 241 203 669

5 691 481 5 321 984 5 081 384 4 564 770 4 312 458 4 737 871 4 367 148 3 928 653 3 899 718 3 764 778

1990 ................................. 1989 3 .............................. 1988 ................................. 1987 ................................. 1986 ................................. 1985 ................................. 1984 ................................. 1983 ................................. 1982 ................................. 1981 .................................

2 103 781 2 108 788 1 942 353 1 854 895 1 770 925 1 794 276 1 758 882 1 678 021 1 644 061 1 755 401

1 594 011 1 583 779 1 540 653 1 463 781 1 385 831 1 402 128 1 341 681 1 259 424 1 192 004 1 203 203

126 621 164 518 148 900 118 493 136 585 100 202 119 808 144 499 146 797 206 421

372 765 352 629 252 801 272 621 248 508 291 946 297 394 274 098 305 260 345 777

576 862 529 355 526 973 455 270 414 038 383 691 327 634 293 677 282 773 272 674

792 457 781 672 758 372 717 894 685 056 693 841 664 399 625 211 593 666 596 797

218 997 281 192 250 141 201 116 232 046 174 571 205 736 246 804 250 517 351 806

3 691 563 3 485 429 2 635 613 2 844 051 2 602 370 3 044 083 3 111 342 2 910 767 3 225 518 3 640 154

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

1 753 796 1 708 047 1 646 193 1 648 902 1 559 003 1 441 660 1 449 429 1 502 853 1 421 175 1 307 359

1 161 562 1 075 037 975 742 985 219 944 391 852 786 828 433 847 651 771 131 713 102

245 994 303 525 365 060 358 179 319 988 289 095 300 931 314 343 274 296 220 225

346 240 329 485 305 391 305 505 294 624 299 778 320 065 340 858 375 748 374 031

251 116 255 155 276 403 250 883 191 104 172 505 113 976 83 479 54 091 38 105

569 274 527 051 481 235 477 126 448 371 405 962 391 811 389 212 351 768 327 301

421 110 524 636 637 830 624 193 556 261 506 479 539 399 562 781 496 895 399 496

3 681 595 3 490 523 3 188 363 3 191 200 3 080 868 3 157 669 3 443 428 3 660 172 3 976 913 3 976 018

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

1 261 468 1 177 127 1 093 613 984 560 943 553 857 287 803 222 747 530 683 430 639 676

704 394 706 001 684 905 630 483 613 475 570 926 526 230 493 927 450 249 421 871

184 183 137 847 104 276 89 271 78 926 64 801 56 954 52 002 48 880 48 519

372 890 333 279 304 433 264 806 251 152 221 559 220 038 201 602 184 301 169 286

21 804 13 928 12 528 7 655 5 520 3 657 3 343 3 212 2 270 1 692

320 182 310 641 297 779 274 185 266 477 244 788 225 425 211 332 193 316 182 185

338 686 251 027 188 642 161 278 140 949 115 203 101 141 93 314 89 294 88 912

3 931 860 3 487 642 3 147 909 2 746 352 2 609 949 2 321 101 2 322 896 2 144 473 1 965 974 1 825 117

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

609 024 571 883 504 497 501 098 478 487 433 786 364 354 337 042 293 640 270 531

403 067 378 424 344 366 346 386 338 503 301 363 239 146 218 846 195 437 185 204

47 987 46 840 40 372 40 499 35 947 37 138 31 520 38 404 29 750 28 712

157 970 146 619 119 759 114 213 104 037 95 285 93 688 79 791 68 453 56 616

518 188 165 10 0 0 0 0 0 0

176 685 168 423 155 724 160 769 158 279 143 759 118 385 115 897 107 071 105 768

88 195 88 263 77 667 79 693 72 711 75 274 66 745 82 238 67 218 63 945

1 724 762 1 628 509 1 372 853 1 336 141 1 239 311 1 153 280 1 165 498 1 034 272 910 117 763 898

1950 ................................. 1949 .................................

232 813 200 965

154 520 135 451

33 734 28 547

44 559 36 967

0 0

91 871 83 963

75 421 66 301

628 919 550 121

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Association. 1Excludes generations by wood and waste fuels. 2Preliminary. 3Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only.

Beginning 1961, includes limited output by use of wood, waste, and geothermal power. Beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities, independent power producers, commercial plants, and industrial plants.

350


Table 22-3. Consumption for Electricity Generation: Total (All Sectors), 1949-2002 Fossil fuels Year

Total 1 Total

Coal 2

Petroleum 3

Natural gases 4

Other gases 5


Renewable energy sources

Electricity net imports

2001 .................................

38 601 654

27 150 161

19 733 839

1 337 106

5 981 907

97 309

8 028 084

3 396 510

75 156

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

39 562 402 38 459 393 37 721 497 36 409 780 36 090 870 35 014 721 33 932 855 33 339 303 32 217 953 32 281 475

27 598 856 26 319 633 26 124 396 24 890 217 24 096 547 23 473 125 23 233 081 22 789 974 21 902 647 21 723 125

20 442 828 19 467 086 19 416 802 19 128 305 18 650 317 17 687 345 17 485 104 17 424 494 16 685 503 16 460 000

1 211 721 1 284 682 1 377 768 984 546 888 037 813 192 1 135 437 1 202 639 1 076 405 1 276 457

5 818 336 5 441 478 5 204 838 4 657 954 4 399 633 4 840 068 4 476 159 4 026 611 3 999 460 3 861 183

125 971 126 387 124 988 119 412 158 560 132 520 136 381 136 230 141 279 125 485

7 862 349 7 610 256 7 067 809 6 596 992 7 086 674 7 075 436 6 693 877 6 410 499 6 479 206 6 422 132

3 995 318 4 452 140 4 450 304 4 811 209 4 765 314 4 318 443 3 848 123 4 051 810 3 752 227 4 058 080

116 176 98 924 88 081 116 204 137 144 133 855 152 937 94 910 86 733 66 966

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

31 877 715 31 132 333 28 387 110 27 156 527 26 391 838 26 190 736 25 773 773 24 738 070 24 096 274 24 558 534

21 707 598 21 788 511 20 122 801 19 365 331 18 586 409 18 792 426 18 525 840 17 754 364 17 491 441 18 552 683

16 477 441 16 359 471 15 849 966 15 173 411 14 443 716 14 542 209 14 019 485 13 212 591 12 582 150 12 583 461

1 366 877 1 757 320 1 563 425 1 256 859 1 451 842 1 090 459 1 286 116 1 543 683 1 567 654 2 201 663

3 751 530 3 581 360 2 709 410 2 935 061 2 690 851 3 159 758 3 220 239 2 998 090 3 341 637 3 767 559

111 750 90 360 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

6 104 350 5 602 161 5 586 968 4 753 933 4 380 109 4 075 563 3 552 531 3 202 549 3 131 148 3 007 589

4 058 332 3 665 136 2 568 942 2 879 162 3 302 839 3 183 092 3 560 079 3 660 610 3 373 659 2 884 856

7 888 37 450 108 399 158 101 122 481 139 655 135 323 120 547 100 026 113 406

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

24 391 684 24 020 816 23 618 175 22 623 268 21 546 776 20 338 931 19 965 990 19 787 589 18 500 783 17 157 663

18 566 696 18 155 980 17 521 901 17 446 395 16 349 094 15 191 283 15 418 246 15 921 233 14 992 029 13 893 405

12 122 684 11 259 923 10 238 271 10 262 025 9 720 234 8 785 839 8 534 031 8 658 401 7 810 652 7 299 131

2 633 561 3 283 366 3 986 863 3 900 625 3 477 132 3 165 675 3 365 031 3 514 816 3 097 088 2 494 999

3 810 451 3 612 691 3 296 767 3 283 745 3 151 728 3 239 769 3 519 184 3 748 016 4 084 289 4 099 275

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 739 169 2 775 827 3 024 126 2 701 762 2 111 121 1 899 798 1 272 083 910 177 583 752 412 939

3 014 420 3 019 629 3 004 831 2 415 689 3 057 183 3 226 748 3 232 351 2 907 464 2 898 775 2 839 274

71 399 69 380 67 317 59 422 29 378 21 102 43 310 48 715 26 227 12 045

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

16 293 215 15 208 332 13 921 910 12 734 038 12 018 001 11 047 205 10 349 536 9 660 775 9 064 788 8 488 576

13 398 546 12 386 348 11 420 583 10 289 759 9 880 951 8 938 439 8 410 663 7 845 872 7 216 744 6 801 226

7 227 462 7 219 295 6 993 639 6 444 982 6 301 644 5 821 061 5 379 553 5 050 213 4 622 376 4 354 953

2 117 337 1 571 294 1 181 450 1 010 541 883 230 722 002 633 882 584 707 559 585 557 277

4 053 747 3 595 759 3 245 494 2 834 236 2 696 077 2 395 376 2 397 228 2 210 952 2 034 783 1 888 996

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

239 347 153 722 141 534 88 456 64 158 43 164 39 819 38 147 26 394 19 678

2 648 634 2 664 606 2 361 945 2 356 843 2 069 167 2 066 084 1 892 383 1 776 422 1 819 821 1 659 983

6 688 3 656 -2 152 -1 020 3 725 -482 6 671 334 1 829 7 689

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

8 197 152 7 831 297 7 235 098 7 266 555 6 979 049 6 499 618 5 835 424 5 786 862 5 399 721 5 133 928

6 565 395 6 266 841 5 627 956 5 736 534 5 527 080 5 122 662 4 464 459 4 362 131 3 919 734 3 697 341

4 227 551 4 029 357 3 721 340 3 855 246 3 789 674 3 458 271 2 840 759 2 777 361 2 557 397 2 506 808

552 715 551 977 485 713 498 382 454 719 470 747 417 409 514 298 420 366 399 898

1 785 129 1 685 507 1 420 903 1 382 906 1 282 687 1 193 644 1 206 291 1 070 472 941 971 790 635

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

6 026 2 187 1 915 112 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 610 257 1 550 142 1 593 907 1 517 621 1 436 449 1 363 078 1 362 981 1 417 878 1 472 247 1 429 126

15 474 12 127 11 320 12 288 15 520 13 878 7 984 6 853 7 740 7 461

1950 ................................. 1949 .................................

4 748 680 4 415 007

3 321 708 2 979 062

2 199 111 1 995 055

471 666 414 632

650 931 569 375

... ...

0 0

1 420 877 1 430 525

6 095 5 420

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Review 2002. 1Includes other categories not shown separately. 2Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and synthetic coal. 3Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil. 4Natural gas, including a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels. 5Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.


SECTION 22: ENERGY

351

Table 22-4. Estimated Renewable Energy Consumption: End-Use Sectors, 1949–2002 Residential Year

End-use total

Commercial

Total

Wood 1

Geothermal 2

2001 ............... 2 342 295

476 222

407 020

9 450

59 752

89 412

675

41 245

39 222

8 270 1 629 562

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

2 579 277 2 565 086 2 528 369 2 700 548 2 831 782 2 780 655 2 645 119 2 494 650 2 547 520 2 447 867

503 303 486 103 459 498 505 516 667 444 667 334 606 728 616 491 711 153 676 665

433 348 413 873 387 135 433 000 595 000 596 000 537 000 548 000 645 000 613 000

8 600 8 500 7 700 7 500 7 000 6 600 6 200 6 800 6 400 5 900

61 355 63 730 64 663 65 016 65 444 64 734 63 528 61 691 59 753 57 765

109 031 114 096 110 623 113 430 110 055 92 023 85 782 83 678 80 923 71 906

1 018 1 173 1 228 1 228 1 300 1 220 957 1 028 1 266 1 369

53 157 52 307 48 133 48 895 50 427 46 105 46 103 45 858 44 005 41 052

47 256 53 916 54 162 57 607 53 028 40 198 34 522 33 392 32 452 26 485

7 600 6 700 7 100 5 700 5 300 4 500 4 200 3 400 3 200 3 000

1 827 623 1 843 322 1 841 327 1 975 789 1 970 720 1 904 798 1 844 001 1 697 495 1 672 444 1 626 296

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

2 443 623 2 921 984 2 952 341 2 840 706 2 861 724 2 882 659 2 903 570 2 860 543 2 644 739 2 618 761

642 400 975 677 885 000 852 000 876 000 899 000 923 000 925 000 937 000 869 000

581 000 918 000 885 000 852 000 876 000 899 000 923 000 925 000 937 000 869 000

5 500 5 000 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

55 900 52 677 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

71 142 61 142 32 000 29 000 27 000 24 000 22 000 22 000 22 000 21 000

1 432 685 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

39 145 35 962 32 000 29 000 27 000 24 000 22 000 22 000 22 000 21 000

27 765 21 995 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 800 2 500 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 667 081 1 814 165 1 965 341 1 890 706 1 898 724 1 907 659 1 915 570 1 878 543 1 666 739 1 721 761

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

2 512 838 2 180 844 2 065 670 1 865 915 1 743 981 1 529 066 1 570 246 1 560 430 1 534 054 1 462 808

859 000 728 076 621 849 541 783 481 634 425 408 370 952 354 096 379 776 381 874

859 000 728 076 621 849 541 783 481 634 425 408 370 952 354 096 379 776 381 874

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

21 000 13 812 11 834 10 286 9 099 8 067 7 018 6 708 7 190 7 190

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

21 000 13 812 11 834 10 286 9 099 8 067 7 018 6 708 7 190 7 190

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 632 838 1 438 956 1 431 987 1 313 846 1 253 248 1 095 591 1 192 276 1 199 626 1 147 088 1 073 744

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

1 461 262 1 471 365 1 450 767 1 372 743 1 398 645 1 364 708 1 369 025 1 355 889 1 334 883 1 329 259

400 777 415 053 425 511 433 973 454 974 468 150 499 058 536 967 560 084 586 864

400 777 415 053 425 511 433 973 454 974 468 150 499 058 536 967 560 084 586 864

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

7 534 7 860 8 136 8 325 8 617 8 858 9 460 10 165 10 630 11 146

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

7 534 7 860 8 136 8 325 8 617 8 858 9 460 10 165 10 630 11 146

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

1 357 170 1 388 200 1 358 345 1 367 094 1 450 884 1 459 058 1 446 796 1 470 088 1 529 472 1 592 435

626 630 646 926 688 447 701 812 738 706 775 066 799 748 831 947 899 164 958 212

626 630 646 926 688 447 701 812 738 706 775 066 799 748 831 947 899 164 958 212

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

11 868 12 298 13 089 13 330 14 018 14 706 15 170 15 738 17 114 18 198

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

11 868 12 298 13 089 13 330 14 018 14 706 15 170 15 738 17 114 18 198

1950 ............... 1 626 237 1949 ............... 1 618 996

1005529 1055186

1005529 1055186

... ...

... ...

19 075 19 986

... ...

19 075 19 986

Solar 3

Total

Hydropower 4

Industrial

Wood 1

Waste 5

Geothermal 2

31 912 1 442 612

150 278

4 760

147 099

42 183 48 658 54 539 58 062 60 773 54 695 62 186 29 593 30 508 29 675

1 635 928 1 619 522 1 603 443 1 730 613 1 683 499 1 652 078 1 579 769 1 484 344 1 461 223 1 409 847

145 112 171 042 180 345 184 014 223 548 195 025 199 246 181 158 178 513 184 674

4 400 4 100 3 000 3 100 2 900 3 000 2 800 2 400 2 200 2 100

139 320 121 565 116 921 105 813 83 563 116 500 108 608 96 986 83 000 73 000

30 947 28 396 32 635 32 936 33 021 33 024 33 002 33 255 33 046 33 043

1 441 911 1 583 564 1 625 000 1 576 000 1 610 000 1 645 000 1 679 000 1 690 000 1 516 000 1 602 000

192 323 200 405 307 706 281 770 255 703 229 635 203 568 155 288 117 693 86 718

1 900 1 800 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

63 000 71 000 70 000 69 000 60 000 52 000 43 000 35 000 19 000 7 000

32 838 34 094 31 563 32 601 33 372 32 321 33 202 34 773 34 420 33 746

1 600 000 1 404 862 1 400 424 1 281 245 1 219 876 1 063 270 1 159 074 1 164 853 1 112 668 1 039 998

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

. . . 1 052 951 . . . 1 048 452 . . . 1 017 120 ... 930 445 ... 935 054 ... 887 700 ... 860 507 ... 808 757 ... 764 169 ... 731 249

34 040 1 018 911 34 220 1 014 232 35 172 981 948 35 787 894 658 33 138 901 916 32 757 854 943 33 772 826 735 33 914 774 843 35 990 728 179 35 836 695 413

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

718 672 728 976 656 809 651 952 698 160 669 286 631 878 622 403 613 194 616 025

38 808 37 003 37 162 35 521 36 751 38 149 55 678 56 506 61 538 63 097

679 864 691 973 619 647 616 431 661 409 631 137 576 200 565 897 551 656 552 928

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ...

... ...

601 633 543 824

69 396 75 537

532 237 468 287

... ...

... ...

... ...

Waste 5

Geothermal 2

Total

Hydropower 4

Wood 1

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Review 2002. 1Wood, black liquor, and other wood waste. 2Geothermal heat pump and direct use energy. 3Solar thermal direct use energy and photovoltaic electricity generation. Small amounts of commercial 4Conventional hydroelectric power. 5Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, sludge waste, tires, agricultural byproducts, and other biomass. 6Ethanol blended into motor gasoline.


Transportation

sector use are included in the residential sector.

Alcohol fuels 6

352


Table 22-5—Series S 190-204. Gas Utility Industry—Customers, Sales, and Revenues, by Type of Service, 1932–2001 Customers 1 (thousands)

Year Total

Sales 2 (mil. therms 3)

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Total

Revenues 2 (mil. of dol)

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Total

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

2001 .................................

64 792

59 729

4 869

172

85 650

47 390

21 420

12 250

71 730

44 789

17 831

6 820

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

64 194 64 071 62 421 59 790 59 820 58 728 57 960 57 028 56 132 55 174

59 129 58 939 57 465 54 993 54 968 53 955 53 243 52 358 51 525 50 634

4 820 4 920 4 755 4 589 4 616 4 530 4 474 4 428 4 397 4 322

163 174 164 170 183 181 181 181 165 168

90 250 88 890 86 300 88 800 95 320 92 210 94 800 100 210 99 060 96 050

49 480 48 650 48 280 50 130 51 980 48 030 49 720 50 540 46 940 45 500

21 180 20 870 21 570 22 340 23 950 22 810 23 510 23 970 22 090 21 980

13 610 18 680 15 280 15 110 17 910 19 190 20 090 24 040 27 720 26 310

59 705 48 423 47 930 51 531 51 115 46 436 49 864 49 847 46 178 44 647

37 522 31 472 31 333 33 175 32 022 28 742 30 563 29 787 26 702 25 729

13 662 11 133 11 523 12 632 12 726 11 573 12 254 12 076 10 865 10 669

6 000 5 547 4 684 5 236 5 821 5 571 6 475 7 351 7 913 7 576

1990 ................................. 1989 ................................. 1988 ................................. 1987 ................................. 1986 ................................. 1985 ................................. 1980 ................................. 1970 ................................. 1960* ............................... 1950 .................................

54 261 53 356 52 422 51 576 50 704 49 971 47 223 41 482 33 054 24 001

49 802 48 980 48 133 47 362 46 583 45 929 43 489 38 097 30 418 22 146

4 246 4 161 4 069 3 980 3 892 3 816 3 498 3 131 2 458 1 739

166 168 168 234 229 179 187 199 141 100

98 420 10 551 10 705 10 543 11 125 12 616 15 413 160 435 92 877 42 090

44 680 47 980 46 950 43 580 43 810 45 130 48 260 49 237 31 881 13 839

21 920 23 220 23 060 21 560 22 390 23 380 24 530 20 066 9 198 4 104

30 100 32 430 35 440 38 480 43 380 56 350 79 570 84 392 47 094 22 887

45 153 47 493 46 162 45 492 51 201 63 293 48 303 10 283 5 617 1 948

25 000 26 172 24 828 23 622 24 759 26 864 17 432 5 207 3 177 1 177

10 604 11 074 10 681 10 271 11 274 12 722 8 183 1 620 723 266

8 996 9 666 10 113 11 069 14 495 23 086 22 215 3 181 1 563 480

1940 ................................. 1932 .................................

17 600 15 532

16 381 14 452

1 138 999

73 73

17 235 10 441

5 823 4 672

1 598 1 193

9 544 1 534

872 723

573 537

112 93

182 91

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Annual average. 2Excludes sales for resale. 3A therm is equivalent to 100,000

* = Includes Hawaii.

British thermal units. A Btu is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree F. at or near its point of maximum density.

SECTION 22: ENERGY

353

Table 22-6. Energy Supply and Disposition, by Type of Fuel, 1960–2001 (Quadrillion British Thermal Units [Btu].) Production

Consumption Renewable energy 4

Year Total 1

Crude oil 2

Natural gas

Coal

Nuclear power 3

Total 1

Hydroelectric power

Biofuel 5

Solar energy

Net imports, total 6, 7

Total 1, 8

Petroleum 9

Natural gas 10

Coal

RenewNuclear able power energy 1, total

2001 .................................

71.67

12.39

19.84

23.44

8.03

5.52

2.22

2.87

0.06

26.03

96.95

38.23

23.22

21.93

8.03

5.68

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

71.06 71.64 72.79 72.39 72.49 71.18 70.68 68.26 69.93 70.33

12.36 12.45 13.24 13.66 13.72 13.89 14.10 14.49 15.22 15.70

19.46 19.34 19.61 19.39 19.36 19.10 19.35 18.58 18.38 18.23

22.62 23.19 23.94 23.21 22.68 22.03 22.11 20.25 21.63 21.59

7.86 7.61 7.07 6.60 7.09 7.08 6.69 6.41 6.48 6.42

6.20 6.59 6.56 7.08 7.14 6.67 6.07 6.16 5.91 6.13

2.81 3.27 3.30 3.64 3.59 3.21 2.68 2.89 2.62 3.00

2.95 2.87 2.84 3.01 3.13 3.07 2.94 2.80 2.85 2.70

0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06

25.21 23.75 22.47 20.94 19.37 18.03 18.65 17.22 14.62 13.34

99.32 96.97 95.34 94.97 94.52 91.50 89.57 87.78 86.05 84.64

38.40 37.96 36.93 36.27 35.76 34.55 34.67 33.84 33.53 32.85

24.04 23.01 22.93 23.33 23.20 22.78 21.84 21.35 20.84 20.15

22.58 21.62 21.66 21.45 21.00 20.09 19.91 19.84 19.12 18.99

7.86 7.61 7.07 6.60 7.09 7.08 6.69 6.41 6.48 6.42

6.47 6.79 6.78 7.32 7.45 6.96 6.40 6.40 6.13 6.28

1990 ................................. 1989 11 ............................. 1988 ................................. 1987 ................................. 1986 ................................. 1985 ................................. 1984 ................................. 1983 ................................. 1982 ................................. 1981 .................................

70.73 69.34 68.95 67.61 67.09 67.65 68.83 64.11 66.57 67.01

15.57 16.12 17.28 17.68 18.38 18.99 18.85 18.39 18.31 18.15

18.36 17.85 17.60 17.14 16.54 16.98 18.01 16.59 18.32 19.70

22.46 21.35 20.74 20.14 19.51 19.33 19.72 17.25 18.64 18.38

6.10 5.60 5.59 4.75 4.38 4.08 3.55 3.20 3.13 3.01

6.10 6.27 5.49 5.69 6.13 6.03 6.43 6.49 5.99 5.47

3.03 2.83 2.33 2.64 3.07 2.97 3.39 3.53 3.27 2.76

2.66 3.06 2.94 2.82 2.84 2.86 2.88 2.83 2.62 2.59

0.06 0.06 * * * * * ... ... ...

14.09 14.19 13.15 11.91 10.38 7.87 8.96 8.31 7.46 9.65

84.57 84.93 82.99 79.48 76.97 76.71 76.97 73.32 73.44 76.57

33.55 34.21 34.22 32.87 32.20 30.92 31.05 30.05 30.23 31.93

19.72 19.71 18.55 17.74 16.71 17.83 18.51 17.36 18.51 19.93

19.16 19.05 18.85 18.01 17.26 17.48 17.07 15.89 15.32 15.91

6.10 5.60 5.59 4.75 4.38 4.08 3.55 3.20 3.13 3.01

6.21 6.44 5.82 6.17 6.51 6.46 6.85 6.86 6.29 5.82

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

67.24 65.95 63.14 62.05 61.60 61.36 62.37 63.59 63.92 62.72

18.25 18.10 18.43 17.45 17.26 17.73 18.58 19.49 20.04 20.03

19.91 20.08 19.49 19.57 19.48 19.64 21.21 22.19 22.21 22.28

18.60 17.54 14.91 15.76 15.65 14.99 14.07 13.99 14.09 13.19

2.74 2.78 3.02 2.70 2.11 1.90 1.27 0.91 0.58 0.41

5.49 5.17 5.04 4.25 4.77 4.72 4.77 4.43 4.40 4.27

2.90 2.93 2.94 2.33 2.98 3.16 3.18 2.86 2.86 2.82

2.49 2.15 2.04 1.84 1.71 1.50 1.54 1.53 1.50 1.43

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

12.25 16.75 17.32 18.02 14.65 11.75 12.19 12.68 9.32 7.41

78.44 81.04 80.12 78.12 76.07 72.04 74.08 75.81 72.76 69.31

34.20 37.12 37.97 37.12 35.18 32.73 33.46 34.84 32.95 30.56

20.39 20.67 20.00 19.93 20.35 19.95 21.73 22.51 22.70 22.47

15.42 15.04 13.77 13.92 13.58 12.66 12.66 12.97 12.08 11.60

2.74 2.78 3.02 2.70 2.11 1.90 1.27 0.91 0.58 0.41

5.71 5.38 5.24 4.43 4.86 4.79 4.90 4.58 4.48 4.31

1970 ................................. 1960 .................................

63.50 42.80

20.40 14.94

21.67 12.66

14.61 10.82

0.24 ...

4.08 2.93

2.63 1.61

1.43 1.32

... ...

5.72 2.74

67.86 45.12

29.52 19.92

21.80 12.39

12.27 9.84

0.24 ...

4.10 2.98

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 1Includes types of fuel not shown separately. 2Includes lease condensate. 3Data on the generation of electricity in the United

States represent net generation, which is gross output of electricity (measured at the generator terminals) minus power plant use. Nuclear electricity generation data are gross outputs of electricity.

4End-use consumption and electricity net generation. 5Alcohol is ethanol blended into motor gasoline. 6Imports minus exports. 7Net import totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. 8Alcohol (ethanol blended into motor gasoline) is included in both "Petroleum" and "Alcohol," but is counted only once in total energy consumption. 9Petroleum products supplied, including natural gas plant liquids and crude oil burned as fuel. 10Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. 11There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1989 and 1990 due to the expanded coverage of nonelectric utility use of renewable energy beginning

* = Less than 50 trillion. . . . = Not available.

in 1990.

354


Table 22-7. Nuclear Power Plants—Number, Capacity, and Generation, 1980–2001 Net generation Operable generating units 1

Year

Net summer capability 1, 2

Percent of total electric utility generation

Total (bil. kWh)

Capacity factor 3

2001 .................................

104

98.1

768.8

20.7

89.4

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

104 104 104 107 109 109 109 110 109 111

97.9 97.4 97.1 99.7 100.8 99.5 99.1 99.1 99.0 99.6

753.9 728.3 673.7 628.6 674.7 673.4 640.4 610.3 618.8 612.6

19.8 19.7 18.6 18.0 19.6 20.1 19.7 19.1 22.1 21.7

88.1 85.3 78.2 71.1 76.2 77.4 73.8 70.5 70.9 70.2

1990 1989 1988 1985 1980

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

112 111 109 96 71

99.6 98.2 94.7 79.4 51.8

576.9 529.4 527.0 383.7 251.1

19.1 19.0 19.5 15.5 11.0

66.0 62.2 63.5 58.0 56.3

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1As of year-end. 2Net summer capability

is the peak steady hourly output that generating equipment is expected to supply to system load, exclusive of auxiliary and other power plant, as demonstrated by test at the time of summer peak demand. average of monthly capacity factors. Monthly factors are derived by dividing actual monthly generation by the maximum possible generation for the month (hours in month times net maximum dependable capacity).

3Weighted

Table 22-8. Energy Consumption, by End-Use Sector, 1970–2001 (Quadrillion British Thermal Units [Btu], percent.)

Product

Total consumption (quad. Btu)

Residential and commercial 1 (quad. Btu)

Percent of total Industrial 2 (quad. Btu)

Transportation (quad. Btu)

Residential and commercial 1

Industrial 2

Transportation

2001 3 ....................................................

97.0

37.6

32.6

26.8

38.8

33.6

27.6

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

99.3 97.0 95.3 95.0 94.5 91.5 89.6 87.8 86.0

37.8 36.1 35.1 34.9 35.0 33.5 32.4 32.2 30.8

34.9 34.7 34.8 35.2 35.0 34.0 33.7 32.7 32.7

26.7 26.1 25.4 24.8 24.5 24.0 23.5 22.9 22.5

38.0 37.3 36.9 36.7 37.0 36.6 36.2 36.6 35.9

35.1 35.8 36.6 37.1 37.0 37.2 37.6 37.3 38.0

26.9 26.9 26.6 26.1 25.9 26.2 26.2 26.1 26.1

1990 1985 1980 1975 1970

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

84.6 76.7 78.4 72.0 67.9

30.2 27.6 26.5 24.3 22.1

31.9 29.1 32.2 29.5 29.6

22.5 20.1 19.7 18.2 16.1

35.6 36.0 33.8 33.8 32.6

37.7 37.9 41.1 40.9 43.7

26.6 26.2 25.1 25.3 23.7

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Commercial sector fuel use, including that at commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only plants. 2Industrial sector fuel use, including that at industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only plants. 3Preliminary.

SECTION 22: ENERGY

355

Table 22-9. Energy Prices, 1980–2001 Product

Crude oil domestic first purchase Nominal (dol./ bbl.) .................................................. Real (dol./ bbl.) 1 ..................................................... Motor gasoline (cents/gal.) .......................................... Leaded regular (cents/gal.) ..................................... Unleaded regular (cents/gal.) .................................. Premium (cents/gal.) ............................................... Natural gas, residential (dol./1,000 cu. ft.) .................. Heating oil, residential (cents/gal.) .............................. Coal, all (dol./short tons) ............................................. Electricity, total (cents/kWh) ........................................ Uranium, domestic purchases (dol./lb.) ......................

1980

1990

21.6 37.9 122.0 119.0 125.0 ... 3.7 97.4 24.7 4.7 ...

20.0 23.2 122.0 115.0 116.0 135.0 5.8 106.3 21.8 6.6 15.7

1995

14.6 14.9 121.0 ... 115.0 134.0 6.1 86.7 18.8 6.9 11.1

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1In chained (1996) dollars, calculating by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. . . . = Not available.

1996

18.5 18.5 129.0 ... 123.0 141.0 6.3 98.9 18.5 6.9 13.8

1997

17.2 16.9 129.0 ... 123.0 142.0 6.9 98.4 18.1 6.9 12.9

1998

10.9 10.5 112.0 ... 106.0 125.0 6.8 85.2 17.7 6.7 12.3

1999

15.6 14.9 122.0 ... 117.0 136.0 6.7 87.6 16.6 6.7 11.9

2000

26.7 25.0 156.0 ... 151.0 169.0 7.8 131.1 16.8 6.8 11.5

2001

21.9 20.0 153.0 ... 146.0 166.0 10.0 124.9 ... 7.3 10.5

356


Table 22-10. Crude Oil and Refined Products—Summary, 1973–2002 (Barrels of 42 gallons, data are averages.) Crude oil products (thousands of bbl. per day) Year

Crude oil stocks 3

Refined oil products (thousands of bbl. per day)

Imports Input to refineries

Domestic production

Total 1

Strategic reserve

Exports

Domestic demand

Imports

Exports

Total all imports 2 (thousands of bbl. per day)

Strategic reserve

Total

2002 ................................. 2001 .................................

14 947 15 128

5 746 5 801

9 140 9 328

16 11

9 20

19 761 19 649

2 390 2 543

975 951

11 530 11 871

877 862

599 550

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

15 067 14 804 14 889 14 662 14 195 13 973 13 866 13 613 13 411 13 301

5 822 5 881 6 252 6 452 6 465 6 560 6 662 6 847 7 171 7 417

9 071 8 731 8 706 8 225 7 508 7 230 7 063 6 787 6 083 5 782

8 8 ... ... ... ... 12 15 10 ...

50 118 110 108 110 95 99 98 89 116

19 701 19 519 18 917 18 620 18 309 17 725 17 718 17 237 17 033 16 714

2 389 2 122 2 002 1 936 1 971 1 605 1 933 1 833 1 805 1 844

990 822 835 896 871 855 843 904 861 885

11 459 10 852 10 708 10 162 9 478 8 835 8 996 8 620 7 888 7 627

826 852 895 868 850 895 929 922 893 893

541 567 571 563 566 592 592 587 575 569

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

13 409 13 401 13 246 12 854 12 716 12 002 12 044 11 685 11 774 12 470

7 355 7 613 8 140 8 349 8 680 8 971 8 879 8 688 8 649 8 572

5 894 5 843 5 107 4 674 4 178 3 201 3 426 3 329 3 488 4 396

27 56 51 73 48 118 197 234 165 256

109 142 155 151 154 204 181 164 236 228

16 988 17 325 17 283 16 665 16 281 15 726 15 726 15 231 15 296 16 058

2 123 2 217 2 295 2 004 2 045 1 866 2 011 1 722 1 625 1 599

748 717 661 613 631 577 541 575 579 367

8 018 8 061 7 402 6 678 6 224 5 067 5 437 5 051 5 113 5 996

908 921 890 890 843 4814 796 723 644 594

586 580 560 541 512 493 451 379 294 230

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

13 481 14 648 14 739 14 602 13 416 12 442 12 133 12 431

8 597 8 552 8 707 8 245 8 132 8 375 8 774 9 208

5 263 6 519 6 356 6 615 5 287 4 105 3 477 3 244

44 67 161 21 ... ... ... ...

287 235 158 50 8 6 3 2

17 056 18 513 18 847 18 431 17 461 16 322 16 653 17 308

1 646 1 937 2 008 2 193 2 026 1 951 2 635 3 012

258 236 204 193 215 204 218 229

6 909 8 456 8 363 8 807 7 313 6 056 6 112 6 256

466 430 376 348 285 271 265 242

108 91 67 7 ... ... ... ...

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Review 2002. 1Includes Strategic Petroleum Reserve. 2Crude oil (including Strategic Petroleum Reserve imports) plus refined products. 3End of year. 4Stocks of Alaskan crude oil in transit are included from January 1985 forward.


SECTION 22: ENERGY

357

Table 22-11. Electric Utility Sales and Average Prices, by End-Use Sector, 1949–2002 (Kilowatt hours in billions, cents.) Sales (bil. kWh)

Average price of electricity sold (cents per kWh)

Year

Constant (1996) dollars 2

Current dollars Total 1

Residential

Commercial

Industrial Total 1

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Total 1

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

2002 ................................. 2001 .................................

3 475 3 370

1 268 1 203

1 108 1 089

994 964

7.2 7.3

8.4 8.6

7.9 7.9

4.8 5.0

6.5 6.7

7.6 7.9

7.1 7.2

4.4 4.6

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

3 421 3 312 3 264 3 146 3 101 3 013 2 935 2 861 2 763 2 762

1 192 1 145 1 130 1 076 1 083 1 043 1 008 995 936 955

1 055 1 002 979 929 887 863 820 795 761 766

1 064 1 058 1 051 1 038 1 034 1 013 1 008 977 973 947

6.8 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.8

8.2 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.0

7.4 7.3 7.4 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.5

4.6 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8

6.4 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.4 7.5

7.7 7.8 8.0 8.3 8.4 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0

7.0 6.9 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.3 8.4

4.3 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.4

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

2 713 2 647 2 578 2 457 2 369 2 324 2 286 2 151 2 086 2 147

924 906 893 850 819 794 780 751 730 722

751 726 699 660 631 606 583 544 526 514

946 926 896 858 831 837 838 776 745 826

6.6 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.3 6.1 5.5

7.8 7.6 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.2 7.2 6.9 6.2

7.3 7.2 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.1 7.0 6.9 6.3

4.7 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 4.8 5.0 5.0 4.3

7.6 7.8 7.9 8.2 8.6 8.7 8.8 9.2 9.2 8.8

9.0 9.2 9.3 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.0 10.4 10.4 9.9

8.5 8.6 8.8 9.1 9.6 9.9 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.1

5.5 5.7 5.9 6.2 6.6 6.7 6.8 7.3 7.6 6.9

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

2 094 2 071 2 018 1 948 1 855 1 747 1 706 1 713 1 595 1 470

717 683 674 645 606 588 578 579 539 500

488 473 461 447 425 403 385 388 359 329

815 842 809 786 754 688 685 686 641 589

4.7 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.0 1.9 1.8

5.4 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.1 2.5 2.4 2.3

5.5 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.0 2.4 2.3 2.2

3.7 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.2 2.1 1.7 1.3 1.2 1.1

8.2 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.3 7.2 6.8 6.0 6.0 5.9

9.5 8.8 8.9 9.1 8.8 8.7 8.5 7.4 7.5 7.5

9.6 9.0 9.1 9.1 8.8 8.7 8.2 7.1 7.2 7.2

6.5 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.2 5.2 4.6 3.9 3.8 3.6

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

1 392 1 314 1 203 1 099 1 035 954 896 833 778 722

466 427 382 340 317 291 272 251 233 214

307 282 258 234 218 200 187 171 153 138

571 559 521 485 464 429 405 377 360 337

1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8

2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6

2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1

5.8 5.8 6.1 6.7 7.0 7.2 7.3 7.8 7.9 8.0

7.6 8.0 8.8 9.1 9.4 10.1 10.7 10.9 11.4 11.6

7.2 7.6 8.0 8.3 8.6 9.2 9.4 10.0 10.6 10.7

3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.8 4.9

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

688 647 588 576 546 497 424 396 356 330

201 185 169 157 143 128 116 104 94 83

131 112 100 94 87 79 72 67 62 57

324 315 287 294 286 260 208 199 176 166

1.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

8.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

11.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

10.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

5.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1950 ................................. 1949 .................................

291 255

72 67

51 45

146 123

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Review 2002. 1Includes sectors not shown separately. 2Based on GDP implicit price deflator.


SECTION

23

DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICES

360


SECTION 23

DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICES Highlights Persons Engaged in Wholesale and Retail Trade Industries (SIC Basis), 1939–2002 25,000 Wholesale trade

Number of persons (thousands)

Retail trade 20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0 1939

1945

1951

1957

1963

1969

1975

1981

1987

1995

2002

Year

1 The Survey of Current Business, issued by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, is the principal source of data on domestic trade and services. Financial data relating to this sector appears in the Statistics of Income published by the Internal Revenue Service. Censuses of retail and wholesale trade have been taken at various intervals since 1929. Limited coverage of service industries started in 1933. Beginning with the 1967 Census, legislation provided that a census of each area be conducted every five years, in years ending with 2 or 7. The industries covered in the censuses and surveys are classified in the three divisions defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual: retail trade, wholesale trade, and services. The purview of the censuses has varied over the years so that some of the data is incomparable over time. Since 1954, data for nonemployer establishments have been published separately, and

establishments with no paid employees are excluded from wholesale trade. Since 1977, sales taxes and finance charges have been excluded from sales figures. After 1987, the number of establishments was defined as those in business at any time during the year, rather than at the end of the year as defined previously. Starting in 1987, hospitals are included among services, but government operated services are excluded. In 1982 and 1987, data were not collected from educational institutions nor from services run by labor unions or political organizations. Beginning in 1982, each leased department in a store was classified separately, rather than consolidated with the store as before. Current retail and wholesale trade data appear in the Monthly Retail Trade Report and the Monthly Wholesale Trade Report respectively.

SECTION 23: DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICES

2

In 1990, the share of GDP of retail and wholesale trade was 15.2 percent, and by 2001 it had reached 16 percent. The share of services has gone up from 18.5 percent to 22.1 percent. Among services, the largest sectors in dollar value are health services ($589.8 billion), business services ($544.1 billion), and legal services ($145.6 billion).

3

Retail trade is the most visible and ubiquitous of all businesses. In 2001, there were 1.12 million of them, divided as follows: Building materials and hardware 94,100 Department stores 10,400 Other merchandise stores 30,800 Food stores 156,200 Automotive dealers and service stations 125,700 Clothing and apparel stores 151,700 Drug stores 40,000 Liquor stores 28,600 Sporting goods 43,200 Book, periodical, and music stores 21,300 Jewelry stores 29,800 Electronics and appliance stores 47,700 Retail trade employed 14.89 million people with a payroll of $314.8 billion. The annual gross sales revenues of retail establishments were $3,245.4 billion. Retail sales per capita were $11,254 in 2002. Wholesale trade had 438,900 establishments, 6.142 million employees, and a payroll of $275.9 billion.

4

In terms of annual sales, automotive dealers lead with $732.3 billion in 2002, followed by food and beverage stores ($490.8 billion), eating and drinking places ($334.6 billion), department stores ($225.9 billion), and drug stores ($153 billion).

361

5

The 23,900 supermarkets in the United States have sales of $354.5 billion and account for 80.2 percent of all food sales.

6

Of the $112.3 billion worth of alcoholic beverages sold in 2002, 38.5 percent was consumed in bars, taverns, and restaurants.

7

U.S. mail order sales reached $109.5 billion in 2001, of which e-commerce accounted for 23.5 percent.

8

In 2002, there were 46,438 shopping centers in the United States, with 5,774 million square feet of gross leasable area and retail sales of $1.277 trillion. California has the most gross leasable area, with 725 million square feet, followed by Florida with 461 and Texas with 390.

9

In 2001, there were 4,386,000 service-related establishments. Health services are the most numerous with 671,000 firms.

10 The growth of the computer industry is reflected in the number of information technology establishments. In 2000, there were 5,596,000 establishments with nearly $800 billion in gross domestic income.

362


Table 23-1—Series T 15-21. Persons Engaged in Distribution and Selected Service Industries (SIC Basis), 1939–2002 (Number in thousands.) Year

Wholesale trade

Retail trade

Hotels and other lodging places

Personal services

Miscellaneous business services

Automobile repair, services, and parking

Miscellaneous repair services

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

6 671 6 776

23 306 23 522

1 798 1 870

1 286 1 269

1 732 1 764

1 263 1 257

377 374

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

6 947 6 911 6 800 6 648 6 482 6 378 6 162 5 981 5 997 6 081

23 337 22 848 22 295 21 966 21 597 21 187 20 507 19 773 19 356 19 284

1 900 1 848 1 789 1 746 1 715 1 668 1 631 1 596 1 576 1 589

1 250 1 226 1 201 1 186 1 180 1 163 1 140 1 137 1 116 1 112

1 800 1 797 1 787 1 718 1 602 1 508 1 385 1 322 1 265 1 242

1 234 1 196 1 145 1 120 1 080 1 020 968 925 881 882

369 372 376 374 372 359 338 349 347 341

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

6 173 6 187 6 030 5 848 5 761 5 727 5 568 5 283 5 295 5 375

19 601 19 475 19 023 18 422 17 880 17 315 16 512 15 587 15 158 15 171

1 631 1 596 1 540 1 464 1 378 1 331 1 263 1 172 1 133 1 119

1 104 1 086 1 056 1 027 991 957 918 869 844 828

1 244 1 198 1 125 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

914 884 834 794 762 730 682 619 589 574

374 374 350 321 322 319 310 287 287 293

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

5 292 5 221 4 985 4 723 4 562 4 430 4 447 4 291 4 127 4 014

15 018 14 972 14 556 13 792 13 193 12 630 12 539 12 315 11 822 11 338

1 076 1 060 988 956 929 898 878 854 813 722

818 821 827 806 790 782 807 823 828 848

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

571 575 549 498 466 439 430 422 399 ...

289 282 261 241 227 218 217 205 199 193

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4 006 3 919 3 791 3 700 3 608 3 477 3 347 3 258 3 207 3 142

11 034 10 785 10 308 9 906 9 637 9 239 8 812 8 520 8 359 8 195

706 691 659 635 604 569 538 509 484 472

898 931 937 933 924 895 866 845 831 816

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

189 184 174 168 161 155 149 ... ... ...

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3 153 3 092 2 989 3 037 3 027 2 934 2 875 2 862 2 821 2 735

8 238 8 035 7 761 7 848 7 831 7 601 7 360 7 385 7 184 7 007

474 459 450 459 449 442 440 451 444 438

812 809 796 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 643 2 610 2 612 2 478 2 298 1 955 1 851 1 828 1 912 1 966

6 743 6 654 6 659 6 477 6 077 5 359 5 208 5 154 5 206 5 244

428 434 451 461 462 417 420 412 404 404

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1940 ...................................................... 1939 ......................................................

1 841 1 767

4 909 4 659

388 377

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. . . . = Not available.


363

Table 23-2. Retail Trade Corporations—Sales, Net Profit, and Profit per Dollar of Sales, 2002 (Dollars, cents, percent.) Item

Total retail trade

Food and beverage stores

Clothing and general merchandise stores

All other retail stores

Sales (Billions of Dollars) ..............................................................

1 415.5

311.9

586.1

517.5

Net Profit (Billions of Dollars) Before income taxes ......................................................................... After income taxes ............................................................................

58.7 37.0

10.3 6.6

25.8 16.2

22.6 14.3

Profits Per Dollar of Sales (Cents) Before income taxes ......................................................................... After income taxes ............................................................................

4.2 2.6

3.3 2.1

4.3 2.7

4.4 2.8

Profits on Stockholders’ Equity (Percent) Before income taxes ......................................................................... After income taxes ............................................................................

22.5 14.2

26.4 16.9

20.2 12.6

23.8 15.1


364


Table 23-3. Retail Trade and Food Services—Sales by Kind of Business (NAICS Basis), 1992–2002 (Dollars in billions.) Kind of business

1992

1995

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

RETAIL AND FOOD SERVICES SALES, TOTAL .....

2 062.5

2 502.0

2 778.4

2 917.6

3 164.3

3 378.0

3 471.6

3 580.0

Retail Sales, Total ..................................................... GAFO, total 1 ............................................................... Motor vehicle and parts dealers .................................. Automobile and other motor vehicle dealers ........... Automobile dealers ............................................. New car dealers .............................................. Used cars dealers ........................................... Auto parts, access., and tire stores ......................... Furniture, home furnishings, electronics and appliance stores .......................................................... Furniture and home furnishings stores ................... Furniture stores ................................................... Home furnishings stores ..................................... Electronics and appliance stores 2 .......................... Appl. TV, and other elect. stores ......................... Computer and software stores ............................ Building mat. garden equip. and supply stores ........... Building mat. and supply dealers ............................ Food and beverage stores 2 ........................................ Grocery stores ........................................................ Beer, wine and liquor stores ................................... Health and personal care stores ................................. Pharmacies and drug stores ................................... Gasoline stations ........................................................ Clothing and clothing access, stores .......................... Clothing stores 2 ...................................................... Men’s clothing stores .......................................... Women’s clothing stores ..................................... Family clothing stores ......................................... Shoe stores ............................................................. Jewelry stores ......................................................... Sporting goods, hobby, book and music stores .......... Sporting goods stores ............................................. Book stores ............................................................. General merchandise stores ....................................... Department stores (excl. L.D.) 3 .............................. Department stores (incl. L.D.) 3 ............................... Other general merchandise stores .......................... Warehouse clubs and superstores ..................... Miscellaneous stores retail .......................................... Nonstore retailers ........................................................ Electronic shopping and mail order ......................... Fuel dealers ............................................................

1 859.1 536.9 427.6 377.2 359.1 333.8 25.3 50.4

2 268.3 653.0 588.0 528.7 502.5 464.6 37.8 59.3

2 520.3 715.7 660.7 596.3 565.5 519.0 46.5 64.4

2 645.0 762.6 699.5 631.9 597.5 545.1 52.3 67.6

2 878.4 823.1 779.8 707.9 669.5 611.6 57.9 71.9

3 071.7 872.3 816.6 742.0 699.3 638.8 60.5 74.6

3 153.3 893.9 840.5 766.8 723.3 662.2 61.2 73.7

3 245.4 935.2 852.7 777.7 732.3 669.2 63.1 75.0

97.8 55.0 31.6 23.4 42.8 29.0 11.5 160.2 135.5 371.5 337.9 21.8 90.8 77.8 156.6 120.3 85.9 10.2 31.8 33.2 18.1 15.2 49.3 15.7 8.3 248.0 177.1 181.3 70.9 40.0 55.8 81.3 35.3 19.3

130.4 65.5 37.0 28.5 64.9 42.1 20.5 199.1 172.3 391.3 356.9 22.1 102.5 85.9 181.3 131.6 91.4 9.3 28.7 40.0 19.8 19.2 60.9 20.0 11.2 300.6 205.9 210.9 94.7 65.1 77.2 105.4 52.7 21.6

144.3 74.1 41.9 32.1 70.2 43.1 24.8 229.5 197.4 410.3 373.1 24.2 119.1 98.8 199.9 140.6 98.5 10.1 27.9 45.3 20.8 19.8 65.6 21.3 12.8 331.5 220.1 225.1 111.3 81.9 91.7 127.4 70.1 22.9

154.6 78.6 44.1 34.4 76.0 46.3 27.2 243.5 210.0 421.6 382.4 25.7 130.2 108.3 191.7 149.4 104.9 10.6 28.7 49.5 21.5 21.5 69.5 22.6 13.4 351.9 223.7 228.5 128.2 98.8 99.8 133.3 79.5 19.7

167.1 85.2 47.0 38.2 81.9 51.4 27.7 263.0 229.3 442.5 401.9 26.9 143.7 121.1 211.3 160.0 112.4 10.5 30.2 53.8 22.0 24.1 74.0 24.2 14.5 381.5 231.0 236.1 150.5 119.3 105.8 149.7 92.6 20.7

178.0 91.7 50.5 41.1 86.4 56.9 26.4 276.2 241.1 460.5 416.7 29.1 157.0 130.9 246.8 167.9 118.6 10.8 32.5 56.4 22.1 25.3 77.9 26.0 15.4 406.2 233.6 238.7 172.6 140.2 108.5 176.2 110.3 27.8

176.7 91.4 50.5 40.9 85.2 58.5 24.1 287.4 251.1 480.5 434.4 30.4 167.6 141.5 245.4 167.2 119.6 10.3 33.1 56.7 22.0 24.2 79.4 26.7 15.8 430.4 230.2 234.3 200.2 165.6 105.0 173.3 109.5 27.2

185.1 95.0 52.6 42.4 90.1 62.3 25.0 300.9 264.8 490.8 443.0 31.3 180.2 153.0 240.9 171.9 123.6 9.9 34.3 59.4 21.8 25.1 82.0 28.0 15.8 455.7 225.9 230.0 229.8 193.5 104.5 180.8 116.7 25.7

Food Services and Drinking Places 2 ...................... Full service restaurants ............................................... Limited service eating places ...................................... Drinking places ...........................................................

203.4 86.5 87.4 12.4

233.6 99.4 103.1 12.5

258.0 114.6 109.3 13.4

272.6 119.7 116.8 14.1

285.9 124.9 122.2 14.8

306.3 132.9 131.3 15.7

318.3 138.1 137.7 15.9

334.6 146.1 143.9 17.4

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1GAFO represents store classified in the following NAICS 2Includes other kinds of business not shown separately. 3L.D. represents leased departments.

codes 442, 443, 448, 451, 452, and 4532.


365

Table 23-4. Wholesale Trade—Establishments, Sales, Payroll, and Employees, by Kind of Business, 1997 Sales Kind of business

Wholesale Trade .................................................................... Wholesale trade, nondurable goods ........................................ Paper and paper product wholesalers .................................. Drugs and druggists’ sundries wholesalers ......................... Apparel, piece goods and notions wholesalers ................... Grocery and related products wholesalers .......................... Farm-product raw material wholesalers ............................... Chemical and allied products wholesalers ........................... Petroleum and petroleum products wholesalers .................. Beer, wine and distilled alcoholic bev., wholesalers ............ Misc nondurable goods wholesale ....................................... Merchant wholesalers .............................................................. Manufacturers’ sales branches and sales offices .................... Agents, brokers and commission merchants ...........................

Establishments (number)

453 470 162 841 15 848 8 053 20 707 41 760 10 343 15 920 11 297 4 850 34 063 376 330 29 305 47 835

Total (millions of dollars)

Per paid employee (dollars)


Per paid employee (dollars)

Paid employees for pay period including March 12 (thousands)

4 059 658 1 879 940 117 062 203 148 124 104 588 970 166 786 128 923 267 624 69 703 213 619 2 333 131 1 258 875 467 652

700 357 783 865 546 128 1 068 485 597 880 688 919 1 710 260 777 735 1 941 710 459 550 564 336 508 187 1 365 066 1 650 981

214 915 81 678 7 730 8 395 7 760 26 778 2 306 7 241 4 480 5 667 11 321 158 373 45 912 10 630

37 076 34 057 36 064 44 154 37 382 31 322 23 646 43 683 32 503 37 363 29 909 34 496 49 785 37 529

5 797 2 398 214 190 208 855 98 166 138 152 378 4 591 922 283

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003; 1997 Economic Census.

Annual payroll

366


Table 23-5. Service-Related Industries—Establishments, Employees, and Payroll, by Industry, 2000 and 2001 (Number in thousands, billions of dollars.) Establishments (thousands)

Kind of business 2000

Employees (thousands) 1 2001

2000

Payroll (billions of dollars) 2001

2000

2001

ALL INDUSTRIES, TOTAL ..............................................................

7 070

7 095

114 065

115 061

3 879

3 989

Service-Related Industries, Total ..................................................

3 842

4 386

61 662

62 887

1 740

2 032

Transportation and Warehousing ................................................. Air transportation .............................................................................. Water transportation ......................................................................... Truck transportation .......................................................................... Transit and ground passenger transportation ................................... Pipeline transportation ...................................................................... Scenic and sightseeing transportation .............................................. Transportation support activities ....................................................... Couriers and messengers ................................................................ Warehousing and storage ................................................................

190 5 2 110 16 3 2 31 12 7

191 5 2 110 16 3 2 32 13 7

3 790 616 68 1 416 387 53 24 472 619 136

3 751 609 70 1 398 392 51 23 485 578 145

126 27 3 46 7 4 1 17 17 4

130 29 3 46 8 4 557 17 18 4

Information ...................................................................................... Publishing industries ......................................................................... Motion picture and sound recording industries ................................. Broadcasting and telecommunications ............................................. Information and data processing services ........................................

134 33 23 55 23

137 32 23 60 23

3 546 1 081 304 1 632 529

3 755 1 101 297 1 777 580

209 75 12 89 34

207 69 12 94 32

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing ............................................. Real estate ....................................................................................... Rental and leasing services .............................................................. Lessors of other nonfinancial intangible asset ..................................

300 235 63 2

307 241 64 2

1 942 1 280 636 26

2 014 1 335 653 26

59 40 17 2

64 44 18 2

Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services ........................ Professional, scientific, and technical services ................................. Legal services ............................................................................... Accounting/tax prep/bookkeep/payroll services ........................... Architectural, engineering and related services ............................ Specialized design services ......................................................... Computer systems design and related services ........................... Management, sci and tech consulting services ............................ Scientific R&D services ................................................................ Advertising and related services ................................................... Other professional/scientific/technical services ............................

723 723 177 100 102 28 100 97 13 40 65

736 736 177 102 104 29 101 108 14 39 64

6 816 6 816 1 089 1 164 1 213 140 1 171 712 359 472 496

7 157 7 157 1 110 1 191 1 286 148 1 255 806 387 464 509

362 362 62 38 65 6 85 44 25 23 14

374 374 67 38 69 6 85 47 25 22 15

Management of Companies and Enterprises ...............................

47

48

2 874

2 879

211

213

Admin/Support Waste Mgt/Remediation Services ...................... Administrative and support services 2 .............................................. Employment services ................................................................... Temporary help services .......................................................... Business support services ............................................................ Travel arrangement and reservation services .............................. Waste management and remediation services ................................

352 336 42 28 35 33 16

363 346 45 30 34 32 17

9 138 8 847 4 573 3 013 702 308 291

9 062 8 761 4 364 2 676 711 313 301

210 200 98 59 17 10 11

221 210 101 57 18 10 11

Educational Services .....................................................................

68

71

2 532

2 612

62

67

Health Care and Social Assistance ............................................... Ambulatory health care services ...................................................... Hospitals ........................................................................................... Nursing and residential care facilities ............................................... Social assistance ..............................................................................

659 459 7 63 129

671 467 7 65 132

14 109 4 566 5 015 2 592 1 936

14 535 4 737 5 085 2 671 2 042

431 180 170 50 31

466 195 181 55 35

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation ............................................ Perform arts, spectator sports, and related ind 2 .............................. Performing arts companies ............................................................... Spectator sports ............................................................................... Museums, historical sites, and like institutions ................................. Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries 2 .......................... Gambling industries ..........................................................................

104 34 9 4 6 64 2

106 35 9 5 6 65 2

1 741 352 126 100 110 1 279 203

1 780 362 128 104 114 1 305 216

43 19 3 9 3 22 5

46 20 3 10 3 23 5

Accommodation and Food Services ............................................ Accommodation 2 ............................................................................. Traveler accommodation .................................................................. RV parks and recreational camps .................................................... Food services and drinking places ................................................... Full-service restaurants .................................................................... Limited-service eating places ........................................................... Special food services ........................................................................ Drinking places (alcoholic beverages) ..............................................

542 60 50 7 483 192 211 29 51

549 60 50 7 488 193 216 29 50

9 881 1 768 1 714 38 8 113 3 897 3 385 502 329

9 972 1 753 1 698 39 8 220 3 963 3 407 514 335

126 35 34 1 91 47 33 7 3

129 34 33 901 95 49 35 8 3

Other Services (Except Public Administration) ........................... Repair and maintenance 2 ................................................................ Automotive R&M ............................................................................... Electronic and precision equipment R&M ......................................... Personal and laundry services ......................................................... Religious/grantmaking/prof/like organizations ..................................

723 233 164 15 199 291

719 231 164 15 197 292

5 293 1 334 856 144 1 293 2 666

5 370 1 343 871 141 1 312 2 716

110 37 21 7 23 50

115 38 21 6 24 53

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes 2Includes

employees on the payroll for the pay period including March 12. other kinds of business not shown separately.


367

Table 23-6. Electronic Shopping and Mail-Order Houses—Total and E-Commerce Sales, by Merchandise Line, 2001 (Millions of dollars, percent.) Value of sales Kind of business


Electronic Shopping and Mail-Order Houses, Total 1 ...... Books and magazines ........................................................... Clothing and clothing accessories (includes footwear) .......... Computer hardware ............................................................... Computer software ................................................................ Drugs, health aids, beauty aids ............................................. Electronics and appliances .................................................... Food, beer and wine .............................................................. Furniture and home furnishings ............................................ Music and videos ................................................................... Office equipment and supplies .............................................. Sporting goods ....................................................................... Toys, hobby goods, and games ............................................. Other merchandise 2 .............................................................. Nonmerchandise receipts 3 ....................................................

109 463 3 872 15 351 21 968 3 955 16 203 3 739 1 832 6 530 3 971 6 605 1 640 3 008 16 710 4 079

E-commerce (millions of dollars)

25 690 1 739 3 250 5 655 1 203 950 1 470 444 1 658 1 306 1 981 464 931 3 082 1 557

E-commerce as percent of total sales

Percent distribution of total sales

24.0 45.0 21.0 26.0 30.0 6.0 39.0 24.2 25.4 32.9 30.0 28.3 31.0 18.4 38.2

100.0 4.0 14.0 20.0 4.0 15.0 3.0 1.7 6.0 3.6 6.0 1.5 2.7 15.3 3.7

Percent distribution of E-commerce sales

100.0 7.0 13.0 22.0 5.0 4.0 6.0 1.7 6.5 5.1 7.7 1.8 3.6 12.0 6.1

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1This industry comprises businesses primarily engaged in retailing all types of merchandise through catalogs, television, and the Internet. Data are preliminary 2Includes other merchandise such as jewelry, collectibles, souvenirs, auto parts and accessories, hardware, and lawn and garden equipment and supplies. 3Includes nonmerchandise receipts such as auction commissions, shipping and handling, customer training, customer support, and online advertising.

and, therefore, subject to revision.

368


Table 23-7. Retail Trade and Food Services—Estimated Per Capita Sales, by Selected Kinds of Business (NAICS Basis), 1992–2002 (Dollars in billions.) Kind of business

1992

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Retail Sales, Total .................................................................. Total (Excluding motor vehicle and parts dealers) ................... Motor vehicle and parts dealers ............................................... Furniture, home furnishings ..................................................... Electronics and appliance stores ............................................. Building material and garden equipment and supply stores .... Food and beverage stores ....................................................... Health and personal care stores .............................................. Gasoline stations ..................................................................... Clothing and clothing accessories stores ................................ Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores ...................... General merchandise stores .................................................... Miscellaneous store retailers ................................................... Nonstore retailers ....................................................................

7 290 5 613 1 677 216 168 628 1 456 356 614 472 193 972 219 319

8 283 6 170 2 113 241 221 733 1 480 374 658 497 221 1 096 271 378

8 631 6 394 2 237 249 247 757 1 489 390 690 501 232 1 144 294 401

9 097 6 702 2 395 262 258 802 1 516 415 734 516 242 1 189 317 451

9 412 6 945 2 467 277 262 857 1 532 445 746 525 245 1 238 342 476

9 787 7 199 2 588 291 281 901 1 560 482 710 553 257 1 302 369 493

10 556 7 696 2 860 313 300 964 1 623 527 775 587 272 1 399 388 549

11 264 8 270 2 995 336 317 1 013 1 689 576 905 616 286 1 490 398 646

11 052 8 106 2 946 320 299 1 007 1 684 587 860 586 278 1 508 368 607

11 254 8 297 2 957 329 312 1 042 1 702 625 835 596 284 1 580 362 627

Food Services and Drinking Places .....................................

798

867

889

916

964

1 009

1 049

1 123

1 116

1 160



369

Table 23-8. Retail Foodstores—Number and Sales, by Type (NAICS Basis), 1990–2001 (Number in thousands, billions of dollars, percent.) Number 1 (thousands)

Sales 2 (billions of dollars)


Type of foodstore

Number 1990

Total .................................................. Grocery .............................................. Supermarkets 3 .............................. Conventional .............................. Superstore 4 ............................... Warehouse 5 .............................. Combination food and drug 6 ..... Superwarehouse 7 ..................... Hypermarket 8 ............................ Convenience stores 9 ..................... Superette 10 ................................... Specialized food stores 11 ..................

282.6 190.3 24.5 13.2 5.8 3.4 1.6 0.3 0.1 93.0 72.8 92.3

1995

264.4 176.9 25.3 12.3 6.8 2.7 2.7 0.6 0.2 86.9 64.7 87.5

1999

247.8 165.8 24.4 10.3 7.6 2.4 3.4 0.5 0.2 82.9 58.5 82.0

2000

243.8 163.2 24.6 9.9 7.9 2.4 3.7 0.5 0.2 81.9 56.7 80.6

2001

219.5 145.4 23.9 8.9 7.9 2.7 3.9 0.5 0.2 56.2 65.2 74.1

1990

368.3 348.2 261.7 92.3 87.6 33.1 29.3 12.6 6.8 37.0 49.5 20.1

1995

402.5 382.2 300.4 76.4 116.7 20.7 59.3 17.8 9.5 42.4 39.4 20.3

1999

458.3 434.7 325.7 63.6 138.9 20.9 75.5 17.1 9.7 47.6 61.4 23.6

2000

483.7 458.3 337.3 63.4 142.4 22.0 81.8 17.4 10.3 48.5 72.5 25.4

2001

442.0 425.0 354.5 65.8 152.1 24.2 83.8 17.7 11.0 19.5 51.4 16.6

1990

100.0 67.3 8.7 4.7 2.1 1.2 0.6 0.1 ... 32.9 25.8 32.7

Sales

2001

1990

100.0 66.3 10.9 4.0 3.6 1.2 1.8 0.2 0.1 25.6 29.7 33.7

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Estimated. 2Includes nonfood items. 3A grocery store, primarily self-service in operation, providing a full range of departments, and having at least $2.5 million in annual sales in 1985 dollars. 4Contains greater variety of products than conventional supermarkets, including specialty and service departments, and considerable nonfood (general merchandise) products. 5Contains limited product variety and fewer services provided, incorporating case lot stocking and shelving practices. 6Contains a pharmacy, a nonprescription drug department, and a greater variety of health and beauty aids than carried by conventional supermarkets. 7A larger warehouse store that offers expanded product variety and often service meat, deli, or seafood departments. 8A very large store offering a greater variety of general merchandise—like clothes, hardware, and seasonal goods—and personal care products than other grocery stores. 9A small grocery store selling a limited variety of food and nonfood products, typically open extended hours. 10A grocery store, primarily self-service in operation, selling a wide variety of food and nonfood products with annual sales below $2.5 million (1985 dollars). 11Primarily engaged in the retail sale of a single food category such as meat and seafood stores and retail bakeries.

100.0 94.5 71.1 25.1 23.8 9.0 8.0 3.4 1.8 10.0 13.4 5.5

2001

100.0 96.2 80.2 14.9 34.4 5.5 19.0 4.0 2.5 4.4 11.6 3.8

SECTION

24

INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS AND FOREIGN COMMERCE

372


SECTION 24

INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS AND FOREIGN COMMERCE Highlights

1

The first edition of the Statistical Abstract of the United States, published in 1879, was almost wholly devoted to foreign trade and shipping. Data on imports of gold, silver coins, and bullion took up 11 of its 154 pages and nearly 100 pages were devoted to imports and exports. The section on exports showed that the major U.S. exports were raw cotton and wheat, which together accounted for 38 percent of all exports. In the early years of the republic, international trade and transactions loomed large in the public economy and received considerable attention from statisticians, because at that time the United States was more heavily dependent on foreign markets than it has been in the twentieth century. Records of foreign trade have been kept by the Treasury Department since August 1, 1789 (in a more or less complete fashion), although they do not show the value of commerce with each country. However, Edward Ely, author of International Trade Statistics, observes that the United States may be said to have an adequate set of import and export statistics only since about 1821. No information was compiled on the amounts of articles that were imported free of duty or on imports subject to specific rates of duty. The total dollar value of imports from 1795 to 1801 was apparently estimated by the Secretary of the Treasury, and the figures for 1790 to 1794 and from 1802 to 1820 were apparently estimated many years later. The adequacy of these early records, of course, depends on the use made of them. Some of the earliest records were not published officially, and scholars have had to rely on other sources, particularly, A View of the United States of America by Tench Coxe, A Statistical Manual of the United States of America by Samuel Blodgett Jr., A Statistical View of Commerce of the United States of America by Timothy Pitkin, and the History of Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the United States by Emory Johnson.

2

Foreign trade data are subject to a variety of special statistical problems. The record of gold movements, in particular, has been subject to considerable error because of smuggling. The Civil War introduced two special difficulties. Because the ports of the Southern States stopped furnishing reports to the Treasury in 1861, exports of cotton are based on estimates derived from records of recipient countries. A second difficulty was introduced in 1862 when the United States abandoned its specie backing (dollars of a fixed parity to gold) for money. The dollar fluctuated against foreign currencies and gold with each reverse or success of the Northern forces. While exports or re-exports continued to be valued in specie, domestic exports were recorded in mixed values from 1862 until the resumption of specie payment in 1879. A third problem affecting the comparability of trade statistics arose between 1934 and 1953, when the foreign exchange value of the dollar was allowed to depreciate as a result of the restriction placed on gold shipments to foreign countries. World War II introduced such complications as Lend-Lease, surplus property disposal after the war, and economic and military aid.

3

In 1820, Congress established the Division of Commerce and Navigation in the Register of the Treasury. Collectors of Customs were required to compile and transmit annual reports to that office on trade and navigation with foreign countries. Beginning in 1821, these reports were consolidated and published annually in Commerce and Navigation of the United States. In 1866, Congress established the Bureau of Statistics and charged it with the collection of data on all articles imported, exported or re-exported classified by countries of destination. Since 1866, monthly trade statistics have been published in addition to annual data.

373

SECTION 24: INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS AND FOREIGN COMMERCE

U.S. International Investment Position (U.S.-Owned Assets Abroad), 1980–2001 7,000

6,000

Dollars (billions)

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0 1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

Year

4

Balance of international payments data for the period from 1790 to 1918 are derived basically from private authors. They illustrate U.S. foreign relations, territorial expansion, immigration and the cost of wars and the Civil War. For example, $600,000 was paid between 1794 and 1796 to the Barbary pirates; $11.2 million was paid to France in 1803 for the Louisiana Purchase; $15 million was given to Mexico between 1849 and 1852 for territory now constituting Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado; $10 million was paid to Mexico between 1854 and 1856 for the Gadsden Purchase; $7.1 million was given to Russia in 1869 for Alaska; and $20 million was paid to Spain in 1898 for the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. Similarly, the United States received $5.5 million from France between 1836 and 1838 as indemnity for losses suffered during the Napoleonic Wars, as well as $15.5 million from Great Britain for losses suffered from British privateers during the Civil War. After World War II, the United States became a grantor, providing extensive grants and credits to its allies in the Cold War. Data for foreign aid programs are presented by the Agency for International Development.

5

Exports and imports constitute the backbone of foreign trade. The Bureau of the Census compiles export data primarily from the Shippers’ Export Declarations that are required to be filed with customs

officials for shipments leaving the United States. Import data are compiled from various required customs forms as well. The data suffer from serious underreporting because of the exclusion of low-valued shipments exported and imported. For exports, the minimum is $2,500 and for imports it is $1,250. Data for shipments below these limits are estimated, and such estimates may have a wide margin of error. Low value shipments are believed to represent less than 2.5 percent of U.S. exports and 4 percent of U.S. imports. Since 1982, import prices have been based on customs values and export prices on f.a.s. (free alongside ship) values at the U.S. port of export.

6

Since 1983, foreign assets in the United States have exceeded U.S. assets abroad by a considerable margin. In 2001, foreign assets in the United States exceeded $9 trillion, and U.S. assets abroad were $6.863 trillion at market value. Similarly, the United States runs a deficit on current accounts in international transactions, with exports worth $1.230 trillion and imports of $1.652 trillion. Generally, the United States has a negative balance in transactions with almost all countries and areas. Exceptions are Belgium-Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The United States has a shortfall in merchandise trade, which is partially offset by a surplus on net private service transactions and travel and transportation receipts.

374


7

Foreign direct investment in the United States rose from $83 billion in 1980 to $403.7 billion in 1990 and $811.756 billion in 1998. The United Kingdom is the largest single direct investor in the United States with $269.321 billion, followed by Germany ($164.017 billion), the Netherlands ($157.596 billion), Japan ($150.008 billion), France ($148.282 billion), Switzerland ($118.447 billion), Luxembourg ($34.111 billion), Ireland ($24.958 billion), Australia ($22.289 billion), and Sweden ($22.011 billion).

8

Of U.S. foreign investment of $1,520.965 billion in 2002, Europe accounted for over 52 percent. Latin America accounted for 17.9 percent, Africa for 1.0 percent, the Middle East for 0.9 percent, and Asia and the Pacific for 17.7 percent.

9

Between 1966 and 2002, the United States extended over $350 billion as grants and credits to foreign countries. Grants and credits to Western Europe, the Western hemisphere, and the Pacific have tapered off since the 1980s, while those to Eastern Europe, Near East and South Asia, and Africa increased. In 2002, grants and credits to Western Europe were $104 million, Eastern Europe $1,464 million, Near East and South Asia $5,656 million, Africa $2,015 million, Far East and Pacific $141 million, and Western Hemisphere $704 million.

10

Total economic and military aid in 2000 totaled $16.943 billion, of which economic aid accounted for $11.740 billion and military aid for $3.679 billion.

11 Israel receives the most military and economic aid from the United States. In 2000, military aid totaled $3.12 billion and economic aid $949.1 million. Israel received 60 percent of all military assistance and 8.1 percent of all economic assistance granted by the United States. Egypt also receives heavy military and economic assistance: $1.3 billion of the former and $741.4 million of the latter.

12 The United States has always maintained a healthy balance in services, unlike in merchandise trade. In 2002, it had a balance of $64.834 billion in services. In merchandise trade, however, it had a surplus in trade in agricultural products of $12.7 billion, but a massive deficit of $368.8 billion in manufactured goods and $105.4 billion in mineral fuels.

13

Texas leads all states in exports with $95.396 billion, followed by California ($92.214 billion), New York ($36.977 billion), Washington ($34.627 billion), Michigan ($33.755 billion), Ohio ($27.723 billion), Illinois ($25.686 billion), Florida ($24.544 billion), Louisiana ($17.567 billion), and New Jersey ($17.002 billion).

14 California also leads in agricultural exports with $8.698 billion, followed by Texas ($3.333 billion), Iowa ($3.259 billion), Kansas ($3.099 billion), Illinois ($3.057 billion), and Nebraska ($2.915 billion).


375

Table 24-1—Series U 1-25. U.S. Exports and Imports of Goods and Services and Income Receipts and Payments, 1960–2002 (Dollars in millions.) Exports of goods and services and income receipts Year Total

Goods

Import of goods and services and income receipts

Income on U.S.-owned assets

Travel

Total

Goods

Direct military expenditures

Income payments on foreign-owned assets in U.S.

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

1 229 649 1 284 942

681 874 718 712

66 547 71 893

252 379 274 272

-1 651 657 -1 632 072

-1 164 746 -1 145 927

-19 245 -14 975

-251 108 -258 571

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 416 915 1 255 671 1 191 206 1 194 899 1 077 148 1 005 645 868 460 776 921 748 881 727 557

771 994 683 965 670 416 678 366 612 113 575 204 502 859 456 943 439 631 414 083

82 400 74 801 71 325 73 426 69 809 63 395 58 417 57 875 54 742 48 385

343 928 287 450 256 211 258 756 224 090 209 741 163 895 132 725 130 631 147 924

-1 772 694 -1 499 762 -1 347 462 -1 281 291 -1 155 489 -1 075 674 -948 555 -821 797 -763 741 -734 563

-1 224 417 -1 029 987 -917 112 -876 485 -803 113 -749 374 -668 690 -589 394 -536 528 -491 020

-13 473 -13 335 -12 185 -11 707 -11 061 -10 043 -10 217 -12 086 -13 835 -16 409

-319 737 -265 133 -244 757 -233 705 -195 443 -180 617 -142 792 -105 123 -104 349 -121 058

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

706 975 648 290 567 862 457 053 407 098 387 612 399 913 356 106 366 983 380 928

387 401 359 916 320 230 250 208 223 344 215 915 219 926 201 799 211 157 237 044

43 007 36 205 29 434 23 563 20 385 17 762 17 177 10 947 12 393 12 913

170 570 160 270 135 718 107 190 96 156 98 542 108 819 90 000 91 747 86 529

-759 287 -721 607 -663 741 -594 443 -530 142 -483 769 -473 923 -377 488 -355 975 -364 196

-498 435 -477 665 -447 189 -409 765 -368 425 -338 088 -332 418 -268 901 -247 642 -265 067

-17 531 -15 313 -15 604 -14 950 -13 730 -13 108 -12 516 -13 087 -12 460 -11 564

-139 728 -139 177 -116 179 -91 553 -78 893 -72 819 -73 756 -53 614 -56 583 -53 626

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

344 440 287 965 220 516 184 655 172 090 157 936 148 484 113 050 81 986 72 384

224 250 184 439 142 075 120 816 114 745 107 088 98 306 71 410 49 381 43 319

10 588 8 441 7 183 6 150 5 742 4 697 4 032 3 412 2 817 2 534

72 606 63 834 42 088 32 354 29 375 25 351 27 587 21 808 14 765 12 707

-333 774 -281 657 -229 870 -193 764 -162 109 -132 745 -137 274 -98 997 -79 237 -66 414

-249 750 -212 007 -176 002 -151 907 -124 228 -98 185 -103 811 -70 499 -55 797 -45 579

-10 851 -8 294 -7 352 -5 823 -4 895 -4 795 -5 032 -4 629 -4 784 -4 819

-42 532 -32 961 -21 680 -14 217 -13 311 -12 564 -12 084 -9 655 -6 572 -5 435

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

68 387 60 132 54 911 49 353 46 454 42 722 40 165 35 776 33 340 31 402

42 469 36 414 33 626 30 666 29 310 26 461 25 501 22 272 20 781 20 108

2 331 2 043 1 775 1 646 1 590 1 380 1 207 1 015 957 947

11 748 10 913 9 367 8 021 7 528 7 437 6 824 6 157 5 618 4 999

-59 901 -53 998 -48 671 -41 476 -38 468 -32 708 -29 102 -26 970 -25 676 -23 453

-39 866 -35 807 -32 991 -26 866 -25 493 -21 510 -18 700 -17 048 -16 260 -14 537

-4 855 -4 856 -4 535 -4 378 -3 764 -2 952 -2 880 -2 961 -3 105 -2 998

-5 515 -4 869 -3 378 -2 747 -2 481 -2 088 -1 783 -1 560 -1 324 -1 245

1960 ......................................................

30 556

19 650

919

4 616

-23 670

-14 758

-3 087

-1 238

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis.

376


Table 24-2—Series U 26-39. International Investment Position of the United States, 1843–2001 (Dollars in millions.) U.S.-owned assets abroad 1

Total foreign-owned assets in U.S. 1

Year Total 2

U.S. government 2

Private

2001 ......................................................

6 187

5 972

216

8 167

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

6 229 5 965 5 091 4 568 4 013 3 452 2 999 2 754 2 332 2 286

6 016 5 745 4 858 4 347 3 766 3 191 2 751 2 505 2 101 2 046

214 221 233 221 247 261 247 248 230 241

7 617 6 763 6 010 5 401 4 534 3 948 3 311 3 061 2 763 2 596

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 179 2 071 1 830 1 647 1 469 1 287 1 205 1 211 1 108 1 002

1 920 1 816 1 598 1 393 1 238 1 080 1 013 1 006 888 806

259 255 232 253 232 208 192 205 220 195

2 424 2 330 2 008 1 727 1 506 1 233 1 044 913 779 662

1980 ...................................................... 1979 ...................................................... 1978 ...................................................... 1977 ...................................................... 1976 3 .................................................... 1976 4 .................................................... 1975 ...................................................... 1974 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1972 ...................................................... 1971 ......................................................

930 787 621 512 457 347 295 256 226 201 181

693 585 499 410 368 282 237 202 165 146 130

237 202 123 102 89.0 46.0 41.8 38.3 38.8 36.1 34.2

569 470 415 341 292 264 221 197 163 149 123

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

167 158 147 135 125 120 115 104 96.5 92.0

120 110 102 93.6 86.4 81.5 75.9 66.6 60.1 55.6

46.7 47.7 44.3 41.1 38.8 38.8 38.8 37.4 36.4 36.4

97.7 90.8 81.2 69.7 60.4 58.8 56.9 51.5 46.3 46.0

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

85.6 82.2 79.2 76.4 70.8 65.1 62.4 60.2 59.1 56.4

49.3 44.8 41.1 36.9 33.4 29.1 26.6 23.8 22.7 20.8

36.3 37.4 38.1 39.5 37.4 35.9 35.8 36.4 36.4 35.6

40.9 39.1 34.4 30.7 30.5 27.8 25.0 21.9 20.8 18.7

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

54.4 53.9 52.5 48.3 39.4 36.9

19.0 16.9 16.3 14.9 13.5 14.7

35.4 37.0 36.2 33.4 25.9 22.2

17.6 14.8 14.4 13.8 15.2 17.0

1940 ...................................................... 1935 ...................................................... 1931 ......................................................

34.3 23.6 20.1

12.2 13.5 15.9

22.1 10.1 4.2

13.5 6.4 3.8

1930 ...................................................... 1927 ...................................................... 1924 ...................................................... 1919 ...................................................... 1914 (June 30) ...................................... 1908 ......................................................

21.5 17.9 15.1 9.7 5.0 2.5

17.2 13.8 10.9 7.0 3.5 2.5

4.3 4.1 4.2 2.7 1.5 ...

8.4 6.6 3.9 3.3 7.2 6.4

1897 ...................................................... 1869 ...................................................... 1843 ......................................................

0.7 0.1 ...

0.7 0.1 ...

... ... ...

3.4 1.5 0.2

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1From 1976 to the present, direct investment is valued 2Beginning 1914, includes U.S. monetary gold stock. 3Comparable with later years. 4Comparable with earlier years.


at current (i.e., replacement) cost. Previously, it was valued at book value (historical cost).


377

Table 24-3—Series U 41-46. Value of Direct Investment in Foreign Countries, 1929–2002 (Dollars in millions, historical cost basis.) Year

Total, all areas

Latin America and other Western Hemisphere

Canada

Western Europe 1

2002 .................................................................................................. 2001 ..................................................................................................

1 520 965 1 383 225

152 522 141 789

272 363 282 328

796 913 716 901

2000 .................................................................................................. 1999 .................................................................................................. 1998 .................................................................................................. 1997 .................................................................................................. 1996 .................................................................................................. 1995 .................................................................................................. 1994 .................................................................................................. 1993 .................................................................................................. 1992 .................................................................................................. 1991 ..................................................................................................

1 316 247 1 215 960 1 000 703 871 316 795 195 699 015 612 893 564 283 502 063 467 844

132 472 119 590 98 200 96 626 89 592 83 498 74 221 69 922 68 690 70 711

266 576 253 928 196 755 180 818 155 925 131 377 116 478 59 302 54 339 48 546

687 320 627 754 518 433 425 139 389 378 344 596 297 133 285 735 248 744 235 163

1990 .................................................................................................. 1989 .................................................................................................. 1988 .................................................................................................. 1987 .................................................................................................. 1986 .................................................................................................. 1985 .................................................................................................. 1984 .................................................................................................. 1983 .................................................................................................. 1982 .................................................................................................. 1981 ..................................................................................................

421 494 370 091 335 893 314 307 259 582 230 250 211 480 207 203 221 343 226 359

68 431 65 548 62 656 57 783 49 994 46 909 46 730 44 339 44 509 45 129

72 467 62 727 53 506 47 551 34 790 28 261 24 627 24 133 31 175 30 020

214 739 175 213 157 077 150 439 122 165 105 171 91 589 92 178 99 877 101 514

1980 .................................................................................................. 1979 .................................................................................................. 1978 .................................................................................................. 1977 .................................................................................................. 1976 .................................................................................................. 1975 .................................................................................................. 1974 .................................................................................................. 1973 .................................................................................................. 1972 .................................................................................................. 1971 ..................................................................................................

215 375 187 658 167 804 149 848 136 809 124 050 118 819 103 675 94 337 86 198

45 119 40 662 37 071 35 200 33 838 31 038 28 404 25 541 25 771 24 105

38 761 22 792 21 467 18 882 17 125 16 394 14 597 13 527 13 667 12 982

96 287 85 056 69 553 60 930 55 139 49 305 44 782 38 255 30 817 27 740

1970 .................................................................................................. 1969 .................................................................................................. 1968 .................................................................................................. 1967 .................................................................................................. 1966 .................................................................................................. 1965 .................................................................................................. 1964 .................................................................................................. 1963 .................................................................................................. 1962 .................................................................................................. 1961 ..................................................................................................

78 178 71 016 64 983 59 491 54 799 49 474 44 480 40 736 37 276 34 717

22 790 21 127 19 535 18 102 17 017 15 318 13 855 13 044 12 133 11 602

12 252 11 694 11 033 10 270 9 876 9 441 8 742 8 712 8 474 8 286

24 516 21 650 19 407 17 926 16 234 13 985 12 129 10 340 8 930 7 742

1960 .................................................................................................. 1959 .................................................................................................. 1958 .................................................................................................. 1957 .................................................................................................. 1956 .................................................................................................. 1955 .................................................................................................. 1954 .................................................................................................. 1953 .................................................................................................. 1952 .................................................................................................. 1951 ..................................................................................................

31 865 29 827 27 409 25 394 22 505 19 395 17 631 16 253 14 721 12 979

11 197 10 310 9 470 8 769 7 795 6 761 6 043 5 349 4 641 3 969

7 481 8 120 7 773 7 434 6 844 6 031 5 741 5 589 5 355 4 818

6 691 5 323 4 573 4 151 3 561 3 002 2 643 2 375 2 153 1 989

1950 .................................................................................................. 1940 .................................................................................................. 1936 .................................................................................................. 1929 ..................................................................................................

11 788 7 000 6 691 7 528

3 579 2 103 1 952 2 010

4 445 2 771 2 847 3 519

1 733 1 420 1 245 1 353

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1Western

Europe includes Eastern Europe for 1929, 1936, and 1940 but excludes Turkey for 1936 and 1940.

378


Table 24-4—Series U 47-62. Value of Foreign Direct Investment in the United States, by Area and Industry (SIC and NAICS Basis), 1937–2002 (Dollars in millions.) All areas

Canada

Year Total 1

Petroleum

Manufacturing

Finance and insurance

Total 1

Petroleum

Manufacturing


NAICS Basis 2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

1 347 994 1 355 114

111 690 102 743

470 893 484 042

162 853 174 109

92 041 102 127

... ...

23 343 26 854

25 332 25 289

2000 1999 1998 1997

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 256 867 955 726 778 418 681 842

85 713 50 550 48 469 40 674

480 561 406 415 344 564 278 431

167 007 132 203 111 924 103 683

114 309 90 559 72 696 65 175

... 2 399 ... ...

46 504 29 524 25 621 24 830

19 904 16 982 15 434 12 576

SIC Basis 1996 ...................................................... 1995 ...................................................... 1994 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1991 ......................................................

598 021 535 553 480 667 467 412 423 131 419 108

43 483 34 907 32 290 32 214 34 746 40 051

245 662 214 504 189 459 168 147 160 360 157 115

124 919 119 333 91 099 74 733 48 780 44 748

54 836 45 618 41 219 40 373 37 515 36 834

3 220 3 240 3 097 2 455 2 443 2 468

23 096 20 320 17 439 15 303 15 598 15 716

13 384 10 900 8 364 8 168 7 235 7 354

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

394 911 368 924 314 754 263 394 220 414 184 615 164 583 137 061 124 677 90 421

42 882 40 345 36 006 37 815 29 094 28 270 25 400 18 209 17 660 18 005

152 805 150 949 122 582 93 865 71 963 59 584 51 802 47 665 44 065 29 976

58 437 58 215 44 010 39 455 34 978 27 429 24 881 10 934 17 933 12 574

29 544 30 370 26 566 24 684 20 318 17 131 15 286 11 434 11 708 9 883

1 417 1 233 1 181 1 088 1 432 1 589 1 544 1 391 1 550 1 387

9 327 9 934 9 730 8 085 6 108 4 607 4 115 3 313 3 500 3 519

7 325 7 227 5 769 5 797 4 283 4 008 3 245 1 061 1 801 818

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

83 046 54 462 42 471 34 595 30 770 27 662 22 421 18 284 14 868 13 914

12 200 9 906 7 762 6 573 5 921 6 213 5 979 4 649 3 272 3 139

32 993 20 876 17 202 14 030 12 620 11 386 10 685 8 559 7 262 6 722

12 027 7 575 5 231 4 544 2 943 3 152 2 864 2 854 2 911 2 553

12 162 7 154 6 180 5 650 5 907 5 352 4 930 4 044 3 466 3 335

1 817 943 723 710 676 596 468 296 243 207

5 227 3 615 3 213 3 077 3 386 3 061 2 966 2 430 2 201 2 013

1 612 505 397 367 422 341 342 320 353 330

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

13 270 11 818 10 815 9 923 9 054 8 797 8 363 7 944 7 612 7 392

2 992 2 493 2 261 1 885 1 740 1 710 1 621 1 513 1 419 1 325

6 140 5 344 4 475 4 181 3 789 3 478 3 213 3 018 2 885 2 754

2 256 2 189 2 305 2 193 2 072 2 169 2 181 2 045 1 943 2 025

3 117 2 834 2 659 2 575 2 439 2 388 2 284 2 183 2 064 1 989

190 132 100 99 98 208 205 213 212 194

1 836 1 644 1 413 1 397 1 342 1 219 1 129 1 063 1 015 975

324 352 376 354 386 370 382 337 269 274

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

6 910 6 604 6 115 5 710 5 459 5 076 4 633 4 251 3 945 3 658

1 238 1 184 1 099 1 043 937 853 776 706 552 466

2 611 2 471 2 232 2 083 1 940 1 759 1 582 1 451 1 377 1 274

1 810 1 734 1 660 1 496 1 534 1 499 1 371 1 219 1 170 1 105

1 934 1 896 1 835 1 773 1 690 1 542 1 427 1 350 1 218 1 119

203 207 214 211 200 196 192 168 90 62

932 907 863 816 775 711 651 611 592 525

246 227 222 208 196 179 168 162 149 150

1950 ...................................................... 1941 ...................................................... 1937 ......................................................

3 391 2 312 1 882

405 222 283

1 138 714 729

1 065 521 412

1 029 530 463

56 ... ...

468 ... ...

153 ... ...

1Includes industries not shown separately: mining and smelting, transportation and utilities, trade and miscellaneous. . . . = Not available.


379

Table 24-4—Series U 47-62. Value of Foreign Direct Investment in the United States, by Area and Industry (SIC and NAICS Basis), 1937–2002—Continued (Dollars in millions.) Europe

United Kingdom

Year Total 1

NAICS Basis 2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

Petroleum

Manufacturing


Total 1

Petroleum

Manufacturing


1 006 530 1 005 606

... ...

383 544 391 570

113 419 121 091

283 317 269 321

... ...

74 243 72 809

9 064 5 126

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

887 014 639 923 518 576 428 721

... 46 689 ... ...

363 494 306 565 265 376 205 461

117 671 90 151 76 472 65 343

277 613 153 797 137 489 129 421

... 32 189 ... ...

81 602 84 636 80 350 68 249

12 163 10 038 13 394 16 261

SIC Basis 1996 ...................................................... 1995 ...................................................... 1994 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1991 ......................................................

370 843 332 374 294 035 285 004 249 904 256 053

29 194 24 039 23 947 29 396 29 167 31 436

176 309 156 543 138 751 124 454 115 215 114 248

71 960 67 908 53 074 46 895 28 550 27 715

121 582 116 272 98 732 98 739 86 587 100 085

11 060 9 275 9 489 9 963 11 080 14 068

58 675 56 703 47 334 42 783 40 818 41 924

21 021 21 821 14 615 19 927 12 436 13 391

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

247 320 239 190 208 942 181 006 144 181 121 413 108 211 92 936 83 193 60 510

31 197 32 476 33 499 35 700 26 139 25 636 23 142 16 326 15 071 14 937

125 568 120 132 95 641 74 300 56 016 45 841 39 083 36 866 33 032 21 995

30 329 31 609 27 121 26 336 21 787 17 022 15 945 8 450 12 601 8 841

98 676 103 458 95 698 75 519 55 935 43 555 38 387 32 152 28 447 15 576

15 310 16 545 19 522 17 950 11 758 12 155 10 991 5 955 5 444 -165

52 955 51 798 41 708 30 372 16 500 11 687 9 179 9 221 8 504 6 109

13 139 11 859 11 256 9 801 10 163 6 483 5 485 3 777 5 661 4 330

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

54 688 37 403 29 180 23 754 20 162 18 584 14 627 12 504 11 087 10 336

10 137 8 010 6 569 5 523 4 999 5 478 3 871 3 438 3 011 2 893

21 953 13 952 11 717 9 267 7 426 6 673 7 143 5 828 4 836 4 455

8 673 5 529 3 575 3 076 2 637 2 088 2 181 2 261 2 335 2 047

14 105 9 796 7 638 6 397 5 802 6 331 6 188 5 649 4 987 4 853

-257 199 492 486 602 ... 1 650 1 377 1 297 1 270

6 159 3 547 3 014 2 305 1 963 1 833 2 476 2 250 1 719 1 615

3 350 2 432 1 596 1 425 1 211 932 1 363 1 506 1 567 1 326

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

9 554 8 510 7 750 7 005 6 273 6 076 5 819 5 491 5 245 5 129

2 777 2 322 2 146 1 772 1 620 1 481 1 404 1 306 1 203 1 125

4 091 3 530 2 941 2 669 2 335 2 167 2 005 1 881 1 797 1 708

1 805 1 766 1 855 1 758 1 611 1 724 1 723 1 640 1 611 1 690

4 127 3 496 3 409 3 156 2 864 2 852 2 796 2 665 2 474 2 484

1 220 829 749 612 558 511 498 480 416 381

1 391 1 176 1 076 1 009 906 839 812 779 762 750

1 141 1 143 1 239 1 189 1 075 1 176 1 154 1 085 1 023 1 091

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4 707 4 452 4 070 3 753 3 598 3 369 3 049 2 751 2 575 2 410

1 028 972 885 832 737 657 584 538 462 404

1 611 1 501 1 332 1 248 1 155 1 040 925 836 782 747

1 504 1 451 1 384 1 238 1 289 1 272 1 158 1 014 977 912

2 248 2 167 2 024 1 881 1 833 1 749 1 590 1 422 1 345 1 273

339 316 283 271 227 204 180 163 137 118

722 698 640 611 566 510 460 419 395 388

953 927 889 794 841 836 751 647 626 583

1950 ...................................................... 1941 ...................................................... 1937 ......................................................

2 228 1 569 1 337

349 ... ...

669 ... ...

870 ... ...

1 168 712 833

95 ... ...

337 ... ...

554 ... ...

2000 1999 1998 1997

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1Includes industries not shown separately: mining and smelting, transportation and utilities, trade and miscellaneous. . . . = Not available.

380


Table 24-5—Series U 187-200. Value of Exports and Imports, 1790–2002 (Dollars in millions.) Merchandise 1 Year

Exports and re-export

Excess of exports (+) or imports (-) Total general imports

Total

Exports of U.S. merchandise

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

693 100 729 100

... ...

1 161 366 1 140 999

-470 260 -411 900

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

781 900 695 800 682 100 689 200 625 100 584 700 512 600 465 100 448 200 421 900

... ... 659 000 662 600 597 700 553 200 486 000 441 400 412 900 400 900

1 218 022 1 024 618 911 896 870 700 795 300 743 400 663 300 580 700 532 700 488 100

-436 104 -328 821 -229 800 -181 500 -170 200 -158 700 -150 700 -115 600 -84 500 -66 200

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

393 600 363 800 322 400 254 100 217 300 213 100 217 900 200 500 212 300 233 700

375 100 349 400 310 000 243 900 206 400 206 900 212 100 196 000 207 100 228 900

495 300 473 400 441 000 406 200 370 000 345 300 325 700 258 000 244 000 261 000

-101 700 -109 600 -118 600 -152 100 -152 700 -132 100 -107 900 -57 500 -31 800 -27 300

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

220 600 181 900 143 700 121 200 115 200 107 700 98 100 70 800 49 200 43 500

216 500 178 600 141 000 118 900 113 500 106 100 96 500 69 700 48 400 42 900

244 900 209 500 174 800 150 400 123 500 98 500 102 600 69 500 55 600 45 600

-24 200 -27 600 -31 100 -29 200 -8 300 9 100 -4 500 1 300 -6 400 -2 000

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

43 224 38 006 34 636 31 526 30 320 27 470 26 508 23 347 21 700 20 999

42 590 37 462 34 199 31 142 29 884 27 127 26 156 23 062 21 431 20 755

39 952 36 043 33 226 26 812 25 542 21 364 18 684 17 138 16 380 14 714

3 272 1 964 1 410 4 714 4 777 6 105 7 824 6 209 5 320 6 286

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

20 575 17 634 17 910 20 850 19 090 15 547 15 110 15 774 15 201 15 032

20 375 17 451 17 745 20 671 18 940 15 419 14 981 15 652 15 049 14 879

14 654 15 207 12 792 12 982 12 615 11 384 10 215 10 873 10 717 10 967

5 922 2 427 5 118 7 868 6 475 4 163 4 894 4 900 4 483 4 065

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

10 275 12 051 12 653 14 430 9 738 9 806 14 259 12 965 8 079 5 147

10 142 11 936 12 532 14 252 9 500 9 585 14 162 12 842 8 003 5 020

8 852 6 622 7 124 5 756 4 942 4 159 3 929 3 381 2 756 3 345

1 423 5 429 5 529 8 673 4 796 5 646 10 330 9 583 5 323 1 802

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4 021 3 177 3 094 3 349 2 456 2 283 2 133 1 675 1 611 2 424

3 934 3 123 3 057 3 299 2 419 2 243 2 100 1 647 1 576 2 378

2 625 2 318 1 960 3 084 2 423 2 047 1 655 1 450 1 323 2 091

1 396 859 1 134 265 33 235 478 225 288 334

1Includes gold and silver prior to 1921. Beginning 1961, includes exports and imports of uranium, thorium and related products; beginning 1968, includes silver ore and bullion. . . . = Not available.


381

Table 24-5—Series U 187-200. Value of Exports and Imports, 1790–2002—Continued (Dollars in millions.) Merchandise 1 Year



Total


1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3 843 5 241 5 128 4 865 4 809 4 910 4 591 4 167 3 832 4 485

3 781 5 157 5 030 4 759 4 712 4 819 4 498 4 091 3 765 4 379

3 061 4 399 4 091 4 185 4 431 4 227 3 610 3 792 3 113 2 509

782 842 1 037 681 378 683 981 375 719 1 976

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

8 228 7 920 6 149 6 234 5 483 2 769 2 365 2 466 2 204 2 049

8 080 7 750 6 048 6 170 5 423 2 716 2 330 2 429 2 170 2 014

5 278 3 904 3 031 2 952 2 392 1 674 1 894 1 813 1 653 1 527

2 950 4 016 3 118 3 281 3 091 1 094 471 653 551 522

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 745 1 663 1 861 1 881 1 744 1 519 1 461 1 420 1 382 1 488

1 710 1 638 1 835 1 854 1 718 1 492 1 435 1 392 1 355 1 460

1 557 1 312 1 194 1 434 1 227 1 118 991 1 026 903 823

188 351 666 446 517 401 470 394 478 665

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 394 1 227 1 231 1 051 883 808 892 848 1 030 884

1 371 1 204 1 210 1 032 863 793 869 831 1 016 872

850 697 616 765 780 732 655 866 827 845

545 530 615 286 103 76 237 -19 203 40

1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

858 742 696 716 680 742 741 824 751 902

845 730 684 703 666 727 725 804 733 884

789 745 724 692 635 578 668 723 725 643

69 -3 -28 24 44 165 73 101 26 260

1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1875 1874 1873 1872 1871

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

836 710 695 602 540 513 596 522 444 443

824 698 681 590 526 499 569 505 428 428

668 446 437 451 461 533 567 642 627 520

168 265 258 151 80 -20 19 -120 -182 -77

1870 1869 1868 1867 1866 1865 1864 1863 1862 1861

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

393 286 282 295 349 166 159 204 191 220

377 275 269 290 338 137 144 186 180 205

436 418 357 396 435 239 316 243 189 289

-43 -131 -75 -101 -86 -73 -158 -39 1 -70

1Includes

gold and silver prior to 1921. Beginning 1961, includes exports and imports of uranium, thorium and related products; beginning 1968, includes silver ore and bullion.

382


Table 24-5—Series U 187-200. Value of Exports and Imports, 1790–2002—Continued (Dollars in millions.) Merchandise 1 Year



Total


1860 1859 1858 1857 1856 1855 1854 1853 1852 1851

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

334 293 272 294 281 219 237 203 167 189

316 278 251 279 166 193 215 190 155 179

354 331 263 348 310 258 298 264 207 211

-20 -38 9 -55 -29 -39 -61 -60 -40 -22

1850 1849 1848 1847 1846 1845 1844 1843 1842 1841

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

144 140 138 157 110 106 106 83 100 112

135 132 130 151 102 98 100 78 92 104

174 141 149 122 118 113 103 42 96 123

-29 -1 -10 34 -8 -7 3 40 4 -11

1840 1839 1838 1837 1836 1835 1834 1833 1832 1831

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

124 112 105 111 124 115 102 88 82 72

112 102 96 94 107 100 81 70 62 59

98 156 96 130 177 137 109 101 95 96

25 -44 9 -19 -52 -22 -6 -14 -14 -24

1830 1829 1828 1827 1826 1825 1824 1823 1822 1821

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

72 67 64 74 73 91 69 68 61 55

59 55 50 58 52 67 51 47 50 41

63 67 81 71 78 90 72 72 80 55

9 (Z) -17 3 -5 1 -3 -4 -19 (Z)

1820 1819 1818 1817 1816 1815 1814 1813 1812 1811

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

70 70 93 88 82 53 7 28 39 61

52 51 74 68 65 46 7 25 30 45

74 87 122 99 147 113 13 22 77 53

-5 -17 -28 -12 -65 -60 -6 6 -39 8

1810 1809 1808 1807 1806 1805 1804 1803 1802 1801

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

67 52 22 108 102 96 78 56 72 93

42 31 9 49 41 42 41 42 36 46

85 59 57 139 129 121 85 65 76 111

-19 -7 -35 -30 -28 -25 -7 -9 -4 -18

1800 1799 1798 1797 1796 1795 1794 1793 1792 1791

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

71 79 61 51 59 48 33 26 21 19

32 33 28 24 32 40 27 24 19 19

91 79 69 75 81 70 35 31 32 29

-20 (Z) -7 -24 -23 -22 -2 -5 -11 -10

1790 ......................................................

20

...

23

-3

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes gold and silver prior to 1921. Beginning 1961, includes exports and imports of uranium, thorium and related products; beginning 1968, includes silver ore and bullion. . . . = Not available. Z = Less than $500,000 or less than -$500,000.


383

Table 24-6. U.S. Foreign Economic and Military Aid Programs, 1980–2000 (Dollars in millions.) Year and region

Total economic and military aid

Economic aid Total

Loans

Military aid Grants

Total

Loans

Grants

2000, Total ....................................................................................... Near East .......................................................................................... Sub Saharan Africa .......................................................................... Latin America .................................................................................... Asia ................................................................................................... Eastern Europe ................................................................................. Western Europe ................................................................................ Eurasia ............................................................................................. Oceania and other ............................................................................ Nonregional ......................................................................................

16 943 6 860 1 553 1 977 862 9 1 141 899 3 3 639

11 740 2 180 1 499 1 960 845 9 1 124 748 3 375

304 10 9 23 45 212 5 -

11 436 2 170 1 490 1 937 800 9 911 744 -3 3 375

5 204 4 680 54 17 18 1 17 150 263

-3 -

5 204 4 680 54 17 18 1 17 150 263

1999 .................................................................................................. 1998 .................................................................................................. 1997 .................................................................................................. 1996 .................................................................................................. 1995 .................................................................................................. 1994 .................................................................................................. 1993 .................................................................................................. 1992 .................................................................................................. 1991 ..................................................................................................

15 987 13 907 13 037 13 559 15 108 15 870 28 196 15 589 16 663

12 308 10 318 9 171 9 589 11 295 11 940 24 054 11 242 11 904

408 271 218 329 190 887 462 494 354

11 899 10 047 8 953 9 260 11 105 11 053 23 593 10 748 11 550

3 679 3 589 3 866 3 970 3 813 3 931 4 143 4 347 4 760

152 100 298 544 558 770 855 345 428

3 527 3 489 3 568 3 426 3 255 3 161 3 288 4 002 4 332

1990 .................................................................................................. 1989 .................................................................................................. 1988 .................................................................................................. 1987 .................................................................................................. 1986 .................................................................................................. 1985 .................................................................................................. 1984 .................................................................................................. 1983 .................................................................................................. 1982 .................................................................................................. 1981 ..................................................................................................

15 727 14 688 13 792 14 488 16 739 18 128 15 524 14 202 12 324 10 550

10 834 9 860 8 961 9 386 10 900 12 327 9 038 8 603 8 129 7 305

756 694 852 1 138 1 330 1 579 1 621 1 619 1 454 1 460

10 078 9 166 8 109 8 248 9 570 10 748 7 417 6 984 6 675 5 845

4 893 4 828 4 831 5 102 5 839 5 801 6 486 5 599 4 195 3 245

404 410 763 953 1 980 2 365 4 401 3 932 3 084 2 546

4 489 4 418 4 068 4 149 3 859 3 436 2 085 1 667 1 111 699

1980 ..................................................................................................

9 695

7 573

1 993

5 580

2 122

1 450

672

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003 - = Quantity zero.

SECTION

25

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE

386


SECTION 25

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE Highlights Patents Filed and Issued, 1980–2002 400 357.5

Patents filed Patents issued 315.8

Thousands of patents

300

228.8 200 176

176.7

184.4

127.1 113.0

113.8

99.2

100 66.2

77.3

0 1980

1985

1995

1990

2000

2002

Year

1

As President Coolidge allegedly said, “The business of America is business.” This business is conducted by more than 20 million firms, but data on the total number and size distribution of firms must be used with caution. There has never been a satisfactory definition of a firm, and the boundary between self-employment and a firm is tenuous at best. In addition, there are problems with inactive or partly active firms and seasonal firms. This problem is compounded when an effort is made to group firms into industrial categories whose boundaries are arbitrary and too tidy for real life. There are activities that defy known categories. Because small firms dominate the business landscape and because many small firms are on the boundary line, a slight difference in method may generate a considerable change in the total. If, however, the focus is on activity and out-

put rather than number, then the unequal size distribution of firms becomes a statistical advantage because it permits a more efficient sample design at lower cost. Similarly, mergers and acquisitions, changes in public taste, and cyclical economic fluctuations all help to distort the structural profile of American business in ways of which statisticians may not be aware.

2

The principal sources of business data are official and nonofficial. Official sources include the Survey of Current Business published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Statistics of Income produced by the Internal Revenue Service. Unofficial sources include publications of Dun & Bradstreet, including Business Failure Record.

SECTION 25: BUSINESS ENTERPRISE

3

387

9

Business firms are conventionally divided into the categories of corporation, partnership, and nonfarm proprietorship. Of the total 23.083 million business firms in the United States in 2000, nonfarm proprietorships were the most numerous (17.905 million), partnerships the least numerous (2.058 million), and corporations in the middle (5.045 million). However, in terms of receipts and income, corporations accounted for the lion’s share with $14.89 trillion, followed by partnerships ($2.316 trillion) and nonfarm proprietorships ($1.021 trillion). The order was slightly different in net income. Corporations had a net income of $928 billion, nonfarm proprietorships, $215 billion, partnerships $269 billion, and nonfarm proprietorships $215 billion.

In 1997, the 5,417,034 firms owned by women had annual sales of $717.763 billion. Of these firms, 55 percent are in services and 17 percent are in retail trade.

4

12 Reflecting the changes in the economy, there were 11,169 mergers and acquisitions in 2000 valued at

In 2000, U.S. corporations had assets of $47.027 trillion, of which $1.820 trillion was in cash and $2.822 trillion in real estate. In the same year they had liabilities of $47.027 trillion of which $10.204 billion was in shortterm and long-term debt. Net worth of all corporations was $17.349 trillion and net income $928 billion.

5

In terms of private fixed assets by corporate sectors, finance and insurance leads with $13.571 trillion, followed by transportation and public utilities ($2.869 trillion), and retail trade ($2.016 trillion).

6 In terms of assets of more than $250 million, finance and insurance has 5,633 corporations, manufacturing has 1,595, wholesale and retail trade has 714, and transportation and warehousing 124. Agriculture is near the bottom with 19.

7

The business sector employs 102.199 million people, and its annual payroll is $2.849 trillion. Retail trade has the most number of establishments (1,111,300), the second highest number of employees (14.481 million), and a payroll of ($303 billion). Manufacturing is eighth in terms of establishments (354,500) and the highest number of employees (16.474 million), and the largest payroll at $644 billion.

8

Between 1989 and 1998, 4,952,000 new firms were born in the United States and 3,092,984 firms died. In 1998, 155,141 new businesses were launched and 71,857 businesses folded. The rate of business failure is highest in transportation and public utilities where it is 115 per 10,000 firms. Apparel and textile manufacturing has a failure rate of 103, construction 102, and textile mill products 93.

10 There were 1.505 million bankruptcies in the United States in 2002, compared with 0.725 million in 1990, 1.042 million in 1996, and 1.276 million in 2000.

11 The Small Business Administration extended loans valued at $4.250 billion to 14,300 small minority firms. Minority business loans accounted for 25 percent of all loans.

$3.440 trillion. Foreign interests acquired 336 U.S. companies valued at $68 billion, and U.S. companies acquired 378 overseas companies valued at $56 billion. Domestic mergers and acquisitions activity was most prominent in business services where 271 companies were acquired for $23.461 billion, followed by prepackaged software (126 companies for $8.481 billion) and real estate, mortgage bankers, and brokers (109 companies for $16.958 billion).

13 In 2002, 357,500 patent applications were filed, and 184,400 patents were granted. Of the patents issued, 167,300 were for inventions. Of the new patents in 2001, 48,298 were for electronic equipment, 36,983 for machinery, and 20,869 for chemicals. In 2002, 264,000 trademark applications were filed, and 146,900 new trademarks were issued.

14 Gross private domestic investment increased from $829.2 billion in 1989 to $1.586 trillion in 2001. 15 In 2001, 549 corporations with assets of more than $1 billion had assets of more than $3.018 trillion and a net profit of $184.707 billion. The 500 largest corporations gave a 30.5 percent return to investors.

16 In 2001, U.S. multinational companies had assets of $12.663 trillion, gross product of $2.089 trillion, and a work force of 23.167 million.

388


Table 25-1. Number of Returns, Receipts, and Net Income, by Type of Business, 1980–2000 Number of returns (1,000)

Business receipts (billions of dollars)

Net income (less loss) (billions of dollars)

Year Nonfarm proprietorship 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

Partnerships

Corporations

Nonfarm proprietorship

Partnerships

Corporations

Nonfarm proprietorship

Partnerships

Corporations

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

17 905 17 576 17 409 17 176 16 955 16 424 16 154 15 848 15 495 15 181

2 058 1 937 1 855 1 759 1 654 1 581 1 494 1 468 1 485 1 515

5 045 4 936 4 849 4 710 4 631 4 474 4 342 3 965 3 869 3 803

1 021 969 918 870 843 807 791 757 737 713

2 316 1 829 1 534 1 297 1 042 854 732 627 571 539

19 593 18 009 16 543 15 890 14 890 13 969 12 858 11 814 11 272 10 963

215 208 202 187 177 169 167 156 154 142

269 228 187 168 145 107 82 67 43 21

928 929 838 915 806 714 577 498 402 345

1990 ...................................................... 1985 ......................................................

14 783 11 929

1 554 1 714

3 717 3 277

731 540

541 349

10 914 8 050

141 79

17 -9

371 240

1980 ......................................................

8 932

1 380

2 711

411

286

6 172

55

8

239



389

Table 25-2—Series V 1-12. Proprietorships, Partnerships, and Corporations—Number, Receipts, and Profit, 1939–2000 (Number in thousands; money figures in billions of dollars; based on sample of unaudited tax returns filed for accounting periods ending between July 1 of year shown and June 30 of following year.) Proprietorships 1

Partnerships

Corporations

Year Number

Business receipts

Number

Total receipts

Number

Total receipts

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

17 905 17 576 17 409 17 176 16 955 16 424 16 154 15 848 15 495 15 181

1 020 969 918 870 843 807 791 757 737 713

2 058 1 937 1 855 1 759 1 654 1 581 1 493 1 468 1 485 1 515

2 405 1 907 1 603 1 354 1 042 854 731 627 571 539

5 045 4 936 4 849 4 710 4 631 4 474 4 342 3 965 3 869 3 803

20 606 18 892 17 324 16 610 15 526 14 539 13 360 12 270 11 742 11 436

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

14 783 14 298 13 679 13 091 12 394 11 929 11 262 10 704 10 106 9 585

731 693 672 611 559 540 516 465 434 427

1 554 1 635 1 654 1 648 1 703 1 714 1 644 1 542 1 514 1 461

541 524 464 411 379 349 375 291 297 272

3 717 3 628 3 563 3 612 3 429 3 277 3 171 2 999 2 926 2 812

11 410 10 935 9 804 9 186 8 282 8 050 7 861 7 135 7 024 7 026

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

8 932 ... ... ... ... 7 221 ... ... ... ...

411 ... ... ... ... 274 ... ... ... ...

1 380 1 300 1 234 1 153 1 096 1 073 1 062 1 039 992 959

286 258 219 177 160 147 139 124 104 100

2 711 2 557 2 377 2 242 2 082 2 024 1 966 1 905 1 813 1 733

6 172 5 599 4 715 4 128 3 635 3 199 3 090 2 558 2 171 1 906

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

9 399 9 429 9 212 9 126 9 087 9 078 9 193 9 136 9 193 9 242

238 234 222 211 207 199 189 182 178 171

936 920 918 906 923 914 922 924 932 939

93 87 83 80 80 75 75 73 74 75

1 665 1 659 1 542 1 534 1 469 1 424 1 374 1 323 1 268 1 190

1 751 1 680 1 508 1 375 1 307 1 195 1 087 1 009 949 873

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

9 090 9 142 8 800 8 738 8 973 8 239 7 786 7 715 6 873 7 340

171 176 163 163 ... 139 ... 144 ... 132

941 949 954 971 ... ... ... 959 ... ...

74 78 78 82 ... ... ... 79 ... ...

1 141 1 074 990 940 886 807 723 698 672 652

849 817 735 720 680 642 555 558 531 517

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

6 865 6 901 7 208 6 624 6 944 5 689 6 134 5 121 ... 3 169

... 110 ... 101 ... 79 66 58 ... 38

... ... ... 889 ... 627 ... ... ... ...

... ... ... 60 ... 47 ... ... ... ...

629 615 594 552 491 421 412 421 443 469

458 393 411 368 289 255 262 250 218 190

1940 ...................................................... 1939 ......................................................

2 018 1 052

31 24

... 271

... 13

473 470

148 133

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Through

1970, individually owned businesses and farms; thereafter, nonfarm businesses. . . . = Not available.

390


Table 25-3. Firm Births and Deaths, by Employment Size of Enterprise, 1990–2000 (Number of firms, thousands of employees; data represent activity from March of the beginning year to March of the ending year; establishments with no employment in the first quarter of the beginning year were excluded; this table provides the number of births and deaths of initial establishments [based on plant number] as an approximation of firm births and deaths.) Births (initial locations)

Deaths (initial locations)

Year Total Firms 1999–2000 1998–1999 1997–1998 1996–1997 1995–1996 1994–1995 1993–1994 1992–1993 1990–1991

Less than 20

Less than 500

More than 500

Total

Less than 20

Less than 500

More than 500

............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................

574 300 579 609 589 982 590 644 597 792 594 369 570 587 564 504 541 141

548 030 554 288 564 804 564 197 572 442 568 896 546 437 539 601 515 870

574 023 579 287 589 706 590 335 597 503 594 119 570 337 564 093 540 889

277 322 276 309 289 250 250 411 252

542 831 544 487 540 601 530 003 512 402 497 246 503 563 492 651 546 518

514 242 514 293 511 567 500 014 485 509 472 441 476 667 466 550 516 964

542 374 544 040 540 112 529 481 512 024 496 874 503 125 492 266 546 149

457 447 489 522 378 372 438 385 369

Employment (thousands) 1999–2000 ............................................ 1998–1999 ............................................ 1997–1998 ............................................ 1996–1997 ............................................ 1995–1996 ............................................ 1994–1995 ............................................ 1993–1994 ............................................ 1992–1993 ............................................ 1990–1991 ............................................

3 229 3 225 3 205 3 228 3 256 3 322 3 106 3 438 3 105

1 793 1 670 1 812 1 814 1 845 1 836 1 760 1 751 1 713

3 031 2 991 3 002 3 030 3 056 3 049 2 890 3 054 2 907

198 235 203 198 200 273 216 384 198

3 177 3 180 3 233 3 275 3 100 2 823 3 077 2 906 3 208

1 654 1 645 1 662 1 621 1 560 1 517 1 549 1 516 1 723

2 946 2 969 2 992 2 961 2 808 2 634 2 801 2 698 3 044

230 210 242 314 291 189 276 209 164



Table 25-4—Series V 38-40. Recorded Mergers and Acquisitions, 1895–2002 (Merger values in millions of dollars.) Year

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

Recorded mergers (FTC)

Value of recorded mergers (Eis)

7 032 7 713

1 185 000 1 688 000

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

11 169 9 599 9 634 8 770 5 639 4 981 4 383 3 722 3 502 3 446

3 440 000 3 402 000 2 480 200 1 610 300 1 059 300 895 800 524 900 420 400 125 300 141 500

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4 239 3 752 2 970 2 479 2 497 1 719 ... ... ... ...

205 600 316 800 218 800 198 800 223 100 149 600 126 000 53 000 61 000 70 000

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

... 519 610 590 559 439 602 874 911 1 011

33 000 12 867 10 724 8 670 6 279 4 950 4 466 3 149 1 885 2 480

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 351 2 307 2 407 1 496 995 1 008 854 861 853 954

5 904 ... ... ... ... 3 254 ... ... ... ...

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

844 835 589 585 673 683 387 295 288 235

1 535 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

219 126 223 404 419 333 324 213 118 111

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

140 87 110 124 126 130 101 120 203 464

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...


391

392


Table 25-4—Series V 38-40. Recorded Mergers and Acquisitions, 1895–2002—Continued (Merger values in millions of dollars.) Year

Recorded mergers (FTC)

Value of recorded mergers (Eis)

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

799 1 245 1 058 870 856 554 368 311 309 487

1 757 1 993 1 653 727 1 135 721 466 1 171 502 430

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

760 438 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

809 777 254 679 470 158 160 176 322 210

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

257 89 188 185 378 243 110 298 911 2 053

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

... ... ... ... ... ...

442 2 263 651 120 25 41



393

Table 25-5—Series V 108-140. Corporate Asset, Liability, Income, Deduction, Tax and Profit Items, and Dividends Paid for All Industries, 1926–2000 (Millions of dollars, except number of tax returns.) Number of corporate tax returns

Year

Total assets

Total liabilities

Total compiled deductions

Total receipts

Net income

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

5 045 000 4 936 000 4 849 000 4 710 000 4 631 000 4 474 000 4 342 000 3 965 000 3 869 000 3 803 000

47 027 000 41 464 000 37 347 000 33 030 000 28 642 000 26 014 000 23 446 000 21 816 000 20 002 000 19 030 000

47 027 000 41 464 000 37 347 000 33 030 000 28 642 000 26 014 000 23 446 000 21 816 000 20 002 000 19 030 000

20 606 000 18 892 000 17 324 000 16 610 000 15 526 000 14 539 000 13 360 000 12 270 000 11 742 000 11 436 000

19 692 000 17 967 000 16 489 000 15 704 000 14 728 000 13 821 000 12 775 000 11 765 000 11 330 000 11 087 000

928 000 929 000 838 000 915 000 806 000 714 000 577 000 498 000 402 000 345 000

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3 717 000 3 628 000 3 563 000 3 612 000 3 429 000 3 277 000 3 171 000 2 999 000 2 926 000 2 812 000

18 190 000 17 647 000 16 568 000 15 311 000 14 163 000 12 773 000 11 107 000 10 201 000 9 358 000 8 547 000

18 190 000 17 647 000 16 568 000 15 311 000 14 163 000 12 773 000 11 107 000 10 201 000 9 358 000 8 547 000

11 410 000 10 935 000 10 265 000 9 582 000 8 669 000 8 398 000 7 861 000 7 135 000 7 024 000 7 026 000

11 033 000 10 545 000 9 853 000 9 244 000 8 395 000 8 158 000 7 629 000 6 945 000 6 869 000 6 814 000

371 000 389 000 413 000 328 000 270 000 240 000 233 000 188 000 154 000 214 000

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 711 000 2 557 000 2 377 000 2 242 000 2 082 000 2 024 000 1 966 000 1 905 000 1 813 000 1 733 300

7 617 000 6 835 000 6 014 000 5 326 000 4 721 000 4 287 000 4 016 000 3 649 000 3 257 000 2 889 000

7 617 000 6 835 000 6 014 000 5 326 000 4 721 000 4 287 000 4 016 000 3 649 000 3 257 000 2 889 000

6 361 000 5 598 700 4 714 600 4 128 300 3 635 500 3 198 600 3 089 700 2 557 700 2 171 200 1 906 000

6 125 000 5 315 700 4 467 000 3 908 900 3 448 900 3 052 700 2 941 500 2 435 000 2 071 700 1 824 000

235 900 283 000 247 400 219 500 186 600 146 000 148 200 122 600 99 500 81 900

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 665 477 1 658 820 1 541 670 1 534 360 1 468 725 1 423 980 1 373 517 1 323 187 1 268 042 1 190 286

2 634 707 2 445 328 2 215 625 2 010 443 1 844 775 1 723 524 1 585 619 1 481 236 1 388 127 1 289 516

2 634 707 2 445 628 2 215 625 2 010 443 1 844 775 1 723 524 1 585 619 1 481 236 1 388 127 1 289 516

1 750 728 1 680 482 1 507 786 1 374 599 1 306 518 1 194 601 1 086 739 1 008 743 949 305 873 178

1 682 779 1 598 348 1 420 309 1 295 348 1 225 225 1 119 860 1 023 680 953 006 898 463 826 144

67 949 82 135 87 477 79 520 81 293 74 742 63 059 55 737 50 842 47 034

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 140 574 1 074 120 990 381 940 147 827 916 746 962 667 856 640 073 615 698 596 385

1 206 662 1 136 668 1 064 481 996 400 948 951 888 621 805 300 761 877 721 864 647 524

1 206 662 1 136 668 1 064 481 996 400 948 951 888 621 805 300 1761 877 721 864 647 524

849 132 816 800 735 338 720 414 673 493 634 508 547 001 551 984 525 011 511 849

804 633 769 145 696 114 675 340 626 309 586 907 510 515 512 402 486 504 468 354

44 499 47 655 39 224 45 073 47 184 47 601 36 486 39 582 38 507 43 495

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

569 961 554 573 536 833 496 821 440 750 374 950 363 056 366 870 383 534 407 053

598 369 543 562 525 136 494 615 454 705 441 461 418 324 389 524 360 018 340 452

598 369 543 562 525 136 494 625 454 705 441 461 418 324 389 524 360 018 340 452

452 523 387 636 405 430 361 521 283 917 252 636 258 880 245 796 213 777 186 137

409 988 359 505 371 182 330 314 258 893 231 417 232 426 217 863 190 497 169 546

42 535 28 130 34 248 31 207 25 025 21 220 26 454 27 933 23 280 16 592

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

413 716 412 759 411 941 416 902 415 654 415 205 410 626 388 564 392 021 381 088

320 478 306 801 300 022 303 357 303 180 303 150 301 307 268 206 280 083 296 497

320 478 306 801 300 022 303 357 303 180 303 150 301 307 268 206 280 083 296 497

145 427 130 365 117 596 138 907 126 269 112 098 99 095 82 148 79 701 105 238

135 955 123 129 113 452 131 130 118 651 106 599 96 058 82 787 83 211 105 725

9 472 7 236 4 144 7 777 7 618 5 500 3 037 2-639 2-3 511 2-487

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

403 173 398 815 384 548 379 156 359 449

334 002 335 775 307 218 287 542 262 179

334 002 335 778 307 218 287 542 262 179

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes deficit of $7,655 million. 2Loss. 3Not available separately for returns

with balance sheets.

(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)

(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)

(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)

394


Table 25-6. Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions—Months of Duration, 1919–2001 (A trough is the low point of a business cycle; a peak is the high point; contraction or recession is the period from peak to subsequent trough; expansion is the period from trough to subsequent peak; business cycle reference dates are determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.) Business cycle

Length of cycle

Trough Month March November July March November February April May October October June March November July July March

Contraction (from previous peak)

Peak Year 1991 1982 1980 1975 1970 1961 1958 1954 1949 1945 1938 1933 1927 1924 1921 1919

Month March July July January November December April August July November February May August October May January

Expansion (trough to peak)

Year 2001 1990 1981 1980 1973 1969 1960 1957 1953 1948 1945 1937 1929 1926 1923 1920

Trough from previous trough

Peak from previous peak

8 16 6 16 11 10 8 10 11 8 13 43 13 14 18 17

120 92 12 58 36 106 24 39 45 37 80 50 21 27 22 10

100 28 64 52 117 34 47 55 48 88 63 64 40 36 28 251

128 108 18 74 47 116 32 49 56 45 93 93 34 41 40 117

Average, all cycles: 1945 to 1991 (9 cycles) 1919 to 1945 (6 cycles) 1854 to 1919 (16 cycles) 1854 to 1991 (31 cycles)

11 18 22 18

50 35 27 35

61 53 48 53

349 453

Average, peacetime cycles: 1945 to 1991 (7 cycles) 1919 to 1945 (5 cycles) 1854 to 1919 (14 cycles) 1854 to 1991 (26 cycles)

11 20 22 19

43 26 24 29

53 46 46 48

547 648

61 53

53 45

Source: National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, unpublished data. 1Previous peak: August 1918. 2Previous trough: December 1914. 315 cycles. 430 cycles. 513 cycles. 625 cycles.

Table 25-7. Composite Indexes of Leading, Coincident, and Lagging Economic Indicators, 1990–2002 Item

Unit

1990

1995

1999

Leading Index, Composite .............................................................................. Average weekly hours, manufacturing ........................................................... Average weekly initial claims for unemployment insurance ........................... Manufacturers’ new orders, consumer goods and materials (1996 dol.) ....... Vendor performance, slower deliveries diffusion index. ................................ Manufacturers’ new orders, nondefense capital goods (1996 dol.) ............... Building permits, new private housing units ................................................... Stock prices, 500 common stocks ................................................................. Money supply, M2 (1996 dol.) ....................................................................... Interest rate spread, 10-year Treasury bonds less federal funds .................. Index of consumer expectations ....................................................................

1996 = 100 Hours Thousands Million dollars Percent Million dollars Thousands 1941–1943 = 10 Million dollars Percent 1966:1 = 100

94.0 40.8 385.4 128 882 47.9 36 515 1 155 334.6 3 769 0.45 70.2

97.6 41.6 359.1 152 881 52.8 40 986 1 336 541.6 3 642 0.74 83.2

108.6 41.7 296.8 179 727 53.3 55 171 1 664 1 326.1 4 319 0.67 99.3

109.7 41.6 299.4 178 761 53.3 63 555 1 598 1 426.8 4 468 -0.21 102.7

108.6 40.7 406.8 163 052 48.0 52 882 1 639 1 192.1 4 762 1.13 82.3

111.0 40.8 404.5 165 452 53.2 48 304 1 717 995.6 5 060 2.94 84.6

Coincident Index, Composite ......................................................................... Employees on nonagricultural payrolls .......................................................... Personal income less transfer payments (1996 dol.) ..................................... Industrial production ...................................................................................... Manufacturing and trade sales (1996 dol.) ....................................................

1996 = 100 Thousands Bil. dol. 1997 = 100 Million dollars

88.6 109 404 5 032 77.6 593 865

97.2 117 188 5 429 89.3 699 548

111.9 128 904 6 462 110.1 820 869

115.7 131 719 6 831 115.3 848 978

115.2 131 925 6 859 111.2 842 186

115.0 130 776 6 880 110.4 860 131

Lagging Index, Composite .............................................................................. Average duration of unemployment ............................................................... Inventories to sales ratio, manufacturing and trade (1996 dol.) ..................... Change in labor cost per unit of output, manufacturing ................................. Average prime rate ........................................................................................ Commercial and industrial loans outstanding (1996 dol.) .............................. Consumer installment credit to personal income ratio ................................... Change in consumer price index for services ................................................

1996 = 100 Weeks Ratio Percent Percent Million dollars Percent Percent

102.0 12.0 1.47 1.7 10.01 609 060 16.1 5.8

99.1 16.6 1.41 -2.4 8.83 564 576 16.7 3.5

103.8 13.4 1.38 -1.4 7.99 758 402 17.6 2.6

106.6 12.7 1.41 1.0 9.23 850 665 17.7 3.8

105.3 13.1 1.41 0.1 6.92 752 862 18.7 3.9

100.7 16.7 1.33 -1.4 4.68 609 061 19.1 3.2

Source: The Conference Board, New York, NY 10022-6601, Business Cycle Indicators, monthly, (copyright).

2000

2001

2002


395

Table 25-8. Small Business Administration Loans to Small Businesses, 1990–2002 (Number, percent, millions of dollars; a small business must be independently owned and operated, must not be dominant in its particular industry, and must meet standards set by the Small Business Administration as to its annual receipts or number of employees.) Number of loans

Amount (mil. dol.)

Minority group 1990

1995

2000

2001

2002

1990

1995

2000

2001

2002

Total Minority Loans ........................... Percent of all loans ............................

2 367 12.0

10 877 18.1

11 999 24.8

11 855 24.6

14 300 25.0

576 ...

1 838 ...

3 661 ...

3 486 ...

4 250 ...

African American ................................... Asian American ..................................... Hispanic American ................................ Native American ....................................

513 1 075 694 85

2 770 3 767 3 940 400

2 120 5 838 3 500 541

1 937 5 720 3 625 573

2 146 7 249 4 270 635

96 317 149 14

293 945 539 61

393 2 397 768 102

379 2 262 741 105

422 2 810 891 127


Table 25-9. Establishments, Employees, and Payroll, by Employment-Size Class, 1990–2001 (Number in thousands, billions of dollars; excludes most government employees, railroad employees, and self-employed persons; employees are for the week including March 12; covers establishments with payroll; an establishment is a single physical location where business is conducted or where services or industrial operations are performed.) Employment-size class

1990

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Establishments, Total (thousands) ................ Under 20 employees ...................................... 20 to 99 employees ........................................ 100 to 499 employees .................................... 500 to 999 employees .................................... 1,000 or more employees ..............................

6 176 5 354 684 122 10 6

6 509 5 662 704 128 10 6

6 613 5 733 730 135 10 6

6 747 5 843 741 138 11 6

6 895 5 968 767 143 11 6

6 942 5 991 786 147 11 6

7 008 6 036 82 152 12 7

7 070 6 069 826 157 12 7

7 095 6 083 836 157 12 7

Employees, Total (thousands) ........................ Under 20 employees ...................................... 20 to 99 employees ........................................ 100 to 499 employees .................................... 500 to 999 employees .................................... 1,000 or more employees ..............................

93 476 24 373 27 414 22 926 6 551 12 212

96 733 25 373 28 138 24 048 6 663 12 513

100 335 25 785 29 202 25 364 7 021 12 962

102 199 26 115 29 697 26 086 7 274 13 026

105 299 26 883 30 631 26 993 7 422 13 370

108 118 27 131 31 464 27 842 7 689 13 991

110 706 27 289 32 193 28 707 7 923 14 594

114 065 27 569 33 147 29 736 8 291 15 322

115 061 27 681 33 555 29 692 8 357 15 776

Annual Payroll, Total (billions of dollars) ...... Under 20 employees ...................................... 20 to 99 employees ........................................ 100 to 499 employees .................................... 500 to 999 employees .................................... 1,000 or more employees ..............................

2 104 485 547 518 174 381

2 488 579 650 621 202 436

2 666 608 696 675 219 467

2 849 647 747 730 240 485

3 048 688 796 786 254 524

3 309 734 866 858 277 575

3 555 773 925 931 298 628

3 879 818 1 006 1 031 336 690

3 989 839 1 037 1 052 342 719


SECTION

26

PRODUCTIVITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

398


SECTION 26

PRODUCTIVITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Highlights

Research and Development (R&D) Expenditures, 1960–2002 300

Billions of dollars

250

200

150

100

50

0 1960

1963

1966

1969

1972

1975

1978

1981

1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

Year

1

Productivity is the ratio of output to input expressed in a number of ways. The most common is output per unit of labor. Work in the field of productivity is carried on by many organizations, particularly the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the National Bureau of Economic Research. Labor productivity also reflects the state of the technology, availability of capital and physical resources, efficiency of management, quality of training, and other factors. Productivity may be affected by the specific year chosen as the weight base, because items that increase most in volume output are those with price declines or lower price increases. Productivity series also suffer from certain statistical limitations, because they do not measure the quality of the output.

2

Copyright, or that body of exclusive rights granted to authors by law, is the oldest of such protective statutes for intellectual property. The first U.S. copyright law of 1790 applied only to maps, charts, and books. Amendments extended the protection to prints (1802); musical compositions (1831); dramatic compositions (1856); photographs (1865); paintings, drawings, sculpture, and models or designs for works of fine arts (1870); performed music (1897); motion pictures and photoplays (1912); performance rights in nondramatic literary works (1952); and electronic books (1978). The original term of copyright was 15 years, with the privilege of renewal for another 14. In 1831, the first term was increased to 28 years, and in 1909, the second term

SECTION 26: PRODUCTIVITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

was also increased to 28 years. Under current copyright law, works are protected for the author’s life plus 70 years after the author’s death; for works made for hire, the duration of the copyright is 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever is shorter. Before 1891, only residents or citizens of the United States could obtain copyrights. The International Copyright Act of 1891 extended the privilege to citizens of other countries with which the United States had reciprocal copyright agreements, as well as to countries which adhered to international copyright conventions (such as the Universal Copyright Convention of 1952) to which the United States was also a party.

3

A patent is a grant by the government to an inventor and his or her heirs of the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling the invention without proper authorization. Patents may be obtained for any new and “useful” machine, composition of matter, or process, subject to the requirements of law. Since 1946, inventions used solely in the utilization of fissionable materials have been unpatentable. Patents have been issued by the federal government since 1790. The first body in charge of issuing patents (known as the Patent Board, or the Patent Commission, or the Commission for the Promotion of Useful Arts) had three members: Thomas Jefferson, Henry Knox, and Edmund Randolph. The responsibility for administering patent laws was vested in the Department of State. The first U.S. patent was issued to Samuel Hopkins of Vermont on July 31, 1790, for a process for making potash and pearl ashes. The patent bore the signatures of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Edmund Randolph. Only three patents were issued in the first year. In 1833, the head of the Patent Office recommended to President Andrew Jackson that his office be abolished because “everything that could possibly be invented has already been invented.” From 1790 to 1861, the term of a patent was 14 years. After 1861, it could be extended for an additional seven years. Since 1861, the term of a patent on an invention has been fixed at 17 years, with extensions possible only by a special act of Congress. Patents are numbered serially, beginning with the first patent issued after the Patent Act of July 4, 1836.

4 The Federal Trademark Law of 1870 was based on the patent and copyright clause of the Constitution, instead of the interstate and foreign commerce clause, and was found unconstitutional in 1879. The Trademark Law of 1881 was limited to marks used in foreign commerce, but it was extended to interstate commerce by the Act of 1905. The Act of 1920 permitted the registration of a secondary class of marks not previously registrable. It was superseded by the Act of 1946, which granted registrations for a term of 20 years with a possible renewal for successive 20-year terms.

399

5

National estimates of funds for research and development (R&D) for the four major sectors of the economy have been made by the National Science Foundation since 1953. The data cover basic and applied research as well as development. The most recent estimates include processes, materials, methods, and prototypes. The federal budget provides data on expenditures and/or obligations for research and development on an agency basis.

6

Total R&D expenditures in 2002 amounted to $276.185 billion, compared with $13.669 billion in 1960. Of current expenditures, the federal government share is $78.2 billion, industry share is $180.769 billion, universities’ share is $7.455 billion, and other nonprofits’ share is $7.304 billion. Fifteen percent is borne by the Department of Defense.

7

The Johns Hopkins University ranks number one in receipt of federal funds for R&D, a position it has occupied for many decades. The University of Washington, the University of Michigan, the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of California—Los Angeles are the runners up.

8

In 2000, there were 6.412 million scientists and engineers, of whom scientists numbered 922,800, computer specialists 2,903,400, engineers 1,465,300, technicians 1,062,600, and surveyors 58,300.

9

Of the 40,744 persons who received doctorates in scientific fields in 2001, 25.4 percent were foreign nationals (7.5 percent Asian) and 44.1 percent were females.

10

Total NASA expenditures on space-related programs in 2003 amounted to $15.117 billion, of which space shuttle operations accounted for $3.208 billion and space science $2.414 billion.

11 Between 1995 and 2002, the United States has successfully launched 586 space shuttle launches, including 28 named Columbia.

12 The United States has a commanding lead in the number of Nobel scientists. Of the total 487 Nobel prizes awarded since 1901, the United States has 214, almost three times that of the United Kingdom.

400


Table 26-1—Series W 82-95. Copyright Registrations, by Type, 1870–2002 (Number.) Year

Total copyright registrations 1

Total books and pamphlets 2

Peiodicals

Musical compositions

Renewals, all classes 3

2002 .................................................................................................................................................... 2001 ....................................................................................................................................................

501 000 580 800

199 200 212 100

60 800 62 200

124 000 156 300

19 100 19 700

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

515 100 594 500 558 600 569 200 550 400 609 200 530 300 564 900 606 200 663 700

169 700 207 500 189 300 176 400 187 200 196 000 162 600 185 800 190 200 193 800

69 000 75 600 72 600 83 300 83 400 88 700 75 100 82 600 92 900 109 200

138 900 155 200 142 400 154 400 133 500 163 600 136 100 152 300 162 100 191 200

16 800 23 800 25 400 28 600 23 700 30 600 33 300 37 700 49 100 52 300

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

643 500 618 300 565 300 582 200 561 000 539 800 502 700 488 200 468 100 471 100

179 700 153 800 158 100 153 900 148 200 154 500 147 200 135 300 116 300 119 000

111 500 133 900 114 000 131 000 130 000 120 000 113 600 106 100 112 400 118 500

185 300 197 200 159 500 161 600 ... 147 900 ... 127 800 125 400 125 000

51 800 38 600 43 800 45 500 45 300 43 800 37 300 39 100 36 300 34 200

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

464 700 429 000 415 700 452 700 411 000 401 300 372 800 353 600 344 600 329 696

119 200 122 800 112 900 122 100 113 200 111 900 104 800 104 500 103 200 96 124

117 900 109 600 110 900 106 500 96 000 95 100 92 200 88 600 84 700 84 491

120 200 108 300 114 800 131 200 118 500 114 800 104 500 95 300 97 500 95 202

33 000 27 000 21 200 31 000 27 700 28 200 25 500 23 100 23 200 20 835

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

316 466 301 258 303 451 294 406 286 866 293 617 278 987 264 845 254 776 247 014

88 432 83 603 85 189 80 910 77 300 76 098 71 618 68 445 66 571 62 415

83 862 80 706 81 773 81 647 77 963 78 307 74 611 69 682 67 523 66 251

88 949 83 608 80 479 79 291 76 805 80 881 75 256 72 583 67 612 65 500

23 316 25 667 25 774 23 499 25 464 23 520 22 574 20 164 19 274 18 194

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

243 926 241 735 238 935 225 807 224 908 224 732 222 665 218 506 203 705 200 354

60 034 55 967 57 242 53 503 53 942 54 414 51 763 49 059 46 083 47 125

64 204 62 246 60 691 59 724 58 576 59 448 60 667 59 371 56 509 55 129

65 558 70 707 66 515 59 614 58 330 57 527 58 213 59 302 51 538 48 319

21 393 21 533 22 593 21 473 20 926 19 519 18 508 17 101 16 690 16 372

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

210 564 201 190 238 121 230 215 202 144 178 848 169 269 160 795 182 232 180 647

50 456 47 422 48 811 49 525 42 356 35 688 35 952 36 889 45 157 46 040

55 436 54 163 59 699 58 340 48 289 45 763 44 364 42 995 45 145 42 207

52 309 48 210 72 339 68 709 63 367 57 835 52 087 48 348 50 023 49 135

14 531 13 675 15 816 13 201 12 516 11 367 10 247 9 650 11 488 10 342

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

176 997 173 135 166 248 154 424 156 962 142 031 139 047 137 424 151 735 164 642

50 125 49 901 49 156 45 504 47 667 43 134 40 658 40 694 46 576 46 855

40 173 38 307 39 249 38 053 38 418 36 351 35 819 35 464 39 177 42 415

37 975 40 961 35 334 31 821 33 250 27 459 27 001 26 846 29 264 31 488

10 207 10 177 9 940 8 589 8 180 6 661 6 989 6 411 5 888 5 998

1Prior

to 1941, commercial prints and labels not included in the total; jurisdiction moved to copyright office in 1940. to 1927, contributions to periodicals included with books and pamphlets. Includes computer software and machine readable works. to 1941, excludes renewals of commercial prints and labels. . . . = Not available.

2Prior 3Prior


401

Table 26-1—Series W 82-95. Copyright Registrations, by Type, 1870–2002—Continued (Number.) Year

Total copyright registrations 1

Total books and pamphlets 2

Peiodicals

Musical compositions

Renewals, all classes 3

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

172 792 161 959 193 914 184 000 177 635 165 848 162 694 148 946 138 633 135 280

47 248 44 040 50 095 47 801 73 455 65 670 61 982 55 561 46 307 41 245

43 939 44 161 47 364 41 475 41 169 40 880 39 806 37 104 35 471 34 074

32 129 27 023 26 897 25 282 25 484 25 548 26 734 24 900 27 381 31 054

5 937 4 948 5 447 4 686 4 029 3 309 3 433 2 689 2 726 2 206

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

126 562 113 003 106 728 111 438 115 967 115 193 123 154 119 495 120 931 115 198

39 090 37 710 33 617 33 552 32 897 31 926 31 891 29 572 29 286 26 970

28 935 25 083 25 822 26 467 26 553 24 938 24 134 23 002 22 580 23 393

29 151 26 209 21 849 20 115 20 644 21 406 28 493 26 292 26 777 25 525

2 112 1 906 1 857 1 992 1 628 1 326 1 231 1 065 1 349 928

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

109 074 120 131 119 742 123 829 117 704 113 374 103 130 97 979 92 978 92 351

24 740 32 533 30 191 30 879 29 261 29 860 27 824 27 466 24 272 ...

21 608 21 195 22 409 23 078 23 163 22 591 21 496 22 625 21 071 ...

24 345 26 306 28 427 31 401 26 435 24 595 23 110 21 161 19 706 ...

1 007 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

94 798 80 968 75 545 75 000 72 470 67 572 62 762 58 956 54 735 48 908

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... 12 892 12 155 12 149 11 094 10 327 9 477

... ... ... ... 20 951 18 563 18 460 16 273 14 649 11 688

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

42 794 40 985 38 225 35 083 31 241 28 411 26 893 25 274 22 918 21 075

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

8 164 7 646 7 086 6 708 6 089 6 060 5 570 5 489 4 612 4 339

9 132 8 958 8 066 7 744 7 514 6 808 6 241 6 280 6 143 5 578

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1875 1874 1873 1872 1871

.................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................

20 686 18 125 15 798 15 758 14 882 15 927 16 283 15 352 14 164 12 688

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

4 369 3 608 3 242 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

5 628 4 688 3 772 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1870 4 .................................................................................................................................................

5 600

...

...

...

...

1Prior

to 1941, commercial prints and labels not included in the total; jurisdiction moved to copyright office in 1940. to 1927, contributions to periodicals included with books and pamphlets. Includes computer software and machine readable works. to 1941, excludes renewals of commercial prints and labels. 4July–December. . . . = Not available. 2Prior 3Prior

402


Table 26-2—Series W 96-106. Patent Applications Filed and Patents Issued, 1879–2002 (Number.) Patent applications filed

Patents issued Inventions

Year Inventions

Designs

Botanical plants

Corporations Individuals U.S.

Foreign

U.S. Government 1

Designs

Botanical plants

Residents of foreign countries

2002 ................................................................................................... 2001 ...................................................................................................

357 500 346 600

20 900 18 300

1 100 900

20 500 21 700

74 200 74 300

71 800 69 000

900 1 000

15 500 16 900

1 100 600

87 300 85 400

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................

295 900 270 200 243 000 215 300 195 200 212 400 189 900 174 700 173 100 164 300

18 300 17 800 17 100 16 500 15 200 15 400 15 800 13 600 13 100 13 100

800 900 700 600 700 500 500 400 400 400

22 400 22 800 22 500 17 600 18 200 17 400 17 300 16 500 17 300 18 100

70 900 69 400 66 100 50 200 48 700 44 000 44 000 41 800 40 300 39 200

63 300 60 300 57 900 42 900 41 500 39 100 38 800 38 800 38 700 38 100

900 1 000 1 000 900 900 1 000 1 300 1 200 1 200 1 200

17 400 14 700 14 800 11 400 11 400 11 700 11 100 10 600 9 300 9 600

500 400 600 400 400 400 500 400 500 400

79 100 75 100 72 500 54 200 52 400 49 400 49 300 48 700 48 700 49 000

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................

164 500 152 800 139 800 127 900 122 400 117 000 111 300 103 700 109 600 106 400

11 300 12 600 11 300 11 200 9 900 9 600 8 700 8 100 8 200 7 400

400 400 400 400 300 200 300 300 200 200

17 300 17 900 14 300 15 300 13 300 12 900 12 300 10 500 11 900 14 100

36 100 38 700 31 400 33 800 29 600 31 300 30 100 25 700 25 800 29 500

36 000 38 000 31 400 32 900 27 000 26 400 23 600 19 600 19 200 21 000

1 000 900 700 1 000 1 000 1 100 1 200 1 000 1 000 1 100

8 000 6 100 5 700 6 000 5 500 5 100 4 900 4 600 4 900 4 700

300 600 400 200 200 200 200 200 200 200

46 200 47 900 39 700 41 700 34 900 33 900 30 500 25 400 25 600 26 500

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................

104 300 100 500 100 900 100 900 102 300 101 014 102 206 103 695 98 928 104 566

7 800 7 500 7 500 7 300 7 100 6 292 4 780 5 425 5 867 6 211

200 200 200 200 200 150 130 118 135 155

13 300 9 300 14 300 14 000 14 100 17 192 18 083 16 929 17 729 17 299

29 400 23 800 31 300 31 500 34 400 34 577 37 807 38 615 38 890 43 022

18 200 14 800 19 300 18 200 19 900 18 344 18 686 16 513 16 414 16 048

1 000 900 1 200 1 500 1 800 1 881 1 699 2 082 1 775 1 947

3 900 3 100 3 900 3 900 4 600 4 282 4 303 4 033 2 901 3 156

100 100 200 200 200 150 261 132 199 71

25 400 18 200 25 100 23 900 26 100 25 391 25 632 22 638 23 293 22 850

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................

102 868 98 386 93 136 87 872 88 293 94 632 87 597 85 724 85 029 83 100

5 996 5 496 5 171 4 744 4 853 5 413 5 259 4 968 4 897 4 714

188 111 95 103 104 105 120 145 151 107

13 511 14 772 13 555 15 647 16 018 16 063 12 504 12 525 15 470 13 383

36 896 38 847 34 886 38 353 41 634 37 158 27 836 26 632 32 560 28 351

12 294 12 188 9 172 9 895 9 222 8 096 5 854 5 501 6 380 5 161

1 726 1 750 1 489 1 757 1 532 1 540 1 182 1 021 1 281 1 473

3 214 3 335 3 352 3 165 3 188 3 424 2 686 2 965 2 300 2 487

52 103 72 85 114 120 128 129 91 108

17 872 17 573 13 722 14 711 14 008 12 782 9 168 8 736 10 255 8 384

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................

79 590 78 594 77 495 74 197 74 906 77 188 77 185 72 284 64 554 60 438

4 525 4 879 4 923 4 714 4 824 5 764 5 465 5 450 4 993 4 279

131 114 134 101 104 118 95 99 84 71

13 069 16 017 15 706 15 154 16 643 11 914 12 531 16 284 18 538 19 192

28 187 29 888 27 116 23 255 25 502 16 084 18 319 21 230 22 340 22 305

4 670 5 081 4 230 3 372 3 690 1 744 2 301 2 294 2 035 2 163

1 244 1 422 1 278 963 982 689 658 658 695 659

2 543 2 768 2 374 2 362 2 977 2 713 2 536 2 713 2 959 4 163

116 101 120 129 101 103 101 78 101 58

7 850 8 340 7 395 6 282 6 646 4 065 4 433 4 331 5 635 4 888

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................

67 264 67 592 68 740 75 443 81 056 67 846 54 190 45 493 45 549 52 339

6 739 6 998 7 048 7 644 10 698 8 066 5 063 2 986 4 218 7 203

105 70 59 92 72 52 42 41 60 67

18 960 14 957 9 812 7 784 7 444 8 981 9 636 11 654 14 534 16 322

21 782 18 536 13 124 11 448 13 486 15 665 16 769 18 022 22 019 22 632

1 660 1 127 628 669 585 580 645 524 1 286 2 112

622 485 652 155 147 87 106 48 62 43

4 718 4 450 3 968 2 102 2 778 3 524 2 914 2 228 3 728 6 486

89 93 44 52 56 17 38 47 65 62

4 408 3 105 1 984 1 617 1 656 2 112 2 564 2 625 3 943 5 311

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................

60 863 64 093 66 874 65 324 62 599 58 117 56 643 56 558 67 006 79 740

8 530 7 137 8 084 7 207 6 478 5 728 4 399 3 600 4 345 4 190

91 76 48 45 66 72 28 27 46 37

17 627 18 583 16 304 15 995 16 639 17 757 19 731 22 713 26 274 26 618

22 165 21 800 19 635 19 831 21 207 20 821 22 529 23 667 24 822 23 149

2 406 2 640 2 063 1 824 1 903 2 018 2 131 2 343 2 325 1 961

40 50 59 33 33 22 29 51 37 28

6 145 5 592 5 026 5 136 4 556 3 864 2 919 2 411 2 942 2 438

85 45 41 55 49 45 32 33 46 5

6 148 6 338 5 776 5 638 5 734 5 980 6 489 7 170 7 376 6 897

1Excludes

patents issued to Alien Property Custodian.


403

Table 26-2—Series W 96-106. Patent Applications Filed and Patents Issued, 1879–2002—Continued (Number.) Patent applications filed

Patents issued Inventions

Year Inventions

Designs

Botanical plants

Corporations Individuals U.S.

Foreign

U.S. Government 1

Designs

Botanical plants

Residents of foreign countries

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................

89 554 89 752 87 603 87 219 81 365 80 208 87 987 76 783 83 962 87 467

4 182 4 520 4 761 4 473 4 343 4 082 3 635 3 550 4 763 5 596

16 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

23 726 25 367 23 357 25 417 28 633 30 332 29 174 27 016 27 369 27 098

19 700 18 500 17 800 15 100 15 200 14 800 12 400 10 800 10 300 9 860

1 800 1 400 1 200 1 200 900 1 300 1 000 800 700 840

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 710 2 905 3 182 2 387 2 897 2 819 2 670 1 927 1 609 3 265

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

6 085 5 921 5 218 4 918 5 103 5 347 4 723 4 133 4 455 3 963

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................

81 915 76 710 57 347 67 590 68 075 67 138 67 774 68 117 68 968 67 370

4 660 3 627 2 234 3 545 2 684 2 734 2 454 2 060 1 850 1 534

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... 31 742 ... ... ... ... 24 756

... ... ... ... 11 540 ... ... ... ... 7 580

... ... ... ... 610 ... ... ... ... 520

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 481 1 521 1 206 1 505 1 745 1 538 1 711 1 677 1 341 1 004

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3 762 3 687 2 883 3 209 3 767 4 334 4 595 4 212 4 498 4 058

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................

63 293 64 408 60 142 57 679 55 471 54 034 51 168 49 289 48 320 43 973

1 155 1 234 1 131 896 806 781 818 770 1 170 2 361

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... 24 750 ... ... ... ... 20 896

... ... ... ... 6 040 ... ... ... ... 4 370

... ... ... ... 380 ... ... ... ... 280

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

636 679 755 589 620 486 553 536 639 1 729

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3 719 3 812 3 338 3 866 3 471 3 292 3 285 3 763 3 499 3 402

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891

................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................

39 673 38 937 33 915 45 661 42 077 39 145 36 987 37 293 29 514 39 418

2 225 2 400 1 843 2 150 1 828 1 463 1 357 1 060 1 130 1 025

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 754 2 137 1 799 1 620 1 441 1 108 927 899 816 835

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3 483 2 311 2 752 2 221 2 027 2 049 2 166 2 473 2 051 1 928

1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881

................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................

39 884 39 607 34 713 37 420 35 161 34 697 34 192 33 073 30 270 24 878

1 046 857 971 1 041 645 862 1 230 1 238 948 678

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

886 723 832 948 594 769 1 150 1 017 858 565

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 105 2 003 1 536 1 466 1 489 1 549 1 284 1 259 1 135 995

1880 ................................................................................................... 1879 ...................................................................................................

21 761 20 059

634 ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

514 591

... ...

786 648

1Excludes

patents issued to Alien Property Custodian. . . . = Not available.

404


Table 26-3—Series W 107-108. Trademarks Registered and Renewed, 1914–2002 (Number.) Year

Registered

Renewed

2002 .................................................................................................... 2001 ....................................................................................................

146 900 109 600

30 000 33 300

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

106 400 184 900 129 900 112 500 93 700 85 600 63 900 80 600 80 200 46 600

8 800 7 000 6 200 7 400 7 700 6 900 6 200 6 300 5 600 5 800

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

53 600 55 300 47 400 47 300 46 700 65 800 48 600 40 500 42 400 42 700

7 200 7 800 6 900 4 100 5 100 5 900 5 400 6 200 6 000 5 900

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

18 900 20 500 29 600 25 900 26 300 30 931 28 099 26 112 23 252 21 019

5 900 5 400 5 500 6 100 6 800 6 132 5 513 5 397 5 637 6 213

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

21 745 20 613 21 528 20 036 20 259 18 501 20 087 19 740 17 023 16 595

6 076 6 176 4 646 3 801 3 585 3 165 2 702 2 655 2 809 3 358

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

18 434 18 709 15 351 17 480 20 753 18 207 15 946 15 610 16 172 17 376

3 933 3 272 3 070 3 488 3 756 4 268 3 491 3 103 3 419 3 350

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

16 817 15 968 11 472 8 976 8 106 7 490 6 025 5 595 6 795 8 530

3 564 3 788 5 056 6 139 5 725 4 210 4 052 3 835 2 894 2 765

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

9 974 10 521 10 204 11 242 10 722 10 886 11 362 9 130 9 603 11 400

2 547 1 398 1 051 1 524 1 888 1 874 2 445 1 671 1 587 1 643

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

13 246 14 514 14 133 14 579 14 955 13 815 15 727 14 834 12 793 11 363

1 661 1 750 2 049 3 063 4 273 2 278 227 251 254 117

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

10 268 4 208 4 061 5 339 6 791 6 262 6 817

73 64 38 52 55 57 48


405

Table 26-4—Series W 109-125. Funds Expended for Performance of Research and Development and Basic Research, by Sector and Major Function, 1953–2002 (Millions of dollars.) By performance sector

Year

Total funds

Federal government

Industry

Federal funds

Other nonprofit institutions

Universities and colleges

Industry funds

Federal funds

Industry funds

University Other FFRDC’s 2 and nonprofit college institutions funds 1 funds 1

Federal funds

Industry funds

2002 ............................................................................... 2001 ...............................................................................

276 185 273 565

23 788 21 048

17 085 16 899

177 345 181 606

21 066 19 332

2 341 2 263

7 455 6 819

2 685 2 507

5 652 5 741

5 918 5 309

1 083 1 110

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ...............................................................................

264 725 243 517 220 617 205 561 196 011 183 045 168 586 165 188 166 697 160 096

17 917 17 851 16 936 16 585 10 574 17 133 16 432 16 532 15 690 15 238

17 183 20 536 22 481 22 061 21 356 21 178 20 261 20 844 24 660 26 372

180 421 160 176 140 847 128 276 121 015 108 652 97 131 94 591 96 654 90 580

17 681 16 223 15 247 14 582 13 962 13 470 12 840 12 133 11 090 10 230

2 180 2 077 1 829 1 717 1 604 1 506 1 431 1 374 1 291 1 205

6 205 5 630 4 974 4 667 4 322 4 112 3 904 3 654 5 018 4 835

2 327 2 110 1 778 1 708 1 663 1 626 1 589 1 509 1 395 1 307

5 957 6 060 5 529 5 459 5 362 5 388 5 305 5 289 5 249 5 079

4 449 3 761 3 219 2 996 2 896 2 848 2 900 2 839 3 550 3 300

1 103 975 1 038 960 901 827 762 737 750 700

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ...............................................................................

145 450 140 486 133 741 125 352 119 529 113 818 101 139 89 139 80 317 71 912

16 100 15 121 14 281 13 413 13 535 12 945 11 572 10 582 9 141 8 425

31 200 31 366 32 306 30 752 27 891 27 196 23 396 20 680 19 059 16 382

73 000 70 233 65 583 61 403 59 932 57 043 51 404 44 588 39 952 35 476

9 250 8 972 8 181 7 333 6 702 6 056 5 423 4 983 4 749 4 559

1 100 984 870 789 699 559 475 388 326 288

4 450 3 948 3 473 3 200 2 790 2 376 2 104 1 929 1 683 1 523

1 200 1 083 941 831 735 695 615 577 503 448

4 800 4 729 4 531 4 206 3 895 3 523 3 150 2 737 2 479 2 486

2 850 2 500 2 200 2 200 2 250 2 400 2 100 1 850 1 625 1 550

600 550 500 450 425 375 325 275 250 225

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ...............................................................................

62 610 54 933 48 129 42 783 38 581 35 196 32 677 30 581 28 296 27 336

7 632 7 417 6 811 6 012 5 710 5 397 4 815 4 619 4 482 4 156

14 029 12 518 11 189 10 485 9 285 8 605 8 199 8 131 8 010 7 685

30 476 25 708 22 115 19 340 17 392 15 559 14 617 13 068 11 512 10 647

4 104 3 595 3 059 2 726 2 501 2 291 2 032 2 041 1 839 1 724

236 193 170 139 123 113 96 86 75 70

1 334 1 200 1 037 888 815 743 671 613 576 1 099

403 373 359 314 285 258 218 200 186 177

2 246 1 935 1 717 1 384 1 147 987 865 817 764 716

1 450 1 350 1 100 987 925 875 822 690 653 732

200 180 165 150 120 115 111 105 101 100

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................................................... ...............................................................................

26 545 26 169 25 119 23 613 22 264 20 439 19 214 17 371 15 665 14 552

3 853 3 501 3 493 3 396 3 220 3 093 2 838 2 279 2 098 1 874

7 779 8 451 8 560 8 365 8 332 7 740 7 720 7 270 6 435 6 240

10 283 9 867 8 869 8 020 7 216 6 445 5 792 5 360 5 029 4 668

1 648 1 595 1 572 1 409 1 262 1 073 916 760 613 500

61 60 55 48 42 41 41 41 40 40

961 895 841 753 673 615 555 485 424 371

166 145 131 119 108 93 83 73 66 58

737 725 719 673 630 629 629 530 470 410

748 640 608 577 546 498 450 380 310 240

90 81 73 66 59 53 47 48 45 41

1960 ............................................................................... 1959 ............................................................................... 1958 ............................................................................... 1957 ............................................................................... 1956 ............................................................................... 1955 ............................................................................... 1954 ............................................................................... 1953 3 .............................................................................

13 730 12 540 10 870 9 912 8 483 6 279 5 738 5 207

1 726 1 640 1 374 1 220 1 040 905 1 020 1 010

6 081 5 635 4 759 4 335 3 328 2 180 1 750 1 430

4 428 3 983 3 630 3 396 3 277 2 460 2 320 2 200

405 306 254 229 213 169 160 138

40 39 39 34 29 25 22 19

328 290 257 230 204 185 167 151

52 47 42 38 34 30 28 26

360 338 293 240 194 180 141 121

180 140 111 95 84 75 67 60

40 35 31 30 30 28 25 20

1Includes

state and local government funds received by these institutions and used for research and development. funded research and development centers administered by individual universities and colleges and by university consortia. 3Calendar year data for industry and nonprofit institutions combined with federal and university data for fiscal year 1953 (July 1952–July 1953). 2Federally

406


Table 26-5. Worldwide Successful Space Launches, 1957–2002 (Number.) 1957– 1964

1965– 1969

1970– 1974

1975– 1979

1980– 1984

1985– 1989

1990– 1994

1995– 2000

Total .................................

289

586

555

607

605

550

466

466

75

73

86

77

73

82

58

62

Soviet Union/CIS 1 ........... United States ................... Japan ............................... ESA 2 ............................... China ...............................

82 207 -

302 279 -

405 139 5 2

461 126 10 1 6

483 93 12 8 6

447 61 11 9

283 122 -

170 189 -

32 27 2 11 2

25 33 1 10 3

28 37 2 12 6

24 34 2 11 6

26 30 10 4

35 28 12 5

23 21 1 8 1

24 17 3 11 4

France .............................. India ................................. Israel ................................ Australia ........................... United Kingdom ...............

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3 1 -

1 -

1 -

1 -

-

1 -

-

2 -

1 1 -

Year

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

1Commonwealth

of Independent States. Space Agency. Includes launches by Arianespace. - = Quantity zero.

2European

Table 26-6 Federal Outlays for General Science, Space, and Other Technology, 1970–2007 (Billions of dollars.) Current dollars Year Total

Constant (1996) dollars

General science/basic research

Space and other technologies

Total

General science/basic research

Space and other technologies

2007, proj. ...................................................................................................................................... 2006, proj. ...................................................................................................................................... 2005, proj. ...................................................................................................................................... 2004, proj. ...................................................................................................................................... 2003, proj. ...................................................................................................................................... 2002 ............................................................................................................................................... 2001 ...............................................................................................................................................

25.4 24.7 23.7 22.7 21.6 20.7 19.8

9.4 9.1 8.9 8.5 7.9 7.2 6.5

16.0 15.6 14.9 14.3 13.6 13.5 13.2

20.5 20.2 19.8 19.2 18.6 18.0 17.8

7.6 7.5 7.4 7.2 6.9 6.3 5.9

12.9 12.8 12.4 12.1 11.8 11.7 11.9

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995

............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................

18.6 18.1 18.2 17.1 16.7 16.7

6.2 5.6 5.3 4.1 4.0 4.1

12.4 12.4 12.9 13.1 12.7 12.6

17.0 17.0 17.5 16.9 16.7 17.3

5.6 5.3 5.1 4.0 4.0 4.3

11.4 11.7 12.4 12.9 12.7 13.0

1990 ............................................................................................................................................... 1985 ...............................................................................................................................................

14.4 8.6

2.8 2.0

11.6 6.6

18.4 12.8

3.6 3.0

14.8 9.8

1980 ...............................................................................................................................................

5.8

1.4

4.5

11.6

2.7

8.9

1970 ...............................................................................................................................................

4.5

0.9

3.6

18.5

3.9

14.6


407

Table 26-7. Research and Development (R&D) Expenditures, 1960–2002 (Millions of dollars.) Source of funds Year

Total

Federal government

Industry

Objective (percent of total)

Universities and colleges

Nonprofit

Nonfederal government 1

Defense related 2

Space related 3

Character of work

Other

Basic research

Applied research

Development

2002 ....................................................... 2001 .......................................................

276 185 273 565

78 185 72 637

180 769 184 978

7 455 6 819

7 304 6 756

2 472 2 375

15 14

2 2

83 84

47 567 46 723

64 802 63 609

161 816 163 233

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... .......................................................

264 725 243 517 220 617 205 561 196 011 183 045 168 586 165 188 164 933 160 521

66 371 67 015 66 636 64 865 63 215 63 102 60 700 60 351 60 694 60 564

183 703 163 229 143 714 130 952 123 520 110 985 99 324 96 702 96 404 92 484

6 205 5 630 4 974 4 667 4 322 4 112 3 904 3 654 3 558 3 411

6 204 5 549 3 449 3 314 3 225 3 154 3 081 2 928 2 770 2 585

2 242 2 095 1 845 1 764 1 730 1 692 1 576 1 554 1 507 1 477

13 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 22 23

2 3 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5

85 82 80 79 78 77 76 74 74 73

42 367 38 710 34 426 32 978 31 545 28 756 28 917 28 115 27 044 26 630

56 511 51 864 49 753 45 982 43 057 40 973 36 643 37 325 37 996 38 699

165 847 152 943 136 438 126 601 121 410 113 316 103 024 99 749 99 894 95 193

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... .......................................................

151 655 141 550 133 463 125 841 119 907 114 344 101 940 89 742 80 633 72 190

61 456 60 301 59 930 58 254 54 475 52 493 46 319 41 362 37 113 33 666

83 374 75 091 68 076 62 669 61 079 58 013 52 225 45 274 40 705 35 956

3 096 2 774 2 441 2 215 1 944 1 680 1 463 1 329 1 159 1 031

2 367 2 136 1 880 1 658 1 466 1 365 1 228 1 135 1 037 974

1 361 1 248 1 135 1 044 942 793 706 642 619 564

25 28 30 32 32 30 29 28 26 24

4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 5

70 68 66 65 65 67 68 68 69 70

22 556 21 477 19 381 18 213 16 885 14 510 13 176 11 859 10 658 9 741

34 981 32 304 29 466 27 819 27 225 25 389 22 481 20 323 18 261 16 389

94 118 87 767 84 614 79 809 75 796 74 444 66 284 57 560 51 714 46 060

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... .......................................................

63 076 55 269 48 582 43 233 39 314 35 565 33 238 30 905 28 661 26 910

29 857 27 100 24 279 21 988 20 179 18 437 17 193 16 563 15 976 15 183

30 926 26 092 22 456 19 637 17 698 15 823 14 882 13 296 11 713 10 823

877 760 651 541 463 424 380 331 308 282

911 841 768 683 608 542 470 417 389 364

505 477 429 384 367 340 314 298 276 259

24 25 26 27 27 28 29 32 33 33

5 6 6 7 8 7 7 7 8 10

70 70 68 66 65 65 64 61 59 58

8 651 7 736 6 841 5 925 5 291 4 827 4 439 4 051 3 829 3 698

13 724 12 073 10 695 9 653 8 964 8 048 7 312 6 662 6 098 5 817

40 701 35 460 31 047 27 655 25 059 22 691 21 488 20 193 18 734 17 395

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... ....................................................... .......................................................

26 235 25 965 24 646 23 279 22 010 20 192 19 053 17 446 15 577 14 514

14 970 15 213 14 956 14 511 14 117 13 147 12 726 11 582 10 086 9 441

10 446 10 010 9 006 8 144 7 330 6 548 5 887 5 456 5 123 4 757

251 228 219 190 156 130 108 93 82 72

340 311 286 267 249 221 198 195 177 146

228 203 178 166 158 146 135 122 109 98

33 35 35 35 32 33 37 42 49 50

10 11 14 14 20 21 19 14 7 6

56 54 52 50 48 46 44 45 44 44

3 567 3 471 3 361 3 113 2 886 2 618 2 358 2 060 1 780 1 476

5 742 5 448 5 141 4 838 4 638 4 361 4 189 3 855 3 688 3 115

16 926 17 046 16 144 15 328 14 486 13 214 12 507 11 531 10 110 9 924

1960 .......................................................

13 669

8 879

4 516

66

122

88

53

3

44

1 256

3 059

9 355

1Non-federal

R&D expenditures to university and college performers. spending by the Department of Defense, including space activities, and a portion of the Department of Energy funds. the National Aeronautics and Space Administration only.

2R&D 3For

408


Table 26-8. Nobel Prize Laureates in Selected Sciences, 1901–2002 (Number.) 1901–2002 Year Total

Physics

Chemistry

Physiology and Medicine

1901–1930 1931–1945 1946–1960 1961–1975 1976–1990 1991–2001

2002

Total ...........................................................................

487

168

141

178

93

49

74

92

98

73

9

United States .............................................................. United Kingdom .......................................................... Germany1 ................................................................... France ........................................................................ Soviet Union ............................................................... Japan ......................................................................... Other countries ...........................................................

214 75 63 25 11 8 91

72 21 19 11 8 4 30

49 27 29 7 1 4 22

89 27 15 7 2 39

6 15 27 13 2 30

14 11 11 2 11

38 14 4 4 1 13

41 20 8 5 3 2 13

63 9 7 2 1 1 15

49 4 4 3 1 2 3

5 1 2 1

1Between

1946 and 1991, data are for the former West Germany only. - = Quantity zero.

SECTION

27

FINANCIAL MARKETS AND INSTITUTIONS

410


SECTION 27

FINANCIAL MARKETS AND INSTITUTIONS Highlights

Total Savings Accounts of U.S. Households, 1960–2002 4,000 3,500

Dollars (in billions)

3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 1960

1964

1968

1972

1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1997

2002

Year

1 Financial markets and institutions not only influence but also drive the U.S. economy. Financial data summarize the types of claims, liabilities, and assets, and also illustrate how lending and borrowing are related to income and expenditure flows. They are derived from banking statistics, Treasury accounts, census data, tax returns, balance of payments reports, and security market reports. The data present a picture of the distribution of wealth ownership and of the major components of national wealth. Financial data also provide information on the structure of debt—who owes what to whom—which has a bearing on corporate and private spending decisions. Other types of data cover savings, investments, money supplies, U.S. government securities, bonds and mortgages, and corporate equities.

2

Money supply, broadly defined includes both bank deposits and currency. Before 1934, gold was also a part of means of payments, but in January of that year it was withdrawn from circulation. Until 1971, gold served as a means of settlement of international accounts, and until 1968, as domestic reserve money. At present, gold is held solely by the Treasury Department. Private gold holdings are forbidden except in limited amounts for licensed purposes. U.S. residents may purchase, hold, or sell foreign and domestic gold coins minted before April 5, 1933, but those minted after that date may be held only by collectors. From 1873 to 1907, gold coins in circulation in the United States were included in the estimates of the Annual Report of the Director of the Mint. In 1934, gold coins worth $287 million were still in

SECTION 27: FINANCIAL MARKETS AND INSTITUTIONS circulation, but they disappeared from circulation immediately after the U.S. dollar was taken off the gold standard. Following the enactment of the Old Series Currency Adjustment Act of 1961, both gold and silver certificates were retired.

3

The chief money market in the country is New York City. The New York money market comprises a number of markets with differences in rates corresponding to differences in the supply of funds relative to demand. These markets are called “open” markets because transactions on them are usually made on an impersonal basis with the borrower and lender dealing through agents. In contrast, in a “customer” market, borrower and lender deal directly with each other, and transactions are often made on a personal basis.

4

Although investment companies date back to the nineteenth century, they became popular only after the rise of mutual funds. A mutual fund is a company that combines the funds of many investors whose investment goals are similar, and which invests those funds in a wide variety of securities. Different mutual funds have different investment objectives, management policies, and degrees of risk. Some emphasize capital growth, others, current income; still others are highly speculative. Mutual funds are technically known as open-end investment companies because they are always ready to redeem outstanding shares at the request of the investor. Mutual funds are regulated by both federal and state governments; the major federal statues governing them are the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the Investment Company Act of 1940.

5

The banking system of the United States has evolved over two centuries. Banks are in part regulated by state governments and in part by the federal government. Supervision and regulation of banks are the primary responsibility of the chartering authorities—the Comptroller of Currency in the case of national banks organized under the federal law of 1863 and state officials in the case of state banks. Two other federal entities with additional supervisory authority have been superimposed on the banking system: the Federal Reserve System, which was established in 1914 to exercise central banking functions, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, created in 1933 to insure bank deposits. The Federal Reserve System includes all national banks and those state banks that choose to join voluntarily. Insurance of bank deposits is obligatory for all banks belonging to the Federal Reserve System and is optional for others. Before the National Banking Act of 1863, the only official banking statistics were compiled by the Treasury Department and were based on reports submitted voluntarily by the banks. No data on state banks were included in these reports, but the Act of 1873 authorized the Comptroller to obtain data

411

about nonnational banks from state authorities. Although coverage was improved, it was far from complete because many banks operated outside the state system, and some states had no departments to collect the information. Efforts to promote uniformity in bank statistics culminated in 1947, when a standardized balance-sheet form was approved and adopted by the federal and state banking agencies. To provide more adequate historical banking statistics comparable to those available beginning 1947, a revised retrospective series was published in 1959 under the title All-Bank Statistics 1896–1955. This series covered number of banks, principal assets and liabilities for major classes of banks, and data for individual states and outlying territories.

6

The first bank chartered by Congress was the Bank of North America in Philadelphia founded in 1781. The Bank of the United States was sponsored by the Federalist Party and chartered in 1791 in Philadelphia. Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, used it as a fiscal agent—a depository bank for government funds. Its charter expired in 1811 and was not renewed by Congress. The Second Bank of the United States was authorized in 1816 and opened in 1817. Its 20-year charter was not renewed either. It failed in 1841 and was liquidated in 1856.

7

There are three sources of primary data about life insurance: reports of the state insurance departments; commercial publishers, such as A. M. Best Company; and trade associations, such as the American Life Insurance Association.

8

The first life insurance company was the Corporation for the Relief of Poor and Distressed Presbyterian Ministers and of the Poor and Distressed Widows and Children of Presbyterian Ministers, incorporated in 1759 in Philadelphia. The first health insurance company was the Massachusetts Health Insurance Company of Boston, founded in 1847. The first accident insurance company was Travelers Insurance Company of Hartford, chartered in 1863. It issued the first automobile insurance policy in 1898 to Dr. Truman J. Martin of Buffalo—the one-year premium was $11.25. The first fire insurance company to receive a charter was the Philadelphia Contributorship for the Insurance of Houses from Loss by Fire in 1868.

9

Savings institutions are primarily involved in credit extension in the form of mortgage loans. Statistics on savings institutions are collected by the U.S. Office of Thrift Supervision. The Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 authorized the establishment of the Resolution Trust Corporation (RTC), which is responsible for the disposal of assets from failed savings institutions.

412


10 In 2001, the Finance, Insurance and Real Estate (FIRE) sector contributed 20.6 percent to the GDP, or

15 In 2002, there were 1,452 million credit cards in use held by 163 million cardholders, or an average of

$2.077 trillion. Of the total 425,000 establishments in this sector, 75,800 were commercial banks, 15,700 were savings institutions, 76,900 were personal credit institutions, 12,200 were mortgage and nonmortgage brokers, 76,900 were securities and commodities dealers, and 30,900 were life insurance carriers.

nearly nine cards per cardholder. Retail store cards are the most numerous at 464 million, followed by phone cards (128 million), bank cards (120 million), and oil company cards (70 million). The number of debit cards reached 260 million in 2002.

11 In 2002, American households had total liabilities of $8.761 trillion, of which mortgages made up $6.054 trillion and consumer credit $1.757 trillion. Home mortgages made up 69.1 percent of all debt. More than seven out of every 10 Americans carried some debt, of which 44.6 percent had a mortgage, 45.2 percent had installment debt, and 44.4 percent had credit card debt. The median ratio of debt to family income was 16.0 percent in 2001.

16 The total volume of trading on the New York Stock Exchange rose from 11.562 billion in 1980 to 366.102 billion in 2002. The value of shares traded in 2002 was $10.492 trillion. That same year, the volume of trading in NASDAQ Securities was $441.7 billion, and the value of shares was $7.254 trillion.

17 In 2002, there were 8,256 mutual funds with assets of $6.392 trillion and 206 million shareholder accounts.

12 Reflecting the slump in the economy, mortgage delinquency rates on loans rose to 4.7 percent in 2002, the highest rate in eight years. The highest delinquency rate is for credit cards at 4.87 percent in 2002.

13

Foreign banks have increased their share of the U.S. financial market since 1980 from 11.9 percent of assets to 18.3 percent in 2002, and from 6.6 percent of deposits in 1980 to 14.8 percent in 2002.

14 Although the number of federal and state credit unions fell from 17,350 in 1980 to 9,688 in 2002, they had more members in 2002 and more assets. Credit union membership was 70.900 million and total assets $557.075 billion.

18 Individual Retirement Account (IRA) plans had a total value of $2.333 trillion, of which $1,068 billion was held by mutual funds.

19 New Jersey has the highest average automobile premium of any state, $1,028 annually. The lowest premium paid is $498 annually in North Dakota.

20 In 2001, 377 million life insurance policies were in effect with a value of $16.290 trillion.The number of life insurance companies has decreased from 1,928 in 1980 to 1,225 in 2001.

SECTION 27: FINANCIAL MARKETS AND INSTITUTIONS

413

Table 27-1—Series X 114-136. Household Assets, Financial Obligations, and Delinquency Rates, 1945–2002 (Billions of dollars, except as noted; end of period; not seasonally adjusted, except as noted.) Financial assets of the household sector 1 Securities Year Total

Foreign deposits

Checkable Time and deposits savings and deposits currency

Money market fund shares

Open market paper

U.S. Other Agency Municipal savings Treasury securities securities bonds securities

Corporate and Corporate foreign equities bonds

Mutual fund shares

Mortgages

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

30 333 32 568

64 54

265 300

3 631 3 337

1 076 1 116

48 42

195 190

192 301

179 354

621 513

1 091 926

4 601 6 184

2 539 2 870

114 113

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

33 912 34 971 30 508 27 546 24 072 21 617 19 024 18 384 17 189 16 380

59 44 38 37 35 23 19 16 16 15

226 346 422 437 471 544 585 615 570 462

3 100 2 811 2 733 2 566 2 434 2 281 2 154 2 183 2 292 2 394

968 822 712 582 501 450 352 342 342 383

73 68 64 56 55 48 47 46 30 33

185 186 187 187 187 185 180 172 157 138

402 620 511 550 648 598 653 468 441 365

432 385 266 249 228 143 124 7 62 67

461 450 427 420 401 431 485 535 579 614

808 738 688 571 514 425 331 294 271 273

7 474 9 052 7 074 6 242 4 864 4 141 3 096 3 232 2 869 2 549

3 036 3 115 2 394 1 961 1 502 1 153 982 969 707 570

113 110 110 110 110 109 116 126 137 145

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

14 842 14 416 13 014 11 833 11 155 10 034 8 902 8 383 7 617 7 029

13 12 11 10 9 8 7 7 2 0

412 424 425 428 425 313 295 284 276 262

2 465 2 434 2 355 2 177 2 058 1 970 1 840 1 614 1 414 1 307

369 342 265 250 229 193 191 149 180 148

63 57 67 33 31 35 42 25 30 27

126 118 110 101 93 80 75 71 68 68

345 247 257 180 157 183 184 143 101 84

84 49 28 12 7 7 13 0 1 1

575 548 524 454 355 348 252 212 171 131

219 163 117 124 107 77 27 27 24 31

1 781 1 947 1 586 1 306 1 330 1 058 863 936 832 780

457 463 400 382 333 198 105 88 57 47

144 135 126 124 116 120 103 111 111 101

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

6 632 5 765 5 020 4 481 4 212 3 717 3 252 3 279 3 272 2 856

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

220 206 188 175 161 151 150 145 137 126

1 239 1 121 1 051 950 848 748 670 615 554 483

62 38 8 3 3 4 2 0 0 0

38 43 36 23 8 12 16 8 3 9

73 80 81 77 72 67 63 60 58 54

88 65 19 18 19 34 24 22 15 15

5 0 1 0 5 1 8 4 5 11

104 96 80 56 52 50 47 39 32 32

30 45 51 61 71 63 53 41 38 37

875 675 550 543 637 499 373 598 814 651

46 39 36 36 36 34 28 39 51 48

87 72 62 55 53 50 51 47 48 47

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 565 2 470 2 503 2 236 1 985 1 961 1 793 1 639 1 540 1 497

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

113 105 109 99 89 87 80 77 73 73

419 378 371 340 306 287 259 233 207 182

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

13 15 12 10 8 6 5 4 3 2

52 52 52 51 50 50 49 48 47 46

25 36 30 28 29 25 25 25 27 26

11 7 6 6 6 1 0 0 0 1

35 36 36 38 41 37 35 32 32 33

29 21 21 16 12 9 10 10 10 11

572 587 815 682 548 616 544 470 431 443

40 41 50 43 34 34 28 25 21 23

50 49 49 46 45 43 42 40 39 37

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 351 1 301 1 225 1 096 1 085 1 016 928 849 830 805

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

74 72 70 68 69 67 66 64 63 61

163 151 140 127 115 105 97 88 80 72

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

46 46 48 48 50 50 50 49 49 49

27 26 21 23 20 19 16 19 18 16

1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

31 28 25 24 22 19 16 14 11 6

11 8 8 7 6 5 5 6 6 6

360 357 322 244 271 248 199 146 151 151

17 16 13 9 9 8 6 4 4 4

34 31 29 26 24 23 21 20 19 19

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

739 688 667 643 603 563

0 0 0 0 0 0

57 54 56 59 59 54

67 65 62 60 57 50

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

50 49 48 46 44 43

17 18 18 19 21 24

0 0 0 0 0 0

6 4 5 5 4 4

6 6 7 7 8 8

129 105 98 99 101 110

3 3 2 1 1 1

18 17 16 15 14 12

1Includes

nonprofit organizations.

414


Table 27-1—Series X 114-136. Household Assets, Financial Obligations, and Delinquency Rates, 1945–2002 —Continued (Billions of dollars, except as noted; end of period; not seasonally adjusted, except as noted.) Financial assets of the household sector 1—Continued

Year

Security credit

Life Pension insurfund ance reserves reserves

Tangible assets of the household sector

Equity in Bank Miscelnonpersonal laneous corporate trusts assets business

Total 1

Household real estate 2

Ratios to disposable personal income Delinquency rate (percent, seasonally adjusted) on credit card Debt accounts held at as a banks Household financial obligations percent House(percent of loans of total hold serviced, assets debt Homeseasonally Total Renters service owners adjusted)

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

413 454

921 880

8 003 8 681

5 155 4 938

841 961

384 355

18 171 16 708

13 772 12 537

17 16

13.29 13.58

18.15 18.71

14.13 14.54

29.03 29.62

4.94 4.75

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

412 324 277 215 163 128 109 102 76 87

819 784 718 665 611 566 520 485 448 419

9 071 9 068 8 210 7 323 6 325 5 671 4 882 4 613 4 151 3 838

4 841 4 582 4 356 4 121 3 852 3 624 3 413 3 224 3 131 3 156

1 096 1 130 1 001 942 872 803 699 691 661 639

339 334 321 312 301 292 277 264 251 234

15 477 14 175 13 131 12 151 11 504 11 053 10 458 10 145 9 836 9 511

11 430 10 400 9 545 8 786 8 325 7 996 7 527 7 360 7 121 6 812

14 13 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15

12.99 12.64 12.23 12.22 12.17 11.83 11.15 10.74 10.78 11.54

18.03 17.89 17.45 17.56 17.52 17.20 16.45 15.94 16.00 16.85

14.05 13.87 13.53 13.63 13.51 13.13 12.41 12.06 12.20 12.89

27.93 27.18 25.81 25.56 25.49 25.06 24.04 22.53 22.15 23.69

4.59 4.51 4.70 4.75 4.58 3.92 3.26 3.89 4.66 5.27

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

62 53 41 39 44 35 22 21 18 15

392 365 336 310 283 264 253 247 238 230

3 376 3 221 2 748 2 492 2 325 2 085 1 711 1 541 1 292 1 065

3 182 3 092 2 958 2 795 2 674 2 543 2 486 2 486 2 424 2 380

552 541 470 442 429 384 331 318 289 272

224 206 191 175 150 133 104 103 87 80

9 260 9 066 8 415 7 765 7 205 6 610 5 934 5 307 5 063 4 838

6 579 6 477 5 982 5 505 5 091 4 660 4 112 3 604 3 449 3 295

15 14 14 14 14 14 13 13 12 13

11.96 12.08 11.82 12.06 12.47 12.00 11.16 10.78 10.77 10.69

17.26 17.36 17.04 17.45 17.89 17.30 16.18 15.79 15.80 15.62

13.28 13.37 13.02 13.26 13.62 13.09 12.15 11.81 11.55 11.37

24.59 24.86 25.02 25.73 26.09 25.18 23.35 22.33 24.15 24.29

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

16 10 9 6 6 4 4 5 5 5

221 210 199 188 178 169 158 151 144 137

970 801 691 590 535 467 368 358 349 293

2 219 1 966 1 691 1 454 1 286 1 153 1 052 938 800 717

265 231 207 194 196 169 147 175 187 163

74 67 60 53 46 41 37 34 31 29

4 378 3 901 3 357 2 903 2 504 2 253 2 035 1 920 1 695 1 500

2 945 2 605 2 212 1 888 1 591 1 415 1 262 1 252 1 099 958

13 13 13 13 12 12 13 12 11 12

10.60 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

15.36 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

11.20 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

23.61 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4 5 7 5 3 3 2 1 1 1

131 125 120 116 111 106 101 97 92 89

254 231 219 196 172 162 145 128 114 107

650 620 584 539 514 479 452 433 428 410

138 135 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

26 24 22 20 18 17 16 15 14 14

1 375 1 295 1 188 1 063 995 922 876 831 795 762

875 833 769 686 650 606 580 554 534 512

12 12 11 12 12 12 12 11 11 10

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

85 82 79 75 73 69 66 64 61 58

94 85 75 65 58 52 44 39 33 28

392 380 379 364 353 336 328 324 323 325

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

13 13 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 9

730 698 664 638 603 560 516 488 458 425

488 464 439 418 395 368 338 316 296 272

10 10 9 10 9 9 8 8 7 ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 1 1 1 1 1

55 52 49 47 43 40

24 21 18 16 14 12

297 284 279 262 230 198

0 0 0 0 0 0

9 8 8 8 7 6

382 336 309 275 231 199

244 218 200 178 150 131

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

Source: The Federal Reserve Board. 1Includes nonprofit organizations. 2Excludes nonprofit organizations.



415

Table 27-2—Series X 410-419. Money Stock—Currency, Deposits, Bank Vault Cash, and Gold, 1867–2002 (Billions of dollars, December data.) Year

Demand deposits adjusted, commercial

Currency held by the public

M2 Money Supply (M1 plus time 2 deposits)

M1 Money Supply 1

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

627.3 581.9

297 326

1 240 1 203

5 841 5 488

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

531.5 517.7 459.9 424.6 394.1 372.1 354.0 321.6 292.2 267.1

307 352 377 393 400 389 384 386 340 290

1 112 1 148 1 120 1 097 1 105 1 152 1 174 1 153 1 046 916

4 967 4 677 4 407 4 053 3 836 3 664 3 518 3 504 3 448 3 392

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

246.5 222.2 212.0 196.7 180.4 167.7 156.1 146.2 132.5 122.5

277 279 287 288 303 267 243 239 234 231

843 811 803 765 740 633 565 533 486 447

3 291 3 171 3 007 2 843 2 745 2 508 2 322 2 137 1 918 1 760

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

115.3 104.8 96.0 87.4 79.5 72.8 67.0 60.8 56.2 52.0

261 257 250 236 222 211 205 200 192 175

420 393 368 340 315 295 282 270 256 235

1 605 1 479 1 371 1 273 1 154 1 018 904 857 803 711

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

48.6 45.7 43.0 40.0 38.0 36.0 33.9 32.2 30.3 29.3

165 157 154 143 133 131 126 121 117 116

220 209 203 188 177 173 165 158 152 149

628 590 570 528 484 463 428 396 366 339

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

28.7 28.8 28.4 28.3 28.0 27.6 27.5 27.8 26.7 25.5

112 111 110 108 108 107 103 101 99 94

145 144 138 137 136 134 130 128 125 119

315 301 201 192 187 184 177 171 165 156

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

25.0 25.5 26.1 26.6 28.5 25.3 21.2 16.4 11.5 8.4

89 86 86 85 80 74 64 56 44 38

114 111 112 112 103 99 85 72 55 47

151 147 148 146 139 127 107 90 71 63

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

6.8 6.0 5.6 5.6 5.2 4.8 4.6 5.1 4.9 4.2

33 28 25 25 24 21 17 15 16 20

40 34 31 31 30 26 22 20 21 24

55 49 46 46 43 39 34 32 36 43

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3.7 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.7 4.0

22 23 22 22 22 22 20 19 18 17

26 27 26 26 26 26 24 23 22 22

46 47 46 45 44 42 39 37 34 33

1Currency, demand deposits, other checkable deposits, and travelers’ checks. 2Includes M1 plus household savings and time deposits, and retail money market

June data; from 1867 to 1881, January or February data.

funds. Prior to 1948, it does not include deposits at saving and loan associations. From 1882 to 1906, M2 shows

416


Table 27-2—Series X 410-419. Money Stock—Currency, Deposits, Bank Vault Cash, and Gold, 1867–2002—Continued (Billions of dollars, December data.) Year

Demand deposits adjusted, commercial

Currency held by the public

M2 Money Supply (M1 plus time 2 deposits)

M1 Money Supply 1

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4.5 4.0 2.8 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8

19 18 16 15 13 11 ... ... ... ...

24 22 19 17 15 12 ... ... ... ...

35 31 27 24 21 18 16 16 15 14

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

13 13 11 11 11 10 9 9 8 7

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

7 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4

1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2

1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1875 1874 1873 1872 1871

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1870 1869 1868 1867

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

1 1 1 1

Source: The Federal Reserve Board. 1Currency, demand deposits, other checkable deposits, and travelers’ checks. 2Includes M1 plus household savings and time deposits, and retail money market

June data; from 1867 to 1881, January or February data. . . . = Not available.

funds. Prior to 1948, it does not include deposits at saving and loan associations. From 1882 to 1906, M2 shows


417

Table 27-3—Series X 444-455. Money Market Rates, 1890–2003 Year

Prime commercial paper, 4 to 6 months 1, 2

Finance company paper, place directly, 3 to 6 months 3

U.S. government securities 4, 3-month bills 5, rate on new issues

Prime bankers’ acceptances, 3 month 1

Federal Reserve Bank of New York discount rate Low

High

2003 ...................................................... 2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

1.13 1.70 3.65

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... 0.75 1.25

... 1.25 6.00

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

6.33 5.22 5.37 5.60 5.42 5.93 4.93 3.30 3.80 5.85

... ... ... 5.48 5.29 5.78 4.53 3.16 3.65 5.71

6.23 5.24 5.39 5.54 5.31 5.81 4.56 3.13 3.62 5.70

5.66 4.66 4.81 5.07 5.02 5.51 4.29 3.02 3.45 5.42

5.00 4.50 4.50 5.00 5.00 4.75 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.50

... 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.25 5.25 4.75 3.00 3.50 6.50

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

7.95 8.80 7.68 6.85 6.39 8.00 10.18 8.90 11.89 14.77

7.87 8.72 7.38 6.54 6.38 7.77 9.75 8.71 11.24 14.09

7.93 8.87 7.56 6.75 6.38 7.91 10.17 8.91 11.89 15.34

7.51 8.12 6.69 5.82 5.98 7.47 9.53 8.63 10.69 14.03

3.50 6.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 7.50 8.50 8.50 12.00

7.00 7.00 6.50 6.00 7.00 7.50 9.00 8.00 11.50 14.00

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

12.24 10.90 7.99 5.61 5.35 6.33 9.88 8.15 4.72 5.11

11.45 10.45 7.79 5.48 5.20 6.16 8.67 7.41 4.54 4.89

12.67 10.97 8.05 5.53 5.08 6.33 9.74 8.27 4.33 4.67

11.51 10.05 7.22 5.27 4.99 5.84 7.89 7.04 4.07 4.35

10.00 10.50 10.00 7.00 5.75 6.25 7.75 5.00 ... 4.25

13.00 12.00 12.00 9.50 6.00 7.25 8.00 8.50 ... 5.25

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

7.72 7.83 5.90 5.10 5.55 4.38 3.97 3.55 3.26 2.97

7.18 7.11 5.69 4.89 5.43 4.27 3.84 3.39 3.06 2.65

7.23 7.75 5.79 4.82 5.42 4.34 3.77 3.36 3.01 2.81

6.43 6.68 5.34 4.32 4.88 3.95 3.56 3.16 2.78 2.38

5.50 5.50 4.50 4.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 3.00 3.00

6.00 6.00 5.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 3.00

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3.85 3.97 2.46 3.81 3.31 2.18 1.58 2.52 2.33 2.16

3.50 3.75 2.12 3.56 3.02 1.85 1.29 2.33 2.16 1.87

3.51 3.49 2.04 3.45 2.64 1.71 1.35 1.87 1.75 1.60

2.93 3.41 1.84 3.27 2.66 1.75 0.95 1.93 1.77 1.55

3.00 2.50 1.75 3.00 2.50 1.50 1.50 1.75 1.75 1.75

4.00 4.00 3.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 2.00 1.75 1.75

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1.45 1.49 1.44 1.03 0.81 0.75 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.53

1.41 1.46 1.34 0.94 ... ... ... ... ... ...

1.15 1.13 1.11 0.87 0.61 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44

1.22 1.10 1.04 0.59 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.33 0.10

1.50 1.50 1.00 1.00 50.50 50.50 50.50 50.50 50.50 1.00

1.75 1.50 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

0.56 0.59 0.81 0.94 0.75 0.75 1.02 1.73 2.73 2.64

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

0.44 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.15 0.13 0.25 0.63 1.28 1.57

0.01 0.02 0.05 0.45 0.14 0.14 0.26 0.25 0.88 1.40

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.15 1.50 1.50 2.00 2.50 1.50

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 2.00 3.50 3.50 3.50

1Averages of weekly prevailing rates through 1934; average of the most representative daily offering rate quoted by dealers thereafter. 2From 1996 financial commercial paper. 3Averages of the most representative daily offering rates published by finance companies, for varying maturities in the 90–170 day range. 4Yields are averages computed from daily closing bid prices. 5Bills quoted on bank discount rate basis.


418


Table 27-3—Series X 444-455. Money Market Rates, 1890–2003—Continued Year

Prime commercial paper, 4 to 6 months 1, 2

Finance company paper, place directly, 3 to 6 months 3

Prime bankers’ acceptances, 3 month 1

U.S. government securities 4, 3-month bills, rate on new issues

Federal Reserve Bank of New York discount rate Low

High

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3.59 5.85 4.85 4.11 4.34 4.02 3.98 5.07 4.52 6.62

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2.48 5.03 4.09 3.45 3.59 3.29 2.98 4.09 3.51 5.28

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2.00 4.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.50

4.50 6.00 5.00 4.00 4.00 3.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 7.00

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

7.50 5.37 6.02 5.07 3.84 4.01 5.47 6.20 5.41 4.75

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

6.06 4.37 4.19 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

4.75 4.00 3.50 3.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 ... ... ...

7.00 4.75 4.00 3.50 4.00 5.00 6.00 ... ... ...

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

5.72

6.25 5.18 5.14 6.16 5.81 5.40

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

5.71 5.50 5.34 4.72 7.02 5.80 5.22 7.64 5.40 6.48

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1890 ......................................................

6.91

...

...

...

...

...

64.67 65.00 66.66

Source: The Federal Reserve Board. 1Averages of weekly prevailing rates through 1934; average of the most representative daily offering rate quoted by dealers thereafter. 2From 1996 financial commercial paper. 3Averages of the most representative daily offering rates published by finance companies, for varying maturities in the 90–170 day range. 4Yields are averages computed from daily closing bid prices. 6Includes one or more interpolated items.



419

Table 27-4—Series X 474-486. Bond and Stock Yields, 1900–2003 Year

Federal funds

Municipal high grade

Corporate Aaa (Moody’s)

Corporate Baa (Moody’s)

Common stocks, Dividend-price ratio 1

2003 ...................................................... 2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

1.13 1.67 3.88

4.73 5.05 5.19

5.67 6.49 7.08

6.77 7.80 7.95

... 1.61 1.32

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

6.24 4.97 5.35 5.46 5.30 5.83 4.21 3.02 3.52 5.69

5.77 5.43 5.12 5.55 5.75 5.95 6.19 5.63 6.41 6.89

7.62 7.04 6.53 7.26 7.37 7.59 7.96 7.22 8.14 8.77

8.36 7.87 7.22 7.86 8.05 8.20 8.62 7.93 8.98 9.80

1.15 1.25 1.49 1.77 2.19 2.56 2.82 2.78 2.99 3.24

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

8.10 9.21 7.57 6.66 6.81 8.10 10.23 9.09 12.26 16.38

7.25 7.24 7.76 7.73 7.38 9.18 10.15 9.47 11.57 11.23

9.32 9.26 9.71 9.38 9.02 11.37 12.71 12.04 13.79 14.17

10.36 10.18 10.83 10.58 10.39 12.72 14.19 13.55 16.11 16.04

3.61 3.45 3.64 3.08 3.49 4.25 4.64 4.40 5.81 5.20

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

13.36 11.19 7.93 5.54 5.04 5.82 10.50 8.73 4.43 4.66

8.51 6.39 5.90 5.56 6.49 6.89 6.09 5.18 5.27 5.70

11.94 9.63 8.73 8.02 8.43 8.83 8.57 7.44 7.21 7.39

13.67 10.69 9.49 8.97 9.75 10.61 9.50 8.24 8.16 8.56

5.26 5.47 5.28 4.62 3.77 4.31 4.47 3.06 2.84 3.14

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

7.18 8.20 5.66 4.22 5.11 4.07 3.50 3.18 2.68 1.96

6.51 5.81 4.51 3.98 3.82 3.27 3.22 3.23 3.18 3.46

8.04 7.03 6.18 5.51 5.13 4.49 4.40 4.26 4.33 4.35

9.11 7.81 6.94 6.23 5.67 4.87 4.83 4.86 5.02 5.08

3.97 3.42 3.22 3.35 3.57 3.06 3.00 3.17 3.37 3.07

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3.22 3.30 1.57 3.11 2.73 1.78 ... ... ... ...

3.73 3.95 3.56 3.60 2.93 2.53 2.37 2.72 2.19 2.00

4.41 4.38 3.79 3.89 3.36 3.06 2.90 3.20 2.96 2.86

5.19 5.05 4.73 4.71 3.88 3.53 3.51 3.74 3.52 3.41

3.60 3.31 4.01 4.33 4.07 4.05 4.75 5.49 5.49 6.11

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1.98 2.21 2.40 2.01 1.64 1.67 1.86 2.06 2.36 2.10

2.62 2.66 2.82 2.61 2.53 2.62 2.72 2.73 2.83 2.77

3.24 3.42 3.47 3.24 3.05 3.29 3.61 3.91 4.28 4.33

6.28 6.62 5.77 5.12 3.93 4.17 4.83 4.89 6.64 6.23

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2.50 2.76 2.91 3.10 3.07 3.40 4.03 4.71 4.65 4.01

2.84 3.01 3.19 3.26 3.24 3.60 4.00 4.49 5.01 4.58

4.75 4.96 ... ... ... ... ... 7.76 ... ...

5.26 ... 4.30 4.63 3.50 4.01 4.07 4.22 7.13 5.93

1From 1971 to 2003: Standard and Poor’s composite. Prior to 1971, Moody’s composite. In 1970, the yield according to Standard and Poor’s was 3.83 percent. . . . = Not available.

420


Table 27-4—Series X 474-486. Bond and Stock Yields, 1900–2003—Continued Year

Federal funds

Municipal high grade

Corporate Aaa (Moody’s)

Corporate Baa (Moody’s)

Common stocks, Dividend-price ratio 1

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

4.07 4.27 4.05 3.98 4.08 4.09 4.20 4.25 4.23 5.09

4.55 4.73 4.55 4.57 4.73 4.88 5.00 5.12 5.10 5.97

... 5.90 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

4.45 3.36 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

4.98 4.46 4.50 4.20 3.94 4.16 4.12 4.22 4.02 3.98

6.12 5.49 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3.97 3.78 3.93 3.86 3.57 3.40 3.45 3.38 3.20 3.13

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1900 ......................................................

...

3.12

...

...

...

Source: The Federal Reserve Board. 1From 1971 to 2003: Standard and Poor’s composite. Prior to 1971, Moody’s composite. In 1970, the yield according to Standard and Poor’s was 3.83 percent. . . . = Not available.


421

Table 27-5—Series X 517-530. Market Value and Volume of Sales of Stocks and Bonds on Registered Securities Exchanges, 1935–2002 (Dollars in millions, number.) All exchanges

New York Stock Exchange

Year Market value, all sales

Shares of stocks sold

Market value, all sales

Shares of stocks sold

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

13 662 000 13 315 000

480 200 371 100

10 793 000 10 738 000

376 700 313 400

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

14 552 000 11 220 000 8 698 000 6 879 000 4 735 000 3 690 000 2 966 000 2 734 000 2 149 000 1 903 000

317 700 244 100 206 400 159 700 125 700 106 400 90 500 82 800 65 500 58 000

11 217 000 9 087 000 7 275 000 5 848 000 4 013 000 3 078 000 2 483 000 2 278 000 1 759 000 1 534 000

265 700 207 700 178 900 138 800 108 200 90 100 76 700 68 700 53 300 47 700

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 752 000 2 010 000 1 702 000 2 492 000 1 868 000 1 260 000 1 004 000 1 023 000 658 000 533 000

53 338 54 239 52 533 63 771 48 338 37 046 30 456 30 146 22 423 15 910

1 394 000 1 581 000 1 380 000 1 987 000 1 453 000 1 024 000 815 000 816 000 514 000 416 000

43 829 44 140 44 018 50 038 39 258 30 222 25 150 24 253 18 203 12 843

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

522 000 323 000 269 000 198 000 207 000 167 000 125 000 187 000 215 000 195 000

15 480 10 850 9 483 7 023 7 036 6 231 4 846 5 732 6 310 5 916

398 000 252 000 211 000 157 000 165 000 143 000 106 000 155 000 169 000 155 000

12 390 8 675 7 617 5 613 5 649 5 051 3 822 4 337 4 496 4 265

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

136 465 180 877 202 772 168 258 127 914 93 325 75 328 66 157 56 564 66 068

4 539 4 963 5 312 4 504 3 188 2 587 2 045 1 838 1 664 2 010

107 649 133 173 149 395 160 791 102 754 76 878 63 284 56 564 49 019 54 785

3 213 3 174 3 299 2 886 2 205 1 809 1 482 1 351 1 187 1 292

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

46 901 53 877 39 962 33 360 36 360 39 261 29 156 17 488 18 179 22 127

1 389 1 605 1 400 1 292 1 182 1 212 1 053 716 732 863

39 552 45 368 34 351 28 686 31 064 34 038 25 267 15 010 15 531 19 013

958 1 039 999 914 784 820 749 520 522 643

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

22 840 11 443 13 749 12 541 20 001 18 112 11 780 10 986 5 570 7 603

857 516 570 512 802 744 464 485 220 310

19 735 9 674 11 731 10 617 16 675 15 190 10 089 9 457 4 796 6 408

655 380 413 358 531 496 342 362 169 230

1940 ...................................................... 1939 ...................................................... 1938 ...................................................... 1937 ...................................................... 1936 ...................................................... 1935 1 ....................................................

9 726 13 347 13 927 23 709 27 283 19 115

372 467 542 837 956 662

8 223 11 488 12 306 20 769 23 323 16 138

283 366 424 614 702 499

1Stock

and bond sales for New York Stock Exchange and New York Curb Exchange, January to March, exclude stopped sales; stock sales for these exchanges also exclude odd-lot sales.

422


Table 27-6—Series X 536-539. Net Assets, Sales, and Redemptions of Mutual Funds, 1940–2002 (Millions of dollars, except where noted.) Year

Number of funds

Net assets

Sales

Redemptions

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

8 256 8 307

6 392 000 6 975 000

13 196 000 12 867 000

13 039 000 12 242 000

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

8 155 7 791 7 314 6 684 6 248 5 725 5 357 4 558 3 850 3 247

6 965 000 6 846 000 5 525 000 4 468 000 3 526 000 2 811 000 2 161 000 2 075 000 1 646 000 1 396 000

11 109 000 9 044 000 7 231 000 5 800 000 4 672 000 3 600 000 3 077 000 3 189 000 2 751 000 2 037 000

10 586 000 8 562 000 6 649 000 5 324 000 4 265 000 3 315 000 2 929 000 2 905 000 2 548 000 1 879 000

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3 079 2 918 2 718 2 323 1 843 1 531 1 246 1 026 857 669

1 065 000 982 000 810 000 770 000 716 000 496 000 371 000 293 000 282 900 241 400

1 565 000 1 445 000 1 177 000 1 252 000 1 206 000 954 000 680 000 548 000 547 800 472 200

1 471 000 1 327 000 1 167 000 1 179 000 1 016 000 665 000 607 000 566 000 565 800 362 600

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

564 524 505 477 452 426 431 421 410

135 000 94 500 55 800 48 500 51 000 45 800 35 800 46 500 59 800

248 000 119 300 37 200 17 100 13 700 10 100 5 300 4 400 4 900

217 000 86 800 31 500 16 700 16 400 9 600 3 900 5 700 6 600

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

356 269 240 204 182 170 160 165 169 170

47 618 48 291 52 677 44 701 34 829 35 220 29 116 25 214 21 271 22 789

1 230 1 503 1 994 1 378 924 1 228 958 649 511 813

765 847 1 028 743 427 512 411 388 286 263

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

161 155 151 143 135 125 115 110 110 103

17 026 15 818 13 242 8 714 9 046 7 838 6 109 4 146 3 931 3 130

481 541 482 332 343 290 271 160 214 194

193 172 175 96 91 93 99 57 49 62

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

98 91 87 80 74 73 68 68 68 68

2 531 1 974 1 506 1 409 1 311 1 284 882 654 487 402

135 126 75 67 83 93 53 116 73 53

83 41 34 28 32 30 17 51 25 45

1940 ......................................................

...

448

...

...



423

Table 27-7. Mortgage Debt Outstanding, 1945–2002 (Billions of dollars, except as noted; end of period; not seasonally adjusted.) By type of property

By type of holder

Home Year

Total

Mortgage pools or trusts

Billions of dollars

Percent of value of real estate

Multi-family Commercial residences

Life Commercial Savings insurance banks institutions companies

Farm

Federal and related agencies

Total 1

Federally related agencies

ABS issuers

Other

2002 ................................. 2001 .................................

8 463 7 582

6 463 5 739

47 46

488 445

1 387 1 281

125 116

2 058 1 790

781 758

250 243

436 373

4 161 3 701

3 158 2 830

1 003 870

776 717

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

6 883 6 315 5 712 5 201 4 864 4 577 4 381 4 209 4 072 3 960

5 205 4 787 4 363 3 978 3 720 3 478 3 301 3 119 2 957 2 789

46 46 46 45 45 44 44 42 42 41

401 368 331 300 288 276 270 269 272 285

1 168 1 057 921 833 769 739 727 740 763 807

109 102 97 90 87 84 83 81 80 79

1 660 1 495 1 337 1 245 1 145 1 090 1 013 948 901 881

723 668 644 632 628 597 596 598 628 705

236 231 214 207 208 213 216 224 242 260

341 320 292 285 294 308 316 326 286 266

3 226 2 947 2 581 2 232 2 038 1 849 1 726 1 580 1 451 1 275

2 492 2 292 2 018 1 826 1 711 1 570 1 472 1 357 1 272 1 156

734 654 562 407 326 279 254 224 179 118

697 654 645 600 550 519 515 532 565 573

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

3 808 3 553 3 282 2 965 2 664 2 377 2 097 1 856 1 666 1 584

2 620 2 383 2 158 1 924 1 726 1 524 1 326 1 192 1 075 1 035

40 37 36 35 34 33 32 33 31 31

288 288 275 259 239 206 186 161 146 142

821 801 766 694 603 542 472 389 334 300

79 80 83 88 95 106 112 114 111 107

849 771 677 595 505 431 381 331 301 284

802 873 888 824 785 766 710 627 576 612

268 254 233 212 194 172 157 151 142 138

239 198 192 189 202 213 202 188 177 160

1 088 923 787 702 550 393 300 245 179 129

1 020 870 745 669 532 368 289 245 179 129

68 53 41 32 19 25 11 0 0 0

562 534 505 443 428 403 347 314 291 261

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

1 462 1 321 1 154 1 002 873 788 731 669 592 520

962 859 741 631 538 477 438 402 360 321

33 33 34 33 34 34 35 32 33 33

143 135 125 114 106 101 100 93 83 70

260 239 215 193 174 161 148 134 114 97

97 87 73 64 55 50 45 40 35 32

263 245 214 179 151 136 132 119 99 83

594 565 517 459 398 351 321 300 268 231

131 118 106 97 92 89 86 81 77 75

143 121 100 84 76 73 61 47 40 37

114 95 70 57 41 29 21 18 14 10

114 95 70 57 41 29 21 18 14 10

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

217 176 146 126 116 111 110 104 94 85

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

472 442 411 381 358 334 306 278 252 228

294 280 262 245 232 219 201 184 167 153

34 34 34 36 36 36 35 33 31 30

60 53 48 45 41 38 35 30 27 24

87 79 73 66 61 56 51 47 42 37

30 29 27 25 23 21 19 17 15 14

73 71 65 59 54 50 44 39 34 30

205 194 182 170 160 153 140 125 109 96

74 72 70 68 65 60 55 51 47 44

34 28 23 19 16 13 12 11 12 12

5 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 0

5 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

80 74 68 64 61 58 55 52 49 45

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

208 191 172 156 144 129 113 101 91 82

141 130 117 107 98 88 75 66 58 51

29 28 27 26 25 24 22 21 20 19

21 19 17 15 14 13 13 12 11 11

33 30 27 24 22 19 17 16 14 14

13 12 11 10 10 9 8 8 7 7

29 28 26 23 23 21 19 17 16 15

86 77 68 60 55 48 40 34 29 25

42 39 37 35 33 29 26 23 21 19

11 10 8 7 6 5 5 5 4 3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

40 36 33 30 28 26 24 22 21 21

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

73 63 56 49 42 36

45 37 33 28 23 19

18 17 17 16 15 14

9 8 7 6 5 5

13 12 11 10 9 8

6 6 5 5 5 5

14 12 11 9 7 5

22 18 16 14 12 10

16 13 11 9 7 7

3 2 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

20 18 17 15 12 10

1Outstanding

principal balances of mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by the holder indicated.

424


Table 27-8. Consumer Credit Outstanding and Finance Rates, 1990–2002 Type of credit

1990

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

TOTAL CREDIT (Billions of Dollars) ..

789.1

960.4

1 095.8

1 185.1

1 243.0

1 317.0

1 415.5

1 560.2

1 666.9

1 725.7

Revolving ............................................... Nonrevolving 1 .......................................

238.6 550.5

365.6 594.9

443.1 652.7

498.9 686.1

531.0 712.0

562.5 754.5

598.0 817.5

668.0 892.1

701.4 965.5

712.9 1 012.8

Commercial Banks New automobiles (48 months) ............... Other consumer goods (24 months) ...... Credit-card plans ...................................

11.78 15.46 18.17

8.12 13.19 16.04

9.57 13.94 15.90

9.05 13.54 15.63

9.02 13.90 15.77

8.72 13.74 15.71

8.44 13.39 15.21

9.34 13.90 15.71

8.50 13.22 14.89

6.71 11.59 13.42

Finance Companies New automobiles ................................... Used automobiles ..................................

12.54 15.99

9.79 13.49

11.19 14.48

9.83 13.53

7.12 13.27

6.30 12.64

6.66 12.60

6.61 13.55

5.65 12.18

4.29 10.73

FINANCE RATES (Percent)

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Comprises

unsecured.

automobile loans and all other loans not included in revolving credit, such as loans for mobile homes, education, boats, trailers, or vacations. These loans may be secured or


425

Table 27-9—Series X 879-889. Life Insurance Companies and Life Insurance in Force, by Type, 1815–2001 (As of December 31.)

Year

Life insurance in force, value (millions of dollars)

Policies (millions) Total

Ordinary

Group 1

Average size of policy in force (dollars) Industrial 2

Credit 3

Ordinary

Group

2001 ......................................................

377

16 290 000

9 346 000

6 765 000

...

...

...

...

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

369 367 358 351 355 393 390 363 366 375

15 953 000 15 496 000 14 471 000 13 364 000 12 704 000 11 638 000 11 057 000 11 105 000 10 406 000 9 986 000

9 376 000 9 172 000 8 506 000 7 855 000 7 408 000 6 816 000 6 407 000 6 428 000 5 942 000 5 678 000

6 376 000 6 110 000 5 735 000 5 279 000 5 068 000 4 603 000 4 442 000 4 456 000 4 241 000 4 058 000

... ... ... 18 000 18 000 18 000 19 000 20 000 21 000 22 000

... ... ... 212 000 211 000 201 000 189 000 200 000 202 000 228 000

... ... ... 56 044 52 285 45 090 45 870 45 770 42 960 41 450

... ... ... 32 221 32 577 27 051 26 338 31 430 29 930 28 760

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

389 394 391 395 391 386 385 387 389 400

9 393 000 8 694 000 8 020 000 7 452 000 6 720 000 6 053 000 5 500 000 4 966 000 4 477 000 4 064 000

5 367 000 4 940 000 4 512 000 4 139 000 3 658 000 3 247 000 2 888 000 2 544 000 2 217 000 1 978 000

3 754 000 3 469 000 3 232 000 3 043 000 2 801 000 2 562 000 2 392 000 2 220 000 2 066 000 1 889 000

24 000 24 000 26 000 27 000 27 000 28 000 30 000 31 000 33 000 35 000

248 000 260 000 251 000 243 000 234 000 216 000 190 000 171 000 161 000 162 000

37 910 34 410 31 390 28 510 25 540 22 780 19 970 17 380 15 140 13 310

26 630 24 510 23 410 22 380 20 720 19 720 18 780 17 530 16 630 15 400

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

402 407 401 390 382 380 380 369 365 357

3 541 000 3 222 000 2 870 000 2 583 000 2 343 000 2 140 000 1 985 000 1 778 000 1 628 000 1 503 000

1 761 000 1 586 000 1 425 000 1 289 000 1 178 000 1 083 000 1 009 000 928 000 849 000 788 000

1 579 000 1 419 000 1 244 000 1 115 000 1 003 000 905 000 827 000 708 000 631 000 581 000

38 000 37 800 38 100 39 000 39 200 39 400 39 400 40 600 40 000 39 200

165 000 179 300 163 100 139 400 123 600 112 000 109 600 101 200 108 800 95 000

11 920 10 890 10 010 9 240 8 610 8 090 7 690 7 230 6 790 6 440

13 410 12 350 11 260 10 550 10 010 9 360 8 840 8 010 7 730 7 170

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

355 351 346 336 331 320 308 299 290 286

1 402 123 1 284 529 1 183 354 1 079 821 984 689 900 554 797 808 730 623 675 977 629 493

734 730 682 453 633 392 584 570 541 022 499 638 457 868 420 808 391 048 366 141

551 357 488 864 442 778 394 501 345 945 308 078 253 620 229 477 209 950 192 794

38 644 38 614 38 827 39 215 39 663 39 818 39 833 39 672 39 638 39 451

77 392 74 598 68 357 61 535 58 059 53 020 46 487 40 666 35 341 31 107

6 105 5 773 5 453 5 150 4 938 4 662 4 382 4 136 3 932 3 766

6 905 6 473 6 074 5 733 5 356 5 056 4 637 4 494 4 323 4 167

1960* ..................................................... 1959 ...................................................... 1958 ...................................................... 1957 ...................................................... 1956 ...................................................... 1955 ...................................................... 1954 ...................................................... 1953 ...................................................... 1952 ...................................................... 1951 ......................................................

282 275 267 266 261 251 237 229 219 210

586 448 542 128 493 561 458 359 412 630 372 332 333 719 304 259 276 591 253 140

341 881 317 158 288 607 264 949 238 348 216 812 198 599 185 007 170 875 159 109

175 903 160 163 144 772 133 905 117 399 101 345 86 410 72 913 62 913 54 398

39 563 39 809 39 646 40 139 40 109 39 682 38 664 37 781 36 448 34 870

29 101 24 998 20 536 19 366 16 774 14 493 10 046 8 558 6 355 4 763

3 597 3 424 3 227 3 041 2 853 2 721 2 619 2 530 2 452 2 378

4 034 3 875 3 736 3 580 3 361 3 202 3 018 2 755 2 667 2 535

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

202 194 187 182 173 163 159 151 144 140

234 168 213 672 201 208 186 035 170 066 151 762 145 771 137 158 127 721 122 178

149 116 138 862 131 158 122 393 112 818 101 550 95 085 89 596 85 139 82 525

47 793 40 207 37 068 32 026 27 206 22 172 23 922 22 413 19 316 17 359

33 415 32 087 31 253 30 406 29 313 27 675 26 474 24 874 22 911 21 825

3 844 2 516 1 729 1 210 729 365 290 275 355 469

2 319 2 264 2 240 2 200 2 150 2 100 2 080 2 080 2 090 2 100

2 478 2 330 2 280 2 050 2 060 1 930 1 860 1 760 1 740 1 710

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

134 131 129 128 124 121 117 115 116 124

115 530 111 569 108 927 107 794 102 653 98 464 96 677 96 246 101 559 106 970

79 346 77 121 75 772 74 836 72 361 70 684 70 094 70 872 75 898 79 514

14 938 13 641 12 503 12 638 11 291 10 208 9 472 8 681 8 923 9 736

20 866 20 500 20 396 20 104 18 863 17 471 17 036 16 630 16 669 17 635

380 307 256 216 138 101 75 63 69 85

2 130 2 130 2 150 2 180 2 160 2 160 2 210 2 260 2 380 2 420

1 700 1 790 1 890 1 710 1 670 1 590 1 710 1 780 1 860 1 730

1Initial Year 1911. 2First weekly premium 3Initial year 1917.


policy issued 1873; industrial agency system introduced 1975.

426


Table 27-9—Series X 879-889. Life Insurance Companies and Life Insurance in Force, by Type, 1815–2001—Continued (As of December 31.)

Year



Ordinary

Group 1


Credit 3

Ordinary

Group

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

124 123 116 110 104 97 90 83 76 70

106 413 102 086 92 590 84 775 77 642 69 475 61 327 55 097 48 342 43 944

78 576 75 686 68 430 63 334 58 453 52 892 47 283 43 077 38 053 34 777

8 901 8 994 7 889 6 333 5 362 4 247 3 127 2 393 1 795 1 527

17 963 17 349 16 231 15 078 13 803 12 318 10 905 9 618 8 486 7 633

73 57 40 30 24 18 12 9 8 7

2 460 2 470 2 410 2 400 2 350 2 270 2 200 2 160 2 090 2 040

1 700 1 590 1 580 1 450 1 400 1 340 1 280 1 180 1 150 1 070

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

65 60 53 49 45 41 39 37 34 31

40 540 32 971 27 924 25 243 22 853 21 029 19 737 18 683 17 301 16 125

32 018 25 783 21 818 19 868 18 081 16 650 15 661 14 827 13 709 12 772

1 570 1 092 630 349 155 100 65 31 13 (Z)

6 948 6 092 5 474 5 026 4 617 4 279 4 011 3 825 3 579 3 353

4 4 2 -3 ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 990 1 860 1 840 1 830 1 800 1 800 1 810 1 810 1 800 1 790

960 920 840 780 780 830 970 910 1 080 ...

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

29 27 25 24 23 22 20 19 17 16

14 908 13 878 13 085 12 639 12 285 11 863 11 165 10 217 9 369 8 369

11 783 10 960 10 450 10 103 9 871 9 585 9 059 8 264 7 594 6 766

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3 125 2 918 2 635 2 536 2 414 2 278 2 106 1 953 1 775 1 603

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 830 1 830 1 850 1 860 1 870 1 880 1 930 1 970 2 020 2 040

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

14 12 11 10 9 9 ... ... ... ...

7 573 6 822 6 053 5 555 5 207 4 988 4 847 4 609 4 267 3 868

6 124 5 547 4 952 4 563 4 323 4 170 4 048 3 948 3 685 3 388

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 449 1 275 1 101 992 884 818 799 661 582 481

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 160 2 210 2 310 2 340 2 420 2 440 ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

3 522 3 123 2 742 2 456 2 097 2 007 1 996 1 872 1 721 1 606

3 095 2 758 2 438 2 202 1 899 1 861 1 885 1 785 1 665 1 573

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

428 364 304 254 198 146 111 87 56 34

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1875 1874 1873 1872 1871

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 523 1 475 1 520 1 512 1 691 1 874 1 948 2 041 2 079 2 083

1 502 1 470 1 518 1 511 1 690 1 874 1 948 2 041 2 079 2 083

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

20 5.4 2.0 1.0 0.4 ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1870 1869 1868 1867 1866 1865 1864 1863 1862 1861

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 006 1 825 1 535 1 168 874 590 404 276 192 173

2 006 1 825 1 535 1 168 ... 590 404 ... 192 173

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1Initial Year 1911. 2First weekly premium 3Initial year 1917.


. . . = Not available. Z = Less than $50,000 or less than $500,000.


427

Table 27-9—Series X 879-889. Life Insurance Companies and Life Insurance in Force, by Type, 1815–2001—Continued (As of December 31.)

Year



Group 1

Ordinary


Credit 3

Ordinary

Group

1860 1859 1858 1857 1856 1855 1854

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

173 152 130 121 106 106 94

173 152 130 121 106 106 94

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1850 1845 1840 1835 1830 1825 1820 1815

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

97 14 4.7 2.8 0.6 0.2 0.1 (Z)

97 14 4.7 2.8 0.6 0.2 0.1 ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Source: The Federal Reserve Board. 1Initial Year 1911. 2First weekly premium 3Initial year 1917.


. . . = Not available. Z = Less than $50,000 or less than $500,000.

SECTION

28

POLITICS AND ELECTIONS

430


SECTION 28

POLITICS AND ELECTIONS Highlights Percent of Voting-Age Population Reporting They Voted, 1990–2000 80 70 60 18 to 20 years

50

Percent

21 to 24 years 25 to 34 years

40

35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over

30 20 10 0 1992

2000

Presidential election years

1

Although the United States was founded as a democracy, it took more than 200 years for its electoral mechanisms to evolve from a highly elite, non-democratic format to its present state. For the first 100 or so years, each state determined for itself who its voters were and how they should be enrolled and permitted to vote. Over the years, constitutional amendments, congressional legislation, and judicial decisions applied certain constraints to the states’ discretion in specified areas of legal procedure pertaining to elections. In the South, for example, fraudulent stuffing of boxes, suppression of returns, and other irregularities were fairly common from after the Civil War until well into the twentieth century. As late as the 1940s, Lyndon Johnson’s victory in his first Senate race was attributed to such practices. Originally, only free White males were enfranchised. Women were universally enfranchised in

1990

1998

Congressional election years

1920, but a number of states gave women suffrage earlier: Wyoming, as a territory, in 1869; Colorado in 1893; Utah in 1896; Idaho in 1897; Washington and California in 1911; Oregon, Arizona, and Kansas in 1913; Montana and Nevada in 1914; Illinois in 1916; and Michigan and New York in 1918. Blacks were enfranchised in 1870 by the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, but were handicapped in the South by a number of procedural and technical restrictions designed to keep them away from the ballot box. In the 1960s, the Civil Rights Act made such restrictions unconstitutional. Until 1928, citizenship was not a requirement for voting and aliens voted freely in many states. Because of the difficulty in estimating the number of foreign-born males in the population, the electoral data for years before and after 1928 are not strictly comparable.

SECTION 28: POLITICS AND ELECTIONS

2

Article II, Section I of the U.S. Constitution delineates the method for the election of the president of the United States—the establishment of an electoral college in each state. The method of casting the electoral votes was modified in 1804 by the adoption of the 12th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. With a few exceptions, presidential electors have been chosen by direct popular vote since 1828, although state legislators still have the right to choose the electors. On four occasions in U.S. history, the entire electoral vote of a state remained uncast for technical reasons.

3

The number of members of the U.S. House of Representatives is fixed by Congress at the time of each apportionment and is based on the population of each state as shown in the decennial censuses. No change in total house membership has been made since 1912, except to allot one representative each to Hawaii and Alaska when they attained statehood. Membership was increased to 437 in 1960, but reverted to 435 after 1962. Prior to the passage of the 14th Amendment, Native Americans were excluded from the census and only three out of five slaves were included. Before 1850, apportionment ratios were chosen arbitrarily. From 1850 to 1900, it was by dividing the total population by a predetermined number of representatives; from 1910 on, it was by dividing the eligible population by a fixed number of representatives.

4

The United States has one of the lowest rates of voter participation in elections and one of the highest rates of political apathy among all democracies (as measured by voter turnout for elections, number of citizens running for office, membership in political parties, and so on). Generally, presidential election years draw more voters to the polling booths than midterm election years. Even so, only 54.7 percent of eligible voters turn out in average presidential years. The highest percentage of voting age population participating in a presidential election was 62.8 percent in 1960. In congressional elections, the percentage is much lower, for example 41.9 percent in 1998.

5

The power of incumbency on Congress is illustrated by the fact that 97.8 percent of all representatives and 79.3 percent of all senators in presidential election years, and 97.8 percent of all representatives and 89.7 percent of senators in midterm election years, are reelected.

431

6

The women and minority share of both the House and the Senate has increased since the 1980s. The number of women jumped from 19 in the House and two in the Senate in 1981 to 62 in the House and 13 in the Senate in 2001. Similarly, the number of Blacks grew from 17 in the House and none in the Senate to 39 in the House and none in the Senate in 2001. The members of both houses are now older than the members in 1981. There are 14 members in the House and no member in the Senate below age 40, compared with 94 and 9 respectively in 1981. Senators tend to be even older. There were 18 members over age 70 in 2001, compared with 6 in 1981.

7

The number of states with Democratic governors has grown in recent years, but remains less than those with Republican governors. The governor elected in 2000 with the highest percentage of popular votes was Mike Foster, a Republican from Maine, who received 62.2 percent of the vote.

8

Of the total voting-age population, only one-third register and only 54.7 percent voted in presidential election years and 41.9 percent in congressional election years. More White voters register and vote than Black voters and, as a result, the 3 percent gap between these two categories of voters has remained despite efforts to bring more Blacks into the political stream. By states, the highest percentage of voters was 66.6 percent in Minnesota and the lowest was 32.8 percent in Arkansas.

9

In 2001, the federal government employed 2.698 million civilians and state and local governments employed 18.272 million. Monthly payroll was $11.4 billion for the federal government and $49.262 billion for state and local governments.

432


Table 28-1—Series Y 79-83. Electoral and Popular Vote Cast for President, by Political Party, 1789–2000 (Excludes unpledged tickets and minor candidates polling under 10,000 votes; various party labels may have been used by a candidate in different states, the more important of which are listed below.) Vote cast Year

Number of states

Presidential candidate

Political party Electoral

Popular

2000 ............................................................................

50

George W. Bush Al Gore Ralph Nader Pat Buchanan

Republican Democratic Green Reform

271 266 -

50 455 000 50 992 000 2 883 000 449 000

1996 ............................................................................

50

Bill Clinton Robert Dole H. Ross Perot Ralph Nader

Democratic Republican Independent Green

379 159 -

47 402 000 39 199 000 8 085 000 685 000

1992 ............................................................................

50

Bill Clinton George Bush H. Ross Perot Andre Marrou

Democratic Republican Independent Libertarian

370 168 -

44 909 000 39 104 000 19 742 000 292 000

1988 ............................................................................

50

George Bush Michael Dukakis Ron Paul Lenora B. Fulani

Republican Democratic Libertarian New Alliance

426 111 -

48 886 000 41 809 000 432 000 217 000

1984 ............................................................................

50

Ronald Reagan Walter Mondale David Bergland Lyndon H. LaRouche

Republican Democratic Libertarian Independent

525 13 -

54 455 000 37 577 000 228 000 79 000

1980 ............................................................................

50

Ronald Reagan Jimmy Carter John Anderson Ed Clark

Republican Democratic Independent Libertarian

489 49 -

43 904 000 35 484 000 5 720 000 921 000

1976 ............................................................................

50

Jimmy Carter Gerald Ford Eugene McCarthy Roger McBride

Democratic Republican Independent Libertarian

297 240 -

40 831 000 39 148 000 757 000 173 000

1972 ............................................................................

50

Richard Nixon George McGovern John Schmitz Benjamin Spock

Republican Democratic American People’s

520 17 -

47 170 000 29 170 000 1 099 000 79 000

1968 ............................................................................

50

Richard M. Nixon Hubert H. Humphrey George C. Wallace Henning A. Blomen Dick Gregory Fred Halstead Eldridge Cleaver Eugene J. McCarthy E. Harold Munn

Republican Democratic American Independent Socialist Labor (1) Socialist Workers Peace and Freedom (2) Prohibition

301 191 46 -

31 785 480 31 275 166 9 906 473 52 588 47 133 41 388 36 563 25 552 15 123

1964 ............................................................................

50

Lyndon B. Johnson Barry M. Goldwater Eric Hass Clifton DeBerry E. Harold Munn

Democratic Republican Socialist Labor Socialist Workers Prohibition

486 52 -

43 129 566 27 178 188 45 219 32 720 23 267

1960 ............................................................................

50

John F. Kennedy Richard M. Nixon Eric Hass Rutherford L. Decker Orval E. Faubus Farrell Dobbs Charles L. Sullivan

Democratic Republican Socialist Labor Prohibition National States’ Rights Socialist Workers Constitution

3303

219 -

34 226 731 34 108 157 47 522 46 203 44 977 40 165 18 162

1956 ............................................................................

48

Dwight D. Eisenhower Adlai E. Stevenson T. Coleman Andrews Eric Hass Enoch A. Holtwick

Republican Democratic States’ Rights Socialist Labor Prohibition

457 473 -

35 590 472 26 022 752 111 178 44 450 41 937

1952 ............................................................................

48

Dwight D. Eisenhower Adlai E. Stevenson Vincent Hallinan Stuart Hamblen Eric Hass Darlington Hoopes Douglas A. MacArthur Farrell Dobbs

Republican Democratic Progressive Prohibition Socialist Labor Socialist Constitution Socialist Workers

442 89 -

33 936 234 27 314 992 140 023 72 949 30 267 20 203 17 205 10 312

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Total vote for Gregory includes write-in votes as well as votes for the Freedom and Peace Party, the Peace Freedom Alternative, the Peace and Freedom Party and the 2Total vote for McCarthy includes write-in votes as well as votes for the Alternative in November Party and the New Party. 3Six Democratic electors in Alabama, all eight unpledged Democratic electors in Mississippi and one Republican elector in Oklahoma voted for Senator Harry F. Byrd. 4One Democratic elector in Alabama voted for Walter Jones.

- = Quantity zero.

New Party.


433

Table 28-1—Series Y 79-83. Electoral and Popular Vote Cast for President, by Political Party, 1789–2000 —Continued (Excludes unpledged tickets and minor candidates polling under 10,000 votes; various party labels may have been used by a candidate in different states, the more important of which are listed below.) Vote cast Year

Number of states



Popular

1948 ............................................................................

48

Harry S. Truman Thomas E. Dewey Strom Thurmond Henry Wallace Norman Thomas Claude A. Watson Edward A. Teichert Farrell Dobbs

Democratic Republican States’ Rights Progressive Socialist Prohibition Socialist Labor Socialist Workers

303 189 39 -

24 179 345 21 991 291 1 176 125 1 157 326 139 572 103 900 29 241 13 614

1944 ............................................................................

48

Franklin D. Roosevelt Thomas E. Dewey Norman Thomas Claude A. Watson Edward A. Teichert

Democratic Republican Socialist Prohibition Socialist Labor

432 99 -

25 606 585 22 014 745 80 518 74 758 45 336

1940 ............................................................................

48

Franklin D. Roosevelt Wendell L. Willkie Norman Thomas Roger Q. Babson Earl Browder John W. Aiken

Democratic Republican Socialist Prohibition Communist Socialist Labor

449 82 -

27 307 819 22 321 018 99 557 57 812 46 251 14 892

1936 ............................................................................

48

Franklin D. Roosevelt Alfred M. Landon William Lemke Norman Thomas Earl Browder D. Leigh Colvin John W. Aiken

Democratic Republican Union Socialist Communist Prohibition Socialist Labor

523 8 -

27 752 869 16 674 665 882 479 187 720 80 159 37 847 12 777

1932 ............................................................................

48

Franklin D. Roosevelt Herbert C. Hoover Norman Thomas William Z. Foster William D. Upshaw Verne L. Reynolds William H. Harvey

Democratic Republican Socialist Communist Prohibition Socialist Labor Liberty

472 59 -

22 809 638 15 758 901 881 951 102 785 81 869 33 276 53 425

1928 ............................................................................

48

Herbert C. Hoover Alfred E. Smith Norman Thomas Verne L. Reynolds William Z. Foster William F. Varney

Republican Democratic Socialist Socialist Labor Workers Prohibition

444 87 -

21 391 993 15 016 169 267 835 21 603 21 181 20 106

1924 ............................................................................

48

Calvin Coolidge John W. Davis Robert M. LaFollette Herman P. Faris Frank T. Johns William Z. Foster Gilbert O. Nations

Republican Democratic Progressive Prohibition Socialist Labor Workers American

382 136 13 -

15 718 211 8 385 283 4 831 289 57 520 36 428 36 386 23 967

1920 ............................................................................

48

Warren G. Harding James M. Cox Eugene V. Debs P.P. Christensen Aaron S. Watkins James E. Ferguson W.W. Cox

Republican Democratic Socialist Farmer-Labor Prohibition American Socialist Labor

404 127 -

16 143 407 9 130 328 919 799 265 411 189 408 48 000 31 715

1916 ............................................................................

48

Woodrow Wilson Charles E. Hughes A.L. Benson J. Frank Hanly Arthur E. Reimer

Democratic Republican Socialist Prohibition Socialist Labor

277 254 -

9 127 695 8 533 507 585 113 220 506 13 403

1912 ............................................................................

48

Woodrow Wilson Theodore Roosevelt William H. Taft Eugene V. Debs Eugene W. Chafin Arthur E. Reimer

Democratic Progressive Republican Socialist Prohibition Socialist Labor

435 88 8 -

6 296 547 4 118 571 3 486 720 900 672 206 275 28 750

1908 ............................................................................

46

William H. Taft William J. Bryan Eugene V. Debs Eugene W. Chafin Thomas L Hisgen Thomas E. Watson August Gillhaus

Republican Democratic Socialist Prohibition Independence People’s Socialist Labor

321 162 -

7 675 320 6 412 294 420 793 253 840 82 872 29 100 14 021

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. - = Quantity zero.

434



Number of states



Popular

1904 ............................................................................

45

Theodore Roosevelt Alton B. Parker Eugene V. Debs Silas C. Swallow Thomas E. Watson Charles H. Corregan

Republican Democratic Socialist Prohibition People’s Socialist Labor

336 140 -

7 628 461 5 084 223 402 283 258 536 117 183 31 249

1900 ............................................................................

45

William McKinley William J. Bryan John C. Wooley Eugene V. Debs Wharton Barker Joseph F. Malloney

Republican Democratic 5 Prohibition Socialist People’s Socialist Labor

292 155 -

7 218 491 6 356 734 208 914 87 814 50 373 39 739

1896 ............................................................................

45

William McKinley William J. Bryan John M. Palmer Joshua Levering Charles H. Matchett Charles E. Bentley

Republican Democratic 5 National Democratic Prohibition Socialist Labor Nationalist

271 176 -

7 102 246 6 492 559 133 148 132 007 36 274 13 969

1892 ............................................................................

44

Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison James B. Weaver John Bidwell Simon Wing

Democratic Republican People’s Prohibition Socialist Labor

277 145 22 -

5 555 426 5 182 690 1 029 846 264 133 21 164

1888 ............................................................................

38

Benjamin Harrison Grover Cleveland Clinton B. Fisk Anson J. Streeter

Republican Democratic Prohibition Union Labor

233 168 -

5 447 129 5 537 857 249 506 146 935

1884 ............................................................................

38

Grover Cleveland James G. Blaine Benjamin F. Butler John P. St. John

Democratic Republican Greenback-Labor Prohibition

219 182 -

4 879 507 4 850 293 175 370 150 369

1880 ............................................................................

38

James A. Garfield Winfield S. Hancock James B. Weaver Neal Dow

Republican Democratic Greenback-Labor Prohibition

214 155 -

4 453 295 4 414 082 308 578 10 305

1876 ............................................................................

38

Rutherford B. Hayes Samuel J. Tilden Peter Cooper

Republican Democratic Greenback

185 184 -

4 036 572 4 284 020 81 737

1872 ............................................................................

37

Ulysses S. Grant Horace Greeley Charles O’Connor Thomas A. Hendricks B. Gratz Brown Charles J. Jenkins David Davis (Not voted)

Republican Democratic Straight Democratic Independent Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic

286 (6) 42 18 2 1 7

3 596 745 2 843 446 29 489 ... ... ... ... ...

1868 ............................................................................

37

Ulysses S. Grant Horatio Seymour (Not voted)

Republican Democratic

214 80 23

3 013 421 2 706 829 ...

1864 ............................................................................

36

Abraham Lincoln George B. McClellan (Not voted)

Republican Democratic

212 21 81

2 206 938 1 803 787 ...

1860 ............................................................................

33

Abraham Lincoln J.C. Breckinridge Stephen A. Douglas John Bell

Republican Democratic (S) Democratic Constitutional Union

180 72 12 39

1 865 593 848 356 1 382 713 592 906

1856 ............................................................................

31

James Buchanan John C. Fremont Millard Fillmore

Democratic Republican American

174 114 8

1 832 955 1 339 932 871 731

1852 ............................................................................

31

Franklin Pierce Winfield Scott John P. Hale

Democratic Whig Free Soil

254 42 -

1 601 117 1 385 453 155 825

1848 ............................................................................

30

Zachary Taylor Lewis Cass Martin Van Buren

Whig Democratic Free Soil

163 127 -

1 360 967 1 222 342 291 263

1844 ............................................................................

26

James K. Polk Henry Clay James G. Birney

Democratic Whig Liberty

170 105 -

1 338 464 1 300 097 62 300

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 5Includes a variety of 6Greeley died shortly

. . . = Not available. - = Quantity zero.

joint tickets with People’s Party electors committed to Bryan. after the election and presidential electors supporting him cast their votes as indicated, including three for Greeley, which were not counted.


435


Number of states



Popular

1840 ............................................................................

26

William H. Harrison Martin Van Buren

Whig Democratic

234 60

1836 ............................................................................

26

Martin Van Buren William H. Harrison Hugh L. White Daniel Webster W.P. Mangum

Democratic Whig Whig Whig Anti-Jackson

170 73 26 14 11

1 274 624 1 127 781 765 483 ... 795 ... ...

7739

1832 ............................................................................

24

Andrew Jackson Henry Clay William Wirt John Floyd (Not voted)

Democratic National Republican Anti-Masonic Nullifiers

219 49 7 11 2

687 502 530 189 ... ... ...

1828 ............................................................................

24

Andrew Jackson John Q. Adams

Democratic National Republican

178 83

647 286 508 064

1824 ............................................................................

24

John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson Henry Clay W.H. Crawford

No distinct party designations

884 899

37 41

108 740 153 544 47 136 46 618

1820 ............................................................................

24

James Monroe John Q. Adams (Not voted)

Republican Independent-Republican

231 1 3

... ... ...

1816 ............................................................................

19

James Monroe Rufus King (Not voted)

Republican Federalist

183 34 4

... ... ...

1812 ............................................................................

18

James Madison DeWitt Clinton (Not voted)

Democratic-Republican Fusion

128 89 1

... ... ...

1808 ............................................................................

17

James Madison C.C. Pinckney George Clinton (Not voted)

Democratic-Republican Federalist IndependentRepublican

122 47 6 1

... ... ... ...

1804 ............................................................................

17

Thomas Jefferson C.C. Pinckney

Democratic-Republican Federalist

162 14

... ...

1800 9 .........................................................................

16

Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr John Adams C.C. Pinckney John Jay

Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican Federalist Federalist Federalist

73 73 65 64 1

... ... ... ... ...

1796 9 .........................................................................

16

John Adams Thomas Jefferson Thomas Pinckney Aaron Burr Samuel Adams Oliver Ellsworth George Clinton John Jay James Iredell George Washington John Henry S. Johnston C.C. Pinckney

Federalist Democratic-Republican Federalist Anti-Federalist Democratic-Republican Federalist Democratic-Republican Independent-Federalist Federalist Federalist Independent Independent-Federalist Independent-Federalist

71 68 59 30 15 11 7 5 3 2 2 2 1

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1792 9 .........................................................................

15

George Washington John Adams George Clinton Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr

Federalist Federalist Democratic-Republican ... ...

132 77 50 4 1

... ... ... ... ...

1789 9 .........................................................................

10

George Washington John Adams John Jay R.H. Harrison John Rutledge John Hancock George Clinton Samuel Huntington John Milton James Armstrong Benjamin Lincoln Edward Telfair (Not voted)

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

69 34 9 6 6 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 12

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 7Whig tickets were pledged to various candidates in various states. 8No candidate having a majority in the electoral college, the election was decided 9Prior to the election of 1804, each elector voted for two candidates for president;

in the House of Representatives. the one receiving the highest number of votes, if a majority, was declared elected president, the next highest, vice president. This provision was modified by adoption of the 12th amendment, which was declared ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the states in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, Sept. 25, 1804. . . . = Not available.

436


Table 28-2—Series Y 135-186. Popular Vote Cast for President, by State and Political Party, 1960–2000 (Thousands; Rep. = Republican; Dem. = Democratic; vote listed is normally that of the highest candidate for presidential elector for each party; party totals generally include votes cast for the presidential candidate under other designations than that of the party itself.) 1960

1964

1968

1972

State Total

Rep.

Dem.

Total

Rep.

Dem.

Total

Rep.

Dem.

Total

Rep.

Dem.

United States ...................

68 838

34 108

34 277

70 645

27 178

43 130

73 212

31 785

31 275

77 719

47 170

29 170

Alabama ........................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................. Arkansas .......................... California .......................... Colorado .......................... Connecticut ...................... Delaware .......................... District of Columbia .......... Florida ..............................

570 61 398 429 6 507 736 1 223 197 X 1 544

238 31 221 185 3 260 402 566 96 X 795

324 30 177 215 3 224 331 657 100 X 749

690 67 481 560 7 058 777 1 219 201 199 1 854

479 23 243 243 2 879 297 391 78 29 906

... 44 238 314 4 172 476 826 123 170 949

1 050 83 487 620 7 252 811 1 256 214 171 2 188

147 38 267 191 3 468 409 557 97 31 887

197 35 171 188 3 244 335 622 89 140 677

1 006 95 623 651 8 368 954 1 384 236 163 2 583

729 55 403 449 4 602 597 811 140 35 1 858

257 33 109 200 3 476 330 555 92 128 718

Georgia ............................ Hawaii .............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois ............................... Indiana ............................. Iowa ................................. Kansas ............................. Kentucky .......................... Louisiana ......................... Maine ...............................

733 185 300 4 757 2 135 1 274 929 1 124 808 422

274 92 162 2 369 1 175 722 561 603 231 241

459 92 139 2 378 952 551 363 522 407 181

1 139 207 292 4 703 2 092 1 185 858 1 046 896 381

617 44 144 1 906 911 449 387 373 509 119

523 163 149 2 797 1 171 733 464 670 387 262

1 250 236 291 4 620 2 124 1 168 873 1 056 1 097 393

380 91 165 2 175 1 068 619 479 462 258 169

334 141 89 2 040 807 477 303 398 310 217

1 175 270 310 4 723 2 126 1 226 916 1 067 1 051 417

881 169 199 2 788 1 405 706 620 676 687 256

290 101 81 1 913 709 496 270 371 298 161

Maryland .......................... Massachusetts ................. Michigan .......................... Minnesota ........................ Mississippi ....................... Missouri ........................... Montana ........................... Nebraska ......................... Nevada ............................ New Hampshire ...............

1 055 2 469 3 318 1 542 298 1 934 278 613 107 296

490 977 1 620 758 74 962 142 381 52 158

566 1 487 1 687 780 108 972 135 233 55 138

1 116 2 345 3 203 1 554 409 1 818 279 584 135 288

385 550 1 060 560 357 654 113 277 56 104

731 1 786 2 137 991 53 1 164 164 307 79 184

1 235 2 332 3 306 1 589 655 1 810 274 537 154 297

518 767 1 371 659 89 812 139 321 73 155

538 1 469 1 593 858 151 791 114 171 61 131

1 354 2 459 3 490 1 742 646 1 856 318 576 182 334

829 1 112 1 962 898 505 1 154 184 406 116 214

506 1 333 1 459 802 127 697 120 170 66 116

New Jersey ...................... New Mexico ..................... New York ......................... North Carolina .................. North Dakota .................... Ohio ................................. Oklahoma ........................ Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania ................... Rhode Island ....................

2 773 311 7 291 1 369 278 4 162 903 776 5 007 406

1 363 154 3 446 655 154 2 218 533 408 2 440 148

1 385 156 3 830 713 124 1 944 370 367 2 556 258

2 848 329 7 166 1 425 258 3 969 932 786 4 823 390

964 133 2 244 625 108 1 471 413 283 1 674 75

1 868 194 4 913 800 150 2 498 520 501 3 131 315

2 875 327 6 792 1 587 248 3 960 943 820 4 748 385

1 325 170 3 008 627 139 1 791 450 408 2 090 122

1 264 130 3 378 464 95 1 701 302 359 2 259 247

2 997 386 7 166 1 519 281 4 095 1 030 928 4 592 416

1 846 236 4 193 1 055 174 2 442 759 487 2 715 220

1 102 141 2 951 439 100 1 559 247 393 1 797 195

South Carolina ................. South Dakota ................... Tennessee ....................... Texas ............................... Utah ................................. Vermont ........................... Virginia ............................. Washington ...................... West Virginia .................... Wisconsin ........................ Wyoming ..........................

387 306 1 052 2 311 375 167 771 1 242 838 1 729 141

189 178 557 1 121 205 98 405 629 396 895 77

198 128 481 1 168 169 69 362 599 442 831 63

525 293 1 144 2 627 401 163 1 042 1 259 792 1 692 143

309 130 509 959 182 55 481 470 254 638 62

216 163 635 1 663 220 108 558 780 538 1 050 81

667 281 1 249 3 079 423 161 1 361 1 304 754 1 692 127

254 150 473 1 228 239 85 590 589 308 810 71

197 118 351 1 267 157 70 442 616 374 749 45

674 307 1 201 3 471 478 187 1 457 1 471 762 1 853 146

477 166 813 2 299 324 117 988 837 485 989 100

187 140 357 1 154 126 68 439 568 277 810 44

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. . . . = Not available. X = Not applicable.


437

Table 28-2—Series Y 135-186. Popular Vote Cast for President, by State and Political Party, 1960–2000 —Continued (Thousands; Rep. = Republican; Dem. = Democratic; vote listed is normally that of the highest candidate for presidential elector for each party; party totals generally include votes cast for the presidential candidate under other designations than that of the party itself.) 1976

1980

1984

1988

State Total

Rep.

Dem.

Total

Rep.

Dem.

Total

Rep.

Dem.

Total

Rep.

Dem.

United States ...................

81 556

39 148

40 831

86 515

43 904

35 484

92 653

54 455

37 577

91 595

48 886

41 809


1 183 124 743 768 7 867 1 082 1 382 236 169 3 151

504 72 419 268 3 882 584 719 110 28 1 470

659 44 296 499 3 742 460 648 123 138 1 636

1 342 158 874 838 8 587 1 184 1 406 236 175 3 687

654 86 530 403 4 525 652 677 111 24 2 047

637 42 247 398 3 084 368 542 106 131 1 419

1 442 208 1 026 884 9 505 1 295 1 467 255 211 4 180

873 138 681 535 5 467 822 891 152 29 2 730

552 62 334 339 3 923 455 570 102 180 1 449

1 378 200 1 172 828 9 887 1 372 1 443 250 193 4 302

816 119 703 467 5 055 728 750 140 28 2 619

550 73 454 349 4 702 621 677 109 159 1 657


1 467 291 344 4 719 2 220 1 279 958 1 167 1 278 483

484 140 204 2 364 1 184 633 503 532 587 236

979 147 127 2 271 1 015 620 430 616 661 232

1 597 303 437 4 750 2 242 1 318 980 1 295 1 549 523

654 130 291 1 981 1 256 676 567 635 793 239

891 136 110 2 358 844 509 326 616 708 221

1 776 336 411 4 819 2 233 1 320 1 022 1 369 1 707 553

1 069 185 298 2 707 1 377 703 677 822 1 037 337

707 147 109 2 086 841 606 333 540 652 215

1 810 354 409 4 559 2 169 1 226 993 1 323 1 628 555

1 081 159 254 2 311 1 298 545 554 734 884 307

715 192 147 2 216 861 671 423 580 717 244


1 440 2 548 3 654 1 950 769 1 954 329 608 202 340

673 1 030 1 894 819 367 927 174 360 101 186

760 1 429 1 697 1 070 381 998 149 234 92 148

1 540 2 524 3 910 2 052 893 2 100 364 641 248 384

681 1 058 1 915 873 441 1 074 207 420 155 222

726 1 054 1 662 954 429 931 118 167 67 109

1 676 2 559 3 802 2 084 941 2 123 384 652 287 389

880 1 311 2 252 1 033 852 1 274 232 460 189 267

788 1 240 1 530 1 036 352 849 147 188 92 120

1 714 2 633 3 669 2 007 932 2 094 366 661 350 451

876 1 195 1 965 962 558 1 085 190 398 206 282

826 1 401 1 676 1 109 364 1 002 169 259 133 164


3 014 418 6 534 1 679 297 4 112 1 092 1 030 4 621 411

1 510 211 3 101 742 153 2 001 546 492 2 206 181

1 445 201 3 390 927 136 2 012 532 490 2 329 228

2 976 457 6 202 1 856 302 4 284 1 150 1 182 4 562 416

1 547 251 2 894 915 194 2 207 696 571 2 262 155

1 147 168 2 728 876 79 1 752 402 457 1 938 198

3 218 514 6 807 2 175 309 4 548 1 256 1 227 4 845 410

1 934 307 3 665 1 346 200 2 679 862 686 2 584 212

1 261 202 3 120 824 104 1 825 385 536 2 228 197

3 100 521 6 486 2 134 297 4 394 1 171 1 202 4 536 405

1 743 270 3 082 1 237 167 2 417 678 560 2 300 178

1 320 244 3 348 890 128 1 940 483 616 2 195 225


803 301 1 476 4 072 541 188 1 697 1 556 751 2 104 156

346 152 634 1 953 338 102 837 778 315 1 005 93

451 147 826 2 082 182 81 814 717 436 1 040 62

894 328 1 618 4 542 604 213 1 866 1 742 738 2 273 177

442 198 788 2 511 440 95 990 865 334 1 089 111

430 104 783 1 881 124 82 752 650 367 982 49

969 318 1 712 5 398 630 235 2 147 1 884 736 2 212 189

616 200 990 3 433 469 136 1 337 1 052 405 1 199 133

344 116 712 1 949 155 96 796 807 328 996 53

986 313 1 636 5 427 647 243 2 192 1 865 653 2 192 177

606 165 947 3 037 428 124 1 309 904 341 1 047 107

371 146 680 2 353 207 116 860 934 310 1 127 67


438


Table 28-2—Series Y 135-186. Popular Vote Cast for President, by State and Political Party, 1960–2000 —Continued (Thousands; Rep. = Republican; Dem. = Democratic; vote listed is normally that of the highest candidate for presidential elector for each party; party totals generally include votes cast for the presidential candidate under other designations than that of the party itself.) 1992

1996

2000

State Total

Dem.

Rep.

Total

Dem.

Rep.

Total

Dem.

Rep.

United States ...................

104 425

44 909

39 104

96 278

47 402

39 199

105 397

50 992

50 455


1 688 259 1 487 951 11 132 1 569 1 616 290 228 5 314

690 78 543 506 5 121 630 682 126 193 2 073

804 102 572 337 3 631 563 578 102 21 2 173

1 534 242 1 404 884 10 019 1 511 1 393 271 186 5 304

662 80 653 475 5 120 671 736 140 158 2 547

769 123 622 325 3 828 692 483 99 17 2 245

1 666 286 1 532 922 10 966 1 741 1 460 328 202 5 963

693 79 685 423 5 861 738 816 180 172 2 912

941 167 782 473 4 567 884 561 137 18 2 913


2 321 373 482 5 050 2 306 1 355 1 157 1 493 1 790 679

1 009 179 137 2 453 848 586 390 665 816 263

995 137 203 1 734 989 505 450 617 733 207

2 299 360 492 4 311 2 136 1 234 1 074 1 389 1 784 606

1 054 205 165 2 342 887 620 388 637 928 313

1 081 114 257 1 587 1 007 493 583 623 713 186

2 597 368 502 4 742 2 199 1 316 1 072 1 544 1 766 652

1 116 205 139 2 589 902 639 399 639 792 320

1 420 138 337 2 019 1 246 634 622 872 928 287


1 985 2 774 4 275 2 348 982 2 392 411 738 506 538

989 1 319 1 871 1 021 400 1 054 155 217 189 209

707 805 1 555 748 488 811 144 344 176 202

1 781 2 557 3 849 2 193 894 2 158 407 677 464 499

966 1 572 1 990 1 120 394 1 026 168 237 204 246

682 718 1 481 766 440 890 180 363 199 196

2 020 2 703 4 233 2 439 994 2 360 411 697 609 569

1 141 1 616 2 170 1 168 405 1 111 137 232 280 266

814 879 1 953 1 110 573 1 190 240 434 302 274


3 344 570 6 927 2 612 308 4 940 1 390 1 463 4 960 453

1 436 262 3 444 1 114 99 1 985 473 621 2 239 213

1 357 213 2 347 1 135 136 1 894 593 476 1 792 132

3 076 556 6 316 2 516 266 4 534 1 207 1 378 4 506 390

1 652 273 3 756 1 108 107 2 148 488 650 2 216 233

1 103 233 1 933 1 226 125 1 860 582 538 1 801 105

3 187 599 6 822 2 911 288 4 702 1 234 1 534 4 913 409

1 789 287 4 108 1 258 95 2 184 474 720 2 486 250

1 284 286 2 403 1 631 175 2 350 744 714 2 281 131


1 203 336 1 983 6 154 744 290 2 559 2 288 684 2 531 201

480 125 934 2 282 183 134 1 039 993 331 1 041 68

578 137 841 2 496 323 88 1 151 731 242 931 79

1 152 324 1 894 5 612 666 258 2 417 2 254 636 2 196 212

506 139 909 2 460 222 138 1 091 1 123 328 1 072 78

573 151 864 2 736 362 80 1 138 841 234 845 105

1 383 316 2 076 6 408 771 294 2 739 2 487 648 2 599 218

566 119 982 2 434 203 149 1 217 1 248 295 1 243 60

786 191 1 062 3 800 515 120 1 437 1 109 336 1 237 148



439

Table 28-3. Voting-Age Population, Percent Reporting Registered, and Voted, 1980–2000 (Millions, percent; as of November; covers civilian noninstitutional population 18 years old and over; includes aliens; figures are based on Current Population Survey.) Voting-age population (millions) Characteristic

Percent reporting they registered Presidential election years

1980

1990

1996


Presidential election years


2000 1980

Total 1 ............................ 157.1

Percent reporting they voted

1992

1996

2000

1986

1990

1994

1998

1980

1992

1996

2000

1986

1990

1994

1998

182.1

193.7

202.6

66.9

68.2

65.9

63.9

64.3

62.2

62.0

62.1

59.2

61.3

54.2

54.7

46.0

45.0

44.6

41.9

18 to 20 years old ........... 21 to 24 years old ........... 25 to 34 years old ........... 35 to 44 years old ........... 45 to 64 years old ........... 65 years old and over .....

12.3 15.9 35.7 25.6 43.6 24.1

10.8 14.0 42.7 37.9 46.9 29.9

10.8 13.9 40.1 43.3 53.7 31.9

11.9 14.9 37.3 44.5 61.4 32.8

44.7 52.7 62.0 70.6 75.8 74.6

48.3 55.3 60.6 69.2 75.3 78.0

45.6 51.2 56.9 66.5 73.5 77.0

40.5 49.3 54.7 63.8 71.2 76.1

35.4 46.6 55.8 67.9 74.8 76.9

35.4 43.3 52.0 65.5 71.4 76.5

37.2 45.5 51.5 63.3 71.0 75.6

32.1 35.0 52.4 62.4 71.1 75.4

35.7 43.1 54.6 64.4 69.3 65.1

38.5 45.7 53.2 63.6 70.0 70.1

31.2 33.4 43.1 54.9 64.4 67.0

28.4 35.4 43.7 55.0 64.1 67.6

18.6 24.2 35.1 49.3 58.7 60.9

18.4 22.0 33.8 48.4 55.8 60.3

16.5 22.3 32.2 46.0 56.0 60.7

13.5 19.2 28.0 40.7 53.6 59.5

Male ................................ Female ...........................

74.1 83.0

86.6 95.5

92.6 101.0

97.1 105.5

66.6 67.1

66.9 69.3

64.4 67.3

62.2 65.6

63.4 65.0

61.2 63.1

60.8 63.2

60.6 63.5

59.1 59.4

60.2 62.3

52.8 55.5

53.1 56.2

45.8 46.1

44.6 45.4

44.4 44.9

41.4 42.4

White .............................. 137.7 Black ............................... 16.4

155.6 20.4

162.8 22.5

168.7 24.1

68.4 60.0

70.1 63.9

67.7 63.5

65.6 63.6

65.3 64.0

63.8 58.8

64.2 58.3

63.9 60.2

60.9 50.5

63.6 54.0

56.0 50.6

56.4 53.5

47.0 43.2

46.7 39.2

46.9 37.0

43.3 39.6

Hispanic 2 .......................

8.2

13.8

18.4

21.6

36.3

35.0

35.7

34.9

35.9

32.3

30.0

33.7

29.9

28.9

26.7

27.5

24.2

21.0

19.1

20.0

Region Northeast ................... Midwest ...................... South ......................... West ...........................

35.5 41.5 50.6 29.5

38.1 43.9 62.4 37.7

38.3 45.2 68.1 42.1

38.9 46.4 71.8 45.5

64.8 73.8 64.8 63.3

67.0 74.6 67.2 63.6

64.7 71.6 65.9 60.8

63.7 70.2 64.5 56.9

62.0 70.7 63.0 60.8

61.0 68.2 61.3 57.7

60.9 68.7 60.7 58.1

60.8 68.2 62.7 56.0

58.5 65.8 55.6 57.2

61.2 67.2 59.0 58.5

54.5 59.3 52.2 51.8

55.2 60.9 53.5 49.9

44.4 49.5 43.0 48.4

45.2 48.6 42.4 45.0

45.2 48.8 40.5 46.4

41.2 47.3 38.6 42.3

22.7

17.7

14.1

12.9

53.0

43.9

40.7

36.1

50.5

44.0

40.1

40.2

42.6

35.1

28.1

26.8

32.7

27.7

23.2

24.6

22.5 61.2

21.0 71.5

21.0 65.2

20.1 66.3

54.6 66.4

50.4 64.9

47.9 62.2

45.9 60.1

52.4 62.9

47.9 60.0

44.7 58.9

43.4 58.6

45.6 58.9

41.2 57.5

33.8 49.1

33.6 49.4

33.8 44.1

30.9 42.2

27.0 40.5

25.0 37.1

26.7 24.0

36.3 35.6

50.9 42.5

55.3 48.0

74.4 84.3

75.4 84.8

72.9 80.4

70.0 77.3

70.0 77.8

68.7 77.3

68.4 76.3

68.3 75.1

67.2 79.9

68.7 81.0

60.5 73.0

60.3 72.0

49.9 62.5

50.0 62.5

49.1 63.1

46.2 57.2

95.0 6.9 55.2

115.5 6.7 59.9

125.6 6.4 61.6

133.4 4.9 64.2

68.7 50.3 65.8

69.9 53.7 66.8

67.0 52.5 65.1

64.7 46.1 63.8

64.4 50.6 65.4

62.6 44.6 63.4

62.9 46.4 61.9

62.6 48.5 62.1

61.8 41.2 57.0

63.8 46.2 58.7

55.2 37.2 54.1

55.5 35.1 54.5

45.7 31.2 48.2

45.1 27.9 46.7

45.2 28.3 45.3

41.2 28.4 44.5

School 8 years or less ............ High school: 1 to 3 years 3 .......... 4 years 4 ................. College: 1 to 3 years 5 .......... 4 years or more 6 .... Employed ....................... Unemployed ................... Not in labor force ............

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes other races not shown separately. 2Hispanic persons may be of any race. 3Beginning in 1992, high school graduate. 4Beginning in 1992, represents those who completed 9th 5Beginning in 1992, some college or associate degree. 6Beginning in 1992, bachelor’s or advanced degree.

to 12th grade, but have no high school diploma.

440


Table 28-4—Series Y 204-210. Political Party Affiliation in Congress and the Presidency, 1789–2004 (Figures are for the beginning of the first session of each Congress; letter symbols for political parties: Ad = "Administration;" AM = Anti-Masonic; C = Coalition; D = Democratic; DR = Democratic-Republican; F = Federalist; J = Jacksonian; NR = National Republican; Op = "Opposition;" R = Republican; U = Unionist; W = Whig.) House of Representatives Year

Senate

Congress

President Majority party

2003–2004 1 ............................. 2001–2002 ............................... 1999–2000 ............................... 1997–1998 ............................... 1995–1996 ............................... 1993–1994 ............................... 1991–1992 ............................... 1989–1990 ............................... 1987–1988 ............................... 1985–1986 ...............................

Principal minority party

Majority party


108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 99

R-228 R-221 R-222 R-226 R-230 D-258 D-267 D-259 D-258 D-252

D-205 D-211 D-212 D-207 D-204 R-176 R-167 R-174 R-177 R-182

R-51 D-50 R-55 R-55 R-52 D-57 D-56 D-55 D-55 R-53

D-48 R-50 D-45 D-45 D-48 R-43 R-44 R-45 R-45 D-47

R-George W. Bush R-George W. Bush D-Clinton D-Clinton D-Clinton D-Clinton R-George Bush R-George Bush R-Reagan R-Reagan

............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ...............................

98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89

D-269 D-243 D-276 D-292 D-291 D-239 D-254 D-245 D-246 D-295

R-165 R-192 R-157 R-143 R-144 R-192 R-180 R-189 R-187 R-140

R-54 R-53 D-58 D-61 D-60 D-56 D-54 D-57 D-64 D-68

D-46 D-46 R-41 R-38 R-37 R-42 R-44 R-43 R-36 R-32

R-Reagan R-Reagan D-Carter D-Carter R-Ford R-Nixon R-Nixon R-Nixon D-L. Johnson D-L. Johnson

1963–1964 ...............................

88

D-258

R-177

D-67

R-33

1961–1962 ............................... 1959–1960 2 ............................. 1957–1958 ............................... 1955–1956 ............................... 1953–1954 ............................... 1951–1952 ............................... 1949–1950 ............................... 1947–1948 ............................... 1945–1946 ...............................

87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79

D-263 D-283 D-233 D-232 R-221 D-234 D-263 R-245 D-242

R-174 R-153 R-200 R-203 D-211 R-199 R-171 D-188 R-190

D-65 D-64 D-49 D-48 R-48 D-49 D-54 R-51 D-56

R-35 R-34 R-47 R-47 D-47 R-47 R-42 D-45 R-38

D-L. Johnson D-Kennedy D-Kennedy R-Eisenhower R-Eisenhower R-Eisenhower R-Eisenhower D-Truman D-Truman D-Truman D-Truman

1943–1944 1941–1942 1939–1940 1937–1938 1935–1936 1933–1934 1931–1933 1929–1931 1927–1929 1925–1927

............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ...............................

78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69

D-218 D-268 D-261 D-331 D-319 D-310 D-220 R-267 R-237 R-247

R-208 R-162 R-164 R-89 R-103 R-117 R-214 D-167 D-195 D-183

D-58 D-66 D-69 D-76 D-69 D-60 R-48 R-56 R-49 R-56

R-37 R-28 R-23 R-16 R-25 R-35 D-47 D-39 D-46 D-39

D-F. Roosevelt D-F. Roosevelt D-F. Roosevelt D-F. Roosevelt D-F. Roosevelt D-F. Roosevelt R-Hoover R-Hoover R-Coolidge R-Coolidge

1923–1925 1921–1923 1919–1921 1917–1919 1915–1917 1913–1915 1911–1913 1909–1911 1907–1909 1905–1907

............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ...............................

68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59

R-225 R-301 R-240 D-216 D-230 D-291 D-228 R-219 R-222 R-250

D-205 D-131 D-190 R-210 R-196 R-127 R-161 D-172 D-164 D-136

R-51 R-59 R-49 D-53 D-56 D-51 R-51 R-61 R-61 R-57

D-43 D-37 D-47 R-42 R-40 R-44 D-41 D-32 D-31 D-33

R-Coolidge R-Harding D-Wilson D-Wilson D-Wilson D-Wilson R-Taft R-Taft R-T. Roosevelt R-T. Roosevelt

1903–1905 ............................... 1901–1903 ...............................

58 57

R-208 R-197

D-178 D-151

R-57 R-55

D-33 D-31

1899–1901 1897–1899 1895–1897 1893–1895 1891–1893 1889–1891 1887–1889 1885–1887

............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ...............................

56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49

R-185 R-204 R-244 D-218 D-235 R-166 D-169 D-183

D-163 D-113 D-105 R-127 R-88 D-159 R-152 R-140

R-53 R-47 R-43 D-44 R-47 R-39 R-39 R-43

D-26 D-34 D-39 R-38 D-39 D-37 D-37 D-34

R-T. Roosevelt R-T. Roosevelt R-McKinley R-McKinley R-McKinley D-Cleveland D-Cleveland R-B. Harrison R-B. Harrison D-Cleveland D-Cleveland

1883–1885 ............................... 1881–1883 ...............................

48 47

D-197 R-147

R-118 D-135

R-38 R-37

D-36 D-37

1879–1881 1877–1879 1875–1877 1873–1875 1871–1873 1869–1871 1867–1869 1865–1867

46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39

D-149 D-153 D-169 R-194 R-134 R-149 R-143 U-149

R-130 R-140 R-109 D-92 D-104 D-63 D-49 D-42

D-42 R-39 R-45 R-49 R-52 R-56 R-42 U-42

R-33 D-36 D-29 D-19 D-17 D-11 D-11 D-10

1983–1984 1981–1982 1979–1980 1977–1978 1975–1976 1973–1974 1971–1972 1969–1970 1967–1968 1965–1966

............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ...............................

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1As of February 2004; one vacancy in the House. 2Excludes Hawaii; two senators (1-R, 1-D) and one

representative (D) seated August 1959.

R-Arthur R-Arthur R-Garfield R-Hayes R-Hayes R-Grant R-Grant R-Grant R-Grant R-A. Johnson R-A. Johnson R-Lincoln


441

Table 28-4—Series Y 204-210. Political Party Affiliation in Congress and the Presidency, 1789–2004 —Continued (Figures are for the beginning of the first session of each Congress; letter symbols for political parties: Ad = "Administration;" AM = Anti-Masonic; C = Coalition; D = Democratic; DR = Democratic-Republican; F = Federalist; J = Jacksonian; NR = National Republican; Op = "Opposition;" R = Republican; U = Unionist; W = Whig.) House of Representatives Year

President Majority party

1863–1865 1861–1863 1859–1861 1857–1859 1855–1857 1853–1855 1851–1853 1849–1851

Senate

Congress Principal minority party

Majority party


............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ...............................

38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31

R-102 R-105 R-114 D-118 R-108 D-159 D-140 D-112

D-75 D-43 D-92 R-92 D-83 W-71 W-88 W-109

R-36 R-31 D-36 D-36 D-40 D-38 D-35 D-35

D-9 D-10 R-26 R-20 R-15 W-22 W-24 W-25

1847–1849 ............................... 1845–1847 ...............................

30 29

W-115 D-143

D-108 W-77

D-36 D-31

W-21 W-25

1843–1845 ............................... 1841–1843 ...............................

28 27

D-142 W-133

W-79 D-102

W-28 W-28

D-25 D-22

1839–1841 1837–1839 1835–1837 1833–1835 1831–1833 1829–1831 1827–1829 1825–1827

............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ...............................

26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19

D-124 D-108 D-145 D-147 D-141 D-139 J-119 Ad-105

W-118 W-107 W-98 AM-53 NR-58 NR-74 Ad-94 J-97

D-28 D-30 D-27 D-20 D-25 D-26 J-28 Ad-26

W-22 W-18 W-25 NR-20 NR-21 NR-22 Ad-20 J-20

1823–1825 1821–1823 1819–1821 1817–1819 1815–1817 1813–1815 1811–1813 1809–1811 1807–1809 1805–1807

............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ...............................

18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9

DR-187 DR-158 DR-156 DR-141 DR-117 DR-112 DR-108 DR-94 DR-118 DR-116

F-26 F-25 F-27 F-42 F-65 F-68 F-36 F-48 F-24 F-25

DR-44 DR-44 DR-35 DR-34 DR-25 DR-27 DR-30 DR-28 DR-28 DR-27

F-4 F-4 F-7 F-10 F-11 F-9 F-6 F-6 F-6 F-7

1803–1805 1801–1803 1799–1801 1797–1799 1795–1797 1793–1795 1791–1793 1789–1791

............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ...............................

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

DR-102 DR-69 F-64 F-58 F-54 DR-57 F-37 Ad-38

F-39 F-36 DR-42 DR-48 DR-52 F-48 DR-33 Op-26

DR-25 DR-18 F-19 F-20 F-19 F-17 F-16 Ad-17

F-9 F-13 DR-13 DR-12 DR-13 DR-13 DR-13 Op-9


R-Lincoln R-Lincoln D-Buchanan D-Buchanan D-Pierce D-Pierce W-Fillmore W-Fillmore W-Taylor D-Polk D-Polk W-Tyler W-Tyler W-W. H. Harrison D-Van Buren D-Van Buren D-Jackson D-Jackson D-Jackson D-Jackson C-J. Q. Adams C-J. Q. Adams DR-Monroe DR-Monroe DR-Monroe DR-Monroe DR-Madison DR-Madison DR-Madison DR-Madison DR-Jefferson DR-Jefferson DR-Jefferson DR-Jefferson F-John Adams F-John Adams F-Washington F-Washington F-Washington F-Washington

442


Table 28-5. Political Party Control of State Legislatures, by Party, 1979–2003 (As of beginning of year; until 1972 there were two nonpartisan legislatures in Minnesota and Nebraska; since then only Nebraska has had a nonpartisan legislature.) Legislatures under Year Democratic control

Split control or tie

Republican control

2003 ............................................................................ 2002 ............................................................................ 2001 ............................................................................

16 17 16

12 15 15

21 17 18

2000 1999 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

16 20 20 16 18 24 25 29

15 12 11 15 12 17 16 14

18 17 18 18 19 8 8 6

1990 ............................................................................ 1989 1 ......................................................................... 1987 ............................................................................ 1985 ............................................................................ 1983 2 ......................................................................... 1981 ............................................................................

29 28 28 27 34 28

11 13 12 11 4 6

9 8 9 11 11 15

1979 ............................................................................

30

7

12

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1A

party change during the year by a Democratic representative broke the tie in the Indiana House of Representatives, giving the Republicans control of both chambers. 1984 midterm recall elections resulted in a change in control of the Michigan State Senate. At the time of the 1984 election, therefore, Democrats controlled 33 legislatures.

2Two

Table 28-6. Political Party Financial Activity, by Major Political Party, 1981–2000 (Millions of dollars; minus sign (-) indicates refunds for expenditures; covers financial activity during 2-year calendar period indicated; some political party financial activities, such as building funds and state and local election spending, are not reported to the source; also excludes contributions earmarked to federal candidates through the party organizations, since some of those funds never passed through the committees’ accounts.) Democratic Year and type of committee Receipts, net 1

Republican

Disbursements, net 1

Contributions to candidates

Monies spent on behalf of party’s nominees 2

Receipts, net 1

Disbursements, net 1

Contributions to candidates

Monies spent on behalf of party’s nominees 2

1999–2000, total 3 ................................. National committee ............................ Senatorial committee ......................... Congressional committee .................. State and local ...................................

275.2 124.0 40.5 48.4 149.3

265.8 122.0 41.5 49.3 140.0

1.4 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.5

21.0 13.5 0.1 2.6 4.7

465.8 212.8 51.5 97.3 176.6

427.0 187.4 50.7 95.4 165.9

2.3 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.8

29.6 23.7 0.0 3.7 2.2

1997–1998, total .................................... 1995–1996, total .................................... 1993–1994, total .................................... 1991–1992 ............................................ 1989–1990 ............................................ 1987–1988 ............................................ 1985–1986 ............................................ 1983–1984 ............................................ 1981–1982 ............................................

160.0 221.6 151.1 187.5 85.8 125.7 64.8 98.5 39.3

155.3 214.3 149.9 180.5 90.9 119.6 65.9 97.4 40.1

1.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.5 1.8 1.7 2.6 1.7

18.6 22.6 21.2 28.1 8.7 17.9 9.0 9.0 3.3

285.0 416.5 254.4 267.3 206.3 257.5 255.2 297.9 215.0

275.9 408.5 243.7 256.1 213.5 251.4 258.9 300.8 214.0

2.6 3.7 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.4 3.4 4.9 5.6

15.7 31.0 20.6 33.9 10.7 22.7 14.3 20.1 14.3

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Excludes monies transferred between 2Monies spent in the general election. 3Excludes "Other national" activity.

affiliated committees.


443

Table 28-7. Political Action Committees (PAC)—Number, by Committee Type, 1980–2002 (As of December 31.) Year

Total

Corporate

Trade/membership/ health

Labor

Nonconnected

Corporation without stock

Cooperative

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

4 027 3 907

1 528 1 545

320 317

975 860

1 055 1 026

39 41

110 118

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3 706 3 835 3 798 3 844 4 079 4 016 3 954 4 210

1 523 1 548 1 567 1 597 1 642 1 674 1 660 1 789

316 318 321 332 332 334 333 337

812 844 821 825 838 815 792 761

902 972 935 931 1 103 1 020 980 1 121

39 38 39 42 41 44 53 56

114 115 115 117 123 129 136 146

1990 ...................................................... 1985 ......................................................

4 172 3 992

1 795 1 710

346 388

774 695

1 062 1 003

59 54

136 142

1980 ......................................................

2 551

1 206

297

576

374

42

56


Table 28-8. Contributions to Congressional Campaigns by Political Action Committees (PAC), by Type of Committee, 1993–2002 (Millions of dollars; covers amounts given to candidates in primary, general, run-off, and special elections during the 2-year calendar period indicated.) Year and type of committee

Total 1

Democrats

Republicans

Incumbents

Open seats 2

Challengers

House of Representatives 2001–2002, total 3 ................................. Corporate .......................................... Trade association 4 ........................... Labor ................................................. Nonconnected 5 ................................. 1999–2000 ............................................ 1997–1998 ............................................ 1995–1996 ............................................ 1993–1994 ............................................

206.9 68.2 57.2 44.4 32.2 193.4 158.7 155.8 132.4

102.6 23.6 23.0 39.9 14.0 98.2 77.6 77.3 88.2

104.2 44.6 34.2 4.3 18.1 94.7 80.9 77.7 43.9

161.0 59.7 47.1 31.5 18.5 150.5 124.0 113.9 101.4

13.8 1.6 2.1 5.2 4.8 19.9 14.9 21.4 12.7

32.1 6.9 8.0 7.7 8.9 23.0 19.8 20.5 18.3

Senate 2001–2002, total 3 ................................. Corporate .......................................... Trade association 4 ........................... Labor ................................................. Nonconnected 5 ................................. 1999–2000 ............................................ 1997–1998 ............................................ 1995–1996 ............................................ 1993–1994 ............................................

59.2 23.4 14.3 7.5 12.5 51.9 48.1 45.6 47.2

25.4 7.0 4.9 7.0 5.8 18.7 20.7 16.6 24.0

33.8 16.4 9.3 0.5 6.6 33.2 27.3 29.0 23.2

37.0 15.8 9.5 4.1 6.6 33.5 34.3 19.4 26.3

14.2 4.3 3.1 2.4 4.1 7.1 6.6 6.9 5.7

8.1 3.4 1.7 1.1 1.8 11.3 7.2 19.3 15.1

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes other parties not shown separately. 2Elections in which an incumbent did not seek re-election. 3Includes other types of political action committees not shown separately. 4Includes membership organizations and health organizations. 5Represents "ideological" groups as well as other issue groups not necessarily

ideological in nature.

444


Table 28-9. Congressional Campaign Finances—Receipts and Disbursements, 1995–2000 (Millions of dollars, percent; covers all campaign finance activity during 2-year calendar period indicated for primary, general, run-off, and special elections, for 1999–2000 relates to 2,083 House of Representatives candidates and 333 Senate candidates; data have been adjusted to eliminate transfers between all committees within a campaign; for further information on legal limits of contributions, see Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, as amended.) House of Representatives Item

Amount (million dollars)

Senate


Amount (million dollars)


1995–1996 1997–1998 1999–2000 1995–1996 1997–1998 1999–2000 1995–1996 1997–1998 1999–2000 1995–1996 1997–1998 1999–2000 Total Receipts 1 ...........................

505.4

493.7

610.4

100

100

100

285.1

287.5

437.0

100

100

100

Individual contributions ................. Other committees ......................... Candidate loans ............................ Candidate contributions ................

272.9 155.0 42.0 7.0

253.2 158.5 46.8 5.3

315.6 193.4 61.9 6.3

55 31 8 1

52 32 10 1

52 32 10 1

166.9 45.6 40.3 16.4

166.5 48.1 52.2 1.3

252.1 52.0 89.0 18.7

59 16 14 6

58 17 18 (Z)

58 12 20 4

Democrats .................................... Republicans .................................. Others ...........................................

233.1 266.9 5.4

233.4 255.8 4.5

286.7 317.7 6.0

46 53 1

47 52 1

47 52 1

126.5 157.7 0.9

134.1 153.0 0.4

230.4 203.8 2.8

44 55 (Z)

47 53 (Z)

53 47 1

Incumbents ................................... Challengers .................................. Open seats 2 .................................

279.8 119.1 101.1

293.6 92.8 102.7

361.8 127.4 121.1

56 24 14

60 19 21

59 21 20

81.8 79.2 124.1

135.5 113.9 37.7

130.6 99.6 206.7

29 28 44

47 40 13

30 23 47

Total Disbursements ..................

477.8

452.5

572.3

95

100

100

287.4

287.9

434.7

100

100

100

Democrats .................................... Republicans .................................. Others ...........................................

221.1 251.4 5.3

211.1 237.2 4.2

266.8 299.7 5.7

44 50 1

47 52 1

47 52 1

127.4 159.1 0.9

134.6 152.9 0.4

226.3 205.7 2.7

44 55 (Z)

47 53 (Z)

52 47 1

Incumbents ................................... Challengers .................................. Open seats 2 .................................

258.1 119.6 100.2

257.2 94.7 100.6

327.0 125.6 119.7

51 24 20

57 21 22

57 22 21

85.4 78.9 123.1

137.3 112.5 38.1

130.2 99.3 205.1

30 27 43

48 39 13

30 23 47

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes other types of receipts, not shown separately. 2Elections in which an incumbent did not seek re-election.

Z = Less than $50,000 or 0.5 percent.

SECTION

29

GOVERNMENT— FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL

446


SECTION 29

GOVERNMENT— FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL Highlights Congressional Measures Introduced and Percent of Measures which Passed, 1823–2001 100

50,000

40,000

80

30,000

60

20,000

40

10,000

20

Percent

Number

Measures introduced Percent of measures which passed

0

0 1823

1843

1863

1883

1903

1923

1943

1963

1983

2001

Year (by start of session)

1

In any given place, an American lives under at least five governments: federal, state, county, township, and school district. In addition, there are many offshoots, such as single-function and multiple-function districts, authorities, and commissions and boards with varying degrees of autonomy and budgetary powers. When William Anderson’s monograph, The Units of Government in the United States, was published in 1934, there were 175,418 governments in the country. The number declined to 155,116 in 1942 and to 87,576 by 2002. This decrease was mainly a result of mergers or eliminations of school districts, which shrank in number from 108,579 in 1942 to 13,506 in 2002. Complete censuses of governments, covering structure, personnel, expenditure, revenues, and debt were conducted in

1932, 1942, and 1957, and at five-year intervals thereafter. Earlier censuses were held decennially, from 1850 to 1890, and for 1902, 1912, and 1922, but were much narrower in scope. These censuses differ not only in scope but also in basic concepts and classifications, thus affecting their comparability. Statistics on government employment and payroll have been published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics since 1955; from 1940 to 1955, they were published by the Bureau of the Census. Data for municipalities are for city, borough, village, and (except in New England, New York, and Wisconsin) town governments. Data for school districts are restricted to independent districts and do not include school systems operated by state, city, county, or township governments.

SECTION 29: GOVERNMENT—FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL

2

447

Under George Washington, the entire executive staff consisted of two people. In 1815, the number of federal employees rose to 4,837, of whom 535 worked in Washington, D.C.

1985 to 5,205 in 2001. The number of women elected officials at the state level grew to 1,682 in 2002, from 1,375 in 1990.

3 In 1975, Republicans controlled only five state legislatures and Democrats controlled 37. In 2003, control

The number of measures enacted by Congress has declined since 1972, primarily because many private bills are being bundled together as omnibus bills. The number of measures enacted in the 2001–2002 term was only 337, compared with 736 in 1979–1980. On average, in 2001–2002, a representative worked for 1,694 hours annually, or 6.4 hours per day, and a senator for 2,279 hours annually, or 7.1 hours per day.

was fairly even, with Democrats controlling 16 and Republicans 21, with 12 states divided.

4

The number of Black elected officials nationwide grew from 1,469 in 1970 to 9,061 in 2001, and the number of Hispanic public officials also grew from 3,147 in

5

448


Table 29-1—Series Y 189-198. Congressional Bills, Acts, and Resolutions, 1789–2002 (Excludes simple and concurrent resolutions.) Measures introduced Period of session

Measures passed

Congress Total

Bills

Joint resolutions

Total

Total public

Total private

Jan. 2001–Nov. 2002 ..................................................

107

9 130

8 953

177

337

331

6

Jan. 1999–Dec. 2000 .................................................. Jan. 1997–Dec. 1998 .................................................. Jan. 1995–Oct. 1996 ................................................... Jan. 1993–Dec. 1994 .................................................. Jan. 1991–Oct. 1992 ...................................................

106 105 104 103 102

9 158 7 732 6 808 8 544 6 775

8 968 7 532 6 545 7 883 6 212

190 200 263 661 563

604 404 337 473 609

580 394 333 465 589

24 10 4 8 20

Jan. 1989–Oct. 1990 ................................................... Jan. 1987–Oct. 1988 ................................................... Jan. 1985–Oct. 1986 ................................................... Jan. 1983–Oct. 1984 ................................................... Jan. 1981–Dec. 1982 ..................................................

101 100 99 98 97

6 664 9 588 9 885 11 156 11 490

5 977 8 515 8 697 10 134 10 582

687 1 073 1 188 1 022 908

666 761 483 677 529

650 713 466 623 473

16 48 17 54 56

Jan. 1979–Dec. 1980 .................................................. Jan. 1977–Oct. 1978 ................................................... Jan. 1975–Oct. 1976 ................................................... Jan. 1973–Dec. 1974 .................................................. Jan. 1971–Oct. 1972 ...................................................

96 95 94 93 92

12 583 19 387 21 096 23 296 22 969

11 722 18 045 19 762 21 950 21 363

861 1 342 1 334 1 446 1 606

736 803 729 774 768

613 633 588 651 607

123 170 141 123 161

Jan. 1969–Jan. 1971 .................................................. Jan. 1967–Oct. 1968 ................................................... Jan. 1965–Oct. 1966 ................................................... Jan. 1963–Oct. 1964 ................................................... Jan. 1961–Oct. 1962 ...................................................

91 90 89 88 87

26 303 26 460 24 003 17 480 18 376

24 631 24 786 22 483 16 079 17 230

1 672 1 674 1 520 1 401 1 146

941 1 002 1 283 1 026 1 569

695 640 810 666 885

246 362 473 360 684

Jan. 1959–Sept. 1960 ................................................. Jan. 1957–Aug. 1958 .................................................. Jan. 1955–July 1956 ................................................... Jan. 1953–Dec. 1954 .................................................. Jan. 1951–July 1952 ................................................... Jan. 1949–Jan. 1951 ..................................................

86 85 84 83 82 81

18 261 19 112 17 687 14 952 12 730 14 988

17 230 18 205 16 782 14 181 12 062 14 219

1 031 907 905 771 668 769

1 292 1 720 1 921 1 783 1 617 2 024

800 936 1 028 781 594 921

492 784 893 1 002 1 023 1 103

Jan. 1947–Dec. 1948 Jan. 1945–Aug. 1946 Jan. 1943–Dec. 1944 Jan. 1941–Dec. 1942 Jan. 1939–Jan. 1941

.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

80 79 78 77 76

10 797 10 330 8 334 11 334 16 105

10 108 9 748 7 845 10 793 15 174

689 582 489 541 931

1 363 1 625 1 157 1 485 1 662

906 733 568 850 1 005

457 892 589 635 657

Jan. 1937–June 1938 ................................................. Jan. 1935–June 1936 ................................................. March 1933–June 1934 .............................................. Dec. 1931–March 1933 ............................................... April 1929–March 1931 ...............................................

75 74 73 72 71

16 156 18 754 14 370 21 382 24 453

15 120 17 819 13 774 20 501 23 652

1 036 935 596 881 801

1 759 1 724 975 843 1 522

919 987 539 516 1 009

840 737 436 327 513

Dec. 1927–March 1929 ............................................... Dec. 1925–March 1927 ............................................... Dec. 1923–March 1925 ............................................... April 1921–March 1923 ............................................... May 1919–March 1921 ...............................................

70 69 68 67 66

23 897 23 799 17 462 19 889 21 967

23 238 23 250 16 884 19 133 21 222

659 549 578 756 745

1 722 1 423 996 930 594

1 145 879 707 654 470

577 544 289 276 124

May 1917–Dec. 1919 .................................................. Dec. 1915–March 1917 ............................................... March 1913–March 1915 ............................................ April 1911–March 1913 ............................................... March 1909–March 1911 ............................................

65 64 63 62 61

22 594 30 052 30 053 38 032 44 363

21 919 29 438 29 367 37 459 43 921

675 614 686 573 442

453 684 700 716 884

405 458 417 530 595

48 226 283 186 289

Dec. 1907–March 1909 ............................................... March 1905–March 1907 ............................................ March 1903–March 1905 ............................................ March 1901–March 1903 ............................................ Dec. 1899–March 1901 ...............................................

60 59 58 57 56

38 388 34 879 26 851 25 460 20 893

37 981 34 524 26 504 25 007 20 409

407 355 347 453 484

646 7 024 4 041 2 790 1 942

411 775 575 480 443

235 6 249 3 466 2 310 1 499

March 1897–March 1899 ............................................ Dec. 1895–March 1897 ............................................... March 1893–March 1895 ............................................ Dec. 1891–March 1893 ............................................... March 1889–March 1891 ............................................

55 54 53 52 51

18 463 14 585 12 226 14 893 19 630

17 817 14 114 11 796 14 518 19 163

646 471 430 375 467

1 437 948 711 722 2 251

552 434 463 398 611

885 514 248 324 1 640

Dec. 1887–March 1889 ............................................... March 1885–March 1887 ............................................ Dec. 1883–March 1885 ............................................... March 1881–March 1883 ............................................ March 1879–March 1881 ............................................

50 49 48 47 46

17 078 15 002 11 443 10 704 10 067

16 664 14 618 10 961 10 194 9 481

414 384 482 510 586

1 824 1 452 969 761 650

570 424 284 419 372

1 254 1 028 685 342 278

March 1877–March 1879 March 1875–March 1877 March 1873–March 1875 March 1871–March 1873 March 1869–March 1871

............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................

45 44 43 42 41

8 735 6 230 6 434 5 943 5 314

8 413 6 001 6 252 5 725 4 466

322 229 182 218 848

746 580 859 1 012 769

303 278 415 531 470

443 302 444 481 299

April 1867–March 1869 ............................................... March 1865–March 1867 ............................................ March 1863–March 1865 ............................................ March 1861–March 1863 ............................................ March 1859–March 1861 ............................................

40 39 38 37 36

3 723 2 348 1 708 1 661 1 746

3 003 1 864 1 402 1 370 1 595

720 484 306 291 151

765 714 515 521 370

354 427 411 428 157

411 287 104 93 213



449

Table 29-1—Series Y 189-198. Congressional Bills, Acts, and Resolutions, 1789–2002—Continued (Excludes simple and concurrent resolutions.) Measures introduced Period of session

Measures passed

Congress Total

Bills

Joint resolutions

Total

Total public

Total private

March 1857–March 1859 ............................................ Dec. 1855–March 1857 ............................................... March 1853–March 1855 ............................................ March 1851–March 1853 ............................................ March 1849–March 1851 ............................................

35 34 33 32 31

1 686 1 608 1 660 1 167 1 080

1 544 1 515 1 552 1 011 978

142 93 108 156 102

312 433 540 306 167

129 157 188 137 109

183 276 352 169 58

Dec. 1847–March 1849 ............................................... March 1845–March 1847 ............................................ Dec. 1843–March 1845 ............................................... March 1841–March 1843 ............................................ Dec. 1839–March 1841 ...............................................

30 29 28 27 26

1 433 1 051 1 085 1 210 1 122

1 305 956 979 1 146 1 081

128 95 106 64 41

446 303 279 524 147

176 142 142 201 55

270 161 137 323 92

March 1837–March 1839 ............................................ Dec. 1835–March 1837 ............................................... Dec. 1833–March 1835 ............................................... Dec. 1831–March 1833 ............................................... March 1829–March 1831 ............................................

25 24 23 22 21

1 631 1 107 993 1 000 856

1 566 1 055 946 976 842

65 52 47 24 14

532 459 390 462 369

150 144 128 191 152

382 315 262 271 217

Dec. 1827–March 1829 ............................................... March 1825–March 1827 ............................................ Dec. 1823–March 1825 ............................................... Dec. 1821–March 1823 ............................................... Dec. 1819–March 1821 ...............................................

20 19 18 17 16

632 622 498 ... ...

612 609 481 492 480

20 13 17 ... ...

235 266 335 238 208

134 153 141 136 117

101 113 194 102 91

March 1817–March 1819 ............................................ Dec. 1815–March 1817 ............................................... March 1813–March 1815 ............................................ March 1811–March 1813 ............................................ March 1809–March 1811 ............................................

15 14 13 12 11

... ... ... ... ...

507 465 400 406 348

... ... ... ... ...

257 298 273 209 119

156 173 185 170 94

101 125 88 39 25

Oct. 1807–March 1809 ............................................... March 1805–March 1807 ............................................ Oct. 1803–March 1805 ............................................... March 1801–March 1803 ............................................ Dec. 1799–March 1801 ...............................................

10 9 8 7 6

... ... ... ... ...

266 219 217 161 157

... ... ... ... ...

105 106 111 95 112

88 90 93 80 100

17 16 18 15 12

March 1797–March 1799 ............................................ June 1795–March 1797 .............................................. March 1793–March 1795 ............................................ March 1791–March 1793 ............................................ March 1789–March 1791 ............................................

5 4 3 2 1

... ... ... ... ...

234 132 122 105 144

... ... ... ... ...

155 85 127 77 118

137 75 103 65 108

18 10 24 12 10


450


Table 29-2—Series Y 199-203. Congressional Bills Vetoed, 1789–2002 Vetoed bills Period and president

Vetoes sustained Total

Regular

Bills passed over veto

Pocket

2001–2002 1993–2001 1989–1992 1981–1989 1977–1981 1974–1977 1969–1970 1963–1969 1961–1963 1953–1961

(George W. Bush) 1 ................................ (Clinton) .................................................. (George Bush) ........................................ (Reagan) ................................................. (Carter) .................................................... (Ford) ...................................................... (Nixon) .................................................... (L. Johnson) ............................................ (Kennedy) ............................................... (Eisenhower) ...........................................

0 38 44 78 31 72 11 30 21 181

0 37 29 39 13 53 7 16 12 73

0 1 15 39 18 19 4 14 9 108

0 36 43 69 29 60 9 30 21 179

0 2 1 9 2 12 2 0 0 2

1945–1953 1933–1945 1929–1933 1923–1929 1921–1923 1913–1921 1909–1913 1901–1909 1897–1901 1893–1897

(Truman) ................................................. (F. Roosevelt) ......................................... (Hoover) .................................................. (Coolidge) ............................................... (Harding) ................................................. (Wilson) ................................................... (Taft) ....................................................... (T. Roosevelt) ......................................... (McKinley) ............................................... (Cleveland) ..............................................

250 635 37 50 6 44 39 82 42 170

180 372 21 20 5 33 30 42 6 42

70 263 16 30 1 11 9 40 36 128

238 626 34 46 6 38 38 81 42 165

12 9 3 4 0 6 1 1 0 5

1889–1893 (B. Harrison) ............................................ 1885–1889 (Cleveland) .............................................. 1881–1885 (Arthur) .................................................... 1881 (Garfield) ........................................................... 1877–1881 (Hayes) ................................................... 1869–1877 (Grant) ..................................................... 1868–1869 (A. Johnson) ............................................ 1861–1865 (Lincoln) .................................................. 1857–1861 (Buchanan) ............................................. 1853–1857 (Pierce) ...................................................

44 414 12 0 13 93 29 6 7 9

19 304 4 0 12 45 21 2 4 9

25 110 8 0 1 48 8 4 3 0

43 412 11 0 12 89 14 6 7 4

1 2 1 0 1 4 15 0 0 5

1850–1853 (Filmore) .................................................. 1849–1850 (Taylor) .................................................... 1845–1849 (Polk) ....................................................... 1841–1845 (Tyler) ...................................................... 1841 (W. H. Harrison) ................................................ 1837–1841 (Van Buren) ............................................. 1829–1837 (Jackson) ................................................ 1825–1829 (John Q. Adams) ..................................... 1817–1825 (Monroe) ................................................. 1809–1817 (Madison) ................................................

0 0 3 10 0 1 12 0 1 7

0 0 2 6 0 0 5 0 1 5

0 0 1 4 0 1 7 0 0 2

0 0 3 9 0 1 12 0 1 7

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

1801–1809 (Jefferson) ............................................... 1797–1801 (John Adams) .......................................... 1789–1797 (Washington) ...........................................

0 0 2

0 0 2

0 0 0

0 0 2

0 0 0

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Through

December 31, 2002.


451

Table 29-3. Apportionment of Membership in House of Representatives, by State, 1790–2000 (Total membership includes Representatives assigned to newly admitted states after the apportionment acts; population figures used for apportionment purposes are those determined for states by each decennial census; no reapportionment based on 1920 population census; for method of calculating apportionment and a short history of apportionment, see House Report 91-1314, 91st Congress, 2nd session, the decennial population census, and Congressional Apportionment.) Membership based on census of State

United States .............

1790

1800

1810

1820

1830

1840

1850

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

106

142

186

213

242

232

237

243

293

332

357

391

435

435

435

437

435

435

435

435

435

8 X X 5 6 1 4 1 2 10

9 X X 6 7 2 4 1 2 11

9 X X 7 8 3 5 1 3 11

10 X 21 7 11 4 5 1 4 12

9 X 1 7 20 4 6 1 5 10

9 X 2 7 23 4 6 1 6 10

9

8 1 3 4 38 4 6 1 12 10

7 1 4 4 43 5 6 1 15 10

7 1 5 4 45 6 6 1 19 10

7 1 6 4 52 6 6 1 23 11

7 1 8 4 53 7 5 1 25 13

X

X 1 25 13 11 8 11 7 4 6

X 2 27 13 11 8 11 8 4 6

X 2 27 12 9 7 9 8 3 6

X 2 26 11 8 6 9 8 3 6

2 25 11 8 6 8 8 3 7

2 2 24 11 7 5 7 8 2 8

2 2 24 11 6 5 7 8 2 8

2 2 22 10 6 5 7 8 2 8

2 2 20 10 5 4 6 7 2 8

2 2 19 9 5 4 6 7 2 8

Alabama ..................... Alaska ........................ Arizona ....................... Arkansas .................... California .................... Colorado .................... Connecticut ................ Delaware .................... Florida ........................ Georgia ......................

X X X X X X 7 1 X 2

X X X X X X 7 1 X 4

11

X X X X X 7 2 X 6

3 X X X X X 6 1 X 7

5 X X 11 X X 6 1 X 9

7 X X 1 12 X 4 1 11 8

7 X X 2 2 X 4 1 1 8

6 X X 3 3 X 4 1 1 7

8 X X 4 4 11 4 1 2 9

Hawaii ........................ Idaho .......................... Illinois ......................... Indiana ....................... Iowa ........................... Kansas ....................... Kentucky .................... Louisiana .................... Maine ......................... Maryland ....................

X X X X X X 2 X X 8

X X X X X X 6 X X 9

X X 11 11 X X 10 11 X 9

X X 1 3 X X 12 3 7 9

X X 3 7 X X 13 3 8 8

X X 7 10 12 X 10 4 7 6

X X 9 11 2 X 10 4 6 6

X X 14 11 6 1 9 5 5 5

X X 19 13 9 3 10 6 5 6

20 13 11 7 11 6 4 6

X 1 22 13 11 8 11 6 4 6

Massachusetts ........... Michigan ..................... Minnesota .................. Mississippi .................. Missouri ...................... Montana ..................... Nebraska .................... Nevada ....................... New Hampshire ......... New Jersey ................

14 X X X X X X X 4 5

17 X X X X X X X 5 6

20 X X 11 X X X X 6 6

13 X X 1 1 X X X 6 6

12 11 X 2 2 X X X 5 6

10 3 X 4 5 X X X 4 5

11 4 12 5 7 X X X 3 5

10 6 2 5 9 X 11 11 3 5

11 9 3 6 13 X 1 1 3 7

12 11 5 7 14 11 3 1 2 7

13 12 7 7 15 1 6 1 2 8

14 12 9 8 16 1 6 1 2 10

16 13 10 8 16 2 6 1 2 12

15 17 9 7 13 2 5 1 2 14

14 17 9 7 13 2 4 1 2 14

14 18 9 6 11 2 4 1 2 14

12 19 8 5 10 2 3 1 2 15

12 19 8 5 10 2 3 1 2 15

11 18 8 5 9 2 3 2 2 14

10 16 8 5 9 1 3 2 2 13

10 15 8 4 9 1 3 3 2 13

New Mexico ............... New York ................... North Carolina ............ North Dakota .............. Ohio ........................... Oklahoma ................... Oregon ....................... Pennsylvania .............. Rhode Island .............. South Carolina ...........

X 10 10 X X X X 13 2 6

X 17 12 X 11 X X 18 2 8

X 27 13 X 6 X X 23 2 9

X 34 13 X 14 X X 26 2 9

X 40 13 X 19 X X 28 2 9

X 34 9 X 21 X X 24 2 7

X 33 8 X 21 X 11 25 2 6

X 31 7 X 19 X 1 24 2 4

X 33 8 X 20 X 1 27 2 5

X 34 9 11 21 X 1 28 2 7

X 34 9 1 21 X 2 30 2 7

X 37 10 2 21 15 2 32 2 7

21 43 10 3 22 8 3 36 3 7

1 45 11 2 24 9 3 34 2 6

2 45 12 2 23 8 4 33 2 6

2 43 12 2 23 6 4 30 2 6

2 41 11 2 24 6 4 27 2 6

2 39 11 1 23 6 4 25 2 6

3 34 11 1 21 6 5 23 2 6

3 31 12 1 19 6 5 21 2 6

3 29 13 1 18 5 5 19 2 6

X

X 3 X X 4 22 X X X X

X 6 X X 6 23 X X X X

X 9 X X 5 22 X X X X

X 13 X X 5 21 X X X X

X 11 12 X 4 15 X X 12 X

X 10 2 X 3 13 X X 3 X

X 8 4 X 3 11 X X 6 X

X 10 6 X 3 9 X 3 8 X

12 10 1 X 2 10 11 4 9 11

2 10 13 11 2 10 2 4 10 1

2 10 16 1 2 10 3 5 11 1

3 10 18 2 2 10 5 6 11 1

2 9 21 2 1 9 6 6 10 1

2 10 21 2 1 9 6 6 10 1

2 9 22 2 1 10 7 6 10 1

2 9 23 2 1 10 7 5 10 1

2 8 24 2 1 10 7 4 9 1

1 9 27 3 1 10 8 4 9 1

1 9 30 3 1 11 9 3 9 1

1 9 32 3 1 11 9 3 8 1

South Dakota ............. Tennessee ................. Texas ......................... Utah ........................... Vermont ..................... Virginia ....................... Washington ................ West Virginia .............. Wisconsin ................... Wyoming ....................

11

X X 2 19 X X X X

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Assigned after apportionment. 2Included in apportionment in anticipation

X = Not applicable.

of statehood.

11

11

2 6 30 4 6 1 8 10 11

452


Table 29-4. Composition of Congress by Political Party Affiliation, by State, 1997–2003 (Figures are for the beginning of the first session [as of January 3], except as noted; Dem.= Democratic; Rep.= Republican.) Representatives State

105th Congress 1,2 1997 Dem.

Rep.

106th Congress 1 1999 Dem.

Rep.

Senators

107th Congress 1,3,4 2001 Dem.

Rep.


Rep.

105th Congress 1997

106th Congress 1999

Dem.

Dem.

Rep.

107th Congress 5,6 2001

Rep.

Dem.

Rep.


Rep.

United States ..........

207

226

212

222

211

221

205

229

45

55

45

55

50

50

48

51

Alabama .................. Alaska ..................... Arizona .................... Arkansas ................. California ................. Colorado ................. Connecticut ............. Delaware ................. Florida ..................... Georgia ...................

2 0 1 2 29 2 4 0 8 3

5 1 5 2 23 4 2 1 15 8

2 0 1 2 28 2 4 0 8 3

5 1 5 2 24 4 2 1 15 8

2 0 1 3 31 2 3 0 8 3

5 1 5 1 20 4 3 1 15 8

2 0 2 3 33 2 2 0 7 5

5 1 6 1 20 5 3 1 18 8

0 0 0 1 2 0 2 1 1 1

2 2 2 1 0 2 0 1 1 1

0 0 0 1 2 0 2 1 1 1

2 2 2 1 0 2 0 1 1 1

0 0 0 1 2 0 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 2 2 0 2 2 2 1

2 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 1

Hawaii ..................... Idaho ....................... Illinois ...................... Indiana .................... Iowa ........................ Kansas .................... Kentucky ................. Louisiana ................. Maine ...................... Maryland .................

2 0 10 4 1 0 1 2 2 4

0 2 10 6 4 4 5 5 0 4

2 0 10 4 1 1 1 2 2 4

0 2 10 6 4 3 5 5 0 4

2 0 10 4 1 1 1 2 2 4

0 2 10 6 4 3 5 5 0 4

2 0 9 3 1 1 1 3 2 6

0 2 10 6 4 3 5 4 0 2

2 0 2 0 1 0 1 2 0 2

0 2 0 2 1 2 1 0 2 0

2 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 2

0 2 1 1 1 2 2 0 2 0

2 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 2

0 2 1 1 1 2 2 0 2 0

2 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 2

0 2 1 1 1 2 2 0 2 0

Massachusetts ........ Michigan .................. Minnesota ............... Mississippi ............... Missouri ................... Montana .................. Nebraska ................. Nevada .................... New Hampshire ...... New Jersey .............

10 10 6 2 5 0 0 0 0 6

0 6 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 7

10 10 6 3 5 0 0 1 0 7

0 6 2 2 4 1 3 1 2 6

10 9 5 3 4 0 0 1 0 7

0 7 3 2 5 1 3 1 2 6

10 6 4 2 4 0 0 1 0 7

0 9 4 2 5 1 3 2 2 6

2 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 2

0 1 1 2 2 1 1 0 2 0

2 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 2

0 1 1 2 2 1 1 0 2 0

2 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 0 2

0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 2 0

2 2 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 2

0 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 0

New Mexico ............ New York ................ North Carolina ......... North Dakota ........... Ohio ........................ Oklahoma ................ Oregon .................... Pennsylvania ........... Rhode Island ........... South Carolina ........

1 18 6 1 8 0 4 11 2 2

2 13 6 0 11 6 1 10 0 4

1 19 5 1 8 0 4 11 2 2

2 12 7 0 11 6 1 10 0 4

1 19 5 1 8 1 4 10 2 2

2 12 7 0 11 5 1 11 0 4

1 19 6 1 6 1 4 7 2 2

2 10 7 0 12 4 1 12 0 4

1 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 1 1

1 1 2 0 1 2 1 2 1 1

1 2 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 1

1 0 1 0 2 2 1 2 1 1

1 2 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 1

1 0 1 0 2 2 1 2 1 1

1 2 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 1

1 0 1 0 2 2 1 2 1 1

South Dakota .......... Tennessee .............. Texas ...................... Utah ........................ Vermont .................. Virginia .................... Washington ............. West Virginia ........... Wisconsin ................ Wyoming .................

0 4 17 0 0 6 3 3 5 0

1 5 13 3 0 5 6 0 4 1

0 4 17 0 0 6 5 3 5 0

1 5 13 3 0 5 4 0 4 1

0 4 17 1 0 4 6 2 5 0

1 5 13 2 0 6 3 1 4 1

0 5 17 1 0 3 6 2 4 0

1 4 15 2 0 8 3 1 4 1

2 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 0

0 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 2

2 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 0

0 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 2

2 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 2 0

0 2 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 2

2 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 2 0

0 2 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 2

Source: U. S. Congress, Joint Committee on Printing, Congressional Directory, biennial; and unpublished data. 1Vermont had one Independent Representative. 2Missouri had one Independent. 3As of beginning of second session. 4Virginia had one Independent Representative. 5California had one vacancy. 6Vermont had one Independent Senator.


453

Table 29-5. Members of Congress—Selected Characteristics, 1981–2001 (As of beginning of first session of each Congress [January 3], figures for Representatives exclude vacancies.)

Members of congress and year

Male

Female

Black 3

Age (in years) 1 Asian and Hispanic Pacific Under 40 40 to 49 50 to 59 60 to 69 Islanders

Seniority 2 70 and over

Less than 2 years

2 to 9 years

10 to 19 years

20 to 29 30 years years or more

Representatives 107th Congress, 2001 .................. 106th Congress, 1999 .................. 104th Congress, 1995 .................. 103rd Congress, 1993 4 ................ 102nd Congress, 1991 ................. 101st Congress, 1989 .................. 100th Congress, 1987 .................. 99th Congress, 1985 .................... 98th Congress, 1983 .................... 97th Congress, 1981 ....................

381 379 388 388 407 408 412 412 413 416

62 56 47 47 28 25 23 22 21 19

39 39 40 38 26 24 23 21 21 17

... ... 4 4 3 5 4 3 3 3

19 19 17 17 11 10 11 10 8 6

14 23 53 47 39 41 63 71 86 94

97 116 155 151 152 163 153 154 145 142

167 173 135 128 134 133 137 131 132 132

117 87 79 89 86 74 56 59 57 54

35 35 13 15 24 22 26 19 14 13

44 41 92 118 55 39 51 49 83 77

155 236 188 141 178 207 221 237 224 231

158 104 110 132 147 139 114 104 88 96

63 46 36 32 44 35 37 34 28 23

14 7 9 12 11 13 12 10 11 8

Senators 107th Congress, 2001 .................. 106th Congress, 1999 .................. 104th Congress, 1995 .................. 103rd Congress, 1993 4 ................ 102nd Congress, 1991 ................. 101st Congress, 1989 .................. 100th Congress, 1987 .................. 99th Congress, 1985 .................... 98th Congress, 1983 .................... 97th Congress, 1981 ....................

87 91 92 93 98 98 98 98 98 98

13 9 8 7 2 2 2 2 2 2

0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

... ... 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0 0 5 4 7 9

8 14 14 16 23 30 30 27 28 35

39 38 41 48 46 40 36 38 39 36

33 35 27 22 24 22 22 25 20 14

18 13 17 12 7 8 7 6 6 6

11 8 12 15 5 23 14 8 5 19

34 39 38 30 34 22 41 56 61 51

30 33 30 39 47 43 36 27 21 17

14 14 15 11 10 10 7 7 10 11

9 6 5 5 4 2 2 2 3 2

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Some members do not provide date of birth. 2Represents consecutive years of service. Some members do not provide years of service. 3For Representatives through 103d Congress, includes District of Columbia delegate but not

Virigin Islands delegate; after 103d Congress, includes District of Columbia and Virgin Islands

delegate. 4Includes members elected to fill vacant seats through June 14, 1993. . . . = Not available.

Table 29-6. Number of Governmental Units, by Type, 1942–2002 Local governments Year

2002 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1987 ...................................................... 1982 ...................................................... 1977 ...................................................... 1972 ...................................................... 1967 ...................................................... 1962 ...................................................... 1952 1 .................................................... 1942 ......................................................

Total

87 576 87 504 85 006 83 237 81 831 79 913 78 269 81 299 91 237 116 807 155 116

U.S. government

State government

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Adjusted

to include units in Alaska and Hawaii, which adopted statehood in 1959.

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 48

Total 87 525 87 453 84 955 83 186 81 780 79 862 78 218 81 248 91 186 116 756 155 067

County 3 034 3 043 3 043 3 042 3 041 3 042 3 044 3 049 3 043 3 052 3 050

Municipal 19 429 19 372 19 279 19 200 19 076 18 862 18 517 18 048 18 000 16 807 16 220

Township and town

School district

Special district

16 504 16 629 16 656 16 691 16 734 16 822 16 991 17 105 17 142 17 202 18 919

13 506 13 726 14 422 14 721 14 851 15 174 15 781 21 782 34 678 67 355 108 579

35 052 34 683 31 555 29 532 28 078 25 962 23 885 21 264 18 323 12 340 8 299

454


Table 29-7. Governmental Employment, 1946–2001 (Thousands of employees, covers full-time and part-time employees, local government data are estimates subject to sampling variation.) State and local Year

Federal (civilian) 1

Total

Total

State

Local

2001 ............................................................................

20 970

2 698

18 272

4 985

13 288

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

20 876 20 306 19 854 19 540 ... 19 521 19 420 18 823 18 164 18 554

2 899 2 799 2 765 2 807 ... 2 895 2 952 2 999 3 047 3 103

17 976 17 506 17 089 16 733 ... 16 626 16 468 15 824 15 117 15 452

4 877 4 818 4 758 4 733 ... 4 719 4 694 4 673 4 587 4 521

13 099 12 565 12 331 12 000 ... 11 906 11 775 11 151 10 531 10 390

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

18 369 17 897 17 588 17 212 16 933 16 690 16 436 16 033 15 841 15 968

3 105 3 114 3 112 3 091 3 019 3 021 2 942 2 874 2 848 2 865

15 263 14 765 14 476 14 121 13 913 13 669 13 494 13 159 12 993 13 103

4 503 4 365 4 236 4 116 4 068 3 984 3 898 3 816 3 744 3 726

10 760 10 400 10 240 10 005 9 846 9 685 9 595 9 344 9 249 9 377

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

16 213 15 971 15 628 15 459 15 012 14 973 14 628 14 139 13 759 13 316

2 898 2 869 2 885 2 848 2 843 2 890 2 874 2 786 2 795 2 872

13 315 13 102 12 743 12 611 12 169 12 084 11 754 11 353 10 964 10 444

3 753 3 699 3 539 3 491 3 343 3 271 3 155 3 013 2 957 2 832

9 562 9 403 9 204 9 120 8 826 8 813 8 599 8 339 8 007 7 612

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

13 028 12 685 12 342 11 867 11 388 10 589 10 064 9 736 9 388 9 100

2 881 2 969 2 984 2 993 2 861 2 588 2 528 2 548 2 539 2 484

10 147 9 716 9 358 8 874 8 527 8 001 7 536 7 188 6 849 6 616

2 755 2 614 2 495 2 335 2 211 2 028 1 873 1 775 1 680 1 625

7 392 7 102 6 864 6 539 6 316 5 973 5 663 5 413 5 169 4 992

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

8 808 8 487 8 297 8 047 7 685 7 432 7 232 7 048 7 105 6 802

2 421 2 399 2 405 2 439 2 410 2 378 2 373 2 385 2 583 2 515

6 387 6 088 5 892 5 608 5 275 5 054 4 859 4 663 4 522 4 287

1 527 1 454 1 408 1 300 1 268 1 199 1 149 1 082 1 060 1 070

4 860 4 634 4 484 4 307 4 007 3 855 3 710 3 580 3 461 3 218

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

6 402 6 203 6 042 5 791 6 001

2 117 2 047 2 076 2 002 2 434

4 285 4 156 3 966 3 789 3 567

1 057 1 037 963 909 804

3 228 3 119 3 002 2 880 2 762

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States, (accessed March 26, 2004). 1Includes

employees outside the United States. . . . = Not available.


Table 29-8. Treaties and Executive Agreements Concluded by the United States, 1789–2000 Year

Treaties

Executive agreements

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ...............................................................

12 26 25 40 48 17 24 17 21 11

177 199 259 257 260 300 338 257 303 286

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ...............................................................

20 15 21 12 17 8 15 23 17 12

398 363 387 434 400 336 336 282 343 322

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ...............................................................

26 28 15 17 13 13 13 17 20 17

321 378 417 424 402 264 229 241 287 214

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ...............................................................

20 6 18 18 14 14 3 17 10 9

183 162 197 223 237 204 222 234 319 260

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ...............................................................

5 12 10 9 15 7 17 14 22 21

266 250 197 222 233 297 206 163 291 213

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ...............................................................

11 22 16 15 19 6 1 4 6 15

157 148 178 144 139 54 74 71 52 39

1940 ...............................................................

12

20

1889–1939 .....................................................

524

917

1839–1889 .....................................................

215

238

1789–1839 .....................................................

60

27

Source: Treaties and Other International Agreements: The Role of the United States Senate: A Study, 2001.

455

456


Table 29-9. Caseload of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1970–2001 (Statutory term of court begins first Monday in October.) Action

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Total Cases on Docket .............................................

4 212

4 761

5 144

5 158

6 316

7 565

7 602

7 692

8 083

8 445

8 965

9 176

Appellate cases on docket .......................................... From prior term ....................................................... Docketed during present term ................................. Cases acted upon 1 ................................................ Granted review .................................................... Denied, dismissed, or withdrawn ........................ Summarily decided ............................................. Cases not acted upon .............................................

1 903 325 1 578 1 613 214 1 285 114 290

2 352 431 1 921 1 900 244 1 538 118 452

2 749 527 2 222 2 324 167 1 999 90 425

2 571 400 2 171 2 185 166 1 863 78 386

2 351 365 1 986 2 042 114 1 802 81 309

2 456 361 2 095 2 130 92 1 945 62 326

2 430 375 2 055 2 124 74 1 955 66 306

2 432 347 2 085 2 142 75 1 990 36 290

2 387 326 2 061 2 092 72 1 940 44 295

2 413 321 2 092 2 096 78 1 958 34 317

2 305 351 1 954 2 024 85 1 842 63 281

2 210 324 1 886 1 932 82 1 751 57 278

Pauper cases on docket ............................................. Cases acted upon ................................................... Granted review .................................................... Denied, dismissed, or withdrawn ........................ Summarily decided ............................................. Cases not acted upon .............................................

2 289 1 802 41 1 683 48 487

2 395 1 997 28 1 903 66 398

2 371 2 027 17 1 968 32 344

2 577 2 189 20 2 136 24 388

3 951 3 436 27 3 369 28 515

5 098 4 514 13 4 439 55 584

5 165 4 613 13 4 582 15 552

5 253 4 616 14 4 581 14 637

5 689 4 951 9 4 926 11 738

6 024 5 273 14 5 239 16 751

6 651 5 736 14 5 658 61 915

6 958 6 139 6 6 114 13 819

Original cases on docket ............................................. Cases disposed of during term ...............................

20 7

14 7

24 7

10 2

14 3

11 5

7 2

7 1

7 2

8 0

9 2

8 1

Total Cases Available for Argument .......................

267

280

264

276

201

145

140

138

124

124

138

137

Cases disposed of ...................................................... Cases argued .......................................................... Cases dismissed or remanded without argument ...

160 151 9

181 179 2

162 154 8

175 171 4

131 125 6

93 90 3

92 90 2

97 96 1

94 90 4

87 83 4

89 86 3

90 88 2

Cases remaining ......................................................... Cases decided by signed opinion ............................... Cases decided by per curiam opinion ......................... Number of signed opinions .........................................

107 126 22 109

99 160 16 138

102 144 8 123

101 161 10 146

70 121 4 112

52 87 3 75

48 87 3 80

41 93 1 91

30 84 4 75

37 79 2 74

49 83 4 77

47 85 3 76


cases granted review and carried over to next term, not shown separately.

SECTION

30

PUBLIC FINANCE

458


SECTION 30

PUBLIC FINANCE Highlights

Federal Budget Summary, 1940–2002 7

Dollars (in trillions)

6 Receipts Outlays Total gross federal debt

5

4

3

2

1

0 1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2002

Year

1

The first federal budget of 1789–1791 showed net revenues of $4.399 million, of which all but $20,000 were derived from customs duties. The budget remained under $100 million until 1863 when, under the financial strains of the Civil War, it rose to $112 million. It crossed the $1 billion mark in 1917, again during wartime; the $100 billion mark in 1963, as the Vietnam War was escalating; and the $2 trillion mark in 2000. As a percentage of GDP, it inched up from 16 percent in 1950 to 18.4 percent in 2000. In 1998 through 2001, it showed a surplus for the first time since 1960, but by 2002, budget deficits had returned. The Unified Federal Budget concept was introduced in 1968 to incorporate reforms recommended by the Presidential Commission on Budget Concepts. Under the Unified Budget, trust funds were included in the federal budget to show the total impact of government spending on the economy.

2 When income tax was introduced in 1913, the effective rate was 0.4 percent for a family in the $5,000 annual earnings range and only 6 percent for a family earning over $1 million (in 1912 dollars). The total number of returns in 1913 was 357,598. Before the introduction of income tax, 54 percent of internal revenue collections was from alcohol and 20 percent from tobacco.

3

For a number of years there were two categories of public debt: public debt and the debt subject to the debt limit. The public debt originates from the Treasury Department, but excludes debt incurred by public agencies, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority. Gross Public Debt (GPD) is a new concept that includes both public and agency debt. Approximately three-fourths of the GPD is owed to the public; the rest is a paper debt

SECTION 30: PUBLIC FINANCE consisting of surpluses of trust funds invested by the government in public debt securities. Interest payments on this part of the debt are paid from one account within the budget to another account also within the budget, and therefore, do not affect the budget surplus or deficit. Because the Federal Reserve System is an independent body outside the federal budget, the U.S. government pays the Federal Reserve interest on money borrowed from it for budgetary purposes. Debt held by the system is shown as debt held by the public, and interest paid to the system affects budget surplus or deficit. In years of heavy borrowing, the government has to pay billions of dollars in interest, thus adding to the deficit, and vice versa. However, since 1947, the Federal Reserve has made annual payments to the Treasury from its surplus, which, in turn, arises primarily as a result of interest payments made by the Treasury. The public debt in 1791 was $75.463 million or $19.21 per capita. By the time of the Civil War, it had been reduced to $2.85 per capita. The Civil War and the half century following saw growth in public debt, but it decreased to the very low level of $11.99 per capita by the start of World War I. Thereafter it rose steadily, crossing the $1,000 per capita mark in 1944. In 2002, the GPD was $6.198 trillion, or $21,885 per capita.

4

Seven states do not have state individual income tax: Alaska, Florida, Nevada, South Dakota, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming. Six states have flat rates: Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. Rhode Island has taxes calculated as a percentage of federal tax liability.

5

Total lottery ticket sales reached $50.0 billion in 2001. Only 12 states do not have lotteries: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Hawaii, Mississippi, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Utah, and Wyoming.

6

State and local governments generate almost as much revenue as the federal government: $1.513 trillion for the former compared with $1.572 trillion for the latter in 1996. State and local revenues rely more on sales taxes and less on direct income taxes than the federal government. Patterns of expenditure are also different, with state and local governments spending more on

459

education, highways, and similar services, and less on national defense, environment, and general interest on public debt than the federal government. State and local governments spend $447 billion on salaries and wages compared with $162 billion for the federal government.

7

Total federal grants in aid to state and local governments increased from $24.065 billion in 1970 to $351.550 billion in 2002. This figure represents 18.0 percent of federal outlays and 3.4 percent of the GDP. The two largest components of federal aid are Medicaid ($147.650 billion) and highways ($29.833 billion).

8

In 2000, Americans paid $249.178 billion in property taxes and $309,290 billion in sales taxes. State and local expenditures reached $1.503 trillion ($5,340 per capita), of which education was the largest component with $521,612 billion. Total state and local debt was $1.452 trillion, or $5,159 per capita.

9

Honolulu, Hawaii is the lowest taxed city in the nation, with an effective property tax rate per $100 of 0.37. Bridgeport, Connecticut is the highest, with an effective property tax rate per $100 of 4.55.

10 New York City has the largest city budget in the United States, with revenues of $63.471 billion and expenditures of $59.181 billion in 2000. Los Angeles county has the largest county budget, with revenues of $17.782 billion and expenditures of $14.365 billion.

11 Americans paid a total of $858.345 billion in individual income taxes to the federal government in 2002, making up nearly half of all revenues. Social insurance and retirement receipts made up another $700.760 billion.

12 By agencies and units of administration, the largest segment of the federal budget was the $502.0 billion spent by Health and Human Services, followed by $368.8 billion by the Treasury and $358.2 billion by the Department of Defense.

460


Table 30-1—Series Y 335-338. Summary of Federal Government Finances—Administrative Budget, 1789–1939 (Thousands of dollars; for 1789–1842, years ending December 31; 1844–1939, June 30; 1843 figures are for January 1–June 30.) Year

Budget receipts 1

Budget expenditures 2

Surplus or deficit (-) 3

Total public debt 4

1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

4 979 066 5 588 012 4 955 613 3 997 059 3 705 956 3 014 970 1 996 844 1 923 892 3 115 557

8 841 224 6 764 628 7 733 033 8 421 608 6 497 008 6 644 602 4 958 496 4 659 182 3 577 434

-3 862 158 -1 176 617 -2 777 421 -4 424 549 -2 791 052 -3 629 632 -2 601 652 -2 735 290 -461 877

40 439 532 37 164 740 36 424 614 33 778 543 28 700 893 27 053 141 22 538 673 19 487 002 16 801 281

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

4 057 884 3 861 589 3 900 329 4 012 794 3 795 108 3 640 805 3 871 214 3 852 795 4 025 901 5 570 790

3 320 211 3 127 199 2 961 245 2 857 429 2 929 964 2 923 762 2 907 847 3 140 287 3 289 404 5 061 785

737 673 734 391 939 083 1 155 365 865 144 717 043 963 367 712 508 736 496 509 005

16 185 310 16 931 088 17 604 293 18 511 907 19 643 216 20 516 194 21 250 813 22 349 707 22 963 382 23 977 451

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

6 648 898 5 130 042 3 645 240 1 100 500 761 445 683 417 725 117 714 463 692 609 701 833

6 357 677 18 492 665 12 677 359 1 953 857 712 967 746 093 725 525 714 864 689 881 691 202

291 222 -13 362 623 -9 032 120 -853 357 48 478 -62 676 -408 -401 2 728 10 631

24 299 321 25 484 506 12 455 225 2 975 619 1 225 146 1 191 264 1 188 235 1 193 048 1 193 839 1 153 985

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

675 512 604 320 601 862 665 860 594 984 544 275 541 087 561 881 562 478 587 685

693 617 693 744 659 196 579 129 570 202 567 279 583 660 517 006 485 234 524 617

-18 105 -89 423 -57 334 86 732 24 782 -23 004 -42 573 44 875 77 244 63 068

1 146 940 1 148 315 1 177 690 1 147 178 1 142 523 1 132 357 1 136 259 1 159 406 1 178 031 1 221 572

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

567 241 515 961 405 321 347 722 338 142 324 729 306 355 385 820 354 938 392 612

520 861 605 072 443 369 365 774 352 179 356 195 367 525 383 478 345 023 365 774

46 380 -89 112 -38 047 -18 052 -14 037 -31 466 -61 170 2 342 9 914 26 839

1 263 417 1 436 701 1 232 743 1 226 794 1 222 729 1 096 913 1 016 898 961 432 968 219 1 005 807

1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

403 081 387 050 379 266 371 403 336 440 323 691 348 520 398 288 403 525 360 782

318 041 299 289 267 925 267 932 242 483 260 227 244 126 265 408 257 981 260 713

85 040 87 761 111 341 103 471 93 957 63 464 104 394 132 879 145 544 100 069

1 122 397 1 249 471 1 384 632 1 465 485 1 555 660 1 578 551 1 625 307 1 721 959 1 856 916 2 019 286

1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1875 1874 1873 1872 1871

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

333 527 273 827 257 764 281 406 294 096 288 000 304 979 333 738 374 107 383 324

267 643 266 948 236 964 241 334 265 101 274 623 302 634 290 345 277 518 292 177

65 884 6 879 20 800 40 072 28 995 13 377 2 345 43 393 96 589 91 147

2 090 909 2 298 913 2 159 418 2 107 760 2 130 846 2 156 277 2 159 933 2 151 210 2 209 991 2 322 052

1870 1869 1868 1867 1866 1865 1864 1863 1862 1861

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

411 255 370 944 405 638 490 634 558 033 333 715 264 627 112 697 51 987 41 510

309 654 322 865 377 640 357 543 520 809 1 297 555 865 323 714 741 474 762 66 547

101 602 48 078 28 298 133 091 37 223 -963 841 -600 696 -602 043 -422 774 -25 037

2 436 453 2 545 111 2 583 446 2 650 168 2 755 764 2 677 929 1 815 831 1 119 774 524 178 90 582

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Excludes receipts from borrowing. Prior to 1913, total receipts; thereafter, net receipts. 2Excludes debt repayment. Prior to 1913, total expenditures; thereafter, net expenditures. 3Receipts compared with expenditures. 4As of end of period.

SECTION 30: PUBLIC FINANCE

461

Table 30-1—Series Y 335-338. Summary of Federal Government Finances—Administrative Budget, 1789–1939—Continued (Thousands of dollars; for 1789–1842, years ending December 31; 1844–1939, June 30; 1843 figures are for January 1–June 30.) Year

Budget receipts 1

Budget expenditures 2

Surplus or deficit (-) 3

Total public debt 4

1860 1859 1858 1857 1856 1855 1854 1853 1852 1851

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

56 065 53 486 46 655 68 965 74 057 65 351 73 800 61 587 49 847 52 559

63 131 69 071 74 185 67 796 69 571 59 743 58 045 48 184 44 195 47 709

-7 066 -15 585 -27 530 1 170 4 486 5 608 15 755 13 403 5 652 4 850

64 844 58 498 44 913 28 701 31 974 35 588 42 244 59 805 66 199 68 305

1850 1849 1848 1847 1846 1845 1844 1843 1842 1841

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

43 603 31 208 35 736 26 496 29 700 29 970 29 321 8 303 19 976 16 860

39 543 45 052 45 377 57 281 27 767 22 937 22 338 11 858 25 206 26 522

4 060 -13 844 -9 641 -30 786 1 933 7 033 6 984 -3 555 -5 230 -9 706

63 453 63 062 47 045 38 827 15 550 15 925 23 462 32 743 20 201 13 594

1840 1839 1838 1837 1836 1835 1834 1833 1832 1831

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

19 480 31 483 26 303 24 954 50 827 35 430 21 792 33 948 31 866 28 527

24 318 26 899 33 865 37 243 30 868 17 573 18 628 23 018 17 289 15 248

-4 837 4 584 -7 562 -12 289 -19 959 17 857 3 164 10 931 14 577 13 279

5 351 3 573 10 434 3 308 337 38 38 4 760 7 012 24 322

1830 1829 1828 1827 1826 1825 1824 1823 1822 1821

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

24 844 24 828 24 764 22 966 25 260 21 841 19 381 20 541 20 232 14 573

15 143 15 203 16 395 16 139 17 036 15 857 20 327 14 707 15 000 15 811

9 701 9 624 8 369 6 827 8 225 5 984 -945 5 834 5 232 -1 237

39 123 48 565 58 421 67 475 73 987 81 054 83 788 90 270 90 876 93 547

1820 1819 1818 1817 1816 1815 1814 1813 1812 1811

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

17 881 24 603 21 585 33 099 47 678 15 729 11 182 14 340 9 801 14 424

18 261 21 464 19 825 21 844 30 587 32 709 34 721 31 682 20 281 8 058

-380 3 140 1 760 11 255 17 091 -16 979 -23 539 -17 341 -10 480 6 365

89 987 91 016 95 530 103 467 123 492 127 335 99 834 81 488 55 963 45 210

1810 1809 1808 1807 1806 1805 1804 1803 1802 1801

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

9 384 7 773 17 061 16 398 15 560 13 561 11 826 11 064 14 996 12 935

8 157 10 281 9 932 8 354 9 804 10 506 8 719 7 852 7 862 9 395

1 228 -2 507 7 128 8 044 5 756 3 054 3 107 3 212 7 134 3 541

48 006 53 173 57 023 65 196 69 218 75 723 82 312 86 427 77 055 80 713

1800 ............................................................................ 1799 ............................................................................ 1798 ............................................................................ 1797 ............................................................................ 1796 ............................................................................ 1795 ............................................................................ 1794 ............................................................................ 1793 ............................................................................ 1792 ............................................................................ 1789–1791 ..................................................................

10 849 7 547 7 900 5 689 8 378 6 115 5 432 4 653 3 670 4 419

10 786 9 666 7 677 6 134 5 727 7 540 6 991 4 482 5 080 4 269

63 -2 120 224 2 555 2 651 -1 425 -1 559 171 -1 410 150

83 038 82 976 78 409 79 229 82 064 83 762 80 748 78 427 80 359 77 228

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Excludes receipts from borrowing. Prior to 1913, total receipts; thereafter, net receipts. 2Excludes debt repayment. Prior to 1913, total expenditures; thereafter, net expenditures. 3Receipts compared with expenditures. 4As of end of period.

462


Table 30-2—Series Y 339-342. Summary of Federal Government Finances, 1940–2004 (In millions of dollars; the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 put all the previously off-budget federal entities into the budget and moved Social Security off-budget; minus sign (-) indicates deficit or decrease.) Year

Receipts

Outlays

Surplus or deficit (-)

Total gross federal debt

2004, est. .................................................................... 2003 ............................................................................ 2002 ............................................................................ 2001 ............................................................................

1 798 093 1 782 342 1 853 173 1 991 194

2 318 834 2 157 637 2 010 970 1 863 770

-520 741 -375 295 -157 797 127 424

7 486 447 6 760 014 6 198 401 5 769 881

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

2 025 218 1 827 454 1 721 798 1 579 292 1 453 062 1 351 830 1 258 627 1 154 401 1 091 279 1 055 041

1 788 773 1 701 891 1 652 585 1 601 250 1 560 535 1 515 802 1 461 877 1 409 489 1 381 655 1 324 369

236 445 125 563 69 213 -21 958 -107 473 -163 972 -203 250 -255 087 -290 376 -269 328

5 628 700 5 605 523 5 478 189 5 369 206 5 181 465 4 920 586 4 643 307 4 351 044 4 001 787 3 598 178

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

1 031 969 991 190 909 303 854 353 769 215 734 088 666 486 600 562 617 766 599 272

1 253 165 1 143 646 1 064 455 1 004 082 990 430 946 396 851 853 808 364 745 743 678 241

-221 195 -152 456 -155 152 -149 728 -221 215 -212 308 -185 367 -207 802 -127 977 -78 968

3 206 290 2 867 800 2 601 104 2 345 956 2 120 501 1 817 423 1 564 586 1 371 660 1 137 315 994 828

1980 1979 1978 1977 TQ 1 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

517 112 463 302 399 561 355 559 81 232 298 060 279 090 263 224 230 799 207 309 187 139

590 941 504 028 458 746 409 218 95 975 371 792 332 332 269 359 245 707 230 681 210 172

-73 830 -40 726 -59 185 -53 659 -14 744 -73 732 -53 242 -6 135 -14 908 -23 373 -23 033

909 041 829 467 776 602 706 398 643 561 628 970 541 925 483 893 466 291 435 936 408 176

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

192 807 186 882 152 973 148 822 130 835 116 817 112 613 106 560 99 676 94 388

195 649 183 640 178 134 157 464 134 532 118 228 118 528 111 316 106 821 97 723

-2 842 3 242 -25 161 -8 643 -3 698 -1 411 -5 915 -4 756 -7 146 -3 335

380 921 365 769 368 685 340 445 328 498 322 318 316 059 310 324 302 928 292 648

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

92 492 79 249 79 636 79 990 74 587 65 451 69 701 69 608 66 167 51 616

92 191 92 098 82 405 76 578 70 640 68 444 70 855 76 101 67 686 45 514

301 -12 849 -2 769 3 412 3 947 -2 993 -1 154 -6 493 -1 519 6 102

290 525 287 465 279 666 272 252 272 693 274 366 270 812 265 963 259 097 255 288

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

39 443 39 415 41 560 38 514 39 296 45 159 43 747 24 001 14 634 8 712

42 562 38 835 29 764 34 496 55 232 92 712 91 304 78 555 35 137 13 653

-3 119 580 11 796 4 018 -15 936 -47 553 -47 557 -54 554 -20 503 -4 941

256 853 252 610 252 031 257 149 270 991 260 123 204 079 142 648 79 200 57 531

1940 ............................................................................

6 548

9 468

-2 920

50 696

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Fiscal

years through 1976 are from July 1 through June 30. Beginning with October 1976 (fiscal year 1977), fiscal years are from October 1 through September 30. The period from July 1 through September 30, 1976 is a separate fiscal period known as the transition quarter (TQ) and not included in any fiscal year.


Table 30-3—Series Y 402-411. Individual Income Tax Returns, 1913–1943 Total number of returns with net income 1

Income year 1943 ............................................................... 1942 ............................................................... 1941 ...............................................................

43 506 553 36 456 110 26 770 089

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ...............................................................

14 598 074 7 570 320 6 150 776 6 301 833 5 418 499 4 575 012 4 049 420 3 723 558 3 877 430 3 225 924

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ...............................................................

3 707 509 4 044 327 4 070 851 4 101 547 4 138 092 4 171 051 7 369 788 7 698 321 6 787 481 6 662 176

1920 ............................................................... 1919 ............................................................... 1918 ............................................................... 1917 ............................................................... 1916 ............................................................... 1915 ............................................................... 1914 ............................................................... 1913 2 ............................................................

7 259 944 5 332 760 4 425 114 3 472 890 437 036 336 652 357 515 357 598

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes fiduciary returns with net income 2Data pertain to last 10 months of year.

filed on Form 1040, 1913–1936.

463

464


Table 30-4—Series Y 393-401. Individual Income Tax Returns, 1944–2000 (Thousands of dollars, except number of returns.) Returns with adjusted gross income Income year

Total number of returns Taxable income

Income tax (after credits)

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

129 374 000 127 075 000 124 772 000 122 422 000 120 351 000 118 218 000 115 943 000 114 602 000 113 605 000 114 730 000

4 544 242 000 4 136 120 000 3 780 838 000 3 429 109 000 3 089 667 000 2 813 826 000 2 597 980 000 2 453 543 000 2 395 696 000 2 284 088 000

980 497 000 870 919 000 783 513 000 727 303 000 655 420 000 588 419 000 534 856 000 502 788 000 476 239 000 448 430 000

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

113 717 000 112 136 000 109 708 000 106 996 000 103 045 000 101 660 000 99 400 000 96 300 000 95 300 000 95 400 000

2 263 661 000 2 173 346 000 2 069 967 000 1 850 597 000 1 947 025 000 1 820 741 000 1 701 400 000 1 544 900 000 1 473 300 000 1 410 900 000

446 296 000 432 940 000 412 870 000 369 203 000 367 287 000 325 710 000 301 900 000 274 200 000 277 600 000 284 100 000

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

93 902 000 92 700 000 89 800 000 86 600 000 84 700 000 82 200 000 83 300 000 80 700 000 77 570 000 74 573 000

1 279 985 000 1 157 200 000 1 062 200 000 939 000 000 674 900 000 595 500 000 573 600 000 511 900 000 444 600 000 413 400 000

250 341 000 213 300 000 186 700 000 158 500 000 140 800 000 124 500 000 123 500 000 107 900 000 93 354 000 85 253 000

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

74 279 831 75 834 388 73 728 708 71 651 909 70 160 425 67 596 300 65 375 601 63 943 236 62 712 386 61 499 420

400 859 064 388 153 971 352 799 662 315 108 212 286 296 994 255 082 124 229 875 078 209 090 323 195 320 479 181 779 732

83 909 314 86 568 215 76 637 902 62 919 958 56 087 084 49 529 695 47 152 855 48 203 580 44 902 840 42 224 498

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

61 027 931 60 271 297 59 085 182 59 825 121 59 197 004 58 250 188 56 747 008 57 838 184 56 528 817 55 447 009

171 627 771 166 540 616 149 337 414 149 363 077 141 532 061 128 020 111 115 331 301 ... ... ...

39 464 156 38 645 299 34 335 652 34 393 639 32 732 132 29 613 722 26 665 753 29 430 659 27 802 831 24 227 780

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

53 060 098 51 814 124 52 072 006 55 099 008 52 816 547 49 932 783 47 111 495

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

18 374 922 14 538 141 15 441 529 18 076 281 16 075 913 17 050 378 16 216 401



465

Table 30-5—Series Y 493-504. Interest-Bearing Public Debt of the Federal Government, 1853–1939 (Millions of dollars, at end of fiscal year.) Year

Interest-bearing principal of public debt outstanding 1

Bonds 2

Treasury bills 3

Notes 4

Special issues 5

1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

39 886.0 36 575.9 35 800.1 32 988.8 27 645.2 26 480.5 22 157.6 19 161.3 16 519.6

27 566 23 599 21 322 18 628 14 936 16 510 14 223 14 250 13 531

1 308 1 154 2 303 2 354 2 053 2 921 3 063 3 341 2 246

7 243 9 147 10 617 11 381 10 023 6 653 4 548 1 261 452

3 770 2 676 1 558 626 633 396 323 309 291

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

15 921.9 16 638.9 17 317.7 18 252.7 19 383.8 20 210.9 20 981.2 22 007.0 22 710.3 23 738.9

12 111 12 125 13 021 15 222 16 928 16 842 16 025 16 535 15 965 16 119

1 420 1 640 1 252 686 453 533 808 1 031 1 829 2 700

1 626 2 267 2 582 1 986 1 799 2 740 4 148 4 441 4 916 4 920

764 607 462 359 204 95 ... ... ... ...

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

24 062.5 25 236.9 12 197.5 2 712.5 971.6 969.8 968.0 965.7 963.8 915.4

16 218 17 188 9 911 2 412 967 970 968 966 964 915

2 769 3 625 1 706 273 ... ... ... ... ... ...

5 075 4 422 369 27 4 ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

913.3 913.3 897.5 894.8 895.2 895.2 895.2 914.5 931.1 987.1

913 913 883 895 895 895 895 915 913 987

... ... 14 (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z)

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 023.5 1 046.0 847.4 847.4 847.4 716.2 635.0 585.0 585.0 610.5

1 023 1 046 847 847 847 716 635 585 610 711

(Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z)

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

711.3 815.9 936.5 1 007.7 1 132.0 1 182.2 1 212.6 1 324.2 1 449.8 1 625.6

816 936 1 008 1 132 1 182 1 212 1 324 1 449 1 625 1 709

(Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) (Z) 1 1

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1875 1874 1873 1872 1871

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 710.0 1 887.7 1 780.7 1 697.9 1 696.7 1 708.7 1 724.9 1 696.5 1 800.8 1 920.7

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970. 1Exclusive

of bonds issued to Pacific Railways (provision was made by law to secure the Treasury against both principal and interest) and the Navy pension fund (which was not a debt, the principal being the property of the United States). The Statement of the Public Debt included the railroad bonds from issuance and the Navy fund from Sept. 1, 1896, until the statement of June 30, 1890. 2Includes U.S. Savings, Treasury, Panama Canal, Depositary, and U.S. retirement plan bonds. 3Includes certificates of indebtedness. Also includes refunding certificates of deposit, 1880–1907, inclusive. 4Includes old Treasury (War) savings securities from 1918 through 1929. 5Comprises special issues to government agencies and trust funds. . . . = Not available. Z = Less than $500,000.

466


Table 30-5—Series Y 493-504. Interest-Bearing Public Debt of the Federal Government, 1853–1939 —Continued (Millions of dollars, at end of fiscal year.) Year

Interest-bearing principal of public debt outstanding 1

Bonds 2

Treasury bills 3

Notes 4

Special issues 5

1870 1869 1868 1867 1866 1865 1864 1863 1862 1861

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 035.9 2 151.5 2 191.3 2 239.0 2 322.1 2 217.7 1 360.0 707.8 365.4 90.4

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1860 1859 1858 1857 1856 1855 1854 1853

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

64.7 58.3 44.7 28.5 31.8 35.4 42.0 59.6

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970. 1Exclusive

of bonds issued to Pacific Railways (provision was made by law to secure the Treasury against both principal and interest) and the Navy pension fund (which was not a debt, the principal being the property of the United States). The Statement of the Public Debt included the railroad bonds from issuance and the Navy fund from Sept. 1, 1896, until the statement of June 30, 1890. 2Includes U.S. Savings, Treasury, Panama Canal, Depositary, and U.S. retirement plan bonds. 3Includes certificates of indebtedness. Also includes refunding certificates of deposit, 1880–1907, inclusive. 4Includes old Treasury (War) savings securities from 1918 through 1929. 5Comprises special issues to government agencies and trust funds. . . . = Not available.


467

Table 30-6—Series Y 488-492. Gross Federal Debt Outstanding, 1940–2009 (Millions of dollars, percent; at end of fiscal year.) Millions of dollars Year

2009 est. ................................... 2008 est. ................................... 2007 est. ................................... 2006 est. ................................... 2005 est. ................................... 2004 est. ................................... 2003 ......................................... 2002 ......................................... 2001 .........................................

Percent of Gross Domestic Product

Equals: Held by the public

Gross federal debt

Less: Held by federal government accounts

10 564 099 9 931 061 9 317 866 8 726 359 8 132 945 7 486 447 6 760 014 6 198 401 5 769 881

4 719 666 4 341 622 3 984 837 3 652 245 3 341 083 3 065 659 2 846 407 2 658 006 2 450 266

5 844 433 5 589 439 5 333 029 5 074 114 4 791 862 4 420 788 3 913 607 3 540 395 3 319 615

... ... ... ... ... ... 656 116 604 191 534 135

Total

Federal Reserve System

Equals: Held by the public

Gross federal debt

Less: Held by federal government accounts

... ... ... ... ... ... 3 257 491 2 936 203 2 785 480

71.9 71.1 70.2 69.0 67.5 65.3 62.4 59.8 57.5

32.1 31.1 30.0 28.9 27.7 26.7 26.3 25.6 24.4

39.8 40.0 40.2 40.1 39.8 38.6 36.1 34.1 33.1

... ... ... ... ... ... 6.1 5.8 5.3

... ... ... ... ... ... 30.1 28.3 27.7

Other

Total

Federal Reserve System

Other

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

5 628 700 5 605 523 5 478 189 5 369 206 5 181 465 4 920 586 4 643 307 4 351 044 4 001 787 3 598 178

2 218 896 1 973 160 1 757 090 1 596 862 1 447 392 1 316 208 1 210 242 1 102 647 1 002 050 909 179

3 409 804 3 632 363 3 721 099 3 772 344 3 734 073 3 604 378 3 433 065 3 248 396 2 999 737 2 688 999

511 413 496 644 458 182 424 518 390 924 374 114 355 150 325 653 296 397 258 591

2 898 391 3 135 719 3 262 917 3 347 826 3 343 149 3 230 264 3 077 915 2 922 744 2 703 341 2 430 408

58.0 61.4 63.5 65.6 67.3 67.2 66.7 66.1 64.1 60.6

22.9 21.6 20.4 19.5 18.8 18.0 17.4 16.8 16.1 15.3

35.1 39.8 43.1 46.1 48.5 49.2 49.3 49.4 48.1 45.3

5.3 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 4.7 4.4

29.9 34.4 37.8 40.9 43.4 44.1 44.2 44.4 43.3 41.0

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

3 206 290 2 867 800 2 601 104 2 345 956 2 120 501 1 817 423 1 564 586 1 371 660 1 137 315 994 828

794 733 677 084 549 487 456 203 379 878 310 163 257 611 234 392 212 740 205 418

2 411 558 2 190 716 2 051 616 1 889 753 1 740 623 1 507 260 1 306 975 1 137 268 924 575 789 410

234 410 220 088 229 218 212 040 190 855 169 806 155 122 155 527 134 497 124 466

2 177 147 1 970 628 1 822 398 1 677 713 1 549 767 1 337 454 1 151 853 981 741 790 078 664 944

55.9 53.1 51.9 50.4 48.1 43.8 40.7 39.8 35.3 32.5

13.9 12.5 11.0 9.8 8.6 7.5 6.7 6.8 6.6 6.7

42.0 40.6 40.9 40.6 39.5 36.3 34.0 33.0 28.7 25.8

4.1 4.1 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.5 4.2 4.1

37.9 36.5 36.4 36.0 35.2 32.2 29.9 28.5 24.5 21.7

1980 ......................................... 1979 ......................................... 1978 ......................................... 1977 ......................................... TQ 1 .......................................... 1976 ......................................... 1975 ......................................... 1974 ......................................... 1973 ......................................... 1972 ......................................... 1971 .........................................

909 041 829 467 776 602 706 398 643 561 628 970 541 925 483 893 466 291 435 936 408 176

197 118 189 161 169 476 157 294 148 052 151 566 147 225 140 194 125 381 113 559 105 140

711 923 640 306 607 126 549 104 495 509 477 404 394 700 343 699 340 910 322 377 303 037

120 846 115 594 115 480 105 004 96 702 94 714 84 993 80 648 75 181 71 426 65 518

591 077 524 712 491 646 444 100 398 807 382 690 309 707 263 051 265 729 250 951 237 519

33.4 33.1 35.0 35.8 35.0 36.2 34.7 33.6 35.6 37.0 37.8

7.2 7.6 7.6 8.0 8.1 8.7 9.4 9.7 9.6 9.6 9.7

26.1 25.6 27.4 27.8 27.0 27.5 25.3 23.9 26.0 27.4 28.1

4.4 4.6 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.6 5.7 6.1 6.1

21.7 21.0 22.2 22.5 21.7 22.0 19.8 18.3 20.3 21.3 22.0

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

380 921 365 769 368 685 340 445 328 498 322 318 316 059 310 324 302 928 292 648

97 723 87 661 79 140 73 819 64 784 61 540 59 210 56 345 54 918 54 291

283 198 278 108 289 545 266 626 263 714 260 778 256 849 253 978 248 010 238 357

57 714 54 095 52 230 46 719 42 169 39 100 34 794 32 027 29 663 27 253

225 484 224 013 237 315 219 907 221 545 221 678 222 055 221 951 218 347 211 104

37.6 38.6 42.5 42.0 43.5 46.9 49.3 51.8 53.4 55.2

9.6 9.2 9.1 9.1 8.6 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.7 10.2

28.0 29.3 33.3 32.9 34.9 37.9 40.0 42.4 43.7 45.0

5.7 5.7 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1

22.3 23.6 27.3 27.1 29.3 32.2 34.6 37.0 38.5 39.8

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

290 525 287 465 279 666 272 252 272 693 274 366 270 812 265 963 259 097 255 288

53 686 52 764 53 329 52 931 50 537 47 751 46 313 47 580 44 339 40 962

236 840 234 701 226 336 219 320 222 156 226 616 224 499 218 383 214 758 214 326

26 523 26 044 25 438 23 035 23 758 23 607 25 037 24 746 22 906 22 982

210 317 208 657 200 898 196 285 198 398 203 009 199 462 193 637 191 852 191 344

56.0 58.6 60.8 60.4 63.9 69.3 71.8 71.4 74.3 79.7

10.3 10.8 11.6 11.7 11.8 12.1 12.3 12.8 12.7 12.8

45.6 47.9 49.2 48.6 52.0 57.2 59.5 58.6 61.6 66.9

5.1 5.3 5.5 5.1 5.6 6.0 6.6 6.6 6.6 7.2

40.5 42.6 43.7 43.5 46.5 51.3 52.9 52.0 55.0 59.7

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

256 853 252 610 252 031 257 149 270 991 260 123 204 079 142 648 79 200 57 531

37 830 38 288 35 761 32 810 29 130 24 941 19 283 14 882 11 447 9 308

219 023 214 322 216 270 224 339 241 861 235 182 184 796 127 766 67 753 48 223

18 331 19 343 21 366 21 872 23 783 21 792 14 899 7 149 2 640 2 180

200 692 194 979 194 904 202 467 218 078 213 390 169 897 120 617 65 113 46 043

94.0 93.1 98.2 110.3 121.7 117.5 97.6 79.1 54.9 50.4

13.8 14.1 13.9 14.1 13.1 11.3 9.2 8.3 7.9 8.2

80.2 79.0 84.3 96.2 108.6 106.2 88.3 70.9 47.0 42.3

6.7 7.1 8.3 9.4 10.7 9.8 7.1 4.0 1.8 1.9

73.5 71.9 75.9 86.8 97.9 96.4 81.2 66.9 45.1 40.4

1940 .........................................

50 696

7 924

42 772

2 458

40 314

52.4

8.2

44.2

2.5

41.6

Source: U.S. Office of Management and Budget. Budget of the United States Government: Fiscal Year 2005. 1Fiscal

years through 1976 are from July 1 through June 30. Beginning with October 1976 (fiscal year 1977), fiscal years are from October 1 through September 30. The period from July 1 through September 30, 1976 is a separate fiscal period known as the transition quarter (TQ) and not included in any fiscal year. . . . = Not available.

468


Table 30-7. Government Consumption Expenditures and Investment, by Type, 1946–2002 (Billions of dollars, calendar years, quarterly data are at seasonally adjusted annual rates.) Federal National defense Gross investment 1

Consumption expenditures Year

Total government

Services Total Total Total

Durable goods 2

Nondura- CompensaConsumpble goods tion of tion of fixed employcapital 4 ees 3

Other services

Total

Structures

Net Equipment investment and software

2002 ................................. 2001 .................................

1 972.9 1 858.0

693.7 628.1

447.4 399.9

386.6 344.5

25.3 24.2

11.5 10.5

154.4 143.7

64.2 63.5

131.3 102.5

60.8 55.5

5.3 5.4

55.5 50.0

-3.4 -8.0

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

1 751.0 1 641.0 1 538.5 1 487.9 1 421.9 1 372.0 1 327.9 1 293.0 1 270.5 1 235.5

589.2 565.0 539.2 538.2 531.6 521.5 521.1 527.3 534.5 527.4

374.9 364.3 349.1 352.6 357.0 350.6 355.1 364.9 378.5 384.5

321.4 312.0 299.7 304.2 302.4 297.5 301.1 309.2 316.9 321.1

22.5 22.4 21.1 21.1 21.0 21.0 23.3 27.1 29.0 31.2

10.4 8.1 6.9 7.5 7.7 6.3 7.6 8.4 9.5 10.7

138.3 133.1 131.2 132.5 133.1 130.4 134.2 138.1 142.5 141.3

63.6 62.5 62.3 62.8 63.0 63.0 61.8 60.2 57.9 56.3

86.7 85.9 78.2 80.2 77.7 76.8 74.2 75.3 78.1 81.6

53.5 52.3 49.4 48.4 54.6 53.1 54.0 55.7 61.6 63.4

5.3 5.3 5.4 5.7 6.7 6.3 5.7 5.1 5.2 4.6

48.2 47.0 44.0 42.7 47.9 46.9 48.3 50.7 56.3 58.8

-10.1 -10.2 -12.9 -14.4 -8.4 -9.9 -7.8 -4.5 3.7 7.1

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

1 181.4 1 100.2 1 036.9 997.9 942.3 878.3 800.8 735.9 684.4 631.4

508.4 482.6 462.6 460.4 438.7 413.4 376.4 344.4 312.8 281.8

374.9 363.2 355.9 351.2 332.2 312.4 283.5 252.5 228.3 197.8

308.9 300.5 294.6 284.8 269.3 254.9 234.9 210.6 193.6 168.9

30.9 32.0 33.5 33.6 31.9 29.2 26.9 25.0 19.2 16.1

11.0 10.8 10.6 10.3 10.3 10.0 10.5 11.3 11.6 12.0

134.0 131.2 126.5 123.2 118.4 115.0 107.3 92.2 87.2 78.6

53.2 50.1 47.0 44.1 41.5 38.6 36.6 33.4 31.0 27.2

79.8 76.4 77.1 73.6 67.3 62.0 53.6 48.6 44.6 35.1

65.9 62.7 61.3 66.4 62.9 57.5 48.7 41.9 34.7 28.9

6.1 6.4 7.4 7.7 6.8 6.2 4.9 4.8 4.0 3.2

59.8 56.3 53.9 58.8 56.1 51.3 43.8 37.1 30.8 25.7

12.7 12.6 14.3 22.3 21.4 18.9 12.1 8.5 3.7 1.7

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

569.7 503.5 455.6 415.3 384.5 361.1 322.4 287.9 270.1 251.0

245.3 211.6 191.9 176.0 160.6 152.1 138.2 127.8 125.6 117.6

169.6 146.7 132.0 122.6 113.2 107.9 99.7 93.9 93.5 89.0

145.3 125.3 114.2 105.8 97.9 93.4 87.5 82.6 82.3 79.3

12.8 11.5 9.6 7.9 5.9 6.5 4.6 5.3 5.9 5.8

10.1 6.3 4.9 4.6 4.5 5.1 5.3 4.4 4.8 4.4

68.4 61.5 57.4 53.5 50.2 47.8 44.0 41.4 40.5 38.2

24.4 22.3 21.2 19.9 18.8 17.5 16.7 16.4 15.8 14.6

29.6 23.6 21.1 20.0 18.5 16.5 16.8 15.3 15.4 16.2

24.3 21.4 17.8 16.7 15.3 14.5 12.3 11.3 11.2 9.7

3.2 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.8 1.8

21.1 18.9 15.3 14.4 13.2 12.1 10.1 9.2 9.4 7.9

-0.1 -0.9 -3.4 -3.2 -3.5 -3.0 -4.4 -5.1 -4.6 -4.9

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

237.1 224.6 212.8 195.3 174.3 153.7 145.1 138.5 132.2 121.5

116.4 116.1 114.0 106.8 94.4 82.1 79.8 78.5 76.9 69.5

90.9 92.6 92.2 85.8 73.8 62.4 61.8 62.7 62.8 58.1

78.7 80.1 79.0 71.5 61.4 52.4 50.3 50.1 48.3 44.3

7.5 7.8 8.9 7.2 6.8 4.9 4.1 5.0 4.9 3.9

5.3 7.6 8.4 7.3 4.7 3.4 3.6 3.3 3.6 2.9

36.6 34.7 32.4 29.3 26.2 22.5 21.5 20.0 19.3 18.2

14.2 13.7 13.1 12.3 11.7 11.4 11.3 11.2 10.7 10.2

15.0 16.4 16.3 15.4 12.0 10.1 9.8 10.5 9.7 9.0

12.3 12.5 13.2 14.3 12.3 10.1 11.5 12.6 14.5 13.9

1.3 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.4

10.9 11.0 11.9 13.1 11.1 8.9 10.2 11.0 12.5 11.5

-1.9 -1.2 0.1 2.0 0.6 -1.3 0.2 1.4 3.8 3.7

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

113.8 112.5 106.5 100.1 91.8 86.8 86.5 90.8 83.9 68.3

65.9 67.4 63.9 61.3 56.7 54.9 57.3 64.4 59.2 45.0

55.2 56.0 55.5 53.7 49.3 47.0 49.3 56.0 52.4 39.3

42.8 42.2 44.2 43.2 38.8 36.9 37.1 41.3 38.9 30.1

4.8 5.8 6.9 6.6 6.0 5.9 6.8 9.1 8.0 4.2

2.5 2.3 2.1 2.1 1.7 1.6 3.2 4.2 2.7 2.3

17.6 17.2 16.9 16.4 16.0 15.7 15.3 15.9 16.0 13.4

9.9 9.6 9.2 9.1 8.6 8.0 7.6 7.0 6.2 5.5

8.1 7.3 9.1 9.0 6.5 5.7 4.2 5.1 6.1 4.8

12.3 13.7 11.3 10.5 10.5 10.1 12.1 14.7 13.4 9.1

2.2 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.7 3.3 3.3 2.0

10.1 11.2 8.7 8.2 8.4 8.0 9.4 11.4 10.1 7.1

2.4 4.1 2.1 1.4 1.9 2.1 4.5 7.7 7.2 3.6

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

46.9 46.8 40.6 36.4 39.8

26.0 27.6 24.2 22.6 29.0

19.6 19.9 18.4 18.2 25.3

17.2 16.9 16.4 17.3 23.8

1.7 0.9 0.7 0.3 -0.4

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.7

7.9 7.8 6.9 7.8 14.1

5.2 6.0 7.0 8.3 8.9

1.5 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.5

2.4 2.9 2.0 0.9 1.5

0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3

1.9 2.6 1.6 0.8 1.2

-2.8 -3.1 -5.0 -7.4 -7.4

Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. National Income and Product Accounts. 1Gross

government investment consists of general government and government enterprise expenditures for fixed assets; inventory investment is included in government consumption expenditures.

2Consumption expenditures for durable goods excludes expenditures classified as investment, except for goods transferred to foreign countries by the federal government. 3Compensation of government employees engaged in new own-account investment and related expenditures for goods and services are classified as investment in structures and in software. 4Consumption of fixed capital, or depreciation, is included in government consumption expenditures as a partial measure of the value of the services of general government fixed assets; use of

depreciation assumes a zero net return on these assets.


469

Table 30-7. Government Consumption Expenditures and Investment, by Type, 1946–2002—Continued (Billions of dollars, calendar years, quarterly data are at seasonally adjusted annual rates.) Federal—Continued Nondefense Gross investment 1

Consumption expenditures Nondurable goods

Year Total Total

Durable goods 2

Total

Services

Commodity Credit Corporation inventory charge

Other nondurables

CompensaConsumption of tion of fixed employcapital 4 ees 3

Other services

Total

Structures

Net Equipment investment and software

2002 ................................. 2001 .................................

246.3 228.2

199.9 184.0

1.4 1.3

9.4 8.7

-0.2 0.8

9.6 7.9

104.3 95.2

30.8 28.7

54.0 50.1

46.4 44.2

12.3 10.4

34.1 33.8

15.6 15.5

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

214.3 200.7 190.1 185.6 174.6 170.9 165.9 162.4 156.0 142.9

171.9 159.6 153.4 152.7 142.9 141.8 138.6 133.4 128.8 118.1

1.2 1.0 -0.4 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.0

6.4 6.3 8.1 7.9 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.1 5.2

0.8 0.2 0.1 -0.1 -0.4 -0.2 -0.5 -0.3 -0.6 0.2

5.6 6.1 8.0 8.0 6.5 6.8 7.2 6.9 6.8 5.0

93.6 86.9 82.4 79.1 76.4 75.0 74.3 72.4 66.8 63.2

26.4 23.6 21.0 19.4 18.0 16.8 15.7 14.9 14.2 13.7

44.4 41.9 42.2 45.1 41.3 42.5 41.0 39.0 41.4 35.9

42.4 41.1 36.7 32.9 31.7 29.2 27.3 28.9 27.2 24.8

10.8 11.6 11.2 9.7 11.1 10.8 10.5 11.2 10.3 9.2

31.6 29.4 25.5 23.2 20.5 18.4 16.8 17.7 16.9 15.7

16.0 17.5 15.7 13.5 13.7 12.4 11.6 14.0 13.0 11.1

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

133.6 119.3 106.8 109.3 106.5 101.0 92.8 92.0 84.5 84.0

111.0 99.1 88.2 89.9 89.0 84.1 77.1 77.4 71.7 71.0

-0.1 -0.4 -0.5 -0.2 -0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.2

4.6 4.8 -0.9 6.0 11.7 8.2 5.0 8.8 7.3 9.4

-1.5 -0.8 -7.1 -0.2 6.4 2.2 -1.8 2.5 1.7 0.9

6.1 5.6 6.2 6.2 5.3 5.9 6.8 6.3 5.7 8.5

58.6 53.3 50.5 46.3 43.9 43.2 41.4 39.5 37.5 36.0

12.7 11.8 10.9 10.1 9.4 8.7 8.0 7.3 6.8 6.1

35.1 29.5 28.1 27.7 24.2 24.1 22.6 21.7 20.0 19.8

22.6 20.3 18.6 19.4 17.5 16.9 15.7 14.5 12.7 13.0

8.0 6.9 6.8 9.0 8.0 7.3 7.0 6.7 6.8 7.7

14.6 13.4 11.7 10.4 9.5 9.6 8.7 7.8 6.0 5.3

9.9 8.5 7.7 9.3 8.1 8.2 7.7 7.2 5.9 6.9

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

75.6 65.0 59.8 53.5 47.4 44.2 38.5 33.9 32.2 28.6

63.6 54.7 50.1 45.5 40.1 37.7 32.9 29.0 27.6 24.4

-0.4 -1.0 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.4 -0.5 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2

5.6 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.3 2.7 2.5 1.8 2.3 2.0

1.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.3 -0.5 -0.7 -0.4 -0.3

4.1 4.0 3.8 3.4 3.1 2.4 3.0 2.5 2.7 2.3

33.7 29.9 28.1 26.1 22.9 20.3 17.8 15.8 14.6 13.2

5.2 4.6 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.3

19.5 17.4 14.9 12.5 11.0 11.9 10.3 9.3 8.6 7.1

12.0 10.2 9.8 8.0 7.3 6.5 5.6 4.9 4.5 4.2

7.1 6.3 6.1 5.0 4.6 4.1 3.4 3.1 2.7 2.5

4.9 4.0 3.7 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.7

6.8 5.6 5.8 4.3 3.8 3.2 2.7 2.3 2.1 1.9

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

25.5 23.5 21.8 21.0 20.7 19.7 18.0 15.8 14.1 11.3

21.7 19.9 18.0 16.9 15.8 15.0 13.9 12.3 11.2 8.9

-0.2 -0.2 -0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1

1.9 2.9 1.8 1.1 0.3 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.4 0.3

-0.4 0.7 0.2 -0.9 -1.5 -0.4 -0.4 -0.2 0.3 -0.8

2.3 2.2 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1

11.5 10.0 9.3 8.4 7.8 7.3 6.8 6.3 5.6 5.2

2.1 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

6.3 5.3 5.1 5.7 6.0 5.3 4.9 4.1 3.4 2.7

3.8 3.6 3.8 4.2 4.9 4.7 4.2 3.5 2.9 2.4

2.1 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9

1.7 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.6

1.7 1.7 2.0 2.6 3.5 3.5 3.2 2.6 2.1 1.7

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

10.7 11.4 8.4 7.6 7.4 7.9 8.0 8.4 6.8 5.8

8.7 9.8 6.8 6.2 6.2 7.0 6.8 7.1 5.2 4.2

-0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0

1.0 3.2 0.6 0.7 0.7 2.4 2.2 2.3 0.4 0.1

0.2 2.1 0.3 -0.1 0.2 2.0 1.9 2.0 0.2 -0.4

0.9 1.1 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5

4.8 4.3 4.2 3.7 3.4 3.1 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.0

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

2.3 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.5

2.0 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.5

1.7 1.5 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1

0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4

1.3 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.9

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

6.4 7.8 5.8 4.3 3.6

4.8 6.3 4.8 3.5 3.2

0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.4

0.5 2.1 0.8 0.3 0.3

0.3 1.5 0.3 0.1 -0.5

0.3 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.8

3.1 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.1

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5

0.7 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.8

1.6 1.4 1.0 0.8 0.4

1.2 1.1 0.7 0.3 0.0

0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4

1.0 0.8 0.4 0.2 -0.1





470


Table 30-7. Government Consumption Expenditures and Investment, by Type, 1946–2002—Continued (Billions of dollars, calendar years, quarterly data are at seasonally adjusted annual rates.) State and local Gross investment 1

Consumption expenditures Services Year Total Total

Durable goods 2

Nondurable goods

Total

Compensa- Consumption of tion of fixed employees 3 capital 4

Other services

Total

Structures


Net investment

2002 ................................. 2001 .................................

1 279.2 1 229.9

1 034.5 993.7

19.4 18.3

121.1 118.7

894.0 856.7

733.8 700.4

100.0 95.4

60.3 60.9

244.7 236.2

188.2 177.6

56.5 58.6

144.7 140.8

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

1 161.8 1 076.0 999.3 949.7 890.4 850.5 806.8 765.7 736.0 708.1

937.9 864.7 808.3 766.4 726.5 694.7 662.6 629.5 601.6 576.1

17.1 15.9 14.8 13.8 13.1 12.7 12.2 12.1 11.9 11.3

114.0 94.0 83.4 81.7 79.9 72.9 66.7 62.5 59.0 55.9

806.8 754.7 710.1 670.9 633.6 609.0 583.7 554.9 530.8 508.9

660.8 625.2 597.0 569.8 542.3 523.1 501.7 478.9 456.3 434.6

89.5 82.6 76.8 72.4 68.2 64.4 60.0 56.4 53.4 51.2

56.5 46.9 36.2 28.7 23.0 21.5 22.1 19.6 21.0 23.1

223.9 211.3 191.0 183.3 163.8 155.8 144.2 136.2 134.3 132.1

167.4 158.3 142.4 139.3 122.5 117.3 108.7 104.5 104.2 103.2

56.5 53.0 48.6 44.0 41.3 38.6 35.5 31.7 30.1 28.9

134.4 128.7 114.2 110.9 95.6 91.4 84.2 79.8 80.9 80.9

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

673.0 617.7 574.3 537.5 503.6 464.9 424.4 391.5 371.6 349.6

545.8 503.0 467.9 439.0 410.8 380.5 349.5 325.1 306.8 284.6

10.6 10.0 9.2 8.7 8.2 7.4 6.9 6.3 5.9 5.3

53.6 48.0 42.8 40.8 37.6 38.1 35.5 33.2 32.0 31.2

481.5 444.9 415.9 389.5 365.0 335.0 307.1 285.6 268.9 248.1

411.2 377.7 351.3 326.6 305.2 282.7 259.4 241.5 225.9 208.6

48.1 44.4 41.6 39.0 36.2 33.7 32.0 31.2 30.3 27.8

22.2 22.8 23.0 23.9 23.6 18.6 15.7 12.9 12.7 11.7

127.2 114.7 106.3 98.4 92.8 84.4 75.0 66.4 64.8 65.0

98.5 88.7 84.8 78.8 74.2 67.6 60.5 54.2 54.2 55.4

28.7 26.0 21.5 19.6 18.6 16.8 14.4 12.2 10.6 9.5

79.1 70.3 64.7 59.4 56.6 50.7 43.0 35.2 34.5 37.2

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

324.4 291.8 263.8 239.3 223.9 209.0 184.2 160.1 144.4 133.5

260.5 235.0 214.3 196.5 180.1 165.4 144.5 126.9 113.8 103.4

4.7 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.1 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.3

28.3 25.0 21.8 20.1 17.6 15.4 12.3 9.5 8.4 7.7

227.5 205.7 188.6 172.8 159.3 147.3 130.0 115.5 104.0 94.4

191.5 173.0 157.9 144.1 132.1 120.2 106.7 97.1 86.9 78.4

24.3 21.0 18.8 17.5 16.6 16.0 14.1 11.3 10.2 9.4

11.7 11.6 11.9 11.1 10.6 11.1 9.2 7.1 6.9 6.5

64.0 56.8 49.5 42.8 43.8 43.6 39.6 33.2 30.6 30.1

55.1 49.0 42.8 36.9 38.1 38.1 34.7 29.1 27.1 27.0

8.9 7.8 6.6 5.9 5.7 5.5 4.9 4.1 3.5 3.1

39.7 35.8 30.7 25.3 27.2 27.6 25.5 21.9 20.4 20.7

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

120.7 108.5 98.8 88.6 79.9 71.6 65.3 59.9 55.3 52.0

92.0 80.2 71.1 63.2 56.8 50.8 46.3 42.4 39.4 37.0

1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4

6.5 5.5 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.0

84.3 73.7 65.5 58.3 52.1 46.5 42.4 38.8 36.0 33.6

70.3 61.9 55.2 48.9 43.5 38.8 35.4 32.3 29.8 27.5

8.4 7.4 6.6 6.0 5.5 4.9 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.7

5.6 4.4 3.7 3.4 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.4

28.7 28.3 27.7 25.3 23.1 20.8 19.0 17.5 15.9 15.0

25.8 25.6 25.2 23.0 21.0 19.0 17.2 16.0 14.5 13.8

3.0 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.3

20.3 20.9 21.1 19.3 17.6 15.9 14.5 13.3 12.0 11.3

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

47.9 45.1 42.6 38.8 35.1 31.9 29.2 26.4 24.7 23.3

34.0 31.1 29.0 26.2 23.8 21.9 20.0 18.5 17.4 16.3

0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

2.8 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6

30.8 28.2 26.5 24.1 21.8 19.8 18.2 16.8 15.6 14.5

25.1 22.7 21.3 19.3 17.4 15.6 14.5 13.1 12.1 11.0

3.5 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.0

2.3 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5

13.9 13.9 13.5 12.5 11.3 10.0 9.2 7.9 7.3 7.0

12.7 12.8 12.5 11.5 10.4 9.3 8.5 7.3 6.7 6.4

1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5

10.4 10.6 10.4 9.5 8.5 7.6 7.0 5.7 5.1 5.0

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

20.9 19.2 16.5 13.9 10.8

15.1 13.8 12.5 11.0 9.3

0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

1.7 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0

13.2 12.2 11.1 9.7 8.2

10.0 9.3 8.4 7.3 6.2

1.7 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.2

1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9

5.9 5.3 4.0 2.8 1.6

5.4 4.9 3.6 2.5 1.4

0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2

4.2 3.6 2.3 1.4 0.4






471

Table 30-8—Series Y 652-670. State and Local Government Revenue, by Source, 1902–2000 (Millions of dollars.) Revenue from state and local sources, general revenue Year

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

Total revenue from all sources

Taxes Total general revenue

Total

Individual income

Corporation income

Sales and gross receipts

Property

Charges and miscellaneous

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 942 328 1 794 557 1 720 889 1 616 495 1 513 633 1 417 925 1 331 442 1 270 748 1 185 191 1 080 862

1 249 373 1 163 836 1 110 714 1 044 391 987 930 940 733 884 996 842 977 793 399 748 108

872 351 815 777 773 963 728 304 689 038 660 577 625 527 594 300 555 610 525 355

211 661 189 309 175 630 159 042 146 844 137 931 128 810 123 235 115 170 109 341

36 059 33 922 34 412 33 820 32 009 31 406 28 320 26 417 23 595 22 242

309 290 290 993 274 883 261 418 248 993 237 268 223 628 209 649 196 112 185 570

249 178 240 107 230 150 218 877 209 440 203 451 197 140 189 743 178 536 167 999

377 022 348 060 336 751 316 087 298 892 280 156 259 469 248 677 237 789 222 753

1990 ......................................................

1 032 115

712 700

501 619

105 640

23 566

177 885

155 613

211 081

1980 ...................................................... 1975 ......................................................

451 537 264 013

299 293 191 137

223 463 141 465

42 080 21 454

13 321 6 642

79 927 49 815

68 499 51 494

75 830 39 668

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

150 106 132 153 117 581 106 581 97 619 87 777 81 455 74 408 69 492 64 531

108 898 95 397 84 083 75 827 69 822 62 971 58 440 53 606 50 381 46 907

86 795 76 712 67 572 61 000 56 647 51 243 47 785 44 014 41 554 38 861

10 812 8 908 7 308 5 826 4 760 4 090 3 791 3 267 3 037 2 613

3 738 3 180 2 518 2 227 2 038 1 929 1 695 1 505 1 308 1 266

30 322 26 519 22 911 20 530 19 085 17 118 15 762 14 446 13 494 12 463

34 054 30 673 27 747 26 047 24 670 22 583 21 241 19 833 19 054 18 002

22 103 18 686 16 511 14 827 13 175 11 729 10 655 9 593 8 827 8 045

1960 * .................................................... 1959 1 .................................................... 1958 ...................................................... 1957 ...................................................... 1956 ...................................................... 1955 ...................................................... 1954 ...................................................... 1953 ...................................................... 1952 ......................................................

60 277 53 972 49 262 45 929 41 692 37 619 35 386 33 411 31 013

43 530 38 929 36 354 34 320 31 332 27 942 26 046 24 437 22 615

36 117 32 379 30 380 28 817 26 368 23 483 22 067 20 908 19 323

2 463 1 994 1 759 1 754 1 538 1 237 1 127 1 065 998

1 180 1 001 1 018 984 890 744 778 817 846

11 849 10 437 9 829 9 467 8 691 7 643 7 276 6 927 6 357

16 405 14 983 14 047 12 864 11 749 10 735 9 967 9 375 8 652

7 414 6 550 5 974 5 503 4 964 4 459 3 979 3 529 3 292

1950 1948 1946 1944 1942

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

25 639 21 613 15 983 14 333 13 148

18 425 15 389 11 501 9 954 9 560

15 914 13 342 10 094 8 774 8 528

788 543 422 342 276

593 592 447 451 272

5 154 4 442 2 986 2 289 2 351

7 349 6 126 4 986 4 604 4 537

2 511 2 047 1 407 1 180 1 031

1940 1938 1936 1934 1932

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

11 749 11 058 9 360 8 430 7 887

8 664 8 428 7 447 6 662 7 035

7 810 7 605 6 701 5 912 6 164

224 218 153 80 74

156 165 113 49 79

1 982 1 794 1 484 1 008 752

4 430 4 440 4 093 4 076 4 487

854 823 746 750 871

1927 1922 1913 1902

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

7 383 5 169 2 030 1 048

7 155 4 673 1 900 979

6 087 4 016 1 609 860

70 43 ... ...

92 58 ... ...

470 154 58 28

4 730 3 321 1 332 706

1 068 657 291 119

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes Alaska. *First year for which


figures include Alaska and Hawaii.

472


Table 30-9—Series Y 736-782. State Government Expenditure, by Character and Object and by Function, 1902–2000 (Millions of dollars.) Direct expenditure by character and object Capital outlay Year Total

Current operation Total

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

Construction

Assistance and subsidies

Interest on debt

Insurance benefits and repayments

Outstanding debt at end of fiscal year

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

757 027 693 432 651 098 629 620 607 856 595 916 554 293 528 999 499 580 442 264

523 114 476 958 446 440 425 898 405 416 396 035 370 409 345 397 323 830 287 079

76 233 68 509 64 441 59 658 58 915 57 829 52 929 49 776 50 126 47 937

59 681 53 857 50 542 46 991 46 924 48 113 39 604 39 220 39 001 37 647

22 136 22 229 21 515 21 867 23 313 23 511 23 012 21 976 20 784 18 876

30 089 28 582 27 590 27 025 26 167 25 259 24 494 24 800 25 482 24 189

105 456 97 144 91 113 95 171 94 045 93 282 83 450 87 050 79 359 64 182

547 876 510 486 483 117 455 698 447 339 427 239 410 998 389 721 371 901 345 554

1990 .........................................

397 291

258 046

45 524

34 803

16 902

22 367

54 452

318 254

1980 ......................................... 1975 .........................................

173 307 106 905

108 131 60 793

23 325 17 307

19 736 14 443

9 818 6 673

7 052 3 272

24 981 18 860

121 958 72 127

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

56 163 49 448 44 304 39 704 34 195 31 465 29 616 27 698 25 495 24 578

30 971 27 052 23 379 20 201 16 855 14 930 13 492 12 449 11 290 10 384

13 295 12 701 12 210 11 544 10 193 9 307 8 820 8 110 7 214 6 865

11 185 10 610 10 053 9 550 8 287 7 600 7 263 6 717 5 960 5 699

4 387 3 509 2 960 2 665 2 301 2 236 2 175 2 112 2 118 2 044

1 499 1 275 1 128 1 026 894 822 765 721 635 584

6 010 4 911 4 626 4 268 3 952 4 170 4 364 4 306 4 238 4 701

42 008 39 553 35 666 32 472 29 564 27 034 25 041 23 176 22 023 19 993

1960 * ....................................... 1959 1 ....................................... 1958 ......................................... 1957 ......................................... 1956 ......................................... 1955 ......................................... 1954 ......................................... 1953 ......................................... 1952 .........................................

22 152 22 436 19 991 16 796 15 148 14 371 13 008 11 466 10 790

9 534 8 775 8 161 7 330 6 758 6 234 5 886 5 540 5 173

6 607 7 059 5 946 5 163 4 564 3 992 3 347 2 847 2 658

5 509 5 937 5 022 4 318 3 872 3 404 2 831 2 472 2 323

2 015 1 891 1 813 1 639 1 531 1 482 1 486 1 501 1 402

536 453 396 351 311 251 193 162 144

3 461 4 259 3 675 2 313 1 984 2 411 2 096 1 416 1 413

18 543 16 930 15 394 13 738 12 890 11 198 9 600 7 824 6 874

1950 1948 1946 1944 1942

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

10 864 7 897 4 974 3 319 3 563

4 450 3 837 2 701 2 134 1 827

2 237 1 456 368 330 642

1 966 1 268 292 288 560

1 891 1 499 663 527 466

109 86 84 101 122

2 177 1 020 1 158 226 505

5 285 3 676 2 353 2 776 3 257

1940 1938 1936 1934 1932

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

3 555 3 082 2 445 2 143 2 028

1 570 1 503 1 192 985 982

737 701 634 619 786

643 612 553 540 686

517 448 416 356 83

130 128 124 119 114

601 302 79 64 63

3 590 3 343 3 413 2 248 2 832

1927 1922 1913 1902

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

1 451 1 085 297 136

762 562 218 114

492 302 48 2

430 263 42 2

43 122 17 10

83 45 14 10

71 54 ... ...

1 971 1 131 379 230

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes Alaska. *First year for which


figures include Alaska and Hawaii.


473

Table 30-9—Series Y 736-782. State Government Expenditure, by Character and Object and by Function, 1902–2000—Continued (Millions of dollars.) Direct expenditure by function General expenditure 2 Year Total education

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

Total public welfare

Highways

Hospitals

Health

Natural resources

Police

Financial administration and general control

Interest on general debt

Utility and liquor stores expenditure

Total insurance expenditure

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

346 465 318 602 294 814 275 821 263 519 249 670 230 791 221 342 211 570 196 648

74 415 68 317 63 620 60 204 58 255 57 374 53 849 51 268 48 747 47 038

238 890 221 167 207 926 203 204 195 731 194 854 185 186 168 421 156 364 124 456

32 578 29 994 28 928 29 313 29 421 60 003 56 577 53 202 48 123 45 878

42 066 38 008 35 067 33 880 32 612 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3)

9 788 8 794 8 038 7 501 7 173 6 451 6 000 5 600 5 489 5 506

15 967 14 482 13 541 12 909 12 862 12 534 11 878 11 212 10 521 10 256

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 19 771 18 456

30 089 28 582 27 590 27 025 26 167 25 259 24 494 24 800 25 482 24 189

3 195 2 967 2 820 2 697 2 593 2 522 2 495 2 558 2 577 2 504

105 456 97 144 91 113 95 172 94 045 93 282 83 450 87 050 79 359 64 182

1990 .........................................

187 935

44 249

104 971

22 637

20 029

5 166

9 909

17 000

22 367

2 452

54 452

1980 ......................................... 1975 .........................................

87 939 54 012

25 044 17 483

44 219 25 559

11 015 6 891

6 840 3 267

2 263 1 423

4 346 3 554

6 263 3 288

7 052 3 272

2 206 1 719

24 981 18 860

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

13 780 12 304 10 957 9 384 7 572 6 181 5 465 4 718 4 270 3 792

11 044 10 414 9 819 9 423 8 624 8 214 7 850 7 425 6 635 6 230

8 203 6 464 5 122 4 291 3 138 2 998 2 796 2 712 2 509 2 311

4 002 3 582 3 233 2 857 2 533 2 317 2 127 2 006 1 878 1 799

786 676 599 501 433 384 337 324 283 260

688 585 516 441 385 348 315 297 276 261

2 158 2 035 1 954 1 801 1 532 1 343 1 185 1 097 973 906

1 720 1 496 1 310 1 175 1 024 948 871 830 763 726

1 499 1 275 1 128 1 026 894 822 765 721 635 584

1 404 1 293 1 233 1 187 1 081 1 022 977 900 882 873

8 010 4 911 4 626 4 268 3 952 4 170 4 364 4 306 4 238 4 701

1960 * ....................................... 1959 1 ....................................... 1958 ......................................... 1957 ......................................... 1956 ......................................... 1955 ......................................... 1954 ......................................... 1953 ......................................... 1952 .........................................

3 396 3 093 2 728 2 342 2 138 1 905 1 715 1 634 1 494

6 070 6 414 5 507 4 875 4 367 3 899 3 254 2 781 2 556

2 221 2 124 1 944 1 826 1 603 1 600 1 548 1 534 1 410

1 664 1 627 1 549 1 373 1 268 1 145 1 089 1 014 968

232 223 211 198 202 193 187 170 164

245 228 214 179 159 139 130 119 106

842 813 753 688 670 597 563 531 539

654 619 569 531 477 447 419 399 361

536 453 396 351 311 251 193 162 144

907 860 869 836 845 770 803 757 723

3 461 4 259 3 675 2 313 1 984 2 411 2 096 1 416 1 413

1950 1948 1946 1944 1942

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

1 358 1 081 518 489 391

2 058 1 510 613 540 790

1 566 962 680 577 523

788 533 308 253 235

159 130 116 78 64

85 65 45 41 40

468 344 207 164 159

317 266 192 162 164

109 86 84 101 122

654 691 663 426 288

2 177 1 020 1 158 226 505

1940 1938 1936 1934 1932

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

375 347 297 228 278

793 815 754 738 843

527 453 422 363 74

236 209 180 167 181

64 59 41 36 34

34 30 19 15 15

144 128 93 85 119

151 146 130 108 114

130 128 124 119 114

224 204 143 70 ...

601 302 97 64 63

1927 1922 1913 1902

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

218 164 55 17

514 303 26 4

40 38 16 10

146 105 47 28

24 20 6 4

7 4 1 ...

94 61 14 9

96 69 38 23

83 45 14 10

... ... ... 2

71 54 ... ...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Includes Alaska. 2Through 1970, includes direct expenditure only; after 1970, 3Health is included with hospitals. *First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii.


includes intergovernmental and direct.

474


Table 30-10. Governmental Payrolls, 1946–2001 (Millions of dollars, covers full-time and part-time employees, local government data are estimates subject to sampling variation.) State and local Year

Federal (civilian) 1

Total

Total

State

Local

2001 ............................................................................

60 632.2

11 369.8

49 262.4

14 136.3

35 126.1

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

58 166.0 54 363.0 51 568.0 49 406.2 ... 47 457.8 46 236.4 ... ... 41 237.3

11 485.0 10 477.6 10 115.0 9 994.5 ... 9 744.1 9 691.8 ... ... 9 686.8

46 681.4 43 886.0 41 453.0 39 411.7 ... 37 713.6 36 544.6 34 539.7 32 437.1 31 550.5

13 279.1 12 564.7 11 845.0 11 413.1 ... 10 926.5 10 666.1 10 288.2 9 750.4 9 437.0

33 402.3 31 321.0 29 608.0 27 998.6 ... 26 787.1 25 878.4 24 251.5 22 686.7 22 113.4

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

39 228.1 36 762.9 34 202.8 32 668.7 30 669.6 28 945.0 26 904.2 24 524.4 23 173.3 21 192.9

8 998.8 8 635.8 7 975.8 7 924.2 7 560.8 7 580.3 7 137.3 6 301.5 5 959.0 5 238.6

30 229.2 28 127.2 26 227.0 24 744.5 23 108.8 21 364.7 19 766.8 18 222.9 17 214.3 15 954.3

9 083.0 8 443.0 7 842.0 7 262.9 6 810.4 6 328.6 5 814.9 5 345.5 5 022.1 4 667.5

22 146.2 19 684.1 18 384.6 17 481.6 16 298.4 15 036.1 13 951.9 12 877.4 12 192.2 11 286.8

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

19 935.2 18 077.0 16 483.0 15 338.4 13 923.7 13 223.8 12 085.8 11 026.9 9 949.6 8 910.9

5 205.1 4 727.7 4 343.9 3 918.4 3 564.6 3 583.8 3 294.3 3 012.0 2 709.6 2 528.7

14 730.1 13 349.3 12 139.1 11 420.0 10 359.1 9 640.1 8 791.5 8 014.9 7 240.0 6 382.2

4 284.7 3 869.3 3 483.0 3 194.6 2 893.7 2 652.7 2 409.5 2 158.2 1 936.6 1 741.7

10 445.4 9 480.0 8 656.1 8 225.4 7 465.4 6 987.4 6 382.0 5 856.8 5 303.4 4 640.5

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

8 334.2 7 587.6 6 889.2 6 055.5 5 463.0 4 884.0 4 572.4 4 263.5 3 966.2 3 633.5

2 427.9 2 335.3 2 137.3 1 842.3 1 664.8 1 483.7 1 475.2 1 423.2 1 346.9 1 213.6

5 906.4 5 252.3 4 751.9 4 213.2 3 798.2 3 400.3 3 097.2 2 840.3 2 619.3 2 419.9

1 612.2 1 430.5 1 256.6 1 105.5 975.2 849.2 761.1 696.4 634.6 586.2

4 294.2 3 821.7 3 495.2 3 107.7 2 823.0 2 551.1 2 336.1 2 143.9 1 984.7 1 833.7

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

3 332.8 3 114.4 2 977.2 2 533.1 2 509.4 2 264.5 2 103.1 2 013.6 1 979.6 1 865.4

1 117.8 1 072.7 1 091.4 918.6 943.7 845.7 784.8 793.1 855.9 857.4

2 215.0 2 041.7 1 885.8 1 614.5 1 565.7 1 418.8 1 318.3 1 220.5 1 123.7 1 008.0

524.1 485.4 446.5 372.5 366.5 325.9 300.7 278.6 260.3 245.8

1 690.9 1 556.3 1 439.3 1 242.0 1 199.2 1 092.9 1 017.5 941.9 863.4 762.3

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

1 527.9 1 406.0 1 329.0 1 183.7 1 155.5

613.4 539.2 533.9 481.4 571.5

914.6 866.7 795.1 702.3 584.0

218.4 209.8 184.9 160.8 128.0

696.2 656.9 610.1 541.5 456.0

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States, (accessed March 26, 2004). 1Includes

employees outside the United States. . . . = Not available.


475

Table 30-11. State and Local Governments—Indebtedness, 1980–2000 (Billions of dollars, except as noted; for fiscal year ending in year shown; local government amounts are estimates subject to sampling variation.) Debt outstanding Total

2000 Total State Local 1999 Total State Local 1998 Total State Local 1997 Total State Local 1996 Total State Local 1995 Total State Local 1994 Total State Local 1993 Total State Local 1990 Total State Local 1985 Total State Local 1980 Total State Local

Per capita (dollars) 1

Long-term debt

Long-term Short-term Local schools 2

Utilities

Net long-term

Debt issued

Debt retired

All other

.................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

1 451.8 547.9 903.9

5 159 1 951 3 212

197.7 18.7 179.0

200.1 17.9 182.2

1 029.8 505.0 524.8

24.3 6.4 17.9

959.6 266.9 692.7

184.8 75.0 109.8

121.9 44.4 77.5

.................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

1 369.3 510.5 858.8

5 021 1 876 3 149

180.7 15.4 165.3

194.9 16.7 178.3

975.7 475.8 500.0

17.8 2.7 15.2

907.3 249.4 657.9

229.4 83.2 146.2

153.1 55.6 97.5

.................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

1 283.6 483.1 800.4

4 750 1 791 2 962

159.2 13.6 145.5

182.8 16.7 166.1

924.3 450.6 473.8

17.3 2.2 15.1

842.6 237.2 605.4

204.4 83.4 120.9

144.6 58.1 86.5

.................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

1 224.5 456.7 767.9

4 573 1 709 2 867

139.0 11.7 127.3

179.1 16.0 163.1

889.8 426.8 463.0

16.6 2.1 14.5

797.7 222.7 575.1

151.3 54.4 96.8

109.3 41.1 68.2

.................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

1 169.7 452.4 717.3

4 411 1 709 2 705

130.7 11.2 119.5

170.3 16.3 154.0

868.8 424.9 443.8

24.0 5.8 18.2

890.2 224.4 665.7

141.1 60.2 80.9

106.5 42.4 64.1

.................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

1 115.3 427.2 688.1

4 244 1 629 2 619

118.2 11.3 107.0

163.9 17.0 146.9

756.0 345.0 411.0

27.0 6.1 20.9

835.3 205.3 629.9

129.3 52.6 76.8

95.1 37.5 57.6

.................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

1 074.7 411.0 663.7

4 129 1 582 2 550

143.5 10.4 86.2

164.9 16.7 148.2

438.0 162.0 276.0

26.7 4.9 21.8

672.8 200.8 472.0

207.8 78.5 129.3

166.6 61.3 105.3

.................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

1 016.2 389.7 628.0

3 943 1 515 2 437

89.2 9.4 79.8

157.6 14.8 142.7

746.8 361.7 385.2

22.6 3.9 18.9

617.1 176.9 440.2

195.0 77.1 118.4

146.3 60.7 86.3

.................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

860.6 318.3 542.3

3 459 1 282 2 180

60.4 4.4 56.0

134.8 12.3 122.4

646.1 298.8 347.4

19.3 2.8 16.5

477.0 125.5 351.5

108.5 43.5 65.0

64.8 22.9 42.0

.................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

568.6 211.9 356.7

2 390 893 1 499

43.8 6.7 37.1

90.8 8.6 82.2

414.5 193.8 220.6

19.6 2.8 16.8

430.5 110.4 320.1

101.2 41.7 59.5

43.5 16.4 27.2

.................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

335.6 122.0 213.6

1 481 540 943

32.3 3.8 28.5

55.2 4.6 50.6

235.0 111.5 123.5

13.1 2.1 11.0

262.9 79.8 183.1

42.4 16.4 25.9

17.4 5.7 11.7

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. 1980–1990, State and Local Government Finance Estimates, annual; thereafter, (accessed March 26, 2004). 11980 and 1990 based on enumerated resident population as of April 2Includes debt for education activities other than higher education.

1; other years based on estimated resident population as of July 1.

476


Table 30-12. Federal Grants-in-Aid to State and Local Governments, 1980–2003 (Percent, except as noted; for fiscal year ending in year shown; minus sign (-) indicates decrease.) Current dollars


Grants to individuals Year

Grants, total Annual percent (million dollars) change 1

Total (million dollars)

Grants as percent of

Percent of total grants

Total grants Annual percent State/local Federal outlays Gross domestic (billion dollars) change 1 government product expenditures 2

2003, est. ............................................... 2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

384 245 351 550 317 211

9.3 10.8 11.4

247 182 227 373 203 920

64.3 64.7 64.3

... 33.8 31.7

18.0 17.5 17.0

3.6 3.4 3.2

333.7 312.2 284.9

6.9 9.6 8.5

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

284 659 267 081 246 128 234 160 227 811 224 991 210 596 193 612 178 065

6.6 8.5 5.1 2.8 1.3 6.8 8.8 8.7 15.2

182 592 172 384 160 305 148 236 146 493 144 427 134 153 124 155 112 522

64.1 64.5 65.1 63.3 64.3 64.2 63.7 64.1 63.2

30.6 31.2 30.3 30.2 30.8 31.5 30.9 29.6 28.7

15.9 15.7 14.9 14.6 14.6 14.8 14.4 13.7 12.9

2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9

262.5 253.4 237.6 229.2 227.8 229.8 220.7 207.3 195.4

3.6 6.6 3.7 0.6 -0.9 4.1 6.5 6.1 12.6

1990 ...................................................... 1985 ......................................................

135 325 105 852

11.0 8.5

77 264 50 059

57.1 47.3

25.2 29.6

10.8 11.2

2.4 2.6

157.9 147.0

6.6 4.9

1980 ......................................................

91 385

9.6

32 619

35.7

39.9

15.5

3.3

168.5

-1.3

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Average annual percent change from prior year shown. For 1980, change from 1979, for 2Expenditures from own sources as defined in the national income and product accounts.

1985, from 1984, and 1990, from 1989.


Table 30-13. Income and Apportionment of State-Administered Lottery Funds, 1992–2002 (Thousands of dollars, for fiscal years.) Year

Income 1

Prizes

Administration

Proceeds available from ticket sales

2002 ............................................................................ 2001 ............................................................................

39 440 744 35 889 344

23 988 946 21 607 061

2 756 926 2 343 391

12 694 872 11 938 892

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992

35 018 114 33 857 944 33 298 952 33 521 207 31 713 277 29 799 014 26 588 320 23 452 977 19 733 008

20 701 436 19 581 326 19 207 486 19 300 270 18 692 622 17 368 295 15 296 376 13 274 023 10 744 035

2 235 452 2 010 455 1 927 327 1 877 276 1 767 188 1 690 050 1 542 857 1 403 977 1 192 076

12 081 226 12 266 163 12 164 139 12 343 661 11 253 467 10 740 669 9 749 087 8 774 977 7 796 897

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. State Government Finances, (accessed March 26, 2004). 1Ticket

sales excluding commissions.

SECTION

31

NATIONAL DEFENSE

478


SECTION 31

NATIONAL DEFENSE Highlights Defense Spending as a Percent of GDP, 1945–2002 40

Percent

30

20

10

0 1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2002

Year

1

The Department of War (now the Department of Defense) was established in 1789. The Navy started functioning in 1794, and a separate Navy Department was authorized and organized in 1798. The Department of the Air Force was set up in 1947 under the National Security Act. The Marine Corps was founded in 1775, disbanded in 1783, and reactivated in 1794. In 1794, under George Washington, the defense force of the new republic consisted of an army of 3,813 persons (including 235 officers) and a Navy of 1,856 persons (including 150 officers). The total military budget was $2.639 million for the Army and $61,000 for the Navy.

2

The federal defense budget reached $348.6 billion in 2002, up from $48.1 billion in 1960. As a percentage of GDP, the defense budget declined from 9.3 percent in 1960 to 3.4 percent in 2002. Military downsizing led to a substantial reduction in personnel, from 3,693,000

in 1990 to 2,811,000 in 2002. As of 1999, the United States accounts for 33 percent of military expenditures throughout the world.

3

The United States is a major arms exporter. In 2001, it sold $29.2 billion worth of arms to various countries, more than half of all sales worldwide.

4

In 2001, 254,788 U.S. military personnel were on active military duty abroad, including 11,704 in Italy, 37,605 in Korea, 70,998 in Germany, and 40,217 in Japan.

5

The number of veterans in 2002 was 25.346 million, of which war veterans numbered 20.153 million.

SECTION 31: NATIONAL DEFENSE

479

Table 31-1—Series Y 856-903. Selected Characteristics of the Armed Forces, by War (Thousands, except as noted; for Revolutionary War, number of personnel serving not known, but estimates range from 184,000 to 250,000; for War of 1812, 286,730 served; for Mexican War, 78,718 served. Dates of the major conflicts may differ from those specified in various laws providing benefits for veterans.) Item

Spanish-American War

Civil War 1

Personnel serving 2 ............................................ Average duration of service (months) ................ Service abroad: Personnel serving (percent) ..... Average duration (months) 8 .............................. Casualties: 9 Battle deaths 2 ................................................ Wounds not mortal 2 ....................................... Draftees: Classified ........................................................ Examined ....................................................... Rejected ......................................................... Inducted .........................................................

World War I

World War II 316

Korean 45

113 33 73 16

Vietnam

2 213 20 ... ...

307 8 629 2

4 735 12 53 6

140 282

(Z) 2

53 204

292 671

34 103

777 522 160 46

X X X X

24 234 3 764 803 2 820

36 677 17 955 6 420 10 022

9 123 3 685 1 189 1 560

58

720 19 756 13

Persian Gulf War 744 23 ... ...

2 233 ... ... ...

1047 10153

(Z) (Z)

575 58 53 51

717 611 880 759

X X X X

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. 1Union forces only. Estimates of the number serving in Confederate forces range from 600,000 to 2Source U.S. Department of Defense, Selected Manpower Statistics, FY 1988, annual. 3Covers Dec. 1, 1941 to Dec. 31, 1946. 4Covers June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953. 5Covers Aug. 4, 1964 to Jan. 27, 1973. 6Army and Marines only. 7Excludes Navy. Covers July 1950 through Jan. 1955. Far East area only. 8During hostilities only. 9For periods covered, see footnotes 3, 4, and 5. 10Covers Jan. 1, 1961 to Jan. 27, 1973. Includes known military service personnel who have died

1.5 million.

from combat-related wounds.

. . . = Not available. X = Not applicable. Z = Fewer than 500.

Table 31-2. Military Personnel on Active Duty, by Location, 1980–2002 (Thousands, as of September 30.) Item

Shore-based 1

Total

Afloat 2

United States 3

Foreign countries

2002 ............................................................................ 2001 ............................................................................

1 412 1 385

1 262 1 244

150 141

1 182 1 130

230 255

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

1 384 1 386 1 407 1 439 1 472 1 518 1 611 1 705 1 807 1 986

1 237 1 241 1 267 1 294 1 317 1 351 1 431 1 505 1 589 1 743

147 145 140 145 155 167 180 200 218 243

1 127 1 133 1 147 1 211 1 231 1 280 1 324 1 397 1 463 1 539

258 253 260 227 240 238 287 308 344 448

1990 ............................................................................ 1989 ............................................................................ 1985 ............................................................................

2 044 2 130 2 151

1 794 1 884 1 920

252 246 231

1 437 1 620 1 636

609 510 516

1980 ............................................................................

2 051

1 840

211

1 562

488

Source: U.S. Department of Defense, Selected Manpower Statistics, annual. 1Includes 2Includes 3Includes

Navy personnel temporarily on shore. Marine Corps. outlying areas.

480


Table 31-3. Department of Defense Manpower, 1950–2002 (Thousands; for the year ending September 30; includes National Guard, Reserve, and retired regular personnel on extended or continuous active duty; excludes Coast Guard; other officer candidates are included under enlisted personnel.) Navy 3

Army Year

Marine corps

Air Force

Total 1,2 Total

2

White

Black Officers Enlisted Total

2

White


2

White


2

White

Black Officers Enlisted

2002 ......... 2001 .........

1 414 1 385

487 481

... ...

... ...

78 76

404 400

385 378

... ...

... ...

55 54

326 320

174 173

... ...

... ...

18 18

155 155

368 354

... ...

... ...

72 69

292 280

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

1 384 1 386 1 407 1 439 1 472 1 518 1 610 1 705 1 807 1 986

482 479 484 492 491 509 541 572 610 711

... ... ... ... ... 322 344 365 388 452

... ... ... ... ... 137 147 158 173 204

77 77 78 79 81 83 85 88 95 104

401 398 401 408 407 422 452 480 511 603

373 373 382 396 417 435 469 510 542 570

... ... ... ... ... 326 355 390 415 439

... ... ... ... ... 75 78 84 88 92

54 54 55 56 57 59 62 66 69 71

315 315 323 335 355 372 403 439 468 495

173 173 173 174 175 175 174 178 185 194

... ... ... ... ... 130 131 134 138 144

... ... ... ... ... 28 28 30 32 36

18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 20

155 155 155 156 157 157 156 160 165 174

356 361 368 377 389 400 426 444 470 510

... ... ... ... ... 318 341 357 377 409

... ... ... ... ... 58 62 65 70 77

69 70 72 74 76 78 81 84 90 97

282 286 292 299 309 318 341 356 376 409

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

2 044 2 130 2 138 2 174 2 169 2 151 2 138 2 123 2 109 2 083

732 770 772 781 781 781 780 780 780 781

466 497 507 519 524 523 520 512 504 502

213 218 213 212 210 211 215 220 230 232

104 107 107 108 110 110 108 106 103 102

624 658 660 668 667 667 668 669 673 675

579 593 593 587 581 571 565 558 553 540

446 461 466 467 464 459 455 462 450 443

93 91 85 81 75 70 67 66 62 58

72 72 72 72 72 71 69 68 67 65

503 516 516 510 504 495 491 485 481 470

197 197 197 200 199 198 196 194 192 191

145 146 147 150 151 152 153 152 149 145

38 38 38 38 38 37 36 37 38 39

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 18

177 177 177 179 179 178 176 174 173 172

535 571 576 607 608 602 597 592 583 570

428 458 462 489 491 488 486 483 476 468

82 87 88 92 92 90 89 88 87 83

100 104 105 107 109 108 106 105 102 99

431 463 467 495 495 489 486 483 476 467

1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971

......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

2 051 2 027 2 062 2 075 2 082 2 128 2 162 2 252 2 322 2 713

777 759 772 782 779 784 783 801 811 1 124

503 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

229 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

99 97 98 98 99 103 106 116 121 149

674 657 670 680 678 678 674 682 687 972

527 523 530 530 525 535 546 564 587 622

436 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

55 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

63 62 63 63 64 66 67 71 73 75

460 457 463 462 458 466 475 490 511 542

188 185 191 192 192 196 189 196 198 212

142 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

39 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 20 22

170 167 172 173 174 177 170 177 178 191

558 559 570 571 585 613 644 691 726 755

460 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

80 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

98 96 95 96 100 105 110 115 122 126

456 459 470 470 481 503 529 572 600 625

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965

......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

3 065 3 458 3 546 3 375 3 092 2 654

1 323 1 512 1 570 1 442 1 200 969

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

167 173 166 144 118 112

1 153 1 337 1 402 1 297 1 080 855

691 774 764 750 743 670

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

81 85 85 82 80 78

606 684 674 664 659 588

260 310 307 285 262 190

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

25 26 25 24 21 17

235 284 283 262 241 173

791 862 905 897 887 825

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

130 135 140 135 131 132

657 723 762 759 753 690

1960 ......... 1955 .........

2 475 2 935

873 1 109

... ...

... ...

101 122

770 986

617 661

... ...

... ...

70 75

545 583

171 205

... ...

... ...

16 18

154 187

815 960

... ...

... ...

130 137

683 823

1950 .........

1 459

593

...

...

73

519

381

...

...

45

333

74

...

...

7

67

411

...

...

57

354

Source: U.S. Department of Defense, Selected Manpower Statistics, annual. 1Beginning 1980, excludes Navy Reserve personnel on active duty for Training and Administration of Reserves (TARS). 2Includes Cadets and other not shown separately. 3Prior to 1980, includes Navy Reserve personnel on active duty for Training and Administration of Reserves (TARS).


From 1969, the full-time Guard and Reserve.


481

Table 31-4. Veterans and Active Duty Military Personnel, 1900–2002 (Thousands, for fiscal year ending in year shown.) Active duty military personnel Year

Veterans Total

Army

Navy

Marine Corps

Air Force

2002 ...................................................... 2001 ......................................................

25 618 25 349

1 414.0 1 385.0

487.0 481.0

385.0 378.0

174.0 173.0

368.0 354.0

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

25 752 24 803 25 188 25 551 25 881 26 198 26 503 26 789 26 980 27 152

1 384.3 1 385.7 1 406.8 1 438.6 1 471.7 1 518.0 1 610.0 1 705.0 1 807.0 1 986.0

482.2 479.4 483.8 491.7 491.1 509.0 541.0 572.0 610.0 711.0

373.2 373.0 382.3 395.6 416.7 435.0 469.0 510.0 542.0 570.0

173.3 172.6 173.1 173.9 174.9 175.0 174.0 178.0 185.0 194.0

355.7 360.6 367.5 377.4 389.0 400.0 426.0 444.0 470.0 510.0

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

27 320 27 497 27 650 27 803 27 946 28 075 28 207 28 316 28 432 28 519

2 044.0 2 130.2 2 138.2 2 174.2 2 169.1 2 151.0 2 138.2 2 123.3 2 108.6 2 082.6

732.0 769.7 771.8 780.8 781.0 780.8 780.2 779.6 780.4 781.4

579.0 592.7 592.6 586.8 581.1 570.7 564.6 557.6 553.0 540.2

197.0 197.0 197.4 199.5 198.8 198.0 196.2 194.1 192.4 190.6

535.0 570.9 576.4 607.0 608.2 301.5 597.1 592.0 582.8 570.3

1980 ...................................................... 1979 ...................................................... 1978 ...................................................... 1977 ...................................................... TQ 1 ....................................................... 1976 ...................................................... 1975 ...................................................... 1974 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1972 ...................................................... 1971 ......................................................

28 640 28 605 28 546 28 526 28 447 28 405 28 281 28 218 28 125 27 956 27 523

2 050.6 2 026.9 2 061.7 2 074.5 ... 2 081.9 2 128.1 2 162.0 2 251.9 2 322.0 2 713.0

777.0 758.9 771.6 782.2 ... 779.4 784.3 783.3 801.0 811.0 1 123.8

527.2 523.3 529.6 529.9 ... 524.7 535.1 545.9 563.7 586.9 621.6

188.5 185.2 190.8 191.7 ... 192.4 196.0 188.8 196.1 198.2 212.4

558.0 559.5 569.7 570.7 ... 585.4 612.8 644.0 691.2 725.8 755.3

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

26 976 26 925 26 273 25 805 25 534 21 834 22 013 22 166 22 275 22 403

3 064.8 3 458.1 3 546.1 3 375.5 3 092.2 2 653.9 2 685.8 2 698.9 2 805.6 2 482.9

1 322.5 1 512.2 1 570.3 1 442.5 1 199.8 969.1 973.2 975.9 1 066.4 858.6

691.1 773.8 763.6 750.2 743.3 670.0 666.0 663.9 664.2 626.2

259.7 309.8 307.3 285.3 261.3 190.2 189.8 189.7 191.0 176.9

791.3 862.4 904.8 897.5 887.4 824.7 856.8 869.4 884.0 821.2

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

22 534 22 666 22 727 22 634 22 372 21 861 20 951 20 196 19 338 18 919

2 475.4 2 503.6 2 599.5 2 794.8 2 806.4 2 935.1 3 302.1 3 555.1 3 635.9 3 249.4

873.1 862.0 898.9 998.0 1 025.8 1 109.3 1 404.6 1 533.8 1 596.4 1 531.8

617.0 625.7 639.9 676.1 669.9 660.7 725.7 794.4 824.3 736.6

170.6 175.6 189.5 200.9 200.8 205.2 223.9 249.2 232.0 192.6

814.8 840.4 871.2 919.8 910.0 959.9 947.9 977.6 983.3 788.4

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

19 077 18 945 18 745 18 262 16 655 6 498 5 689 5 002 4 485 4 337

1 459.5 1 613.7 1 444.3 1 582.1 3 024.9 12 055.9 11 451.7 9 044.7 3 858.8 1 801.1

593.2 660.5 554.0 685.5 1 435.5 8 266.4 7 994.8 6 994.5 3 075.6 1 462.3

380.7 447.9 417.5 497.8 978.2 3 319.6 2 981.4 1 741.8 640.6 284.4

74.3 86.0 85.0 93.1 155.7 469.9 475.6 308.5 142.6 54.4

411.3 419.3 387.7 305.8 455.5 X X X X X

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4 286 ... ... ... ... 4 494 ... ... ... ...

458.4 334.5 322.9 311.8 291.4 251.8 247.1 243.8 244.9 252.6

269.0 189.8 185.5 180.0 167.8 139.5 138.5 136.5 135.0 140.5

161.0 152.2 119.1 113.6 106.3 95.1 92.3 91.2 93.4 93.3

28.3 19.4 18.4 18.2 17.2 17.3 16.4 16.1 16.6 18.8

X X X X X X X X X X

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States, (accessed March 26, 2004). 1Fiscal years through 1976 are from July 1 through June 30. Beginning with October 1976 (fiscal year 1977), fiscal years are from October 1 through September 30. The period from July 1 through September 30, 1976 is a separate fiscal period known as the transition quarter (TQ) and not included in any fiscal year. . . . = Not available. X = Not applicable.

482


Table 31-4. Veterans and Active Duty Military Personnel, 1900–2002—Continued (Thousands, for fiscal year ending in year shown.) Active duty military personnel Year

Veterans Total

Army

Navy

Marine Corps

Air Force

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

4 680 ... ... ... ... 4 894 ... ... ... ...

255.6 255.0 250.9 248.9 247.4 251.8 261.2 247.0 270.2 386.5

139.4 139.1 136.1 134.8 134.9 137.0 142.7 133.2 148.8 230.7

96.9 97.1 95.8 94.9 93.3 95.2 98.2 94.1 100.2 132.8

19.4 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.2 19.5 20.3 19.7 21.2 23.0

X X X X X X X X X X

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

5 146 ... ... ... ... 773 ... ... ... ...

343.3 1 172.6 2 897.2 643.8 179.4 174.1 165.9 154.9 153.2 144.8

204.3 851.6 2 395.7 421.5 108.4 106.8 98.5 92.8 92.1 84.0

121.8 272.1 448.6 194.6 60.4 57.1 57.0 52.2 51.4 51.2

17.2 48.8 52.8 27.7 10.6 10.3 10.4 10.0 9.7 9.6

X X X X X X X X X X

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

977 ... ... ... ... 1 192 ... ... ... ...

139.3 142.2 128.5 108.4 112.2 108.3 110.1 106.0 111.1 112.3

81.3 85.0 76.9 64.2 68.9 67.5 70.4 69.6 81.3 85.6

48.5 47.5 42.3 36.1 35.1 33.8 32.2 29.8 23.6 20.9

9.6 9.7 9.2 8.1 8.2 7.0 7.6 6.7 6.2 5.9

X X X X X X X X X X

1900 ......................................................

1 224

125.9

101.7

18.8

5.4

X

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States, (accessed March 26, 2004). . . . = Not available. X = Not applicable.


483

Table 31-5. National Defense Outlays and Veterans Benefits, 1900–2002 (For year ending September 30; includes outlays of Department of Defense, Department of Veterans’ Affairs, and other agencies for activities primarily related to national defense and veterans programs; minus sign (-) indicates decline.) Annual percent change 1

National defense and veterans outlays (billion dollars)

Defense outlays, percent of

Defense outlays

Year Total outlays

Current dollars


Veterans outlays

Total outlays

Defense outlays

Veterans outlays

Federal outlays

Gross domestic product 2

2002 ......................................... 2001 .........................................

399.5 354.4

348.6 308.5

307.6 275.9

51.0 45.8

12.7 3.7

13.0 4.8

11.4 -2.8

17.3 16.4

3.4 3.0

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

341.6 320.2 310.2 309.8 302.7 310.0 319.2 326.8 332.4 304.6

294.5 274.9 268.5 270.5 265.8 272.1 281.6 291.1 298.4 273.3

270.9 260.5 259.9 265.3 265.8 281.8 297.9 314.1 327.0 309.3

47.1 43.2 41.8 39.3 37.0 37.9 37.6 35.7 34.1 31.3

6.7 3.2 0.1 2.3 -2.3 -2.9 -2.3 -1.7 9.1 -7.2

7.1 2.4 -0.8 1.8 -2.3 -3.4 -3.2 -2.4 9.2 -8.7

9.0 3.4 6.3 6.3 -2.4 0.8 5.4 4.7 8.8 7.7

16.6 16.1 16.2 16.9 17.0 17.9 19.3 20.7 21.6 20.6

3.0 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 4.1 4.4 4.8 4.6

1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

328.4 333.6 319.7 308.7 299.7 279.0 253.0 234.7 209.2 180.5

299.3 303.6 290.4 282.0 273.4 252.7 227.4 209.9 185.3 157.5

354.3 ... ... ... ... 329.9 ... ... ... ...

29.1 30.0 29.4 26.8 26.3 26.3 25.6 24.8 23.9 23.0

-1.6 4.3 3.6 3.0 7.4 10.3 7.8 12.2 15.9 16.3

-1.4 4.5 3.0 3.2 8.2 11.1 8.3 13.3 17.6 17.6

-3.2 2.2 9.9 1.6 0.2 2.6 3.1 3.7 4.2 8.5

23.9 26.5 27.3 28.1 27.6 26.7 26.7 26.0 24.8 23.2

5.2 5.6 5.8 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.0 6.1 5.8 5.2

1980 ......................................... 1979 ......................................... 1978 ......................................... 1977 ......................................... TQ 3 .......................................... 1976 ......................................... 1975 ......................................... 1974 ......................................... 1973 ......................................... 1972 ......................................... 1971 .........................................

155.2 136.3 123.5 115.3 26.2 108.0 103.1 92.7 88.7 89.9 88.6

134.0 116.3 104.5 97.2 22.3 89.6 86.5 79.3 76.7 79.2 78.9

244.7 ... ... ... ... ... 239.5 ... ... ... ...

21.2 19.9 19.0 18.0 4.0 18.4 16.6 13.4 12.0 10.7 9.8

13.9 10.4 7.1 339.4 -75.7 4.8 11.2 4.6 -1.3 1.4 -1.9

15.2 11.3 7.5 336.7 -75.2 3.6 9.0 3.5 -3.1 0.4 -3.5

6.3 5.0 5.2 355.1 -78.5 11.1 24.0 11.4 12.0 9.7 12.7

22.7 23.1 22.8 23.8 23.2 24.1 26.0 29.5 31.2 34.3 37.5

4.9 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.5 5.9 6.7 7.3

1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

90.4 90.1 89.0 78.2 64.0 56.3 60.4 58.9 58.0 55.3

81.7 82.5 81.9 71.4 58.1 50.6 54.8 53.4 52.3 49.6

336.6 ... ... ... ... 267.7 ... ... ... ...

8.7 7.6 7.0 6.7 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.6 5.7

0.3 1.3 13.8 22.1 13.7 -6.8 2.6 1.6 4.8 3.2

-1.0 0.7 14.7 22.9 14.8 -7.6 2.5 2.0 5.5 3.1

13.6 8.5 4.4 13.8 3.5 0.7 2.9 -1.9 -1.5 4.9

41.8 44.9 46.0 45.4 43.2 42.8 46.2 48.0 49.0 50.8

8.1 8.7 9.4 8.8 7.7 7.4 8.6 8.9 9.2 9.3

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

53.6 54.5 52.2 50.4 47.4 47.4 53.9 57.3 51.4 29.1

48.1 49.0 46.8 45.4 42.5 42.7 49.3 52.8 46.1 23.6

280.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

5.4 5.4 5.4 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.5 5.3 5.5

-1.6 4.4 3.4 6.4 0.0 -12.0 -6.0 11.5 76.8 29.0

-1.8 4.7 3.0 6.8 -0.5 -13.3 -6.7 14.6 95.6 71.7

0.0 1.7 6.9 2.3 4.6 1.3 2.1 -15.4 -3.3 -37.4

52.2 53.2 56.8 59.3 60.2 62.4 69.5 69.4 68.1 51.8

9.3 10.0 10.2 10.1 9.9 10.8 13.0 14.2 13.2 7.3

1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

22.6 19.7 15.6 19.2 45.1 83.1 79.0 67.0 26.2 7.0

13.7 13.2 9.1 12.8 42.7 83.0 79.1 66.7 25.7 6.4

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

8.8 6.6 6.5 6.3 2.5 0.1 -0.1 0.3 0.5 0.6

14.2 26.9 -18.7 -57.6 -45.7 5.1 18.0 156.0 274.0 213.7

4.4 44.4 -28.9 -70.0 -48.6 4.8 18.7 160.0 298.7 287.7

33.9 2.2 1.8 157.4 2 140.9 -187.3 -145.7 -44.9 -10.5 -1.8

32.2 33.9 30.6 37.1 77.3 89.5 86.7 84.9 73.0 47.1

5.0 4.8 3.5 5.5 19.1 37.5 37.9 37.1 17.8 5.6

1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

2.2 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.6

1.7 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.7

16.0 5.5 3.3 2.1 16.6 23.2 -23.2 -3.6 4.4 5.1

21.3 10.3 4.7 3.3 24.1 31.0 -10.0 -6.0 -0.7 0.1

2.7 -4.6 0.4 -0.2 4.2 12.2 -36.4 -1.1 10.5 11.7

17.5 15.5 18.3 15.3 13.6 14.2 10.6 17.0 17.9 23.5

1.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States, (accessed March 26, 2004). 1Change from prior year shown; for 1960, change from 1955. 2Represents fiscal year GDP. 3Fiscal years through 1976 are from July 1 through June 30. Beginning

with October 1976 (fiscal year 1977), fiscal years are from October 1 through September 30. The period from July 1 through September 30, 1976 is a separate fiscal period known as the transition quarter (TQ) and not included in any fiscal year. . . . = Not available.

484


Table 31-5. National Defense Outlays and Veterans Benefits, 1900–2002—Continued (For year ending September 30; includes outlays of Department of Defense, Department of Veterans’ Affairs, and other agencies for activities primarily related to national defense and veterans programs; minus sign (-) indicates decline.) Annual percent change 1

National defense and veterans outlays (billion dollars)

Defense outlays, percent of

Defense outlays

Year Total outlays

Current dollars


Veterans outlays

Total outlays

Defense outlays

Veterans outlays

Federal outlays

Gross domestic product 2

1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.4

0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.8

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7

4.0 4.7 3.9 0.1 -1.5 -0.9 -8.9 -12.2 -31.0 -15.1

6.1 7.9 6.4 1.7 -5.6 4.0 -5.6 -21.9 -47.2 -25.0

1.3 1.0 1.0 -1.5 3.5 -6.2 -12.2 0.0 13.0 32.0

25.3 25.3 24.7 24.1 23.1 24.5 23.7 23.3 28.4 34.9

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

2.9 11.5 6.4 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

2.4 11.0 6.1 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

-75.2 79.6 714.6 56.0 -2.6 -2.1 2.0 7.6 -0.4 0.2

-78.6 79.1 895.6 83.2 -2.0 -1.2 3.8 4.9 0.8 1.3

-1.0 91.4 54.1 1.1 -3.6 -3.9 -1.2 13.0 -2.6 -1.8

37.1 59.5 48.5 31.6 47.3 46.1 48.0 46.9 46.3 45.9

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

0.6 5.1 15.7 -0.5 0.4 -5.8 20.3 6.6 -7.3 4.4

1.6 4.8 19.0 -0.4 1.7 -9.1 33.2 11.8 -12.2 7.5

-1.1 5.6 10.1 -0.6 -1.6 0.1 2.5 0.3 -0.5 0.3

45.1 44.4 44.6 42.6 43.5 42.9 45.9 38.9 37.1 39.1

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1900 .........................................

0.3

0.2

...

0.1

...

...

...

36.6

...

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States, (accessed March 26, 2004). 1Change from prior year shown; 2Represents fiscal year GDP.


for 1960, change from 1955.

INDEX

INDEX AIRCRAFT Airports, aircraft, pilots, and miles flown, 320 Manufacturing shipments of aircraft, 295 AIRLINES Accidents, 319 U.S. scheduled airline industry, 318 AIR POLLUTION National air pollutant emissions, 2, 11 AIRPORTS Aircraft, pilots, and miles flown, 320 Top 40 airports, passengers enplaned, 321 ALABAMA Gross State Product, 144 Personal income, 152 Population, by race, 32 ALASKA Gross State Product, 144 Personal income, 152 Population, by race, 32 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Consumption of selected beverages, 106 Electronic shopping and mail-order houses, 367 Wholesale trade, 365 ALIENS Deportation formal removals and voluntary departures of aliens, 59 AMUSEMENT PARKS Recreational expenditures, 226 APPAREL Wholesale trade, 365 APPLIANCE STORES Sales by kind of business, 364 ARIZONA Gross State Product, 144 Personal income, 152 Population, by race, 32 ARKANSAS Gross State Product, 144 Personal income, 152 Population, by race, 32 ARMED FORCES Active duty military personnel, 481 Defense spending as a percent of GDP, 478 Department of Defense manpower, 480 Military personnel on active duty, by war, 479 Outlays and veterans’ benefits, 483 Selected characteristics of the armed forces, by war, 479 Veterans, number of, 481 Veterans’ benefits and outlays, 483 ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, RECREATION, AND TRAVEL Highlights, 220

A ABORTIONS Number and rate by race, 101 ACCIDENTS Airlines, 319 Motor vehicle accidents, number of deaths, 311 Railroads, 304 Transportation accidents, deaths, and injuries, 304 ACQUISITIONS Corporate mergers and acquisitions, 391 ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT Service-related industries, 366 AGE AIDS cases reported by patient characteristic, 100 Birth rates of unmarried women ages 15-44, by age of mother, 69 Death rates number of deaths and age-adjusted death rates, by race and sex, 74 Drug use by type of drug and age, 99 Homeownership rates, by age of householder, 280 Marriage and divorce history for people 15 years and over, by age and sex, 80 Population annual estimates of the population, by age, 24 marital status of the population, by age and sex, 28 median age of population, by race and sex, 27 Smoking by sex, age, and race, 97 AGENTS, BROKERS, AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS Wholesale trade, 365 AGRICULTURE Acreages of harvested crops by use, 242 Balance sheet of the farming sector business, 235 Consumer expenditures farm food products, 240 Cooperatives, 234 Exports value of agricultural exports and imports, 246 Farm income and expenses, 236 Farms and land in farms, by size of farms, 230, 233 Gross farm product summary, 244 Highlights, 230 Imports value of agricultural exports and imports, 246 Marketing and purchasing cooperatives memberships and business, 234 Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector, 245 Value of agricultural exports and imports, 246 AIDS Cases reported by patient characteristic, 100 Number of cases, reported by sex, 84

487

488


National parks, monuments, and allied areas areas in acres and visits, 223 Personal consumption expenditures for recreation, 226 Service-related industries, 366 State parks acreage, expenditures, and attendance, 225 Travel to and from foreign countries, 220, 227 ASSAULT Crimes and rates by type, 205 ASSETS Corporations, 393 Household assets, 413 Money stock, 415 Mutual funds, 422 AUDIO AND VIDEO Recreational expenditures, 226 AUTOMOBILE REPAIR Persons engaged in selected services, 362 AUTO THEFT Crimes and rates by type, 205

B BANKS AND BANKING Financial markets and institutions generally, 410 Money stock currency, deposits, bank vault cash and gold, 415 BEER AND WINE Consumption of selected beverages, 106 Electronic shopping and mail-order houses, 367 Wholesale trade, 365 BENEFITS Government transfer payments to individuals, 180 Private pension plans, 184 Summary of payments, 182 Veterans’ benefits, 180, 483 BEVERAGES Food and nutrition consumption of beverages by type and per capita, 104, 106 BIRTHS Birth rates total and fertility rate for women 15-44, by race, 66 unmarried women ages 15-44, by age of mother, 69 Expectation of life at birth, by race and sex, 70 Fertility rates, by race, 66, 68 Fetal deaths neonatal, infant, and maternal mortality rates, by race, 72 Highlights, 62 Live births and deaths, 64 Population components of population change, 47 BOATS AND BOATING Recreational expenditures, 226 BONDS AND STOCKS Interest-bearing public debt of the federal government, 465 Market value and volume of sales, 421 Yields, 419

BONE GRAFTS Number of procedures and centers, 102 BOOKS AND MAPS Electronic shopping and mail-order houses, 367 Recreational expenditures, 226 Revenues, printing expenses, and inventories, 343 BOTTLED WATER Consumption of selected beverages, 106 BUDGETS Federal budget summary, 458 BUILDING MATERIALS Sales by kind of business, 364 BURGLARY Crimes and rates by type, 205 BUSES Class I intercity carriers of passengers, 316 Public transit equipment, 317 BUSINESS CYCLES Expansions and contractions, 394 BUSINESS ENTERPRISE Business cycle expansions and contractions, 394 Composite indexes of leading, coincident, and lagging economic indicators, 394 Corporations asset, liability, income, deduction, tax and profit items, 393 dividends paid, 393 number, receipts, and profit, 389 Establishments, employees, and payroll by employment-size class, 395 Firm births and deaths by employment size of enterprise, 390 Highlights, 386 Net income by type of business, 388 Partnerships number, receipts, and profit, 389 Patents filed and issued, 386, 402 Proprietorships number, receipts, and profit, 389 Recorded mergers and acquisitions, 391 Returns and receipts, 388 Small Business Administration loans, 395 BUSINESS SERVICES Persons engaged in selected services, 362 BUTTER Per capita consumption of foods, 171

C CALCIUM Consumption of selected nutrients, 105 CALIFORNIA Gross State Product, 144 Personal income, 152 Population, by race, 33 CALORIES Consumption of selected nutrients, 105 CAPITAL PUNISHMENT Prisoners executed under civil authority, by race, 216 CARBOHYDRATES Consumption of selected nutrients, 105

INDEX CASSETTES Recording media manufacturers’ shipments and value, 337 CD-ROMs Electronic shopping and mail-order houses, 367 Recording media manufacturers’ shipments and value, 337 CENSUS Population, 14 CHEESE Per capita consumption of foods, 172 CHEMICAL SUPPLY Wholesale trade, 365 CHICKENS Farming balance sheet, 235 Per capita consumption of foods, 172 CHOLESTEROL Consumption of selected nutrients, 105 CIGARETTES Smoking by sex, age, and race, 97 CITIES Population of major U.S. cities, 48 CLASSROOMS Student/teacher ratios, 193 CLOTHING AND SHOES Electronic shopping and mail-order houses, 367 Personal consumption expenditures, 170 Sales, net profit, and profit per dollar, 363 Sales by kind of business, 364 Wholesale trade, 365 COAL Consumption by electric utilities, 349 Energy supply and disposition, 353 COCAINE Drug use by type of drug and age, 99 Federal drug seizures, 207 COFFEE Consumption of selected beverages, 106 Per capita consumption of foods, 172 COINCIDENT ECONOMIC INDICATORS Composite indexes, 394 COLLEGES Board rates, 200 Degrees conferred by sex, 198 Dormitory fees, 200 Enrollment by sex, 186, 191 Enrollment generally, 190 Expenditures, 191 Fees and charges, 200 Student/teacher ratios, 193 Summary of higher education, 197 Tuition fees, 200 COLORADO Gross State Product, 144 Personal income, 152 Population, by race, 33 COMMUNICATIONS Book publishing revenues, expenses, and inventories, 343

489

Computers households with computers and Internet access, 332, 344 Database revenues, 342 Directory publisher revenues, 342 Highlights, 332 Newspaper revenues, 342 Periodical revenues, 342 Postal Service post offices, revenues, expenditures, and pieces of mail handled, 338 rates for first-class mail, letters, and postal cards, 342 volume of mail and employees, 341 Printing expenses, 342 Publishing revenues, expenses, and inventories, 342 Radio and television sets produced and households with sets, 335 Recording media manufacturers’ shipments and value, 337 Telephone systems, 343 COMPOSITE INDEXES Leading, coincident, and lagging economic indicators, 394 COMPUTERS AND EQUIPMENT Electronic shopping and mail-order houses, 367 Percentage of households with computers and Internet access, 332, 344 Recreational expenditures, 226 CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES Bills, acts, and resolutions measures introduced and passed, 446, 448 vetoed bills, 450 Campaign finances PAC contributions, 443 receipts and disbursements, 444 Composition of Congress by political party affiliation by state, 452 House of Representatives apportionment of membership by state, 451 Members of Congress, selected characteristics, 453 Political party affiliation in Congress, 440 Treaties concluded by the United States, 455 CONNECTICUT Gross State Product, 144 Personal income, 152 Population, by race, 33 CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING Contracts value of construction contracts awarded, 277 Cost indexes, 279 Highlights, 272 Homeownership rates, by age of householder, 280 Inventories total housing inventory, 274 Low-rent public housing units, 281 Mean age of stocks of residential structures, 283 Median sales price of new privately-owned one-family houses sold, 279 Mobile home shipments, 281

490


Mortgages residential nonfarm mortgage debt outstanding, 286 Occupied housing units and tenure of home, 284 Price indexes, 279 Residential structures mean age, 283 value of gross and net stocks, 282 Total housing inventory, 274 Vacancy rates for housing units, 285 Value of construction contracts awarded, 277 Value of construction put in place, 272, 275 Value of gross and net stocks of residential structures, 282 CONSUMER CREDIT Debt outstanding and finance rates, 424 CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS Chain-type quantity indexes, 164 Current-cost net stock, 163 CONSUMER INCOME AND EXPENDITURES Consumer Price Indexes major groups, 178 Consumption apparent civilian per capita consumption of foods, 171 personal consumption expenditures by major type of product, 170 Families number and median money income, 169 shares of aggregate income received by households, 176 total money income, 175 Farm products, 240 Food consumption apparent civilian per capita consumption of foods, 171 per capita food consumption by selected products, 168 Highlights, 166 Median income, 167 Purchasing power of the dollar, 177 Unrelated individuals number and median money income, 169 CONSUMER PRICE INDEXES Annual change in the CPI, 137 Major groups, 178 Purchasing power of the dollar, 177 CONSUMPTION Apparent civilian per capita consumption of foods, 171 Government consumption expenditures and investment by type, 468 Metal and mineral imports as percent of apparent consumption, 265 Personal consumption expenditures by major type of product, 170 Personal consumption expenditures for recreation, 226 CONTRACTS Construction and housing value of construction contracts awarded, 277

CONTRIBUTION RATES Social Security, 182 CONVENIENCE STORES Number and sales by type, 369 Sales, net profit, and profit per dollar, 363 Sales by type of business, 364 Wholesale trade, 365 COOPERATIVES Agricultural cooperatives, 234 Farming balance sheet, 235 COPYRIGHTS Registrations, by type, 400 CORPORATIONS Assets, 393 Business cycles, 394 Deductions, 393 Dividends, 393 Firm births and deaths, 390 Income, 393 Liabilities, 393 Manufacturing sales, profits, and stockbrokers’ equity, 293 Mergers and acquisitions, 391 National income, 149 Number, receipts, and profit, 389 Retail trade corporations, 363 Returns, receipts, and net income, 388 Taxation, 393 CORRUPTION Federal prosecutions of public corruption, 217 COST INDEXES Construction and housing, 279 COSTS Motor vehicles average cost of owning and operating an automobile, 313 COUNTRIES Immigration immigrants, by country, 52 COURTS Juvenile courts cases handled, 213 U.S. District Courts civil and criminal cases, 212 U.S. Supreme Court cases filed and disposed of, 211, 456 CRACK Drug use by type of drug and age, 99 Federal drug seizures, 207 CREDIT Consumer credit outstanding and finance rates, 424 CRIME RATES Crimes and crime rates by type, 202, 205 CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Expenditures public expenditures, by level of government, 210 CROPS Acreages of harvested crops by use, 242 Farm income and expenses, 236 Farming balance sheet, 235

INDEX Gross farm product summary, 244 CRUDE PETROLEUM Energy supply and disposition, 353 Exports, 356 Imports, 356 Prices, 266, 355 Production, value, and proved reserves, 262, 267 Wholesale trade, 365 CURRENCY Deposits, bank vault cash and gold, 415 CYCLONES Tornadoes, floods, and tropical cyclones, 8

D DATABASES Revenues, printing expenses, and inventories, 342 DEATH PENALTY Prisoners executed under civil authority, by race, 216 DEATHS Death rates number of deaths and age-adjusted death rates, by race and sex, 74 Live births and deaths, 64 Motor vehicle deaths and death rates, 310 Population components of population change, 47 Transportation motor vehicle deaths and death rates, 310 transportation accidents, deaths, and injuries, 304 DEBT Consumer credit outstanding, 424 Gross federal debt outstanding, 467 Household financial obligations and delinquency rates, 413 Interest-bearing public debt of the federal government, 465 Mortgage debt outstanding, 423 State and local government indebtedness, 475 DEDUCTIONS Corporations, 393 DEFENSE Active duty military personnel, 481 Department of Defense manpower, 480 Military personnel on active duty, by location, 479 Outlays and veterans’ benefits, 483 Selected characteristics of the armed forces, by war, 479 Spending as a percent of GDP, 478 Veterans, number of, 481 Veterans’ benefits and outlays, 483 DEGREES Institutions of higher education, degrees conferred by sex, 198 DELAWARE Gross State Product, 144 Personal income, 152 Population, by race, 33 DENTAL SCHOOLS Number, 89

491

DENTISTS Health expenditures, 87 Number, 89 DEPARTMENT STORES Sales, net profit, and profit per dollar, 363 Sales by kind of business, 364 DEPORTATION Aliens formal removals and voluntary departures of aliens, 59 DEPOSITS Money stock, 415 DIESEL FUEL Domestic motor fuel consumption, by type of vehicle, 313 Motor fuel usage consumption, 307 DIRECTORY PUBLISHERS Revenues, printing expenses, and inventories, 342 DISABILITY BENEFITS Government transfer payments to individuals, 180 Trust funds, 183 DISTILLED SPIRITS Consumption of selected beverages, 106 Wholesale trade, 365 DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICES Electronic shopping total and e-commerce sales by merchandise line, 367 Highlights, 360 Mail-order houses total and e-commerce sales by merchandise line, 367 Persons engaged in distribution and selected service industries, 362 Persons engaged in wholesale and retail trade industries, 360 Retail food stores number and sales by type, 369 Retail trade and food services estimated per capita sales by selected kinds of business, 368 sales by kind of business, 364 Retail trade corporations sales, net profit, and profit per dollar of sales, 363 Service-related industries establishments, employees, and payroll by industry, 366 Wholesale trade establishments, sales, payroll, and employees by kind of business, 365 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Gross State Product, 144 Personal income, 152 Population, by race, 34 DIVIDENDS Corporations, 393 DIVORCE Highlights, 76 Marital history for people 15 years and over, by age and sex, 80 Numbers, 77

492


Percent reaching stated anniversary by marriage cohort and sex first and second marriages, 81 Rate, 76, 79 DROPOUTS High school dropout rate, 196 DRUGS AND DRUGGISTS Wholesale trade, 365 DRUG USE Federal drug seizures, by type of drug, 207 Rate of use by type of drug and age, 99 DURABLE GOODS Chain-type quantity indexes, 164 Current-cost net stock, 163 Gross Domestic Product in manufacturing, 290 Personal consumption expenditures, 170 DVD-ROMs Electronic shopping and mail-order houses, 367 Recording media manufacturers’ shipments and value, 337

E EARNINGS Average annual earnings of employees, 121 Mineral industries workers, 269 Minimum wage rates, 126 Production workers in manufacturing, 122, 294 Social Security, 182 Transportation employee employment and earnings, 303 ECONOMIC INDICATORS Leading, coincident, and lagging economic indicators, 394 EDUCATION AND LEARNING Board rates, 200 Charges and fees for institutions of higher education, 200 College enrollment by sex, 186 Degrees conferred by sex, 198 Dormitory charges, 200 Dropouts by race and Hispanic origin, 196 Educational attainment by race, Hispanic origin, and sex, 192 Enrollment by sex and level, 191 Enrollment generally, 190 Expenditures by type of control and level of instruction, 191 Higher education summary, 197 Highlights, 186 High school graduates, 194 Preprimary school enrollment, 192 Student/teacher ratios, 193 Summary of higher education, 197 Teachers numbers of teachers, 193 Tuition fees, 200 EDUCATION LOANS AND ASSISTANCE Government transfer payments to individuals, 180 EGGS Per capita consumption of foods, 172

ELECTIONS Congress political party affiliation, 440 Congressional campaign finances receipts and disbursements, 444 Electoral and popular vote cast for President, by political party, 432 Financial activities political party financial activity, by major political party, 442 Highlights, 430 Political action committees contributions to Congressional campaigns, 443 number, by committee type, 443 Popular vote cast for president, by state and political party, 436 Presidency political party affiliation, 440 State legislatures political party control, 442 Voting-age population percent reporting registered, and voted, 430, 439 ELECTRIC UTILITIES Consumption of fuel, 349, 350 Prices, 357 Sales and average prices, by end-use sector, 357 ELECTRONIC SHOPPING Total and e-commerce sales by merchandise line, 367 ELECTRONICS STORES Sales by kind of business, 364 ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS Enrollment by sex and level, 191 Enrollment generally, 190 Expenditures, 191 Student/teacher ratios, 193 EMPLOYMENT Average annual earnings of employees, 121 Earnings and hours of production workers in manufacturing, 122 Employment status of the civilian population by sex and race, 129 Federal minimum wages rates, 126 Governmental employment, 454 Highlights, 110 Labor force and employment by super sector, 119 Labor force status of the population, 113 Labor union membership as a percent of total employment, 123 Marital status of women in the civilian labor force, 128 Mineral industries, 269 Productivity-output per hour, 134 Self-employed workers, by industry and occupation, 127 Social Security covered employment, earnings, and contribution rates, 182 Transportation employee employment and earnings, 303 Unemployment, 114

INDEX Unemployment rates by industry, NAICS based, 117 Unemployment rates by industry, SIC based, 118 Unemployment rates by sex and race in the civilian labor force, 116 Work injury frequency rates in manufacturing and mining, 125 Work stoppages, workers involved, and days idle, 124 ENERGY Consumption by end-use sector, 354 Consumption of fuels by electric utilities, 349, 350 Crude oil and refined products summary, 356 Electric utility sales and average prices, by end-use sector, 357 Estimated renewable energy consumption, end-use sectors, 346, 351 Gas utility industry customers, sales, and revenues, by type of service, 352 Highlights, 346 Nuclear power plants number, capacity, and generation, 354 Overview, 348 Personal consumption expenditures, 170 Prices, 355 Renewable energy consumption, 351 Supply and disposition, by type of fuel, 353 EXECUTIONS Prisoners executed under civil authority, by race, 216 EXPENDITURES Colleges, 191 Congressional campaign finances, 444 Criminal justice system public expenditures, by level of government, 210 Defense outlays and veterans’ benefits, 483 Elementary schools, 191 Farms consumer expenditures, 240 farm expenditures, 236 Federal budget summary, 458-462 Government consumption expenditures and investment by type, 468 Health hospital expenses and personnel, 95 hospital expenses per patient day, 94 national expenditures, by source of funds, 88 personal expenditures, by source of funds, 88 total expenditures, by type of service, 87 High schools, 191 Law enforcement, courts, and prisons public expenditures, by level of government, 210 Middle schools, 191 National defense outlays and veterans’ benefits, 483 Political action committees, 443 Postal Service, 338 Publishers, 342, 343 Recreation personal consumption expenditures, 226 Research and development, 398, 407 Science and technology, 406

493

State government expenditure, by character and object, 472 State parks, 225 EXPORTS Agriculture value of agricultural exports and imports, 246 Crude petroleum, 356 Fish and fisheries, 258 U.S. exports of goods and services, 375 U.S. income receipts and payments, 375 Value of exports, 380 EYEGLASSES Health expenditures, 87

F FAMILIES Income number and median money income, 169 shares of aggregate income received by households, 176 total money income, 175 FARMS Acreages of harvested crops by use, 242 Balance sheet of the farming sector business, 235 Consumer expenditures on farm food products, 240 Cooperatives, 234 Gross farm product summary, 244 Highlights, 230 Income and expenses, 236 Size and number of farms, 230, 233 Taxation, 239 Value added to the economy by agricultural sector, 245 Value of agricultural exports and imports, 246 FARM SUPPLY Wholesale trade, 365 FATS Consumption of selected nutrients, 105 Per capita consumption of foods, 171 FERTILITY RATES Total and fertility rate for women 15-44, by race, 66 FETAL DEATHS Neonatal, infant, and maternal mortality rates, by race, 72 FINANCE RATES Consumer credit outstanding and finance rates, 424 FINANCIAL MARKETS AND INSTITUTIONS Bond and stock yields, 419 Consumer credit debt outstanding and finance rates, 424 Household assets, financial obligations, and delinquency rates, 413 Life insurance companies and insurance in force, by type, 425 Money market rates, 417 Money stock currency, deposits, bank vault cash and gold, 415 Mortgage debt outstanding, 423 Mutual funds net assets, sales, and redemptions, 422

494


Savings accounts of U.S. households, 410 Stocks and bonds market value and volume of sales,, 421 FIREWOOD Per capita consumption, 254 FISH AND FISHERIES Exports, 258 Imports, 258 Per capita consumption of foods, 171 Yield and value of domestic fisheries, 258 FIXED ASSETS Chain-type quantity indexes, 164 Current-cost net stock, 163 FLOODS Tornadoes, floods, and tropical cyclones, 8 FLORIDA Gross State Product, 144 Personal income, 152 Population, by race, 34 FLOWERS, SEEDS, AND POTTED PLANTS Recreational expenditures, 226 FOOD AND BEVERAGE STORES Number and sales by type, 369 Sales, net profit, and profit per dollar, 363 Sales by kind of business, 364 Wholesale trade, 365 FOOD AND NUTRITION Beverages consumption of beverages by type and per capita, 104, 106 Consumption apparent civilian per capita consumption of foods, 171 personal consumption expenditures, 170 Federal food programs, 183 Highlights, 104 Nutrients availability in foods for civilian consumption, 107 consumption of selected nutrients, 105 Per capita food consumption by selected products, 168 FOOD SERVICES Estimated per capita sales by selected kinds of business, 368 Service-related industries, 366 FOOD STAMPS Federal food programs, 183 FOREIGN AID U.S. foreign economic and military aid programs, 383 FOREIGN COUNTRIES International investment position of the United States, 376 Travel to and from foreign countries, 220, 227 Value of direct investment in foreign countries, 377 Value of foreign direct investment in the U.S., 378 FORESTS AND FORESTRY Consumption of industrial products, 252 Domestic production, 252 Highlights, 248 Imports net imports, 252

National forest system areas and purchases, 248, 250 Paper and board domestic production and consumption, 256 Per capita consumption of timber products, 254 Waste paper consumption, 256 Yield and value of domestic fisheries, 258 FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS Recreational expenditures, 226 FREIGHT Railroads, 303, 324 Ships and shipping, 329 Volume of domestic intercity freight traffic, 303 FRUIT JUICE Consumption of selected beverages, 106 FRUITS Per capita consumption of foods, 171 FURNITURE Electronic shopping and mail-order houses, 367 Personal consumption expenditures, 170 Sales by kind of business, 364

G GARDEN CENTERS Sales by kind of business, 364 GASOLINE Domestic motor fuel consumption, by type of vehicle, 313 Motor fuel usage consumption, 307 Personal consumption expenditures, 170 Prices, 355 Wholesale trade, 365 GAS UTILITIES Customers, sales, and revenues, by type of service, 352 GENERAL MERCHANDISE STORES Sales, net profit, and profit per dollar, 363 Sales by kind of business, 364 GEORGIA Gross State Product, 144 Personal income, 152 Population, by race, 34 GEOTHERMAL Renewable energy, 351 GOLD Currency, deposits, bank vault cash and gold, 415 GOVERNMENT Congress bills, acts, and resolutions, 448 bills vetoed, 450 composition of Congress by party affiliation by state, 452 measures introduced and percent of measures passed, 446 members of Congress, selected characteristics, 453 Consumption expenditures and investment by type, 468 Employment in government, 454 Federal budget summary, 458-462 Federal grants-in-aid to state and local governments, 476 Gross federal debt outstanding, 467

INDEX Highlights, 446 House of Representatives apportionment of members by state, 451 Interest-bearing public debt of the federal government, 465 Number of governmental units, by type, 453 Payrolls, 474 State and local government indebtedness, 475 State and local government revenue, by source, 471 State government expenditure, by character and object, 472 Supreme Court caseload, 456 Treaties and executive agreements concluded by the U.S., 455 GRANTS-IN-AID Federal grants-in-aid to state and local governments, 476 GROCERY STORES Number and sales by type, 369 Sales, net profit, and profit per dollar, 363 Sales by kind of business, 364 Wholesale trade, 365 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT Annual change in the GDP, 139 Components in current and chained dollars, 142 Defense spending as a percent of the GDP, 478 Growth rate, total and per capita, in current and chained dollars, 141 Manufacturing current and real dollars, by industry, 290 Transportation transportation-related components of the GDP, 302 GROSS STATE PRODUCT Components in current and chained dollars, 144

H HAWAII Gross State Product, 144 Personal income, 152 Population, by race, 34 HEALTH Abortions number and rate by race, 101 AIDS cases reported by patient characteristic, 100 number of cases, reported by sex, 84 Cigarette smoking by sex, age, and race, 97 Drug use by type of drug and age, 99 Expenditures hospital expenses and personnel, 95 hospital expenses per patient day, 94 national expenditures, by source of funds, 88 personal expenditures, by source of funds, 88 total expenditures by type of service, 87 Highlights, 84 Hospital admissions average daily census and admissions, 93 Hospital expenses and personnel, 95 Hospital expenses per patient day, 94 Medical insurance

495

number of persons without coverage, 92 Medicare enrollees, 91 Medicare trusts funds, 91 Mental health facilities, by type of facility, 96 Number of medical, dental, and nursing schools, 89 Number of physicians, dentists, and nurses, 89 Organ transplants and grafts, 102 HEALTH CARE Service-related industries, 366 HEART TRANSPLANTS Number of procedures and centers, 102 HEROIN Drug use by type of drug and age, 99 Federal drug seizures, 207 HIGH SCHOOLS Dropouts by race and Hispanic origin, 196 Enrollment by sex and level, 191 Enrollment generally, 190 Expenditures, 191 Graduates, 194 Student/teacher ratios, 193 HIGHWAYS Mileage of roads, 305 Public highway debt, 306 HISPANIC ORIGIN Computers percentage of households with computers and Internet access, 332 Educational attainment, 192 High school dropouts, 196 HISTORY OF STATISTICS Generally, xv HIV Cases reported by patient characteristic, 100 Number of cases, reported by sex, 84 HOME FURNISHINGS Sales by kind of business, 364 HOMICIDE Crimes and rates by type, 205 Police officers killed, 209 HOSPITAL CARE Average daily census and admissions, 93 Expenses and personnel, 95 Expenses per patient day, 94 Health expenditures, 87 Personal consumption expenditures, 170 HOTELS AND LODGING Persons engaged in selected industries, 362 Service-related industries, 366 HOURS OF EMPLOYMENT Earnings and hours of employment of mineral industries workers, 269 Earnings and hours of employment of production workers, 122, 294 HOUSEHOLDS Income shares of aggregate income received by households, 176 Population households, by number of persons, 45

496


HOUSING Homeownership rates, by age of householder, 280 Mobile home shipments, 281 Mortgages residential nonfarm mortgage debt outstanding, 286 Occupied housing units and tenure of home, 284 Personal consumption expenditures, 170 Price and cost indexes for construction, 279 Public housing low-rent public housing units, 281 Residential structures mean age of stocks, 283 value of gross and net stocks, 282 Sales prices median sales prices on new privately-owned one-family houses, 279 Total housing inventory, 274 Vacancy rates, by region, 285 Value of construction contracts awarded, 277 Value of construction put in place, 275 HURRICANES Tornadoes, floods, and tropical cyclones, 8 HYDROELECTRIC POWER Energy supply and disposition, 353 Renewable energy, 351

I ICE CREAM Per capita consumption of foods, 172 IDAHO Gross State Product, 145 Personal income, 152 Population, by race, 35 ILLINOIS Gross State Product, 145 Personal income, 154 Population, by race, 35 IMMIGRATION Countries immigrants, by country, 52 Foreign-stock population, by nativity and parentage, 60 Formal removals and voluntary departures of aliens, 59 Highlights, 50 Population components of population change, 47 Regions immigrants, by region, 58 Total number of immigrants, 51 IMPORTS Agriculture value of agricultural exports and imports, 246 Crude petroleum, 356 Fish and fisheries, 258 Forests and forestry net imports, 252 Minerals and metals, 265 U.S. imports of goods and services, 375 U.S. income receipts and payments, 375 Value of imports, 380

INCOME AND WEALTH Average annual earnings of employees, 121 Chain-type quantity indexes, 164 Consumer Price Index annual change, 137 Corporations, 393 Durable goods chain-type quantity indexes, 164 current-cost net stock, 163 Families total money income, 175 Farms, 236 Fixed assets chain-type quantity indexes, 164 current-cost net stock, 163 Gross Domestic Product annual change, 139 components in current and chained dollars, 142 growth rate, total and per capita, in current and chained dollars, 141 Gross State Product components in current and chained dollars, 144 Highlights, 136 Households shares of aggregate income received by households, 176 Income by state, 152 Minimum wage rates, 126 National income by sector, legal form of organization, and type of income, 149 National income without capital consumption adjustment by industry, 151 Per capita income and product series for selected items, 148 Personal income by state, 152 Poverty children below poverty level, 162 persons below poverty level, 161 Production workers in manufacturing, 122 Race families by total money income, 175 Savings sources and uses of savings, 160 INCOME MAINTENANCE Government transfer payments to individuals, 180 INCOME TAXES Individual income tax returns, 463, 464 INDIANA Gross State Product, 145 Personal income, 154 Population, by race, 35 INDUSTRY Estimated water use, 7 National air pollution estimates, 2, 11 National income without capital consumption adjustment by industry, 151 Self-employed workers by industry and occupation, 127 Unemployment rates by industry, NAICS based, 117 Unemployment rates by industry, SIC based, 118

INDEX INFLATION Purchasing power of the dollar, 177 INJURIES Transportation accidents, deaths, and injuries, 304 Work injury frequency rates in manufacturing and mining, 125 INSURANCE Disability insurance, 183 Life insurance, 425 Medical insurance number of persons without coverage, 92 Old-age and survivors insurance, 183 Unemployment insurance, 180, 184 INTEREST RATES Consumer credit and finance rates, 424 Money markets, 417 INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS AND FOREIGN COMMERCE Highlights, 372 Investment position of the United States, 373, 376 U.S. exports and imports of goods and services, 375 U.S. foreign economic and military aid programs, 383 U.S. income receipts and payments, 375 Value of direct investment in foreign countries, 377 Value of exports and imports, 380 Value of foreign direct investment in the United States, 378 INTERNET Percentage of households with computers and Internet access, 332, 344 INVENTORIES Construction and housing total housing inventory, 274 Manufacturing value of inventories, 292 Motor vehicles, 314 Publishers, 342, 343 IOWA Gross State Product, 145 Personal income, 154 Population, by race, 35 IRON Consumption of selected nutrients, 105 IRRIGATION Estimated water use, 7

J JEWELRY STORES Sales by kind of business, 364 JUVENILE COURTS Cases handled, 213

K KANSAS Gross State Product, 145 Personal income, 154 Population, by race, 36 KENTUCKY Gross State Product, 145 Personal income, 154

497

Population, by race, 36 KINDERGARTENS Enrollment generally, 192

L LABOR Average annual earnings of employees, 121 Earnings and hours of production workers in manufacturing, 122 Employment status of the civilian population by sex and race, 129 Federal minimum wage rates, 126 Highlights, 110 Labor force and employment by super sector, 119 Labor force status of the population, 113 Labor union membership as a percent of total employment, 123 Marital status of women in the civilian labor force, 128 Productivity-output per hour, 134 Self-employed workers, by industry and occupation, 127 Unemployment, 114 Unemployment rates by industry, NAICS based, 117 Unemployment rates by industry, SIC based, 118 Unemployment rates by sex and race in the civilian labor force, 116 Work injury frequency rates in manufacturing and mining, 125 Work stoppages, workers involved, and days idle, 124 LABOR UNIONS Membership as a percent of total employment, 123 Work stoppages, workers involved, and days idle, 124 LAGGING ECONOMIC INDICATORS Composite indicators, 394 LAND, WATER, AND CLIMATE Estimated water use, 7 Highlights, 2 Land area of the United States, 5 Municipal solid waste generation, recovery, and disposal, 10 National air pollutant emissions, 2, 11 Territorial expansion of the United States, 6 Tornadoes, floods, and tropical cyclones, 8 LANDFILLS Municipal solid waste generation, recovery, and disposal, 10 LAW ENFORCEMENT, COURTS, AND PRISONS Adults on probation, in jail or prison, or on parole, 215 Crimes and crime rates by type, 202, 205 Expenditures public expenditures, by level of government, 210 Federal and state prisoners by jurisdiction and sex, 214 Federal drug seizures, by type of drug, 207 Federal prosecutions of public corruption, 217 Highlights, 202 Juvenile courts cases handled, 213

498


Police officers killed, 209 Prisoners executed under civil authority, by race, 216 Suicides, 208 U.S. District Courts civil and criminal cases, 212 U.S. Supreme Court cases filed and disposed of, 211, 456 LEADING ECONOMIC INDICATORS Composite indexes, 394 LIFE INSURANCE Insurance in force, by type, 425 Number of companies, 425 LIVER TRANSPLANTS Number of procedures and centers, 102 LIVESTOCK Farm income and expenses, 236 Farming balance sheet, 235 LOTTERIES State-administered lotteries income and apportionment of funds, 476 LOUISIANA Gross State Product, 145 Personal income, 154 Population, by race, 36 LUMBER AND WOOD Consumption of products, 252 Domestic production, 252 Net imports, 252 Per capita consumption of timber products, 254 Renewable energy, 351

M MAGAZINES Recreational expenditures, 226 Revenues, printing expenses, and inventories, 342 MAIL Post offices, revenues, expenditures, and pieces of mail handled, 338 Rates for first-class mail, letters, and postal cards, 342 Volume of mail, 341 MAIL-ORDER HOUSES Total and e-commerce sales by merchandise line, 367 MAINE Gross State Product, 145 Personal income, 154 Population, by race, 36 MANAGEMENT SERVICES Service-related industries, 366 MANSLAUGHTER Crimes and rates by type, 205 MANUFACTURING Aircraft shipments of aircraft, 295 Corporations sales, profits, and stockbrokers’ equity, 293 Earnings and hours of employment of production workers, 122, 294 Gross Domestic Product current and real dollars, by industry, 290 Highlights, 288

Inventories value of inventories, 292 Orders value of orders, 292 Profits corporate sales and profits, 293 Sales corporate sales and profits, 293 Shipments number of shipments, 289 value of shipments, 292 Summary, 291 Wholesale trade, 365 Work injury frequency rates in manufacturing, 125 MARGARINE Per capita consumption of foods, 171 MARIJUANA Drug use by type of drug and age, 99 Federal drug seizures, 207 MARITAL STATUS Employment women in the civilian work force, 128 Population marital status of the population, by age and sex, 28 MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE Highlights, 76 Marital history for people 15 years and over, by age and sex, 80 Numbers, 77 Percent reaching stated anniversary by marriage cohort and sex first and second marriages, 81 Rate, 76, 78, 79 MARYLAND Gross State Product, 145 Personal income, 154 Population, by race, 37 MASSACHUSETTS Gross State Product, 145 Personal income, 154 Population, by race, 37 MEATS Per capita consumption of foods, 171 MEDICAL CARE Personal consumption expenditures, 170 MEDICAL INSURANCE Number of persons without coverage, 92 MEDICAL PAYMENTS Government transfer payments to individuals, 180 MEDICAL SCHOOLS Number, 89 MEDICARE Number of enrollees, 91 Trust funds, 91 MENTAL HEALTH CARE Facilities by type of facility, 96 MERCHANT FLEETS Number of vessels, 328 MERGERS Corporate mergers and acquisitions, 391

INDEX METALS Imports, 265 Mineral production, 264 Prices, 266 MICHIGAN Gross State Product, 145 Personal income, 154 Population, by race, 37 MIDDLE SCHOOLS Enrollment by sex and level, 191 Enrollment generally, 190 Expenditures, 191 Student/teacher ratios, 193 MIGRATION Countries immigrants, by country, 52 Foreign-stock population, by nativity and parentage, 60 Formal removals and voluntary departures of aliens, 59 Highlights, 50 Population components of population change, 47 Regions immigrants, by region, 58 Total number of immigrants, 51 MILITARY Active duty military personnel, 481 Defense spending as a percent of GDP, 478 Department of Defense manpower, 480 Outlays and veterans’ benefits, 483 Personnel on active duty, 479 Selected characteristics of the armed forces, by war, 479 Veterans, number of, 481 Veterans’ benefits and outlays, 483 MILITARY AID U.S. foreign economic and military aid programs, 383 MILK Consumption of selected beverages, 106 Per capita consumption of foods, 172 MINERALS Crude petroleum production, value, and proved reserves, 262, 267 Employment, hours, and earnings in industries, 269 Highlights, 262 Imports of selected minerals and metals, 265 Prices of selected products, 266 Production of minerals, 264 MINIMUM WAGE Federal minimum wage rates, 126 MINING Work injury frequency rates in mining, 125 MINNESOTA Gross State Product, 145 Personal income, 154 Population, by race, 37 MISSISSIPPI Gross State Product, 145 Personal income, 154 Population, by race, 38

499

MISSOURI Gross State Product, 146 Personal income, 154 Population, by race, 38 MOBILE HOMES Number of shipments of mobile homes, 281 MONEY MARKETS Rates, 417 MONEY STOCK Currency, deposits, bank vault cash and gold, 415 MONTANA Gross State Product, 146 Personal income, 156 Population, by race, 38 MONUMENTS National parks and monuments, 223 MORTGAGES Debt outstanding, 423 Housing residential nonfarm mortgage debt outstanding, 286 MOTHERS Birth rates of unmarried women ages 15-44, by age of mother, 69 MOTION PICTURES Recreational expenditures, 226 MOTOR VEHICLES Accidents number and deaths, by type of accident, 311 Costs average cost of owning and operating an automobile, 313 Deaths and death rates, 310 Farming balance sheet, 235 Fuel consumption, by type of vehicle, 313 Inventories, 314 Miles of travel, 309 Personal consumption expenditures, 170, 226 Registrations, 298, 307 Repair services, 362 Sales by kind of business, 364 Sales from U.S. factories, 307 Sales generally, 314 Travel, by type of vehicle and speed, 316 MURDER Crimes and rates by type, 205 Police officers killed, 209 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Recreational expenditures, 226 MUSIC VIDEOS Electronic shopping and mail-order houses, 367 Recording media manufacturers’ shipments and value, 337 MUTUAL FUNDS Net assets, sales, and redemptions, 422

N NATIONAL DEFENSE Active duty military personnel, 481 Armed forces selected characteristics of the armed forces, by war, 479

500


Department of Defense manpower, 480 Highlights, 478 Military personnel on active duty, by location, 479 Outlays and veterans’ benefits, 483 Spending as a percent of GDP, 478 Veterans, number of, 481 Veterans’ benefits and outlays, 483 NATIONAL FORESTS System areas and purchases, 248, 250 NATIONAL PARKS AND MONUMENTS Area in acres and visits, 223 NATURAL GAS Consumption for electricity generation, 350 Energy supply and disposition, 353 Prices, 355 NEBRASKA Gross State Product, 146 Personal income, 156 Population, by race, 38 NEVADA Gross State Product, 146 Personal income, 156 Population, by race, 39 NEW HAMPSHIRE Gross State Product, 146 Personal income, 156 Population, by race, 39 NEW JERSEY Gross State Product, 146 Personal income, 156 Population, by race, 39 NEW MEXICO Gross State Product, 146 Personal income, 156 Population, by race, 39 NEWSPAPERS Recreational expenditures, 226 Revenues, printing expenses, and inventories, 342 NEW TO THE THIRD EDITION, xv NEW YORK Gross State Product, 146 Personal income, 156 Population, by race, 40 NOBEL LAUREATES Selected sciences, 408 NONDURABLE GOODS Gross Domestic Product in manufacturing, 290 Personal consumption expenditures, 170 NORTH CAROLINA Gross State Product, 146 Personal income, 156 Population, by race, 40 NORTH DAKOTA Gross State Product, 146 Personal income, 156 Population, by race, 40 NUCLEAR POWER Consumption for electricity generation, 350 Energy supply and disposition, 353

Plants number, capacity, and generation, 354 NURSERY SCHOOLS Enrollment generally, 192 NURSES Number, 89 NURSING HOME CARE Health expenditures, 87 NURSING SCHOOLS Number, 89 NUTRIENTS Availability in foods for civilian consumption, 107 Index of per capita consumption of selected nutrients, 105

O OFFICE EQUIPMENT Electronic shopping and mail-order houses, 367 OIL Imports and exports, 356 Personal consumption expenditures, 170 Prices, 266, 355 Production, value, and proved reserves, 262, 267 Wholesale trade, 365 OKLAHOMA Gross State Product, 146 Personal income, 156 Population, by race, 41 OLD-AGE AND SURVIVORS INSURANCE Trust funds, 183 ORDERS Manufacturing value of orders, 292 OREGON Gross State Product, 146 Personal income, 156 Population, by race, 41 ORGAN TRANSPLANTS AND GRAFTS Number of procedures and centers, 102 OUTPUT Productivity-output per hour, 134

P PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS Domestic production of paper and board, 256 Waste paper consumption, 256 Wholesale trade, 365 PARI-MUTUEL BETTING Recreational expenditures, 226 PARKING SERVICES Persons engaged in selected services, 362 PARKS National parks and monuments, 223 State parks, 225 PARTNERSHIPS Firm births and deaths, 390 National income, 149 Number, receipts, and profit, 389 Returns, receipts, and net income, 388

INDEX PASSENGERS Class I intercity carriers of passengers, 316 Public transit equipment, passengers, and passenger revenue, 317 Volume of intercity passenger traffic, 303 PATENTS Patents filed and issued, 386, 402 PAYROLLS Governmental payrolls, 474 PEANUTS Per capita consumption of foods, 172 PENNSYLVANIA Gross State Product, 147 Personal income, 156 Population, by race, 41 PENSIONS Private pension plans, 184 PERIODICALS Revenues, printing expenses, and inventories, 342 PERSONAL SERVICES Persons engaged in selected industries, 362 PETROLEUM Consumption by electric utilities, 349 Imports and exports, 356 Prices, 266, 355 Production, value, and proved reserves, 262, 267 Wholesale trade, 365 PHOTOGRAPHY Recreational expenditures, 226 PHYSICIANS Health expenditures, 87 Number, 89 PLYWOOD AND VENEER Per capita consumption, 254 POLICE OFFICERS Officers killed, 209 POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEES Contributions to Congressional campaigns, 443 Number, by committee type, 443 POLITICS AND ELECTIONS Congress political party affiliation, 440 Congressional campaign finances receipts and disbursements, 444 Electoral and popular vote cast for President, by political party, 432 Financial activities political party financial activity, by major political party, 442 Highlights, 430 Political action committees contributions to Congressional campaigns, 443 number, by committee type, 443 Popular vote cast for President, by state and political party, 436 Presidency political party affiliation, 44 State legislatures political party control, 442 Voting-age population percent reporting registered, and voted, 430, 439

501

POLLUTION National air pollutant emissions, 2, 11 POPULATION Annual estimates of the population, by age, 24 Annual estimates of the population, by sex, 22 Annual population estimates for the United States, 19 Area and population of the United States, 15 Cities, population by, 48 Components of population change, 47 Highlights, 14 Households, by number of persons, 45 Marital status of the population, by age and sex, 28 Median age of population, by race and sex, 27 Projections of the population, by age, 24 Projections of the population, by sex, 22 Regions, by race and residence, 30 Resident population, by sex, 26 States, by race, 32 POSTAL SERVICE Post offices, revenues, expenditures, and pieces of mail handled, 338 Rates for first-class mail, letters, and postal cards, 342 Volume of mail and employees, 341 POTATOES Per capita consumption of foods, 172 POULTRY Farm income and expenses, 236 Farming balance sheet, 235 POVERTY Children below poverty level, 162 Persons below poverty level and below 125 percent of poverty level, 161 PRESCRIPTION DRUGS Electronic shopping and mail-order houses, 367 Health expenditures, 87 PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES Bills vetoed, 450 Electoral and popular vote cast for President, 432 Popular vote cast for President, 436 Treaties and executive agreements concluded by the U.S., 455 PRICE INDEXES Construction and housing, 279 PRICES Electric utilities, 357 Energy, 355 PRISONS AND PRISONERS Adults on probation, in jail or prison, or on parole, 215 Federal and state prisoners by jurisdiction and sex, 214 PROBATION AND PAROLE Adults on probation, in jail or prison, or on parole, 215 PRODUCTIVITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Basic research funds expended, 405 Copyright registrations, by type, 400 Highlights, 398 Nobel Laureates in selected sciences, 408 Output-productivity per hour, 134

502


Patent applications filed and patents issued, 386, 402 Research and development expenditures, 398, 407 performance of research, 405 Science, space, and other technology federal outlays, 406 Space launches worldwide successful space launches, 406 Trademarks registered and renewed, 404 PROFESSIONAL SERVICES Service-related industries, 366 PROFITS Corporations, 389 Manufacturing corporate sales and profits, 293 Partnerships, 389 Proprietorships, 389 Retail trade corporations, 363 PROPRIETORSHIPS Firm births and deaths, 390 National income, 149 Number, receipts, and profit, 389 Returns, receipts, and net income, 388 PROTEIN Consumption of selected nutrients, 105 PUBLICATION FEATURES, xv PUBLIC FINANCE Federal government finances, 458-462 Federal grants-in-aid to state and local governments, 476 Governmental payrolls, 474 Government consumption expenditures and investment by type, 468 Gross federal debt outstanding, 467 Highlights, 458 Individual income tax returns, 463, 464 Interest-bearing public debt of the federal government, 465 Lottery funds, income and apportionment, 476 State and local government indebtedness, 475 State and local government revenue, by source, 471 State government expenditure, by character and object, 472 PUBLIC HOUSING Low-rent public housing units by year, 281 PUBLIC UTILITIES Electric utilities, 349 Estimated water use, 7 Gas utilities, 352 PUBLISHING Revenues, printing expenses, and inventories, 342, 343 Service-related industries, 366 PULP PRODUCTS Per capita consumption, 254

R RACE Abortions number and rate by race, 101 AIDS cases reported by patient characteristic, 100

Birth rates expectation of life at birth, by race and sex, 70 total and fertility rate for women 15-44, by race, 66 Computers percentage of households with computers and Internet access, by race, 332 Death penalty prisoners executed under civil authority, by race, 216 Death rates number of deaths and age-adjusted death rates, by race and sex, 74 Educational attainment by race, 192 Employment status by race, 129 Fertility rates, by race, 66, 68 Fetal deaths neonatal, infant, and maternal mother mortality rates, by race, 72 High school dropouts by race, 196 Income families by total money income, 175 Population median age of population, by race and sex, 27 regions, by race and residence, 30 states, by race, 32 Smoking by sex, age, and race, 97 Unemployment rates by race, 116 RADIO AND TELEVISION Recreational expenditures, 226 Stations, sets produced, and households with sets, 335 RAILROADS Freight traffic, 303, 324 Passenger-train cars in service, 322 Transportation accidents, deaths, and injuries, 304 RAPE Crimes and rates by type, 205 REAL ESTATE Service-related industries, 366 RECORDING MEDIA Manufacturers’ shipments and value, 337 RECREATION Personal consumption expenditures, 170 Service-related industries, 366 RECYCLING Municipal solid waste generation, recovery, and disposal, 10 REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES Population of regions, by race and residence, 39 REGISTRATIONS Motor vehicles and parts, 298, 307 RENEWABLE ENERGY Estimated renewable energy consumption, 351 REPAIR SERVICES Persons engaged in selected services, 362 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Expenditures, 398, 407 Health expenditures, 87 Performance of research, 405 RESTAURANTS Sales, net profit, and profit per dollar, 363 Sales by kind of business, 364

INDEX RETAIL TRADE Corporations sales, net profit, and profit per dollar, 363 Estimated per capita sales by selected kinds of business, 368 Persons engaged in retail trade industries, 360 Persons engaged in selected industries, 362 Sales by kind of business, 364 RETIREMENT BENEFITS Government transfer payments to individuals, 180 RHODE ISLAND Gross State Product, 147 Personal income, 158 Population, by race, 41 ROADS Mileage of rural roads, 305 ROBBERY Crimes and rates by type, 205

S SALARIES Average annual earnings of employees, 121 Production workers in manufacturing, 122 SALES Manufacturing corporate sales and profits, 293 Motor vehicles, 314 Mutual funds, 422 Retail food stores, 369 Retail trade and food services, 368 Retail trade corporations, 363 Stocks and bonds, 421 Wholesale trade, 365 SAVINGS Sources and uses of savings, 160 SAVINGS ACCOUNTS Total savings accounts of U.S. households, 410 SCHOOL LUNCH PROGRAMS Federal food programs, 183 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Expenditures, 406 Nobel Laureates, 408 SCIENTIFIC SERVICES Service-related industries, 366 SEARCHES AND SEIZURES Federal drug seizures, by type of drug, 207 SELF-EMPLOYED WORKERS Employment by industry and occupation, 127 SERVICE-RELATED INDUSTRIES Establishments, employees, and payroll by industry, 366 Personal consumption expenditures, 170 Persons engaged in selected service industries, 362 SEX AIDS cases reported by patient characteristic, 100 number of cases reported, by sex, 84 Birth rates expectation of life at birth, by race and sex, 70 College enrollment by sex, 186, 191

503

Death rates number of deaths and age-adjusted death rates, by race and sex, 74 Degrees conferred by sex, 198 Educational attainment by sex, 192 Employment status by sex, 129 Marriage and divorce history for people 15 years and over, by age and sex, 80 percent reaching stated anniversary by marriage cohort, 81 Population annual estimates and projections of population, by sex, 22 marital status of the population, by age and sex, 28 median age of population, by race and sex, 27 resident population, by sex, 26 Prisoners by sex, 214 School enrollment by sex and level, 191 Smoking by sex, age, and race, 97 Unemployment rates by sex, 116 SHIPMENTS Manufacturing number of shipments, 289 value of shipments, 292 SHIPS AND SHIPPING Cargo-carrying U.S.-flag fleet, by area of operation, 326 Freight carried on major U.S. waterways, 329 Merchant fleets of the world, 328 Waterborne commerce, by type of commodity, 327 SIZE OF THE UNITED STATES Area and population of the United States, 18 Land area of the United States, 5 Territorial expansion of the United States, 6 SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Loans to small businesses, 395 SOCIAL SECURITY Covered employment, earnings, and contribution rates, 182 Trust funds, 183 SOCIAL SERVICES Service-related industries, 366 SOCIAL WELFARE Benefits government transfer payments to individuals, 180 summary of payments, 182 Federal food programs, 183 Highlights, 180 Private pension plans, 184 Social Security covered employment, earnings, and contribution rates, 182 trust funds, 183 Unemployment insurance, 180, 184 SOFT DRINKS Consumption of selected beverages, 106 SOFTWARE Electronic shopping and mail-order houses, 367

504


SOLAR POWER Energy supply and disposition, 353 Renewable energy, 351 SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPS Firm births and deaths, 390 National income, 149 Number, receipts, and profit, 389 Returns, receipts, and net income, 388 SOLID WASTE Municipal solid waste generation, recovery, and disposal, 10 SOUTH CAROLINA Gross State Product, 147 Personal income, 158 Population, by race, 42 SOUTH DAKOTA Gross State Product, 147 Personal income, 158 Population, by race, 42 SPACE LAUNCHES Federal outlays for technology, 406 Worldwide successful space launches, 406 SPORTING GOODS Electronic shopping and mail-order houses, 367 Sales by kind of business, 364 SPORTS Recreational expenditures, 226 STATE LEGISLATURES Political party control, 442 STATE PARKS Acreage, expenditures, and attendance, 225 STATES Federal grants-in-aid to state and local governments, 476 Governmental payrolls, 474 Government expenditure, by character and object, 472 Government revenue, by source, 471 Gross State Products, 147 Indebtedness, 475 Lottery funds income and apportionment of funds, 476 Personal income by state, 152 Population annual population estimates for the United States, 19 area and population of the United States, 18 generally, 14 migration, 47 race generally, 32 regions, by race and residence, 30 STOCKS AND BONDS Market value and volume of sales, 421 Yields, 419 STREETS Mileage of municipal streets, 305 STRIKES Work stoppages, workers involved, and days idle, 124 STUDENTS Student/teacher ratios, 193 SUICIDES Number and rate, 208

SUPERMARKETS Number and sales by type, 369 Sales, net profit, and profit per dollar, 363 Sales by kind of business, 364 Wholesale trade, 365 SURVEYS AND SURVEYING Land area of the United States, 5

T TAXATION Corporations, 393 Farms, 239 Individual income tax returns, 463, 464 TEA Consumption of selected beverages, 106 TEACHERS Numbers of teachers, 193 Student/teacher ratios, 193 TECHNICAL SERVICES Service-related industries, 366 TECHNOLOGY Productivity and technological development, 398 TELEPHONE SYSTEMS Number of carriers and revenues, 343 TELEVISION Recreational expenditures, 226 Stations, sets produced, and households with sets, 335 TENNESSEE Gross State Product, 147 Personal income, 158 Population, by race, 42 TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES Area and population of the United States, 18 Land area of the United States, 5 Territorial expansion of the United States, 6 TEXAS Gross State Product, 147 Personal income, 158 Population, by race, 42 THEATERS Recreational expenditures, 226 THEFT Crimes and rates by type, 205 TIMBER PRODUCTS Production and consumption, 252, 254 TOBACCO PRODUCTS Smoking by sex, age, and race, 97 TORNADOES Floods, tornadoes, and tropical cyclones, 8 TOYS Electronic shopping and mail-order houses, 367 Recreational expenditures, 226 TRADEMARKS Registrations and renewals, 404 TRANSPORTATION Accidents motor vehicle accidents, number and deaths, 311 transportation accidents, deaths, and injuries, 304 Airline industry, 318 Airports, aircraft, pilots, and miles flown, 320 Airports - top 40 airports, passengers enplaned, 321

INDEX Air transportation accidents, 319 Average cost of owning and operating an automobile, 313 Class I intercity motor carriers of passengers, 316 Deaths motor vehicle deaths and death rates, 310 transportation accidents, deaths, and injuries, 304 Domestic motor fuel consumption, by type of vehicle, 313 Earnings employee employment and earnings, 303 Employment employee employment and earnings, 303 Freight traffic railroads, 324 shipping on U.S. waterways, 329 volume of domestic intercity traffic, 303 Gross Domestic Product transportation-related components of the GDP, 302 Highlights, 298 Injuries transportation accidents, deaths, and injuries, 304 Mileage of rural roads and municipal streets, 305 Miles of travel by motor vehicles, 309 Motor fuel usage consumption, 307 Motor vehicle registrations, 298, 307 Motor vehicle sales, 307 Motor vehicle sales and inventories, 314 Motor vehicle travel, by type of vehicle and speed, 316 Passenger traffic volume of intercity passenger traffic, 303 Personal consumption expenditures, 170 Public highway debt, state and local governments, 306 Public transit equipment, passengers, and passenger revenue, 317 Railroad freight traffic, 324 Service-related industries, 366 Shipping cargo-carrying U.S.-flag fleet, by are of operation, 326 freight carried on major U.S. waterways, 329 merchant fleets of the world, 328 waterborne commerce, by type of commodity, 327 TRASH Municipal solid waste generation, recovery, and disposal, 10 TRAVEL Foreign countries travelers and expenditures, 220, 227 TREASURY BILLS Interest-bearing public debt of the federal government, 465 TREATIES Territorial expansion of the United States, 6 TRUST FUNDS Medicare trust funds, 91 Social Security trust funds, 183 TURKEYS Farming balance sheet, 235 Per capita consumption of foods, 172

505

U UNEMPLOYMENT Percent of the civilian labor force, 114 Rates by industry, NAICS based, 117 Rates by industry, SIC based, 118 Rates by sex and race in the civilian labor force, 116 UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE Government transfer payments to individuals, 180 State unemployment insurance, 184 UNIONS Membership as a percent of total employment, 123 Work stoppages, workers involved, and days idle, 124 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTS Civil and criminal cases, 212 UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT Cases filed and disposed of, 211, 456 UTAH Gross State Product, 147 Personal income, 158 Population, by race, 43 UTILITIES Electric utilities, 349 Gas utilities, 352 Water use, 7

V VACATIONS Foreign travel travelers and expenditures, 220, 227 VEGETABLE JUICE Consumption of selected beverages, 106 VEGETABLES Per capita consumption of foods, 172 VERMONT Gross State Product, 147 Personal income, 158 Population, by race, 43 VETERANS Benefits, 180, 483 Number of veterans, 481 VIDEOS Electronic shopping and mail-order houses, 367 Recording media manufacturers’ shipments and value, 337 VIRGINIA Gross State Product, 147 Personal income, 158 Population, by race, 43

W WAGES Average annual earnings of employees, 121 Minimum wage rates, 126 Production workers in manufacturing, 122, 294 WAREHOUSING Employment and earnings in warehousing, by industry, 303 Service-related industries, 366 WASHINGTON Gross State Product, 147 Personal income, 158

506


Population, by race, 43 WATER USE Estimated water use, 7 WEATHER Tornadoes, floods, and tropical cyclones, 8 WEST VIRGINIA Gross State Product, 147 Personal income, 158 Population, by race, 44 WHEAT FLOUR Per capita consumption of foods, 172 WHITE-COLLAR CRIME Federal prosecutions of public corruption, 217 WHOLESALE TRADE Establishments, sales, payroll, and employees by kind of business, 365 Persons engaged in selected industries, 362 Persons engaged in wholesale trade industries, 360

WINE Consumption of selected beverages, 106 Electronic shopping and mail-order houses, 367 Wholesale trade, 365 WISCONSIN Gross State Product, 147 Personal income, 158 Population, by race, 44 WORK STOPPAGES Workers involved and days idle, 124 WYOMING Gross State Product, 147 Personal income, 158 Population, by race, 44

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