Ferrous Sulfate - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

FERROUS SULFATE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AM...

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FERROUS SULFATE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Ferrous Sulfate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00464-X 1. Ferrous Sulfate-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on ferrous sulfate. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FERROUS SULFATE .................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Ferrous Sulfate.............................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FERROUS SULFATE .......................................................................... 15 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 15 Finding Nutrition Studies on Ferrous Sulfate............................................................................. 15 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 17 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FERROUS SULFATE .................................................... 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 19 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 24 General References ....................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON FERROUS SULFATE ...................................................................... 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Dissertations on Ferrous Sulfate.................................................................................................. 27 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON FERROUS SULFATE ................................................................................. 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 Patents on Ferrous Sulfate........................................................................................................... 29 Patent Applications on Ferrous Sulfate ....................................................................................... 53 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON FERROUS SULFATE..................................................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Chapters on Ferrous Sulfate......................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FERROUS SULFATE....................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 63 Academic Periodicals covering Ferrous Sulfate ........................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 67 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 68 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 71 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 73 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 75 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 77 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 81 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 81 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 81

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 87 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 87 FERROUS SULFATE DICTIONARY........................................................................................... 89 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 129

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with ferrous sulfate is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about ferrous sulfate, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to ferrous sulfate, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on ferrous sulfate. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to ferrous sulfate, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on ferrous sulfate. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FERROUS SULFATE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on ferrous sulfate.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and ferrous sulfate, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “ferrous sulfate” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Pill Esophagitis Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 28(4): 298-305. June 1999. Contact: Available from Lippincott-Raven Publishers. P.O. Box 1550, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Summary: Oral medications are most commonly administered as nonchewable tablets or capsules (pills). Injuries occur when caustic medicinal pills dissolve in the esophagus rather than passing rapidly into the stomach as intended. This article reviews 979 cases of pill esophagitis due to nearly 100 different medications. Most patients suffer only self limited pain, but esophageal hemorrhage, stricture, and perforation can occur, and fatal injuries have been reported. Types of pills discussed include antibiotics and antiviral pills; aspirin and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs; potassium chloride,

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quinidine, ferrous sulfate or succinate, and alprenolol (a beta blocker); and alendronate and pamidronate. The author concludes that the incidence of this iatrogenic injury can be reduced but not eliminated by emphasizing the importance of taking pills while upright and with plenty of fluids. In addition, pills implicated as causing frequent or severe esophageal injury should be avoided in bedridden patients or those with esophageal compression, stricture, or dysmotility. 4 tables. 39 references. (AA-M). •

Challenges of Diabetes and Dialysis Source: Diabetes Spectrum. 10(2): 135-141. 1997. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Summary: This article offers information needed to care for patients with diabetes and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The author reviews the importance of using a team approach between diabetes and nephrology personnel, options for ESRD treatment, and medications. The author also offers tips for dealing with hypoglycemia and gastroparesis. The article concludes with a case study. Treatment options discussed include hemodialysis (in-center and home), peritoneal dialysis, renal transplantation, and combined kidney and pancreas transplantation. Medications include multivitamins, calcium carbonate, calcitriol, stool softeners and laxatives, ferrous sulfate, and epoetin alpha (EPO). The author notes that diuretics are usually stopped once dialysis is started, since they are minimally effective and can potentiate the ototoxicity of other pharmacologic agents. Antihypertensive agents are held before dialysis to prevent hypotension during dialysis. A change in insulin dosages may be necessary on dialysis days for patients requiring insulin. The author cautions that when hypoglycemia occurs in insulin-requiring patients, treatment can be difficult. In addition, gastroparesis can be a major challenge for patients with ESRD. Liquid metoclopramide may be better absorbed than pills. Some patients report that elevating the head of the bed by 4 to 8 inches reduces morning vomiting. 7 tables. 28 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Ferrous Sulfate The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to ferrous sulfate. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to ferrous sulfate. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore ferrous sulfate. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for ferrous sulfate: 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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Project Title: MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR CONTROL MECHANISMS IN IRON LOADED HEPATOCYTES Principal Investigator & Institution: Isom, Harriet C.; Distinguished Professor; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Drive Hershey, Pa 170332390 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Hemochromatosis is the termed used to describe a state of iron overload in an individual. Our goal is to address the isolated issue of how iron- overload alters the function of well-differentiated hepatocytes in the absence of the other liver cell types. We have carried out preliminary studies to determine whether primary hepatocytes in long-term DMSO culture can be loaded with iron. We conclude from these studies: (1) Primary rat hepatocytes in long-term DMSO culture can be iron-induced by exposure to iron in the form of ferrous sulfate or (3,5,5-trimethylhexanoyl) ferrocene (TMHferrocene) but not with holotransferrin at the concentrations tested. (2) Because iron loading can be carried out over long time periods (months) in hepatocytes in DMSO it is possible to obtain iron loading using concentrations as low as 2.5 muM TMH-ferrocene. When exposed to 25muM TMH-ferrocene, hepatocytes continued to load increasing amounts for iron for two months before the cells died; when exposed to lower concentrations such as 2.5 or 5.0 muM TMH-ferrocene, hepatocytes were able to continuously load iron and remain viable for more than two months. (3) The cellular deposition of iron was different in hepatocytes exposed to TMH-ferrocene compared to those exposed to ferrous sulfate; exposure to TMH-ferrocene resulted in the presence of more ferritin cores within lysosome. (4) Iron loading distorted nuclear shape in hepatocytes; the amount of nuclear distortion was greater in hepatocytes exposed to ferrous sulfate than in those exposed to TMH-ferrocene. (5) TMH-ferrocene produced a normal physiologic induction of ferritin. In summary, we have demonstrated that hepatocytes in long-term DMSO culture can be iron loaded and represent a flexible system for studying the effects of chronic iron loading on the cells. The hypothesis being tested in this proposal is: Iron loading of hepatocytes in long-term DMSO culture induces specific types of cellular changes may be potentiated is the cells are treated with cytokines. We will use iron over-loaded hepatocytes in long term DMSO culture: 1. To characterize the time- and concentration-dependent characteristics of TMH-ferrocene treatment with respect to cellular iron content, ferritin expression, IRE function, and markers of oxidative damage. 2. To characterize the mechanisms whereby alphatocopherol produces an increase in ferritin expression. 3. To assess the ability of our changes induced by iron overload are reversed by iron chelation. 4. To characterize the effects of chronic iron loading on the TNF-alpha signaling pathway with regard to NKkappaB expression and induction of apoptosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PSYCHOPHYSICS OF DIVALENT SALTS AND METALLIC TASTE Principal Investigator & Institution: Lawless, Harry T.; Food Science; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Sensory properties of divalent salts such as those of calcium and iron have received scant attention in the literature on the chemical senses. Given the aging of the US population and the prevalence of osteoporosis, dietary calcium insufficiency is a growing concern and is being addressed by an increasing number of calcium fortified food products. Iron deficiency is a continuing problem in the third world, affecting billions of people worldwide. Understanding the sensory

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properties of divalent salts such as those of calcium and iron will add to the knowledge base in the senses of taste and smell and may help the engineering of foods and supplements with acceptable sensory properties. A program of research is proposed here in two main sections. First, psychophysical characterization of divalent salts will address the qualitative and intensive properties of Group II of the period table including calcium, an active participant in various steps of taste transduction, as well as magnesium and barium. In preliminary research with calcium and magnesium, a frequent taste descriptor was the term "metallic." This property of multivalent halides has received little attention but qualitative work suggests that it results from the production of a volatile substance that is perceived retronasally. That is, metallic taste may be a smell and not a true taste. This is consistent with literature from food chemistry suggesting that metallic ions such as iron and copper can catalyze the production of very potent odor compounds from oxidation of lipids. The second program of research aims to characterize the sensory properties of iron and copper salts, which produce complex sensations in the oral cavity. Instrumental-sensory correlations will be brought to bear on the identification and characterization of volatile compounds produced from mixing ferrous sulfate with human saliva, and comparison of these compounds to known lipid oxidation products known to smell "metallic" as identified in the food chemistry literature. A parallel to the reports of metallic sensations from electric taste will be investigated. A primary question of interest is whether metallic taste is olfactory, gustatory or tactile in nature or some combination of the three. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “ferrous sulfate” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for ferrous sulfate in the PubMed Central database: •

Characterization of Jarosite Formed upon Bacterial Oxidation of Ferrous Sulfate in a Packed-Bed Reactor. by Grishin SI, Bigham JM, Tuovinen OH.; 1988 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=204433

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Effect of ferrous sulfate and multivitamins with zinc on absorption of ciprofloxacin in normal volunteers. by Polk RE, Healy DP, Sahai J, Drwal L, Racht E.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172774

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with ferrous sulfate, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “ferrous sulfate” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for ferrous sulfate (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of ulcerative colitis induced by oral ferrous sulfate. Author(s): Kawai M, Sumimoto S, Kasajima Y, Hamamoto T. Source: Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1992 August; 34(4): 476-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1414340

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A new procedure to fortify fluid milk and dairy products with high-bioavailable ferrous sulfate. Author(s): Boccio JR, Zubillaga MB, Caro RA, Gotelli CA, Gotelli MJ, Weill R. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1997 June; 55(6): 240-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9279060

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Absorption of iron from grape-molasses and ferrous sulfate: a comparative study in normal subjects and subjects with iron deficiency anemia. Author(s): Aslan Y, Erduran E, Mocan H, Gedik Y, Okten A, Soylu H, Deger O. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1997 October-December; 39(4): 465-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9433148

•

Addition of ferrous sulfate to cement and risk of chromium dermatitis among construction workers. Author(s): Roto P, Sainio H, Reunala T, Laippala P. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 January; 34(1): 43-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8789225

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Alteration of methyldopa absorption, metabolism, and blood pressure control caused by ferrous sulfate and ferrous gluconate. Author(s): Campbell N, Paddock V, Sundaram R. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1988 April; 43(4): 381-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3356082

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Are any oral iron formulations better tolerated than ferrous sulfate? Author(s): McDiarmid T, Johnson ED. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2002 June; 51(6): 576. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12100787

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Bioavailability of iron in oral ferrous sulfate preparations in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Walker SE, Paton TW, Cowan DH, Manuel MA, Dranitsaris G. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1989 September 15; 141(6): 543-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2776093

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Bioavailability of microencapsulated ferrous sulfate in milk. Author(s): Olivares M. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 March; 18(3): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11882408

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Chromium allergy in consecutive patients in a country where ferrous sulfate has been added to cement since 1981. Author(s): Zachariae CO, Agner T, Menne T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 August; 35(2): 83-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8917824

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Colorimetry of serum cholesterol with use of ferric acetate/uranyl acetate and ferrous sulfate/sulfuric acid reagents. Author(s): Jung DH, Biggs HG, Moorehead WR. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1975 September; 21(10): 1526-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1157327

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Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one (L1) in healthy volunteers, with and without co-administration of ferrous sulfate, to thalassemia patients. Author(s): Stobie S, Tyberg J, Matsui D, Fernandes D, Klein J, Olivieri N, Bentur Y, Koren G. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1993 December; 31(12): 602-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8314362

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Comparison of three in vitro assays at evaluation of IC50 of acetylsalicylic acid, ferrous sulfate, amitriptyline, methanol, isopropanol and ethylene glycol in human cancer cells HeLa. Author(s): Ruppova K, Wsolova L, Urbancikova M, Slamenova D. Source: Neoplasma. 2000; 47(3): 172-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11043841

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Confirmation of target localization and dosimetry for 3D conformal radiotherapy treatment planning by MR imaging of a ferrous sulfate gel head phantom. Author(s): Chan MF, Ayyangar KM. Source: Medical Physics. 1995 July; 22(7): 1171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7565392

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Effect of bicarbonate, phosphate, and saline lavage solutions on the dissolution of ferrous sulfate tablets. Author(s): Czajka PA. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1984; 22(5): 447-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6530702

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Effect of ethanol, acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, and ferrous sulfate on gastric mucosal permeability in man. Author(s): Gordon MJ, Skillman JJ, Edwards BG, Silen W. Source: Surgery. 1974 September; 76(3): 405-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4851639

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Effect of ferrous sulfate and multivitamins with zinc on absorption of ciprofloxacin in normal volunteers. Author(s): Polk RE, Healy DP, Sahai J, Drwal L, Racht E. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1989 November; 33(11): 1841-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2610494

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Effect of ferrous sulfate on the absorption of sparfloxacin in healthy volunteers and rats. Author(s): Kanemitsu K, Hori S, Yanagawa A, Shimada J. Source: Drugs. 1995; 49 Suppl 2: 352-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8549359

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Effect of magnesium hydroxide administration on iron absorption after a supratherapeutic dose of ferrous sulfate in human volunteers: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Snyder BK, Clark RF. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1999 April; 33(4): 400-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10092717

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Effect of magnesium hydroxide on iron absorption after ferrous sulfate. Author(s): Wallace KL, Curry SC, LoVecchio F, Raschke RA. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1999 November; 34(5): 685-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10577290

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Effects of antacids, ferrous sulfate, and ranitidine on absorption of DR-3355 in humans. Author(s): Shiba K, Sakai O, Shimada J, Okazaki O, Aoki H, Hakusui H. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1992 October; 36(10): 2270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1444308

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Factors that influence the formation and stability of hydrated ferrous sulfate in coal dusts. Possible relation to the emphysema of coal miners. Author(s): Huang X, Zalma R, Pezerat H. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 1994 May-June; 7(3): 451-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8075379

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Fate of a ferrous sulfate prescription. Author(s): Boggs DR. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 January; 82(1): 124-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3799670

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Ferrous sulfate does not reduce serum levels of famotidine or cimetidine after concurrent ingestion. Author(s): Partlow ES, Campbell NR, Chan SC, Pap KM, Granberg K, Hasinoff BB. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1996 April; 59(4): 389-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8612382

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Ferrous sulfate liquid for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia. Author(s): Soemantrai AG, Soedigbia I, Hardiman, Hendarto T, Widjaja. Source: Paediatr Indones. 1981 January-February; 21(1-2): 21-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7243299

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Ferrous sulfate reduces levodopa bioavailability: chelation as a possible mechanism. Author(s): Campbell NR, Hasinoff B. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1989 March; 45(3): 220-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2920496

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Ferrous sulfate reduces thyroxine efficacy in patients with hypothyroidism. Author(s): Campbell NR, Hasinoff BB, Stalts H, Rao B, Wong NC. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992 December 15; 117(12): 1010-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1443969

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Ferrous sulfate tolerance test: a case report. Author(s): Youssef OH, Drake AJ 3rd, Shakir KM. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999 June 15; 130(12): 1030. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10383361

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Ferrous sulfate toxicity: a review of autopsy findings. Author(s): Pestaner JP, Ishak KG, Mullick FG, Centeno JA. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 1999 September; 69(3): 191-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10468156

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Ferrous sulfate. Author(s): Chiou WL. Source: J Am Pharm Assoc. 1977 June; 17(6): 377-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=874268

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Ferrous sulfate-induced increase in requirement for thyroxine in a patient with primary hypothyroidism. Author(s): Shakir KM, Chute JP, Aprill BS, Lazarus AA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1997 June; 90(6): 637-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9191742

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Inhibition of viral replication by nitric oxide and its reversal by ferrous sulfate and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites. Author(s): Karupiah G, Harris N. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1995 June 1; 181(6): 2171-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7539042

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Iron absorption in patients with polycythemia vera: a comparative study using the whole-body counter and the ferrous sulfate absorption test. Author(s): Schachner E, Ronen M, Pinkhas J, Djaldetti M. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1978 April 1; 3(2): 125-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=108103

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Lack of adverse side effects of oral ferrous sulfate therapy in 1-year-old infants. Author(s): Reeves JD, Yip R. Source: Pediatrics. 1985 February; 75(2): 352-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3969339

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Oral iron absorption test in patients on CAPD: comparison of ferrous sulfate and a polysaccharide ferric complex. Author(s): Tinawi M, Martin KJ, Bastani B. Source: Nephron. 1996; 74(2): 291-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8893143

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Prevalence of cement eczema in Denmark before and since addition of ferrous sulfate to Danish cement. Author(s): Avnstorp C. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1989; 69(2): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2564234

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Randomized, controlled trial of single versus 3-times-daily ferrous sulfate drops for treatment of anemia. Author(s): Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Antwi KY, Yeung G. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 September; 108(3): 613-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11533326

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Reduction in oral penicillamine absorption by food, antacid, and ferrous sulfate. Author(s): Osman MA, Patel RB, Schuna A, Sundstrom WR, Welling PG. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1983 April; 33(4): 465-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6831825

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The effect of ingestion of ferrous sulfate on the absorption of oral methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Hamilton SF, Campbell NR, Kara M, Watson J, Connors M. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 September; 30(9): 1948-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12966595

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Tolerability of iron: a comparison of bis-glycino iron II and ferrous sulfate. Author(s): Coplin M, Schuette S, Leichtmann G, Lashner B. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1991 September-October; 13(5): 606-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1799918

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Tolerance to oral hematinic therapy: controlled-release versus conventional ferrous sulfate. Author(s): Morrison BO. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1966 July; 14(7): 757-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5938735

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Ulceration by oral ferrous sulfate. Author(s): Abbarah TR, Fredell JE, Ellenz GB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 November 15; 236(20): 2320. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=989838

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Use of desferioxamine in treatment of acute ferrous sulfate intoxication. Author(s): Perlmutter R, Sanders B. Source: Calif Med. 1966 April; 104(4): 313-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5909646

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Zinc tolerance test in uremia. Effect of ferrous sulfate and aluminum hydroxide. Author(s): Abu-Hamdan DK, Mahajan SK, Migdal SD, Prasad AS, McDonald FD. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1986 January; 104(1): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3940504

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FERROUS SULFATE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and ferrous sulfate.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Ferrous Sulfate The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “ferrous sulfate” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “ferrous sulfate” (or a synonym): •

Absorption of iron from unmodified maize and genetically altered, low-phytate maize fortified with ferrous sulfate or sodium iron EDTA. Source: Mendoza, C. Viteri, F.E. Lonnerdal, B. Raboy, V. Young, K.A. Brown, K.H. Am-jclin-nutr. Bethesda, Md. : American Society for Clinical Nutrition. January 2001. volume 73 (1) page 80-85. 0002-9165

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Bioavailability of different sources of ferrous sulfate iron fed to anemic rats. Source: Park, Y.W. Mahoney, A.W. Hendricks, D.G. J-Indian-Chem-Soc. Calcutta : The Society. July 1983. volume 60 (7) page 2223-2228. 0019-4522

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Bioavailability of microencapsulated ferrous sulfate in fluid cow's milk. Studies in human beings. Source: Uicich, R. Pizarro, F. Almeida, C. Diaz, M. Boccio, J. Zubillaga, M. Carmuega, E. O'Donnell, A. Nutr-res. New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Inc. June 1999. volume 19 (6) page 893-897. 0271-5317

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Comparison of anti-anaemic effects of iron protein succinylate (ITF 282) and ferrous sulfate in the rat. Author(s): Italfarmaco Research Center, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy. Source: Caramazza, I Andriuoli, G Scagnol, I Del Soldato, P Drugs-Exp-Clin-Res. 1990; 16(7): 333-42 0378-6501

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Effects of NMDA and ferrous sulfate on oxidation and cell death in primary neuronal cultures. Author(s): Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institues of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. [email protected] Source: Rudolph, J G Lemasters, J J Crews, F T Neurochem-Int. 2000 Nov-December; 37(5-6): 497-507 0197-0186

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Ferric citrate is half as effective as ferrous sulfate in meeting the iron requirement of juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus. Author(s): Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC. [email protected] Source: Shiau, S Y Su, L W J-Nutr. 2003 February; 133(2): 483-8 0022-3166

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Intestinal 59Fe distribution and absorption in rats with different iron status and given wheat bran or ferrous sulfate as dietary iron sources. Source: Buchowski, M.S. Mahoney, A.W. Nutr-Res. Tarrytown, N.Y. : Pergamon Press. December 1992. volume 12 (12) page 1479-1490. 0271-5317

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Lack of adverse side effects of oral ferrous sulfate therapy in 1-year-old infants. Source: Reeves, Jerry D. Yip, Ray. Pediatrics. Evanston, Ill. : American Academy of Pediatrics. February 1985. volume 75 (2) page 352-355. charts. 0031-4005

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Oral supplementation with ferrous sulfate but not with non-ionic. Iron polymaltose complex increases the susceptibility of plasma lipoproteins to oxidation. Source: Tuomainen, T.P. Nyyssonen, K. Porkkala Sarataho, E. Salonen, R. Baumgartner, J.A. Geisser, P. Salonen, J.T. Nutr-res. New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Inc. August 1999. volume 19 (8) page 1121-1132. 0271-5317

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Randomized, controlled trial of single versus 3-times-daily ferrous sulfate drops for treatment of anemia. Author(s): Departments of Paediatrics and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [email protected]

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Source: Zlotkin, S Arthur, P Antwi, K Y Yeung, G Pediatrics. 2001 September; 108(3): 613-6 1098-4275 •

Relative effectiveness of iron bis-glycinate chelate (Ferrochel) and ferrous sulfate in the control of iron deficiency in pregnant women. Author(s): Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Szarfarc, S C de Cassana, L M Fujimori, E Guerra Shinohara, E M de Oliveira, I M Arch-Latinoam-Nutr. 2001 March; 51(1 Suppl 1): 42-7 0004-0622

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to ferrous sulfate; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Food and Diet Ferrous Sulfate Alternative names: Iron Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FERROUS SULFATE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to ferrous sulfate. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to ferrous sulfate and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “ferrous sulfate” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to ferrous sulfate: •

A double-masked, randomized control trial of iron supplementation in early infancy in healthy term breast-fed infants. Author(s): Friel JK, Aziz K, Andrews WL, Harding SV, Courage ML, Adams RJ. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 November; 143(5): 582-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14615726

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A preliminary report on combined traditional Chinese and Western medicine in sensorineural hearing loss. An analysis of 108 cases. Author(s): Sun AH. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1982 September; 2(3): 215-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6765717

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A randomized study of oral vs intravenous iron supplementation in patients with progressive renal insufficiency treated with erythropoietin. Author(s): Stoves J, Inglis H, Newstead CG. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2001 May; 16(5): 96774. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11328902

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A study on dissolution properties of the sludges from Cr(VI) reduction-precipitation processes. Author(s): Erdem M, Tumen F. Source: Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering. 2004; 39(1): 253-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15030155

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Absorption by 1-year-old children of an iron supplement given with cow's milk or juice. Author(s): Abrams SA, O'Brien KO, Wen J, Liang LK, Stuff JE. Source: Pediatric Research. 1996 January; 39(1): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8825405

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Absorption of iron from unmodified maize and genetically altered, low-phytate maize fortified with ferrous sulfate or sodium iron EDTA. Author(s): Mendoza C, Viteri FE, Lonnerdal B, Raboy V, Young KA, Brown KH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 January; 73(1): 80-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11124754

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ACE inhibitor-associated cough lessened with iron supplementation. Author(s): Basile JN. Source: Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 2002 January-February; 4(1): 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11821639

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Action of dietary trypsin, pressed coffee oil, silymarin and iron salt on 1,2dimethylhydrazine tumorigenesis by gavage. Author(s): Gershbein LL. Source: Anticancer Res. 1994 May-June; 14(3A): 1113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8074460

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Action of site-specific recombinases XerC and XerD on tethered Holliday junctions. Author(s): Arciszewska LK, Grainge I, Sherratt DJ.

Alternative Medicine 21

Source: The Embo Journal. 1997 June; 16(12): 3731-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9218814 •

Activation of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels confers protection against rotenone-induced cell death: therapeutic implications for Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Tai KK, Truong DD. Source: Journal of Neuroscience Research. 2002 August 15; 69(4): 559-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12210849

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Acute iron intoxication in pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Lacoste H, Goyert GL, Goldman LS, Wright DJ, Schwartz DB. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 September; 80(3 Pt 2): 500-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1495721

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Acute iron poisoning in children. Author(s): Henretig FM, Temple AR. Source: Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 1984 February; 2(1): 121-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6151497

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Acute iron poisoning. Author(s): Mehta M, Gharpure V, Raghavan K. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1997 July-August; 64(4): 485-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10771877

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Acute toxicity of carbonyl iron and sodium iron EDTA compared with ferrous sulfate in young rats. Author(s): Whittaker P, Ali SF, Imam SZ, Dunkel VC. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 2002 December; 36(3): 280-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12473412

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Adaptation in iron absorption: iron supplementation reduces nonheme-iron but not heme-iron absorption from food. Author(s): Roughead ZK, Hunt JR. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 October; 72(4): 982-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11010941

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Adverse effect of iron supplementation on weight gain of iron-replete young children. Author(s): Idjradinata P, Watkins WE, Pollitt E. Source: Lancet. 1994 May 21; 343(8908): 1252-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7910275

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Adverse effects of iron supplementation: a comparative trial of a wax-matrix iron preparation and conventional ferrous sulfate tablets. Author(s): Brock C, Curry H, Hanna C, Knipfer M, Taylor L. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1985; 7(5): 568-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4053146

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Affinity cleavage at the metal-binding site of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Author(s): Hlavaty JJ, Nowak T. Source: Biochemistry. 1997 December 9; 36(49): 15514-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9398280

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Affinity cleavage at the putative metal-binding site of pigeon liver malic enzyme by the Fe(2+)-ascorbate system. Author(s): Wei CH, Chou WY, Huang SM, Lin CC, Chang GG. Source: Biochemistry. 1994 June 28; 33(25): 7931-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8011656

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Alloxan-induced luminol luminescence as a tool for investigating mechanisms of radical-mediated diabetogenicity. Author(s): Grankvist K. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1981 December 15; 200(3): 685-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7342976

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An evaluation of EDTA compounds for iron fortification of cereal-based foods. Author(s): Hurrell RF, Reddy MB, Burri J, Cook JD. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2000 December; 84(6): 903-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11177208

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An investigation into the effects of oral iron supplementation on in vivo Hemoccult stool testing. Author(s): Anderson GD, Yuellig TR, Krone RE Jr. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1990 May; 85(5): 558-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2186616

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Analysis of lipid peroxidation mechanisms in human spermatozoa. Author(s): Aitken RJ, Harkiss D, Buckingham DW. Source: Molecular Reproduction and Development. 1993 July; 35(3): 302-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8352936

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Anemia of pregnancy: evaluation of the effectiveness of routine dietary supplementation program in an Israeli community. Author(s): Palgi A, Levi S, Reshef A.


Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1981 July; 71(7): 736-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7246842 •

Antioxidant effect of a Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the retina. Author(s): Droy-Lefaix MT, Cluzel J, Menerath JM, Bonhomme B, Doly M. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1995; 17(3): 93-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8867648

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Association between blood lead concentrations and body iron status in children. Author(s): Choi JW, Kim SK. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003 September; 88(9): 791-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12937100

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At what age does iron supplementation become necessary in low-birth-weight infants? Author(s): Lundstrom U, Siimes MA, Dallman PR. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 December; 91(6): 878-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=925814

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Bioavailability of iron from a traditional Tunisian meal with chickpeas fed to healthy rats. Author(s): Hamdaoui M, Doghri T, Tritar B. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1992; 36(3): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1530281

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Bioavailability of microencapsulated ferrous sulfate in fluid milk studies in human beings. Author(s): Gotelli CA, Gotelli MJ, Boccio JR, Zubillaga MB, Caro RA, Garcia del Rio H, Weill R. Source: Acta Physiol Pharmacol Ther Latinoam. 1996; 46(4): 239-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9222389

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Ferrous sulfate poisoning: a review, case summaries, and therapeutic regimen. Author(s): COVEY TJ. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1964 February; 64: 218-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14119521

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Oral administration of dihydroartemisinin and ferrous sulfate retarded implanted fibrosarcoma growth in the rat. Author(s): Moore JC, Lai H, Li JR, Ren RL, McDougall JA, Singh NP, Chou CK.

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Source: Cancer Letters. 1995 November 27; 98(1): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8529210 •

Oral ferrous sulfate supplements increase the free radical-generating capacity of feces from healthy volunteers. Author(s): Lund EK, Wharf SG, Fairweather-Tait SJ, Johnson IT. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 February; 69(2): 250-5. Erratum In: Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 September; 78(3): 498. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9989688

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Relative effectiveness of iron bis-glycinate chelate (Ferrochel) and ferrous sulfate in the control of iron deficiency in pregnant women. Author(s): Szarfarc SC, de Cassana LM, Fujimori E, Guerra-Shinohara EM, de Oliveira IM. Source: Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2001 March; 51(1 Suppl 1): 42-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11688081

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/


The following is a specific Web list relating to ferrous sulfate; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Anemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron-Deficiency Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Herbs and Supplements Methyldopa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methyldopa Alternative names: Aldomet Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thyroid Hormones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON FERROUS SULFATE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to ferrous sulfate. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “ferrous sulfate” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ferrous sulfate, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Ferrous Sulfate ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to ferrous sulfate. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

The oxidation of ferrous sulfate solutions by sulfur dioxide and oxygen by Krause, Eberhard; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL45290

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON FERROUS SULFATE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “ferrous sulfate” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ferrous sulfate, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Ferrous Sulfate By performing a patent search focusing on ferrous sulfate, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on ferrous sulfate: •

Apparatus and method for ferrite formation and removal of heavy metal ions by ferrite co-precipitation from aqueous solutions Inventor(s): Liu; Qi (Butte, MT) Assignee(s): Pitts-Mont Environmental Reclamation Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA) Patent Number: 5,685,993 Date filed: June 30, 1995 Abstract: Embodiments of an apparatus and method for ferrite formation and the removal of heavy metal ions by ferrite co-precipitation from an aqueous solution at ambient temperature have been developed. Magnetically susceptible ferrite crystals can be continuously formed from aqueous solution and the heavy metal ion solution can be continuously treated by the ferrite co-precipitation process. The heavy metal ions are incorporated into the lattice points of the spinel ferrite structures. The precipitates of ferrite materials can then be magnetically separated. The main apparatus includes a ferrous sulfate mixing tank with a feeder assembly; a reaction tank or, alternatively, neutralization and oxidation tanks; settling and polishing tanks; and a magnetic separator. The reaction tank or oxidation tank includes an air distributor; a pH controller; and promoter feeding and ferrite product recirculating systems. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the formation of magnetically susceptible ferrite crystals and the removal of heavy metal ions by ferrite co-precipitation from aqueous solutions and, more particularly, to an apparatus and method for the continuous ferrite formation and removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions such as acid mine water or laboratory and industrial waste solutions at ambient temperature. Acidic waste water containing dissolved concentrations of heavy metal ions is one of the largest environmental problems facing the mining, mineral processing and electroplating industries today. In the mining industry, for example, it is common for a mine area to contain sulfide minerals and heavy metals either in the ore or the surrounding waste rock. When the sulfide minerals are exposed to air, rain or groundwater and bacteria, they are oxidized to produce sulfuric acid. This sulfuric acid solubilizes the heavy metals present in the surrounding rock to form acid mine water having a very low pH value and containing high concentrations of iron and other dissolved heavy metals. This acid mine water creates a serious environmental threat because if it is left unchecked, it will eventually contaminate the groundwater supply and local water sources with heavy metals thus damaging the health of plants, wildlife, fish and humans. Over the years, the preventative control approach and the water treatment approach have been utilized for the control of waste solids and the treatment of acid mine water as well as industrial effluents. The preventative control approach for waste solids focuses on the removal of sulfides, control of bacterial activity and oxygen diffusion, coating of sulfide particles and agglomeration of tailings. The water treatment approach focuses on neutralization and precipitation of metal hydroxides and metal sulfides, absorption, ion exchange, membrane separation and biological treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05685993__

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Aqueous solution containing a new ferric ferrous salt Fe.sub.2 Cl.sub.5 and method of producing same Inventor(s): Yamashita; Shoji (Nagoya, JP) Assignee(s): I.B.E. Co., Ltd. (Aichi, JP) Patent Number: 5,008,097 Date filed: August 2, 1988 Abstract: An aqueous solution containing a new ferric ferrous salt Fe.sub.2 Cl.sub.5 and a method of producing the same are provided. Said aqueous solution contianing said Fe.sub.2 Cl.sub.5 may include both the aqueous solution of said Fe.sub.2 Cl.sub.5 and the aqueous mixture of said Fe.sub.2 Cl.sub.5 and a salt of alkali metals or a compound containing a metal which belongs to zinc family. A method of producing said Fe.sub.2 Cl.sub.5 comprises dissolving ferric chloride into aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and then neutralizing said resulting aqueous solution by hydrochloric acid or dissolving ferrous sulfate into aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid, and a method of producing said aqueous mixture comprises adding said Fe.sub.2 Cl.sub.5 into an aqueous solution of strong acid and then adding a salt of alkali metals or a compound containing a metal which belongs to zinc family. Said aqueous solution containing said Fe.sub.2 Cl.sub.5 may be very useful in a wide variety of fields, such as water cleaning, keeping freshness of vegetation, antisepsis, antifungi, antibacteria, rust preventing, effluent treatment, soil improvement, ionization control, feed enriching, petroleum improvement, antistatic technique, and the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an aqueous solution containing a new ferric ferrous salt Fe.sub.2 Cl.sub.5 and a method of producing the same. More particularly the present invention relates to an aqueous solution of said Fe.sub.2 Cl.sub.5 and an aqueous mixture of said Fe.sub.2 Cl.sub.5 a salt of alkali metals or a compound containing a metal which belongs to zinc family. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method of producing said Fe.sub.2 Cl.sub.5 comprises dissolving ferric chloride into aqueous solution of sodium hydrochloride and then neutralizing said resulting aqueous solution by hydrochloric acid or dissolving ferrous sulfate into aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid and a method of producing said aqueous mixture comprising adding said Fe.sub.2 Cl.sub.5 into an aqueous solution of strong acid and then adding a salt of alkali metals or a compound containing a metal which belongs to zinc family. Hitherto, 2FeCl.sub.2.FeCl.sub.3.xH.sub.2 O and FeCl.sub.2.2FeCl.sub.3.xH.sub.2 O have been known as ferric ferrous chlorides, and said ferric ferrous chlorides have been known to have adsorption ability. Further, it has been elucidated by the invention of the present invention that said ferric ferrous chlorides have bioactivity. Nevertheless, said bioactivity, adsorption ability, and the like of said ferric ferrous chlorides are not remarkable and therefore said ferric ferrous chlorides have never been to put to practical use. Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a new ferric ferrous salt which has remarkable bioactivity, adsorption ability, and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05008097__

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Coproducing alumina, iron oxide, and titanium-dioxide from aluminum ore bodies and feedstocks Inventor(s): Ahghar; Massoud (Albuquerque, NM), Aiken; Fred A. (Albuquerque, NM), Fox; Jerry V. (Albuquerque, NM), Rendall; John S. (Albuquerque, NM) Assignee(s): Solv-Ex Corporation (Albuquerque, NM) Patent Number: 6,447,738 Date filed: August 24, 2000 Abstract: A process for the extraction of alumina, iron oxide and titanium dioxide from bauxite ore and clays, and other ore bodies and feedstocks. The process starts by sulfuric acid leaching of the feedstocks in pressure autoclaves at about 200.degree. C. and appropriate pressure. A leach liquor of sulfate salts of aluminum, iron and titanium is obtained. Any iron values are converted to a ferrous state. A recycled potassium sulfate helps produce double aluminum alkali sulfate crystals in the reduced leach liquor. The crystals are removed at about 20.degree.-60.degree. C. with the help of SO.sub.2 gases that reduce the ferric. Such double salt is hydrolyzed into a basic aluminum alkali precipitated sulfate salt. This is then dried and calcined at about 950.degree. C. Any alkali sulfate is washed out and recycled. The remainder is alumina. The ferrous sulfate is crystallized out at about 10.degree. C. It is dried and calcined at about 450.degree. C. to produce an iron oxide mixed with other sulfate salts that can be washed out and recycled. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to aluminum and alumina mineralextraction processes, and more specifically to processes which include a basic aluminum alkali sulfate as an intermediate-stage product instead of aluminum hydroxide. Conventional methods for producing aluminum are not environmentally friendly. The aluminum industry is estimated to produce at least forty million metric tons of greenhouse-gas emissions worldwide each year. The use of so-called "inert anodes" in the production of aluminum has long been recognized as a solution to these emissions, but the high electrolysis temperatures needed, e.g., 950.degree. C., have proven too challenging for commercial production. The "Bayer process" is the most common, and uses a caustic as an extractant on alumina feedstock. Both U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,124,008, and 5,997,828, issued to the present inventor, John Rendall, describe methods for producing alumina from bauxite and clay ore bodies by using sulfuric acid. Both are incorporated herein by reference. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06447738__

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Deodorizing material Inventor(s): Kato; Taro (Iwate, JP), Arai; Shinji (Iwate, JP) Assignee(s): Kitakamiseishi Kabushiki Kaisha (JP) Patent Number: 5,997,991 Date filed: August 22, 1997 Abstract: The present invention proposes light-weight and easy-to-handled deodorizing material that has a large contact area with bad smell-causing gas as well as better deodorizing performance and also that enjoys a smooth circulation of that gas with a lower permeation resistance. A single-faced corrugated fiberboard made of a cellulose-

Patents 33

based substance is allowed to contain ferrous sulfate, which is subsequently oxidized into basic ferric sulfate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the deodorizing material that can eliminate the bad smell given off by the wastes from animals and human beings as well as the bad smelling components existing in the rooms, refrigerators, garbage cans, or other environments. Various kinds of deodorizing material have been proposed and put to practical application. Most of them, however, cannot eliminate the smell from the wastes of human beings or animals, having rather modest effects. To guard against this, one of the inventors of the present invention has earlier worked out deodorizing material to eliminate the smell from the wastes of human beings or animals, wherein the cellulosebased substance or its formation member contains ferrous sulfate which is subsequently oxidized into basic ferric sulfate, and has already obtained the patent right (laid-open patent publication 1642383). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05997991__ •

Drilling mud additive comprising ferrous sulfate and pyrrolidone/sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate)

poly(N-vinyl-2-

Inventor(s): Dixon; George G. (Bartlesville, OK), Patel; Bharat B. (Bartlesville, OK) Assignee(s): Phillips Petroleum Company (Bartlesville, OK) Patent Number: 5,204,320 Date filed: November 7, 1991 Abstract: A water based drilling fluid composition and an additive for water based drilling fluid compositions having as components poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone/sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate) and ferrous sulfate useful in controlling high temperature water loss in drilling a well to recover oil and gas from a subterranean formation in a hostile environment and their methods of use. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to drilling compositions and methods for preparing said compositions. In one of its aspects it relates to improving the properties of known drilling fluids. In another aspect of the invention it relates to providing control of the viscosity and water loss properties of drilling mud. In narrow aspects of the invention it relates to drilling muds and drilling mud additives containing poly-(N-vinyl-2pyrrolidone/sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate). In the art of drilling wells to tap subterranean deposits of natural resources, such as gas, geothermal steam or oil, especially when drilling by the rotary method or the percussion method wherein cuttings must be removed from the bore hole, it is necessary to use a drilling fluid, as is well known to those skilled in the art. The subject is discussed more fully in U.S. Pat. No. 3,025,234. In addition to having the desirable rheological properties such as viscosity and gel strength, it is very important that drilling fluids exhibit a low rate of filtration or water loss, that is, the drilling fluid must prevent excessive amounts of fluid, or "filtrate", from flowing from the drilling fluid in the bore hole into the surrounding formation. The loss of water or other fluid from the drilling fluid is prevented by the formation of a filter cake which deposits from the drilling fluid and seals the wall of the bore hole. Since most drilling fluids are "non-Newtonian" fluids, the apparent viscosity at given conditions of shear rate and shearing stress may change in a non-linear manner with certain parameters. This property makes it difficult to provide drilling fluids which will perform within acceptable ranges during the entire process of drilling a well. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05204320__

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Elixir for removing metals from wastewater Inventor(s): Mbayo; Edison (San Jose, CA), Sesay; Sahid (Alameda, CA) Assignee(s): Baffin, Inc. (Alameda, CA) Patent Number: 6,454,962 Date filed: September 19, 2000 Abstract: An elixir for treating wastewater by transforming metals into metal sulfates and sulfides, breaking up chelated metals, and precluding the metal sulfates and sulfides from redissolving back into the wastewater. The elixir comprises: 1) ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, 2) aluminum sulfate, 3) 75% sulfuric acid, 4) a blend of aluminum salts and a polymeric coagulant, and 5) water. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to the field of removing contaminants from a liquid, including, more specifically, removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Many industrial processes produce wastewater streams that are laden with contaminants. These industrial processes include, among others, electroplating, galvanizing, anodizing, chelating, metal finishing, printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing, semiconductor, magnetic disk manufacturing, mining operations photo processing, fungicide manufacturing, food preparation, paper and pulp, textile, and oil refining. The wastewater streams of these different processes may contain any number of contaminants, including heavy metals, organic wastes, and inorganic wastes. In regard to heavy metal contaminants, they generally include, but are not limited to, metals such as copper, iron, gold, lead, nickel, silver, tin, zinc, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic. The presence of these metals in wastewater causes the wastewater to be highly toxic. They can make the wastewater corrosive, inflammable, and even explosive. Due to the toxicity of metal laden wastewater, it poses a real danger of damaging wastewater collection systems, such as publicly owned treatment works (POTW), and of harming the environment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06454962__

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Fertilizer and method for foliar treatment of iron-deficient plants Inventor(s): Clapp, Jr.; John G. (Greensboro, NC), Hawkins; Edwin F. (Baton Rouge, LA), Sansing; James E. (Ashboro, NC) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,019,149 Date filed: September 23, 1985 Abstract: A foliar fertilizer specifically for iron deficient plants which contains a complex of various ingredients such as citric acid admixed/reacted with ferrous sulfate previously converted at-least predominantly to ferric sulfate by oxidation at about 90 degrees or more centigrade or a neutralizing amount of ammonium ion, to a pH ranging from about pH 6 to about pH 7, the ferrous sulfate being typically produced by reaction of iron metal with sulfuric acid, excluding the presence of any phosphate salt, neutralized with NH.sub.4 OH, then admixed with urea and/or ammonium nitrate, the total mixture critically having a nitrogen-to-iron ratio of not less than (i.e., at least) 3/1, preferably within a range of about 4/1 to about 5/1, in aqueous solution, and the method including using the above-noted fertilizer complex as a source, diluting with water such that the source as a percentage ranges from about 5% to about 40%, followed

Patents 35

by foliar spraying onto plant foliage, up to an application of about 5 lbs. of iron per acre, the chemical composition including typically about 60% citrate by weight relative to iron, total nitrogen being typically about 10-30 wt. % of the chemical composition. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to treatment of iron deficient plants found in geographical areas having low-iron soil content, by the employment of a novel ironcontaining fertilizer by a foliar spray method. Prior to the present invention, there have been fertilizers specifically designed/formulated for the nutritional-treatment of irondeficient plants by foliar treatment with solubilized-iron ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA), a sulfate foliar chelated-iron aqueous solution of which a typical commercially-available fertilizer is Sequestrene 138 (Ciba-Geigy trademark). Greenol(Chevron Chem.) analyzes at 6.13% Fe(iron), 0.13% Cu(copper), 0.10% Zn(zinc) and 3.64% S(sulfur). Citric acid alone has likewise been recognized in prior art to be a sequestering agent. While iron must be made soluble in order to be assimilated by plants, whether by roots or by foliage to which it has been applied, virtually all iron present must be present in some special form or complex in order to not destroy the foliage by foliage phototoxicity, burn or the like. However, not every complex of iron renders it suitable for use as a foliar spay application, for example phosphate-containing iron-supplementing fertilizer interferes with foliage iron-assimilation by both physical and physio-chemical phenomenon, forming amorphous film on foliage to which applied, blocking leaf membranes and interfering with iron transport within the leaf and plant to the extent that iron is not blocked at the leaf pores. As well, phytotoxicity to the foliage is significantly greater and detrimental when a phosphate is applied thereto, as compared to other chelated iron-complexes. Accordingly, for example, the polyphosphate complex of Parham, Jr. U.S. Pat. No. 3,798,020 is totally unsuitable for use in foliar-spray treatment of iron-deficient plants, the Parham, Jr. fertilizer composition being directed exclusively to soil application, as opposed to foliar application. Accordingly, while phosphates may be marginally acceptable for some types of fertilizers, phosphates are detrimental and clearly unsuitable and undesirable as potential component(s) of an iron-containing fertilizer formulated and/or designed specifically to obviate iron deficiency of plants growing in geographical areas deficient in iron nutrient as a part of the natural soil. The presence of a phosphate, as above-stated and documented, would defeat substantially the purpose and possibility of success of any foliar composition containing such phosphate and the utility thereof as an ironsource foliar fertilizer. This is in contrast to fully acceptable use of phosphates for fertilizers of a type not directed to supplementing iron-nutrient in iron-deficient plant, although as noted the amorphous coating resulting from the application of a phosphate to foliage interferes with other nutrients absorption through the phosphate-blocked leaf membranes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05019149__ •

Groundwater total cyanide treatment method Inventor(s): Bolo; Eugene R. (St. Clairsville, OH), Reggi; John D. (Wheeling, WV), Yablonsky; Albert (Woodsfield, OH) Assignee(s): Ormet Corporation (Wheeling, WV) Patent Number: 5,647,996 Date filed: June 16, 1995 Abstract: A method and apparatus for the removal of total cyanide from aqueous solution. The method includes the steps of placing the aqueous solution into a reaction

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tank, adding lime, ferrous sulfate, and acid to the solution in the reaction tank and agitating the resultant mixture for a reaction time of about one hour. The agitated mixture is transferred from the reaction tank to a clarifier tank and polyelectrolyte solution is added to induce iron-cyanide complex precipitate coagulation. The apparatus includes a reaction tank to hold the aqueous solution and a lime slurry tank, ferrous sulfate tank and acid tank in flow communication with the reaction tank. A pH control assembly controls the flow of acid from the acid tank into the reaction tank and a reaction tank agitation assembly extends into the interior of the reaction tank. The clarifier feed conduit extends between the reaction tank and a clarifier tank. The apparatus further includes a means for transporting a solution from the reaction tank to the clarifier tank and a polyelectrolyte tank in flow communication with the clarifier feed conduit. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the removal of total cyanide from aqueous solutions and, more particularly, to the removal of total cyanide from groundwater and industrial wastewater streams. Primary aluminum metal is produced in electrolytic cells with carbon cathode or potlining. A by-product in the production of primary aluminum metal is water soluble complexed iron-cyanide. These complexed iron-cyanides similar to Fe(CN).sub.6.sup.-4 are formed by the reaction of carbon in the potlining, nitrogen in the atmosphere and iron present as potlining electrical conductor bars and the pot shells. Unlike simple, "free" cyanides, the complexed cyanides do not dissociate readily and are therefore non-toxic. Also unlike simple, "free" cyanides, complex cyanides are very difficult to treat and remove. Past practice common to the aluminum industry of storing spent potlining in an outdoor environment has resulted in the leaching of these complexed cyanides into the groundwater. This then becomes an environmental issue and must be dealt with according to state law and the Federal regulations of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05647996__ •

Integrated process for cyanide and heavy metal removal from plating process waste streams Inventor(s): Schwitzgebel; Klaus (7507 Chminey Corners, Austin, TX 78731) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,106,508 Date filed: September 26, 1990 Abstract: An integrated process for heavy metal and cyanide removal in aqueous waste stream from plating processes wherein cyanide is oxidized by hypochlorite at approximately pH of 11.5 and hexavalent chromium is reduced to trivalent chromium at ambient temperature with ferrous sulfate at pH of 9.5; excess hypochlorite from cyanide destruction reacts with ferrous sulfate and additional ferrous sulfate is added to reduce hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium to allow hydroxide co-precipitation with hydroxides of the ferric iron and hydroxides of copper, chromium, zinc, cadmium, manganese, etc., which are then separated by settling and filtration. Excerpt(s): Many countries of the world are becoming cognizant of the detrimental effect on the environment of uncontrolled discharge of heavy metals and cyanides of metals. Cyanides have been known as potent poisons for many years. A simple continuous process for destruction of cyanides and heavy metal precipitation would allow many small plating operators to treat their waste streams on-site and recover the heavy metals

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for recycle or for safe landfill. All common heavy metals except hexavalent chromium easily precipitate as hydroxides with optimum alkalinity for individual precipitation varying from a pH of about 7.5 to 13. This invention encompasses the use of excess ferrous sulfate to reduce hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium which then may be precipitated along with cadmium, zinc, arsenic, ferric iron, lead, nickel, copper, etc., as hydroxides. Further, we have found that all of these metals will coprecipitate completely with ferric iron, as hydroxides, at a pH of 9.5, to leave very low levels of heavy metals in solution. Our process combines a hypochlorite oxidation to destroy cyanides in a manner to allow destruction of excess hypochlorite by ferrous sulfate oxidation, with more ferrous sulfate then being added for hexavalent chromium reduction. These reactions occur simultaneously in one reactor at pH of approximately 9.5. In this manner ferric ions to allow optimum hydroxide formation to co-precipitate with the other heavy metals are also formed and variations in amount of hexavalent chromium are accomodated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05106508__ •

Iron sulfide and process for producing the same Inventor(s): Imada; Kunihiro (Chiba, JP), Inokuchi; Kenji (Chiba, JP), Kai; Tadashi (Tokyo, JP), Matsue; Yuji (Tokyo, JP), Sakurai; Masaaki (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,056,935 Date filed: November 24, 1997 Abstract: The invention provides an iron sulfide characterized in that it comprises FeS.sub.2, Fe.sub.1-x S, Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 and FeSO.sub.4, and that the secondary particles thereof, have a 50% volume-cumulative particle diameter of from 20 to 300.mu.m. The invention also provides a process for producing an iron sulfide comprising the steps of introducing (a) ferrous sulfate monohydrate having a d.sub.50 of from 20 to 300.mu.m and (b) not less than stoichiometric amount of at least one sulfur compound selected from elemental sulfur and hydrogen sulfide into the fluidized bed of a furnace and then fluidizing, burning, and reacting the ingredients at a temperature of from 350 to less than 630.degree. C., a superficial velocity of 0.1 m/sec or higher, and a pressure of 1 atm or higher using air as a fluidizing gas. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an iron sulfide which can be used as a novel catalyst for coal liquefaction or heavy-oil hydrogenation, more particularly as a dispersion catalyst which exhibits excellent hydrogenation activity when used in converting a coal and a solvent or a heavy oil into a light oil in the presence of hydrogen. The present invention also relates to a process for producing the iron sulfide. In the field of coal liquefaction, for example, attempts have been made to convert a coal to a liquefied oil through hydrocracking, and research and development works have been enthusiastically conducted since the achievement of the Bergius process. Many coal liquefaction processes have been proposed so far, including the new IG process, H-Coal process, SRC-II process and EDS process. In coal liquefaction processes using catalysts, some catalysts are used by the ebullition bed method with liquefaction reactor, and others are used by being added to coal slurries. Known as a representative of the former are particulate catalysts comprising nickel, cobalt, molybdenum or the like supported on a support such as alumina. Known as a representative of the latter catalysts are powdery iron compounds such as iron oxide, iron ore, and red mud.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06056935__ •

Manufacture of ferric sulfate and hydrochloric acid from ferrous chloride Inventor(s): Connolly; David W. (5338 Casa Royal, St. Louis, MO 63129) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,417,955 Date filed: March 1, 1994 Abstract: A two step method of converting ferrous chloride from a pickling liquor to produce hydrochloric acid and ferric sulfate is disclosed. The ferrous chloride is first mixed with sulfuric acid to produce ferrous sulfate and HCl. The HCl is carried to an absorbtion tower where most of the HCl is collected and the remainder is returned to the reactor. The ferrous sulfate is separated from the sulfuric acid. The unreacted sulfuric acid is returned to the reactor and the ferrous sulfate is transported to a second reactor where it is reacted with sulfuric acid and air (O.sub.2) to produce ferric sulfate. The ferric sulfate is removed from the second reactor. Both reactions are carried out at relatively low temperatures under atmospheric pressures. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the production of ferric sulfate, and in particular to the production of ferric sulfate and hydrochloric acid from ferrous chloride or liquors containing ferrous chloride produced in the production of steel or from other industries. In the processing of steel, steel is pickled with hydrochloric acid. The pickling of the steel produces a waste liquor containing FeCl.sub.2 and HCl. Often, the liquor is discarded, adding to the already existing pollution problems. Various methods have been introduced to treat the pickling liquor. As described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,382,916 and 4,222,997, both to Beecher, the hydrochloric acid has been recovered from pickle liquor. The Beecher process produces ferrous sulfate as a by-product. Beecher recovers the hydrochloric acid by condensing pickling liquor to remove HCl and water from the feed stream. He does this by boiling the feed stream. The concentrated pickle liquor is then added to sulfuric acid to produce ferrous sulfate. The HCl and water vapors are recovered using extensive heat recovery equipment. A roasting process, described in Barczak U.S. Pat. No. 4,436,681 et al., recovers HCl from pickle liquor by injecting the pickle liquor into a roasting chamber at very high temperatures (1,600.degree. F.) using a very high pressure to obtain a fine spray. This process converts the ferrous chloride to Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 and HCl. It uses a great deal of energy and requires high maintenance costs. The Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 produced is of poor quality and low value. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05417955__

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Method for producing oxygen from lunar materials Inventor(s): Sullivan; Thomas A. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): The United State of America as represented by the Administrator of the (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,227,032 Date filed: September 24, 1991 Abstract: Methods for producing oxygen from metal oxides bearing minerals, e.g. ilmenite, the process including producing a slurry of the minerals and hot sulfuric acid,

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the acid and minerals reacting to form sulfates of the metal, adding water to the slurry to dissolve the minerals into an aqueous solution, separating the first aqueous solution from unreacted minerals from the slurry, and electrolyzing the aqueous solution to produce the metal and oxygen; and in one aspect, a process for producing a slurry with ferrous sulfate therein by reacting ilmenite and hot sulfuric acid, adding water to the slurry to dissolve the ferrous sulfate into an aqueous solution, separating the aqueous solution from the slurry, and electrolyzing the aqueous solution to produce iron and oxygen. In one aspect, these process are suitable for producing oxygen in outer space, e.g. on the moon or Mars. Excerpt(s): This invention is related to producing oxygen and to producing oxygen from lunar or martian materials; in one aspect to producing oxygen on the moon; and in another aspect to such a process in which oxygen is produced from lunar ilmenite in which sulfuric acid is recycled and titanium dioxide and iron are produced as byproducts. There are many methods for producing oxygen from oxygen bearing minerals, a few of which use the mineral ilmenite as the feedstock. These tend to use extremes of temperature or of other processing parameters. One of the most common processes, the hydrogen reduction of ilmenite, is done at a relatively high temperature and results in high power consumption. While the prior art teaches how to carry out many of the individual steps disclosed in this invention, many prior art processes are not concerned with producing oxygen and do not provide any motivation to make the combination claimed herein. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05227032__ •

Method for removal of heavy metals from water Inventor(s): Klock; Byron Von (Beaumont, TX), Patel; Rahul Subodh (Sugar Land, TX) Assignee(s): Texaco Inc. (White Plains, NY) Patent Number: 6,153,108 Date filed: June 11, 1998 Abstract: A method to remove heavy metals concentrations in water down to very low levels is described. The method calls for the addition of a soluble sulfide to the water. This is followed adding a soluble iron reagent such as ferrous sulfate or ferrous chloride. The water is aerated. As an alternative to aeration, the pH of the water can be increased. Finally, the solids generated from the above steps are separated from the water. This method has been shown to remove heavy metals, particularly copper and zinc, from actual industrial wastewater to very low concentrations, i.e., below about 100 ppb. Furthermore, the treated water is free of sulfide. The byproduct sludge comprises iron sulfide, iron oxides, iron hydroxides, and the heavy metal sulfides. Excerpt(s): The instant invention generally relates to removal of metals from water. In particular, the invention relates to the removal of heavy metals such as copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, nickel, and mercury from water and from wastewater. A long-standing problem in treatment of industrial and municipal waters and waste waters of various types is removal of toxic heavy metals such as copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, nickel, and mercury. Alkaline precipitation is sometimes employed to remove these metals from an aqueous stream, but it is often difficult to reduce the concentration of the metals as below about 10 parts per billion. Part of the removal difficulty may arise from the relatively high solubility of some of the hydroxides. The solubility of several metal hydroxides, as well as the solubility of calcium and iron hydroxide, is shown by their

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solubility product constants in Table 1. Solubility product constants are the product of the concentration of the ions of a substance in a solution, which is at equilibrium with an excess of that substance, with concentrations expressed as moles per liter. The solubility from the hydroxide is the amount of that heavy metal that would exist in water in equilibrium with the solid hydroxide compound, provided there were no other sources or sinks for the hydroxyl ion or for the heavy metal ion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06153108__ •

Method for the production of water purifying substances Inventor(s): Jiang; Yaozong (Tokyo, JP), Yanagita; Tomotaka (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Createrra Inc. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,447,653 Date filed: February 25, 1994 Abstract: Water purifying substances produced by mixing raw material soil containing allophane expressed by:nSiO.sub.2.Al.sub.2 O.sub.3.mH.sub.2 Owhere, n is a number within the range of 1.3 to 2, and m is a number within the range of 2.5 to 3 at the maximum larger than 0, with water, and sintering a mixture thus obtained at 200.degree. C. to 700.degree. C., consequently to form porous sintered particles having a function of absorbing and fixing phosphoric acid. By scattering the water purifying substances around a lake, marsh or other body of water, phosphoric acid in sludge accumulated in the lake and so on can be effectively captured. The purifying effect of the water purifying substance can be improved by adding polyaluminum chloride and/or ferrous sulfate to the raw material soil. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a water purifying substance having a high ability to fix phosphoric acid and a method for producing the same, and more particularly to a water purifying substance capable of decreasing the phosphoric acid content contained in sludge accumulated on the bottom of a sewer, lake or other body of water. Recently, the nitrogen and phosphorous content of wastes or scraps is increasing, thus resulting in an environmental problem from the viewpoint that the wastes containing such nutritious matters intended for the land are dumped into a river, lake, marsh or other body of water. In a sense, the environment is nourished by such wastes and scraps fortified with plenty of nutritious salts such as nitrogen and phosphorous, which flow into the sea, river, lake or marsh via the drainage basins. Thus, the wastes are of high nutritive value primarily for plant plankton and are accumulated on the bottom of the body of water. With this increase in the nourishment of the environmental system, however, harmful plant plankton causing such problems as water-bloom and red tide are bred on a massive scale, thus coloring the water of the lake or other body of water green or brown. The environmental pollution often causes damage to the marine products industry, fish-raising industry and so forth, and causes anxiety about the safety of the water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05447653__

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Method of detoxification and stabilization of soils contaminated with chromium ore waste Inventor(s): Demytrk; Mark K. (North Bergen, NJ), Goldman; Eric S. (Metuchen, NJ), Kigel; Mark Y. (East Brunswick, NJ), Shultis; John F. (Plainsboro, NJ) Assignee(s): Envar Services, Inc. (Cranford, NJ) Patent Number: 5,304,710 Date filed: February 18, 1993 Abstract: A method for treating chromium ore waste contaminated soils by detoxification, fixation, immobilization and stabilization comprising the steps of soil grinding, pre-activating, reducing chromium valiancy, forming insoluble metal hydroxides, and incapsulating the chromium compounds containing agglomerates to prevent potential chromium leaching from the soil according with the standard toxicity characteristic leaching procedure requirements. Additive agents such as an acidic solution, a bivalent iron sulfur containing salt, e.g. ferrous sulfate, an alkalifying agent, e.g. calcium lime slurry or lime kiln dust or caustic, a stabilizing agent, e.g. cement, cement kiln dust, silicates, polyelectrolytes, and the like are also disclosed as assisting in the chromium immobilization reactions by reacting with certain constituents in the soil. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for treating wastes, particularly by reducing toxic hexavalent chromium in chromium ore wastes to trivalent chromium, by sequencing admixture of said wastes with sulfuric acid, ferrous sulfate solution, lime, and cement or cement kiln dust, then neutralizing and hardening the mass, to produce a solid mass of soil wherein the chromium values therein are essentially non-toxic, said solid mass having essentially low permeability thus providing no leachate, particularly no toxic leachate. This method is an environmentally compatible technology for on-site remediation of soil, as well as similar materials such as mud, water/wastewater treatment process sludges, and municipal, industrial and/or agricultural chromium contaminated solid wastes. Remediation of contaminated diverse natural resources such as soils, river and lake muds, land development fields, water and wastewater treatment sludges and the like poses complicated problems. Particularly, chromium ore processing residue contains extremely toxic hexavalent chromium values which present a significant disposal problem. The hexavalent chromium contaminated soils can adversely effect the environment by dry toxic dust being blown into the air which can cause carcinogenic effects on human health, and by the discharged leachates which, when flushed by rains and other precipitations through contaminated soils, muds, sludges, etc., would contain toxic chromium and would contaminate ground water aquifers, agricultural fields and surface water resources. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05304710__

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Pelletized ferrous sulfate monohydrate product and method for making the same Inventor(s): Shutt; Thomas C. (Denver, CO) Assignee(s): Vista Ferrous Sulfate, Ltd. (Denver, CO) Patent Number: 5,108,481 Date filed: February 13, 1991 Abstract: A pelletized ferrous sulfate monohydrate (FeSO.sub.4.multidot.H.sub.2 O) product and method for the manufacture thereof. Hard, spherical ferrous sulfate

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monohydrate pellets are manufactured by combining ferrous sulfate monohydrate powder with an aqueous solution of ammonium sulfate (NH.sub.4).sub.2 SO.sub.4 having a preferred concentration of about 1-40% by weight ammonium sulfate. Mixture of these components occurs in a conventional pelletizing apparatus (e.g. a disc pelletizer) which produces individual pellets from the components. The pellets are then heated in order to remove excess water therefrom. The foregoing process enables durable pellets to be made without substantial hydration of the ferrous sulfate monohydrate. The pellets are spherical, have a size of about -6+20 U.S. standard mesh, and have not less than about 25% by weight soluble Fe. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to the production of a pelletized chemical product, and more particularly to the production of durable ferrous sulfate monohydrate pellets having a desired size, shape, and composition. FeSO.sub.4.multidot.7H.sub.2 O is unstable and converts spontaneously under atmospheric temperature, pressure, and humidity conditions to FeSO.sub.4.multidot.4H.sub.2 O. FeSO.sub.4.multidot.4H.sub.2 O converts to FeSO.sub.4.multidot.H.sub.2 O upon the application of heat (e.g. at temperatures above 64 degrees C). FeSO.sub.4.multidot.H.sub.2 O is a stable product, and will not hydrate in the atmosphere. Finally, FeSO.sub.4 (anhydrous) is a manufactured product, and does not exist in nature unlike the other compositions listed above. All forms of ferrous sulfate are highly soluble in water, generating an acidic pH of about 3-4. The foregoing reaction typically occurs in the steel industry during the cleaning of steel items with sulfuric acid (H.sub.2 SO.sub.4). This process (commonly known as "pickling") is used to clean steel products including wire, nails, fencing, and the like prior to galvanizing or coating with protective oils/plastics. The FeSO.sub.4.multidot.7H.sub.2 O which is produced from this process typically consists of crystals which are about 20-40 mesh in size and surface coated with about 0.5 -1.0% by weight H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 and about 2.04.0% by weight water. Although the resulting ferrous sulfate is currently characterized as a hazardous waste by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, much of it has been dumped indiscriminately regardless of adverse environmental consequences. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05108481__ •

Process for preparing ferric sulfate Inventor(s): Kenakkala; Timo (Rydeback, SE), Konstari; Olli (Pori, FI), Mattila; Harri (Ulvila, FI) Assignee(s): Kemira Chemicals Oy (Helsinka, FI), Kemira Pigments Oy (Helsinka, FI) Patent Number: 5,766,566 Date filed: August 2, 1996 Abstract: The invention relates to a process of preparing ferric sulfate by forming a slurry which contains ferrous sulfate and sulfuric acid, the slurry containing bivalent iron in both the solution phase and the solid phase, and by oxidizing this slurry to form a ferric sulfate slurry. When so desired, the obtained ferric sulfate slurry is solidified to form solid ferric sulfate. The obtained ferric sulfate may, as such or dissolved in water, be used for the treatment of waste waters or for preparing pure tap water. Excerpt(s): This application is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 371 of PCT/FI95/00045 filed 2 Feb. 1995. The present invention relates to a process of preparing ferric sulfate by oxidation from ferrous sulfate and sulfuric acid. The invention also relates to the use of ferric sulfate prepared according to the invention for

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the treatment of waste waters, for the preparation of pure tap water, and for other purposes of precipitating or removing impurities. Ferrous sulfate is formed in large quantities as side streams of various processes in the world. One important producer of ferrous sulfate is the industry which prepares titanium dioxide by the sulfate method and uses ilmenite as its raw material. Significant amounts of ferrous sulfate are used for the treatment of waste waters, and the treatment of waste waters will increase worldwide. It is, however, known that ferric sulfate is more effective than ferrous sulfate in the treatment of waste waters and has indeed in part replaced the use of ferrous sulfate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05766566__ •

Process for production of alumina from ore bodies containing aluminum Inventor(s): Rendall; John S. (4301 Altura NE., Albuquerque, NM 87110) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,997,828 Date filed: September 30, 1998 Abstract: A process for extraction of alumina from ore bodies containing aluminum is disclosed. The process comprises the steps of acid leaching an aluminum bearing ore to produce a leach liquor that includes aluminum values and silicon values. Any ferrous sulfate in the leach liquor is oxidized with an oxidizing agent comprising ozone to ferric sulfate. The oxidized leach liquor is hydrolyzed at about 130.degree. C. to form a gel of ferric values which are then removed. Any ferric sulfate remaining in the leach liquor after hydrolyzing is reduced to ferrous sulfate. The reduced leach liquor is then hydrolyzed at 165-180.degree. C. to remove precipitated basic aluminum alkali sulfate. The basic aluminum alkali sulfate is then dried and calcined at around 950.degree. C. to produce alumina and alkali sulfate which releases any SO.sub.2 and any SO.sub.3. The alumina is washed to remove any alkali sulfate and the washed alumina is then agglomerated and dried. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to processes using sulfuric acid for the extraction/production of alumina for use in the production of aluminum from electrolyte and more specifically to processes which use a basic aluminum alkali sulfate as an intermediate-stage product. The conventional methods of producing aluminum are not environmentally friendly. The aluminum industry produces in excess of forty million metric tons of green-house gas emissions worldwide each year. The use of socalled "inert anodes" in the production of aluminum has long been recognized as a solution to these emissions, but the high electrolysis temperatures needed, e.g., 950.degree. C., have proven too challenging for commercial production with inert anodes. Such process starts with alumina in the "Bayer process" and uses a caustic as an extractant. The alumina produced from the process embodiment of the present invention can be used at temperatures significantly lower in electrolysis for production of aluminum and therefore reduces the challenge of inert anode use at this reduced temperature. In order to meet the alumina demand which results from the benefits of operation of electrolytic production of aluminum at 750.degree. C., the industry will need to examine the retrofit capability of technology to current production of alumina as well as new greenfield projects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05997828__

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Process for recovering sulfuric acid Inventor(s): Hayashi; Takanobu (Kanagawa, JP), Matsumoto; Yukiei (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Permelec Electrode Ltd. (Kanagawa, JP) Patent Number: 5,051,187 Date filed: August 21, 1990 Abstract: A process for recovering sulfuric acid from an aqueous sulfuric acid solution containing ferrous sulfate is disclosed, which comprises electrolyzing the aqueous sulfuric acid solution containing ferrous sulfate to thereby oxidize ferrous ion dissolved in the solution to ferric ion, and then removing the ferric ion by solvent extraction using a solvent and an extractant. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for recovering sulfuric acid. More particularly, the present invention relates to a process in which sulfuric acid is recovered from the waste sulfuric acid generated from the production of titanium oxide by a sulfate process, utilizing electrolysis and solvent extraction. Titanium oxide is used in large quantity in various fields as a component of coating compositions, a delustering agent for chemical fibers, printing inks, cosmetics, etc. Processes for producing titanium oxide on an industrial scale are generally classified into two processes, namely, the sulfate process and the chloride process, and the former process has been mainly employed to date. The sulfate process generally comprises the steps of (1) dissolving a titanium slag or raw ilmenite ore into sulfuric acid to obtain a titanium sulfate solution, (2) adding waste iron or waste aluminum to the titanium sulfate solution to chemically reduce ferric ion contained as an impurity in the solution to the divalent (ferrous) state in order to prevent precipitation of iron and to increase the degree of whiteness of the titanium oxide product, followed by cooling the solution to precipitate and remove ferrous sulfate, (3) heat-hydrolyzing the titanium sulfate solution from which ferrous sulfate had been removed, followed by precipitating hydrous titanium oxide, which is then filtered and washed, and (4) then calcining the washed hydrous titanium oxide at 800 to 1,100.degree. C. to obtain anhydrous titanium oxide. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05051187__

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Process for the production of storable, free-flowing hydrated ferrous sulfate Inventor(s): Holtmann; Udo (Krefeld, DE) Assignee(s): Bayer Aktiengesellschaft (Leverkusen, DE) Patent Number: 5,268,159 Date filed: June 24, 1992 Abstract: A process for the production of storable, free-flowing hydrated ferrous sulfate which comprises mixing moist ferrous sulfate heptahydrate and dried hydrated ferrous sulfate in such a ratio that a free-flowing and storable product is obtained. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the production of storable, free-flowing hydrated ferrous sulfate by mixing moist ferrous sulfate heptahydrate with dried hydrated ferrous sulfate in the absence of additives. The spin-dry ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (ratio by weight of ferrous sulfate to water approximately 1.0) obtained in the production of titanium dioxide by the sulfate process is used as a precipitant and flocculant in sewage treatment plants or as a raw material in the production of iron oxide pigments. However, the hygroscopic properties of spin-dried ferrous sulfate

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heptahydrate make it difficult to store, transport and handle because it partly oxidizes and forms a tacky, viscous brown mass. If, by contrast, moist ferrous sulfate heptahydrate is dried to a ratio by weight of ferrous sulfate to water of approximately 1.5, as is typically the case in known drying processes, the considerable dust emission causes handling problems. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05268159__ •

Pulp and paper mill wastewater color removal Inventor(s): Finck; Martha R. (Countryside, IL), Ramesh; Manian (Naperville, IL), Shetty; Chandrashekar S. (Lisle, IL), Siefert; Kristine S. (Crete, IL) Assignee(s): Nalco Chemical Company (Naperville, IL) Patent Number: 5,200,089 Date filed: August 12, 1991 Abstract: The invention provides a method for decolorizing an effluent stream from a pulp mill plant comprising the step of adding an effective amount of a decolorizing composition including a ferrous sulfate and a water-soluble cationic amine polymer. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to paper making processes, and more particularly, to processes for reducing the total color in effluent streams originating in the production of pulp and paper materials. Large amounts of water are used in the various stages of the papermaking process. The papermaking process includes several steps, i.e., bark removal, pulping, bleaching, etc. Each of these steps uses a great deal of water. While significant improvements have been made in conserving and reusing water in the papermaking process, it is still necessary to discharge a certain amount of waste water from the system. The effluent water stream from a pulp mill is contaminated with lignins, lignin degradation products and humic acids. These contaminants make the effluent stream dark colored and are often referred to as color bodies. Since pulp mill plants produce large quantities of this densely-colored effluent, the discharge of this effluent into adjacent streams and bodies of water can cause an objectionable discoloration of the water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05200089__

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Recovery of copper values from copper ores Inventor(s): Fountain; Gearld F. (Globe, AZ), Keane; Joseph M. (Sahuarita, AZ) Assignee(s): Hydromet Systems, L.L.C. (Tucson, AZ) Patent Number: 6,319,389 Date filed: November 24, 1999 Abstract: Copper values are efficiently recovered from a copper ore, including secondary sulfides, by first crushing the ore to a particle size P-80 of about 1 to 2 inches, then grinding the so crushed ore to a particle size P-80 of between Tyler 4 mesh and 20 mesh, and then classifying the ground ore into a fines fraction of less than 65 mesh and one or more coarse fractions of more than 65 mesh. The fines are then leached or subjected to flotation to form a concentrate which is leached to form a pregnant leach solution. In parallel, the coarse fraction or fractions are leached also to form a pregnant leach solution. The leaching operations are carried out with ferric sulfate lixiviant at

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atmospheric pressure and elevated temperature. During leaching ferric sulfate is reduced to ferrous sulfate. The pregnant leach solutions are then subjected to solvent extraction to recover the copper values and subsequently to electrowinning to produce copper metal. During the solvent extraction operation, free sulfuric acid is produced and is then used together with oxygen to oxidize the ferrous sulfate produced during the leaching steps back to ferric sulfate with is then re-used in the leaching of the fines and coarse fractions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the treatment of ores containing leachable metal values. More specifically, this invention relates to the recovery of copper values from copper ores, and is particularly applicable to leaching of secondary copper sulfides from any copper sulfide deposit and extraction of copper therefrom. In a preferred embodiment, the invention relates to a hydrometallurgical treatment of sulfide minerals found in porphyry ore deposits, which are generally difficult to leach in an efficient and economical manner. In treating copper bearing ores, materials containing primary or secondary sulfides have typically been processed using the conventional milling/flotation process which includes crushing, grinding and flotation, followed by smelting and refining of the concentrate. Copper oxide minerals are not easily floated and these ores have generally been processed hydrometallurgically by sulfuric acid leaching in slurry, vat or heap leaching processes. In recent years, bio-heap hydrometallurgical processing of secondary sulfides ores using a ferric sulfate lixiviant has gained some favor. Research has also been intense in recent years on leaching of copper sulfide concentrates, including chalcopyrite concentrates, using slurry bioleaching, atmospheric leaching of ultra-fine ground concentrates and processes involving pressure leaching at elevated temperatures. Conventional milling/flotation typically requires a particle size reduction to less than 150 mesh (0.105 millimeters) to achieve mineral liberation from the gangue and to permit high rougher flotation copper recovery. Regrinding of the rougher concentrate produced to as fine as minus 400 mesh (0.037 millimeters) may then be necessary to allow mineral liberation sufficient to achieve an economic concentrate grade. The concentrate produced must then be further processed by smelting and refining or a hydrometallurgical process to finally obtain cathode copper. The conventional milling/flotation process is mineralogy dependent, and is energy, capital and operating cost intensive, as are the subsequent smelting and refining steps, requiring a higher ore grade to justify project economics. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06319389__ •

Removal of chromium from solution using ferrous sulfate and barium nitrate Inventor(s): Thornton; Roy F. (Schenectady, NY) Assignee(s): General Electric Company (Schenectady, NY) Patent Number: 5,427,692 Date filed: November 29, 1993 Abstract: Hexavalent chromium is removed from aqueous sodium nitrate solutions by reacting hexavalent chromium with an aqueous slurry consisting essentially of ferrous hydroxide and barium sulfate whereby the chromium is reduced to trivalent chromium and precipitated as chromic hydroxide. Adulterating compounds and unwanted ions are not introduced to the electrolytic solution. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions, and more particularly, to the reduction of hexavalent chromium to

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trivalent chromium by reacting a chromium-contaminated sodium nitrate solution with an aqueous slurry consisting essentially of ferrous hydroxide and barium sulfate. Aqueous sodium nitrate solutions are among those used in industry to electrochemically machine articles made from stainless steel alloys. As known, stainless steel alloys contain varying amounts of chromium. Thus, when stainless steel alloys are electrochemically machined, part of the chromium metal in the alloy is converted to hexavalent chromium and remains in the aqueous sodium nitrate solution. Hexavalent chromium accumulates in sodium nitrate solutions and is highly soluble over a wide range of pH. Since electrochemical machining (ECM) solutions are continuously reused, the build-up of hexavalent chromium poses potential environmental concerns, as well as possible health hazards to machine operators. In order to efficiently and safely reuse the aqueous sodium nitrate solutions, there is a need to develop a method that reduces hexavalent chromium to less toxic trivalent chromium, and removes chromium from ECM solutions without introducing unwanted ions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05427692__ •

Soil-cement compositions and methods Inventor(s): Lindstrom; Kurt O. (Duncan, OK), Riley; Wendell D. (Marlow, OK) Assignee(s): Halliburton Energy Services (Duncan, OK) Patent Number: 5,263,797 Date filed: December 29, 1992 Abstract: The present invention provides improved soil-cement compositions and methods of forming subterranean cementitious masses using the compositions. The soilcement compositions are basically comprised of hydraulic cement, water present in the compositions in amounts sufficient to form slurries of the solids therein, a dispersant comprised of a mixture of sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, ferrous lignosulfonate, ferrous sulfate and tannic acid and soil present in an amount whereby the volume ratio of cement, water and dispersant to soil in the compositions is in the range of from about 0.3:1 to about 2.1:1. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to soil-cement compositions and methods, and more particularly, to improved soil-cement compositions and methods of utilizing them in jet grouting operations and the like. A variety of procedures have been developed for forming cementitious subterranean containment walls, foundations, pilings and the like comprised of soil-cement compositions. In such procedures, an aqueous cement slurry containing soil is placed in a subterranean location and allowed to set into a hard cementitious mass having compressive strength therein. The soilcement compositions which have been utilized have generally been comprised of a hydraulic cement, water, a dispersant and soil. The presence of the soil in the compositions reduces the cost of the compositions as well as the quantities of removed soil to be disposed of. A relatively simple prior art procedure for forming and placing a soil-cement composition in the ground involves excavating a hole in the ground, mixing a portion of the excavated soil with water and hydraulic cement on the surface, placing the soil-cement composition formed in the hole and allowing it to set into a hard cementitious mass therein. More recently, procedures for simultaneously forming a subterranean cavity and mixing and placing a soil-cement composition therein generally known as "jet grouting" have been developed and used. The jet grouting procedure basically comprises the steps of drilling and/or enlarging a hole in the ground and forming a soil-cement composition therein by means of high velocity jets of an aqueous

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cement slurry. That is, the aqueous cement slurry is pumped through a string of pipe and through jet forming ports, usually at the bottom of the pipe and/or in a drill connected thereto, at a pressure and rate sufficient to produce high velocity jets of cement slurry which cause soil to be mixed with the cement slurry. A substantial quantity of excess soil-cement slurry is formed in the process which is moved upwardly through the open hole to the surface which often must be removed and disposed of. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05263797__ •

Solution decontamination method using precipitation and flocculation techniques Inventor(s): Grant; David C. (Gibsonia, PA), Lahoda; Edward J. (Edgewood, PA), Lin; Ching-Yu (Monroeville, PA), Talko; Francis (N. Huntingdon, PA) Assignee(s): Westinghouse Electric Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA) Patent Number: 5,330,658 Date filed: March 17, 1993 Abstract: Solutions such as for example groundwater, drinking water, extracting solutions and effluents contaminated with metals, radioactive species and organics, singly or in combination, are treated by first removing undesirable oxidizing agents from the contaminated solution. Then the contaminated solution is separately treated with aqueous solutions of ferrous sulfate and hydroxide, which precipitate substantially all of the contaminants. Next, the precipitate is treated with a flocculant and/or a coagulant to form an easily dewaterable and separable solid. The solid contaminants are readily removed from the cleansed solution. The process utilizes a novel combination of steps which maximizes contaminant removal, minimizes waste volume, and produces a recyclable solution and a manageable waste stream. The preferred hydroxide solutions are sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and ammonium hydroxide. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to precipitation and flocculation methods for decontaminating various types of solutions which are contaminated with a variety of contaminants such as heavy metals, radioactive compounds, and organic compounds, using a novel combination of treatment steps. More particularly, this invention relates to methods for decontaminating solutions using aqueous solutions of ferrous sulfate and hydroxides, in combination with flocculants, to precipitate the contaminants and ultimately separate them from solution. There is increasing concern over the hazards posed by the rising levels of inorganic and organic contaminants within the world's water supplies due to accidental spills, leaks, mining practices and poor disposal practices. Most heavy metal and organic contaminants are toxic to some degree to all life-forms, and can have a deleterious effect on aquatic flora and fauna. In humans, toxic heavy metal poisoning can lead to severe nervous system disorders and can cause death. In addition, the contamination of drinking water, ground water, soil washing extracting solutions, and leaching solutions presents a further problem in that large volumes of solution typically are affected, making treatment especially problematic. This problem is aggravated in geographical locations where water is in short supply, and the need to recycle is great. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05330658__

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Sulfuric acid waste recycling by regenerative process Inventor(s): Klotz; William L. (Matthews, NC) Assignee(s): Klotz; Jennifer L. (Matthews, NC), Klotz; Laurie J. (Matthews, NC) Patent Number: 5,730,950 Date filed: June 25, 1996 Abstract: The process will recover sulfuric acid on the 90-95% concentration range by roasting of ferrous sulfate hydrate crystals at high temperature under retort conditions. In the first step of the recovery process 6 (see FIG. 1) hydroxide slurry is reacted with the waste stream, and ferrous sulfate crystals obtained. In the second step 9 iron sulfate crystals are roasted and water of hydration reacts with sulfate and sulfur trioxide to produce sulfuric acid in a retort operation. The sulfuric acid and sulfur trioxide are condensed or absorbed in water or dilute sulfuric acid and are of a high purity, leaving iron oxide as a recovered carrier. In the third step, this iron oxide/hydroxide is reduced 13 and used to produce a slurry, which is pumped back to react with the entering sulfuric acid waste stream. The process has the following advantages:continuous operationnon-exotic and inexpensive chemicals are usedhigh purity sulfuric acid is recoveredcan operate at large and small production levelslow maximum temperature for sulfuric acid recovery (750 degrees C.). Excerpt(s): This patent relates to a new method for recycling sulfuric acid in very pure form and concentration adjustable from low to greater than 100%, or fuming sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid (H.sub.2 SO.sub.4) is a basic raw material used in a wide range of industrial processes and manufacturing operations. Almost 70 percent of sulfuric acid manufactured is used in the production of phosphate fertilizers. Other uses include copper leaching, inorganic pigment production, petroleum refining, paper production, and industrial organic chemical production. Sulfuric acid may be manufactured commercially by either the lead chamber process or the contact process. Because of economics, all of the sulfuric acid produced in the U.S. is now produced by the contact process. U.S. facilities produce approximately 42 million megagrams (Mg) (46.2 million tons) of H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 annually. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05730950__

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Toxic waste fixant and method for using same Inventor(s): Hooykaas; Carel W. J. (Rotterdam, NL), Newton; Jeffrey P. (Wichita, KS) Assignee(s): Pelt & Hooykaas B.V. (Rotterdam, NL) Patent Number: 5,347,077 Date filed: October 1, 1992 Abstract: A toxic waste fixant for detoxification of a contaminated soil, sediment, and or sludge material includes a mixture of: ferric and/or ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate, and/or aluminium sulfate and/or Portland cement, and/or gypsum (calcium sulfate), and/or blast furnace slag, and/or lime (calcium oxide). Fixants made from mixtures of the above compounds are designed to prevent leaching in excess of regulatory standards for specified inorganic and organic toxic compounds and elements. These fixants will also reduce the concentration of most organic toxic compounds through various chemical reactions and bonding as determined by solvent extractions and analysis by GC/MS. The ferric and/or ferrous sulfate may be partially or completely

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replaced by cobalt sulfate, whereas instead of the respective sulfates the corresponding chlorides may be used as well. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of toxic waste treatment, and, more particularly to a toxic waste fixant for preventing the leaching of organic and inorganic toxics at unacceptable levels of leaching from soils, sediments, and sludges and cause a significant reduction in the inherent toxicity concentration of a contaminated material by chemical bonding and reaction as well as a method for using that fixant. The problem of the safe disposal of toxic waste materials is a pressing one. With the ever increasing generation of hazardous materials in our industrial society, there is a growing demand for strict controls of the handling and disposal of all forms of toxic waste. In response to that demand, legislatures, both state and federal, have passed laws limiting the amount and nature of wastes which may be discharged into the environment. There has been a great deal of movement of late to make these laws more stringent, and reaching the goals set forth in the laws may soon become much more difficult. Toxic wastes are legally defined in the various statutes and regulations dealing with their handling and treatment, but they may be broadly defined as any material generated as a by-product of an industrial process capable of having an adverse impact upon the environment if discharged without treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05347077__ •

Use of stabilized EAFD as a raw material in the production of a portland cement clinker Inventor(s): Hilton; Robert G. (Knoxville, TN) Assignee(s): Conversion Systems, Inc. (Horsham, PA) Patent Number: 5,853,474 Date filed: June 2, 1997 Abstract: A method for producing portland cement includes adding stabilized electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) to the raw materials fed into the feed end of a rotary cement kiln to form a cement clinker. The untreated EAFD is preferably stabilized by forming a mixture of water, lime, and a cementitious reactant consisting of untreated electric arc furnace dust. Preferably, dolomitic lime is used and ferrous sulfate is added to the mixture. The stabilized EAFD, which is so soft that no grinding is necessary, may be nonetheless passed through the grinding mill along with the cement raw materials (excluding stabilized EAFD), combined with the raw materials after the raw materials are ground, or delivered directly to the rotary cement kiln in a stream separate from the cement raw materials. The stabilized EAFD serves as an inexpensive iron source in place of iron ore, mill scale, coal ash, or others. Preferably, the stabilized EAFD is added to the cement raw materials in an amount to provide an iron content of between 2%-5%, measured as iron oxide. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to the production of portland cement and, more specifically, to the raw materials added to a rotary kiln to form a cement clinker. In the production of portland cement, raw materials (such as limestone, clay, and sand) are ground, inter-blended, and fired in a rotary kiln at temperatures in the range of 2800.degree. F. The constituents are selected to achieve a given ratio (depending upon the class of cement to be produced) of calcium, silica, alumina, and iron in the clinker (i.e., product derived from the kiln). In the production of portland cement, this clinker is inter-ground with gypsum to yield the final product. The overall quantity of iron

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required in portland cement production is typically from about two to five percent, measured as iron oxide. At many cement plants, the readily available raw materials do not contain sufficient iron to achieve the desired formulation; it is necessary to supplement the iron content, by the addition of iron ore, mill scale, coal ash, or other compatible iron sources. Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) is a by-product of electric arc furnace steelmaking. The material is designated hazardous by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA) and carries the designation of "KO61" because of the presence of leachable heavy metals (e.g., lead, chromium, cadmium, etc.). While there are approximately 750,000 tons of EAFD generated per year, little has been accomplished toward reuse, other than limited recycling of the dust back into electric arc furnaces from which it originated. EPA regulations mandate that the addition of a hazardous material to a product results in the designation of that product as hazardous. In addition, the transportation and handling of a hazardous material is more expensive than that of a non-hazardous material. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05853474__ •

Waste water treatment with peracetic acid compositions Inventor(s): Holzhauer; Frederick W. (Broomfield, CO), Johnson; Dana J. (Broomfield, CO), McAninch; Terry (Westminster, CO) Assignee(s): Birko Corporation (Henderson, CO) Patent Number: 5,472,619 Date filed: September 3, 1993 Abstract: A process for the separation and purification of fat-containing waste water including the step of adding an effective flocculating and oxidizing amount of a composition including:10-30% acetic acid5-20% peracetic acid15-25% hydrogen peroxide1-10% phosphoric acidbal. waterThe process may also include the addition of ferrous sulfate or other source of ionic iron to accelerate the action of the peracetic acid composition. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of treating waste water, particularly waste water containing fats and fatty acids, such as that produced in meatpacking plants. In particular, the invention includes both methods and compositions for the improved separation and purification of fat-containing waste waters. Water is used in large amounts in meat-packing plants both to clean the facility and in the actual processing of animal or poultry carcasses. For example, water is used in the chillers to rapidly cool the carcasses from body temperature to an intermediate temperature prior to refrigeration or freezing. The chilling preserves the meat and inhibits the growth of bacteria. The water used in both cleaning and chilling operations carries fat and fatty acids and is laden with those materials after the water has served its purpose. It also contains solid materials and microbiological constituents that result in a high biological oxygen demand ("BOD") and suspended solids in the water. Typically, the waste water utilized in various parts of a meat-packing facility is unsuitable for direct discharge into a stream. Treatment by municipal water facilities is expensive. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05472619__

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Water filtration medium and method of use Inventor(s): Smith; James K. (Baton Rouge, LA) Assignee(s): Sterling Air & Water Corporation (Covington, LA) Patent Number: 5,395,534 Date filed: November 2, 1992 Abstract: Disclosed is a water filtration medium capable of removing heavy metals from ground water and surface supplies. This medium comprises a gamma form of manganese dioxide that has been comminuted and divided into fractions according to mesh size, including fractions of 10 to 40 mesh, 40 to 100 mesh, and 100 to 325 mesh. The particles in a given mesh size are treated with a reducing agent such as ferrous sulfate and then washed with water to remove iron precipitates and fines. The washed particles are treated with a solution of sodium hydrosulfite and sodium bisulfite. The treated particles are then neutralized with sodium hydroxide to remove remaining acidity. The neutralized particles are washed again in order to remove spent chemicals and undissolved metals. The particles are then dried prior to use as a filtration medium. Also disclosed is a disposable cartridge for housing the filtration medium, a method of using the medium, and a means for preparing the medium. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a fluid filtration system for use in purifying water derived from ground water and surface supplies. More specifically, the invention pertains to a water filtration medium comprising comminuted manganese dioxide particles which have been treated with ferrous ions, as well as methods of making and using the medium. Water derived from ground water and surface supplies has always been "contaminated" with naturally occurring materials, such as hydrogen sulfide, iron, manganese, and certain naturally occurring heavy metals derived from the elemental content of the earth and from various biological reactions that occur. More recently these same contaminants, and many more, have been introduced into these sources of water by mining and industrial activities. For example, industrial waste solutions have introduced several heavy metal contaminants into potential sources for drinking water. Various effluents from nuclear processing plants have introduced, for example, uranium, radium, cobalt, barium, strontium and similar ions. Certain of these contaminants are also from naturally occurring sources. This increasing burden of contaminants, and a growing knowledge of the problems they produce, has gradually led to increases in the restrictions concerning the maximum levels of these contaminants at the "point of use" of the water. The Environmental Protection Agency has established the maximum acceptable concentration of these contaminants in drinking water, as listed in Table I. Probably the most common medium for the treatment of water to reduce various contaminants is an ion exchange resin. Depending upon the ions involved, this can be an anionic resin, a cationic resin or even a mixed resin medium. Generally, the resin beds are not selective as to the ions absorbed. The treatment process typically involves a regenerative bed where the absorbed ions are removed so as to condition the resin for additional removal. However, with some of the above-described contaminants, ion exchangers lack any appreciable affinity or lack the necessary selectivity to remove only the trace impurities. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05395534__

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Water-proof deodorizing, bedsore-preventing sheet and method for manufacturing the same Inventor(s): Kato; Taro (Iwate, JP) Assignee(s): Kitakamiscishi Kabushiki Kaisha (JP) Patent Number: 5,888,525 Date filed: August 22, 1997 Abstract: The present invention proposes a water-proof deodorizing, bedsorepreventing sheet that can not only eliminate the bad smell from the wastes of bedridden sick persons but also prevent the bedsore or its worsening and a method for manufacturing the same. The present invention gives such a manufacturing method that the sheet-shaped deodorizing material D obtained by allowing a sheet-shaped member made of a cellulose-based substance to contain ferrous sulfate which is subsequently oxidized into basic ferric sulfate is coated with the permeable film 1, whose fringes are partially sealed subsequently. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a water-proof deodorizing, bedsorepreventing sheet wherein its sheet-shaped deodorizing material obtained by allowing a sheet-shaped member made of a cellulose-based substance to contain tri-valent iron ions is coated with a permeable film and then heated and sealed. Conventionally, a variety of proposals have been made and put to practical use for the mats and beds which are expected to prevent or inhibit the bedsore of bedridden sick persons, but few of them have taken into account the deodorizing of the wastes of those sick persons. That is, those conventional mats and beds are generally charged with air or liquid to facilitate the moving of bedridden sick persons so that their skin conditions in contact with the mats or beds may be improved, thus preventing bedsore or inhibiting its further worsening. Some of those mats and beds have activated carbon therein for deodorizing, which alone, however, is not enough to effectively deodorize the bad smell from the ammonia contents contained in the feces and urine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05888525__

Patent Applications on Ferrous Sulfate As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to ferrous sulfate: •

In-situ chemical oxidation-reduction and precipitation of heavy metals in soils and groundwater Inventor(s): Bryant, James Daniel; (Howell, NJ), Wilson, James Thomas; (Brielle, NJ) Correspondence: Robert I. Pearlman; Riker, Danzig, Scherer, Hyland & Perretti Llp; Headquarters Plaza; One Speedwell Avenue; Morristown; NJ; 07962; US Patent Application Number: 20010042722 Date filed: May 15, 2001

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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Abstract: A method is taught for converting metal contaminants in the soil to less toxic forms as well as permitting their removal from groundwater. A first reactive solution comprising ferrous sulfate and an acid selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid is injected to decomplex contaminants and precipitate them as insoluble compounds. A second reactive solution comprising hydrogen peroxide and an acid selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid is then injected to destroy organic liquids and enhance decomplexation. The pH of the first solution may range from 3 to 5, and the pH of the second solution range from 3 to 7, preferably 5 to 7. The process is particularly effective where chromium compounds such as hexavalent chromium are the contaminants. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/205,326 filed May 16, 2000. This invention relates generally to the field of in-situ soil and groundwater remediation, more particularly to a method for remediation of soil and groundwater which has become contaminated with heavy metals, semi-metals, and cyanide, and most particularly to the remediation of soils and groundwater contaminated with hexavalent chromium. Subterranean contamination of soil and groundwater resulting from leaking storage facilities or accidental or even purposeful discharge has become a problem in almost all industrialized areas of the planet. Industrialized society had historically stored, discharged and disposed of various hazardous substances and waste products to the soil and groundwater. However, in recent decades, society has recognized that discharged substances contaminate the soil and groundwater and can thereby cause severe health hazards and damage to the local environment. Discharged substances have consisted of both organic and inorganic materials. The inorganic toxic discharges have included chromium, hexavalent chromium and other heavy metals, and semi-metals including substances such as cadmium, lead, copper, nickel, arsenic and cyanides. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for stabilizing chromium-contaminated materials Inventor(s): Chowdhury, Ajit K.; (Madison, WI) Correspondence: Bennett J. Berson; Quarles & Brady Llp; 1 South Pinckney Street; P O Box 2113; Madison; WI; 53701-2113; US Patent Application Number: 20020049361 Date filed: June 27, 2001 Abstract: A cost-effective, long-term, permanent method for stabilizing chromium in a chromium-contaminated waste matrix characterized by high concentrations of alkaline material (such as lime) includes the steps of contacting a source of hexavalent chromium with a source of ferrous ions to produce ferric ions; oxidizing iron pyrite to produce ferrous sulfate and sulfuric acid; and contacting the alkaline chromium-contaminated particulate matter with the ferrous sulfate and the sulfuric acid for a time sufficient to convert ferrous sulfate into ferric sulfate and to reduce mobile hexavalent chromium to non-leachable trivalent chromium. The method is integrated in that ferrous sulfate produced by oxidizing iron pyrite serves as a source of ferrous ions in the first contacting step. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. The present invention relates to methods for reducing the leaching potential of environmental chromium-contaminated particulate matter to acceptable levels. More particularly, this invention describes methods for stabilizing

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hexavalent chromium in chromium-contaminated materials. In the environment, chromium exists predominantly in two forms --hexavalent chromium and trivalent chromium. Trivalent chromium is significantly more stable than hexavalent chromium, which is highly mobile. It is known that a near-neutral pH is required to keep trivalent chromium in a stable, insoluble state. Hexavalent chromium is a known human carcinogen, a RCRA hazardous material, and a common contaminant on the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Priority List of Hazardous Substances. Although chromium metal, like other metals, exhibits a positive valence state, hexavalent chromium is typically present in the environment as an oxy-anion such as chromate (CrO.sub.4.sup.2-) or dichromate (Cr.sub.2O.sub.7.sup.2-). As a result, technologies that effectively treat other cationic metals do not effectively stabilize chromium. The oxidation state of chromium, the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and the pH of the waste material are key parameters for controlling the leaching potential of chromium in the environment. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Rapid ferrous sulfate biooxidation Inventor(s): Jensen, Margaret L.; (Bagdad, AZ), Sharp, James E.; (Tucson, AZ), Stuffle, Kevin L.; (Tucson, AZ) Correspondence: Saliwanchik Lloyd & Saliwanchik; A Professional Association; 2421 N.W. 41st Street; Suite A-1; Gainesville; FL; 326066669 Patent Application Number: 20010002312 Date filed: January 16, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed is an improved process for using iron-oxidizing bacteria to reactivate the raffinate ferrous sulfate solution in chemical leach operations. The process uses a biological raffinate converter, or BRC, as a key feature of the process. The invention process provides enhanced efficiency and commercial utility over the best known biological process for converting raffinate ferrous sulfate. The resulting ferric sulfate then can be recycled back into the bioleaching process of, for example, copper from chalcocite. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of co-pending application U.S. Ser. No. 08/943,172; filed Oct. 3, 1997; which claims priority to provisional patent applications U.S. Ser. No. 60/026,660, filed Oct. 4, 1996 and U.S. Ser. No. 60/038,660, filed Feb. 21, 1997. Microorganisms play an important role in the mining industry where they are now used in the bioleaching recovery of copper, uranium, and gold (see Rawlings, D. E., S. Silver [1995] "Mining With Microbes," Biotechnology 13(Aug.):773-778). Until now, microorganisms have not been used in conjunction with commercial chemical leach processes. The stripped leach solution, or raffinate, from this process contains ferrous sulfate (FeSO.sub.4). Ferrous sulfate is a product having little value or utility and is often a waste product from the leaching process. A means to rapidly convert the ferrous sulfate waste back to ferric sulfate would enhance the efficiency of the chemical leaching process as well as providing an environmentally beneficial effect. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Reactive magnesium oxide cements Inventor(s): Harrison, Aubrey John Weston; (Tasmania, AU) Correspondence: Dennison, Schultz & Dougherty; 1745 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20030041785 Date filed: September 19, 2002 Abstract: Novel hydraulic cements are disclosed that include reactive magnesium oxide prepared by low temperature calcination. The cements can be formulated to suit a large number of applications with various setting times, strength and levels of sustainability either by adding iron salts such as ferrous sulfate or blending with other compatible faster setting hydraulic cements such as Portland cement or by using both methods.The compositions are able to incorporate relatively large amounts of low cost pozzolans such as fly ash to advantage as well as wastes. Many excellent properties are exhibited and in particular good comprehensive strength and resistance to sulfates is able to be achieved. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to magnesium cements and in particular to cements containing magnesium oxide (magnesia). A number of cements based on magnesia have previously been made. If a salt such as magnesium chloride or sulfate is added to reactive magnesia and the mixture is allowed to react and hydrate magnesium oxychlorides and magnesium oxysulfates are formed that can be very strong but are not sufficiently weatherproof and are corrosive. Although there are many patents describing improvements to overcome these deficiencies such as the use of phosphates or soluble silicates, they are not generally economic. Magnesium oxychlorides were first discovered and prepared by Sorel in 1867. Magnesium oxysulfates were discovered by Olmer and Delyon in 1934. Magnesium oxychlorides and oxysulfates are commonly referred to as Sorel cements. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Regenerating spent pickling liquor Inventor(s): Blumenschein, Charles D.; (Pittsburgh, PA), Olsen, Douglas R.; (Pawling, NY) Correspondence: Douglas G Glantz; Attorney AT Law; 5260 Deborah Court; Doylestown; PA; 18901; US Patent Application Number: 20020005210 Date filed: December 19, 2000 Abstract: Apparatus and method for regenerating spent pickling liquor from the acid pickling of a metal are disclosed. Acid pickling of a metal uses a first acid and forms a spent pickling liquor (SPL). A second acid added to the spent pickling liquor, under specific low temperatures produces a metal salt of the second acid. The metal salt of the second acid is crystallized and removed from a regenerated first acid. In one aspect, hydrochloric acid is regenerated from a pickling process for iron or steel, using sulfuric acid as the second acid, and ferrous sulfate heptahydrate crystals are produced. Regenerated hydrochloric acid is recycled to the acid pickling process. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an apparatus and method for regenerating spent pickling liquor. In one aspect, this invention relates to an apparatus and method for regenerating spent pickling liquor from the acid pickling of a metal. Pickling is a process

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for the removal of a scale, oxides, or other impurities from a metal surface by immersion in an inorganic acid, usually sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric, hydrofluoric, or phosphoric acid. Pickling processes are used to clean the metal surface, e.g., steel. The pickling process removes thin layers of the scale and oxides formed on the metal surface during process operations such as rolling and annealing, and also from exposure to water and the environment. Hot rolled steel, for example, has very thin layers of scale, e.g., at depths of from about 0.000228 inch to about 0.000380 inch thick. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with ferrous sulfate, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “ferrous sulfate” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on ferrous sulfate. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning ferrous sulfate. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON FERROUS SULFATE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to ferrous sulfate. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on ferrous sulfate include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Ferrous Sulfate In order to find chapters that specifically relate to ferrous sulfate, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and ferrous sulfate using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “ferrous sulfate” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on ferrous sulfate: •

Pill-Induced Esophagitis Source: in Brandt, L., et al., eds. Clinical Practice of Gastroenterology. Volume One. Philadelphia, PA: Current Medicine. 1999. p. 91-96. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $235.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0443065209 (two volume set); 0443065217 (volume 1); 0443065225 (volume 2). Summary: Numerous medications injure the esophagus by a variety of means. This chapter on pill induced esophagitis is from a textbook that brings practitioners up to date on the complexities of gastroenterology practice, focusing on the essentials of patient care. Some drugs, including immunosuppressive agents, xanthines, and calcium channel blockers, injure the esophagus because of their systemic side effects; nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs predispose to reflux damage through incompletely

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explained mechanisms; and bulk laxatives and sucralfate occasionally form obstructing esophageal bezoars (a concretion of hair or vegetable fibers). Other potentially caustic medications taken in pill form may fail to transit the esophagus, dissolve, and cause local esophageal injury. This chapter focuses on this last type of injury. Most pill induced esophageal injuries occur in patients with normal esophageal structure and function. The presentation is dominated by pain and may be so severe as to prevent adequate oral hydration. No diagnostic procedure is usually necessary; endoscopy is indicated when symptoms are gradual in onset, atypical, or persistent. The first step in treatment is to stop taking the offending pill, if possible, thus preventing exacerbation of the injury. Pain subsides within days to weeks in most uncomplicated cases of pill induced esophageal injury. Esophageal perforation and hemorrhage are rare but life threatening complications that require immediate specific, aggressive treatment. The author reviews injuries caused by specific pills, including antimicrobial and antiviral pills, antiinflammatory pills, potassium chloride, quinidine, alprenolol, and ferrous sulfate or succinate, alendronate and pamidronate pills, and sustained release pills. A few simple steps can reduce the incidence of pill induced esophagitis: all oral medications taken in pill form should be taken with at least 120 mL of fluid and patients should remain upright for at least 10 minutes after swallowing pills. 5 figures. 4 tables. 23 references. •

Drugs and the Liver Source: in Sherlock, S.; Dooley, J. Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2002. p.335-363. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. PRICE: $178.95. ISBN: 0632055820. Summary: The liver is particularly concerned with drug metabolism, and especially of drugs given orally. Drugs can cause toxic effects that can mimic almost every naturally occurring liver disease in man. This chapter on drugs and the liver is from a textbook that presents a comprehensive and up-to-date account of diseases of the liver and biliary system. The chapter is organized into specific pathologies and their potential causes: hepato-cellular zone 3 necrosis, due to carbon tetrachloride, Amanita mushrooms, paracetamol (acetaminophen), salicylates, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and burns; hepato-cellular zone 1 necrosis, due to ferrous sulfate or phosphorus; mitochondrial cytopathies, due to sodium valproate, tetracyclines, tacrine, antiviral nucleoside analogues, and Bacillus cereus; steatohepatitis, due to perhexiline maleate, amiodarone, synthetic estrogens, and calcium channel blockers; fibrosis, due to methotrexate, other cytotoxic drugs, arsenic, vinyl chloride, vitamin A, and retinoids; vascular changes, due to sinusoidal dilatation, peliosis hepatitis, and veno-occlusive disease (VOD); acute hepatitis, due to isoniazid, methyl dopa, halothane, hydrofluorocarbons, systemic antifungals, oncology drugs, nervous system modifiers, sustained-release nicotinic acid (niacin), sulfonamides and derivatives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antithyroid drugs, quinidine and quinine, troglitazone, and anti-convulsants; chronic hepatitis, due to herbal remedies and recreational drugs; canalicular cholestasis, due to cyclosporine A and ciprofloxacin; hepato-canalicular cholestasis, due to chlorpromazine, penicillins, sulfonamides, erythromycin, haloperidol, cimetidine and ranitidine, oral hypoglycemic agents, tamoxifen, other causes, and dextropropoxyphene; ductular cholestasis; biliary sludge; sclerosing cholangitis; hepatic nodules and tumors; and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, liver cancer). 28 figures. 5 tables. 170 references.

Books

•

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Small Intestinal Ulcers Source: in Brandt, L., et al., eds. Clinical Practice of Gastroenterology. Volume One. Philadelphia, PA: Current Medicine. 1999. p. 502-507. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $235.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0443065209 (two volume set); 0443065217 (volume 1); 0443065225 (volume 2). Summary: Ulcerations of the small intestine apart from duodenal ulcers are relatively rare but have been associated with a multitude of diseases and various medications. This chapter on small intestinal ulcers is from a lengthy textbook that brings practitioners up to date on the complexities of gastroenterology practice, focusing on the essentials of patient care. Two diverse syndromes of idiopathic small bowel ulcerations are described. An isolated nonspecific ulcer is a focal or discrete lesion in the small intestine with an otherwise normal and intact surrounding mucosa. These nonspecific ulcers usually are benign and self limited, but if persistent or complicated, they may require segmental bowel resection (removal). A second syndrome is known as idiopathic chronic ulcerative enteritis (ICUE), a more virulent disorder that is associated with malabsorption and that can have a rapidly fatal course. ICUE has been regarded by some authorities as a fulminant variant of celiac disease or related to small bowel lymphoma. The authors also describe drug induced small bowel ulcers, which may occur at any age, in either sex, and throughout the small intestine. Localized ulceration may occur from the effects of direct pressure before a pill or capsule has dissolved or after the release of high concentrations of a particular drug that exhibits a specific toxic effect. Drugs implicated include nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), potassium chloride, corticosteroids, ferrous sulfate preparations, flucytosine, and chemotherapeutic agents such as cytarabine. 1 figure. 1 table. 47 references.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FERROUS SULFATE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover ferrous sulfate.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on ferrous sulfate is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “ferrous sulfate” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to ferrous sulfate. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “ferrous sulfate” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for ferrous sulfate: •

Once-daily ferrous sulfate treats iron-deficiency anemia in infants Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 07, 2001

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “ferrous sulfate” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “ferrous sulfate” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to ferrous sulfate, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “ferrous sulfate” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Ferrous Sulfate Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to ferrous sulfate. In addition to

Periodicals and News

65

these sources, you can search for articles covering ferrous sulfate that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for ferrous sulfate. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with ferrous sulfate. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to ferrous sulfate: Iron Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: DexFerrum; Femiron; Feosol Caplets; Feosol Tablets; Feostat; Feostat Drops; Feratab; Fer-gen-sol; Fergon; Fer-In-Sol Drops; Fer-In-Sol Syrup; Fer-Iron Drops; Fero-Gradumet; Ferospace; Ferralet; Ferralet Slow Release; Ferralyn Lanacaps; Ferra-TD; Ferretts; Ferrlecit; Fumasorb; Fumerin; Hemocyte; Hytinic; InFeD; Ircon; Mol-Iron; Nephro-Fer; Niferex; Niferex-150; Nu-Iron; Nu-Iron 150; Simron; Slow Fe; Span-FF; Venofer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202305.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “ferrous sulfate” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2103 11 841 3 70 3028

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “ferrous sulfate” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on ferrous sulfate can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to ferrous sulfate. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to ferrous sulfate. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “ferrous sulfate”:

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Anemia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anemia.html Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Hemochromatosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hemochromatosis.html Vitamins and Minerals http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitaminsandminerals.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to ferrous sulfate. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to ferrous sulfate. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with ferrous sulfate. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about ferrous sulfate. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “ferrous sulfate” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “ferrous sulfate”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “ferrous sulfate” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “ferrous sulfate” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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FERROUS SULFATE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Triphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU]

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Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alendronate: A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alloys: A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alprenolol: 1-((1-Methylethyl)amino)-3-(2-(2-propenyl)phenoxy)-2-propanol. Adrenergic beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy,

Dictionary 91

magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Aluminum Hydroxide: Hydrated aluminum. A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amiodarone: An antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting Na,K-activated myocardial adenosine triphosphatase. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance. [NIH] Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in fractionation of proteins. [NIH]

Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anemic: Hypoxia due to reduction of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood as a result of a decrease in the total hemoglobin or an alteration of the hemoglobin constituents. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU]

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Anhydrous: Deprived or destitute of water. [EU] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Antianginal: Counteracting angina or anginal conditions. [EU] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticoagulants: Agents that prevent blood clotting. Naturally occurring agents in the blood are included only when they are used as drugs. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including

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phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antisepsis: The destruction of germs causing disease. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Babesiosis: A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by

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the deer tick ixodes scapularis. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Barium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid, barium salt (1:1). A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta blocker: A drug used to slow the heart rate and reduce pressure inside blood vessels. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Bezoars: Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Bioluminescence: The emission of light by living organisms such as the firefly, certain mollusks, beetles, fish, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological

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system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge

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of electricity. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Calcifediol: The major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3 produced in the liver and the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of rickets and osteomalacia, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties. [NIH] Calcitriol: The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calcium Hydroxide: Ca(OH)2. A white powder that has many therapeutic uses. Because of its ability to stimulate mineralization, it is found in many dental formulations. [NIH] Calcium Sulfate: It exists in an anhydrous form and in various states of hydration: the hemihydrate is plaster of Paris, the dihydrate is gypsum. It is used in building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU]

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Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chlorides: Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion. [NIH]

Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH]

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Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]

Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromic: Catgut sterilized and impregnated with chromium trioxide. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cinchona: A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic cinchona alkaloids from their bark; quinine, quinidine, chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Coenzymes: Substances that are necessary for the action or enhancement of action of an enzyme. Many vitamins are coenzymes. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH]

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Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]

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Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Convulsants: Substances that act in the brain stem or spinal cord to produce tonic or clonic convulsions, often by removing normal inhibitory tone. They were formerly used to stimulate respiration or as antidotes to barbiturate overdose. They are now most commonly used as experimental tools. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytarabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]

Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH]

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Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decontamination: The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or chemical warfare agents, from a person or object. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration

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in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dosimetry: All the methods either of measuring directly, or of measuring indirectly and computing, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, exposure, exposure rate, dose equivalent, and the science associated with these methods. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]

Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH]

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Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. [NIH]

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Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins. [NIH]

Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron with the protein apoferritin. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The

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condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH]

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Gastroparesis: Nerve or muscle damage in the stomach. Causes slow digestion and emptying, vomiting, nausea, or bloating. Also called delayed gastric emptying. [NIH] Gavage: Feeding by a tube passed into the stomach; called also tube feeding. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hazardous Substances: Substances which, upon release into the atmosphere, water, or soil, or which, in direct contact with the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, or as additives to food, cause health risks to humans or animals through absorption, inhalation, or ingestion. The concept includes safe handling, transportation, and storage of these substances. [NIH] Hazardous Waste: Waste products which, upon release into the atmosphere, water or soil, cause health risks to humans or animals through skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. Hazardous waste sites which contain hazardous waste substances go here. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemochromatosis: A disease that occurs when the body absorbs too much iron. The body stores the excess iron in the liver, pancreas, and other organs. May cause cirrhosis of the liver. Also called iron overload disease. [NIH]

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Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin C: A commonly occurring abnormal hemoglobin in which lysine replaces a glutamic acid residue at the sixth position of the beta chains. It results in reduced plasticity of erythrocytes. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hiccup: A spasm of the diaphragm that causes a sudden inhalation followed by rapid closure of the glottis which produces a sound. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH]

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Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]

Hypoglycemic Agents: Agents which lower the blood glucose level. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH]

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Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Industrial Waste: Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations. It represents an ecological problem and health hazard. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role

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in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iron Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain iron as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Isoniazid: Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large

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intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the liver. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Luminescence: The property of giving off light without emitting a corresponding degree of heat. It includes the luminescence of inorganic matter or the bioluminescence of human matter, invertebrates and other living organisms. For the luminescence of bacteria, bacterial luminescence is available. [NIH] Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH]

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Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lysosome: A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Magnesium Chloride: Magnesium chloride. An inorganic compound consisting of one magnesium and two chloride ions. The compound is used in medicine as a source of magnesium ions, which are essential for many cellular activities. It has also been used as a cathartic and in alloys. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Magnesium Oxide: Magnesium oxide (MgO). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral periclase. In aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide. It is used as an antacid and mild laxative and has many nonmedicinal uses. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH]

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Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent. Before its alphaadrenergic actions became clear, methyldopa was thought to act by inhibiting decarboxylation of DOPA leading to depletion of norepinephrine or by conversion to and release as the false transmitter alpha-methylnorepinephrine. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Milk Thistle: The plant Silybum marianum in the family Asteraceae containing the bioflavonoid complex silymarin. For centuries this has been used traditionally to treat liver disease. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molasses: The syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of sugar cane or sugar beet juice. It is also used in animal feed, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH]

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Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide

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activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of

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Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pamidronate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. Pamidronate is used as treatment for abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreas Transplant: A surgical procedure that involves replacing the pancreas of a person who has diabetes with a healthy pancreas that can make insulin. The healthy pancreas comes from a donor who has just died or from a living relative. A person can donate half a pancreas and still live normally. [NIH] Pancreas Transplantation: The transference of a pancreas from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic

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nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Phantom: Used to absorb and/or scatter radiation equivalently to a patient, and hence to estimate radiation doses and test imaging systems without actually exposing a patient. It may be an anthropomorphic or a physical test object. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorous: Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized

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regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycythemia Vera: A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for potassium ions. [NIH] Potassium Chloride: Potassium chloride. A white crystal or crystalline powder used as an electrolyte replenisher, in the treatment of hypokalemia, in buffer solutions, and in fertilizers and explosives. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which

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another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Maintenance: Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of pregnancy. [NIH]

Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]

Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from

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otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alphaadrenergic neurotransmission. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Radium: A radioactive element symbol Ra, atomic number 88, disintegration of uranium and is is used clinically as a source brachytherapy. [NIH]

of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic and atomic weight 226. Radium is the product of the present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly

Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH]

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Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rotenone: A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. [NIH]

Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Salicylic Acids: Derivatives and salts of salicylic acid. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a

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gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Silymarin: A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the milk thistle, Silybum marianum. It consists primarily of three isomers: silicristin, silidianin, and silybin, its major component. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH]

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Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soft tissue sarcoma: A sarcoma that begins in the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other

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excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stool test: A test to check for hidden blood in the bowel movement. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sucralfate: A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose. It is advocated in the therapy of peptic, duodenal, and prepyloric ulcers, gastritis, reflux esophagitis, and other gastrointestinal irritations. It acts primarily at the ulcer site, where it has cytoprotective, pepsinostatic, antacid, and bile acid-binding properties. The drug is only slightly absorbed by the digestive mucosa, which explains the absence of systemic effects and toxicity. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Thalassemia: A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types

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with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tilapia: A freshwater fish used as an experimental organism and for food. This genus of the family Cichlidae inhabits Central and South America (one species extends north into Texas), West Indies, Africa, Madagascar, Syria, and coastal India. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH]

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Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trivalent: Having a valence of three. [EU] Troglitazone: A drug used in diabetes treatment that is being studied for its effect on reducing the risk of cancer cell growth in fat tissue. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberculostatic: Inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [EU] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH]

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Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the

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crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xanthines: Purine bases found in body tissues and fluids and in some plants. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

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INDEX 1 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine, 20, 89 A Abdomen, 89, 95, 103, 110, 111, 117, 123, 124 Abdominal, 89, 116, 117, 126 Abdominal Pain, 89, 126 Acceptor, 89, 111, 115 Acetaminophen, 9, 60, 89 Acetylcholine, 89, 98, 114 Acidity, 52, 89 Acne, 89, 121 Adaptability, 89, 97 Adaptation, 21, 89, 97 Adenine, 89 Adenocarcinoma, 89, 107 Adenosine, 21, 89, 91, 117 Adenosine Triphosphate, 21, 89, 117 Adjuvant, 89, 91 Adrenergic, 90, 91, 93, 102, 113, 120 Adsorption, 31, 90 Adsorptive, 90 Adverse Effect, 90, 122, 127 Aerosol, 90, 127 Affinity, 22, 52, 90, 123 Agonist, 90, 102, 113, 124 Alendronate, 4, 60, 90 Algorithms, 90, 94 Alimentary, 90, 94 Alkaline, 39, 54, 90, 91, 94, 96, 116, 120, 124 Alkaloid, 90, 120 Alloys, 47, 90, 98, 112 Allylamine, 90, 91 Alpha-1, 90, 91 Alprenolol, 4, 60, 90 Alternative medicine, 64, 90 Aluminum, 13, 32, 34, 36, 43, 44, 91, 124 Aluminum Hydroxide, 13, 32, 91 Amine, 45, 91, 107 Amino acid, 91, 93, 100, 101, 102, 103, 112, 113, 118, 119, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127 Amiodarone, 60, 91 Amitriptyline, 9, 91 Ammonia, 53, 91, 126 Ammonium Sulfate, 42, 91 Ampulla, 91, 98 Anabolic, 91

Anaesthesia, 91, 109 Anal, 91, 105 Analgesic, 89, 91, 111, 120 Analog, 91, 105 Anatomical, 91, 111 Anemia, 7, 10, 12, 16, 22, 25, 63, 78, 91, 96, 98, 125 Anemic, 16, 91 Angina, 91, 92, 116 Anginal, 90, 91, 92 Anhydrous, 42, 44, 92, 96 Anionic, 52, 92 Anions, 92, 110 Annealing, 57, 92 Anode, 43, 92 Antianginal, 91, 92 Antiarrhythmic, 91, 92 Antibiotic, 92, 103, 116 Antibody, 90, 92, 99, 100, 106, 107, 109, 112, 120, 123 Anticholinergic, 91, 92 Anticoagulants, 92, 98 Antiemetic, 92, 93, 97, 113 Antifungal, 92, 105 Antigen, 90, 92, 99, 107, 108, 109, 112 Antihypertensive, 4, 90, 92, 113 Anti-infective, 92, 108 Anti-inflammatory, 60, 89, 92, 93, 121 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 92, 93 Antimetabolite, 92, 113 Antimicrobial, 9, 10, 60, 92, 98 Antineoplastic, 92, 113 Antioxidant, 23, 92, 122, 124 Antipsychotic, 92, 97 Antipyretic, 89, 93, 120 Antisepsis, 31, 93 Antiviral, 3, 60, 93 Anxiety, 40, 93 Apoptosis, 5, 93 Aqueous, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 39, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 93, 100, 103, 108, 111, 112 Arginine, 93, 114, 126 Arterial, 90, 93, 108, 119 Arteries, 93, 95, 100, 113 Aspirin, 3, 93 Astringents, 93, 112 Atmospheric Pressure, 38, 46, 93 Atrial, 91, 93

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Atypical, 60, 93 Autopsy, 11, 93 Autosuggestion, 93, 108 B Babesiosis, 93, 120 Bacteria, 30, 51, 55, 90, 92, 94, 104, 111, 113, 125, 126, 127 Bactericidal, 94, 104 Bacteriophage, 94, 126, 127 Bacteriostatic, 94, 103 Barbiturate, 94, 100 Barium, 6, 46, 47, 52, 94 Barium Sulfate, 46, 47, 94 Benign, 61, 94, 114, 120 Beta blocker, 4, 94 Bezoars, 60, 94 Bile, 94, 97, 105, 111, 124 Bile duct, 94, 97 Biliary, 60, 94, 98 Bioavailability, 8, 10, 16, 23, 94 Bioavailable, 7, 94 Biological Transport, 94, 101 Bioluminescence, 94, 111 Biotechnology, 6, 7, 55, 64, 73, 94 Biotransformation, 94 Bivalent, 41, 42, 95 Bladder, 95, 127 Bloating, 95, 106 Blood Coagulation, 95, 96 Blood Glucose, 95, 107, 108, 110 Blood pressure, 8, 92, 95, 108, 113, 123 Blood vessel, 94, 95, 96, 97, 103, 107, 123, 125, 127 Blood Volume, 95, 118 Blood-Brain Barrier, 95, 111, 124 Body Fluids, 95, 123 Bone Marrow, 95, 100, 103, 118 Bowel, 61, 91, 95, 101, 103, 110, 111, 117, 124, 126 Bowel Movement, 95, 101, 124 Brachytherapy, 95, 120 Bradykinin, 95, 114 Brain Stem, 95, 100 Burns, 60, 95 Burns, Electric, 95 C Cadmium, 34, 36, 37, 39, 51, 54, 96 Cadmium Poisoning, 96 Calcifediol, 96 Calcitriol, 4, 96 Calcium, 4, 5, 39, 41, 48, 49, 50, 59, 60, 96, 98, 99, 116

Calcium Carbonate, 4, 96 Calcium channel blocker, 59, 60, 96 Calcium Channel Blockers, 59, 60, 96 Calcium Hydroxide, 48, 96 Calcium Sulfate, 49, 96 Capsules, 3, 96 Carbohydrate, 96, 106, 115, 118 Carbon Dioxide, 96, 101, 105, 121, 126 Carcinogen, 55, 89, 96 Carcinogenic, 41, 96, 119 Carcinoma, 96, 97 Cardiac, 90, 92, 97, 98, 102, 104, 105, 114, 120 Case report, 11, 21, 97 Cathode, 36, 46, 92, 97, 102 Cations, 97, 110 Caustic, 3, 32, 41, 43, 60, 97 Celiac Disease, 61, 97 Cell Death, 16, 21, 93, 97, 114 Cell Division, 94, 97, 112, 113, 118, 119 Cell membrane, 94, 96, 97, 117, 118 Cellobiose, 97 Cellulose, 32, 33, 53, 97, 118 Central Nervous System, 89, 97, 105, 111, 115, 122, 124 Cerebrovascular, 96, 97 Chelation, 5, 10, 97 Chemical Warfare, 97, 101 Chemical Warfare Agents, 97, 101 Chemotherapeutic agent, 61, 97 Chlorides, 31, 50, 97 Chlorpromazine, 60, 97 Cholangitis, 60, 97 Cholestasis, 60, 98 Cholesterol, 8, 94, 98, 124 Cholinergic, 91, 93, 98 Choroid, 98, 121 Chromatin, 93, 98, 123 Chromic, 46, 98 Chromium, 7, 8, 34, 36, 37, 41, 46, 51, 54, 98 Chronic, 5, 60, 61, 98, 99, 103, 104, 109, 110, 119, 126 Cinchona, 98, 120 Ciprofloxacin, 6, 9, 60, 98 Cirrhosis, 98, 106 Citric Acid, 34, 98 Clinical trial, 4, 73, 98, 100, 120 Clonic, 98, 100 Cloning, 94, 98 Cobalt, 37, 50, 52, 98 Coenzymes, 98, 114

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Cofactor, 98, 114, 119 Colitis, 98 Colon, 89, 98, 111, 126 Complement, 99 Complementary and alternative medicine, 19, 25, 99 Complementary medicine, 19, 99 Computational Biology, 73, 99 Concretion, 60, 99 Confusion, 99, 127 Congenita, 99, 120 Conjunctiva, 99 Conjunctivitis, 99 Connective Tissue, 95, 99, 100, 104, 105, 121 Contamination, 48, 54, 100 Contraindications, ii, 100 Contrast medium, 94, 100 Convulsants, 60, 100 Convulsions, 94, 100 Coronary, 100, 113, 116 Coronary Thrombosis, 100, 113 Curative, 100, 114, 125 Cyanide, 35, 36, 54, 100 Cyclic, 100, 106, 115 Cyclosporine, 60, 100 Cysteine, 100, 124 Cytarabine, 61, 100 Cytokines, 5, 100, 109 Cytoplasm, 93, 97, 100 Cytosine, 100, 105 Cytotoxic, 60, 100, 109, 120 D Dairy Products, 7, 100 Deamination, 100, 126 Decarboxylation, 101, 107, 113 Decontamination, 48, 101 Degenerative, 101, 107 Deletion, 93, 101 Dentifrices, 91, 101 Dermatitis, 7, 8, 101, 102 Detoxification, 41, 49, 101 Deuterium, 101, 108 Diagnostic procedure, 29, 60, 64, 101 Dialyzer, 101, 107 Diffusion, 30, 94, 101 Digestion, 90, 94, 95, 101, 106, 110, 111, 116, 124 Digestive system, 101, 105 Digestive tract, 101, 123 Dihydroxy, 101, 104 Dimethyl, 8, 101

Diploid, 101, 118 Direct, iii, 51, 61, 67, 101, 102, 106, 108, 120, 121 Discrete, 61, 101 Disinfectant, 101, 104, 116 Dissociation, 90, 101, 110 Dopa, 60, 102, 111 Dopamine, 93, 97, 102, 111, 113, 114 Dosimetry, 9, 102 Drug Interactions, 68, 102 Drug Tolerance, 102, 125 Duodenal Ulcer, 61, 102 Duodenum, 94, 102, 105, 124 Dyes, 102, 124 E Eczema, 12, 102 Efficacy, 11, 102 Electrode, 44, 92, 97, 102 Electrolysis, 32, 43, 44, 92, 97, 102 Electrolyte, 43, 102, 118, 123 Electrons, 92, 97, 102, 110, 115, 120 Electroplating, 30, 34, 102, 124 Embryo, 102, 109 Emphysema, 10, 103 Emulsion, 103, 105 Endogenous, 102, 103 Endoscopy, 60, 103 Endothelium, 103, 114 Endothelium-derived, 103, 114 End-stage renal, 4, 103 Enteritis, 61, 103 Enterocolitis, 103 Enteropeptidase, 103, 126 Environmental Health, 72, 74, 103 Enzymatic, 91, 96, 99, 103, 107 Enzyme, 22, 98, 103, 106, 114, 121, 126, 128 Epigastric, 103, 116 Epithelial, 89, 94, 103 Epithelial Cells, 103 Epithelium, 103, 105 Erythrocytes, 91, 93, 95, 103, 107, 121 Erythromycin, 60, 103 Erythropoietin, 20, 103 Esophageal, 3, 60, 104 Esophagitis, 3, 59, 104, 124 Esophagus, 3, 59, 101, 104, 105, 121, 124 Estrogen, 104, 122, 124 Ethanol, 9, 104 Ethylene Glycol, 9, 104 Excipient, 96, 104 Excitability, 104, 120 Exocrine, 104, 116

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Exogenous, 90, 94, 102, 103, 104 Extracellular, 99, 100, 104, 123 Extraction, 32, 43, 44, 46, 104 F Family Planning, 73, 104 Famotidine, 10, 104 Fat, 51, 95, 104, 111, 115, 121, 123, 126 Feces, 24, 53, 104, 124 Ferritin, 5, 104 Fertilizers, 35, 49, 104, 118, 124 Fetus, 103, 104 Fibrosarcoma, 23, 104 Fibrosis, 60, 90, 104 Filtration, 33, 36, 52, 104 Fixation, 41, 104 Flatus, 105 Flucytosine, 61, 105 Forearm, 95, 105 Fovea, 105 Fractionation, 91, 105 Fungi, 92, 94, 105, 113, 127 Fungicide, 34, 105 G Gallbladder, 89, 94, 101, 105 Gamma Rays, 105, 120 Ganglia, 89, 93, 105, 114, 117 Gas, 32, 33, 37, 43, 91, 96, 101, 105, 108, 114, 115, 124, 127 Gastric, 9, 91, 104, 105, 106, 107, 116, 120 Gastric Emptying, 105, 106 Gastric Mucosa, 9, 105 Gastritis, 105, 124 Gastroenterology, 3, 22, 59, 61, 105 Gastrointestinal, 95, 96, 98, 104, 105, 120, 122, 124 Gastrointestinal tract, 104, 105, 122 Gastroparesis, 4, 106 Gavage, 20, 106 Gene, 94, 106 Genital, 98, 106 Germ Cells, 106, 112, 123 Gland, 106, 116, 122, 123, 125 Glucose, 95, 97, 98, 106, 107, 110 Gluten, 97, 106 Glycoproteins, 106, 118 Goats, 100, 106 Governing Board, 106, 118 Grade, 46, 106 Guanylate Cyclase, 106, 115 H Haloperidol, 60, 106 Haploid, 106, 118

Haptens, 90, 106 Hazardous Substances, 20, 54, 55, 106 Hazardous Waste, 42, 106 Heme, 21, 106 Hemochromatosis, 5, 78, 106 Hemodialysis, 4, 96, 101, 107, 110 Hemoglobin, 91, 103, 106, 107, 124 Hemoglobin C, 91, 107 Hemolytic, 107, 124 Hemorrhage, 3, 60, 107 Hepatic, 60, 107 Hepatitis, 60, 107, 116 Hepatocellular, 60, 107 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 60, 107 Hepatocyte, 98, 107 Hereditary, 107, 124 Heterogeneity, 90, 107 Hiccup, 97, 107 Histamine, 93, 104, 107, 120 Homologous, 95, 107, 113 Hormone, 96, 103, 107, 109, 121, 125 Hydration, 42, 49, 60, 96, 107 Hydrochloric Acid, 31, 38, 56, 57, 97, 107 Hydrogen, 37, 39, 51, 52, 54, 89, 91, 96, 101, 107, 108, 111, 113, 115, 119 Hydrogen Peroxide, 51, 54, 108, 111 Hydrogenation, 37, 108 Hydrolysis, 95, 97, 108, 118, 126 Hydroxides, 30, 36, 37, 39, 41, 48, 108 Hydroxylation, 96, 108 Hypersensitivity, 108, 121 Hypertension, 20, 96, 108 Hyperthermia, 60, 108 Hypoglycemia, 4, 108 Hypoglycemic, 60, 108 Hypoglycemic Agents, 60, 108 Hypotension, 4, 93, 100, 108 Hypothermia, 60, 108 Hypothyroidism, 11, 108 I Iatrogenic, 4, 108 Idiopathic, 61, 108 Imidazole, 107, 108, 120 Immersion, 57, 108 Immune function, 108, 109 Immune system, 109 Immunologic, 109, 120 Immunology, 89, 90, 109 Immunosuppressant, 109, 113 Immunosuppression, 109 Immunosuppressive, 59, 109 Immunosuppressive Agents, 59, 109

133

In vitro, 9, 109 In vivo, 22, 109 Induction, 5, 93, 109 Industrial Waste, 30, 34, 36, 39, 52, 109 Infancy, 19, 109 Infarction, 100, 109, 113 Infection, 108, 109, 114, 116, 121 Inflammation, 89, 92, 93, 97, 98, 99, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109, 118, 121, 126 Ingestion, 10, 12, 96, 106, 109, 112, 118 Inhalation, 90, 106, 107, 109, 118 Inorganic, 34, 48, 49, 50, 54, 57, 97, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 117, 124 Insulin, 4, 109, 110, 116 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 110 Interleukins, 109, 110 Intermittent, 110, 117 Intestinal, 16, 61, 96, 97, 103, 110, 112 Intestinal Mucosa, 97, 103, 110 Intestine, 61, 95, 103, 110 Intoxication, 13, 21, 110 Intracellular, 96, 109, 110, 115, 118 Intravenous, 20, 110 Intrinsic, 90, 110 Invertebrates, 110, 111 Ion Exchange, 30, 52, 97, 110 Ionization, 31, 110 Ionizing, 110, 120 Ions, 6, 30, 37, 40, 46, 47, 52, 53, 54, 89, 101, 102, 108, 110, 112, 118 Iron Compounds, 37, 110 Isoniazid, 60, 110 K Kb, 72, 110 Kidney Failure, 103, 110 Kinetic, 110 L Large Intestine, 101, 110, 121, 123 Lavage, 9, 111 Laxative, 111, 112 Lesion, 61, 111, 126 Lethal, 94, 100, 111 Lethargy, 108, 111 Leukocytes, 95, 100, 110, 111 Leukocytosis, 111, 118 Levo, 102, 111 Levodopa, 10, 102, 111 Lipid, 6, 22, 110, 111 Lipid Peroxidation, 22, 111 Liquor, 32, 38, 43, 56, 111 Liver, 5, 22, 60, 89, 94, 96, 98, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 113, 118, 126, 127

Liver cancer, 60, 111 Liver Neoplasms, 111, 127 Localization, 9, 111 Localized, 61, 105, 109, 111, 117, 126 Locomotion, 111, 118 Lubricants, 111, 117 Luminescence, 22, 111 Luminol, 22, 111 Lymphoid, 111 Lymphoma, 61, 111 Lysine, 107, 112, 126 Lysosome, 5, 112 Lytic, 112, 127 M Magnesium Chloride, 56, 112 Magnesium Hydroxide, 9, 10, 112 Magnesium Oxide, 56, 112 Malabsorption, 61, 97, 112 Malignant, 89, 92, 111, 112, 114, 120 Mammary, 112, 124 Meat, 51, 112 Mediate, 102, 112, 120 Mediator, 102, 112, 122 MEDLINE, 73, 112 Meiosis, 95, 112, 113 Membrane, 30, 97, 98, 99, 101, 104, 112, 113, 117, 120, 121, 122, 128 Mental, iv, 4, 72, 74, 99, 101, 108, 112, 119, 127 Mercury, 39, 112 Metabolite, 95, 96, 101, 112 Metaphase, 95, 112 Methanol, 9, 112 Methionine, 101, 113, 124 Methotrexate, 12, 60, 113 Methyldopa, 8, 25, 113 Metoclopramide, 4, 113 MI, 87, 113 Microbe, 113, 125 Microbiology, 89, 93, 113 Milk Thistle, 113, 122 Mineralization, 96, 113 Mitochondrial Swelling, 113, 114 Mitosis, 93, 113 Molasses, 7, 113 Molecular, 22, 73, 75, 94, 99, 113, 125 Molecule, 92, 99, 101, 103, 108, 110, 113, 115, 120, 127 Monitor, 113, 115 Mucins, 106, 113, 121 Mucosa, 61, 105, 113, 124 Mucus, 113, 126

134

Ferrous Sulfate

Multivalent, 6, 113 Myocardium, 113, 114 Myotonia, 114, 120 N Nausea, 92, 93, 106, 114, 127 Necrosis, 60, 93, 109, 113, 114 Neoplasms, 92, 114, 120 Neoplastic, 111, 114 Nephrology, 4, 20, 114 Nerve, 90, 91, 106, 112, 114, 115, 123, 126 Nervous System, 48, 60, 97, 112, 114, 116 Neuronal, 16, 114 Neurons, 105, 111, 114 Neuropathy, 114, 116 Neurotransmitter, 89, 91, 95, 102, 107, 114, 115, 124 Neutralization, 30, 114 Niacin, 60, 114 Nickel, 34, 37, 39, 54, 114 Nitric Oxide, 11, 114 Nitrogen, 34, 36, 40, 90, 91, 105, 115 Norepinephrine, 90, 91, 102, 113, 114, 115 Nuclear, 5, 11, 52, 98, 102, 105, 114, 115, 126 Nucleic acid, 100, 115 Nucleus, 93, 98, 100, 101, 105, 112, 115, 119 Nutritive Value, 40, 115 O Oncology, 60, 115 Ophthalmology, 105, 115 Optic Nerve, 115, 121 Osteoporosis, 5, 90, 115 Overdose, 100, 115 Oxidation, 6, 16, 27, 30, 34, 37, 42, 53, 55, 89, 92, 95, 111, 115 Oxidation-Reduction, 53, 55, 95, 115 Oxides, 38, 39, 57, 116 P Palliative, 116, 125 Pamidronate, 4, 60, 116 Pancreas, 4, 89, 101, 105, 106, 109, 116, 126 Pancreas Transplant, 4, 116 Pancreas Transplantation, 4, 116 Parathyroid, 96, 116 Parathyroid hormone, 96, 116 Parkinsonism, 93, 111, 116 Particle, 37, 45, 46, 116, 126 Pathologic, 93, 100, 108, 116, 119, 121 Pathologic Processes, 93, 116 Pathologies, 60, 116 Penicillamine, 12, 116 Penicillin, 116, 127

Peptic, 116, 124 Peracetic Acid, 51, 116 Perforation, 3, 60, 116 Perhexiline, 60, 116 Peripheral Nervous System, 113, 114, 116, 124 Peritoneal, 4, 117 Peritoneal Cavity, 117 Peritoneal Dialysis, 4, 117 Peritoneum, 117 Petroleum, 31, 33, 49, 117 Phallic, 105, 117 Phantom, 9, 117 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 97, 104, 117 Pharmacodynamic, 104, 117 Pharmacokinetic, 117 Pharmacologic, 4, 117, 125 Phosphates, 35, 56, 117 Phospholipids, 104, 117 Phosphorous, 40, 117 Phosphorus, 60, 96, 117 Physiologic, 5, 90, 102, 117, 120, 121 Physiology, 89, 105, 114, 117 Pigment, 49, 117 Plants, 30, 34, 35, 44, 45, 51, 52, 90, 96, 106, 115, 117, 125, 128 Plasma, 16, 95, 97, 107, 110, 118 Platelet Aggregation, 114, 118 Platelets, 114, 118, 122 Pneumonia, 100, 118 Poisoning, 21, 23, 48, 96, 110, 112, 114, 118 Polycythemia Vera, 11, 118 Polypeptide, 91, 118, 124 Polysaccharide, 12, 92, 97, 118 Posterior, 91, 98, 116, 118 Postmenopausal, 90, 115, 118 Potassium, 3, 21, 32, 60, 61, 118, 120 Potassium Channels, 21, 118 Potassium Chloride, 3, 60, 61, 118 Potentiate, 4, 118 Potentiating, 91, 118 Practice Guidelines, 74, 118 Precipitation, 20, 30, 36, 39, 44, 48, 53, 118 Precursor, 102, 103, 111, 115, 118, 127 Pregnancy Maintenance, 119 Prevalence, 5, 12, 119 Progressive, 20, 98, 102, 114, 119 Promoter, 30, 119 Prophase, 95, 113, 119 Prophylaxis, 119, 121 Protective Agents, 96, 119 Protein C, 94, 104, 119, 126

135

Protein S, 16, 94, 103, 119 Proteins, 91, 92, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103, 113, 115, 118, 119, 122, 127 Protons, 108, 110, 119, 120 Pruritic, 102, 119 Psoriasis, 119, 121 Psychiatry, 105, 119 Public Policy, 73, 119 Publishing, 6, 119 Pulmonary, 95, 110, 119 Pulmonary Artery, 95, 119 Purifying, 40, 52, 119 Q Quinidine, 4, 60, 98, 120 Quinine, 60, 98, 120 R Race, 102, 120 Racemic, 102, 120 Radiation, 94, 105, 108, 109, 110, 117, 120, 128 Radioactive, 48, 101, 108, 110, 115, 120, 126 Radioimmunotherapy, 120 Radiotherapy, 9, 95, 120 Radium, 52, 120 Randomized, 9, 12, 16, 19, 20, 102, 120 Ranitidine, 10, 60, 120 Reaction Time, 36, 120 Reagent, 39, 107, 120 Receptor, 89, 92, 102, 104, 120, 122 Rectum, 95, 98, 101, 105, 110, 121 Red blood cells, 103, 107, 121, 122 Reductase, 113, 121 Refer, 1, 99, 105, 111, 120, 121, 125 Reflux, 59, 121, 124 Regimen, 23, 102, 121 Resection, 61, 121 Resorption, 96, 121 Respiration, 96, 100, 113, 121 Retina, 23, 98, 115, 121, 128 Retinoids, 60, 121 Rheumatism, 121 Rheumatoid, 12, 121 Rheumatoid arthritis, 12, 121 Ribose, 89, 121 Rotenone, 21, 121 S Salicylate, 121 Salicylic, 121 Salicylic Acids, 121 Saline, 9, 121 Saliva, 6, 121

Salivary, 101, 121 Salivary glands, 101, 121 Scatter, 117, 121 Screening, 98, 121 Secretion, 104, 107, 108, 110, 113, 120, 121 Sedative, 91, 94, 122 Sediment, 49, 122 Segmental, 61, 122 Segmentation, 122 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 122, 124 Seminiferous tubule, 122, 123 Senile, 115, 122 Sequencing, 41, 122 Serine, 122, 126 Serotonin, 91, 93, 114, 122 Serum, 8, 10, 99, 122 Sex Characteristics, 122 Side effect, 11, 16, 59, 67, 90, 93, 122, 125 Silicon, 43, 122 Silicon Dioxide, 122 Silymarin, 20, 113, 122 Skeletal, 120, 122 Sludge, 39, 40, 49, 60, 122 Small intestine, 61, 102, 103, 107, 110, 123, 126 Smooth muscle, 90, 96, 107, 123, 124 Sodium, 16, 20, 21, 31, 33, 46, 47, 48, 52, 60, 120, 123 Soft tissue, 95, 104, 123 Soft tissue sarcoma, 104, 123 Solvent, 37, 44, 46, 49, 104, 112, 123 Specialist, 79, 123 Species, 48, 112, 113, 120, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127 Specificity, 90, 123 Spermatozoa, 22, 123 Spinal cord, 95, 97, 98, 100, 114, 116, 123 Spleen, 118, 123 Splenomegaly, 118, 123 Stabilization, 41, 123 Steel, 38, 42, 47, 56, 57, 123, 126 Stem Cells, 103, 123 Stenosis, 123, 124 Stimulant, 107, 123, 124, 127 Stimulus, 102, 120, 123 Stomach, 3, 89, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 114, 117, 121, 123, 124 Stool, 4, 22, 98, 110, 124 Stool test, 22, 124 Stress, 33, 114, 121, 124 Stricture, 3, 123, 124

136

Ferrous Sulfate

Strontium, 52, 124 Subspecies, 123, 124 Substance P, 103, 112, 122, 124 Sucralfate, 60, 124 Suction, 104, 124 Sulfates, 34, 39, 50, 56, 124 Sulfides, 30, 34, 39, 45, 46, 124 Sulfur, 27, 35, 37, 41, 49, 113, 124 Sulfur Dioxide, 27, 124 Sulfuric acid, 8, 30, 32, 34, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 49, 54, 56, 57, 91, 94, 124 Supplementation, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 124 Systemic, 59, 60, 68, 95, 109, 124, 127 T Tacrine, 60, 124 Tamoxifen, 60, 122, 124 Thalassemia, 8, 124 Therapeutics, 8, 10, 12, 22, 68, 125 Thrombosis, 119, 125 Thyroid, 25, 60, 108, 116, 125 Thyroid Gland, 116, 125 Thyrotropin, 108, 125 Thyroxine, 11, 125 Tilapia, 16, 125 Tissue, 23, 92, 94, 95, 99, 100, 102, 104, 108, 111, 112, 114, 117, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127 Tolerance, 11, 12, 13, 89, 125 Tone, 100, 125 Tonic, 100, 125 Topical, 93, 104, 108, 125 Toxic, iv, 20, 34, 36, 39, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 54, 60, 61, 98, 100, 112, 114, 124, 125 Toxicity, 11, 21, 34, 41, 50, 102, 112, 124, 125, 127 Toxicokinetics, 125 Toxicology, 9, 10, 21, 74, 125 Toxin, 125 Trace element, 98, 114, 122, 125 Trachea, 125, 126 Transduction, 6, 126 Transfection, 94, 126 Translation, 91, 103, 126 Translocation, 103, 126 Transmitter, 89, 102, 112, 113, 115, 126 Transplantation, 4, 20, 126 Trauma, 104, 114, 126

Trivalent, 36, 37, 41, 46, 47, 54, 55, 126 Troglitazone, 60, 126 Trypsin, 20, 103, 126 Tuberculosis, 110, 121, 126 Tuberculostatic, 110, 126 Tungsten, 97, 126 Tunica, 113, 126 U Ulcer, 61, 102, 124, 126 Ulceration, 13, 61, 126 Ulcerative colitis, 7, 126 Uranium, 52, 55, 120, 126 Urea, 34, 126, 127 Urease, 114, 126 Uremia, 13, 110, 127 Urethra, 127 Urinary, 98, 126, 127 Urine, 53, 95, 127 V Vaccines, 91, 127 Valine, 116, 127 Vascular, 60, 90, 91, 96, 98, 103, 109, 114, 125, 127 Vascular Resistance, 91, 127 Vasodilator, 95, 102, 107, 116, 127 Vector, 126, 127 Vein, 110, 115, 127 Venous, 119, 127 Ventricular, 91, 127 Veterinary Medicine, 73, 127 Villous, 97, 127 Vinyl Chloride, 60, 127 Viral, 11, 126, 127 Virulence, 125, 127 Virulent, 61, 127 Virus, 94, 126, 127 Viscosity, 33, 127 Vitreous, 121, 127 Vitreous Body, 121, 127 Vitro, 128 Vivo, 128 W Windpipe, 125, 128 X Xanthines, 59, 128 X-ray, 94, 97, 100, 105, 115, 120, 128

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