A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright Ó2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright Ó2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Family Planning: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83596-9 1. Family Planning-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on family planning. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.
Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FAMILY PLANNING ................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Family Planning ........................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 41 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 42 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FAMILY PLANNING ....................................................................... 155 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 155 Finding Nutrition Studies on Family Planning ........................................................................ 155 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 157 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 158 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FAMILY PLANNING................................................. 163 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 163 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 163 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 170 General References ..................................................................................................................... 174 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON FAMILY PLANNING................................................................... 175 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 175 Dissertations on Family Planning ............................................................................................. 175 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 191 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND FAMILY PLANNING ............................................................. 193 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 193 Recent Trials on Family Planning ............................................................................................. 193 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 196 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON FAMILY PLANNING ............................................................................. 199 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 199 Patents on Family Planning ...................................................................................................... 199 Patent Applications on Family Planning .................................................................................. 230 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 233 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON FAMILY PLANNING ................................................................................. 235 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 235 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 235 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 237 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 244 Chapters on Family Planning .................................................................................................... 245 Directories.................................................................................................................................. 246 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON FAMILY PLANNING ...................................................................... 249 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 249 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 249 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 250 Bibliography: Multimedia on Family Planning......................................................................... 250 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FAMILY PLANNING ................................................... 253 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 253 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 253 Newsletters on Family Planning ............................................................................................... 258 Academic Periodicals covering Family Planning ...................................................................... 258 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 261 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 261 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 261 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 263
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Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 272 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 273 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 273 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 273 Associations and Family Planning ............................................................................................ 284 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 290 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 293 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 293 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 293 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 293 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 293 ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................ 299 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 301 FAMILY PLANNING DICTIONARY........................................................................................ 303 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 348
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with family planning is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about family planning, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to family planning, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on family planning. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to family planning, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on family planning. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FAMILY PLANNING Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on family planning.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and family planning, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “family planning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: ·
Family Planning and STDs - Special Issue Source: Network; Vol. 14, No. 4, May 1994. Contact: Family Health International, HIV/AIDS Department, PO Box 13950, Res Triangle Pk, NC, 27709, (919) 544-7040, http://www.fhi.org/en/aids/naids.html. Summary: This special issue of a journal is dedicated to the topic of family planning and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), specifically in less developed countries. The first article discusses the integration of STD services with family planning programs as an effective, yet still controversial, use of limited resources. A representation of the US Agency for International Development examines the need for careful evaluation and documentation of family planning programs and STD management. The problems with barrier contraceptives among family planning clients are explored, including male and
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female condoms, spermicides, and several new methods currently under development. The issues involved in the use of two methods of contraception -- one to prevent pregnancy and one to prevent disease -- are examined. In response to AIDS and broader reproductive health needs, some family planning programs are expanding their mission to involve services intended to prevent and treat STDs, including HIV. This regional perspective looks at programs in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Finally, there is a review of quinacrine pellets, an experimental contraceptive inserted into the uterus. ·
Making Good Connections: HIV/STDS and Family Planning Source: AIDS Action; Issue 22, Sep.-Nov. 1993. Contact: Health Link Worldwide, 40 Adler St, London, (44) 2075391570, http://www.healthlink.org.uk. Summary: Strategies for combining family planning with HIV and sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention efforts are discussed in this article. Family planning services can be vital in HIV prevention because the clientele are usually women ages 15 to 50, and the workers have experience in discussing sexual behaviors. Suggested prevention methods include: explaining to everyone the benefits of condoms including those who use other contraceptives, demonstrating how to use condoms, and practicing ways to persuade partners to use condoms. A list of questions to help assess risk without intimidating the client is provided.
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Breastfeeding as a women's issue: A dialogue on health, family planning, work, and feminism Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 47 Supplement 1S-74S. December 1994. Summary: This supplement of 'International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics' captures the key points and themes of a conference convened to address the perceived incongruity between breastfeeding and women's roles in development; to foster dialogue on the issues of health, family planning, work, and feminism as they relate to breastfeeding; and to identify the important steps necessary to promote and preserve breastfeeding without compromising women's roles outside the home. The supplement presents papers on the major themes and the ensuing discussions, along with the keynote address, commentary, and a conclusion that outlines a strategy for action.
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Birth Control Choices Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 8(3): 6-8, 10-12, 14-16. May-June 1991. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing Company. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: This article provides information on the various methods of birth control available to women with diabetes. Topics include pregnancy planning; choosing a method of contraception; the process of human reproduction; barrier methods including diaphragms, condoms, contraceptive sponges, cervical caps, and vaginal spermicides; oral contraceptives; the intrauterine device; fertility-awareness methods; ineffective methods; sterilization; and contraceptive implants. Two final sections consider birth control methods currently in the research and trial phases and a comment on making the right choice. The contact addresses for three family planning organizations are included.
Studies
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Contraception in Women With Diabetes Mellitus Source: Diabetes Spectrum. 6(2): 80-86. March-April 1993. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: In this article, the author brings readers up-to-date on the current contraceptive options for the women with diabetes, previously impaired glucose tolerance, or previous gestational diabetes mellitus. The author stresses that the concept of total reproductive care must be developed for women with diabetes and those with prior GDM. Topics covered include the metabolic effects of estrogen and progestin; oral contraceptives and gestational diabetes mellitus; oral contraceptives and insulindependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM); oral contraceptives and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM; the long-acting progestins, Depoprovera and Norplant; intrauterine devices; and barrier methods and sterilization. The author concludes that effective family planning programs can manage and reduce both contraceptive and diabetes risks for these patients. 2 tables. 44 references.
Federally Funded Research on Family Planning The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to family planning. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to family planning. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore family planning. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for family planning: ·
Project Title: ACCEPTABILITY PREVENTION
OF
BARRIER
METHODS
FOR
DISEASE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Padian, Nancy S. Professor; Ob, Gyn and Reproductive Scis; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, CA 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 1998; Project Start 01-SEP-1995; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, and unintended pregnancy are critical problems among young adults, especially in minority populations. Although the same sexual behaviors lead to both, many widely used contraceptive methods protect only against pregnancy. Likewise, health care delivery is often oriented toward one but not both risks. Family 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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planning clinics may not screen for SIDs, so asymptomatic or atypical disease can go unrecognized. These clinics may also present contraceptive options in a way that does not take STD prevention into account. Available barrier methods (such as condoms with spermicide) prevent both pregnancy and STDs conditions. However, these methods are not widely used, even in populations in which the risk of STD is relatively high. This is particularly troublesome because new and more effective microbicides that prevent STD/HIV transmission are likely to share some of the characteristics of existing barriers. Factors influencing use of these methods (including associated side effects) are poorly understood, making it difficult to design an effective intervention. In short, we need to know more about how and why individuals -- and couples --choose to accept or reject barrier methods. In addition, research infrastructures and methodological issues need to be established and refined to facilitate testing of new products once they are developed. We propose to study factors that affect the acceptability of over-the- counter (OTC) barrier methods in a sample of women and their male sexual partners. We will select women who are under 25 years old who seek contraceptive services at family planning and teen clinics. We will identify factors associated with acceptance or rejection of barrier methods. In addition, couples will be followed to identify factors associated with patterns of use over time and to estimate the incidence of associated adverse reproductive health outcomes. Our five year study will include a detailed evaluation of demographic, behavioral factors, anatomical changes, and microbiologic effects associated with barrier contraceptive use. We will also consider aspects of the sexual partnership and will focus on psychosocial factors using the sexual negotiation model (SNM), a model for decision-making within partnerships based on social learning theory. Finally, we will consider characteristics of the contraceptive product itself that affect choice of method and consequences of use. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: ADOLESCENT MEDICINE TRIAL NETWORK FOR HIV/AIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Emmanuel, Patricia J. Pediatrics; University of South Florida 4202 E Fowler Ave Tampa, FL 33620 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-APR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: The University of South Florida (USF) Department of Pediatrics is the soleprovider of comprehensive care to HIV-infected children and adolescents in ten counties throughout central and southwest Florida. Cumulative HIV Surveillance Data shows that 434 youth have been identified as HIV- infected in our catchment area; 249 of these have been identified in the past two years. The university and its network of community providers have embraced efforts to expand outreach and education to adolescents and have researched ways to effectively communicate with its population. The USF Adolescent HIV Program plan to contribute this local expertise to the national adolescent scientific agenda and provide youth with maximal opportunity for state of the art care. To accomplish this goal, the following objectives will be met. Develop an Adolescent Medicine Trial Unit (AMTU) at USF in Tampa utilizing existing infrastructure. This infrastructure includes the Adolescence HIV Program that provides primary and specialty care services, Adult HIV Program providing care at USF and the Hillsborough County Health Department, and the Florida Family AIDS Network, a Title IV Program USF has established partnerships in the community with agencies that provide HIV case management, outreach testing and education services. These partners will ensure an ability to provide comprehensive education services to adolescents and to assist in the recruitment of high-risk youth for our studies. Recruit and enroll 75 HIV infected youth from the existing clinic population and from expanded efforts to identify
Studies
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and ensure youth are referred to the clinic for care. Recruit 125 HIV-youth who are at high risk by utilizing existing source most importantly our University Clinic, Health Department family planning, STD, pediatrics and maternal health clinics, the Regional Early Intervention Consultant (EIC), and community AIDS service organizations. Collaborate with the Adolescent Medicine Trial Group to develop and evaluate innovative programs to reach youth and share and evaluate the innovations this community has developed to educate youth about HIV. Enroll HIV infected adolescents in treatment trials and evaluate the barriers to enrollment and retention. This would include not only new therapies, but also new approaches such as once daily and direct observed therapy protocols. The inclusion of USF Adolescent HIV Program as an AMTU will further the efforts to identify, prevent and treat HIV in this area of the country where minority and youth infection is rising at alarming rates. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: AGE AT FIRST MARRIAGE, CAREER, AND DIVORCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Loughran, David S.; Rand Corporation 1700 Main St Santa Monica, CA 90401 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): This research will analyze the effect of age at first marriage on career development and divorce propensities. A large literature in economics, sociology, and demography has sought to explain the 35-year rise in age at first marriage in the United States. The fundamental premise behind most hypotheses for the rise in age at first marriage is that the cost of remaining single has declined over time and that individuals have responded to these lower costs by delaying marriage. However, very little research has asked why individuals should respond to a decline in the cost of remaining single at all. That is, why should an individual want to delay marriage? This research will explore two frequently cited, but virtually untested, reasons for delaying marriage: early marriage inhibits career development and early marriage increases the probability of divorce. The specific aims of this research are to: (1) describe the age-earnings profiles of individuals who marry and have children relatively early in life versus those who delay marriage and have children relatively late in life with special attention to variation across cohorts, race, gender, and educational attainment; (2) explore the role of unobserved heterogeneity that may simultaneously influence earnings and age at first marriage and birth using panel data and data on marriage and birth expectations; and (3) investigate the link between age at first marriage and the subsequent probability of divorce using marriage and birth expectations and sibling data as controls for unobserved heterogeneity. By carefully considering the role of unobserved heterogeneity in determining age at first marriage, this research will provide the foundation for future work on the overall consequences of delayed marriage in the United States, including its effects on out-of-wedlock childbearing, overall fertility, and child outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CHANGING SOCIAL CONTEXTS AND FAMILY FORMATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Axinn, William G. Professor; Population Studies Center; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, MI 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1994; Project End 31-AUG-2004
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Summary: This is a continuation proposal to use new detailed dynamic measures of change over time in neighborhoods to dramatically advance our understanding of the impact of social context on behavior in several new directions. Our plan is to take advantage of a unique social setting in Nepal to investigate the social and economic factors which alter family formation processes and cause fertility decline. The aim of this research is to find empirical answers to five specific questions regarding the beginning of a transition from high fertility and no use of birth control to low fertility and the widespread use of birth control. These questions are: 1) To what extent do changes in the social and economic context influence family formation processes, particularly marriage, the timing of the first birth and contraception to terminate childbearing? 2) How do qualitative dimensions of these contextual changes, such as the quality of new schools or health services, shape family formation processes? 3) Do changes in the family organization of individual life courses transmit these contextual effects? 4) Does the family organization of neighbors life courses transmit these contextual effects? and 5) Do variations in attitudes and beliefs, or neighbors attitudes and beliefs, explain these consequences of community-level changes? Although our preliminary research demonstrates significant effects of community-level social and economic change on the adoption of birth control, we still know little about the extent to which these same changes influence other dimensions of family formation or the mechanisms through which these influences are transmitted. The large number of unanswered theoretical questions regarding the causes of fertility decline, along with the high priority policy makers place on reducing fertility in South Asia, make this research particularly timely. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: CLUB DRUG USE IN YOUNG, LOW INCOME WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Wu, Helen Z. Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, TX 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 30-MAY-2003 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Current prevention and treatment programs for substance abuse are based primarily on data collected from men, even though women have different origins and patterns of substance abuse and are more vulnerable to its adverse consequences. Young, low-income women, in particular, have largely been excluded from drug abuse studies. Furthermore, racial/ethnic differences have not been investigated in this population. The proposed study will use both qualitative and quantitative methods to identify the natural history, patterns, risk factors, and ethnic/cultural differences in club drug use among young, low income women, under the guidance of theoretic models of the Social Cognitive Theory and stages of progression in substance use. A total of 600 women from three prominent racial/ethnic groups (200 non-Hispanic white, 200 Hispanics, and 200 African Americans) between 18 and 30 years of age will be recruited in the family planning clinics at the University of Texas Medical Branch. Data on history of club drug use will be collected among these young, low-income women. Correlates to club drug use will include: a) younger age (1824), b) favorable attitude towards club drugs; and c) multiple socio-environmental and psychobehavioral factors known to encourage drug use. In addition, the different clusters of correlates of club drug use will be assessed across ethnic groups. Our quantitative research (questionnaire survey) will provide information on whether the progress of club drug use follows patterns of other illicit drug use, while our qualitative research (face-to-face interviews) will assess the unique features of club drug use. The results will provide an understanding of the reasons behind club drug use in young, low-income women, and why some stop using, others continue, and some develop
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dependence. These data will also allow us to understand differences in club drug users based on ethnicity, which will ultimately lead to the design of culturally sensitive prevention strategies. These study methods and findings will be used to design a randomized controlled trial of these prevention strategies in our family I planning population of 27,000 patient visits annually. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: CONSPIRACIES, PERCEIVED DISCRIMINATION & SEXUAL BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Bird, Sheryl T. Public Health; Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 973391086 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): African Americans are disproportionately affected by HIV, other STDs, and unintended pregnancy. Research has described conspiracy beliefs held by some African Americans regarding HIV/AIDS and birth control that may be barriers to HIV, STD, and pregnancy prevention. In addition, studies have shown that many Blacks have experiences when getting health care that they perceive as discriminatory. The proposed study will build on prior research by examining whether such beliefs and perceptions are associated with high-risk sexual behaviors among African Americans of reproductive age. We request support for two years to conduct a cross-sectional, anonymous telephone survey with a national sample of 500 African Americans, aged 15-44 years. The study will examine conspiracy beliefs regarding HIV/AIDS (e.g., "HIV is a manmade virus") and birth control (e.g., "The government is trying to limit the Black population by encouraging the use of condoms"). We will also assess Black women's perceptions of discrimination when getting family planning or contraceptive services. The overall goal of the proposed study is to improve understanding of the relationship of conspiracy beliefs and perceived discrimination to sexual behaviors related to HIV among African Americans. The specific aims are to 1) examine the relationship between conspiracy beliefs regarding HIV/AIDS and (a) attitudes toward condoms, (b) sexual behavior and intentions, and (c) use of contraceptive services and intentions to seek such services; 2) examine the relationship between conspiracy beliefs regarding birth control and (a) attitudes toward contraceptive methods (e.g., condoms, birth control pills, Norplant), (b) sexual behavior and intentions, and (c) use of contraceptive services and intentions to seek such services; and 3) examine the relationship between perceived discrimination when getting family planning or contraceptive services and (a) attitudes toward contraceptive methods (e.g., condoms, birth control pills, Norplant), (b) sexual behavior and intentions, and (c) use of contraceptive services and intentions to seek such services. Findings from this study will inform efforts to prevent HIV and other STDs, as well as unintended pregnancy, among African Americans nationally. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CONTRACEPTIVE DYNAMICS AND PROGRAM EFFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Klerman, Jacob A. Senior Economist; Rand Corporation 1700 Main St Santa Monica, CA 90401 Timing: Fiscal Year 1999; Project Start 01-MAY-1996; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Contraceptive utilization is an inherently dynamic process of initiation, discontinuation, switching, and failure. Beyond these simple markovian dynamics, it seems likely that contraceptive experiences early in the life-cycle have impacts on later
10 Family Planning
contraceptive practice. In addition, it seems likely that different family planning program efforts have differential effects on the different parts of the dynamic process and on experiences with specific methods. These dynamics imply that static evaluations of the importance of family planning programs and programs designs based on static models of program effects may be quite misleading. To explore the importance of this dynamic perspective, this project analyzes several complementary data sets. First, using the 5-year calendars from two Demographic and Health Surveys in Indonesia (1991 and 1994) with a combined sample of over 40,000 women (over 2 million months), the project will generalize existing models of the effect of family planning program effort on contraceptive prevalence and fertility to incorporate the initiation/continuation distinction. Following recent developments in the literature, these models incorporate village-specific fixed effects to control for village level unobserved heterogeneity and endogenous program placement. Second, the short span of the DHS calendars and the limited amount of pre-calendar data severely limits the types of contraceptive dynamics which can be considered; specifically excluded are many of the models which are indicated by our exploratory data analysis. To explore a richer class of models of contraceptive dynamics, the study will also analyze a subset of cases from the panel of Indonesian Family Life Surveys (IFLS-1 in 1993 and IFLS-2 in 1997). For about 1,500 women married after 1983 (87,000 months), IFLS-1 collected life-time contraceptive histories from marriage to the survey date. IFLS-2 will extend the histories for these women four more years, yielding contraceptive histories from marriage to the survey date for 2,100 women (165,000 months). For this subsample of women, this data collection strategy eliminates the initial conditions problem, allowing the investigators to explore the importance of long-term dependence in contraceptive utilization. Specifically, they will consider the importance of ever having used a method, ever having used a method "successfully"/"unsuccessfully", having used a method in the previous parity, and having used a method in this pregnancy interval. The results from these two analyses are combined in two ways. First, the IFLS data are used to explore the biases induced into the DHS analyses of program effect due to its limited precalendar data and the consequent limitations on forms of contraceptive dynamics which can be included. Second, the study combines information from the two models to construct prototypical simulation models which explicitly incorporate the dependence of current contraceptive choices on past contraceptive choices and on past family planning program efforts. This simulation model is used to derive insights about the effects of considering contraceptive dynamics on the optimal allocation of family planning program effort. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: CONTRACEPTIVE USE PATTERNS AMONG TEENS AND YOUNG ADULTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Manlove, Jennifer S.; Child Trends, Inc. 4301 Connecticut Ave, Ste 100 Washington, DC 20008 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 08-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: The specific aim of the proposed project is to enhance our understanding of how to sustain recent improvements in contraceptive use at first sex so that teens and young adults can become more consistent contraceptive users. The proposed project will examine patterns of contraceptive use and consistency across sexual relationships, within current cohorts of teens and young adults. Our premise is that contraceptive use must be negotiated and sustained within each new sexual relationship. Understanding why teens and young adults use contraception consistently, as well as understanding
Studies 11
patterns of inconsistent use, will help inform strategies to prevent unintended pregnancy and STIs. Analyses by race/ethnicity will help address disparities in reproductive health among racial and ethnic minorities. Additional sub-population analyses will include comparisons of teens and young adults, and males and females. The proposed project will incorporate an ecological framework, which posits that behaviors among teens and young adults will be influenced by factors from multiple domains of their lives. We will incorporate multi-level and multi-process models to examine how contraceptive use patterns are shaped by individual knowledge and motivations, characteristics of each sexual relationship (including partner characteristics and sexual activity), peer environments and family background, including parent-child communication. We will also examine the influence of school, community, and policy variables, such as sex education programs and the presence of economic opportunities. The project will analyze month-by-month histories of contraceptive use and sexual relationships within two cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth (1995, 2001) and information on sexual relationships and contraceptive use patterns within three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: COOPERATIVE MULTICENTER REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE NETWORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Diamond, Michael P. Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, MI 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Our overall goal is to improve the reproductive health of men and women, thereby fostering the birth of healthy and wanted children. The objective of this application is to become part of the Cooperative Multicenter Reproductive Medicine Network (CMRMN). We are committed to cooperative research and offer a large patient base (including an unusually high percentage of minorities) from which to enroll subjects into Network protocols. We propose to achieve this objective by documenting that Wayne State's spectrum of research expertise and resources is consistent with successful participation in the Network; by providing evidence of Wayne State's commitment and track record in cooperative clinical research; and by providing a 'concept' protocol as proof of our ability to conceive and design a cooperative project. It is our expectation that we would be an integral and contributing member of the CMRMN in research identified by other members, and as an innovator of new projects. In particular, we would contribute to genome-wide screening for genetic differences that could explain the pathogenesis of reproductive abnormalities. One of our longrange research goals is to identify congenital and acquired genetic causes of male infertility, so that highly specific counseling and/or therapy can be offered to affected couples considering assisted reproductive technologies as a solution to infertility. The specific objective of our concept protocol is to identify genes, through the innovative application of microarray technology, closely associated with male factor infertility. The central hypothesis for the proposed research is that gene transcripts (mRNA species) contained in the sperm of infertile males will differ qualitatively and quantitatively, compared to those of fertile men, thereby allowing candidates for 'infertility genes' to be identified. The rationale is that once candidate genes have been identified by cooperative genome-wide screening, hypothesis-driven research can be formulated to determine whether they relate casually to one or more genetic forms of male factor infertility. We will test our central hypothesis by pursuing two specific aims: 1) identify the extent to which the profile of gene transcripts varies in the sperm of fertile males;
12 Family Planning
and 2) identify gene transcripts that are expressed differently in the sperm of infertile, compared to fertile, men. The CMRMN is vital to successful completion of the protocol; it will assure the power needed to interpret results accurately. The proposed translational research is innovative because it combines clinical and basic molecular genetic expertise in a cooperative effort that will employ new analytical (microarray) technology to cost- effectively obtain clues to the genetic causes of male factor infertility. The outcomes will be significant because they will provide the foundations for definitive analysis of genetic factors that negatively affect male fertility, thereby leading to highly accurate, inexpensive diagnostic tests for genetic causes of male factor infertility, and in some cases, allow the prescription of specific replacement therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: CORE--LIBRARY Principal Investigator & Institution: Newman, Lisa; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The PSC Demography Library is located on the fourth and fifth floors of the McNeil Building, which also houses the PSC itself, the Economics and Sociology Departments, and approximately two-thirds of PSC associates. The library is a research library specializing in demography and related disciplines. The library is coordinated with the main University library system, but, to avoid problems with library policy on such issues as duplicates, and because of lack of interest on the part of the University library, it is not a formal part of the system. A professional librarian, Lisa Newman, is in charge of collection development and general functioning of the library. She is assisted by a library clerk with responsibility for circulation, document delivery, and tables-ofcontents distribution to associates. The Demography Library contains nearly 18,000 monographs, numerous working papers, reprints, census volumes and other materials. The library receives over 100 journal titles, 80 of which are paid for. The collection focuses on demography, family sociology, labor force, women s issues, family planning, aging and public health, with a wide geographic coverage, though special emphasis is on Africa. In addition to printed material, the Library is building a collection of material in electronic formats, both on-line and CD-ROM. This collection includes data sets (U.S. census, NSFG, DHS etc.), working papers and bibliographic resources (POPLINE). Over the last five years, the Library has completed the move from a card to an on-line catalogue, though the cataloging program used has become obsolete. New library automation software, Athena 97, is proposed for purchase early in the new grant period, to provide fully integrated catalogue, circulation, OPAC and inventory functions, and will be combined with a compatible Web interface. The Library provides the following services to associates: maintenance of a collection of printed materials in population studies; assistance to associates in locating research materials, including physical retrieval and document delivery; alerting of associates concerning newly-available resources; maintenance of the Center s Web sites; creation and maintenance of a data archive of CD-ROMs; training of associates in electronic resource access; and collaboration with other population libraries through APLIC-I. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: COUPLE DECISIONS ABOUT CONTRACEPTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Grady, William R.; Battelle Centers/Pub Hlth Res & Evaluatn Health Research & Evaluation Seattle, WA 98105
Studies 13
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Most of what we know about the nature of the contraceptive decision-making process in which couples engage was obtained by analyzing reports from women about their fertility-related beliefs, attitudes, preferences and experiences. However, the growth of the AIDS epidemic has increased awareness that men have an important role in influencing the reproductive health of heterosexual couples. Despite this awareness, there is very little research on the contraceptive choices of couples that is based on data from both partners. In the proposed study, we will address this large research gap. We will accomplish this goal by conducting an inperson survey of approximately 1,200 married and cohabiting couples where the female partner is aged 20-35, where neither partner is sterile and where the couple is not currently pregnant or attempting to conceive. This survey, in which we will obtain separate, parallel reports from both partners, will provide unique and detailed data on the power relations, birth desires, and method-related expectancies, values, perceptions, preferences, and behaviors of men and women making contraceptive choices within the context of an intimate heterosexual relationship. Most importantly, the proposed analysis of these data, together with the data obtained in a one-year telephone follow-up survey, will allow us to gain new insights into the nature of the contraceptive decisionmaking process in which couples engage. In particular, it will inform us about how men are involved in that process and how their involvement is related to both the types of methods that couples choose and the effectiveness with which they use them. Such information will help family planning service providers determine when and how to include male partners in the method selection process as a way of helping couples achieve their separate and joint reproductive goals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: CULTURE AND FAMILY INTERPRETATIONS OF GENETIC DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Skinner, Debra G. Research Scientist; Pediatrics; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2000; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: The overall aim of this ethnographic and longitudinal project is to assess how parents from different cultural backgrounds who have a child or who are at risk for having a child with a genetic disorder seek out, understand, and use knowledge (including information received during genetic counseling and evaluation) to interpret genetic disorders and their experiences, and to make decisions about reproduction, health, and services. A collaborative team of genetic, social science, and education researchers will employ systematic interview and observation methods to study 130 families who are referred to a medical genetics counseling program for counseling and/or evaluation. One hundred families (40 African American, 40 European American, 10 Latino, and 10 Native American) who attend and 30 families (10 African American, 10 European American, 5 Latino, and 5 Native American) who choose not to attend will be followed over a two year period. Employing systematic analyses based on anthropological theories and methods, investigators will examine data from detailed observations of the clinical genetics visit and a series of semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with parents to provide a comprehensive view of (1) how parents understand and are directed by information disseminated during the clinical session; (2) what other sources of information and beliefs (e.g., biomedical, popular or ethnocultural models of the gene and inheritance; religious beliefs) parents draw on to make sense of
14 Family Planning
disability and genetic disorder; (3) the process of how they piece together various knowledges and beliefs; (4) and how they make decisions for themselves and their child based on their interpretations and experience. Analysis will also focus on the differences in these outcomes based on family and child characteristics. It is expected that findings resulting from this study can broaden the focus in genetic counseling outcome studies on information retention and reproductive plans and behavior to include the social and cognitive practices through which families make sense of genetic knowledge in their social worlds; and can be used by clinical genetic professionals to assess the ways in which they frame and disseminate biomedical and genetic knowledge to culturally diverse clients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: ATTITUDES
DETERMINANTS
OF
MARRIAGE
AND
CHILDBEARING
Principal Investigator & Institution: Thornton, Arland D. Professor; Survey Research Center; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, MI 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: This is a proposal to study two central dimensions of social life in the United States today: 1) marriage and marital process, including cohabitation and nonresidential unions; and 2) childbearing, involving both the bearing and rearing of children. Although we begin from an interest in behavioral aspects of marriage and childbearing, this research centers on the systems of attitudes, values, beliefs, preferences, and social norms underlying and providing motivations for marriage, cohabitation, childbearing, and childrearing. Whereas extensive research has been conducted concerning marriage and childbearing behavior, relatively little work has been done on the ideational phenomena underlying and motivating these behaviors. Our research plan focuses on the forces determining marriage and childbearing attitudes, values, beliefs, preferences, and perceptions of social norms among young adults. Our first goal is to examine how aspects of the parental family- including socioeconomic factors, the social organization of the parental family, parental religious affiliation and participation, and parental marital and childbearing experience--influence ideational phenomena of the children growing up in these parental families. The second aim of our analysis is explication of the ways in which parental attitudes, values, beliefs, preference, and perspections of social norms influence children's ideas. Our third goal shifts to the impact of children's own experiences with school, work, marriage, and childbearing on their ideas about marriage and childbearing. The empirical analyses will rely on three data sources that each include key measures from two generations: (1) the National Survey of Children (NSC); (2) the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH); and (3) the Intergenerational Panel Study of Parents and Children (IPSPC). These three data sets each provides the essential ingredients for a study of the intergenerational determinants of ideational phenomena related to marriage and childbearing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: DETERMINANTS OF MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH IN INDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Desai, Sonalde B. Associate Professor; Sociology; University of Maryland College Pk Campus College Park, MD 20742 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007
Studies 15
Summary: (provided by applicant): Researchers from University of Maryland and the National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi (NCAER) propose to collect a second wave of an all India panel study originally fielded in 1994 by the NCAER. These panel surveys will be publicly available to Indian as well as international scholars and will become a premiere data source for studying fertility and family planning, school enrollment, labor force behavior, family demography and aging. Cultural, social and economic variation in India, captured during a period of rapid social change, will allow scholars to test a variety of theories. For the present project, these surveys of approximately 40,000 households will enable us to study how the interplay between poverty, gender, and public policy determine morbidity, mortality, and access to quality health care. Poverty, gender, and public policy are three principal dimensions along which maternal and child health is hypothesized to rise and fall in most developing countries, however, research which empirically examines this link has been limited in scope. India is an especially favorable location to study each of these forces because of the great variations across regions and time in each of these dimensions. This is also an opportune time to study health outcomes in India due to significant policy changes between the time of the first and the second surveys including decentralization of health services, abolition of contraceptive targets and changes in food distribution systems. The second wave of the household survey will replicate earlier measures of morbidity, anthropometry, and mortality as the principal health outcomes. Survival or cause of death of all household members from the first wave will permit more reliable mortality analyses in the panel. Survey sections on immunizations, antenatal care, health expenditures, and type of medical and maternity care will be repeated and expanded to measure the proximate sources of health outcomes. Combined with extensive household-level measures of income, consumption, assets, employment, education and gender relation, these data will be invaluable to research on health outcomes, health seeking behavior, and health policy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: DOMESTIC ABUSE IN PREGNANCY AND ADVERSE BIRTH OUTCOMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Saftlas, Audrey Frieda. Associate Professor; Epidemiology; University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Recent studies suggest that 2.4 % to 5.6 % of pregnant women are physically abused each year in the United States. Domestic violence is hypothesized to cause adverse pregnancy outcomes through two mechanisms: physical trauma and prenatal stress. To date, research into the association of domestic violence in pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes provides inconsistent evidence. Most studies, however, have been small in size, used an endpoint of low birthweight, and focused primarily on lowincome women, who are at highest risk of both domestic violence and adverse pregnancy outcomes. We propose to conduct a population-based case-control study to investigate the independent and joint effects of domestic violence and prenatal stress on the risk of preterm delivery (N=950) and intrauterine growth retardation (N=1210). In addition, patterns of abuse will be examined over three points in time (prepregnancy, pregnancy, postpartum) among control subjects (N=950) to determine if the pregnancy or postpartum periods are high-risk times for domestic abuse. The influence of contextual factors, such as pregnancy intendedness, will also be examined. The study population, identified from the Iowa live birth certificate file, will be comprised of residents of three Iowa counties who deliver between August 1, 2001 and July 31, 2003.
16 Family Planning
Domestic violence and prenatal stress will be assessed using well-tested, established instruments, including the revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) and the Prenatal Life Events Scale. Data will be collected using computer-assisted telephone interviews, covering the primary study exposures and risk factors for domestic violence and the two study outcomes. Subjects will be interviewed 3 to 6 months postpartum and compensated for their participation. Medical chart abstractions will be conducted to validate case definitions and document prenatal care variables, medical history, and pregnancy complications. With at least 80 % power, the study will be able to detect increased risks of 2.0 for the least prevalent exposure, domestic violence. This study will be the first to examine the effect of prenatal stress in conjunction with domestic violence on adverse pregnancy outcomes, and offers a unique combination of methodological and conceptual strengths to address these issues. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: DOUCHING AND REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Funkhouser, Ellen M. Epidemiology & Interntl Health; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, AL 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Douching is a common practice among American women, especially in the South, among Black women, and among women who are less educated. Douching has been associated with many adverse health events including pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy, and to a much less well established degree, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The proposed project is a cross-sectional study of reproductive tract infections and douching practices in Jefferson County, AL. Women attending the County STD clinic and 2 County Family Planning Clinics will be interviewed prior to examination regarding douching practices and history of sexual activities, pregnancies, contraceptive practices, and STDs. Presence of infections and pH of vaginal secretions will be ascertained from appropriate tests. Cases will be women presenting with syphilis, gonorrhea, trichomonas, chlamydia , or bacterial vaginosis. Over a 29 month period 4,370 women, 1,400 from the STD clinic and 2,970 from the Family Planning Clinics, will be interviewed. This should provide about 935 STD cases, 577 cases of bacterial vaginosis without an STD, and 2,858 women with no infections. Douching practices among women with and without a reproductive tract infections will be compared. Logistic regression analysis will be used to assess the following: 1) whether douching is associated with increased risks of STDs or bacterial vaginosis; 2) whether douching is associated with vaginal pH; 3) whether there is a dose-response relationship regarding frequency of douching; and 4) whether the risk differs according to preparation used. We believe the similarities in socioeconomic status of women attending the clinics will be substantial making douching practices potentially one of the most distinguishing characteristics of women with and without an infection. Furthermore, the findings will be readily generalizable to a population that historically and currently has some of the highest STD rates in the nation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PREGNANCY
DYNAMICS
AND
MEANING
OF
ADULT
UNINTENDED
Principal Investigator & Institution: Koo, Helen P. Senior Research Demographer; Research Triangle Institute Box 12194, 3040 Cornwallis Rd Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Studies 17
Timing: Fiscal Year 2000; Project Start 01-SEP-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: This application proposes research to increase understanding of unintended pregnancy (UP) among young, low-income U.S. women. The specific aims are to (1) increase understanding of the meaning and dynamics of UP; (2) generate, refine, and test hypotheses about causes of UP; (3) develop better measures of pregnancy intendedness and determinants of UP; and (4) contribute to efforts of programs and policies to reduce UP. The research addresses Healthy People 2000 objectives of reducing UP. To achieve these aims, the proposed project will study contraceptive practices and UP among 20 to 29-year-old, predominantly minority, unmarried, lowincome women in Atlanta, GA, and charlotte, NC and their partners and family members. It builds on the Longitudinal Study of contraceptive Choice and use Dynamics (LSCC), a prospective study of contraceptive use and pregnancies among a probability sample of clinic women. This study, which is currently fielding the second follow-up survey, includes a substantial number of women who have had Ups since the baseline. The proposed study will complement and significantly extend the LSCC research, focus on UP, and integrate qualitative research methods with the quantitative LSCC base. Methods include ethnographic research, focus groups, and case studies with samples of women who have experienced UP or have successfully prevented it, selected from the LSCC. The investigators will use the results of the qualitative study as a basis for developing survey measures and hypotheses; they will use focus groups and cognitive testing in developing these survey measures, then will conduct an additional round of survey data collection with women age 20-29 to test hypotheses and measures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: EARLY TEEN PREGNANCY PREVENTION--A PARENT/CHILD PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Lederman, Regina P. Professor; None; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, TX 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2000; Project Start 01-SEP-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The proposed project has a two-fold purpose: 1) to conduct an annual schoolwide survey for three successive years to determine the antecedents (beliefs, intentions, school performance, home environment) of sexual behavior (initiation of sex, frequency of sex, number of partners, unprotected sex) and risk avoidant behaviors in middle school youth; and 2) to implement a new joint parent-teen education program for the prevention of sexual risk behaviors and pregnancy. The sample for survey testing will be recruited from youth in grades 6, 7, and 8 in three middle schools. Each school enrolls 700-725 students (N=2100- 2175), and has a high proportion of minority and economically disadvantaged youth. School approved motivational measures are used to obtain a representative survey sample of 70-90 percent student participation (N=14701970). In the first year, data from two survey pretests will be collected prior to the intervention to control for self- selection bias, to determine growth rate changes prior to the intervention, and to modify and tailor the planned curriculum to meet the needs of the study population. The educational program designed for parent-teen dyads focuses on strengthening family communication about sexual issues and behaviors. Content is included on reproduction, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)/AIDS, contraception, sex risks and safe sex behaviors. The course utilizes social learning and cognitive behavioral concepts. Role- play and practice exercises are provided to enhance the learning of decision-making and refusal and resistance skills. Four 2 hour sessions are offered over a four-week period: two each are for parents and teens separately and two are combined. Subjects are recruited through school distribution of information flyers
18 Family Planning
and consent forms, home mailings, parent-teacher meetings, neighborhood housing distribution to families, and neighborhood resident meetings. Using recruitment and incentive measures, it is estimated that 50 parent-child dyads can be obtained per school, for a total of 150: 75 experimental group pairs and 75 control group pairs. A randomized treatment/control group design will be used to assign 25 parent-teen dyads each to the experimental education and the attention-control groups in all three schools. Booster classes will be offered every six months at times prior to known teen peak conception periods. Pre and post-tests have been developed to determine betweengroup differences and within-group changes at course completion, and at 6, 12, and 20 months. The pre/post-test questionnaires assess group differences and changes in parent involvement and communication; sexual knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors; and the incidence of pregnancy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: DISPENSING
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
NURSE
HOME
CONTRACEPTIVE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Melnick, Alan L. Assistant Professor; Family Medicine; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by the applicant): The purpose of our study is to determine whether an innovative way of providing contraception, in the home, could reduce the incidence of unintended pregnancy for low income and minority women who have already had one birth. Women with a first-borne infant found to be at high risk for medical and social problems through a community-based screening program who are interested in delaying a subsequent pregnancy will be randomized into two groups. The first group will receive a home visit by a community health nurse, who will provide contraceptive counseling, including a referral to publicly funded family planning clinic. The second group will receive the same services, but will also receive either a threemonth supply of oral contraceptives or a depo-medroxyprogesterone injection. The study has two objectives: to determine whether this practice reduces subsequent unintended pregnancies in this population and whether this practice encourages or discourages utilization of clinic-based preventive services, such as sexually transmitted disease and cervical cancer screening. The results of our study have important implications for public health. Most local public health departments throughout the United States already use community health nurses to deliver many services at home, including case management for families with infants at risk for medical and social problems. If delivery of contraceptives at home is effective in reducing subsequent unintended pregnancies for these families, local health departments across the country could add this service for very little added cost. To the extent that home contraceptive delivery model proves successful at widening the interval between births for lowincome and minority women, and increases the likelihood that subsequent pregnancies are intended, it will increase the likelihood of having babies born healthier. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: EFFECTS ON CHILDREN OF TREATING MATERNAL DEPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Riley, Anne W. Associate Professor; Health Policy and Management; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-APR-1998; Project End 28-FEB-2003
Studies 19
Summary: (Applicants Abstract): Maternal depression has devastating effects on the mental and physical health of children. An obvious first step to solving this social and public health problem is to determine the effects of treatment of maternal depression on children. This proposal captures a unique opportunity to study the influence of treating maternal depression on children ages 5-11 by studying children of women taking part in an NIMH-funded randomized treatment of a depression trial led by the Co-Principal Investigator. Furthermore, this study fills gaps in the literature on the impact of maternal depression in three ways, by studying: 1) children of women screened while obtaining public sector family planning care, a sample more representative of depressed women than previous studies in psychiatric settings; 2) poor women; and 3) equal numbers of Latina, African American and White women so that cultural differences can be examined. Based on a comprehensive model of the mechanisms by which maternal depression may influence child outcomes, we will study 150 elementary-school aged children whose mothers are depressed (50 Latina, 50 African American, and 50 White) and 50 comparable children whose mothers are not depressed. Their mental health and functioning will be assessed by natural raters in their environments over a two-year time period, with five face-to-face interviews, two mother-child interaction assessments, and bi-monthly phone assessments that will link child functioning, symptomatology, and psychiatric disorders to mothers' symptomatology, parenting behavior, and family environment. Mothers, the children, fathers/other caregivers, teachers, and interviewers will contribute to these assessments in a time-series design. This design will enable us to develop sensitive longitudinal models of the way in which changes in aspects of the mother's depression affect the outcomes of the child over time. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: FACTORS PROTECTING MALES & FEMALES FROM EARLY PARENTHOOD Principal Investigator & Institution: Zabin, Laurie S. Population & Family Hlth Scis; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: The purpose of this study is to identify factors which, in the presence of risk factors for early parenthood, appear to prevent urban adolescent males and females from fathering or bearing a child. The investigators define a protective characteristic not merely as the opposite, or absence, of a predisposing or risk factor; it is a factor which promotes resilience in the presence of one or many risk factors, increasing the probability that undesirable outcomes may be avoided. The investigators use a life course, developmental model focusing on early and adolescent years in the life cycle and on four domains--the individual/biological/cognitive/ emotional domain, the family, the school, and the community-- defined by census tracts of residence. The investigators utilize a data set "Pathways to Adulthood;" a three generation urban study, including data collected during pregnancy from inner city white and African-American mothers in 1960/65; prospective data on their children--the 1,754 male and female subjects of this study--from birth to age 8; retrospective data on these subjects complete their histories from age 8 to ages 27 to 33. Additional academic and family observations at age 12 are available on a subset of 428 subjects. The investigators utilize data from their birth to age 19 or completion of high school, whichever is first. Batteries of cognitive, behavioral and psychological tests administered to all subjects during the early years, extensive histories thereafter, and information on schools, school achievement and census tracts, permit each area to be explored in depth, over time. The
20 Family Planning
investigators examine the effects on pregnancy and childbearing of variables in each domain, alone and in the context of others. Analytic techniques relate this research to its real-world applications: 1) odds models to suggest how many are at what level of risk and how strong various protective characteristics maybe in the context of odds faced by youth at high, moderate, and low risk in inner-city environments; 2) hazards models to strengthen the regression findings by allowing the protective and risk factors to vary with time; and 3) path models to describe how early in a young person's development risk can be detected, and the protective factors which can redirect a potentially destructive trajectory be identified. Thus, not only optimal interventions but optimal times for intervention may be identifiable in the models. The investigators will address policy and programmatic implications by identifying which risk factors are potentially avoidable, and which protective factors can, realistically, be enhanced. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: FAMILY INTERVENTIONS AND HIV RISKS AMONG CARIBBEAN YOUTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Baptiste, Donna R. Psychiatry; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, IL 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 04-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by candidate): The ultimate goal of this Scientist Development Award For New Minority Faculty, is to provide the candidate with the necessary training/mentorship to establish an independent program of research, focused on development of USA-Caribbean collaborations to advance the use of family-based interventions in HIV/AIDS risk reduction among Caribbean youth. Consistent with this long term career goal, the immediate focus of this award is to provide the candidate with training and mentorship to attain increased knowledge and skills in 5 key areas: 1) capacity to independently conduct effectiveness trials of family-based interventions; 2) ability to use quantitative and qualitative data analytic strategies and techniques with intervention data; 3) an understanding of Caribbean Family systems and specifically the role of families in preventing and adapting to HIV/AIDS; 4) ability to skillfully engage in US/Developing country partnership research; 5) extension of a collaboration with a Caribbean social service agency, The Family Planning Association of Trinidad and Tobago (FPATT) to evaluate the effectiveness of a family-based intervention in decreasing HIV/AIDS risks among a sample of Trinidad/Tobago youth. This intervention was adapted from a US-based family program (via a supplemental award) to match the contextual and cultural features of the island. The research plan for this award involves two specific aims to be pursued with training and support of mentors. First, the candidate will work with the FPATT to conduct a pilot randomized trial of the adapted intervention with a sample of youth and families (N=200) in Trinidad. This study is expected to yield preliminary results about the intervention's effectiveness in decreasing adolescent HIV/AIDS risk exposure and also an estimate of effect to determine a sample size for a larger intervention. Second, the candidate will analyze qualitative data derived from focus groups and interviews (collected during prior research) on key enablers and barriers to establishing a collaboration with the FPATT. This second study will guide the candidate's future involvement in US/Caribbean prevention partnerships. Over the 5 years of the award, instruction, training, mentorship, and applied experiences are expected to significantly enhance the candidate's skills and expertise as a researcher and also contribute greatly to launching of an independent research program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies 21
·
Project Title: FAMILY PLANNING PROMOTION IN HIV INFECTED ZAMBIANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Allen, Susan A. Associate Professor; Epidemiology & Interntl Health; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, AL 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: Eighty percent of the world's HIV infections are in sub-Saharan Africa. In Lusaka, the capital of Zambia, 85% of pregnant women are married and 47% are in. couples with at least one HIV+ partner (26% concordant positive, 21% discordant). It will be years before short course antivirals are widely implemented and many children who escape infection will be left orphaned. There are 360,000 AIDS orphans in Zambia, a country of 9 million, and 35, 000 HIV+ women deliver each year. Prevention of unplanned pregnancy in couples with HIV can reduce pediatric AIDS, HIV orphans, and the family consequences of parental illness and death. We have previously HIV tested and counseled 10,000 couples from Lusaka for our ongoing NIH funded studies of heterosexual HIV transmission. In a pilot randomized controlled trial of family planning promotion with 251 couples, we observed a marked increase in injectable and oral hormonal contraceptive uptake. The attrition rate was high, however, and compliance with oral contraception was poor. Although incident pregnancy was lower with the intervention, the magnitude of the impact was far less than anticipated. Effective, user-- independent methods such as the IUD and Norplant had lower attrition rates but they are unfamiliar to providers and clients and few women elected to use them. In this study, we will enroll 5000 concordant HIV+ and discordant couples in a randomized factorial trial of two interventions to reduce unplanned pregnancies. The first intervention will promote more effective contraception by placing user independent methods first in the educational message hierarchy and employing positive message framing. The second intervention will help couples plan for the consequences of their illness and death. This will include assisting husband and wife to work together and prepare a will, choose a guardian, and make a financial plan. By focusing on the cost of educating existing children and on the need to plan for their future care, we will encourage couples to reflect on the implications of future childbearing. We hypothesize that this will result in a decision to limit fertility. A standard family planning service will be compared with either or both interventions with respect to impact on incident pregnancy, contraceptive choice and pattern of use, psychosocial and behavioral variables, and future planning actions. Cost- effectiveness will be determined with methods developed jointly by experts in the fields of HIV therapy in Africa and contraception. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FERTILITY INTENTIONS AND OUTCOMES IN WEST AFRICA Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnson-Hanks, Jennifer; Inst of Business & Econ Res; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The five-year project of training and research outlined in this application will enable a junior scholar already accomplished in the social demography of fertility to master the topic of reproductive epidemiologist. With such additional directed study, the candidate will be poised to make significant contributions to the interdisciplinary study of fertility decline. This Mentored Research Scientist Development award is designed to meet the near-term career development goal of using epidemiological methods and measures to improve social and
22 Family Planning
demographic explanations of reproductive trajectories, and the long-term career goal of developing more coherent models of fertility change, especially in Africa. As a whole, the aim of this project is a rigorous integration of social, demographic and epidemiological approaches to fertility over the life course, focusing on the interacting roles of reproductive intentions and reproductive health. The career development plan sets three training goals: (1) To develop a knowledge base in reproductive epidemiology, (2) To develop expertise in social scientific applications of public health methods and measures regarding reproduction, and (3) To develop advanced skills in statistical analysis. These three goals will be met with five development activities: course work, mentoring from sponsors, directed study and consultation with expert advisors, conferences, and a research plan that builds cumulatively on the knowledge and skills gained through career development activities. The research plan has five aims: (1) Develop hypotheses regarding the forms of reproductive intentions that individuals and couples hold, and the sources of variation in those intentions. (2) Develop hypothesis regarding the factors that intervene between intention and outcome. (3) Test and compare interview methods for identifying and understanding different kinds of reproductive intentions and contextual factors. (4) Create, translate and pretest a survey instrument to evaluate the hypotheses, and (5) Pilot an integrated life course research technique. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: HEALTH, EMPOWERMENT
OPPORTUNITIES,
PROBLEM-SOLVING,
&
Principal Investigator & Institution: Shen, Eveline; Executive Director; Asian/Pacific Islanders Reproductve Hlth for Reproductive Health (Apirh) Oakland, CA 94607 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: The vision of the HOPE (Health, Opportunities, Problem-Solving and Empowerment) Project is to eliminate the underlying causes sustainable partnerships between a core group of Southeast Asian girls, their communities in Long Beach and the East Bay, environmental health researchers, and health care providers. One goal of this project is to build the capacity of Southeast Asian girls and their communities to create and implement their own research and action agenda with the expertise and help of environmental health researchers. Another aim is to improve the reproductive health services that are available to this population through joint work with family planning clinics that serve these communities. Finally, the HOPE project seeks to redress the environmental impact Southeast Asians experienced because of the Vietnam War, to eliminate current exposure issues today and improve their communities reproductive and overall health and well being. The objectives of the program are to create a model process for linking and institutionalizing communication vehicles through facilitated exchanges, clinics and laboratory tours, mentoring/shadowing programs, symposiums and training workshops for researchers, health clinic staff and the core group of Southeast Asian girls. In addition, HOPE seeks to develop a core group of Southeast Asian girl leaders that are both knowledgeable and skilled in educating other community people about environmental hazards and reproductive health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: HERS, STEPFAMILIES
HIS
&
THEIR
CHILDREN:
CHILDBEARING
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Thomson, Elizabeth J. Professor; Sociology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, WI 53706
Studies 23
Timing: Fiscal Year 2000; Project Start 01-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: The proposed research will investigate effects of children born before a union on childbearing in that union. We base our hypotheses and analyses on three key values of children. (1) Children signal the partners' commitment to each other; children born before a union do not have the same meaning. (2) Children confer parental status, which continues to be a primary marker of adulthood in all societies and which links individuals to lineages and kin networks. Step-parenthood may not confer the same status or connections as biological parenthood. (3) A second child ensures that each child will have a sibling. Step- or half- siblings may not substitute for full siblings, or may do so only if they live together. We will investigate effects of pre-union children on union fertility in a gendered context. Because mothers are much more likely than fathers to bring coresident children to a new union and to maintain contact with and responsibility for nonresident children, and because biological parenthood may be more salient to women's identities than to men's, we expect women's children to have stronger effects on the couple's childbearing than men's children. We will analyze data from the U.S. National Survey of Families and Households (1988/1993 panel). We will use retrospective birth and union histories to estimate the parity-specific birth risks for unions and for individuals, contingent on children born before a particular union. These histories will also be used to estimate effects of pre-union children on unwanted or mistimed births in a union. For respondents in unions at the time of each survey, we will estimate effects of partners' pre-union and shared children on men's and women's childbearing intentions. Couple data will be used to estimate effects of partners' children on disagreement about future childbearing. Panel data will be used to analyze prospectively effects of partners' separate and shared children on a couple's birth risk, and to determine whether pre-union children moderate effects of partners' intentions on births. In each of these analyses, we will test (1) differences between effects of men's versus women's pre-union children; (2) differences between effects of older versus younger pre-union children; (3) differences in effects of children for whom parents have more or less childrearing responsibility (coresidence, contact, financial support); and (4) differences in effects of pre-union children on childbearing in marital versus cohabiting unions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: HIV PREVENTION TRIALS NETWORK LEADERSHIP GROUP Principal Investigator & Institution: Cates, Willard J.; Family Health International Box 13950 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: This HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) Coordinating and Operations Center (CORE) application is submitted by Family Health International with applications from two affiliated organizations, John Hopkins University as the Central Laboratory (CL) and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center as the Statistical and Data Management Center (SDMC). The CORE application describes a coordinated research agenda designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of emerging interventions to prevent sexual, perinatal, and parenteral transmission of HIV using HIV incidence as primary trial endpoint. To address these routes of transmission, six key scientific areas with unique research priorities have been delineated-perinatal transmission, microbicides, sexual behavior, STD control, antiretroviral therapies, and injection drug use. The special opportunities offered by this HPTN application involve: 1) its leadership by experts in the prevention sciences to set research priorities amidst a rapidly evolving HIV scientific arena; 2) its coordinated domestic-international research
24 Family Planning
agenda; 3) its multi- disciplinary study teams of behavioral, clinical, epidemiologic, and statistical scientists; 4) its streamlined process for moving from study concept to study operation; and 5) its ability to conduct cross-cultural comparisons. The HPTN has be designed to allow for: 1) rapid consideration of hypothesis-driven concept plans by six science working groups, 2) prioritization and approval of a coordinated research agenda at the Executive Committee level, 3) implementation by pluripotential HPTN sites, and 4) careful oversight and rigorous evaluation by the Prevention Leadership Group. Close linkages available through the leadership in HPTN will assure that emerging knowledge about effective HIV prevention interventions is scaled up through domestic prevention agencies (CDC) and international donors (USAID, World Bank; UNAIDS). The HPTN and CORE organizational structure and operation, and a transition plan for moving HIVNET operations into the HPTN strategic plan are also described in this application. In summary, over the next five years, this HTPN application is proposing an aggressive, state-of-the-art prevention science research agenda designed to advance knowledge in the complex arena of reducing HIV transmission. This research agenda will be implemented under the direction of Willard Cates, Jr., MD, MPH and a leadership team comprised of world class scientists and supported by the CORE at Family Health International. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: IDENTIFYING NEWBORNS WITH FRAGILE X: PLANNING GRANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Bailey, Donald B. Director of Early Childhood Research; F.P. Graham Child Devel Ctr; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application requests funds for an Exploratory/ Developmental grant to design and prepare to implement a large multi-state study of infants with fragile X syndrome and their families. Based on a period of universal screening of approximately 1,000,000 newborns for FXS in selected states, the study would be designed to answer eight sets of research questions: (1) What is the incidence rate of FXS in the U.S.? Does this rate vary as a function of ethnicity? (2) How acceptable to the public is screening for FXS? What proportion of parents voluntarily participate in screening? What characteristics differentiate parents who choose not to participate? (3) What is the relative effectiveness and acceptability of different models for informing families about FXS status and supporting them in gaining information about the disorder and reproductive risk? (4) Does the bonding and attachment relationship between parents of children with FXS differ from that of parents of normally developing children or children with non-heritable disorders? (5) How does knowledge of reproductive risk affect subsequent reproductive decisions of parents of children with FXS? (6) What patterns of development characterize infants and toddlers with FXS? How do these patterns vary as a function of factors such as FMRP, physiological variables, SES, gender, and autism? (7) What is the efficacy of contrasting models of early intervention for children with FXS and their families? Does treatment efficacy vary in accordance with the severity and nature of disability? and (8) What patterns of coping and adaptation characterize families of children with FXS during the early years? How do these patterns vary as a function of child, parent, family, and ecological variables? A multi-university, multi-disciplinary team of investigators and consultants will determine the participating states and develop state-based planning teams; determine the laboratory procedure to be used for screening; identify and address a range of ethical and practical issues; develop a protocol and procedures for genetic counseling,
Studies 25
family support, studies of family adaptation, studies of infant development, and studies of the efficacy of child and family intervention models; work with an array of agencies, organizations, and individuals to garner widespread support for the project and its implementation; and develop the infrastructure necessary to implement the study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: IDENTIFYING CONTRACEPTIVE U*
SERVICES
CHANGES
TO
IMPROVE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Frost, Jennifer J.; Alan Guttmacher Institute 120 Wall St, 21St Fl New York, NY 10005 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: This project aims to improve contraceptive use and reduce unintended pregnancy in the United States by expanding the knowledge base needed to move from basic research to effective program and policy change. Specifically, our goals are to provide a comprehensive, national frame of reference or "map" of key factors contributing to poor contraceptive use from women's perspectives and to match this map with information on contraceptive service delivery practices in order to identify changes that have the greatest potential for reducing unintended pregnancy. To accomplish these goals, we propose to carry out three interrelated activities: (1) We will undertake a broad, comprehensive mapping of the difficulties women at risk of unintended pregnancy in the U.S. face in successfully using contraception and assess their priority for attention based on their contribution to national levels of unintended pregnancy. To accomplish this, we will collect data that do not now exist from a national sample of sexually active women at risk for unintended pregnancy. (2) We will ascertain the extent to which contraceptive service providers are aware of the problems hindering successful method use and are able to provide services that address factors leading to contraceptive failure and nonuse. We will obtain this information from surveys of national samples of publicly funded family planning clinics and of private physicians. (3) We will combine this information, findings from others' research, and advice from researchers and service delivery experts to identify policy and program limitations and make recommendations for next steps in service delivery and research that will help reduce markedly unintended pregnancy in the U.S. We expect that this project will identify factors hindering effective contraceptive use that are amenable to impact through service delivery (and those that are not, at least in the short run), and that it will result in greater consensus on what changes and new undertakings in contraceptive care are needed, which types of changes offer the largest potential reduction in unintended pregnancy levels, and what steps are needed to effect those changes. By identifying gaps in knowledge and effective intervention models, it will also stimulate new research and intervention development and evaluation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: INCREASING DUAL PROTECTION IN LOW INCOME MINORITY WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Exner, Theresa; Research Scientist; Assistant Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Women of childbearing age living in high HIV/STD prevalence inner-city neighborhoods often face the dual challenge of pregnancy and disease prevention. Family planning (FP) clinics are a natural venue for reaching these women as they are
26 Family Planning
important sites for care; unfortunately, pregnancy and disease prevention counseling and services are often poorly integrated. This project seeks to 1) test the efficacy of an individualized, clinic-based, provider-delivered intervention designed to increase adoption and maintenance of dual protection (DP) - i.e., methods that provide concurrent protection from both HIV/STDs and unintended pregnancy; and 2) examine the determinants of DP. Prior to the intervention trial, formative evaluation will elicit information on provider and client behaviors, experiences, values, and attitudes that will be used to tailor the intervention and assessment. In the intervention trial, a cohort of 500 low-income, primarily minority, HIV-seronegative, non-pregnant women will be recruited from the Community Healthcare Network's (CHN) Crown Heights Clinic and be randomized based on day of clinic visit to immediately receive (1) Standard of Care, which consists of HIV pretest and method selection counseling; or (2) Risk and Decisionmaking (RAD) counseling, which likewise provides pretest counseling but uses a semistructured, individualized approach rooted in decision-making theory to help clients simultaneously address both disease and pregnancy prevention goals. Women will be assessed at baseline, immediately post-counseling, and six and 12 months later. Tests for pregnancy and STDs will be conducted at each time point as well. At the 6-month visit, all women who receive standard of care at baseline will again receive standard of care. Among women who receive RAD at baseline, half will be randomized to again receive RAD counseling at the 6-month follow-up; the rest will receive standard of care. Primary analyses will evaluate intervention impact on safer sex behavior, incident pregnancy/STDs, and client HIV/STD risk perception. At 6-month follow-up we will examine the effect of a single session of RAD vs. Standard of care; at the 12-month follow-up, we will examine the effectiveness of one versus two sessions of RAD against standard of care. Interview data also will be used to evaluate the determinants of DP and mediators of intervention efficacy; analyses will examine the role of confounding and mediating variables using generalized estimating equations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: INDUCED ABORTION AND BREAST CANCER RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Li, De-Kun K. Investigator; Kaiser Foundation Research Institute 1800 Harrison St, 16Th Fl Oakland, CA 94612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-AUG-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Induced abortion has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, but only a small number of wellconducted studies have reported on the relationship. A key challenge to the findings reported in those studies concerns the possible inaccuracy of self-reported information on induced abortion: Breast cancer cases may have been more willing than women without a life-threatening illness to report their history of abortion, resulting in spurious, positive findings. We propose a population-based case- control study to examine the relationship. To increase the accuracy of information on induced abortion, the study will be conducted in Shanghai, China, where induced abortion is not stigmatized and where family planning records document reproductive history. All women aged 54 years and younger, newly diagnosed with breast cancer during 1997 through mid-1999 and resident in Shanghai, will be identified through the populationbased Shanghai Cancer Registry. The same number of age- matched controls will be randomly selected from the population of the geographic area. Approximately 1,470 cases and 1,470 controls will be interviewed to ascertain the number, timing, and outcome of all pregnancies; other reproductive, menstrual, and contraceptive characteristics; family history of breast cancer; and other risk factors for breast cancer. In
Studies 27
addition, we will abstract the reproductive records dept for each participant by the Family Planning Committee. They contain a detailed history of each pregnancy and will be used to enhance the accuracy of the information on induced abortion. Medical records will be requested to obtain information on a history of benign breast disease and use of breast-cancer screening services. The association of induced and spontaneous abortion with breast cancer risk will be examined in relation to age at abortion, parity, and timing of the abortion (before and after first full-term pregnancy, interval to next full-term pregnancy, gestational age.) Should a relationship with induced abortion be found, it will be possible to provide women who are contemplating abortion better information on the possible risks of the procedure in relation to age, parity, and timing of the procedure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: INFERTILITY IN LOW-INCOME LATINOS Principal Investigator & Institution: Becker, Gay; Institute for Health and Aging; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, CA 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall aim of this qualitative, anthropological research is to examine the experiences of low-income Latinos of Mexican American and Central American descent who experience infertility. The specific aims are: 1) to examine the experience of infertility, including cultural meanings associated with gender and fertility, and cultural values about family and parenthood; 2) to examine access to the health care system for infertility treatment and use; 3) to explore the process of seeking and undergoing treatment for infertility; and 4) to examine the ways in which women and men seek to resolve fertility problems in the face of scarce resources, including efforts to become parents through non-medical means. The specific aims will be carried out by studying 120 women and 120 men who are their partners, age 21 and up, using qualitative methods. There will be three interviews at 6-month intervals: an initial couple interview will be followed six months later by solo interviews with each partner, and a final couple interview on year after the initial interview. In cases where it is not possible to include the male partner, women will be followed for all three interviews. The sample will be drawn in approximately equal numbers from 1) the community itself, and 2) a low-income infertility clinic geographically situated within the community that serves this population. Qualitative analysis will be undertaken in a systematic progress of steps. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INSTITUTE FOR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Card, Josefina J. President; Sociometrics Corporation 170 State St, Ste 260 Los Altos, CA 94022 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1997; Project End 28-FEB-2002 Summary: This SBIR (Small Business Innovation Research) Phase II project will establish the Sociometrics Training Institute for Development and Evaluation (IPDE). The Institute will link research and practice in the development, implementation, and evaluation of teen pregnancy prevention and teen STD/HIV/AIDS prevention programs. A professional development certificate in Program Development and Evaluation will be offered to individuals who take a specified curriculum. Phase I developed the Institute's curriculum and prototype course materials with input from a Practitioner Advisory Panel consisting of 15 representatives of the target market:
28 Family Planning
teachers, directors and staff members of community-based organizations, family planning/managed care clinic-based practitioners, and program evaluators. Phase I also demonstrated the feasibility of the Institute's granting participants continuing education unit (CEU) and other professional credits useful for job advancement. The Institute course material will be developed and field tested in Phase II. Recognizing the diversity of individual learning styles and the varying time and funding available to the nation's teachers and practitioners, the IPDE will be offered in several formats. One will be inperson workshops and courses held during the summer at a university near Sociometrics' office (Stanford) and at annual meetings of relevant professional organizations. The other will be a correspondence course program, in which practitioners can go over the training curricula and materials in their own homes, schools, or offices, and obtain continuing education credit by passing brief examinations. The correspondence course materials will consist of user's choice of either a printed guidebook, access to on-line course material on the Internet, or an interactive CD-ROM. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: Unmarried pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease among adolescents are problems of national concern. Many pregnancy and STD/HIV/AIDS prevention programs, with a variety of approaches and assumptions, have been developed and implemented. The formal training to be provided by the proposed Institute will encourage ongoing scientific evaluation of these programs to ascertain the robustness of each program's effectiveness (or lack thereof) across different study populations. National concern with the problems addressed by the Institute suggests a widespread demand for the Institute. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSITIONS
INFLUENCES
ON
ADOLESCENT
Principal Investigator & Institution: Hindin, Michelle J. Population & Family Hlth Scis; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-AUG-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This career development award will focus on the timing and predictors of demographic decisions adolescents make as they move toward adulthood. Decisions made during adolescence, such as the timing of marriage, fertilityrelated behavior, and work to school transitions are critical to the remainder of the life course. The Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS) began with over 3,000 pregnant women in 1983. Since that time, over 2,000 of the women and over 2,000 children born in 1983-84 have been extensively followed. Funding has been obtained to collect two more rounds of data in 2002 and 2005, when the adolescents are 18 and 21. This award will fund original data collection in the adolescents' cohabiting partners in 2002 and 2005 and add to existing data on decision-making collected from mothers in 1994. With the CLHNS, I will test the hypothesis that household decision-making, conceptualized as measures of autonomy and relative power, is important as adolescents make key demographic decisions. Specifically, I will: Aim 1: Design new measures and collect original data on household decision-making autonomy and power in adolescents, their mothers, and their partners and examine the reliability, stability, and validity of these measures, Aim 2: Explore if the timing of marriage, fertility decisions, sexual behavior, and the transition from school to work is determined by specific elements of the adolescents' backgrounds (including autonomy and power) as well as by their mothers' marital, reproductive, schooling and work histories, and Aim 3: Examine the relationship of intimate partner violence and decision- making autonomy and power, and consider the relationship between intimate partner violence and
Studies 29
reproductive health outcomes. During the award, I will focus on developing new skills in collecting original data in large-scale surveys, gain expertise in questionnaire validation, scale development, couple analysis, and complex data analysis, and learn from leaders in the field. The institutional environment, including the Hopkins Population Center, as well as experts in both the quantitative and substantive areas of my research interests, will allow me to form interdisciplinary collaborations and develop the skills required to successfully compete for future research funding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: LATE 20TH CENTURY U.S. FERTILITY TRENDS AND DIFFERENCES Principal Investigator & Institution: Morgan, Philip Philip. Professor; Sociology; Duke University Durham, NC 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 08-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: U.S. fertility trends and levels have become an anomaly, both theoretically and in contrast with what has happened in other developed countries. We argue that one key to understanding this American puzzle lies in understanding fertility trends (overall and age/parity specific) by education and race/ethnicity. To do so, we need fertility rates dis-aggregated by race/ethnicity and education, but unfortunately there is suggestive evidence that the educational and race/ethnicity rates estimated from registration system data are biased. We propose, in seven integrated specific aims, to systematically examine the biases present in vital registration natality data, and then, using other data sources, conduct theoretically guided descriptive analyses of recent U.S. fertility trends and differentials. Specifically, we: 1) Examine the strengths and weaknesses of vital registration data for basic description of U.S. fertility trends and differentials. 2) Estimate age-period-cohort effects on parity-specific fertility time series for the 20th century. 3) Assess the assumptions and usefulness of the Bongaarts and Feeney (1998) technique for decomposing U.S. period fertility differences into quantum and tempo components. 4) Examine parallel or divergent racial/ethnic changes in period fertility. 5) Assess differential change in period fertility by education. 6) Test whether the effects of sex of previous children on subsequent fertility persist over time and are pervasive across race/ethnic and educational groups. 7) Compare these behavioral patterns with stated intentions for additional children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MATERNAL CAREERS AND BIRTH SPACING Principal Investigator & Institution: Clarkberg, Marin; Sociology; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, NY 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 12-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's description): The transformation in family life in recent decades has included changes in the timing and in the occurrence of key family building events. These shifts include substantial delays in the timing of first births after marriage, and increasing intervals between births. Because most research examining the timing of family building events has focused on the transition to a first family building event (e.g., marriage, cohabitation, or a nonmarital birth), the shift toward longer birth intervals is not well understood. A handful of studies has linked birth intervals to women's labor force participation, but two competing hypotheses have been put forward: the desire to work shortens birth intervals to hasten the end of childbearing and the desire to work lengthen birth intervals to reduce the severity of work interruptions. The research proposed here is designed to sharpen our understanding of
30 Family Planning
the processes that affect the timing of births compared with other events in the life course by focusing on the intersection of work-family roles and demands. Using data from the multiple waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in event historical models of interval duration, the applicant proposes to: 1) determine how timevarying employment circumstances and histories of wives and their husbands relate to the transition to a first birth after marriage and the timing of a second birth after a first birth; 2) determine how employment relations surrounding the first birth--including the timing of prenatal job exits and postnatal employment returns, and the availability and nature of maternal/paternal leave--relate to the transition to second birth; and 3) determine how pre- and perinatal experiences surrounding the first birth--including the desire of the birth, traumatic birth experiences, and breast feeding--affect the timing of a second birth, with a particular focus on how these factors may interact with employment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: MINORITY PREDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP Principal Investigator & Institution: Singh, Kavita; Population & Family Hlth Scis; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001 Summary: I am a second year doctoral student. I do not currently have a thesis proposal. My area of interest is birth outcomes and child survival. There are many areas of the world that do not have reliable measures of infant and child mortality. Demographic techniques can make estimates of measures that can be used by health care providers and family planning program officials. Having specific numbers to work with will make it easier to provide an adequate amount of supplies and medicines. It would also give health care workers and relief workers an idea of what to expect when they approach a specific population. Researching the impact of family planning programs on birth outcomes and child survival can help program officials decide where to focus their efforts. An important question is whether spacing behavior has an impact on infant and child mortality? The length of birth intervals can be used as an indicator of spacing behavior. Specific questions that need to be asked include: What factors net of birth intervals impact infant and child mortality? Are breastfeeding, mother's age, gender and parity, prematurity and wantedness important variables? What are the mechanisms underlying the association? The answers to these questions can help health professionals understand how to lower infant mortality rates and improve child survival. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MUTANT ANALYSIS OF TSC1 & TSC2 IN TSC RELATED DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dabora, Sandra L.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 26-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The goals of this proposal are to develop robust, sensitive, and high throughput methods for mutation analysis for the tumor suppressor syndrome, tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). These methods will be immediately useful for clinical purposes but will also be valuable research tools for analysing the molecular pathology in TSC and related disorders. The technology developed during this project will be directly applicable to the study of genetic variation in other disorders as well. TSC is a familial tumor syndrome characterized by the development of benign tumors
Studies 31
(hamartomas) in multiple organs. Although it is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, the majority of new cases (about 65 percent) are sporadic without antecedent family history. Penetrance is high but expression is variable with both severely and mildly affected individuals. Organs most frequently involved are the brain, skin, kidneys and heart. Neurologic morbidity from seizures, mental retardation and behavior disorders is common. Two disease genes, TSC1 and TSC2 have been identified recently. Unfortunately the development of a genetic test has been hindered by the large size of the two genes and the diversity of the mutation spectrum in TSC. The R21 portion of this grant focuses on the development and optimization of a series of 3 assays which will allow for high throughput comprehensive genetic analysis for TSC. The R33 portion of this proposal focuses on using comprehensive mutation analysis for TSC to collect genotype and clinical data on a large cohort of TSC patients. Comprehensive mutation detection methods will also be used to study the role of TSC1 and TSC2 in related disorders as well as in TSC lesions and related non-TSC tumors. There is currently much demand from TSC patients and families for comprehensive mutation analysis for family planning and prenatal diagnosis, diagnosis confirmation, and prognostic information. The proposed plan of study will address this issue as well as help elucidate the role of TSC1 and TSC2 in the molecular pathology of TSC lesions and non-TSC tumors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: NEW FAMILY FORMS IN SOCIAL CONTEXT Principal Investigator & Institution: Musick, Kelly A. Sociology; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, CA 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed research project investigates new family forms and their implications for adults, children and the population-level reproduction of family change. It rests fundamentally on three premises: 1) standard definitions and categories are no longer adequate to represent the reality of family life; 2) static comparisons overlook transitions both within and across family types key to understanding new family forms; 3) ignoring the context in which individuals form and transform families misses a crucial piece of what is needed to make sense of family change. This project pays close attention to heterogeneity within categories commonly applied in family research, looking, for example, at distinctions between never-married and divorced mothers, cohabiting and married two-parent families, and high and low conflict two-parent families. It addresses the dynamic nature of families, tracing change over time both within and across family types. In addition, it situates individuals within families, neighborhoods, and other social contexts that affect their attitudes and behaviors. It relies on new data from three complementary sources: the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), the National Survey of Families and Household (NSFH), and the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (L.A.FANS). The development plan outlined in this application is specifically designed to accomplish the following five objectives: 1) acquire skills in interactions-based models; 2) gain expertise in survey research methods; 3) expand the scope of current research to include perspectives from public health, economics, and law; 4) present new work at scholarly conferences and publish in leading journals; and 5) prepare a grant application to support an independent research program. Training components include mentorship, participation in the California Center for Population Research (CCPR) at the University of CaliforniaLos Angeles (UCLA), an apprenticeship in survey methods with the L.A.FANS, and additional coursework. This research and training application builds on past work,
32 Family Planning
expanding its scope and bringing new tools to bear on questions at the intersection of family, policy, and social inequality. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: NICHD POPULATION RESEARCH CENTER GRANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Bremner, William J. Chief; Medicine; University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: World population continues to increase at a frightening rate, particularly rate, particularly in developing countries. At the 1990 fertility rate (approximately 4 children per woman world-wide) there would be over 75 billion people on earth in year 2100, compared to 6 billion at the present time. Even at the very optimistic projection of 2.5 children per woman, global population will grow to 19 billion by the year 2100. A recent Joint Statement of the fifty-eight of the World's Scientific Academies (including the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A.) concluded: "Humanity is approaching a crisis point with respect to the interlocking issues of population, environment and development. Scientists today have the opportunity and responsibility to mount a concerted effort to confront our human predicament.The academics believe that ultimate success in dealing with global social, economic and environmental problems cannot be achieved without a stable world population.Family planning could bring more benefits to more people at less cost than any other single technology now available to the human race." The work proposed in this application is designed to increase our basic and clinical knowledge of reproductive processes in the male. We are committed to excellence across the spectrum of studies proposed, from basic molecular biology and biochemistry through human physiology with direct application to contraceptive development and the treatment of infertility. Our proposed incorporate the talents of outstanding reproductive biology. We have structured this Center to meld superb science with the practical goal of applying new basic knowledge as quickly as possible to studies in human beings. We hope that, in this way, our work will address critical needs of society such as the dramatic growth of world population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: OPTIMAL INFERTILITY THERAPY RCT: WOMEN 40 AND OLDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Reindollar, Richard H.; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, MA 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This study will determine the most effective treatment strategy for infertile couples who present when the female partner is 40-43 years old and are determined to have a reasonable chance for success. We will conduct a randomized clinical trial to compare success rates and costs. Eligible couples will be randomized to one of three treatment arms: four cycles of immediate in vitro fertilization (IVF), two cycles of clomiphene/intrauterine insemination (IUI) followed by four cycles of IVF, or two cycles of FSH/IUI followed by four cycles of IVF. Visits for infertility services by women of advanced reproductive age have increased disproportionately to those of younger women. Natural fecundity decreases markedly after age 40 because of a decrease in the number of viable oocytes within the ovaries and an increasing proportion of chromosomal abnormalities in those that remain. Success rates for fertility treatment using their own oocytes are significantly lower for older couples. However, for those with adequate ovarian function, achieving pregnancy may
Studies 33
be possible before turning to alternative means of building a family. 1,500 deliveries were reported nationwide in the 1999 CDC National Summary and Fertility Clinics Report for this age group. Very few studies exist in conventional treatments that include the use of superovulation and IUI (SO/IUI) with either clomiphene (an oral medication) or injectable gonadotropins. Although it is likely that these treatments do not differ in success, an unproven bias exists against the less expensive of the two. No randomized trials comparing SO/IUI with IVF in older couples with a reasonable ovarian reserve have been performed. IVF success rates for these couples are higher than the rates reported from small studies using SO/IUI. The proposed study takes advantage of two local features: (1) BIDMC/Boston IVF is the largest infertility center in the United States, treating over 3,084 new patient couples each year, 509 of whom the female partner is 4043, and performing nearly 6% of all US IVF procedures for this age group; and, (2) insurance coverage for infertility is required by Massachusetts law for all participants. The choice of therapeutic alternatives is unaffected by the patient's ability to pay for treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: PATHS TO PROMOTING TEEN SEXUAL & MENTAL HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Bay-Cheng, Laina Y. None; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, MI 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The recent release of the Surgeon General's Call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior evidences the continued interest and concern regarding sexual behavior and its outcomes, particularly among adolescents. Research and great deal of resources on the prevention of negative sexual outcomes such as unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STI), with only mixed results. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been used to study a wide range of health behaviors, including safer sex behaviors such as condom use. Comprised of various sociocognitive elements (attitudes, norms, and perceived behavioral control), the TPB postulates that these elements predict intentions to perform a behavior, and that these intentions, in turn, predict the actual behavior. Despite the proliferation of the TPB in studies of sexual behavior, there remain several compelling issues worthy of study. This research aims to explore four different issues relating to the TPB and adolescent sexual behavior: 1) The predictive value of past behavior has received some attention in the literature on the TPB, but the issue of whether or not past behavior should be included in the model remains unresolved; 2) In addition, a growing body of research on attitudes toward sexuality suggests that having a "sex-positive" attitude, one that endorses sexuality and sexual behaviors as positive aspects of one's life and personality, increases one's ability to advocate for themselves in the sexual arena, such as for the need for safer sex. This suggests a new course for preventive interventions for teens, and calls for further empirical consideration; 3) Third, although the TPB has many strengths, it fails to consider the influence of macrocontextual factors on behavior. Gender differences in social power, for example, may hinder the ability of an adolescent girl to use safer sex if her male partner is unwilling, regardless of her personal perceptions of behavioral control; 4) Last, as advocated in the Surgeon General's report, it is necessary to consider physical, sexual, and mental health as interrelated rather than discrete domains, and to fully explore the connections among them. In order to accomplish these objectives, the TPB will be applied to data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Add Health's size, sample diversity, breadth of focus, and longitudinal design each enable researchers to
34 Family Planning
tackle a wide range of issues, including those mentioned above. This proposed work strives to contribute to existing knowledge by exploring emerging areas of interest in the field of adolescent sexuality while still remaining grounded in a well-established theory of health behavior prediction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: PREIMPLANTATION MODIFICATION
GENETIC
DIAGNOSIS
&
GENETIC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Robertson, John A. None; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, TX 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Advances in in vitro fertilization and in gene transfer and targeting have now made preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) of embryos, and in the future, genetic modification of embryos, techniques of increasing interest. Because PGD tests for genetic conditions prior to pregnancy, its wide availability could lead to embryo screening for many conditions beyond prevention of severe genetic disease. If combined with techniques for genetic alteration of embryos, it could lead to many more parental attempts to select or control the genetic make-up of offspring. Whether PGD and genetic alteration come to play an important role in human reproduction will depend on improving embryo screening and genetic modification techniques, and on resolving the ethical, legal, and social issues which safe and reliable PGD and genetic alteration would present. The purpose of this project is to produce several professional articles that identify and analyze the ethical, legal, and social issues that surround screening and altering human embryos, thus helping society and relevant decision-makers come to grips with these issues. Year 1 of the project will focus on embryo screening as a form of negative genetic selection, and its use in screening embryos for transfer based on reasons other than avoidance of severe genetic disease, i.e., for susceptibility mutations, for HLA matching, for gender, and for non-medical traits. Year II will then address the ethical, legal, and social issues that arise in positive genetic selection by genetic targeting of embryos. It will explore whether prevailing conceptions of procreative and family liberty include the right of prospective parents to alter or modify the genome of offspring for medical or non-medical purposes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF HIV/STI PREVENTION IN ZIMBABWE YOUTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Cowan, Frances M.; U of L University College London University College London London, Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The aim of the project is to implement and rigorously evaluate an innovative adolescent HIV/STI prevention program involving school students, professional peer educators, teachers, parents, rural health clinics and the wider community, by means of a community randomized trial. Primary objective: To measure the effectiveness of an adolescent HIV prevention intervention delivered to secondary school students and the wider community in reducing the incidence of HIV1, Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2) and unintended pregnancy among the students. Secondary objectives: I) To use a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods to explore the evolution of sexual behavior in adolescents in rural Zimbabwe. II) To assess the impact of the intervention on knowledge and attitudes regarding
Studies 35
reproductive and sexual health, reported behavior, and measures of self-efficacy. III) To determine through rigorous process evaluation whether these programs are delivered as intended. IV) To refine and assess the validity of research instruments for measuring sexual behavior in Zimbabwean adolescents. V) To examine through rigorous process evaluation acceptability and feasibility of providing VCT in rural community settings. VI) To study the epidemiology of HSV2 infection among adolescents, and to measure the extent to which HSV2 facilitates acquisition of HIV infection. Trial Design: 30 communities (60 schools) will be randomly allocated to either early or deferred program implementation. The impact of the program will be measured in a cohort of 6,600 students aged >12 (median age 15), who will be followed for 4 years (median age 19). Participants will be surveyed at the start of the project, after 30 months and after 4 years. At each survey they will complete a questionnaire and provide a saliva sample (and females a urine sample). The impact of the program on cumulative incidence of HIV-1 and HSV2 infection, and unintended pregnancy as well as on reported sexual behavior will be determined. A detailed process evaluation of the program will be conducted to inform wider program implementation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: RCT OF A NOVEL ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE INITIATION METHOD Principal Investigator & Institution: Westhoff, Carolyn L. Associate Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 29-AUG-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Description (provided by applicant): Pregnancy rates are high among acceptors of oral contraceptives despite the effectiveness of the method. These pregnancies occur due to incorrect use and due to premature discontinuation of oral contraceptives. Failure to begin one contraceptives after receiving a prescription is a large subcategory. Up to 25% of adolescents who seek oral contraceptives from family planning clinics never take the first pill. Failure to begin oral contraceptives may occur due to ambivalence, confusion about starting instructions, or due to intervening pregnancy. Conventional starting instructions for oral contraceptives require waiting until the next menstrual period, which may leave the client at high risk of pregnancy. Novel approaches to initiation may improve continuation and decrease pregnancy rates among young women seeking oral contraceptives. In order to increase initiation rates we developed a quick start approach in which the client swallows the first pill during the clinic visit under direct observation and then continues daily pill use without waiting for her next menses. Pregnancy tests emergency contraception are used as clinically indicated. In a pilot study of 250 women, those who swallowed the first pill in the clinic were more likely to continue to their second pack of pills than women who received conventional starting instructions (adjusted CR 2.74, 2.74, 95% C.I. 1.1-6.8). We also carried out a randomized trial comparing 90-day bleeding patterns in 113 women who were randomized to quick start or conventional start of a monophasic 35ug EE OC. 104 women completed the study. Bleeding patterns were identical in the quick start and conventional start groups with excellent power to rule out clinically important differences. To further evaluate the usefulness of quick start we propose a multi-enter randomized clinical trial in which we will enroll 2l00 women aged less than 25 years. Subjects will be recruited from 3 publicly funded clinics that primarily serve Hispanic and African-American urban populations of low socio-economic status. They will complete a baseline, 3 month and 6 month questionnaire. The primary aim of the trial is to assess oral contraceptive continuation rates and pregnancy rates. We anticipate 75% low up at 6 months. The major secondary aim is to evaluate the predictive power of the Transtheoretical Model constructs relevant
36 Family Planning
to adoption of and adherence to oral contraceptives. We will also assess dual method use for STD prevention in the study to adoption of and adherence to oral contraceptives. We will also assess dual method use for STD prevention in the study population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: REPRODUCTIVE DECISION MAKING AMONG HIV INFECTED WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Benjamin, Amy W. Anthropology; University of Colorado at Denver Campus Box 129 Denver, CO 802173364 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 06-AUG-2000 Summary: The growing HIV epidemic among women, parallel epidemic of pediatric AIDS, and increasing use of prenatal therapy to prevent vertical HIV transmission focuses critical attention on the outcomes of HIV-infected women's reproductive decisions. Yet the process and determinants of these reproductive decisions have been little studied or systematically evaluated. This study uses qualitative methods to a) develop an ethnographic profile of HIV-infected women's reproductive decisionmaking; and b) identify and link multiple levels of influence on their reproductive decisions. Specific Aims will generate in-depth understanding of HIV-infected women and 1) key individual and social factors that influence their reproductive decisions; 2) external conditions that impact their reproductive choices or ability to exercise those choices; and 3) the impact of existing policies intended to reduce vertical HIV transmission and of clinical advances (such as prenatal therapy) on their reproductive decisions. In-depth interviews are conducted with HIV-infected women and their care providers. Participant observation is conducted with a sub-sample of women chosen for case interest and theoretical relevance. Levels and pathways of influence on reproductive decisions are analyzed based on a Conditional Matrix. The synthesis of indepth case study data and broad contextual understanding will generate grounded theoretical hypotheses to address the specific aims. The results of this research will fill information gaps on HIV-infected women's reproductive decision-making, inform existing policies and interventions targeting HIV-infected women, and identify areas for further qualitative and quantitative research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SAVING WOMEN'S LIVES BY SPACING BIRTHS Principal Investigator & Institution: De Vera, Noemi Z. None; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, AZ 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-AUG-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this study is to examine the perception of spacing births in relation to maternal health by husbands, wives and their families living in the rural communities of the Philippines. Short birth intervals of less than one year between live births is a high-risk factor in fertility behavior in the Philippines. The Southeast Province of Luzon (Philippines), the site for the study, is one of the regions that do not report birth intervals or pregnancy related complications. Research aims include: (1) to analyze the cultural perception of maternal health related to birth spacing by rural Filipino couples; (2) to describe the cultural perception of family members regarding maternal health; and (3) to discover the factors influencing decisions to birth space. An ethnographic methods approach will be used to understand the emic viewpoints of Filipino couples and their families concerning spacing of births related to maternal health using participant observation, field notes, and in-depth
Studies 37
interviews in venues chosen by participants and in rural health clinics, social events, and in other settings as available. Participants will be interviewed and audio-taped with data translated and transcribed into English for analysis and back-translated into Bicol or Tagalog for accuracy. The product of analysis will consist of categories and themes describing the cultural context of birth spacing as it relates to maternal health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: SOCIAL CAPITAL, SOCIAL INVOLVEMENT -ADOLESCENT WELLBEIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Sandefur, Gary D. Professor; Sociology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, WI 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 12-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The purpose of this project is to contribute to the continuing activities of the NICHD Family and Child Well-Being Research Network. The project has two major components: an individual research agenda and a collaborative research agenda. The Principal Investigator will pursue the first component, while the collaborative research agenda will involve joint work with other members of the Research Network. The specific aims of the individual research project are: 1) to examine the features of the social capital available to adolescents; 2) to examine the quantity and quality of adolescent involvement and engagement in school, work, and extracurricular activities; and, 3) to investigate the relationship between social capital and social involvement and early sexual activity, educational attainment, health related behavior, and health outcomes. This research will use data from the National Educational Longitudinal Survey (NELS) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (AddHealth). The specific aims of the collaborative research project are: 1) to contribute to the work of the Federal Interagency Forum for Child and Family Statistics: 2) to contribute to the on-going work of the Research Network on welfare reform issues; and, 3) to assist in the efforts of the Network to integrate health outcomes and health related behaviors into social science models of family and child well-being. The Principal Investigator will contribute to these efforts by his work on the Wisconsin Works (W2) state-level welfare reform initiative, his research on the effects of welfare and family planning policies on out of wedlock childbearing, maternal health, and infant health, and his research on the effects of social capital and social involvement on health and health related behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF UNINTENDED CHILDBEARING Principal Investigator & Institution: Barber, Jennifer S. Population Studies Center; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, MI 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): Unintended childbearing is related to numerous negative consequences for the children and the mothers; however little is known about the social consequences of unintended childbearing, compared to consequences for child health. This project would explore five issues. (1) How does unintended childbearing affect short-term emotional and cognitive development among children? (2) How does unintended childbearing affect long-term family formation behavior among adolescent and adult children? (3) Does unintended childbearing affect all of the children in the family, or only the child born from the unintended pregnancy? (4) Do the consequences of unintended childbearing differ when the pregnancy is
38 Family Planning
evaluated as unintended by the mother compared to the father? (5) Does retrospective measure of unintended childbearing overestimate the consequences of unintended childbearing? The researchers propose to use the NLSY-CS, the IPSPC, and the NSFH to conduct multiple statistical analyses, including logistic regression, OLS regression, linear growth models, multilevel models and hazard models. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Watkins, Susan C. Professor; Sociology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: Social interactions have been increasingly emphasized as important mechanisms influencing attitudes and behaviors including those related to reproductive health. A major motivation for this increased interest is the apparent importance of the diffusion of innovations at least in part through informal social interactions as well as from institutional sources such as family planning programs and the media. Social interactions appear to be important also for program design, sustainability, and evaluation. The project will investigate the roles of social interactions (1) in the diffusion of modern contraceptive methods and of smaller ideal family size, (2) in the diffusion of knowledge of AIDS symptoms and transmission mechanisms and the evaluation of acceptable strategies of protection against AIDS and (3) in shaping husband-wife interactions regarding family planning and more general attitudes on women's autonomy in two high-fertility and high HIV incidence sub-Saharan African countries, using longitudinal data collected or with collection already underway and extended by the project. The specific aims include: (1) To extend already existing or committed longitudinal biennial micro quantitative and qualitative data collection for women and their husbands in high-fertility and high HIV rural areas of Kenya and Malawi and to prepare the data and related documentation for public use; (2) To construct and compare indices for social interactions based on respondents' reports of the characteristics of their network partners with those based on location ("villages") with information on multiple dimensions of network partners (not only network size); and (3) to estimate multivariate relations for determinants of and impacts of social interactions to see if they are selective and to explore their impact on the three sets of reproductive health related outcomes indicated above in order to investigate the impact of wives' vs. husbands' social networks, the sensitivity of estimates to alternative representations of network characteristics and estimation methods, and some aspects of social learning as opposed to social influence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STDS, FERTILITY, MARRIAGE AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Gray, Ronald H. Faculty; Population & Family Hlth Scis; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 19-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: STDs and HIV reduce fertility and increase pregnancy loss. Sub-fertility may lead to marital instability and dissolution, resulting in increased high risk sexual behaviors and thus enhanced M/MV risk. HIV testing also places stress on marriages. We propose to use a unique data set from a community-based study in rural Rakai District, Uganda. Data are available for 11,315 women and 10,698 men who provided detailed socio-demographic, health and behavioral information, and samples for STD
Studies 39
diagnosis, at 5 home visits conducted at 10-month intervals (40 months follow up). These panel data will be used to address the following specific aims using an instrumental variable approach and fixed-effects models to control for endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity. 1) Among women at risk of conception, we will estimate the effects of HIV and other STDs on pregnancy and pregnancy loss rates in HIV+ and HIVwomen, with or without other STDS, after adjustment for covariates such as age, marital status, sub-fertility, frequency of intercourse, contraception and knowledge of HIV status. 2) Longitudinal analyses will be used to assess the effects of prevalent HIV/STD infections, reduced fertility and HIV testing/counseling on family planning use (condom /other modem methods) and rates of marital dissolution, subsequent sexual behaviors and STD/HIV acquisition. Data on couples and sexual networks will also be considered. 3) Reduced fertility of HIV+ women causes bias in antenatal surveillance of HIV, leading to underestimation of population HIV prevalence and artifacts in HIV trends. We will estimate the magnitude of this bias in HIV prevalence estimates among pregnant women relative to the population of reproductive age, and assess how such bias varies by age, parity, duration of marriage, and over time. Demographic projections of the impact of the HIV epidemic are largely based on antenatal HIV seroprevalence estimates and fail to account for the fertility inhibiting effects of HIV. In collaboration with the U.S. Bureau of Census, data from the proposed study will be used to revise demographic projections of the effects of HIV on population growth, composition and AIDS orphanhood. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: THE EVOLVING EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV/AIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA Principal Investigator & Institution: Abdool Karim, Quarraisha; University of Natal Durban 4041, South Africa Durban, Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Description (provided by applicant): The HIV epidemic in South Africa has several distinctive features; "explosive" spread, predominance in women at younger ages, and very high prevalence with no sign of a 'saturation' plateau. As accompanying morbidity and now mortality rise, design of effective prevention and treatment calls for better understanding of the unfolding epidemiologic pattern. Community-level epidemiological, demographic and social data are necessary as the basis for assessing prevention and/or therapeutic approaches. We therefore propose to monitor epidemic trends in a rural community by gender, age and relevant social factors such as occupation and education at four levels: population rates of HIV prevalence and incidence; morbidity and health service impact; mortality; and the social/behavioral impact of AIDS mortality. HIV prevalence will be measured in patients attending antenatal, family planning, sexually transmitted diseases and tuberculosis clinics at two major health centers in a rural South Africa district. Each of these risk groups will be sampled for two months each year in order to obtain adequate numbers of or agespecific rates. The sensitive/less sensitive assay, which was recently validated with South African seroconvertors, will be used to determine the incidence rates in these groups. HIV-associated morbidity will be documented in clinic registers specifically devised for this purpose. These data will then elucidate the case mix at the clinics and provide an indication of the changing burden on AIDS in primary health care services. Data on deaths due to AIDS will be collected from several sources, including death certificates, cemetery records, undertaker records and from local traditional leaders. Trends in mortality and the changing age-specific mortality rates will be documented together with more detailed information obtained from verbal autopsies. Household
40 Family Planning
members experiencing a death due to AIDS will be compared to household members experiencing a death due to any other cause, to determine if the AIDS death led to the adoption of HIV riskreducing behavior. Taken together these data will produce a comprehensive profile of the evolving HIV/AIDS epidemic in a rural community in South Africa. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: UNINTENDED EFFECTIVENESS
PREGNANCY
AND
CONTRACEPTIVE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Darroch, Jacqueline E.; Alan Guttmacher Institute 120 Wall St, 21St Fl New York, NY 10005 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: The issue of pregnancy intetention and contraepective failure continue to cause substantial social concern in the United States. An important aspect of this concern is the persistence of large differences among socioeconomic subgroups in levels of unintended pregnancy, abortion and contractive failure. New survey data have begun to reveal the complexities underlying what has been traditionally considered simply "unintended pregnancy." however, the traditional or core measures continue to be needed to provide consistent monitoring of trends. The proposed project would use new National Survey of Family Growth (NSF) data, as well as data from a new Abortion Provider Survey and a new Abortion Patient Survey, to study in detail pregnancy intention and the interrelationships between planning status, bit want and contraceptive failure, in addition to estimating core measures of unintended pregnancy and conteacrptive failure and discontinuation. We would estimate total and subgroupspecific levels of pregnancy and unintended pregnancy and analyze components of change over time. We will also estimate two indicator of success or difficulty among American couples using contraceptives- the proportions of method users who become accidentally pregnant while using a method and the proportions who discontinue method use for other reasons- as well as to which these indicators differ across methods and across subgroups. We would investigate changes from the mid- 1980's to 2000 in use-failure and discontinuation rates. If unintended pregnancies ending in abortion are highly underrepoted in the 2001 NSF, as they have been in all prior NSFGs, we would use procedures developed under a prior NICHE grant to correct NSF data for abortion under reporting and to calculate more accurate measures of contraceptive use-failure and discontinuation rates and of national pregnancy and unintended pregnancy levels than would be possible from the NSF alone. Findings from this project would contribute to the morning of the Healthy People 2010 adjectives and help to direct their achievement; they would also assist health professionals counseling clients on choice of contraception, and individuals choosing a method; and they would provide assistance to other researchers using NSF data for analysis of pregnancy outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: WOMEN IN PRISON: DECREASING UNPLANNED PREGNANCIES & STDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Clarke, Jennifer G.; Rhode Island Hospital (Providence, Ri) Providence, RI 02903 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application is a revised submission for a Mentored-Patient Oriented Research Career Development Award (K23) from the
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National Institute of Health. My goal is to gain the tools required to become a leader in women?s health research as an independent clinical investigator with a focus on incarcerated women. Building on my strong training in women?s health I propose to develop additional skills through: 1)coursework and seminars to strengthen my understanding of statistics and research methods and to obtain an MPH; 2) interaction with a multidisciplinary team of mentors; and 3) a focused supervised research project. My research and career objectives involve impacting the health of impoverished communities through investigations of public health interventions addressing the needs of incarcerated women. I plan to work closely with Dr. Jeffrey Peipert (primary mentor) who is an accomplished researcher with expertise in prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unplanned pregnancies. I will also work with Drs. Mike Stein and Timothy Flanigan who have expertise in infectious diseases, substance abuse, and research involving incarcerated women. The research proposed in this application examines the effects of a computer-based educational intervention targeting behaviors to decrease STIs and unplanned pregnancies. The specific aim is to evaluate a computer based feedback program that is individualized to a woman?s readiness to change a behavior (Individualized Intervention) versus a standard computer educational program. Primary outcomes are behavioral (reporting use of dual methods of contraception) and biological (incident or recurrent STIs or unplanned pregnancies.) Women will be randomized to either the Individualized Intervention or enhanced standard of care while in prison and will be followed every six months for 12 months. My primary mentor, Dr. Peipert has extensive experience with the Individualized Intervention and was instrumental in its development. Funded by the NICHD, he is the PI evaluating this system in two primary care settings. He will provide me with advanced training in survey research methodology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “family planning” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for family planning in the PubMed Central database: ·
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Consultation patterns and provision of contraception in general practice before teenage pregnancy: case-control study. by Churchill D, Allen J, Pringle M, HippisleyCox J, Ebdon D, Macpherson M, Bradley S. 2000 Aug 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27465
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Effect of educational leaflets and questions on knowledge of contraception in women taking the combined contraceptive pill: randomised controlled trial. by Little P, Griffin S, Kelly J, Dickson N, Sadler C. 1998 Jun 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28594
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Emergency contraception. by Cole M. 2000 Aug 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=80282
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Improving teenagers' knowledge of emergency contraception: cluster randomised controlled trial of a teacher led intervention. by Graham A, Moore L, Sharp D, Diamond I. 2002 May 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111106
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Performance of the Gen-Probe AMPLIFIED Chlamydia Trachomatis Assay in Detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in Endocervical and Urine Specimens from Women and Urethral and Urine Specimens from Men Attending Sexually Transmitted Disease and Family Planning Clinics. by Ferrero DV, Meyers HN, Schultz DE, Willis SA. 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105306
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Questionnaire study of use of emergency contraception among teenagers. by Kosunen E, Vikat A, Rimpela M, Rimpela A, Huhtala H. 1999 Jul 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28157
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The effects of postnatal health education for mothers on infant care and family planning practices in Nepal: a randomised controlled trial. by Bolam A, Manandhar DS, Shrestha P, Ellis M, Costello AM. 1998 Mar 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28481
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Value of family history in identifying women at risk of venous thromboembolism during oral contraception: observational study. by Cosmi B, Legnani C, Bernardi F, Coccheri S, Palareti G. 2001 Apr 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=31038
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Young women's accounts of factors influencing their use and non-use of emergency contraception: in-depth interview study. by Free C, Lee RM, Ogden J. 2002 Dec 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=138517
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with family planning, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “family planning” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for family planning (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): ·
A birth control vaccine is on the horizon for family planning. Author(s): Talwar GP, Singh O, Pal R, Chatterjee N, Upadhyay SN, Kaushic C, Garg S, Kaur R, Singh M, Chandrasekhar S, et al. Source: Annals of Medicine. 1993 April; 25(2): 207-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7683889&dopt=Abstract
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A boost for family planning. Author(s): Pearce-Biney J. Source: World Health Forum. 1989; 10(2): 200-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2610832&dopt=Abstract
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A case/comparison study in the Eastern Region of Ghana on the effects of incorporating selected reproductive health services on family planning services. Author(s): Fullerton J, Fort A, Johal K. Source: Midwifery. 2003 March; 19(1): 17-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12634033&dopt=Abstract
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A child with cystic fibrosis: II. Subsequent family planning decisions, reproduction and use of prenatal diagnosis. Author(s): Evers-Kiebooms G, Denayer L, Van den Berghe H. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1990 March; 37(3): 207-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2323090&dopt=Abstract
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A client-centered approach to family planning: the Davao project. Author(s): Costello M, Lacuesta M, RamaRao S, Jain A. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 2001 December; 32(4): 302-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11831049&dopt=Abstract
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A community-based distribution strategy for family planning. Author(s): Legemate C, Blignaut P, van Velden N, Wertlen W, van Niekerk S, Theron M, van Wyk S, Peattie J, van Schalkwyk A, Pattison-Bacon J. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1996 November; 86(11): 1386-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8980555&dopt=Abstract
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A contextual model for reproductive health education: fertility and family planning in Jordan. Author(s): Paksima SM, Madanat HN, Hawks SR. Source: Promot Educ. 2002; 9(3): 89-95, 115, 126. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426969&dopt=Abstract
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A cost analysis of family planning in Bangladesh. Author(s): Fiedler JL, Day LM. Source: The International Journal of Health Planning and Management. 1997 OctoberDecember; 12(4): 251-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10177415&dopt=Abstract
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A decade of Nepal's family planning program: achievements and prospects. Author(s): Thapa S. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1989 January-February; 20(1): 38-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2785301&dopt=Abstract
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A family planning clinic in general practice. Author(s): Hamilton P. Source: Practitioner. 1989 February 8; 233(1462): 140, 142, 144. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2798298&dopt=Abstract
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A family planning intervention to reduce vertical transmission of HIV in Rwanda. Author(s): King R, Estey J, Allen S, Kegeles S, Wolf W, Valentine C, Serufilira A. Source: Aids (London, England). 1995 July; 9 Suppl 1: S45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8562000&dopt=Abstract
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A fixed formula to define the fertile window of the menstrual cycle as the basis of a simple method of natural family planning. Author(s): Arevalo M, Sinai I, Jennings V. Source: Contraception. 1999 December; 60(6): 357-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10715371&dopt=Abstract
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A follow-up study of first trimester induced abortions at hospitals and family planning clinics in Sichuan province, China. Author(s): Luo L, Wu SZ, Chen XQ, Li MX, Pullum TW. Source: Contraception. 1996 May; 53(5): 267-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8724615&dopt=Abstract
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A natural setting for personal advice. Setting up a GP practice family planning clinic. Author(s): Pretlove V. Source: Prof Nurse. 1991 August; 6(11): 687-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1871170&dopt=Abstract
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A new Clinical Effectiveness Unit for the Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. Author(s): Penney G. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2002 October; 28(4): 176-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419053&dopt=Abstract
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A new diagnostic aid for natural family planning. Author(s): Barbato M, Pandolfi A, Guida M. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1993 December; 9(4): 335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8147248&dopt=Abstract
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A preliminary report of Norplant implant insertions in a large urban family planning program. Author(s): Crosby UD, Schwarz BE, Gluck KL, Heartwell SF. Source: Contraception. 1993 October; 48(4): 359-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8222663&dopt=Abstract
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A profile of family planning audit in England 1994-1997. Author(s): Killick SR, Jones A. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1998 July; 24(2): 72-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9741981&dopt=Abstract
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A profile of the adolescent male family planning client. Author(s): Brindis C, Boggess J, Katsuranis F, Mantell M, McCarter V, Wolfe A. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1998 March-April; 30(2): 63-6, 88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9561870&dopt=Abstract
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A profile of young adolescents attending a teen family planning clinic. Author(s): Swenson IE. Source: Adolescence. 1992 Fall; 27(107): 647-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1414575&dopt=Abstract
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A review of family planning services by general practitioners in a health board region. Author(s): Bonner CJ, Lynn O, Bedford D, Howell F. Source: Ir Med J. 2001 October; 94(9): 273-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11820519&dopt=Abstract
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A right for family planning: the benefits of contraception for women's health and social status. Author(s): Charlafti I. Source: Embo Reports. 2002 March; 3(3): 211-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11882538&dopt=Abstract
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A study of the lactational amenorrhoea method of family planning in New Zealand women. Author(s): France MM. Source: N Z Med J. 1996 May 24; 109(1022): 189-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8657386&dopt=Abstract
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A survey of attitudes to abortion law in Northern Ireland amongst obstetricians, gynaecologists and family planning doctors. Author(s): Black G, Hunter A, Heasley N. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2001 October; 27(4): 221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457473&dopt=Abstract
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A survey of Papua New Guinean parturients at the Port Moresby General Hospital: family planning. Author(s): Klufio CA, Amoa AB, Kariwiga G. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1995 January; 27(1): 11-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7876291&dopt=Abstract
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A tale of two sexually transmitted diseases. Prevalences and predictors of chlamydia and gonorrhea in women attending Colorado family planning clinics. Author(s): Gershman KA, Barrow JC. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1996 November-December; 23(6): 481-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8946633&dopt=Abstract
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A test of alternative supervision strategies for family planning services in Guatemala. Author(s): Vernon R, Staunton A, Garcia M, Arroyo JJ, Rosenberg R. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1994 July-August; 25(4): 232-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7985217&dopt=Abstract
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Abortion in the framework of family planning in Estonia. Author(s): Karro H. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. Supplement. 1997; 164: 46-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9225637&dopt=Abstract
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Acceptability of Norplant-2 rods as a method of family planning. Author(s): Singh K, Viegas OA, Ratnam SS. Source: Contraception. 1992 May; 45(5): 453-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1623717&dopt=Abstract
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Access to family planning clinics--a local experience. Author(s): Reed B, Francis C, Blencowe P, Lamb V. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 1999 March; 4(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10367197&dopt=Abstract
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Access to family planning services and health insurance among low-income women in Arizona. Author(s): Kirkman-Liff B, Kronenfeld JJ. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1994 June; 84(6): 1010-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8203666&dopt=Abstract
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Access to family planning services: relationship with unintended pregnancies and prenatal outcomes. Author(s): Mitchell JB, McCormack LA. Source: Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 1997 May; 8(2): 141-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9114624&dopt=Abstract
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Access to genitourinary medicine services by women attending a family planning clinic. Author(s): Gunneberg N, Mann MC, Radcliffe KW. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1996 March-April; 7(2): 102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8737333&dopt=Abstract
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Accessibility and organizational settings for public supported family planning services. Author(s): Milligan SE. Source: Women Health. 1989; 15(1): 71-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2787565&dopt=Abstract
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Acculturation status, birth outcomes, and family planning compliance among Hispanic teens. Author(s): Jones ME, Kubelka S, Bond ML. Source: J Sch Nurs. 2001 April; 17(2): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885117&dopt=Abstract
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Adolescents' access to reproductive health and family planning services in Dakar (Senegal). Author(s): Nare C, Katz K, Tolley E. Source: Afr J Reprod Health. 1997 September; 1(2): 15-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10214411&dopt=Abstract
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Advance provision of oral contraceptives to family planning clients in Kenya. Author(s): Stanback J, Qureshi ZP, Sekkade-Kigondu C. Source: East Afr Med J. 2002 May; 79(5): 257-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12638810&dopt=Abstract
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Adverse outcomes of planned and unplanned pregnancies among users of natural family planning: a prospective study. Author(s): Bitto A, Gray RH, Simpson JL, Queenan JT, Kambic RT, Perez A, Mena P, Barbato M, Li C, Jennings V. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1997 March; 87(3): 338-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9096531&dopt=Abstract
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Africa: the new family planning frontier. Author(s): Caldwell JC, Caldwell P. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 2002 March; 33(1): 76-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11974421&dopt=Abstract
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Africa: using radio soap operas to promote family planning. Author(s): Lettenmaier C, Krenn S, Morgan W, Kols A, Piotrow P. Source: Hygie. 1993; 12(1): 5-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8462987&dopt=Abstract
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AIDS and family planning counseling of psychiatrically ill women in community mental health clinics. Author(s): Coverdale JH, Aruffo JF. Source: Community Mental Health Journal. 1992 February; 28(1): 13-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1572151&dopt=Abstract
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AIDS knowledge, perceived risk and prevention among adolescent clients of a family planning clinic. Author(s): Weisman CS, Nathanson CA, Ensminger M, Teitelbaum MA, Robinson JC, Plichta S. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1989 September-October; 21(5): 213-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2806487&dopt=Abstract
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AIDS prevention and family planning. Author(s): May JF, Van de Perre P, Sokal D, Carael M, Fox E, Habiyakare T, Bucyendore A. Source: Lancet. 1991 July 6; 338(8758): 63-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1676125&dopt=Abstract
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AIDS-related attitudes and knowledge among attenders at a Scottish family planning clinic. Author(s): Barbour RS, Macintyre S, McIlwaine G, Wilson E. Source: Scott Med J. 1991 April; 36(2): 46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1853194&dopt=Abstract
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Alaska/Russian Far East women's health and family planning. Author(s): Thomsen RJ. Source: Alaska Med. 1994 July-September; 36(3): 148-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7802157&dopt=Abstract
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Alternative approaches for delivery of family planning, maternal and child health services. Author(s): Sharma R. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1991 December; 28(12): 1453-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1819566&dopt=Abstract
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Alternative approaches for delivery of family planning, maternal and child health services. Author(s): Khale M, Chand AD. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1991 December; 28(12): 1465-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1819567&dopt=Abstract
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An evaluation of initiatives to improve family planning use by African-American adolescents. Author(s): Kissinger P, Trim S, Williams E, Mielke E, Koporc K, Brown RW. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1997 February; 89(2): 110-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9046764&dopt=Abstract
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An evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of mobile family planning services in Tunisia. Author(s): Coeytaux F, Donaldson D, Aloui T, Kilani T, Fourati H. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1989 May-June; 20(3): 158-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2499957&dopt=Abstract
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An experiment using a month-by-month calendar in a family planning survey in Costa Rica. Author(s): Becker S, Sosa D. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1992 November-December; 23(6 Pt 1): 386-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1293862&dopt=Abstract
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An exploratory study of information-giving used to promote chlamydial test-seeking by students at a college family planning clinic. Author(s): McClean H, Sutherland J, Searle S, Howarth P. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 October; 26(4): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11053877&dopt=Abstract
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An interface of chlamydia testing by community family planning clinics and referral to hospital genitourinary medicine clinics. Author(s): Wilkinson C, Massil H, Evans J. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 October; 26(4): 206-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11053876&dopt=Abstract
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An overview on the effectiveness of natural family planning. Author(s): Guida M, Tommaselli GA, Pellicano M, Palomba S, Nappi C. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 1997 June; 11(3): 203-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9209901&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of 369 abortions conducted by mifepristone (RU486) associated with sulprostone in a French family planning center. Author(s): Thonneau P, Fougeyrollas B, Spira A. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1994 April; 61(4): 627-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7512053&dopt=Abstract
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Analyzing nurse-client interactions in family planning clinics. Author(s): Dodge JA, Oakley D. Source: Journal of Community Health Nursing. 1989; 6(1): 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2926459&dopt=Abstract
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Approaches to natural family planning. Author(s): Gnoth C. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 December; 74(6): 1262-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11188022&dopt=Abstract
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Architecture and power: a family planning clinic as a case study. Author(s): Gillespie R. Source: Health & Place. 2002 September; 8(3): 211-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135644&dopt=Abstract
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Are computers of any use in a family planning clinic? Author(s): Bigrigg A. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 April; 26(2): 100-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10773603&dopt=Abstract
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Are husbands a barrier to women's family planning use? The case of Morocco. Author(s): Speizer IS. Source: Soc Biol. 1999 Spring-Summer; 46(1-2): 1-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10842498&dopt=Abstract
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Are there unmet family planning needs in Europe? Author(s): Klijzing E. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 2000 March-April; 32(2): 74-81, 88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10779238&dopt=Abstract
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Article on parental notification law draws criticism. Family planning behavior of minors doubted. Author(s): Paneth N. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1992 May; 82(5): 757; Author Reply 759-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1566962&dopt=Abstract
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Asian women's use of family planning services. Author(s): Hennink M, Cooper P, Diamond I. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1998 July; 24(2): 43-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9719711&dopt=Abstract
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Asia's family planning programs as low fertility is attained. Author(s): Jones G, Leete R. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 2002 March; 33(1): 114-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11974416&dopt=Abstract
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Aspects of failed family planning in the United States of America and Germany. Author(s): Harrer H. Source: The Journal of Legal Medicine. 1994 March; 15(1): 89-127. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8201277&dopt=Abstract
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Assessing family planning service-delivery practices: the case of private physicians in Jamaica. Author(s): Hardee K, Clyde M, McDonald OP, Bailey W, Villinski MT. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1995 November-December; 26(6): 338-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8826073&dopt=Abstract
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Assessing family planning service-delivery skills in Kenya. Author(s): Valadez JJ, Transgrud R, Mbugua M, Smith T. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1997 June; 28(2): 143-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9216034&dopt=Abstract
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Assessing the skills for family planning nurse prescribing: development of a psychometrically sound training needs analysis instrument. Author(s): Hicks C, Tyler C. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2002 March; 37(6): 518-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879416&dopt=Abstract
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Assessing the wraparound process during family planning meetings. Author(s): Epstein MH, Nordness PD, Kutash K, Duchnowski A, Schrepf S, Benner GJ, Nelson JR. Source: The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 2003 July-September; 30(3): 352-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12875102&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of a new approach to family planning services in rural Pakistan. Author(s): Sultan M, Cleland JG, Ali MM. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 July; 92(7): 1168-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12084703&dopt=Abstract
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Associations of mass media exposure with family planning attitudes and practices in Uganda. Author(s): Gupta N, Katende C, Bessinger R. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 2003 March; 34(1): 19-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12772443&dopt=Abstract
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Attitude of unmarried girls towards family planning: a study in an Orissa City. Author(s): Rout S, Sahani S, Sahu G. Source: The Nursing Journal of India. 1991 March; 82(3): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1749726&dopt=Abstract
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Attitude towards family planning in Dharan, east Nepal: implications for the family planning programme. Author(s): Glennon MJ, Fegan DJ. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1993 November-December; 87(6): 612-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8296354&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes of Czech and Slovak gynecologists toward family planning. Author(s): Visser AP, Uzel R, Ketting E, Bruyniks N, Oddens BJ. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1993 December; 9(4): 351-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8147250&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes of family planning nurses. Author(s): Tettersell M. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1991 November 6-12; 6(7): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1954106&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes of general practitioners in Northern Ireland toward abortion and family planning. Author(s): Francome C. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1997 September-October; 29(5): 234-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9323501&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes of men towards family planning in Mbeya region, Tanzania: a rural-urban comparison of qualitative data. Author(s): Mwageni EA, Ankomah A, Powell RA. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1998 July; 30(3): 381-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9746836&dopt=Abstract
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Audit of outcome following positive chlamydial test results in family planning clinics in Southampton. Author(s): Willmott F, Tolcher R. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 November; 11(11): 756-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11089792&dopt=Abstract
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Auditing the introduction of a new product to a family planning service. Author(s): Murty J, Barron A, Searle ES. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1998 April; 24(1): 24-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9719704&dopt=Abstract
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Awareness and use of family planning methods among married women in Ibadan, Nigeria. Author(s): Obisesan KA, Adeyemo AA, Fakokunde BO. Source: East Afr Med J. 1998 March; 75(3): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640808&dopt=Abstract
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Awareness of natural family planning. Author(s): Cooling N, Cronk W. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1999 March; 28(3): 208. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10098298&dopt=Abstract
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Balance in family planning. Author(s): Singh K, Viegas OA, Ratnam SS. Source: World Health Forum. 1989; 10(3-4): 344-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2637705&dopt=Abstract
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Barriers to family planning services among patients in drug treatment programs. Author(s): Armstrong KA, Kenen R, Samost L. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1991 November-December; 23(6): 264-6, 270-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1786807&dopt=Abstract
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Behavior change strategies for family planning. Author(s): Elder JP, Estey JD. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1992 October; 35(8): 1065-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1411701&dopt=Abstract
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Benefits from family planning services. Author(s): Benagiano G. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 1996 September; 1(3): 225-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9678120&dopt=Abstract
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Beyond supply: the importance of female family planning workers in rural Bangladesh. Author(s): Simmons R, Baqee L, Koenig MA, Phillips JF. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1988 January-February; 19(1): 29-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3363604&dopt=Abstract
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Billings natural family planning in Shanghai, China. Author(s): Xu JX, Yan JH, Fan DZ, Zhang DW. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1994 September; 10(3): 195-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7863845&dopt=Abstract
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Birth spacing decision: issues and views on family planning services in Kabwe District, Zambia. Author(s): Ondolo O, Mbomena J, Ebrahim GJ. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1990 December; 36(6): 331-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2280443&dopt=Abstract
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Bound and gagged: America's family planning network. Author(s): Dryfoos JG. Source: J Am Health Policy. 1992 January-February; 2(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10116482&dopt=Abstract
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Breakage and slippage of condoms in family planning clients. Author(s): Sparrow MJ, Lavill K. Source: Contraception. 1994 August; 50(2): 117-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7956211&dopt=Abstract
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Breast-feeding and natural family planning. Author(s): Marcu G, Ciochina AD, Deleanu A, Bacauanu A, Morosanu L, Sistoc L, Bruma L. Source: Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 1993 April-June; 97(2): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7997664&dopt=Abstract
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Breast-feeding and natural family planning. Author(s): Gross BA. Source: Int J Fertil. 1988; 33 Suppl: 24-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2902022&dopt=Abstract
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Breastfeeding and the ovulation method of natural family planning. Author(s): Delucchi V. Source: Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 1993 September; 9(3): 153. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8260029&dopt=Abstract
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Breastfeeding in family planning programs: a help or a hindrance? Author(s): Huffman SL, Labbok MH. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1994 December; 47 Suppl: S2331; Discussion S31-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7713303&dopt=Abstract
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Breastfeeding promotion in family planning programs. Author(s): Jennings VH. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1990; 31 Suppl 1: 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1972074&dopt=Abstract
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Cambodian refugees' family planning knowledge and use. Author(s): Kulig JC. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1995 July; 22(1): 150-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7560523&dopt=Abstract
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Case studies of collaboration between family planning agencies and managed care organizations. Author(s): Orbovich C. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1995 September; 163(3 Suppl): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7571602&dopt=Abstract
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Challenges facing family planning clinics and Title X. Author(s): Dailard C. Source: Issues Brief (Alan Guttmacher Inst). 2001 April; (3): 1-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12134886&dopt=Abstract
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Challenges of family planning in Africa. Author(s): Ruminjo JK. Source: East Afr Med J. 1998 March; 75(3): 129-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640806&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in ante-natal care and family planning in Krakor, Pursat, Cambodia, 19961998. Author(s): Main B, Lower T, James R, Rouse I. Source: Asia Pac J Public Health. 2001; 13(2): 74-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597502&dopt=Abstract
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Changes to the ENB's Family Planning Course have made further training impractical and almost impossible for practice nurses. Author(s): Lawler R. Source: Nurs Times. 1998 July 22-28; 94(29): 47. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9749029&dopt=Abstract
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Changing screening strategies for genital chlamydia in family planning clinics: a good public health strategy? Author(s): Simms I, Hopwood J, Mallinson H, Rogers P, Webb A. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 2000 March; 5(1): 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10836669&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics associated with contraceptive use among adolescent females in schoolbased family planning programs. Author(s): Brindis C, Starbuck-Morales S, Wolfe AL, McCarter V. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1994 July-August; 26(4): 160-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7957817&dopt=Abstract
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Child abuse as an inhibiting factor for family planning. Author(s): Fahim HI, Faris R. Source: J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 1992; 67(1-2): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1295939&dopt=Abstract
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China tries easing one-brutal approach to family planning. Author(s): Chang L. Source: Wall St J (East Ed). 2001 February 2; : A1, A6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12159911&dopt=Abstract
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China's family planning policy: an overview of its past and future. Author(s): Attane I. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 2002 March; 33(1): 103-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11974414&dopt=Abstract
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Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in asymptomatic family planning patients in rural New Mexico. Author(s): Bell TA, Ebenezer MR. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1989 May; 150(5): 543-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2741450&dopt=Abstract
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Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women attending urban midwestern family planning and community health clinics: risk factors, selective screening, and evaluation of non-culture techniques. Author(s): Addiss DG, Vaughn ML, Golubjatnikov R, Pfister J, Kurtycz DF, Davis JP. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1990 July-September; 17(3): 138-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2247804&dopt=Abstract
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Chlamydia trachomatis screening in a family planning clinic. Author(s): Yee AS, Twombly-al-Hallaq K, Kallail KJ, Walling AD, Pohlenz D. Source: Fam Pract Res J. 1993 December; 13(4): 365-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8285087&dopt=Abstract
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Chlamydia trachomatis screening in family planning centers: a review of cost/benefit evaluations in different countries. Author(s): Henry-Suchet J, Sluzhinska A, Serfaty D. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 1996 December; 1(4): 301-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9678112&dopt=Abstract
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Chlamydia trachomatis: prevalence and risk factors in a family planning setting. Author(s): Abel LJ. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1994 August; 19(8): 30-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7970313&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical audit of the process of referral to genitourinary medicine of patients found to be chlamydia positive in a family planning service. Author(s): Tobin JM, Bateman J, Banks B, Jeffs J. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1999 January; 24(4): 160-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10023102&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical performance of the levonorgestrel intra-uterine system in routine use by the UK Family Planning and Reproductive Health Research Network: 12-month report. Author(s): Cox M, Blacksell S. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 July; 26(3): 143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10920290&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical performance of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system in routine use by the UK Family Planning and Reproductive Health Research Network: 5-year report. Author(s): Cox M, Tripp J, Blacksell S. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2002 April; 28(2): 73-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396776&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical performance of the Nova T380 intrauterine device in routine use by the UK Family Planning and Reproductive Health Research Network: 5-year report. Author(s): Cox M, Tripp J, Blacksell S; UK Family Planning and Reproductive Health Research Network. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2002 April; 28(2): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396775&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical performance of the Nova-T380 IUD in routine use by the UK Family Planning and Reproductive Health Research Network: 12-month report. Author(s): Cox M, Blacksell SE. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 July; 26(3): 148-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10920291&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical performance of the TCu 380A and TCu 220C IUDs in four developing country family planning clinics. Author(s): Farr G, Amatya R, Betancourt JD, David M, Alfonso L, Dacalos E. Source: Contraception. 1994 November; 50(5): 417-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7859451&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical study of the lactational amenorrhoea method for family planning. Author(s): Perez A, Labbok MH, Queenan JT. Source: Lancet. 1992 April 18; 339(8799): 968-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1348806&dopt=Abstract
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Coitus and contraception: the utility of data on sexual intercourse for family planning programs. Author(s): Blanc AK, Rutenberg N. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1991 May-June; 22(3): 162-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1949099&dopt=Abstract
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Coitus-dependent family planning methods: observations from Bangladesh. Author(s): Gray A, Chowdhury JH, Caldwell B, al-Sabir A. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1999 March; 30(1): 43-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10216895&dopt=Abstract
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Combined oral contraceptives, migraine and ischaemic stroke. Clinical and Scientific Committee of the Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care and the Family Planning Association. Author(s): MacGregor EA, Guillebaud J. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1998 July; 24(2): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9719712&dopt=Abstract
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Commissioned review: the national strategy for sexual health and HIV: a perspective from family planning. Author(s): Smith C. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2001 October; 27(4): 230-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457477&dopt=Abstract
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Community health centers and family planning. Author(s): Dailard C. Source: Issues Brief (Alan Guttmacher Inst). 2001 November; (6): 1-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12134889&dopt=Abstract
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Community health nurses and family planning services for men. Author(s): Swanson JM, Swenson I, Oakley D, Marcy S. Source: Journal of Community Health Nursing. 1990; 7(2): 87-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2348222&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative costs of family planning services and hospital-based maternity care in Turkey. Author(s): Cakir HV, Fabricant SJ, Kircalioglu FN. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1996 September-October; 27(5): 269-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8923654&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of contraceptive implant adopters and pill users in a family planning clinic in Baltimore. Author(s): Weisman CS, Plichta SB, Tirado DE, Dana KH. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1993 September-October; 25(5): 224-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8262172&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of four cytologic sampling techniques in a large family planning center. Author(s): Szarewski A, Curran G, Edwards R, Cuzick J, Kocjan G, Bounds W, Guillebaud J. Source: Acta Cytol. 1993 July-August; 37(4): 457-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8328239&dopt=Abstract
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Condom shape: a neglected factor influencing use and acceptability? UK Family Planning Research Network. Author(s): Garside R. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1999 December; 10(12): 785-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10639058&dopt=Abstract
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Condom use and breakage among women in a municipal hospital family planning clinic. Author(s): Albert AE, Hatcher RA, Graves W. Source: Contraception. 1991 February; 43(2): 167-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2040169&dopt=Abstract
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Condom use with regular and casual partners among women attending family planning clinics. Author(s): Soskolne V, Aral SO, Magder LS, Reed DS, Bowen GS. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1991 September-October; 23(5): 222-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1743275&dopt=Abstract
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Condoms, IUDs, counseling and natural family planning. Author(s): Agnoli FL. Source: American Family Physician. 1994 September 15; 50(4): 768. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8079904&dopt=Abstract
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Condoms, IUDs, counseling and natural family planning. Author(s): Bretzman MC, Stanford JB. Source: American Family Physician. 1994 September 15; 50(4): 766, 768. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8079903&dopt=Abstract
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Condoms, IUDs, counseling and natural family planning. Author(s): Kondash JA, Kondash ST. Source: American Family Physician. 1994 September 15; 50(4): 766. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8079902&dopt=Abstract
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Condoms, IUDs, counseling and natural family planning. Author(s): Pelham-Harris P. Source: American Family Physician. 1994 September 15; 50(4): 765-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8079901&dopt=Abstract
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Condoms, IUDs, counseling and natural family planning. Author(s): Moore AG. Source: American Family Physician. 1994 September 15; 50(4): 765. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8079899&dopt=Abstract
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Condoms, IUDs, counseling and natural family planning. Author(s): Rahman MI. Source: American Family Physician. 1994 September 15; 50(4): 765. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8079900&dopt=Abstract
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Consensus statement on the use of breastfeeding as a family planning method. Author(s): Kennedy KI, Rivera R, McNeilly AS. Source: Contraception. 1989 May; 39(5): 477-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2656086&dopt=Abstract
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Constrains on effective family planning in urban Sudan. Author(s): Swar-Eldahab AM. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1993 November-December; 24(6 Pt 1): 366-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8153967&dopt=Abstract
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Contraception and induced abortion in Armenia: a critical need for family planning programs in eastern Europe. Author(s): Dolian G, Ludicke F, Katchatrian N, Campana A, Morabia A. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1998 May; 88(5): 803-5. Erratum In: Am J Public Health 1998 July; 88(7): 1122. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9585750&dopt=Abstract
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Contraception use, family planning, and unprotected sex: few differences among HIV-infected and uninfected postpartum women in four US states. Author(s): Wilson TE, Koenig L, Ickovics J, Walter E, Suss A, Fernandez MI; Perinatal Guidelines Evaluation Project. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999). 2003 August 15; 33(5): 608-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902806&dopt=Abstract
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Contraception--a look forward, Part I: New spermicides and natural family planning. Author(s): Woolley RJ. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1991 January-February; 4(1): 33-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1781815&dopt=Abstract
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Contraception--natural family planning. Author(s): Stanford JB. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1991 July-August; 4(4): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1927599&dopt=Abstract
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Contraceptive development and better family planning. Author(s): Segal SJ. Source: Bull N Y Acad Med. 1996 Summer; 73(1): 92-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8804742&dopt=Abstract
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Contraceptive methods and the transmission of HIV: implications for family planning. Author(s): Daly CC, Helling-Giese GE, Mati JK, Hunter DJ. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1994 April; 70(2): 110-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8206468&dopt=Abstract
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Contraceptive methods: do Hispanic adolescents and their family planning care providers think about contraceptive methods the same way? Author(s): Erickson PI. Source: Medical Anthropology. 1996 May; 17(1): 65-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8757713&dopt=Abstract
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Contraceptive pricing and prevalence: family planning self-sufficiency in Indonesia. Author(s): Jensen ER, Kak N, Satjawinata K, Wirawan DN, Nangoy N, Suproyoko. Source: The International Journal of Health Planning and Management. 1994 OctoberDecember; 9(4): 349-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10139513&dopt=Abstract
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Contraceptive security, information flow, and local adaptations: family planning Morocco. Author(s): Chandani Y, Breton G. Source: Afr Health Sci. 2001 December; 1(2): 73-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12789120&dopt=Abstract
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Contraceptive services for teenagers: do we need family planning clinics? Author(s): Allaby MA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 June 24; 310(6995): 1641-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7795452&dopt=Abstract
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Contraceptive technology and family planning services. Author(s): Diaz S. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1998 December; 63 Suppl 1: S85-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10075216&dopt=Abstract
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Contraceptive use and attitudes toward family planning in Navy enlisted women and men. Author(s): Thomas MD, Thomas PJ, Garland FC. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 June; 166(6): 550-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11413736&dopt=Abstract
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Contraceptive use and family planning after labor in the European part of the Russian Federation: 2-year monitoring. Author(s): Vikhlyaeva E, Nikolaeva E, Brandrup-Lukanow A. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 2001 December; 6(4): 219-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11848651&dopt=Abstract
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Contraceptive use and HIV infection in Kenyan family planning clinic attenders. Author(s): Sinei SK, Fortney JA, Kigondu CS, Feldblum PJ, Kuyoh M, Allen MY, Glover LH. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1996 January-February; 7(1): 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8652717&dopt=Abstract
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Contraceptive use at the family planning clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. Author(s): Ozumba BC, Ibekwe PC. Source: Public Health. 2001 January; 115(1): 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11402352&dopt=Abstract
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Contributions of Alexander D. Langmuir to the epidemiologic study of population change and family planning. Author(s): Tyler CW. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1996 October 15; 144(8 Suppl): S51-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8857843&dopt=Abstract
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Coping with changing conditions: alternative strategies for the delivery of maternal and child health and family planning services in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Author(s): Routh S, el Arifeen S, Jahan SA, Begum A, Thwin AA, Baqui AH. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2001; 79(2): 142-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11242821&dopt=Abstract
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Correlates of visit regularity among family planning clients in urban Yemen. Author(s): Inaoka E, Wakai S, Nakamura Y, Al Babily Y, Saghayroun AA. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1999; 15(4): 257-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145368&dopt=Abstract
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Cost analysis in family planning: operations research projects and beyond. Author(s): Kenney GM, Lewis MA. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1991; 371: 411-29. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1956899&dopt=Abstract
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Cost-benefit analysis of selective screening criteria for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women attending Colorado family planning clinics. Author(s): Humphreys JT, Henneberry JF, Rickard RS, Beebe JL. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1992 January-February; 19(1): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1561588&dopt=Abstract
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Cost-effectiveness analysis of family planning programs in rural Bangladesh: evidence from Matlab. Author(s): Simmons GB, Balk D, Faiz KK. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1991 March-April; 22(2): 83-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1907039&dopt=Abstract
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Cost-effectiveness and financial sustainability in family planning operations research. Author(s): Jensen ER. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1991; 371: 297-313. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1956894&dopt=Abstract
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Cost-effectiveness of family planning and maternal health service delivery strategies in rural Bangladesh. Author(s): Levin A, Amin A, Rahman A, Saifi R, Barkat-e-Khuda, Mozumder K. Source: The International Journal of Health Planning and Management. 1999 JulyAugust; 14(3): 219-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10623190&dopt=Abstract
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Costs of family planning programmes in fourteen developing countries by method of service delivery. Author(s): Barberis M, Harvey PD. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1997 April; 29(2): 219-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9881132&dopt=Abstract
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Creating linkages between incomplete abortion treatment and family planning services in Kenya. Author(s): Solo J, Billings DL, Aloo-Obunga C, Ominde A, Makumi M. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1999 March; 30(1): 17-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10216893&dopt=Abstract
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Cultural and religious attitudes in family planning. Author(s): Warren VM, Masil JR. Source: Midwife Health Visit Community Nurse. 1988 September; 24(9): 381-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3205177&dopt=Abstract
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Cultural differences in a family planning clinic. Author(s): Sutton MA. Source: Public Health. 1990 September; 104(5): 363-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2247590&dopt=Abstract
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Cultural factors constraining the introduction of family planning among the KassenaNankana of northern Ghana. Author(s): Adongo PB, Phillips JF, Kajihara B, Fayorsey C, Debpuur C, Binka FN. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1997 December; 45(12): 1789-804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9447629&dopt=Abstract
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Culture and the management of family planning programs. Author(s): Warwick DP. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1988 January-February; 19(1): 1-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3284022&dopt=Abstract
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Curable sexually transmitted infections among the clientele of a family planning clinic in Istanbul, Turkey. Author(s): Ortayli N, Sahip Y, Amca B, Say L, Sahip N, Aydin D. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 January; 28(1): 58-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11196049&dopt=Abstract
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Current practice of family planning in China. Author(s): Xiao BL, Zhao BG. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1997 July; 58(1): 59-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9253667&dopt=Abstract
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Current status of natural family planning in Granada (Spain). Author(s): Barranco E, Sanchez MJ, Garcia I, Soler F, Chica MD. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1994 March; 10(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8030450&dopt=Abstract
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Deciding on a method of natural family planning. Author(s): Kmietowicz Z. Source: Community Nurse. 1997 January; 2(11): 30-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9451095&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection associated with a selective screening program in family planning clinics in Wisconsin. Author(s): Addiss DG, Vaughn ML, Ludka D, Pfister J, Davis JP. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1993 January-February; 20(1): 28-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8430355&dopt=Abstract
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Delivery of primary care services among family planning centers: a response to managed care? Author(s): Poole VH, Weisman CS. Source: Women's Health Issues : Official Publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. 2000 November-December; 10(6): 317-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11077215&dopt=Abstract
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Demographic aspects of natural family planning. Author(s): Spieler J, Thomas S. Source: Suppl Int J Gynecol Obstet. 1989; 1: 133-44. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2679669&dopt=Abstract
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Demographic study on the family planning behaviour of the German population: the importance of natural methods. Author(s): Freundl G, Frank P, Bauer S, Doring G. Source: Int J Fertil. 1988; 33 Suppl: 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2902030&dopt=Abstract
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Demonstrating demand for family planning: creating a supportive environment through operations research. Author(s): Lauro D, McNamara R, Wawer M, Maternowska C. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1991; 371: 199-214. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1956889&dopt=Abstract
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Deregulating emergency contraception. Family planning nurses have useful skills. Author(s): Kishen M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1994 January 8; 308(6921): 135. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8298402&dopt=Abstract
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Detecting cervical infection among family planning clients: difficulties at the primary health-care level in Indonesia. Author(s): Iskandar MB, Patten JH, Qomariyah SN, vickers C, Molyneaux SI. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 March; 11(3): 180-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10726943&dopt=Abstract
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Developing a culturally appropriate family planning program for the Navrongo experiment. Author(s): Nazzar A, Adongo PB, Binka FN, Phillips JF, Debpuur C. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1995 November-December; 26(6): 307-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8826071&dopt=Abstract
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Developing family planning services for female chronic mentally ill outpatients. Author(s): Coverdale J, Aruffo J, Grunebaum H. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1992 May; 43(5): 475-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1587510&dopt=Abstract
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Developing HIV-prevention programs for high-risk women: family planning issues and options. Author(s): Oliva G. Source: Nurse Pract Forum. 1991 June; 2(2): 97-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1840959&dopt=Abstract
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Differences between 'spacers and stoppers' amongst family planning acceptors in Lagos. Author(s): Olukoya AA. Source: Public Health. 1991 November; 105(6): 463-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1803406&dopt=Abstract
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Differences in counseling men and women: family planning in Kenya. Author(s): Kim YM, Kols A, Mwarogo P, Awasum D. Source: Patient Education and Counseling. 2000 January; 39(1): 37-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11013546&dopt=Abstract
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Differences in knowledge of and risk factors for AIDS between Hispanic and nonHispanic women attending an urban family planning clinic. Author(s): Rapkin AJ, Erickson PI. Source: Aids (London, England). 1990 September; 4(9): 889-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2252562&dopt=Abstract
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Direct and judgmental measures of family planning program inputs. Author(s): Mauldin WP, Ross JA, Kekovole J, Barkat-e-Khuda, Barkat A. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1995 September-October; 26(5): 287-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8571443&dopt=Abstract
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Disability, space and sexuality: access to family planning services. Author(s): Anderson P, Kitchin R. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2000 October; 51(8): 1163-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11037207&dopt=Abstract
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Disobedient distributors: street-level bureaucrats and would-be patrons in community-based family planning programs in rural Kenya. Author(s): Kaler A, Watkins SC. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 2001 September; 32(3): 254-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11677696&dopt=Abstract
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Disparities in access to family planning services in Jamaica. Author(s): Bailey W, Wynter HH, Lee A, Jackson J, Oliver P, Munroe J, Lyew-Ayee A, Smith S, Clyde M. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 1996 March; 45(1): 18-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8693732&dopt=Abstract
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Disseminating knowledge about AIDS through the Indian family planning programme: prospects and limitations. Author(s): Pallikadavath S, Stones RW. Source: Aids (London, England). 2003 September 5; 17(13): 2008-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12960845&dopt=Abstract
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Distribution of human papillomavirus in a family planning population in nairobi, kenya. Author(s): De Vuyst H, Steyaert S, Van Renterghem L, Claeys P, Muchiri L, Sitati S, Vansteelandt S, Quint W, Kleter B, Van Marck E, Temmerman M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 February; 30(2): 137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567172&dopt=Abstract
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Do better family planning services reduce abortion in Bangladesh? Author(s): Rahman M, DaVanzo J, Razzaque A. Source: Lancet. 2001 September 29; 358(9287): 1051-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589936&dopt=Abstract
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Do different funding mechanisms produce different results? The implications of family planning for fiscal federalism. Author(s): McFarlane DR, Meier KJ. Source: Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law. 1998 June; 23(3): 423-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9626640&dopt=Abstract
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Do family planning programs affect fertility preferences? A literature review. Author(s): Freedman R. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1997 March; 28(1): 1-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9097381&dopt=Abstract
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Does nature know best? Background and mechanisms of natural family planning. Author(s): Norman C. Source: Midwives. 1995 March; 108(1286): 85-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7712350&dopt=Abstract
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Does the timing of the first family planning visit still matter? Author(s): Finer LB, Zabin LS. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1998 January-February; 30(1): 30-3, 42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9494813&dopt=Abstract
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Down syndrome and natural family planning. Author(s): James WH. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 December 18; 66(3): 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8985502&dopt=Abstract
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Down syndrome is not increased in offspring of natural family planning users (case control analysis) Author(s): Castilla EE, Simpson JL, Queenan JT. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1995 December 4; 59(4): 525. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8585578&dopt=Abstract
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Dr. P. C. Sen Memorial Oration. A study of utilisation of family planning services through MCH package care in rural areas of West Bengal. Author(s): Mukhopadhyay SP, Halder AK, Das KK. Source: Indian J Public Health. 1990 July-September; 34(3): 147-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2103924&dopt=Abstract
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Dual provision or duplication? A survey of family planning provision. Author(s): Singleton CD, Reuter S. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1999 July; 25(2): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10454653&dopt=Abstract
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Dysmenorrhea and use of oral contraceptives in adolescent women attending a family planning clinic. Author(s): Robinson JC, Plichta S, Weisman CS, Nathanson CA, Ensminger M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 February; 166(2): 578-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1536234&dopt=Abstract
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Effective family planning service components: global lessons from operations research. Author(s): Townsend JW. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1991; 371: 45-95. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1956901&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness and acceptibility of the symptothermal method of natural family planning in Germany. Author(s): Frank-Herrmann P, Freundl G, Baur S, Bremme M, Doring GK, Godehardt EA, Sottong U. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 December; 165(6 Pt 2): 2052-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1755469&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of an entertainment-education radio soap opera on family planning behavior in Tanzania. Author(s): Rogers EM, Vaughan PW, Swalehe RM, Rao N, Svenkerud P, Sood S. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1999 September; 30(3): 193-211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10546311&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of postpartum psychiatric illnesses on family planning. Author(s): Peindl KS, Zolnik EJ, Wisner KL, Hanusa BH. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1995; 25(3): 291-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8567195&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of state welfare, abortion and family planning policies on premarital childbearing among white adolescents. Author(s): Lundberg S, Plotnick RD. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1990 November-December; 22(6): 246-51, 275. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2289541&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of timing of conception on birth weight and preterm delivery of natural family planning users. Author(s): Barbato M, Bitto A, Gray RH, Simpson JL, Queenan JT, Kambic RT, Perez A, Mena P, Pardo F, Stevenson W, Tagliabue G, Jennings V, Li C. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1997 June-September; 13(2-3): 215-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288339&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of a new method of family planning: the Standard Days Method. Author(s): Arevalo M, Jennings V, Sinai I. Source: Contraception. 2002 May; 65(5): 333-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057784&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of methods for determining ovulation in a natural family planning program. Author(s): Guida M, Tommaselli GA, Palomba S, Pellicano M, Moccia G, Di Carlo C, Nappi C. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 November; 72(5): 900-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10560997&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of the symptothermal method of natural family planning in lactating women after the return of menses. Author(s): Zinaman M, Stevenson W. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 December; 165(6 Pt 2): 2037-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1755465&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of three variations of periodic abstinence for family planning in Indonesia. Author(s): Thapa S, Wonga MV, Lampe PG, Pietojo H, Soejoenoes A. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1990 November-December; 21(6): 327-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2075623&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy studies in natural family planning: issues and management implications illustrated with data from five studies. Author(s): Labbok MH, Klaus H, Perez A. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 December; 165(6 Pt 2): 2048-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1755468&dopt=Abstract
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Effort and achievement in national family planning programmes. Author(s): Ross JA, Mauldin WP. Source: World Health Forum. 1994; 15(3): 251-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7945753&dopt=Abstract
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Eight years of experience in the first Romanian center of family planning and contraception. Author(s): Constantin A, Neagu C, Bucur A, Marinescu B. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 1999 June; 4(2): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10427479&dopt=Abstract
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Emergency contraception in Nairobi, Kenya: knowledge, attitudes and practices among policymakers, family planning providers and clients, and university students. Author(s): Muia E, Ellertson C, Lukhando M, Flul B, Clark S, Olenja J. Source: Contraception. 1999 October; 60(4): 223-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10640169&dopt=Abstract
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Emergency contraception: an anomalous position in the family planning repertoire? Author(s): Ziebland S. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1999 November; 49(10): 1409-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10509830&dopt=Abstract
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Employment in family planning and women's status in Bangladesh. Author(s): Simmons R, Mita R, Koenig MA. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1992 March-April; 23(2): 97-108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1604463&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological studies of natural family planning. Author(s): Gray RH, Kambic RT. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1988 July; 3(5): 693-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3170708&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology of endometriosis in women attending family planning clinics. Author(s): Vessey MP, Villard-Mackintosh L, Painter R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 January 16; 306(6871): 182-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8338516&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology of genital prolapse: observations from the Oxford Family Planning Association Study. Author(s): Mant J, Painter R, Vessey M. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1997 May; 104(5): 579-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9166201&dopt=Abstract
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Epilepsy and women's health: family planning, bone health, menopause, and menstrual-related seizures. Author(s): Liporace J, D'Abreu A. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2003 April; 78(4): 497-506. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12683703&dopt=Abstract
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Estimating the balance of general practice versus family planning clinic coverage of contraception services in London. Author(s): Bardsley M, Newman M, Morgan D, Jacobson B. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 January; 26(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10781965&dopt=Abstract
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Ethical foundations of client-centered care in family planning. Author(s): Kols AJ, Sherman JE, Piotrow PT. Source: Journal of Women's Health / the Official Publication of the Society for the Advancement of Women's Health Research. 1999 April; 8(3): 303-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10326985&dopt=Abstract
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Ethically justified guidelines for family planning interventions to prevent pregnancy in female patients with chronic mental illness. Author(s): McCullough LB, Coverdale J, Bayer T, Chervenak FA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 July; 167(1): 19-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1442925&dopt=Abstract
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Ethics and family planning. Author(s): Hagenfeldt K. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1991 June-September; 7(2-3): 159-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1950713&dopt=Abstract
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Ethics and human values in family planning. Author(s): Barzelatto J. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1989 April; 28(4): 327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2565253&dopt=Abstract
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Ethics in family planning. Author(s): Cook RJ. Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1990 August; 2(4): 556-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2130953&dopt=Abstract
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Ethinyl oestradiol and D-norgestrel is an effective emergency postcoital contraceptive: a report of its use in 1,200 patients in a family planning clinic. Author(s): Bagshaw SN, Edwards D, Tucker AK. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1988 May; 28(2): 137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3228408&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluating a designated family planning clinic within a genitourinary medicine clinic. Author(s): Carlin EM, Russell JM, Sibley K, Boag FC. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1995 April; 71(2): 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7744399&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluating client autonomy in natural family planning. Author(s): Kambic RT, Martin MC. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1988 September; 4(3): 221-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3239482&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluating rural Bangladeshi women's perspectives of quality in family planning services. Author(s): Whittaker M, Mita R, Hossain B, Koenig M. Source: Health Care for Women International. 1996 September-October; 17(5): 393-411. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8868615&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation by women consulting in a family planning centre of their risk of HIV infection. Author(s): Thonneau P, Quesnot S, Lhomme JP, Testas P, Spira A. Source: Aids (London, England). 1991 May; 5(5): 549-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1863407&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of natural family planning programmes in Liberia and Zambia. Author(s): Gray RH, Kambic RT, Lanctot CA, Martin MC, Wesley R, Cremins R. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1993 April; 25(2): 249-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8478373&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of sexually transmitted diseases diagnostic algorithms among family planning clients in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Author(s): Kapiga SH, Vuylsteke B, Lyamuya EF, Dallabetta G, Laga M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1998 June; 74 Suppl 1: S132-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10023364&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of training program for volunteer family planning communicators. Author(s): Eoaskoon W, Pongruengphant P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1989 January; 72(1): 25-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2723564&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence-based family planning: finding answers to clinical questions. Author(s): Crilly M, Foy R. Source: J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2003 April;29(2):48-52. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2003 July;29(3):159. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12681041&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence-based family planning: the paradigm for the third millennium. Author(s): Grimes DA. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 2000 December; 5(4): 287-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11245556&dopt=Abstract
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Expanding the availability and improving delivery of natural family planning services and fertility awareness education: providers' perspectives. Author(s): Arevalo M. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1997 June-September; 13(2-3): 275-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288346&dopt=Abstract
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Experience with self-administered emergency contraception in a low-income, innercity family planning program. Author(s): Endres LK, Beshara M, Sondheimer S. Source: J Reprod Med. 2000 October; 45(10): 827-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11077632&dopt=Abstract
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Expert committee on maternal and child health and family planning in the 1990s and beyond: recent trends and advances. World Health Organization, Geneva 7-13, December 1993. Author(s): Thompson A. Source: Midwifery. 1994 March; 10(1): 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7909138&dopt=Abstract
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Factors determining the choice of contraceptive methods at the Family Planning Clinic, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Author(s): Konje JC, Oladini F, Otolorin EO, Ladipo OO. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1998 October; 24(3): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9855717&dopt=Abstract
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Factors influencing the choice to use modern natural family planning. Author(s): Mikolajczyk RT, Stanford JB, Rauchfuss M. Source: Contraception. 2003 April; 67(4): 253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12684143&dopt=Abstract
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Factors to address when periodic abstinence is offered by multi-method family planning programs. Author(s): Huezo C. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1997 June-September; 13(2-3): 261-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288344&dopt=Abstract
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Factors underlying unmet need for family planning in the Philippines. Author(s): Casterline JB, Perez AE, Biddlecom AE. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1997 September; 28(3): 173-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322334&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning and child protection. Author(s): Leenders FM. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1999 April; 25(1): 1-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10228240&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning and family doctors in Estonia. Author(s): Lember M, Sarapuu H, Pikk A, Kalda R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 1999 September; 27(3): 235-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10482084&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning and parenthood needs of women with severe mental illness: clinicians' perspective. Author(s): McLennan JD, Ganguli R. Source: Community Mental Health Journal. 1999 August; 35(4): 369-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10452703&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning and reproductive health in China. Author(s): Baige Z, Shaobo X. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2002 April; 77(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12053895&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning and sexual behavior in the era of HIV/AIDS: the case of Nakuru District, Kenya. Author(s): Bauni EK, Jarabi BO. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 2000 March; 31(1): 69-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10765539&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning camps as an opportunity to assess and help reduce the prevalence of reproductive health morbidities in rural Nepal. Author(s): Thapa S, Basnet I. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1998 December; 14(4): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10075286&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning can reduce high infant mortality levels. Author(s): Donovan P, Wulf D. Source: Issues Brief (Alan Guttmacher Inst). 2002 April; (2): 1-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12134892&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning choices and some characteristics of coitus interruptus users in Gemlik, Turkey. Author(s): Aytekin NT, Pala K, Irgil E, Aytekin H. Source: Women's Health Issues : Official Publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. 2001 September-October; 11(5): 442-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11566287&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning clinic patients: their usual health care providers, insurance status, and implications for managed care. Author(s): Sugerman S, Halfon N, Fink A, Anderson M, Valle L, Brook RH. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2000 July; 27(1): 25-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10867349&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning clinic services in the United States, 1994. Author(s): Frost JJ. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1996 May-June; 28(3): 92-100. Erratum In: Fam Plann Perspect 1996 July-August; 28(4): 173. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8827144&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning clinic services in the United States: patterns and trends in the late 1990s. Author(s): Frost JJ, Ranjit N, Manzella K, Darroch JE, Audam S. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 2001 May-June; 33(3): 113-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11407434&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning counselling--a priority for post abortion care. Author(s): Mahomed K, Healy J, Tandom S. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1997 July; 43(7): 205-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9431755&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning experiences of Vietnamese women. Author(s): Kuss T. Source: Journal of Community Health Nursing. 1997; 14(3): 155-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9282536&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning for women with learning disabilities. Author(s): Taylor G, Pearson J, Cook H. Source: Nurs Times. 1998 October 7-13; 94(40): 60-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9866586&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning funding through four federal-state programs, FY 1997. Author(s): Gold RB, Sonfield A. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1999 July-August; 31(4): 176-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10435216&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning in Bangladesh. Author(s): Klaus H. Source: Lancet. 2002 January 26; 359(9303): 359. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11830240&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning in Bangladesh. Author(s): Sack DA. Source: Lancet. 2002 June 8; 359(9322): 2041. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076585&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning in China: out of control? Author(s): Bogg L. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1998 April; 88(4): 649-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9551011&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning in grand multiparous women in Diyarbakir, Turkey, 1998: the factors affecting contraceptive use and choice of method. Author(s): Ertem M, Ergenekon P, Elmaci N, Ilcin E. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 2001 March; 6(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11334470&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning in Isparta, Turkey. Author(s): Ozcan F. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1997 October; 29(4): 509-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9881150&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning in Italy. Author(s): Spinelli A, Grandolfo M, Donati S, Medda E. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1993 June; 9(2): 153-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8237568&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning in rural Nigeria: a study among men. Author(s): Lawoyin TO, Osinowo H, Babatunde M, Bajomo TG, Betiku AO, Biakolo, Busari KT, Fehintola A. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2002 June; 31(2): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518914&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning in Russia. Author(s): Savelyeva GM, Gavrilova DV, Lobova TA. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1997 July; 58(1): 51-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9253666&dopt=Abstract
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FAmily planning in Taiwan. Author(s): Trewinnard K. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1998 July; 24(2): 78-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9741982&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning in the 21st century: perspective of the International Planned Parenthood Federation. Author(s): Brueggemann I. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1997 July; 58(1): 93-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9253671&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning in the Jewish population of Israel: correlates of withdrawal use. Author(s): Okun BS. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1997 September; 28(3): 215-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322337&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning in the Solomon Islands. Author(s): Saint-Yves IF. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 1996 June; 20(3): 321. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8768426&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning in Vietnam--women's experiences and dilemma: a community study from the Red River Delta. Author(s): Johansson A, Hoa HT, Tuyet LT, Bich MH, Hojer B. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1996 March; 17(1): 59-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8860888&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning KAP survey in Gaza. Author(s): Donati S, Hamam R, Medda E. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2000 March; 50(6): 841-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10695981&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning knowledge, attitude and practice amongst males in a Nigerian urban population. Author(s): Obionu CN. Source: East Afr Med J. 1998 March; 75(3): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640807&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning knowledge, attitudes and practices in women with schizophrenic spectrum disorders. Author(s): Miller LJ, Finnerty M. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1998 December; 19(4): 210-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9929847&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning needs and STD risk behaviours of female psychiatric out-patients. Author(s): Coverdale JH, Turbott SH, Roberts H. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1997 July; 171: 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9328499&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning options. Author(s): Foley C. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 2003 February; 103(2): 15-6; Author Reply 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582333&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning outcomes of male chronically ill psychiatric outpatients. Author(s): Coverdale JH, Turbott SH. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1997 September; 48(9): 1199-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9285985&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning patterns and acculturation level of high-risk, pregnant Hispanic women. Author(s): Jones ME, Bercier O, Hayes AL, Wentrcek P, Bond ML. Source: Journal of Nursing Care Quality. 2002 July; 16(4): 46-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12125904&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning perspectives at the beginning of the next century. Author(s): Senanayake P. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 1999 December; 4(4): 202-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10817090&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning policies and programmes in eight low-income countries: a comparative policy analysis. Author(s): Lee K, Lush L, Walt G, Cleland J. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1998 October; 47(7): 949-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9722114&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning practices and attitudes among former Soviet new immigrant women in Israel. Author(s): Remennick LI, Amir D, Elimelech Y, Novikov Y. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1995 August; 41(4): 569-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7481951&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning practices before and after childbirth in Lusaka, Zambia. Author(s): Susu B, Ransjo-Arvidson AB, Chintu K, Sundstrom K, Christensson K. Source: East Afr Med J. 1996 November; 73(11): 708-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8997858&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning programs: efforts and results, 1972-94. Author(s): Ross JA, Mauldin WP. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1996 May-June; 27(3): 137-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8829296&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning programs: improving quality. Author(s): Kols AJ, Sherman JE. Source: Popul Rep J. 1998 November; (47): 1-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9926377&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning providers' perspectives on dual protection. Author(s): Mantell JE, Hoffman S, Exner TM, Stein ZA, Atkins K. Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2003 March-April; 35(2): 71-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12729136&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning provision in the Trent health region: Is it accessible to school aged teenagers? Author(s): Allen J, Bradley S. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2001 January; 27(1): 13-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457540&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning requirements in the adult congenital heart disease clinic. Author(s): Leonard H, O'Sullivan JJ, Hunter S. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 1996 July; 76(1): 60-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8774329&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning requirements of adults with congenital heart disease. Author(s): Swan L, Hillis WS, Cameron A. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 1997 July; 78(1): 9-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9290393&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning service provision in rural areas: a survey in Washington State. Author(s): Dobie SA, Gober L, Rosenblatt RA. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1998 May-June; 30(3): 139-42, 147. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9635263&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning services and programmes in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Author(s): Chichakli LO, Atrash HK, Musani AS, Johnson JT, Mahaini R, Arnaoute S. Source: East Mediterr Health J. 2000 July; 6(4): 614-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794067&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning services at school-based health centers: findings from a national survey. Author(s): Fothergill K, Feijoo A. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2000 September; 27(3): 166-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10960214&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning services in adolescent pregnancy prevention: the views of key informants in four countries. Author(s): Cromer BA, McCarthy M. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1999 November-December; 31(6): 287-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10614519&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning services in developing countries: an opportunity to treat asymptomatic and unrecognised genital tract infections? Author(s): Wilkinson D, Ndovela N, Harrison A, Lurie M, Connolly C, Sturm AW. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 December; 73(6): 558-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9582484&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning services. Author(s): Hall M, Barnett L, Melhuish C. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1993 August; 43(373): 352. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8251228&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning services. Capital control. Author(s): Newman M, Jacobson B. Source: Health Serv J. 1997 July 24; 107(5563): 26-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10169553&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning training in Maryland family practice and obstetrics/gynecology residency programs. Author(s): Cheng D. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1999 Fall; 54(4): 208-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10531765&dopt=Abstract
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Family Planning Training Programme of the Indian Medical Association. Author(s): Sobti JC. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1996 June; 94(6): 245-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8979688&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning using the ecologic breast feeding method. Author(s): Kippley J, Matgen Kippley S. Source: American Family Physician. 1996 October; 54(5): 1478, 1480-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8857775&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning, managed care, and rural America. Author(s): McCarthy M, Jacquart K, Quam L. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1995 September; 163(3 Suppl): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7571603&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning, sexually transmitted diseases, and the prevention of AIDS--divided we fail? Author(s): Stein Z. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1996 June; 86(6): 783-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8659648&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning. Love in a cold climate. Author(s): Mawer C, Free C, Macey S. Source: Health Serv J. 1999 September 23; 109(5673): 27. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10558204&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning: a reality check for global midwives. Author(s): Lim R, Zenack M. Source: Midwifery Today Int Midwife. 2000 Autumn; (55): 51-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11189570&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning: an essential component of prenatal care. Author(s): Klerman LV, Phelan ST, Poole VL, Goldenberg RL. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1995 September-October; 50(5): 147-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7499701&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning: cultural and religious perspectives. Author(s): Schenker JG, Rabenou V. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1993 June; 8(6): 969-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8345093&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning: programmes and people. Author(s): Weyman A, Walsh J. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1998 January; 23(4): 111. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9882762&dopt=Abstract
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Feasibility of patient-collected vulval swabs for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in a family planning clinic: a pilot study. Author(s): MacMillan S, McKenzie H, Flett G, Templeton A. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 October; 26(4): 202-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11053875&dopt=Abstract
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Fertility and family planning in African cites: the impact of female migration. Author(s): Brockerhoff M. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1995 July; 27(3): 347-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7650052&dopt=Abstract
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Fertility and family planning in Vietnam: evidence from the 1994 Inter-censal Demographic Survey. Author(s): Nguyen VP, Knodel J, Mai VC, Hoang X. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1996 January-February; 27(1): 1-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8677519&dopt=Abstract
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Fertility awareness and natural family planning. Author(s): Pyper CM. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 1997 June; 2(2): 131-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9678103&dopt=Abstract
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Fertility awareness methods of family planning: the physiological background, methodology and effectiveness of fertility awareness methods. Author(s): Pyper CM, Knight J. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2001 April; 27(2): 103-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457526&dopt=Abstract
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Fertility, family planning, and women's health: new data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Author(s): Abma JC, Chandra A, Mosher WD, Peterson LS, Piccinino LJ. Source: Vital Health Stat 23. 1997 May; (19): 1-114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9201902&dopt=Abstract
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Field trial of billings ovulation method of natural family planning. Author(s): Bhargava H, Bhatia JC, Ramachandran L, Rohatgi P, Sinha A. Source: Contraception. 1996 February; 53(2): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8838482&dopt=Abstract
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Finnish health centre physicians' participation in family planning. Author(s): Kirkkola AL, Virjo I, Isokoski M, Mattila K. Source: Scand J Soc Med. 1998 December; 26(4): 270-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9868751&dopt=Abstract
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Flexible working in family planning and reproductive health care. Author(s): Bigrigg A, Monaghan A. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1999 July; 25(2): 33-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10454650&dopt=Abstract
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Freedom of choice: Medicaid, managed care, and California family planning clinics. Author(s): Aved BM, Michaels SD. Source: Journal of Public Health Management and Practice : Jphmp. 1998 November; 4(6): 42-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10187076&dopt=Abstract
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From consent to choice in family planning: application of an international framework to the United States. Author(s): Pine RN, Wypijewska C. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 2000 Fall; 55(5): 265-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11070644&dopt=Abstract
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From control policy to comprehensive family planning: success stories from Finland. Author(s): Rimpela M, Rimpela A, Kosunen E. Source: Promot Educ. 1996 September; 3(3): 28-32, 48. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8923561&dopt=Abstract
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From fossils to family planning. Author(s): Godfrey K. Source: Nurs Times. 2001 March 15-21; 97(11): 14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11954342&dopt=Abstract
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Further analysis of the theoretical effectiveness of the TwoDay method of family planning. Author(s): Jennings V, Sinai I. Source: Contraception. 2001 September; 64(3): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11704093&dopt=Abstract
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GAPS in family planning care. Author(s): Ferguson B. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 1994 August; 3(8): 655-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7952247&dopt=Abstract
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Gender relations: husband-wife fertility and family planning decisions in Kenya. Author(s): Kimuna SR, Adamchak DJ. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2001 January; 33(1): 13-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316391&dopt=Abstract
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Gender, sexuality and communication issues that constitute barriers to the use of natural family planning and other fertility awareness-based methods. Author(s): Diaz M. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1997 June-September; 13(2-3): 303-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288349&dopt=Abstract
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Genital chlamydial disease in an urban, primarily Hispanic, family planning clinic. Author(s): Neu NM, Grumet S, Saiman L, McMahon DJ, Westhoff C. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1998 July; 25(6): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9662767&dopt=Abstract
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Genital mycoplasmas in women attending a family planning clinic in Guine-Bissau and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Author(s): Domingues D, Tavora Tavira L, Duarte A, Sanca A, Prieto E, Exposto F. Source: Acta Tropica. 2003 April; 86(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12711099&dopt=Abstract
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Girls link their use of family planning clinics to keeping parents in the dark. Author(s): Flaherty J. Source: Ny Times (Print). 2002 August 14; : A14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391971&dopt=Abstract
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Gynecology and family planning care for the woman infected with HIV. Author(s): Korn AP, Abercrombie PD. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 1997 December; 24(4): 85572. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9430171&dopt=Abstract
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Has the Chinese family planning policy been successful in changing fertility preferences? Author(s): Merli MG, Smith HL. Source: Demography. 2002 August; 39(3): 557-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12205758&dopt=Abstract
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Health care policy and the Reagan administration: the case of family planning. Author(s): Crum G. Source: J Health Hum Resour Adm. 1990 Spring; 12(4): 524-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10105516&dopt=Abstract
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Helping the news media cover family planning. Author(s): Robey B, Stauffer P. Source: Popul Rep J. 1995 November; (42): 1-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8706967&dopt=Abstract
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HIV antibody testing in a family planning clinic setting. Author(s): Valdiserri RO, Bonati FA, Proctor D, Glaser DA. Source: N Y State J Med. 1988 December; 88(12): 623-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3231384&dopt=Abstract
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HIV infection among family planning clinic attenders in Glasgow: why prevalence has remained low in this general population group. Author(s): Goldberg D, Carr S, Cameron S, Codere G. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1998 February; 74(1): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9634304&dopt=Abstract
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HIV seroprevalence in clients of sentinel family planning clinics. Author(s): Stricof RL, Nattell TC, Novick LF. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1991 May; 81 Suppl: 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2014883&dopt=Abstract
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HIV testing and prevention: family planning clinic attenders in London. Author(s): Bergenstrom A, Sherr L, Okolo S, Okolo S. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 April; 75(2): 130. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10448373&dopt=Abstract
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How do family planning workers' visits affect women's contraceptive behavior in Bangladesh? Author(s): Arends-Kuenning M. Source: Demography. 2001 November; 38(4): 481-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723946&dopt=Abstract
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How economic development and family planning programs combined to reduce Indonesian fertility. Author(s): Gertler PJ, Molyneaux JW. Source: Demography. 1994 February; 31(1): 33-63. Erratum In: Demography 1994 May; 31(2): Preceding 185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8005342&dopt=Abstract
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How effective are family planning clinics? Author(s): Searle S. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 July; 26(3): 178. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11001633&dopt=Abstract
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How to give priority to family planning in PHC programmes. Author(s): Brown RC, Brown JE. Source: Trop Doct. 1990 July; 20(3): 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2219418&dopt=Abstract
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How well do perceptions of family planning service quality correspond to objective measures? Evidence from Tanzania. Author(s): Speizer IS, Bollen KA. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 2000 June; 31(2): 163-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10907281&dopt=Abstract
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IAP-IPA-WHO-UNICEF workshop on strategies and approaches for women's health, child health and family planning for the decade of nineties. 22nd-23rd January 1991 Hyderabad. Author(s): Bhargava SK, Hallman N, Shah PM. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1991 December; 28(12): 1481-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1819570&dopt=Abstract
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Illustrated print materials for health and family planning education. Author(s): Moore MB, Sorensen M, Adebajo CF. Source: World Health Forum. 1990; 11(3): 302-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2291791&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of childhood leukemia on family planning. Author(s): Van Dongen-Melman JE, De Groot A, Hahlen K, Verhulst FC. Source: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 1995 March-April; 12(2): 117-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7626379&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of IMA family planning training in Uttar Pradesh. Indian Medical Association. Author(s): Sobti JC, Bhatnagar NK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1995 April; 93(4): 160-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8699050&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of the Sexually Transmitted Infections Foundation course on the knowledge of family planning nurses and doctors. Author(s): Melville C, Bigrigg A, Nandwani R. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 August; 79(4): 346. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902599&dopt=Abstract
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Implanon: user views in the first year across three family planning services in the Trent Region, UK. Author(s): Reuter S, Smith A. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 2003 March; 8(1): 27-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12725673&dopt=Abstract
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Implementing family planning programs in developing countries: lessons and reflections from four decades of Population Council experience. Author(s): Catley-Carlson M. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1997 July; 58(1): 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9253672&dopt=Abstract
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Implications for evaluating the impact of family planning programs with a reproductive health orientation. Author(s): Jain A. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 2001 September; 32(3): 220-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11677694&dopt=Abstract
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Importance of oral ketoconazole in family planning especially in women using intrauterine device. Author(s): Garamvolgyi G, Pajor A, Lintner F. Source: Ther Hung. 1988; 36(1): 20-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3388287&dopt=Abstract
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Improvement of cervical Chlamydia detection in asymptomatic family planning attendees by using Amplicor Chlamydia trachomatis assay. Author(s): Chout R, Vaton S, Quist D, Bucher R, Leguyader-Desprees P, Sayada C. Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 1995 July; 41(5): 731-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7580853&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence and implications of altered semen quality on family planning. Author(s): Zinaman MJ, Katz DF. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1997 June-September; 13(2-3): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288329&dopt=Abstract
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Incorporating AIDS prevention activities into a family planning organization in Colombia. Author(s): Vernon R, Ojeda G, Murad R. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1990 November-December; 21(6): 335-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2075624&dopt=Abstract
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Increased depot medroxyprogesterone acetate use increases family planning program pharmaceutical supply costs. Author(s): Margulies R, Miller L. Source: Contraception. 2001 March; 63(3): 147-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11368987&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing the application of operations research findings in public sector family planning programs: lessons from the ICDDR,B Extension Project. Author(s): Koenig MA, Whittaker M. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1991; 371: 451-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1956902&dopt=Abstract
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Indicators for measuring the quality of family planning services in Nigeria. Author(s): Askew I, Mensch B, Adewuyi A. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1994 September-October; 25(5): 268-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7871552&dopt=Abstract
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Indigenous perceptions and quality of care of family planning services in Haiti. Author(s): Maynard-Tucker G. Source: Health Policy and Planning. 1994 September; 9(3): 306-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10137743&dopt=Abstract
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Indirect exposure to a family planning mass media campaign in Nepal. Author(s): Boulay M, Storey JD, Sood S. Source: Journal of Health Communication. 2002 October-December; 7(5): 379-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455760&dopt=Abstract
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Informed choice in family planning. Helping people decide. Author(s): Upadhyay UD. Source: Popul Rep J. 2001 Spring; (50): 1-39. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11552404&dopt=Abstract
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Informed consent for family planning for poor women in Chiapas, Mexico. Author(s): Kirsch JD, Cedeno MA. Source: Lancet. 1999 July 31; 354(9176): 419-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10437887&dopt=Abstract
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Informed policy making for the prevention of unwanted pregnancy. Understanding low-income women's experiences with family planning. Author(s): Chetkovich C, Mauldon J, Brindis C, Guendelman S. Source: Evaluation Review. 1999 October; 23(5): 527-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10621576&dopt=Abstract
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Integrated maternal and child health and family planning. Author(s): Shah PM. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1991 December; 28(12): 1445-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1819565&dopt=Abstract
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Integrating essential public health services and managed care. Family planning and reproductive health as a case study. Author(s): Stewart FH. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1995 September; 163(3 Suppl): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7571610&dopt=Abstract
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Integrating family planning with genitourinary medicine: developing an holistic sexual health clinic in Eastbourne. Author(s): Jones M. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 October; 26(4): 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11053880&dopt=Abstract
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Integrating HIV prevention, STD, and family planning services. A sexual and reproductive health approach in Latin America and the Caribbean. Author(s): Becker J, Kirberger E. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1997 April; 87(4): 692-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9146462&dopt=Abstract
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Integrating HIV prevention, STD, and family planning services. Comprehensive efforts in Philadelphia. Author(s): Mann D. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1997 April; 87(4): 692. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9146461&dopt=Abstract
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Integrating HIV prevention, STD, and family planning services. The availability of HIV services at different types of clinics: a survey. Author(s): Chavkin W, Breitbart V, Elman D. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1997 April; 87(4): 691-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9146460&dopt=Abstract
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Integrating HIV prevention, STD, and family planning services. The need for integrated government funding and services. Author(s): Sable M. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1997 April; 87(4): 693. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9146463&dopt=Abstract
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Integrating the Lactational Amenorrhea Method into a family planning program in Ecuador. Author(s): Wade KB, Sevilla F, Labbok MH. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1994 May-June; 25(3): 162-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7940621&dopt=Abstract
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Integration of cervical screening in family planning clinics. Author(s): Claeys P, De Vuyst H, Mzenge G, Sande J, Dhondt V, Temmerman M. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2003 April; 81(1): 103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676408&dopt=Abstract
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Integration of family planning into maternal and child health and other services at Harare Central Hospital. Author(s): Verkuyl DA, Fawcus S, Willis JA, Mutasa H. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1990 December; 36(12): 311-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2092889&dopt=Abstract
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Integration of prevention and care of sexually transmitted infections with family planning services: what is the evidence for public health benefits? Author(s): Dehne KL, Snow R, O'Reilly KR. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78(5): 628-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10859857&dopt=Abstract
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Interest in natural family planning among female family practice patients. Author(s): Stanford JB, Lemaire JC, Fox A. Source: Fam Pract Res J. 1994 September; 14(3): 237-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7976475&dopt=Abstract
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Interobserver variation in estimation of day of conception intercourse using selected natural family planning charts. Author(s): Kambic R, Gray RH. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1989 March; 51(3): 430-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2920843&dopt=Abstract
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Interruption of pregnancy: motives, attitudes and contraceptive use. Interviews before abortion, at a family planning clinic, Rome. Author(s): Bengtsson Agostino M, Wahlberg V. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1991; 32(3): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1756991&dopt=Abstract
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Intimate examinations: use of chaperones in community-based family planning clinics. Author(s): Khan NS, Kirkman R. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2000 January; 107(1): 130-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10645873&dopt=Abstract
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Is breast-feeding a substitute for contraception in family planning? Author(s): Rous JJ. Source: Demography. 2001 November; 38(4): 497-512. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723947&dopt=Abstract
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Is family planning already accepted by the present generation? Freshmen's view on family planning at University of North Sumatera, Medan. (Third report). Author(s): Syarifuddin A, Thahir I, Hasibuan B, Siregar Z, Siregar H. Source: Paediatr Indones. 1988 November-December; 28(11-12): 238-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3244451&dopt=Abstract
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Is the Asian family planning program model suited to Africa? Author(s): Caldwell JC, Caldwell P. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1988 January-February; 19(1): 19-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3284023&dopt=Abstract
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Is the lactational amenorrhea method a part of natural family planning? Biology and policy. Author(s): Gross BA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 December; 165(6 Pt 2): 2014-9. Erratum In: Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993 July; 169(1): 237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1755461&dopt=Abstract
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Islam and family planning acceptance in Bangladesh. Author(s): Bernhart MH, Uddin MM. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1990 September-October; 21(5): 287-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2237997&dopt=Abstract
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Key developments in family planning. Author(s): Kubba A. Source: Practitioner. 1997 October; 241(1579): 604-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9926594&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge and practices of family planning in Zimbabwe. Author(s): Schwartz U, Tshimanga M, Shodu LK. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1999 August; 45(8): 204-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10697916&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases among women attending a family planning clinic in Nairobi, Kenya. Author(s): Garland M, Maggwa BN, Mati JK, Kihoro J, Mbugua S, Achola P, Hunter DJ. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1993 January-February; 9(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8439431&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge of and attitudes towards family planning and early detection of breast and cervical cancer in two female populations in Greece. Author(s): Tsamandouraki K, Alamanos Y, Tountas Y. Source: Sozial- Und Praventivmedizin. 1992; 37(3): 136-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1414012&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge of common inherited disorders among family planning clinic attenders. Author(s): Howard RJ, Tuck SM, Penman EH. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1991 June; 41(347): 257. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1931208&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in family planning clinic attenders. Author(s): Piercy H, Kellock D, Rogstad K, Searle ES. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 October; 26(4): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11053873&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge of high-school students and adult OPD attenders of family planning methods and sexually transmitted diseases (including HIV) in rural Zimbabwe. Author(s): Beltman JJ, Segaar M, Ory FG. Source: Trop Doct. 2000 October; 30(4): 247-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11075669&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning among senior high school students in north Gonder. Author(s): Fantahun M, Chala F, Loha M. Source: Ethiop Med J. 1995 January; 33(1): 21-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7895743&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning amongst women in a high density low income urban of Enugu, Nigeria. Author(s): Onwuzurike BK, Uzochukwu BS. Source: Afr J Reprod Health. 2001 August; 5(2): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12471916&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning in rural communities in Nigeria. Author(s): Aja GN, Nwangwa MA, Egwu IN. Source: Asia Pac J Public Health. 1995; 8(2): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9037803&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning methods among eligible couples: a study. Author(s): Lucita M. Source: The Nursing Journal of India. 2001 November; 92(11): 246. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12024967&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour towards HIV infection among family planning clinic attendees: changes between 1991 and 1997. Author(s): Elliot N, Crump J, McGuire A, Bagshaw S, Chambers S. Source: N Z Med J. 1999 April 9; 112(1085): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10326801&dopt=Abstract
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Lactational amenorrhea method for family planning. Author(s): Kennedy KI, Labbok MH, Van Look PF. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1996 July; 54(1): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8842819&dopt=Abstract
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Lactational amenorrhoea method for family planning. Author(s): Van Look PF. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 October 12; 313(7062): 893-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8876083&dopt=Abstract
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Lactational infertility in family planning. Author(s): Short RV. Source: Annals of Medicine. 1993 April; 25(2): 175-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8489757&dopt=Abstract
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Lessons learned: the managed care experiences of family planning providers. Author(s): Gold RB, Richards CL. Source: Journal of Public Health Management and Practice : Jphmp. 1998 November; 4(6): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10187072&dopt=Abstract
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Lights! Camera! Action! Promoting family planning with TV, video, and film. Author(s): Church CA, Geller J. Source: Popul Rep J. 1989 December; (38): 2-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2486136&dopt=Abstract
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Linking AIDS and family planning. Author(s): Padbury V. Source: Nurs Times. 1992 May 27-June 2; 88(22): 15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1598288&dopt=Abstract
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Links between Cairo and Kyoto: addressing global warming through voluntary family planning. Author(s): Skeer J. Source: Ambio. 2002 February; 31(1): 28-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11928354&dopt=Abstract
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Literacy of women attending family planning clinics in Virginia and reading levels of brochures on HIV prevention. Author(s): Wells JA, Ruscavage D, Parker B, McArthur L. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1994 May-June; 26(3): 113-5, 131. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8070547&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term use of copper intrauterine devices. A statement from the Medical Advisory Committee of the Family Planning Association and the National Association of Family Planning Doctors. Author(s): Newton J, Tacchi D. Source: Lancet. 1990 June 2; 335(8701): 1322-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1971387&dopt=Abstract
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Low-income women's perceptions of family planning service alternatives. Author(s): Severy LJ, McKillop K. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1990 July-August; 22(4): 150-7, 168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2226745&dopt=Abstract
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Maintaining technical quality of care in the introduction of Cyclofem in a national family planning program: findings from Indonesia. Author(s): Lubis F, Fajans P, Simmons R. Source: Contraception. 1994 May; 49(5): 527-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8045136&dopt=Abstract
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Maintenance payments for child support in southern Africa: using law to promote family planning. Author(s): Armstrong A. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1992 July-August; 23(4): 217-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1412595&dopt=Abstract
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Making family planning clinics an empowerment zone for rural battered women. Author(s): Ulbrich PM, Stockdale J. Source: Women Health. 2002; 35(2-3): 83-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201512&dopt=Abstract
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Making family planning more effective--Papua New Guinean style. Author(s): Mola G. Source: P N G Med J. 1991 June; 34(2): 85-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1750257&dopt=Abstract
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Male involvement in family planning in rural Vietnam: an application of the Transtheoretical Model. Author(s): Ha BT, Jayasuriya R, Owen N. Source: Health Education Research. 2003 April; 18(2): 171-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12729176&dopt=Abstract
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Male involvement in family planning in Turkey. Author(s): Ozvaris SB, Dogan BG, Akin A. Source: World Health Forum. 1998; 19(1): 76-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9610246&dopt=Abstract
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Male involvement in family planning: a case study spanning five generations of a south Indian family. Author(s): Karra MV, Stark NN, Wolf J. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1997 March; 28(1): 24-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9097383&dopt=Abstract
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Males' use of public health department family planning services. Author(s): Glasser M. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1990 May; 80(5): 611-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2327544&dopt=Abstract
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Management of family planning programs and operations research. Author(s): Bernhart MH. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1991; 371: 143-80. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1956885&dopt=Abstract
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Married men's opinions and involvement regarding family planning in rural areas. Author(s): Mistik S, Nacar M, Mazicioglu M, Cetinkaya F. Source: Contraception. 2003 February; 67(2): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12586323&dopt=Abstract
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Mass media exposure and its impact on family planning in Bangladesh. Author(s): Islam MM, Hasan AH. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2000 October; 32(4): 513-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11075643&dopt=Abstract
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Mass media family planning promotion in three Nigerian cities. Author(s): Piotrow PT, Rimon JG 2nd, Winnard K, Kincaid DL, Huntington D, Convisser J. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1990 September-October; 21(5): 265-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2237995&dopt=Abstract
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Mass-media-generated interpersonal communication as sources of information about family planning. Author(s): Valente TW, Poppe PR, Merritt AP. Source: Journal of Health Communication. 1996 July-September; 1(3): 247-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10947363&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal deaths among women with pregnancies outside of family planning in Sichuan, China. Author(s): Ni H, Rossignol AM. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1994 September; 5(5): 490-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7986862&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal-child health and family planning: user perspectives and service constraints in rural Bangladesh. Author(s): Simmons R, Koenig MA, Huque AA. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1990 July-August; 21(4): 187-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2219224&dopt=Abstract
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Measuring components of family planning program effort. Author(s): Entwisle B. Source: Demography. 1989 February; 26(1): 53-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2737358&dopt=Abstract
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Measuring natural family planning in terms of couple-years of protection. Author(s): Cuervo LI. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 December; 165(6 Pt 2): 2063-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1755472&dopt=Abstract
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Measuring the effort levels of family planning programmes (profile of 30 programme effort scores, 1982 and 1989). Author(s): Ross JA, Mauldin WP. Source: World Health Stat Q. 1994; 47(1): 16-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8085365&dopt=Abstract
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Measuring university student satisfaction with a campus family planning clinic in Costa Rica. Author(s): Kalma S. Source: International Journal of Nursing Studies. 1993 August; 30(4): 343-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8375977&dopt=Abstract
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Medicaid managed care and the family planning free-choice exemption: beyond the freedom to choose. Author(s): Rosenbaum S, Shin PW, Mauskopf A, Zuvekas A. Source: Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law. 1997 October; 22(5): 1191-214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9394245&dopt=Abstract
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Medical barriers to access to family planning. Author(s): Shelton JD, Angle MA, Jacobstein RA. Source: Lancet. 1992 November 28; 340(8831): 1334-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1360046&dopt=Abstract
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Meeting the reproductive health care needs of adolescents: California's Family Planning Access, Care, and Treatment Program. Author(s): Brindis CD, Llewelyn L, Marie K, Blum M, Biggs A, Maternowska C. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2003 June; 32(6 Suppl): 79-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782446&dopt=Abstract
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Meeting women's needs for post-abortion family planning. Report of a Bellagio Technical Working Group. Author(s): Wolf M, Benson J. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1994; 45 Suppl: S1-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7926259&dopt=Abstract
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Men and family planning in Zambia. Author(s): Pillai VK. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1993 January; 25(1): 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8425881&dopt=Abstract
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Men and family planning: what is their future role? Author(s): Fortunati LN, Floerchinger-Franks G. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2001 October; 13(10): 473-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11930770&dopt=Abstract
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Men at family planning clinics: the new patients? Author(s): Schulte MM, Sonenstein FL. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1995 September-October; 27(5): 212-6, 225. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9104609&dopt=Abstract
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Men's attitudes about family planning in Dakar, Senegal. Author(s): Posner JK, Mbodji F. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1989 July; 21(3): 279-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2768287&dopt=Abstract
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Men's knowledge, attitude and practices of family planning in north Gondar. Author(s): Ismail S. Source: Ethiop Med J. 1998 October; 36(4): 261-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11957302&dopt=Abstract
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Men's unmet need for family planning: implications for African fertility transitions. Author(s): Ngom P. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1997 September; 28(3): 192-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322335&dopt=Abstract
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Minimal smoking cessation interventions in prenatal, family planning, and wellchild public health clinics. Author(s): Manfredi C, Crittenden KS, Cho YI, Engler J, Warnecke R. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2000 March; 90(3): 423-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10705864&dopt=Abstract
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Misinformation, mistrust, and mistreatment: family planning among Bolivian market women. Author(s): Schuler SR, Choque ME, Rance S. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1994 July-August; 25(4): 211-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7985215&dopt=Abstract
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Mobile family planning drama. Author(s): Babalola S. Source: Promot Educ. 1993 December; Spec No: 42-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8186944&dopt=Abstract
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Mock family planning clinics: community-based teaching on contraception for medical students. Author(s): Baraitser P, Herns M. Source: Medical Education. 2001 November; 35(11): 1082-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11715971&dopt=Abstract
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More evidence for the public health value of family planning. Author(s): Klerman LV, Klerman JA. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1994 September; 84(9): 1377-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8092358&dopt=Abstract
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Multidisciplinary learning in family planning clinics. Author(s): Baraitser P, Herns M, Webb S. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 April; 26(2): 107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10773606&dopt=Abstract
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Mum's the word: the Supreme Court and family planning. Author(s): Mariner WK. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1992 February; 82(2): 296-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1739169&dopt=Abstract
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Muscular dystrophy: genetic counselling and family planning. Author(s): Gustavson KH. Source: Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl. 1999; 39: 38-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10370971&dopt=Abstract
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My journey to natural family planning. Author(s): Staicer C. Source: Midwifery Today Int Midwife. 1999 Autumn; (51): 34-5, 65. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10808872&dopt=Abstract
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My struggle to provide natural family planning. Author(s): Pearl J. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 1997 March; 5(3): 85. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9459887&dopt=Abstract
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Mycoplasmas among clients attending a family planning clinic in Zaria, Nigeria. Author(s): Nsofor BI, Bello CS, Ekwempu CC. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1990 September; 33(1): 65-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1974534&dopt=Abstract
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Nationalism, race, and gender: the politics of family planning in Zimbabwe, 19571990. Author(s): West MO. Source: Social History of Medicine : the Journal of the Society for the Social History of Medicine / Sshm. 1994 December; 7(3): 447-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11639476&dopt=Abstract
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Nationwide audit of pill knowledge amongst family planning users in Scotland. Author(s): Rajasekar D, Bigrigg A, Docherty G. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 1999 June; 4(2): 95-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10427484&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning and Down syndrome--matching and confounding in a case control study. Author(s): Pelz J. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 December 18; 66(3): 363-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8985501&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning and pregnancy outcome. Author(s): Roetzer J. Source: Int J Fertil. 1988; 33 Suppl: 40-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2902025&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning and sex selection: fact or fiction? Author(s): Gray RH. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 December; 165(6 Pt 2): 1982-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1836712&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning and the new technologies. Author(s): Flynn AM. Source: Suppl Int J Gynecol Obstet. 1989; 1: 123-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2679668&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning effectiveness in Belgium. Author(s): De Leizaola-Cordonnier A. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1995 June; 11(2): 165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7491857&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning effectiveness: evaluating published reports. Author(s): Lamprecht V, Trussell J. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1997 June-September; 13(2-3): 155-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288333&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning in developing countries. Author(s): Flynn AM. Source: Lancet. 1992 August 1; 340(8814): 309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1353222&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning in New Zealand: a study of continuation rates and characteristics of users. Author(s): France M, France J, Townend K. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1997 June-September; 13(2-3): 191-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288337&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning in the 1990s. Author(s): Ryder B, Campbell H. Source: Lancet. 1995 July 22; 346(8969): 233-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7503859&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning use-effectiveness and continuation. Author(s): Kambic RT. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 December; 165(6 Pt 2): 2046-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1755467&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning with and without barrier method use in the fertile phase: efficacy in relation to sexual behavior: a German prospective long-term study. Author(s): Frank-Herrmann P, Freundl G, Gnoth C, Godehardt E, Kunert J, Baur S, Sottong U. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1997 June-September; 13(2-3): 179-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288336&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Author(s): Girard M. Source: Lancet. 1995 September 16; 346(8977): 775; Author Reply 775-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7658892&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Author(s): Dunn HP. Source: Lancet. 1995 September 16; 346(8977): 775; Author Reply 775-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7503925&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Author(s): Diamond I. Source: Lancet. 1995 September 16; 346(8977): 774; Author Reply 775-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7658890&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Author(s): Freundl G, Frank-Herrmann P. Source: Lancet. 1995 September 16; 346(8977): 774-5; Author Reply 775-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7658891&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Author(s): Geerling JH. Source: American Family Physician. 1995 November 1; 52(6): 1749-56, 1759-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7484685&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Author(s): Loefler IJ. Source: Lancet. 1995 September 16; 346(8977): 775; Author Reply 775-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7658893&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Author(s): Foxwell M. Source: Mod Midwife. 1994 March; 4(3): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7788358&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Author(s): Scagliotti M. Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : Jognn / Naacog. 1994 October; 23(8): 637. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7836987&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Author(s): Davis MS. Source: Naacogs Clin Issu Perinat Womens Health Nurs. 1992; 3(2): 280-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1596436&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning.and empowers couples. Author(s): Jarvis G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 November 20; 307(6915): 1358. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8257905&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Abstinence unnatural in primates. Author(s): Crane SF, Potts M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 October 16; 307(6910): 1004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8241883&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Advocates and detractors have different sexual philosophies. Author(s): Lee J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 November 20; 307(6915): 1360. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8257911&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Attitudes against natural methods must change. Author(s): Norman C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 November 20; 307(6915): 1359. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8257908&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Author's reply. Author(s): Ryder RE. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 November 20; 307(6915): 1360. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8257912&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Both partners need instruction. Author(s): Moore WM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 November 20; 307(6915): 1358-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8257907&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Cheap, effective, and free of side effects. Author(s): Wilson MB. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 November 20; 307(6915): 1357-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8257904&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Couples take chances. Author(s): Huezo C, Kleinman R, Walder R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 October 16; 307(6910): 1003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8267777&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Demand is increasing. Author(s): Odeblad E. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 November 20; 307(6915): 1359. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8257909&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Depends on consumers not providers. Author(s): Kelly J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 November 20; 307(6915): 1357. Erratum In: Bmj 1994 January 29; 308(6924): 344. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8147966&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Effective only if used perfectly. Author(s): Trussell J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 October 16; 307(6910): 1003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8241882&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Low failure rate with symptothermal method. Author(s): Pyper C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 November 20; 307(6915): 1359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8257910&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Natural methods have cross cultural appeal. Author(s): Billings JJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 November 20; 307(6915): 1357. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8257902&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Review's enthusiasm based on flawed evidence. Author(s): Guillebaud J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 October 16; 307(6910): 1004-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8241884&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. The family planning method of the future. Author(s): Wilson MA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 November 20; 307(6915): 1360. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8257913&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. The tide is turning in favour. Author(s): Hume K. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 November 20; 307(6915): 1358. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8257906&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning. Unplanned pregnancy rates declining. Author(s): France J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 November 20; 307(6915): 1357. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8257903&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning: looking ahead. Author(s): Queenan JT, Moghissi KS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 December; 165(6 Pt 2): 1979-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1755451&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning: suitability of the CUE method for defining the time of ovulation. Author(s): Moreno JE, Khan-Dawood FS, Goldzieher JW. Source: Contraception. 1997 April; 55(4): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9179455&dopt=Abstract
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Natural family planning--better prospect of contraception. Author(s): Gupta TK. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1996 March; 50(3): 72-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8979622&dopt=Abstract
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections in patients attending STD and family planning clinics in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. Author(s): Gomes JP, Tavira L, Exposto F, Prieto E, Catry MA. Source: Acta Tropica. 2001 December 21; 80(3): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11700184&dopt=Abstract
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New technology in natural family planning. Author(s): Fehring RJ. Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : Jognn / Naacog. 1991 May-June; 20(3): 199-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2056356&dopt=Abstract
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Nonimmune hydrops fetalis with galactosialidosis: consequences for family planning. Author(s): Haverkamp F, Jacobs D, Cantz M, Hansmann M, Fahnenstich H, Zerres K. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1996 March-April; 11(2): 114-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8838767&dopt=Abstract
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Non-invasive screening of teenagers for Chlamydia trachomatis in a family planning setting. Author(s): Kirkwood K, Horn K, Glasier A, Sutherland S, Young H, Patrizio C. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1999 April; 25(1): 11-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10228243&dopt=Abstract
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NORPLANT and the levonorgestrel IUD in Chinese family planning programmes. Author(s): Xiao BL, Gu SJ, Wang SL, Zhu PD, Shi SQ. Source: Annals of Medicine. 1993 April; 25(2): 161-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8489754&dopt=Abstract
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Nurse practitioner intervention to improve postpartum appointment keeping in an outpatient family planning clinic. Author(s): Buckley HB. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 1990 January-March; 2(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2328162&dopt=Abstract
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Nurses or doctors: patient choice in family planning. Author(s): Murray SA, Paxton F. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 1993 November; 51(6): 394-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8307752&dopt=Abstract
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Nursing students' attitudes towards abortion and family planning in Italy and Sweden. Author(s): Agostino MB, Wahlberg V. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 1991; 5(2): 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2047619&dopt=Abstract
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Observations with anteovin in family planning advisory unit. Author(s): Domany Z. Source: Ther Hung. 1988; 36(1): 29-33. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3388289&dopt=Abstract
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Observing and charting for family planning. Author(s): Lim R. Source: Midwifery Today Int Midwife. 2000 Winter; (56): 54-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11984906&dopt=Abstract
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Older women and family planning services. Author(s): Kirkman RJ. Source: Maturitas. 1988; Suppl 1: 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3237114&dopt=Abstract
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On natural family planning. Author(s): Klaus H. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1989 September-October; 21(5): 196. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2624633&dopt=Abstract
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On-the-job training through follow-up visits to improve the quality of family planning services. Author(s): Ozek B, Saat Z, Temiz AT, Kinzie B. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 1998 December; 3(4): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10036603&dopt=Abstract
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Opinion: natural family planning and the management of infertility. Author(s): Gnoth C, Frank-Herrmann P, Freundl G. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2002 December; 267(2): 67-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439549&dopt=Abstract
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Oral contraceptive pill use after an initial visit to a family planning clinic. Author(s): Oakley D, Sereika S, Bogue EL. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1991 July-August; 23(4): 150-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1936216&dopt=Abstract
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Oral contraceptives and cervical cancer--further findings from the Oxford Family Planning Association contraceptive study. Author(s): Zondervan KT, Carpenter LM, Painter R, Vessey MP. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1996 May; 73(10): 1291-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8630295&dopt=Abstract
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Organizing community participation in family planning projects in South Asia. Author(s): Askew I. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1989 July-August; 20(4): 185-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2772993&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome of pregnancy in users of natural family planning. Author(s): Kambic R, Gray RH, Simpson JL. Source: Suppl Int J Gynecol Obstet. 1989; 1: 99-110. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2679679&dopt=Abstract
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Partnership for family planning services. Author(s): Mir AM. Source: World Health Forum. 1998; 19(3): 300-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9786055&dopt=Abstract
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Partner-specific condom use among adolescent women clients of a family planning clinic. Author(s): Plichta SB, Weisman CS, Nathanson CA, Ensminger ME, Robinson JC. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1992 September; 13(6): 506-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1390818&dopt=Abstract
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Patrilineal family values, family planning and variation in stature among Taiwanese six-year-olds. Author(s): Floyd B. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2003 July; 35(3): 369-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12887219&dopt=Abstract
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Patterns and predictors of female condom use among ethnically diverse women attending family planning clinics. Author(s): Choi KH, Gregorich SE, Anderson K, Grinstead O, Gomez CA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 January; 30(1): 91-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514450&dopt=Abstract
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Paying for family planning. Author(s): Lande RE, Geller JS. Source: Popul Rep J. 1991 November; (39): 1-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1773903&dopt=Abstract
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Pediatrician as family planning counsellor. Author(s): Jayalakshmi MS, Prabhakar PK, Ambwani K. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1999 April; 36(4): 414-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10717710&dopt=Abstract
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Perception of and attitudes toward the Nigerian federal population policy, family planning program and family planning in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Author(s): Avong HN. Source: Afr J Reprod Health. 2000 April; 4(1): 66-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11000710&dopt=Abstract
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Perceptions and knowledge about AIDS among family planning clinic attenders in Johannesburg. Author(s): Govender V, Bhana R, Pillay A, Panchia R, Padayachee GN, de Beer M. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1992 January 18; 81(2): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1733026&dopt=Abstract
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Perceptions of and attitudes towards male infertility in northern Botswana: some implications for family planning and AIDS prevention policies. Author(s): Upton RL. Source: Afr J Reprod Health. 2002 December; 6(3): 103-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12685415&dopt=Abstract
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Perceptions of population policy, development, and family planning programs in northern Nigeria. Author(s): Renne EP. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1996 May-June; 27(3): 127-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8829295&dopt=Abstract
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Performance indicators for family planning services. Author(s): Dennis J, Haynes A, Miller JF, Randall S, Cardy GC, Robinson SM, Conway M, Thomas M, Cooper E, Turner AC, et al. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 November 19; 297(6659): 1337. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3144394&dopt=Abstract
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Performance of the Gen-Probe AMPLIFIED Chlamydia Trachomatis Assay in detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical and urine specimens from women and urethral and urine specimens from men attending sexually transmitted disease and family planning clinics. Author(s): Ferrero DV, Meyers HN, Schultz DE, Willis SA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 November; 36(11): 3230-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9774570&dopt=Abstract
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Perspectives. Family planning remains mired in politics. Author(s): Kent C. Source: Faulkner Grays Med Health. 1992 June 8; 46(23): Suppl 4 P. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10118065&dopt=Abstract
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Physicians' knowledge and practices regarding natural family planning. Author(s): Stanford JB, Thurman PB, Lemaire JC. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 November; 94(5 Pt 1): 672-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10546708&dopt=Abstract
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Pill knowledge amongst oral contraceptive users in family planning clinics in Scotland: facts, myths and fantasies. Author(s): Rajasekar D, Bigrigg A. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 2000 March; 5(1): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10836668&dopt=Abstract
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Population and family planning in China. Author(s): Wu J. Source: Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg. 1994; 56(5): 383-400; Discussion 401-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7892742&dopt=Abstract
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Population and family planning: an international perspective. Author(s): Donaldson PJ, Keely CB. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1988 November-December; 20(6): 307-11, 320. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3229474&dopt=Abstract
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Population growth, development and family planning in India. Author(s): Banerji D. Source: Natl Med J India. 1992 July-August; 5(4): 182-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1304306&dopt=Abstract
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Post-abortion family planning. Author(s): McLaurin KE, Senanayake P, Toubia N, Ladipo OA. Source: World Health Forum. 1995; 16(1): 52-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7873025&dopt=Abstract
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Post-abortion family planning: reversing a legacy of neglect. Author(s): McLaurin KE, Senanayake P, Toubia N, Ladipo OA. Source: Lancet. 1993 October 30; 342(8879): 1099-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8105318&dopt=Abstract
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Postcoital contraception: a family planning study. Author(s): Kane LA, Sparrow MJ. Source: N Z Med J. 1989 April 12; 102(865): 151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2649811&dopt=Abstract
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Postpartum family planning and health needs of women of low income in Istanbul. Author(s): Bulut A, Turan JM. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1995 March-April; 26(2): 88-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7618198&dopt=Abstract
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Post-partum sexual abstinence in West Africa: implications for AIDS-control and family planning programmes. Author(s): Cleland JG, Ali MM, Capo-Chichi V. Source: Aids (London, England). 1999 January 14; 13(1): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10207554&dopt=Abstract
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Potential barriers to the removal of Norplant among family planning clinic patients. Author(s): Kalmuss D, Davidson A, Cushman L, Heartwell S, Rulin M. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1998 December; 88(12): 1846-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9842386&dopt=Abstract
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Preconceptional family health evaluation: bringing clinical genetics education to New England family planning patients. Author(s): Gardiner GB, Guttmacher AE, Lea DH. Source: Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1990; 26(3): 195-202. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2092845&dopt=Abstract
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Predicting Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection using risk scores, physical examination, microscopy, and leukocyte esterase urine dipsticks among asymptomatic women attending a family planning clinic in Kenya. Author(s): Tyndall MW, Kidula N, Sande J, Ombette J, Temmerman M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1999 September; 26(8): 476-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10494940&dopt=Abstract
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Predictors of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women attending rural Midwest family planning clinics. Author(s): Hilger TM, Smith EM, Ault K. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001; 9(1): 3-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11368256&dopt=Abstract
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Predictors of intention to promote family planning: a survey of Protestant seminarians in the United States. Author(s): Goodson P. Source: Health Education & Behavior : the Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education. 2002 October; 29(5): 521-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12238698&dopt=Abstract
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Predominant sexually transmitted diseases among different age and ethnic groups of indigent sexually active adolescents attending a family planning clinic. Author(s): Smith PB, Phillips LE, Faro S, McGill L, Wait RB. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1988 July; 9(4): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3417503&dopt=Abstract
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Pregnancy complications in natural family planning users. Author(s): Mena P, Bitto A, Barbato M, Perez A, Gray RH, Simpson JL, Queenan JT, Kambic RT, Pardo F, Stevenson W, Tagliabue G, Jennings V, Li C. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1997 June-September; 13(2-3): 229-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288340&dopt=Abstract
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Pregnancy outcome associated with natural family planning (NFP): scientific basis and experimental design for an international cohort study. Author(s): Simpson JL, Gray RH, Queenan JT, Mena P, Perez A, Kambic RT, Tagliabue G, Pardo F, Stevenson WS, Barbato M, et al. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1988 December; 4(4): 247-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3075423&dopt=Abstract
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Pregnancy outcome in natural family planning users: cohort and case-control studies evaluating safety. Author(s): Simpson JL, Gray RH, Perez A, Mena P, Barbato M, Castilla EE, Kambic RT, Pardo F, Tagliabue G, Stephenson WS, Bitto A, Li C, Jennings VH, Spieler JM, Queenan JT. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1997 June-September; 13(2-3): 201-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288338&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in women attending a family planning clinic in Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Theunissen JJ, Kariwiga G, Ossewaarde JM, van Rijsoort-Vos JH, Stolz E, van der Meijden WI. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1995 October; 71(5): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7490045&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in small rural town family planning clinics in the central belt of Scotland. Author(s): Sudlow E, Court S, Smith C. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 2001 September; 59(5): 332-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664747&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of chlamydial infection in females attending antenatal and family planning clinics in Karachi Pakistan. Author(s): Wasti S, Ashfaq MK, Ishaq R, Hamid R. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1997 November; 37(4): 462-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9429715&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of HIV-2 infection in a family planning clinic in Lisbon. Author(s): Victorino RM, Guerreiro D, Lourenco MH, Ferreira S, Teles LC. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1992 July-August; 3(4): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1504161&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of HPV cervical infection in a family planning clinic determined by polymerase chain reaction and dot blot hybridisation. Author(s): Hallam N, Green J, Gibson P, Powis J, Bibby J. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1991 July; 34(3): 154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1919537&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of reproductive tract infections in family planning clients in Trabzon, Turkey. Author(s): Hodoglugil NN, Ozek B, Bertan M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 October; 75(5): 360. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10616367&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in women seeking services at family planning centers in Tehran. Author(s): Shokrollahi P, Mirmohamadi M, Mehrabi F, Babaei G. Source: Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 1999 July-September; 25(3): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10407793&dopt=Abstract
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Private midwives: a new approach to family planning service delivery in Ghana. Author(s): McGinn T, Aboagye-Owusu H, Dugan R, Nudanu M, Lauro D. Source: Midwifery. 1990 September; 6(3): 117-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2233392&dopt=Abstract
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Problem visits to a family planning clinic. Author(s): Blumenthal PD, Jacobson J, Gaffikin L. Source: J Reprod Med. 1988 January; 33(1): 58-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3351808&dopt=Abstract
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Promoting family planning: findings from operations research and program research. Author(s): Piotrow PT, Meyer RC. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1991; 371: 97-142. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1956907&dopt=Abstract
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Promoting maternal health through family planning in Nigeria. Author(s): Opaneye AA. Source: J R Soc Health. 1989 December; 109(6): 206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2513407&dopt=Abstract
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Promotion of family planning services in practice leaflets. Author(s): Marshall MN, Gray DJ, Pearson V, Phillips DR, Owen M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1994 October 8; 309(6959): 927-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7950663&dopt=Abstract
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Providing prenatal care services at family planning clinics: problems and opportunities. Author(s): Donovan P. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1989 May-June; 21(3): 127-30, 144. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2668022&dopt=Abstract
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Provision of Chlamydia trachomatis screening in family planning clinics and emergency contraception in genitourinary medicine clinics: a collaborative crossspeciality survey. Author(s): Dale AW, Wilkinson C, Forster GE, Daniels D, Brook MG. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2002 October; 28(4): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419057&dopt=Abstract
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Public funding of family planning, sterilization and abortion services, 1987. Author(s): Gold RB, Guardado S. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1988 September-October; 20(5): 228-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3229469&dopt=Abstract
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Public health. The Mexico City policy and U.S. family planning assistance. Author(s): Cincotta RP, Crane BB. Source: Science. 2001 October 19; 294(5542): 525-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11641484&dopt=Abstract
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Public policy issues relating to women's health: family planning, Medicaid, medicare, and managed care. Author(s): Gorham M. Source: J Natl Black Nurses Assoc. 1996 Spring-Summer; 8(1): 3-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9128541&dopt=Abstract
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Quality and costs of family planning as elicited by an adolescent mystery client trial in Nigeria. Author(s): Olowu F. Source: Afr J Reprod Health. 1998 April; 2(1): 49-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10214429&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of care among Jamaican private physicians offering family planning services. Author(s): McDonald OP, Hardee K, Bailey W, Clyde M, Villinski MT. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1995 September; 11(3): 245-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8533627&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of care in family planning clinics in Jamaica. Do clients and providers agree? Author(s): Hardee K, McDonald OP, McFarlane C, Johnson L. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2001 December; 50(4): 322-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11993027&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of care in family planning in Latin America. Author(s): Diaz J, Diaz M. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1993 June; 9(2): 117-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8237565&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of care in family planning services in Morocco. Author(s): Brown L, Tyane M, Bertrand J, Lauro D, Abou-ouakil M, deMaria L. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1995 May-June; 26(3): 154-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7570765&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of care in family planning: clients' rights and providers' needs. Author(s): Huezo C, Diaz S. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1993 June; 9(2): 129-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8237566&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of condom use as reported by female clients of a family planning clinic. Author(s): Oakley D, Bogue EL. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1995 November; 85(11): 1526-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7485665&dopt=Abstract
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Quinacrine method of family planning. Author(s): Hieu DT. Source: Lancet. 1994 April 23; 343(8904): 1040. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7909069&dopt=Abstract
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Race, adolescent contraceptive choice, and pregnancy at presentation to a family planning clinic. Author(s): Raine T, Harper C, Paukku M, Darney P. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 February; 99(2): 241-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814504&dopt=Abstract
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Race, adolescent contraceptive choice, and pregnancy at presentation to a family planning clinic. Author(s): Johnson R. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 July; 100(1): 174; Author Reply 174-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100823&dopt=Abstract
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Raising standards in family planning services. Author(s): Rowlands S. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1991 April; 41(345): 138-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1854532&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized comparative trial in parous women of the frameless GyneFix and the TCu380A intrauterine devices: long-term experience in a Chinese family planning clinic. Author(s): Cao X, Zhang W, Gao G, Van Kets H, Wildemeersch D. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 2000 June; 5(2): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10943576&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid and inexpensive approaches to managing abnormal vaginal discharge or lower abdominal pain: an evaluation in women attending gynaecology and family planning clinics in Peru. Author(s): Sanchez SE, Koutsky LA, Sanchez J, Fernandez A, Casquero J, Kreiss J, Catlin M, Xia M, Holmes KK. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1998 June; 74 Suppl 1: S85-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10023357&dopt=Abstract
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Reading skills and family planning knowledge and practices in a low-income managed-care population. Author(s): Gazmararian JA, Parker RM, Baker DW. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 February; 93(2): 239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9932563&dopt=Abstract
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Reasons for non-use of family planning methods at Ilorin, Nigeria: male opposition and fear of methods. Author(s): Fakeye O, Babaniyi O. Source: Trop Doct. 1989 July; 19(3): 114-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2773048&dopt=Abstract
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Reasons for not using family planning methods in Eastern Turkey. Author(s): Sahin HA, Sahin HG. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 2003 March; 8(1): 11-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12725670&dopt=Abstract
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Reasons for using traditional methods and role of nurses in family planning. Author(s): Yurdakul M, Vural G. Source: Contraception. 2002 May; 65(5): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057787&dopt=Abstract
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Rebuilding confidence in oral contraceptives: a new imperative in family planning. Author(s): Spitzer WO. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996 May; 41(5): 359-63. Erratum In: Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996 September; 42(3): 406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8735675&dopt=Abstract
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Recent advances in natural family planning. Author(s): MacQueen H. Source: Prof Care Mother Child. 2000; 10(3): 62-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11216266&dopt=Abstract
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Reconsidering the doorstep-delivery system in the Bangladesh Family Planning Program. Author(s): Arends-Kuenning M. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 2002 March; 33(1): 87-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11974422&dopt=Abstract
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Reducing pregnancy and induced abortion rates in China: family planning with husband participation. Author(s): Wang CC, Vittinghoff E, Hua LS, Yun WH, Rong ZM. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1998 April; 88(4): 646-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9551010&dopt=Abstract
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Reducing teenage and unintended pregnancies through client-centered and familyfocused school-based family planning programs. Author(s): Porter LS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 1998 June; 13(3): 158-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640009&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between AIDS and family planning programmes: a rationale for developing integrated reproductive health services. Author(s): Pachauri S. Source: Health Transit Rev. 1994; 4 Suppl: 321-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10150523&dopt=Abstract
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Religion, family planning, and abortion. Author(s): Potts M. Source: Lancet. 1993 September 25; 342(8874): 808. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8103897&dopt=Abstract
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Religion, family planning, and abortion. Author(s): Kelly J. Source: Lancet. 1993 September 25; 342(8874): 808-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8103898&dopt=Abstract
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Religion, family planning, and abortion. Author(s): Peeters MA. Source: Lancet. 1993 September 25; 342(8874): 808. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8103896&dopt=Abstract
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Religion, family planning, and abortion. Author(s): Omran AR. Source: Lancet. 1993 September 25; 342(8874): 808. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8103895&dopt=Abstract
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Religion, family planning, and sexual behavior. Author(s): Jobin C. Source: Lancet. 1993 November 6; 342(8880): 1180. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7901507&dopt=Abstract
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Religion, family planning, and sexual behaviour. Author(s): Jayasekara G. Source: Lancet. 1993 November 6; 342(8880): 1180. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7901508&dopt=Abstract
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Religion, family planning, and sexual behaviour. Author(s): Treloar A, Williams AM. Source: Lancet. 1993 November 6; 342(8880): 1180. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7901509&dopt=Abstract
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Religion, family planning, and sexual behaviour. Author(s): D'Souza M. Source: Lancet. 1993 November 6; 342(8880): 1181. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7901511&dopt=Abstract
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Religion, family planning, and sexual behaviour. Author(s): Murmu LR, Kant S. Source: Lancet. 1993 November 6; 342(8880): 1181. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7901512&dopt=Abstract
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Report from the faculty of family planning and reproductive health care AGM, May 2000. Author(s): Greenhall E, Bullock J. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 October; 26(4): 233-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11053886&dopt=Abstract
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Reports from the Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care AGM, May 2002. Assessing the quality of information leaflets about abortion methods in England and Wales. Author(s): Wong SS. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2002 October; 28(4): 214-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449127&dopt=Abstract
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Reproduction, risk and reality: family planning and reproductive health in northern Vietnam. Author(s): Gorbach PM, Hoa DT, Tsui A, Nhan VQ. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1998 July; 30(3): 393-409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9746837&dopt=Abstract
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Reproductive health and reproductive freedom: maternal health care and family planning in the Swedish health system. Author(s): Sundstrom-Feigenberg K. Source: Women Health. 1988; 13(3-4): 35-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3239082&dopt=Abstract
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Reproductive medicine & family planning--2018. Author(s): Coustan DR. Source: R I Med. 1994 June; 77(6): 167. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8049532&dopt=Abstract
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Reproductive tract infections in a family planning population in rural Bangladesh. Author(s): Wasserheit JN, Harris JR, Chakraborty J, Kay BA, Mason KJ. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1989 March-April; 20(2): 69-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2785722&dopt=Abstract
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Reproductive tract infections in primary healthcare, family planning, and dermatovenereology clinics: evaluation of syndromic management in Morocco. Author(s): Ryan CA, Zidouh A, Manhart LE, Selka R, Xia M, Moloney-Kitts M, Mahjour J, Krone M, Courtois BN, Dallabetta G, Holmes KK. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1998 June; 74 Suppl 1: S95-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10023358&dopt=Abstract
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Research and quality control in natural family planning with relational database systems. Author(s): Gnoth C, Bremme M, Klemm R, Frank-Herrmann P, Godehardt E, Freundl G. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1999; 15(4): 375-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145378&dopt=Abstract
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Restructuring federalism: the effects of decentralized federal policy on states' responsiveness to family planning needs. Author(s): McFarlane DR. Source: Women Health. 1992; 19(1): 43-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1475995&dopt=Abstract
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Restructuring federalism: the impact of Reagan policies on the family planning program. Author(s): McFarlane DR, Meier KJ. Source: Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law. 1993 Winter; 18(4): 821-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8120347&dopt=Abstract
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Resuscitation in the family planning and reproductive health care setting. Author(s): Bennett A, Murty J. Source: J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2001 July;27(3):165-8; Quiz 169, 173. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2001 October;27(4):187. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457503&dopt=Abstract
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Rethinking postpartum family planning. Author(s): Winikoff B, Mensch B. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1991 September-October; 22(5): 294-307. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1759275&dopt=Abstract
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Rethinking sexual health clinics. Family planning doctors should refer patients with sexually transmitted diseases to specialists. Author(s): Woolley PD. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 May 6; 310(6988): 1193. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7767159&dopt=Abstract
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Rethinking sexual health clinics. Most genitourinary physicians are trained in family planning. Author(s): Nunns D, Mandal D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 May 6; 310(6988): 1194. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7767163&dopt=Abstract
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Risk behaviors for HIV infection in clients of Pennsylvania family planning clinics. Author(s): Bowen GS, Aral SO, Magder LS, Reed DS, Dratman C, Wasser SC. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1990 March-April; 22(2): 62-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2347410&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in 6810 young women attending family planning clinics. Author(s): Ramstedt K, Forssman L, Giesecke J, Granath F. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1992 March-April; 3(2): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1571382&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for gonorrhoea, syphilis, and trichomonas infections among women attending family planning clinics in Nairobi, Kenya. Author(s): Daly CC, Maggwa N, Mati JK, Solomon M, Mbugua S, Tukei PM, Hunter DJ. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1994 June; 70(3): 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8039777&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for HIV-1 seroprevalence among family planning clients in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Author(s): Kapiga SH, Lyamuya EF, Vuylsteke B, Spiegelman D, Larsen U, Hunter DJ. Source: Afr J Reprod Health. 2000 April; 4(1): 88-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11000712&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases among women attending family planning clinics in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Author(s): Gertig DM, Kapiga SH, Shao JF, Hunter DJ. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 February; 73(1): 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9155554&dopt=Abstract
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Roman Catholic Church-sponsored natural family planning services in the United States. Author(s): Kambic RT, Notare T. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1994 June; 10(2): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7942264&dopt=Abstract
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Satisfaction with family planning services. Interpersonal and organisational dimensions. Author(s): Westaway MS, Viljoen E, Chabalala HP. Source: Curationis. 1998 December; 21(4): 3-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11040593&dopt=Abstract
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Scare over oral contraceptives. Effect on behaviour of women attending a family planning clinic. Author(s): Armstrong JL, Reid M, Bigrigg A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 December 16; 311(7020): 1637. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8555812&dopt=Abstract
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Scare over oral contraceptives. New group will review evidence for effective care in family planning. Author(s): O'Brien P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 December 16; 311(7020): 1638. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8555817&dopt=Abstract
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School's out. for family planning. Author(s): Scott J. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1995 August 2-8; 9(45): 20-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7646957&dopt=Abstract
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Screening criteria for Chlamydia trachomatis in family planning clinics: accounting for prevalence and clients' characteristics. Author(s): Han Y, Coles FB, Hipp S. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1997 July-August; 29(4): 163-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9258647&dopt=Abstract
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Screening for a prothrombotic diathesis in patients attending family planning clinics. Author(s): Kalev M, Day T, Van de Water N, Ockelford P. Source: N Z Med J. 1999 September 24; 112(1096): 358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10587055&dopt=Abstract
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Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic women attending family planning clinics. A cost-effectiveness analysis of three strategies. Author(s): Howell MR, Quinn TC, Gaydos CA. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1998 February 15; 128(4): 277-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9471930&dopt=Abstract
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Screening for genital Chlamydia trachomatis in teenagers attending a family planning youth clinic: a prevalence study using a strand displacement assay on urine samples. Author(s): Baird A, Green T, King H, Kinghorn G, Kudesia G. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2002 October; 28(4): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449129&dopt=Abstract
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Screening for prothrombotic diathesis in family planning clinics. Author(s): Roke C, Roberts H. Source: N Z Med J. 1999 December 10; 112(1101): 475. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678217&dopt=Abstract
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Screening women for chlamydia trachomatis in family planning clinics: the costeffectiveness of DNA amplification assays. Author(s): Howell MR, Quinn TC, Brathwaite W, Gaydos CA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1998 February; 25(2): 108-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9518379&dopt=Abstract
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Seasonality of births in the North West Province, Cameroon: implications for family planning programme. Author(s): Tembon AC. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1990 April; 36(4): 90-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2225027&dopt=Abstract
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Self-reported sexually transmitted diseases among family planning clients: ethnic differences in sexual risk behavior and HIV risk reduction. Author(s): Eversley RB, Policar M, White V, Grinstead O, Newstetter A, Avins A, Hearst N. Source: Ethn Dis. 1993 Spring; 3(2): 181-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8324496&dopt=Abstract
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Sero survey of human immunodeficiency virus infection in women at a family planning clinic: absence of infection in an indigent population in San Francisco. Author(s): Darney PD, Myhra W, Atkinson ES, Meier J. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1989 July; 79(7): 883-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2735478&dopt=Abstract
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Serum folate levels among women attending family planning clinics--Georgia, 2000. Author(s): Than LC, Watkins M, Daniel KL. Source: Mmwr. Recommendations and Reports : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports / Centers for Disease Control. 2002 September 13; 51(Rr-13): 4-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353509&dopt=Abstract
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Setting standards of quality in family planning programs. Author(s): Jain A, Bruce J, Mensch B. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1992 November-December; 23(6 Pt 1): 392-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1293863&dopt=Abstract
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Sex ratio associated with timing of insemination and length of the follicular phase in planned and unplanned pregnancies during use of natural family planning. Author(s): Gray RH, Simpson JL, Bitto AC, Queenan JT, Li C, Kambic RT, Perez A, Mena P, Barbato M, Stevenson W, Jennings V. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1998 May; 13(5): 1397-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9647580&dopt=Abstract
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Sex selection: the ultimate in family planning. Author(s): Carson SA. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1988 July; 50(1): 16-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3164280&dopt=Abstract
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Sexual behavior and condom use among urban women attending a family planning clinic in the United States. Author(s): Lindberg CE. Source: Health Care for Women International. 1999 May-June; 20(3): 303-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10633627&dopt=Abstract
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Sexual behavior and natural family planning teaching experiences. Author(s): Navarretta V. Source: Suppl Int J Gynecol Obstet. 1989; 1: 157-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2803574&dopt=Abstract
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Sexual behavior of natural family planning users in Germany and its changes over time. Author(s): Gnoth C, Frank-Herrmann P, Freundl G, Kunert J, Godehardt E. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1995 June; 11(2): 173-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7491858&dopt=Abstract
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Sexuality, reproduction, and family planning in women with schizophrenia. Author(s): Miller LJ. Source: Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1997; 23(4): 623-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9365999&dopt=Abstract
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Sexually transmitted disease among women attending a family planning clinic in Zaria, Nigeria. Author(s): Nsofor BI, Bello CS, Ekwempu CC. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1989 April; 28(4): 365-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2565260&dopt=Abstract
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Sexually transmitted disease and family planning counselling of psychiatric patients in New Zealand. Author(s): Coverdale J, Falloon I, Turbott S. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 April; 31(2): 28590. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9140638&dopt=Abstract
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Sexually transmitted disease treatment and return for test of cure of adolescents in a family planning clinic. Author(s): Smith PB, Chacko MR, McGill L, Phillips LE. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1991 January; 12(1): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1901024&dopt=Abstract
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Sexually transmitted diseases and family planning. Author(s): Baker SA, Morrison DM. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1993 November-December; 20(6): 352. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8108760&dopt=Abstract
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Sexually transmitted diseases and family planning. Strange or natural bedfellows, revisited. Author(s): Cates W Jr. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1993 May-June; 20(3): 174-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8511713&dopt=Abstract
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Sexually transmitted diseases and sexual behavior in urban adolescent females attending a family planning clinic. Author(s): Oh MK, Feinstein RA, Pass RF. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1988 January; 9(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3335474&dopt=Abstract
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Sexually transmitted diseases are common in women attending Jamaican family planning clinics and appropriate detection tools are lacking. Author(s): Behets FM, Ward E, Fox L, Reed R, Spruyt A, Bennett L, Johnson L, Hoffman I, Figueroa JP. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1998 June; 74 Suppl 1: S123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10023362&dopt=Abstract
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Sexually transmitted diseases in a family planning and an antenatal clinic in Peru: limitations of current practices and analysis of the use of potential markers, pH testing, and Whiff testing. Author(s): Thompson DA, Tsai YK, Gilman RH, Vivar A, Calderon M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2000 August; 27(7): 386-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10949429&dopt=Abstract
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Should family planning clinics provide clinical services for sexually transmitted infections? A case study from Cote d'Ivoire. Author(s): Lafort Y, Sawadogo Y, Delvaux T, Vuylsteke B, Laga M. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2003 June; 8(6): 552-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791061&dopt=Abstract
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Should the association of physicians of India adopt family planning? Author(s): Deo A, Mehta PJ. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1995 July; 43(7): 455. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8713214&dopt=Abstract
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SMART START: an option for adolescents to delay the pelvic examination and blood work in family planning clinics. Author(s): Armstrong KA, Stover MA. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1994 July; 15(5): 389-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7947853&dopt=Abstract
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Social attitudes and family planning in rural Kenya. Author(s): Nyamongo IK. Source: World Health Forum. 1991; 12(1): 75-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1859606&dopt=Abstract
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Sociocultural variables in family planning programmes. Author(s): Nsiah TK. Source: World Health Forum. 1996; 17(2): 175-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8936274&dopt=Abstract
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Socio-demographic characteristics of family planning clients and their possible influence on contraception in Malawi. Author(s): Lema VM, Mtimavalye LA, Msiska FS. Source: East Afr Med J. 1998 January; 75(1): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9604534&dopt=Abstract
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Socioeconomic development, status of women, family planning, and fertility in Bangladesh: a district level analysis. Author(s): Hoque MN, Murdock SH. Source: Soc Biol. 1997 Fall-Winter; 44(3-4): 179-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9446959&dopt=Abstract
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Socioeconomic status and use of family planning among Ghanaian government workers. Author(s): Kannae L, Pendleton BF. Source: Soc Biol. 1998 Spring-Summer; 45(1-2): 113-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9584581&dopt=Abstract
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Some factors affecting acceptance of family planning in Manus. Author(s): Avue B, Freeman P. Source: P N G Med J. 1991 December; 34(4): 270-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1799089&dopt=Abstract
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Some suggested future directions for A.I.D. family planning operations research. Author(s): Hendricks M. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1991; 371: 317-65. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1956895&dopt=Abstract
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Spousal communication and family planning behavior in Navrongo: a longitudinal assessment. Author(s): Bawah AA. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 2002 June; 33(2): 185-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12132638&dopt=Abstract
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Stalking the elusive “unmet need” for family planning. Author(s): Dixon-Mueller R, Germain A. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1992 September-October; 23(5): 330-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1475801&dopt=Abstract
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State family planning and abortion expenditures: their effect on public health. Author(s): Meier KJ, McFarlane DR. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1994 September; 84(9): 1468-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8092373&dopt=Abstract
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STDS in women attending family planning clinics: a case study in Addis Ababa. Author(s): Duncan ME, Tibaux G, Kloos H, Pelzer A, Mehari L, Perine PL, Peutherer J, Young H, Jamil Y, Darougar S, Lind I, Reimann K, Piot P, Roggen E. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1997 February; 44(4): 441-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9015881&dopt=Abstract
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Sterilization for family planning in a Third World country. Author(s): Reichert JA, Nagel LW, Solberg NS. Source: Minn Med. 1997 July; 80(7): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9242025&dopt=Abstract
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Strengthening collaborating institutions: the role of technical assistance in the Family Planning Operations Research Program. Author(s): Blomberg RC. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1991; 371: 469-502. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1956904&dopt=Abstract
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Strengthening primary health care and family planning services in Pakistan: some critical issues. Author(s): Islam A, Malik FA, Basaria S. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2002 January; 52(1): 2-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11963579&dopt=Abstract
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Structure of family planning in Samoa. Author(s): Brewis AA, McGarvey ST, Tu'u'au-Potoi N. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 1998 June; 22(4): 424-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9659766&dopt=Abstract
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Study and introduction of family planning methods in developing countries. Author(s): Rivera R. Source: Annals of Medicine. 1993 February; 25(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8435190&dopt=Abstract
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Study of interspouse communication and adoption of family planning and immunization services in a rural block of Varanasi District. Author(s): Gupta VM, Jain R, Sen P. Source: Indian J Public Health. 2001 October-December; 45(4): 110-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11917331&dopt=Abstract
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Subdermal contraceptive implant (Norplant) continuation rates among adolescents and adults in a family planning clinic. Author(s): Levine AS, Holmes MM, Haseldon C, Butler W, Tsai C. Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 1996 April; 9(2): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8795779&dopt=Abstract
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Substance use in an inner-city family planning population. Author(s): Harwell TS, Spence MR, Sands A, Iguchi MY. Source: J Reprod Med. 1996 September; 41(9): 704-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8887198&dopt=Abstract
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Supply-level measures to increase uptake of family planning services in Niger: the effectiveness of improving responsiveness. Author(s): Bossyns P, Miye H, vLerberghe W. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2002 April; 7(4): 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952956&dopt=Abstract
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Support for family planning improves women's lives. Author(s): Wulf D. Source: Issues Brief (Alan Guttmacher Inst). 1998; (1): 1-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12134875&dopt=Abstract
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Supreme Court ruling on family planning violates free speech, professional ethics. Author(s): Carlson K. Source: Pa Nurse. 1991 August; 46(8): 24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1876413&dopt=Abstract
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Surveillance of family planning services at Title X clinics and characteristics of women receiving these services, 1991. Author(s): Smith JC, Franchino B, Henneberry JF. Source: Mmwr. Cdc Surveillance Summaries : Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Cdc Surveillance Summaries / Centers for Disease Control. 1995 May 5; 44(2): 1-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7739514&dopt=Abstract
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Taking family planning services to hard-to-reach populations. Author(s): Donovan P. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1996 May-June; 28(3): 120-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8827149&dopt=Abstract
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Teenagers, young people and family planning: a survey in five Romanian high schools. Author(s): Alexandrescu R, Tuchendria E. Source: Public Health. 1999 September; 113(5): 219-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10557115&dopt=Abstract
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The acceptability of the female condom: perspectives of family planning providers in New York City, South Africa, and Nigeria. Author(s): Mantell JE, Hoffman S, Weiss E, Adeokun L, Delano G, Jagha T, Exner TM, Stein ZA, Karim QA, Scheepers E, Atkins K, Weiss E. Source: Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 2001 December; 78(4): 658-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11796812&dopt=Abstract
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The availability and accessibility of the contraceptive implant from family planning agencies in the United States, 1991-1992. Author(s): Frost JJ. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1994 January-February; 26(1): 4-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8174697&dopt=Abstract
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The behavior of Italian family physicians regarding the health problems of women and, in particular, family planning (both contraception and NFP). Author(s): Girotto S, Del Zotti F, Baruchello M, Gottardi G, Valente M, Battaggia A, Rosa B, Fedrizzi P, Campanella M, Zumerle M, Bressan F. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1997 June-September; 13(2-3): 283-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288347&dopt=Abstract
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The benefits and barriers associated with a national natural family planning service: the New Zealand experience. Author(s): France M. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1997 June-September; 13(2-3): 295-302. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288348&dopt=Abstract
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The case for family planning. Author(s): Leathard A. Source: Nursing (Lond). 1991 February 14-27; 4(28): 9-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2008246&dopt=Abstract
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The construction of community participation: village family planning groups and the Indonesian state. Author(s): Shiffman J. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2002 April; 54(8): 1199-214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989957&dopt=Abstract
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The cost-effectiveness of family planning service provision. Author(s): Hughes D, McGuire A. Source: Journal of Public Health Medicine. 1996 June; 18(2): 189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8816317&dopt=Abstract
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The demand and supply of nutritional advice and guidance in Scottish family planning services. Author(s): Tessier S, Morris SE, Lean ME. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 April; 26(2): 97-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10773602&dopt=Abstract
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The economics of family planning and underage conceptions. Author(s): Paton D. Source: Journal of Health Economics. 2002 March; 21(2): 207-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11939239&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of structural characteristics on family planning program performance in Cote d'Ivoire and Nigeria. Author(s): Mancini DJ, Stecklov G, Stewart JF. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2003 May; 56(10): 2123-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12697202&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of the sex of interviewers on the quality of data in a Nigerian family planning questionnaire. Author(s): Becker S, Feyisetan K, Makinwa-Adebusoye P. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1995 July-August; 26(4): 233-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7482680&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of user fees on the utilization of family planning services. A clinical study. Author(s): Bailey W, Wynter HH, Lee A, Oliver P, Jackson J. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 1994 June; 43(2): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7941495&dopt=Abstract
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The effectiveness of family planning programs evaluated with true experimental designs. Author(s): Bauman KE. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1997 April; 87(4): 666-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9146451&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of family planning education provided to different gender groups. Author(s): Ozgur S, Ihsan Bozkurt A, Ozcirpici B. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2000 October; 107(10): 1226-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11028572&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of family planning workers' contact on fertility preferences: evidence from Bangladesh. Author(s): Arends-Kuenning M, Hossain MB, Barkat-e-Khuda. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1999 September; 30(3): 183-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10546310&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of postnatal health education for mothers on infant care and family planning practices in Nepal: a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Bolam A, Manandhar DS, Shrestha P, Ellis M, Costello AM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 March 14; 316(7134): 805-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9549449&dopt=Abstract
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The evolution of the family planning programme and its role in influencing fertility change in Kenya. Author(s): Toroitich-Ruto C. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2001 April; 33(2): 245-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11284629&dopt=Abstract
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The evolution, operation and future of Minnesota SAFPLAN: a coalition for family planning. Author(s): Herman KA, Wolfson M, Forster JL. Source: Health Education Research. 1993 September; 8(3): 331-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10146474&dopt=Abstract
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The family planning aspects of the practice of traditional healers in Ibadan, Nigeria. Author(s): Obisesan KA, Adeyemo AA, Ohaeri JU, Aramide FA, Okafor SI. Source: West Afr J Med. 1997 July-September; 16(3): 184-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9329289&dopt=Abstract
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The family planning attitudes and experiences of low-income women. Author(s): Forrest JD, Frost JJ. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1996 November-December; 28(6): 246-55, 277. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8959414&dopt=Abstract
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The fertility impact of alternative family planning distribution channels in Indonesia. Author(s): Jensen ER. Source: Demography. 1996 May; 33(2): 153-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8827162&dopt=Abstract
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The fertility transition in Cuba and the Federal Republic of Korea: the impact of organised family planning. Author(s): Noble J, Potts M. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1996 April; 28(2): 211-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8935877&dopt=Abstract
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The frequency and spectrum of congenital anomalies in natural family planning users in South America: no increase in a case-control study. NFP-ECLAMC Group. Natural Family Planning. Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations. Author(s): Castilla EE, Lopez-Camelo JS, da Graca Dutra M, Queenan JT, Simpson JL. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1997 December; 13(4): 395-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9404549&dopt=Abstract
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The future of family planning programs. Author(s): Caldwell JC, Phillips JF, Barkat-e-Khuda. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 2002 March; 33(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11974413&dopt=Abstract
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The global challenges for family planning in the 21st century. Author(s): Senanayake P. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 January; 26(1): 19-20. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819590&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of a family planning multimedia campaign in Bamako, Mali. Author(s): Kane TT, Gueye M, Speizer I, Pacque-Margolis S, Baron D. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1998 September; 29(3): 309-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9789324&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of an increase in family planning services on the teenage population of Philadelphia. Author(s): Hughes ME, Furstenberg FF Jr, Teitler JO. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1995 March-April; 27(2): 60-5, 78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7796897&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of an integrated family planning program in Russia. Author(s): Sherwood-Fabre L, Goldberg H, Bodrova V. Source: Evaluation Review. 2002 April; 26(2): 190-212. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949538&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of family planning on women's lives: expanding the research agenda. Author(s): Ulin PR, Hardee K, Bailey P, Williamson N. Source: World Health Stat Q. 1994; 47(1): 6-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8085370&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of family planning service provision on contraceptive-use dynamics in Morocco. Author(s): Steele F, Curtis SL, Choe M. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1999 March; 30(1): 28-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10216894&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of mass media family planning programmes on current use of contraception in urban Bangladesh. Author(s): Kabir M, Islam MA. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2000 July; 32(3): 411-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10979233&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of price changes on demand for family planning and reproductive health services in Ecuador. Author(s): Bratt JH, Weaver MA, Foreit J, De Vargas T, Janowitz B. Source: Health Policy and Planning. 2002 September; 17(3): 281-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135994&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of side effects on family planning use among female clients of the public health services in Jamaica. Author(s): Fox K. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2001 September; 50(3): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11769025&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of the quality of family planning services on contraceptive use in Peru. Author(s): Mensch B, Arends-Kuenning M, Jain A. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1996 March-April; 27(2): 59-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8714304&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of type of employment on women's use of prenatal-care services and family planning in urban Cebu, the Philippines. Author(s): Miles-Doan R, Brewster KL. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1998 March; 29(1): 69-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9561670&dopt=Abstract
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The implementation of integrated mother and child health and family planning services. Author(s): Walley J. Source: Trop Doct. 1997 April; 27(2): 69-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9133783&dopt=Abstract
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The importance of user compliance on the effectiveness of natural family planning programs. Author(s): Tommaselli GA, Guida M, Palomba S, Pellicano M, Nappi C. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2000 April; 14(2): 81-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10836194&dopt=Abstract
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The incidence of HIV infection among women using family planning methods in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Author(s): Kapiga SH, Lyamuya EF, Lwihula GK, Hunter DJ. Source: Aids (London, England). 1998 January 1; 12(1): 75-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9456257&dopt=Abstract
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The integration of family planning and childhood immunization services in Togo. Author(s): Huntington D, Aplogan A. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1994 May-June; 25(3): 176-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7940622&dopt=Abstract
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The integration of family planning and genitourinary medicine services. Author(s): Wilkinson C, Hampton N, Bradbeer C. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 2000 October; 26(4): 187-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11053871&dopt=Abstract
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The introduction of Cyclofem into national family planning programmes: experience from studies in Indonesia, Jamaica, Mexico, Thailand and Tunisia. Task Force on Research on Introduction and Transfer of Technologies for Fertility Regulation, Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Author(s): Hall PE. Source: Contraception. 1994 May; 49(5): 489-507. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8045134&dopt=Abstract
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The Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM): a postpartum introductory family planning method with policy and program implications. Author(s): Labbok MH, Perez A, Valdes V, Sevilla F, Wade K, Laukaran VH, Cooney KA, Coly S, Sanders C, Queenan JT. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1994 June; 10(2): 93-109. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7942265&dopt=Abstract
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The levonorgestrel intra-uterine system: therapeutic application in family planning. Author(s): Dolan LM, Mulholland M, Price J. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2001 January; 27(1): 19-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457542&dopt=Abstract
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The long-term demographic role of community-based family planning in rural Bangladesh. Author(s): Phillips JF, Hossain MB, Arends-Kuenning M. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1996 July-August; 27(4): 204-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8875733&dopt=Abstract
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The male versus female perspective on family planning: kinshasa, zaire. Author(s): Bertrand JT, Makani B, Edwards MP, Baughman NC, Niwembo KL, Djunghu B. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1996 January; 28(1): 37-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8690742&dopt=Abstract
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The Navrongo Community Health and Family Planning Project. Author(s): Binka FN, Nazzar A, Phillips JF. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1995 May-June; 26(3): 121-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7570763&dopt=Abstract
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The need for family planning and safe abortion services among women sex workers seeking STI care in Cambodia. Author(s): Delvaux T, Crabbe F, Seng S, Laga M. Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2003 May; 11(21): 88-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12800706&dopt=Abstract
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The occupational profile and associated training needs of the nurse prescriber: an empirical study of family planning nurses. Author(s): Tyler C, Hicks C. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2001 September; 35(5): 644-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529966&dopt=Abstract
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The power of information and contraceptive choice in a family planning setting in Mexico. Author(s): Feldblum P. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 December; 76(6): 497. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11221141&dopt=Abstract
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The power of information and contraceptive choice in a family planning setting in Mexico. Author(s): Lazcano Ponce EC, Sloan NL, Winikoff B, Langer A, Coggins C, Heimburger A, Conde-Glez CJ, Salmeron J. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 August; 76(4): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11026883&dopt=Abstract
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The prevalence of anemia among clients of family planning clinics in Egypt. Author(s): Hassan EO, el-Hussinie M, el-Nahal N. Source: Contraception. 1999 August; 60(2): 93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10592856&dopt=Abstract
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The provision of family planning services by family doctors in a health board region. Author(s): Bedford D, Howell F, Lynskey I. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 1995 January; 164(1): 48-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7890537&dopt=Abstract
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The provision of family planning services in the Caribbean. Author(s): Yeboah DA. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2002 July; 34(3): 379-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117216&dopt=Abstract
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The provision of public-sector services by family planning agencies in 1995. Author(s): Frost JJ, Bolzan M. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1997 January-February; 29(1): 6-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9119045&dopt=Abstract
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The psychological well-being of women of Menoufiya, Egypt. Relationships with family planning. Author(s): Severy LJ, Waszak C, Badawi I, Kafafi L. Source: The American Psychologist. 2003 March; 58(3): 218-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12772428&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between HIV infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among women attending two family planning clinics in Nairobi, Kenya. Author(s): Maggwa BN, Hunter DJ, Mbugua S, Tukei P, Mati JK. Source: Aids (London, England). 1993 May; 7(5): 733-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8318180&dopt=Abstract
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The relevance of client-centered communication to family planning settings in developing countries: lessons from the Egyptian experience. Author(s): Abdel-Tawab N, Roter D. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2002 May; 54(9): 1357-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058852&dopt=Abstract
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The relevance of ethnic monitoring in the experience of Haringey Healthcare NHS trust community family planning clinics. Author(s): Christopher E. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1999 January; 24(4): 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10023096&dopt=Abstract
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The role of a family planning program in international AIDS care. Author(s): Littlefield J. Source: The Journal of the Association of Nurses in Aids Care : Janac. 1994 May-June; 5(3): 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8068893&dopt=Abstract
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The role of MCH and family planning services in HIV/STD control: is integration the answer? Author(s): Lush L, Walt G, Cleland J, Mayhew S. Source: Afr J Reprod Health. 2001 December; 5(3): 29-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12471927&dopt=Abstract
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The role of private providers in maternal and child health and family planning services in developing countries. Author(s): Berman P, Laura R. Source: Health Policy and Planning. 1996 June; 11(2): 142-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10158456&dopt=Abstract
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The simulated client method: evaluating client-provider interactions in family planning clinics. Author(s): Huntington D, Schuler SR. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1993 May-June; 24(3): 187-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8351699&dopt=Abstract
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The supermarket for women's reproductive health: the burden of genital infections in a family planning clinic in Nairobi, Kenya. Author(s): Temmerman M, Kidula N, Tyndall M, Rukaria-Kaumbutho R, Muchiri L, Ndinya-Achola JO. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1998 June; 74(3): 202-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9849556&dopt=Abstract
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The use of family planning methods in an administrative district of Istanbul. Author(s): Ince N, Ayhan Ozyildirim B, Irmak Ozden Y. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 2003 March; 8(1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12725672&dopt=Abstract
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The use of family planning services by non-English speaking background (NESB) women. Author(s): Mirza T, Kovacs GT, McDonald P. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1999 August; 39(3): 341-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10554947&dopt=Abstract
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The value of family planning user profiles in better targeting of family planning: the case of Vanuatu. Author(s): Foy D. Source: Trop Doct. 1993 July; 23(3): 126-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8356742&dopt=Abstract
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Timing of conception and the risk of spontaneous abortion among pregnancies occurring during the use of natural family planning. Author(s): Gray RH, Simpson JL, Kambic RT, Queenan JT, Mena P, Perez A, Barbato M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 May; 172(5): 1567-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7755073&dopt=Abstract
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Towards regional equality in family planning: teenage pregnancies and abortions in Finland from 1976 to 1993. Author(s): Kosunen EA, Rimpela MK. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1996 July; 75(6): 540-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8693930&dopt=Abstract
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Training in family planning encompasses several disciplines. Author(s): Webb AM, Kishen M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 August 19; 311(7003): 511-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7647669&dopt=Abstract
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Training of opinion leaders in family planning in India: does it serve any purpose? Author(s): Sharma V, Sharma A. Source: Revue D'epidemiologie Et De Sante Publique. 1996 April; 44(2): 173-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8693174&dopt=Abstract
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Transcultural aspects of family planning and reproductive healthcare. Author(s): Qureshi B. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2001 January; 27(1): 3-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457537&dopt=Abstract
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Transforming family planning programmes: towards a framework for advancing the reproductive rights agenda. Author(s): Jacobson JL. Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2000 May; 8(15): 21-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11424265&dopt=Abstract
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Transforming family planning services in the Latin American and Caribbean region. Author(s): Helzner JF. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 2002 March; 33(1): 49-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11974419&dopt=Abstract
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Trial of a new method of natural family planning in Liberia. Author(s): Kambic RT, Lanctot CA, Wesley R. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1994 June; 10(2): 111-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7942258&dopt=Abstract
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Try family planning. Author(s): Sheridan JM. Source: J Mich Dent Assoc. 2001 June; 83(5): 14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11484588&dopt=Abstract
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Turkish women's satisfaction with family planning services. Author(s): Erci B. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 2002 December; 7(4): 227-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648295&dopt=Abstract
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Two generations. Family planning nurses have provided support to decades of young women in need of contraception and advice. Author(s): Pearce L. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 2001 February 14-20; 15(22): 14-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12211940&dopt=Abstract
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Two world religions and family planning. Author(s): Verkuyl DA. Source: Lancet. 1993 August 21; 342(8869): 473-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8102433&dopt=Abstract
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United States and Denmark: different approaches to health care and family planning. Author(s): David HP, Morgall JM, Osler M, Rasmussen NK, Jensen B. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1990 January-February; 21(1): 1-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2315964&dopt=Abstract
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Unmet need for family planning in Jamaica. Author(s): Chiezah MA, Adamchak DJ. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1995 July; 27(3): 319-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7650048&dopt=Abstract
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Uptake of family planning services among an ethnically mixed population in a general practice setting. Author(s): Garg M. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1998 July; 24(2): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9741984&dopt=Abstract
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Ureaplasma urealyticum biovar determination in women attending a family planning clinic in Guine-Bissau, using polymerase chain reaction of the multiple-banded antigen gene. Author(s): Domingues D, Tavira LT, Duarte A, Sanca A, Prieto E, Exposto F. Source: Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 2002; 16(2): 71-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11948794&dopt=Abstract
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USA aborts international family planning. Author(s): Carr MC. Source: Lancet. 1996 May 4; 347(9010): 1265. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8622482&dopt=Abstract
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USA aborts international family planning. Author(s): Potts M. Source: Lancet. 1996 March 2; 347(9001): 556. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8596311&dopt=Abstract
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USA: victory over gag rule for family planning groups. Author(s): Frankel DH. Source: Lancet. 1992 November 14; 340(8829): 1215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1359274&dopt=Abstract
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Use effectiveness of the Creighton model ovulation method of natural family planning. Author(s): Fehring RJ, Lawrence D, Philpot C. Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : Jognn / Naacog. 1994 May; 23(4): 303-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8057183&dopt=Abstract
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Use of clinic versus private family planning care by low-income women: access, cost, and patient satisfaction. Author(s): Radecki SE, Bernstein GS. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1989 June; 79(6): 692-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2729465&dopt=Abstract
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Use of contraception and family planning services in the United States, 1988. Author(s): Mosher WD, Pratt WF. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1990 September; 80(9): 1132-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2382758&dopt=Abstract
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Use of family planning at first sexual intercourse among young adults in Ecuador. Author(s): Eggleston E. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1998 October; 30(4): 501-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9818556&dopt=Abstract
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Use of subdermal contraceptive implants in a community-based family planning program. Experience after two years. Author(s): Mittelmark MB, Hansen WB, Shiferaw B, Bradham DD. Source: N C Med J. 1995 October; 56(10): 490-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7477453&dopt=Abstract
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Use of traditional medical practitioners to delivery family planning services in Uttar Pradesh. Author(s): Kambo IP, Gupta RN, Kundu AS, Dhillon BS, Saxena HM, Saxena BN. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1994 January-February; 25(1): 32-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8209393&dopt=Abstract
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Using an ovarian monitor as an adjunct to natural family planning. Author(s): Cavero C. Source: Journal of Nurse-Midwifery. 1995 May-June; 40(3): 269-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7798132&dopt=Abstract
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Using an ovarian monitor as an adjunct to natural family planning. Author(s): Nolan MT. Source: Journal of Nurse-Midwifery. 1996 January-February; 41(1): 55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8820760&dopt=Abstract
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Using mass transit public service advertising to market family planning. Author(s): Blonna R, McNally K, Grasso C. Source: Journal of Health Care Marketing. 1990 March; 10(1): 53-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10104014&dopt=Abstract
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Using photographs to strengthen family planning research. Author(s): Donaldson PJ. Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 2001 July-August; 33(4): 176-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11496936&dopt=Abstract
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Using self-assessment to improve the quality of family planning clinic services. Author(s): Lynam P, Rabinovitz LM, Shobowale M. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1993 July-August; 24(4): 252-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8212095&dopt=Abstract
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Using situation analysis data to assess the functioning of family planning clinics in Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. Author(s): Mensch B, Fisher A, Askew I, Ajayi A. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1994 January-February; 25(1): 18-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8209392&dopt=Abstract
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Utilisation of family planning services at the teaching hospital in Blantyre, Malawi. Author(s): Lema VM, Mtimavalye LA, Gondwe EE. Source: East Afr Med J. 1994 November; 71(11): 703-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7859653&dopt=Abstract
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Vaginal douching in teenagers attending a family planning clinic. Author(s): Chacko MR, McGill L, Johnson TC, Smith PB, Nenney SW. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1989 May; 10(3): 217-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2715095&dopt=Abstract
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West Indian gender relations, family planning programs and fertility decline. Author(s): Handwerker WP. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1992 November; 35(10): 1245-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1439908&dopt=Abstract
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What are family planning clinics for. Author(s): Presho M. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1998 April; 24(1): 29. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9758525&dopt=Abstract
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What are family planning clinics for. Author(s): Kishen M. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1998 April; 24(1): 28-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9758523&dopt=Abstract
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What are family planning clinics for. Author(s): Urwin J, Mehigan S. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1998 April; 24(1): 28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9758522&dopt=Abstract
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What are family planning clinics for. Author(s): Gupta S. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1998 April; 24(1): 28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9758521&dopt=Abstract
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What are family planning clinics for? Author(s): Canter AK. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1999 January; 24(4): 172. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10023141&dopt=Abstract
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What are family planning clinics for? Author(s): Kirkman RJ. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1998 January; 23(4): 140. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9882804&dopt=Abstract
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What do family planning clients and university students in Nairobi, Kenya, know and think about emergency contraception? Author(s): Muia E, Ellertson C, Clark S, Lukhando M, Elul B, Olenja J, Westley E. Source: Afr J Reprod Health. 2000 April; 4(1): 77-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11000711&dopt=Abstract
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What family planning methods women use and why they change them. Author(s): Matteson PS, Hawkins JW. Source: Health Care for Women International. 1993 November-December; 14(6): 539-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8138471&dopt=Abstract
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What nurses should know about natural family planning. Author(s): Trent AJ, Clark K. Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : Jognn / Naacog. 1997 November-December; 26(6): 643-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9395972&dopt=Abstract
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What President Bush can do about family planning. Author(s): Dryfoos JG. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1989 June; 79(6): 689-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2729464&dopt=Abstract
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Where did family planning come from and where is the specialty going? Author(s): Murty J. Source: Br J Fam Plann. 1999 July; 25(2): 80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10454660&dopt=Abstract
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Why do projections of the cost of family planning differ so widely? Author(s): Janowitz B. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1993 January-February; 24(1): 62-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8475525&dopt=Abstract
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Why family planning matters. Author(s): Upadhyay UD, Robey B. Source: Popul Rep J. 1999 July; (49): 1-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10730298&dopt=Abstract
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Why it is difficult to determine resource requirements for family planning. Author(s): Janowitz B, Thompson A. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2001 October; 33(4): 551-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11683224&dopt=Abstract
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Women's fears and men's anxieties: the impact of family planning on gender relations in northern Ghana. Author(s): Bawah AA, Akweongo P, Simmons R, Phillips JF. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1999 March; 30(1): 54-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10216896&dopt=Abstract
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Women's interest in natural family planning. Author(s): Stanford JB, Lemaire JC, Thurman PB. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1998 January; 46(1): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9451372&dopt=Abstract
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Women's position and family planning in Egypt. Author(s): Govindasamy P, Malhotra A. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1996 November-December; 27(6): 328-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8986031&dopt=Abstract
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Women's reproductive health. Family planning and AIDS prevention can be combined. Author(s): Elias CJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1994 March 19; 308(6931): 790. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8204179&dopt=Abstract
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Women's satisfaction with birth control: a population survey of physical and psychological effects of oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices, condoms, natural family planning, and sterilization among 1466 women. Author(s): Oddens BJ. Source: Contraception. 1999 May; 59(5): 277-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10494480&dopt=Abstract
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Working together. The basics of natural family planning. Author(s): Fonte DR. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 1997 March; 5(3): 36-8, 41-2. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9459880&dopt=Abstract
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Workshop on family planning in the era of AIDS. Nairobi, Kenya, 2-4 October, 1996. Author(s): Zaba B. Source: Afr J Reprod Health. 1997 September; 1(2): 110-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10214422&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FAMILY PLANNING Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and family planning.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Family Planning The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “family planning” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “family planning” (or a synonym): ·
Developing a culturally appropriate family planning program for the Navrongo experiment. Author(s): Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ministry of Health, Ghana. Source: Nazzar, A Adongo, P B Binka, F N Phillips, J F Debpuur, C Stud-Fam-Plann. 1995 Nov-December; 26(6): 307-24 0039-3665
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Effects of smoking and oral contraception on plasma beta-carotene levels in healthy women. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461. Source: Palan, P R Romney, S L Vermund, S H Mikhail, M G Basu, J Am-J-ObstetGynecol. 1989 October; 161(4): 881-5 0002-9378
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Flipchart nutrition reference for family planning. Source: Van Gurp, Janet. J-Nutr-Educ. Oakland, Calif. : Society for Nutrition Education. March 1985. volume 17 (1) page 18B. ill. 0022-3182
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Hormonal male contraception: progress and prospects for the 21st century. Author(s): Andrology Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW. Source: Handelsman, D J Aust-N-Z-J-Med. 1995 December; 25(6): 808-16 0004-8291
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Immuno-contraception undergoing promising trials. Source: Koshy, L M Indian-Med-Trib. 1994 August 15; 2(13): 7 0971-488X
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Nutrition within a family planning clinic. Source: Shovic, A.C. J-Appl-Nutr. San Gabrial, Calif. : Association Management West. Spring/Fall 1986. volume 38 (1/2) page 3-12. 0021-8960
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Opinions of imams about family planning and their use of methods in Kayseri, Turkey. Author(s): Erciyes University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Kayseri, Turkey. Source: Ozturk, A Guzel, H Gun, I Osturk, Y Eur-J-Contracept-Reprod-Health-Care. 2002 September; 7(3): 144-9 1362-5187
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Oral contraception in Bangladesh: social marketing and the importance of husbands. Source: Davies, J Mitra, S N Schellstede, W P Stud-Fam-Plann. 1987 May-June; 18(3): 157-68 0039-3665
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Public funding of family planning, sterilization and abortion services, 1987. Source: Gold, R.B. Guardado, S. Fam-Plann-Perspect. New York, N.Y. : Alan Guttmacher Institute. Sept/October 1988. volume 20 (5) page 228-233. 0014-7354
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Serum folate levels among women attending family planning clinics--Georgia, 2000. Source: Than, L C Watkins, M Daniel, K L MMWR-Recomm-Repage 2002 September 13; 51(RR-13): 4-8 1057-5987
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Steroid hormone contraception and bone mineral density: a cross-sectional study in an international population. The WHO Study of Hormonal Contraception and Bone Health. Author(s): United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) / United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) / World Health Organization (WHO) / World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Source: Petitti, D B Piaggio, G Mehta, S Cravioto, M C Meirik, O Obstet-Gynecol. 2000 May; 95(5): 736-44 0029-7844 ·
The demand and supply of nutritional advice and guidance in Scottish family planning services. Author(s): Department of Human Nutrition, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK. Source: Tessier, S Morris, S E Lean, M E Br-J-Fam-Plann. 2000 April; 26(2): 97-9 01448625
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The family planning aspects of the practice of traditional healers in Ibadan, Nigeria. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Source: Obisesan, K A Adeyemo, A A Ohaeri, J U Aramide, F A Okafor, S I West-Afr-JMed. 1997 Jul-September; 16(3): 184-90 0189-160X
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The prevalence of anemia among clients of family planning clinics in Egypt. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mansoura University, Cairo, Egypt. Source: Hassan, E O el Hussinie, M el Nahal, N Contraception. 1999 August; 60(2): 93-9 0010-7824
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The use of traditional methods of contraception among Turkish couples. Author(s): Behavioral Epidemiology and Demographic Research Branch, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724. Source: Goldberg, H I Toros, A Stud-Fam-Plann. 1994 Mar-April; 25(2): 122-8 0039-3665
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Third World birth control--is it abortion? Drug combination gains support as alternative to surgical abortion. Source: Soller, P C Med-Law. 1991; 10(3): 241-7 0723-1393
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Use of traditional medical practitioners to delivery family planning services in Uttar Pradesh. Author(s): Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi. Source: Kambo, I P Gupta, R N Kundu, A S Dhillon, B S Saxena, H M Saxena, B N StudFam-Plann. 1994 Jan-February; 25(1): 32-40 0039-3665
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Women's choice between indigenous and Western contraception in urban Mozambique. Author(s): Department of Sociology, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-2101, USA.
[email protected] Source: Agadjanian, V Women-Health. 1998; 28(2): 1-17 0363-0242
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: ·
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: ·
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to family planning; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·
Vitamins Ascorbic Acid Alternative names: Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ascorbic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
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Folic Acid Alternative names: Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Niacin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pyridoxine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pyridoxine Alternative names: Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Riboflavin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Riboflavin Alternative names: Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin A Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10066,00.html Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Alternative names: Riboflavin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Alternative names: Pyridoxine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Alternative names: Folate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Alternative names: Folate, Folic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Alternative names: Ascorbic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin E Alternative names: Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Tocopherol, D-Alpha-Tocopherol, Delta-Tocopherol, Gamma-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin E Alternative names: Alpha-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com ·
Minerals Alpha-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alpha-Tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-Tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Copper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Copper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com D-Alpha-Tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com D-Alpha-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Delta-Tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Delta-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folate Alternative names: Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gamma-Tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gamma-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Retinol Alternative names: Vitamin A (Retinol) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Retinol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin A (Retinol) Alternative names: Retinol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin A (Retinol) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com ·
Food and Diet Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Ferrous Sulfate Alternative names: Iron Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FAMILY PLANNING Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to family planning. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to family planning and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “family planning” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to family planning: ·
“Not thrush again!” Women's experience of post-antibiotic vulvovaginitis. Author(s): Pirotta MV, Gunn JM, Chondros P. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2003 July 7; 179(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831384&dopt=Abstract
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“Spoiling the womb”: definitions, aetiologies and responses to infertility in north west province, Cameroon. Author(s): Richards SC. Source: Afr J Reprod Health. 2002 April; 6(1): 84-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12476732&dopt=Abstract
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Age-old methods of contraception. Author(s): Guerrero AM.
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Source: Initiatives Popul. 1977 March; 3(1): 20-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12309378&dopt=Abstract ·
Birth control techniques in China. Author(s): Xiao B, Wang M. Source: China Popul Newsl. 1983 December; 1(2): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12312957&dopt=Abstract
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Breastfeeding as a means of contraception. Author(s): Diaz CA. Source: Initiatives Popul. 1983; 7(3): 16-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12339840&dopt=Abstract
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Contraception. Playing a responsible game. Author(s): Hastings-Asatourian B. Source: Pract Midwife. 2002 October; 5(9): 32-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12400415&dopt=Abstract
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Control of physiological phenomena via hypnosis with special reference to contraception. Author(s): Perry BJ. Source: Aust J Clin Hypnother. 1980 September; 1(2): 73-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12339307&dopt=Abstract
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Couples' views of the effects of natural family planning on marital dynamics. Author(s): Vande Vusse L, Hanson L, Fehring RJ, Newman A, Fox J. Source: Journal of Nursing Scholarship : an Official Publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing / Sigma Theta Tau. 2003; 35(2): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12854299&dopt=Abstract
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Developments in male contraception. Author(s): Bialy G, Alexander NJ. Source: Health Sex. 1992 Fall; 3(2): 10-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12286189&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning aid in Sri Lanka. Author(s): Groot HC. Source: Plan Parent Rev. 1982 Summer; 2(2): 9-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12264268&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning and social change in Muslim culture. Author(s): Ahmad W.
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Source: Birthright. 1971 November 21; 6(3/4): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12276154&dopt=Abstract ·
Family planning in the People's Republic of China: report on first official IPPF visit. Author(s): Katagiri T, Terao T. Source: Ippf Med Bull. 1972 June; 6(3): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12275847&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning is the first and most important step for rural development. Author(s): Mokarapong T. Source: J Thai Assoc Volunt Steriliz. 1983 December; : 75-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12266147&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning practices among tribals of South Rajasthan, India. Author(s): Sharma V, Sharma A. Source: J Res Educ Indian Med. 1991 October-December; 10(4): 5-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12346802&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning uses traditional theater in Mali. Author(s): Schubert J. Source: Dev Commun Rep. 1988; (61): 1, 16, 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12315793&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning: an integral part of mental health care. Author(s): Muhuhu P. Source: J Famil Health Train. 1982 Spring; 1(1): 7-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12338462&dopt=Abstract
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Family planning: Muslim style. Author(s): Virina I. Source: Popul Forum. 1979 October-December; 5(1): 24-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12261886&dopt=Abstract
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Folklore information from Assam for family planning and birth control. Author(s): Tiwari KC, Majumder R, Bhattacharjee S. Source: Int J Crude Drug Res. 1982 November; 20(3): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12266264&dopt=Abstract
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Health services and the family planning component. Author(s): Epstein SG, Chen PC, Grant JP, Duke RC, Guttmacher L, Oakley D.
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Source: Draper Fund Rep. 1980 March; 8: 5-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12261798&dopt=Abstract ·
Herbal contraceptives: exploring indigenous methods of family planning. Author(s): Quijano Nv Jr. Source: Initiatives Popul. 1986; 8(2): 22, 31-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12280742&dopt=Abstract
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Hospital staff trained to provide family planning. Author(s): Barnett B. Source: Network (Bristol, England). 1997 Summer; 17(4): 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12292686&dopt=Abstract
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India and Vietnam compared: family planning and everyday life. Author(s): Gough K. Source: Bull Concern Asian Sch. 1977 April - June; 9(2): 42-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12261063&dopt=Abstract
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Indonesia's family planning story: success and challenge. Author(s): Hull TH, Hull VJ, Singarimbun M. Source: Popul Bull. 1977 November; 32(6): 1-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12260296&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge and attitude of dais toward family planning. Author(s): Chaturvedi SK, Dudani IU. Source: Rajasthan Med J. 1977; 16(4): 237-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12309864&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning in Eastern Nigeria: implications, prospects and suggestions. Author(s): Uche C, Ekanem II. Source: Sociologus. 1982; 32(2): 97-126. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12265689&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge, attitude and practice of Malay folk methods in family planning. Author(s): Ab Razak R. Source: Malays J Reprod Health. 1985; 3(1 Supplement): S64-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12320798&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal nutrition: a positive approach in family planning. Author(s): Hseuh AM, Hsu SC, Chow LP, Chow BF.
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Source: Ecol Food Nutr. 1973; 2(2): 99-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12338040&dopt=Abstract ·
Medicinal plants: conception / contraception. Author(s): Chaing HS, Merino-chavez G, Yang LL, Wang FN, Hafez ES. Source: Adv Contracept Deliv Syst. 1994; 10(3-4): 355-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12287843&dopt=Abstract
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New IPPF statement on breast feeding, fertility and post-partum contraception. Author(s): International Planned Parenthood Federation IPPF. International Medical Advisory Panel IMAP. Source: Ippf Med Bull. 1990 April; 24(2): 2-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12316284&dopt=Abstract
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No coercion in birth control. Author(s): Desai SM. Source: Swasth Hind. 1979 July; : 178-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12261735&dopt=Abstract
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Opinions of imams about family planning and their use of methods in Kayseri, Turkey. Author(s): Ozturk A, Guzel H, Gun I, Osturk Y. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 2002 September; 7(3): 144-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428933&dopt=Abstract
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Plants used as means of abortion, contraception, sterilization and fecundation by Paraguayan indigenous people. Author(s): Arenas P, Moreno Azorero R. Source: Econ Bot. 1977 July-September; 31(3): 302-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12335641&dopt=Abstract
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Prostaglandins: the once-a-month birth control pill of the future. Author(s): Portoghese PS. Source: Minn Pharm. 1972 March; 26(6): 8-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12311415&dopt=Abstract
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Singing about family planning. Author(s): Emah E. Source: Niger Pop. 1993 October-December; : 38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12318626&dopt=Abstract
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Statement on breast feeding, fertility and contraception. Author(s): International Planned Parenthood Federation IPPF. International Medical Advisory Panel IMAP. Source: Ippf Med Bull. 1987 December; 21(6): 5-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12268854&dopt=Abstract
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The “new beginning” in Pakistan's family planning programme. Author(s): Robinson WC. Source: Pak Dev Rev. 1987 Spring; 26(1): 107-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12341419&dopt=Abstract
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The debate on family planning and reproductive rights in Bolivia. Author(s): De La Fuente M. Source: Newsl Womens Glob Netw Reprod Rights. 1991 July-September; (36): 6-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12284538&dopt=Abstract
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The indigenous midwife in Asia--supporter or opponent of family planning? Author(s): Simons J. Source: Ippf Med Bull. 1975 October; 9(5): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12258616&dopt=Abstract
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The Integrated Family Planning Project in China. FP and health education: a successful combination. Author(s): Dong Y. Source: Integration. 1988 October; (17): 8-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12315799&dopt=Abstract
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The minorities of Bukidnon. Roots and leaves remain the acceptable family planning device. Author(s): Consignado LS. Source: Popul Forum. 1981; 7(4): 2-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12338242&dopt=Abstract
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The role of traditional healers in the provision of health care and family planning services: Ayurveda and Sidda. Author(s): Bin Mohammed A, Abdul Raheem KP, Kaivalyam K. Source: Malays J Reprod Health. 1985; 3(1 Suppl): S95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12319998&dopt=Abstract
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The role of traditional healers in the provision of health care and family planning services: Malay traditional and indigenous medicine. Author(s): Raden Sanusi HR, Werner R.
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Source: Malays J Reprod Health. 1985; 3(1 Suppl): S82-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12319996&dopt=Abstract ·
The role of traditional healers in the provision of health care and family planning services: Sinseh. Author(s): Kuek K, Liow TS. Source: Malays J Reprod Health. 1985; 3(1 Suppl): S90-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12319997&dopt=Abstract
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The role of traditional organization on family planning acceptance in Indonesia. Author(s): Ancok D. Source: Populasi. 1991; 2(1): 25-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12284614&dopt=Abstract
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The Subanen of Zamboanga del Sur. Said to be the first tribe to practise birth control. Author(s): Daligang H. Source: Popul Forum. 1981; 7(4): 9-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12338244&dopt=Abstract
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Tradition not against family planning -- Ooni. Author(s): Okwudili O. Source: Niger Pop. 1993 October-December; : 48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12318633&dopt=Abstract
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Women's experiences with family planning. Author(s): Gupte M. Source: Health Millions. 1994 June; 2(3): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12345778&dopt=Abstract
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Young people's contraception and sexual health: report of a local needs assessment in Staveley, North Derbyshire. Author(s): Smith A. Source: The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care / Faculty of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care, Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. 2001 January; 27(1): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457544&dopt=Abstract
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: ·
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.comÒ: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to family planning; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·
General Overview Abnormal Pap Smear Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Acne Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acne Vulgaris Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Amenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Candida/Yeast Hypersensitivity Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cervical Dysplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Colds and Flus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Endometriosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gallstones Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hair Growth, Excessive Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hirsuitism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lupus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menorrhagia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Migraine Headaches Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pap Smear, Abnormal Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PMS Alternative names: Premenstrual Stress Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Raynaud's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Tract Infection in Women Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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UTI Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com ·
Alternative Therapy Cosmo-biological birth control Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Kulkarni Naturopathy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/k.html
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Herbs and Supplements Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera, Aloe barbadensis, Aloe ferox , Aloe Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Andrographis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Black cohosh Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10009,00.html Cat’s Claw Alternative names: Uncaria tomentosa Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chaste Tree Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Chasteberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dioscorea villosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Estradiol Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Estrogens (Combined) Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Glycyrrhiza glabra Alternative names: Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glycyrrhiza glabra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypericum perforatum Alternative names: St. John's Wort Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypericum perforatum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Klamathweed Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Klamathweed Alternative names: St. John's Wort Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Medroxyprogesterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Monophasic, Biphasic, and Triphasic Preparations Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Red Clover Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense , beebread, cow clover, cow grass, meadow clover, purple clover Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spanish Licorice Alternative names: Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com St. John's Wort Alternative names: Hypericum perforatum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com St. John's Wort Alternative names: Hypericum perforatum, Klamathweed Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Wild yam Alternative names: Dioscorea villosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Wild Yam Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON FAMILY PLANNING Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to family planning. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “family planning” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on family planning, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Family Planning ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to family planning. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: ·
A Diffusion of Innovations Model Applied to Family Planning Education in Honduras by Doherty, Emita Teresa, Phd from University of Florida, 1990, 222 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9201978
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A Macrocosmic Survey of India and Microcosmic Investigation of Jabalpur City Regarding Family Planning Education in Secondary Schools. by Mohan, Subhashini, Edd from University of Cincinnati, 1974, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7425979
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A Reproductive Health Approach to Family Planning: toward Strategic Communication for Development in Kenya by Muturi, Nancy Wairimu; Phd from The University of Iowa, 2002, 306 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050830
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A Study of Marital Interactional Roles: Method Effectiveness and Satisfaction Levels of Couples Who Are Using the Billings Ovulation Method of Natural Family
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Planning in Southern and Western Puerto Rico by Brennan, Joseph William, Dsw from The Catholic University of America, 1983, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8313337 ·
A Study of Media, Husband-wife Communication for Family Planning and Social Development in Rural Northern Thailand. by Boonlue, Thanavadee Tania, Phd from The University of Chicago, 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/T-27264
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A Study of the Organizational Effectiveness of Family Planning Clinics in the Innercity Area of Detroit. by Sung, Kyu-taik, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1974, 362 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7425340
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A Survey of the Content Taught in Family Planning in the Nursing Schools of France. by Boyer, Micheline Francoise, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1975, 302 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7620000
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Administrative Culture and Organization: State Level Variance in the Performance of the Malaysian National Family Planning Program by Alcser, Kirsten Haakan, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1983, 318 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8324132
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Adolescents and Birth Control: a Study of Oral Contraceptive Use by Balassone, Mary Lou, Dsw from University of California, Berkeley, 1987, 240 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8726121
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Adolescents' Mass Communication Behavior and Learning about Family Planning: a Social Comparison Approach. by De Pietro, Rocco Anthony, Jr., Phd from The University of Michigan, 1977, 206 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7804680
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An Analysis of Social-psychological and Cultural Variables Found in Family Planning Diffusion Studies by Rosario, Florangel Zulueta, Phd from Syracuse University, 1970, 514 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7110971
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An Analysis of the Relationship between the Values of Sexual Regulation, Male Dominance, and Motherhood, and Mexican-american Women's Attitudes, Knowledge, and Usage of Birth Control by Ortiz, Silvia Maria, Phd from University of California, Santa Barbara, 1987, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8803875
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An Evaluation of the Economic Cost and Effectiveness of the Barbados Family Planning Association. by Slavin, Stephen Loren, Phd from New York University, 1973, 364 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7401967
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An Investigation into Environmental Factors Affecting the Marketing of Social Change: the Case of Family Planning in Less Developed Countries (implementation) by Cohen, Judy Frances, Phd from Syracuse University, 1984, 248 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8503321
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An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Paraprofessionals in Increasing the Use of Postpartum and Family Planning Services by Women from Lower Socio-economic Backgrounds in an Urban Setting by Westheimer, Ruth Karola, Edd from Columbia University, 1970, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7026809
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Anthropology and Family Planning: Culturally Appropriate Intervention in a Mexican Community by Shedlin, Michele Goldzieher, Phd from Columbia University, 1982, 304 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8307628
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Assessing Family Planning Needs of Secondary Students in Iowa. by La Fortune, Kathleen, Phd from Iowa State University, 1978, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7903991
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Attitudes of Family Planning Workers toward Teenage Sexual Permissiveness by Fields, Tina Taylor, Phd from Texas A&m University, 1979, 437 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8003127
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Attitudes of Selected Secondary Students toward Family Planning Education by Mercier, Joyce Mcdonough, Phd from Iowa State University, 1980, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8012977
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Attitudes toward Family Planning of Black Medical Students at Meharry Medical College (tennessee) by Burke, Kenyon Clinton, Edd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1983, 368 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8410979
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Baira Ni Vato -- Women's Talk: a Psychological Context for Exploring Fertility Options in Traditional Societies (india, Family Planning) by Seth, Niti, Edd from Harvard University, 1987, 406 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8711671
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Basic Beliefs about Human Life Relating to Ethical Judgments Family Planning Field Workers Make about Induced Abortion: Taiwan, 1973. by Cernada, George Peter, Drph from University of California, Berkeley, 1975, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7615076
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Body Notions, Gender Roles, and Fertility Regulating Method Use in Imbaba, Cairo (family Planning, Sexuality; Egypt) by Krieger, Laurie Elizabeth, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1984, 285 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8425491
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Breastfeeding and Contraception As Substitute Family Planning Strategies by Rous, Jeffrey Joseph, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1996, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9708171
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Caretakers of Blood: Fertility Transition in Rural Northeast Brazil. (volumes I and Ii) (family Planning) by Brems, Susan Kucinski, Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 1993, 783 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9327576
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Catholicism and Family Planning Attitudes in Brazil. by Gelbard, Alene Hanola, Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 1979, 225 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7906457
178 Family Planning
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Child Sexual Abuse and the Subsequent Adolescent Sexual, Family Planning, and Fertility Patterns of Low-income Women (sexual Behaviors) by Castle-young, Brenda G., Phd from University of Maryland at Baltimore, 1992, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9219853
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Communicating the Policy of 'one Child Per Family' in Shanghai: an Analysis of the Family Planning Groups' Communication Strategies (china) by Wang, Jianglong, Phd from Northwestern University, 1989, 304 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9015419
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Communication about an Innovation: the Case of Family Planning Clinics. by Placek, Paul James, Phd from Vanderbilt University, 1974, 470 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7512779
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Communication and Social Change: a Case Study of Forum Theater in Burkina Faso (family Planning) by Morrison, Joy Florence, Phd from The University of Iowa, 1991, 209 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9217187
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Communication Messages and Effectiveness of Family Planning Education (rwanda) by Nguyen, Duc Tien, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1985, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8608839
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Communication Networks, Locus-of-control, and Family Planning among Migrants to the Periphery of Mexico City. by Kincaid, Don Lawrence, Phd from Michigan State University, 1973, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7406073
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Communication Technology and Strategies for Rural Development: the Case for Family Planning and Health Care in Nigeria. by Ukpo, Etim Japhet, Phd from Wayne State University, 1974, 209 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7429875
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Communication, Coorientation, and Contraception: Family Planning among Couples in Rural Bangladesh by Pathak, Shubha, Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 1998, 283 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9821182
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Communications for Social Marketing: a Methodology for Developing Communication Appeals for Family Planning Programs. by Bhandari, Labdhi Pat Raj, Phd from Columbia University, 1976, 265 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7629838
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Compensation for Wrongful Birth: an Examination of the Principles Governing a Physician's Liability in Scots Law for the Failure of a Family Planning Procedure by Norrie, Kenneth Mckenzie, Phd from University of Aberdeen (united Kingdom), 1988, 461 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/DX87754
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Conjugal Role Expectations, Identity, Evaluation of Children and Family Planning Behavior by Tobin, Patricia Lysbeth, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1971, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7209424
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Contextual Effects on Current Use of Modern Contraceptive Methods: Service Availability of Family Planning and Contraceptive Prevalence in Rural Colombia by Merino Escobar, Jose Manuel, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1993, 241 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9323495
Dissertations 179
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Contraceptive Protection Provided Individual Couples and Achievement of Program Goals: a Computer Simulation Study of a Marriage Cohort under Varying Conditions Associated with National Family Planning Programs. by Feinberg, William Evan, Phd from Brown University, 1973, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7403009
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Contraceptive Use among Teenage Mothers: Evaluation of a Family Planning Program. by Ricketts, Susan Austin, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1973, 344 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7402452
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Coups D'etat and Contraceptives: a Political Economy Analysis of Family Planning in Haiti by Maternowska, Mary Catherine, Phd from Columbia University, 1996, 412 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9631748
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Curriculum Inferences for Professional Education in Family Planning Administration by Specter, Gerald Jack, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1970, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7020342
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Demographic Transition Theory and the Family Planning Perspective: the Evolution of Theory Within American Demography. by Hodgson, Dennis George, Phd from Cornell University, 1976, 331 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7718877
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Desire, Attitude and Supply: Why Contraceptive Use Is So High in Three Bangladesh Family Planning Programs by Allen, Karen Bullard, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1993, 219 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9413792
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Desiring Modernity: Family Planning among Palestinians in Northern Israel by Kanaaneh, Rhoda Ann, Phd from Columbia University, 1998, 292 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9838955
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Determinants of Family Planning Clinic Performance in Cebu City, the Philippines by Alvarez, Ann Rosegrant, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1990, 388 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9116109
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Determinants of Family Planning Practice in Rural Thailand. by Boodsayasakul, Pornchai, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1977, 82 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7727229
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Development Administration in a North Indian State: the Family Planning Program in Uttar Pradesh by Elder, Robert Ellsworth, Jr., Phd from Duke University, 1971, 470 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7211085
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Development and Testing of an Educational Slide Program on Natural Family Planning by Curran, Rosalie, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1981, 221 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8111507
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'development,' Gender and Family Planning: Population Politics and the Tanzanian National Population Policy by Richey, Lisa Ann; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1999, 359 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9938208
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Deviant Fertility in China (family Planning, Population Control) by Li, Li, Phd from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9306846
180 Family Planning
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Differentials in Rural Fertility Behavior in Hebei Province, China: the Influence of Socioeconomic and Family Planning Program Contexts by Wei, Jin, Phd from Fordham University, 1995, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9530046
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Diffusion Models for Planning and Evaluating Family Planning Programs. by Haran, E. G. P., Phd from Carnegie-mellon University, 1976, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7705029
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Diffusion of Family Planning Information among Married Couples: a Study of Two Northern Villages in Thailand. by Cheypratub, Satien, Phd from Ohio University, 1978, 308 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7918034
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Doctors and Family Planning: Analysis of the Responses of Physicians to Family Planning in the Context of Private Medical Practice. by Tschetter, Paul David, Phd from Michigan State University, 1975, 325 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7527346
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Dynamics of Policy Politics: the Cases of Abortion Funding and Family Planning in the State of Oregon by Keiser, Gayle Lynette, Phd from University of Oregon, 1981, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8209670
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Econometric Estimation of the Benefits of Family Planning in India. by Horlacher, David Edmund, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1973, 295 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7420925
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Education As an Indicator of Women's Status and It's Impact on Fertility and Contraception in Pakistan: a Multivariate Analysis by Rathnam, Padma Sukumar, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1995, 221 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9617328
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Education Attainment, Modernization and Fertility Reduction--analysis of the Family Planning Policy of India by Suri, Kul Bhushan, Phd from University of Maryland at Baltimore, 1989, 289 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8924467
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Effects of Neighborhood and Individual Factors on Family Planning in Taichung by Srikantan, Kodaganallur Sivaswamy, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1967, 238 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6807734
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Evaluation of a Pilot Family Planning Project in the Iowa Cooperative Extension Program. by Aspegren, Eva Christina Elisabeth, Phd from Iowa State University, 1976, 233 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7628233
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Evaluation of Family Planning Experimental Information and Education Programs at Maternidad Concepcion Palacios, Caracas, Venezuela. by De Caldera, I. Elizabeth Yabour, Phd from Cornell University, 1974, 193 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7427532
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Evaluation of the Population and Development Program's Impact on Family Planning in Rural Egypt by Osman, Mohamed, Phd from Cornell University, 1984, 205 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8415312
Dissertations 181
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Facilitating India's Family Planning Program Through Television: a Study of Source Effectiveness by Parris, Helen Elizabeth, Phd from Michigan State University, 1971, 223 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7131280
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Factors Affecting the Adoption of Modern Family Planning Techniques, As Perceived by Adult Women in Barranquilla, Colombia. by Huyke-garner, Ana Lucia, Phd from The Florida State University, 1974, 237 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7500958
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Factors Associated with Frequency of Task Performance: an Analysis of Selected Tasks Performed by Family Planning Nurse Practitioners by Bowers, George Robert, Phd from The Florida State University, 1981, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8205585
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Factors Influencing Whether Governments Operate Family Planning Programs: a Cross-national Study of Public Policy. by Devoursney, Mair Jones, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1977, 219 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7727239
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Factors Related to Early Interest in Vasectomy As a Family Planning Method in Kenya: Instrument Design, Validation, and Causal Modeling by Mugenda, Abel Gitau, Phd from Iowa State University, 1995, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9610974
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Family and Family Planning: Structures, Functions, and Pressures from the Perspective of Adolescents of the Adanme Culture in Ghana, West Africa by Johnson, Stephanie Aisha Steplight, Phd from Temple University, 1996, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9707011
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Family Interaction, Family Planning and Fertility in the City of Durazno, Uruguay by De Winter, Adrian M. Thomas, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1971, 227 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7201025
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Family Planning among Mexican-americans of South Texas. by Hotvedt, Mary Eleanor, Phd from Indiana University, 1976, 295 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7621509
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Family Planning and Contraceptive Practices As Related to Social Class Membership of Black Families by Smith, Robert Henderson, Phd from The Florida State University, 1973, 246 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7321357
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Family Planning and Fertility Transition in Shifang County, Sichuan, People's Republic of China by Wang, Jichuan, Phd from Cornell University, 1990, 306 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9018067
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Family Planning and Husband-wife Relationships in Contemporary Turkey. by Olson-prather, Emelie, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1976, 482 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7709351
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Family Planning and Sex Education Via Nationwide Radio in Costa Rica: an Analysis of Listeners' Response. by Oliva-llinas, Jose, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1975, 303 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7607784
182 Family Planning
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Family Planning and the Urban Poor: a Study of a Social Action Experiment. by Bodine, George Edward, Phd from Syracuse University, 1973, 380 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7408225
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Family Planning Decision-making: Attitudes, Beliefs and Behavioral Intentions. by Vinokur, Diane Ruth Kaplan, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1975, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7529341
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Family Planning Demand: a Supply-demand Analysis of Changes in the Demand for Family Planning in Indonesia from 1976 to 1987 by Dwiyanto, Agus, Phd from University of Southern California, 1990 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2708628
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Family Planning in a Stochastic and Dynamic World. by Sweeney, Margaret Jane Barr, Phd from Northwestern University, 1979, 261 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7927461
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Family Planning in Colombia: an Analysis of Cost and Achievement by Kahley, William Joseph, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1972, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7313997
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Family Planning in Medicine: a Study in Medical Sociology by Ruderman, Florence Abelson, Phd from Columbia University, 1966, 455 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6915583
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Family Planning in the Third World: Conceptual Considerations and an Application to Rural Thailand by Day, Frederick Albert, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1982, 387 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8222076
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Family Planning in Tunisia: an Educational Program and Its Implementation. by Ahearne, Alice, Phd from Michigan State University, 1977, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7725210
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Family Planning Policy and Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Fertility in China (population Control) by Shi, Leiyu, Drph from University of California, Berkeley, 1990, 219 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9126461
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Family Planning Services to Wisconsin Adolescents: Matching Services Provided to Client Need by Plane, Mary Elizabeth Hauer, Phd from The University of Wisconsin Madison, 1986, 210 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8615661
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Family Planning, Family Structure, Social Support, Stress and Substance Abuse Factors Associated with Child Maltreatment Reabuse by Paarz, Karen Lynn, Phd from Temple University, 1998, 190 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9826188
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Family Planning/mch Training of Foreign Nurse-midwives and Related Personnel in the United States: a Comparative Assessment of Curricula in Use by the Six Leading Training Institutions by Vansintejan, Gilberte A., Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1979, 223 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8006865
Dissertations 183
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Family Planning; an Equilibrium Response to Demographic Conditions in the United Arab Republic (egypt) Conditions in the United Arab Republic (egypt) by Shanawany, Haifaa Abd El Salam, Phd from Cornell University, 1967, 367 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6800891
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Family Structure, Salience, and Knowledge of Family Planning Methods among Urban Kenyans by Gikonyo, Waithira Lucy, Phd from The University of Wisconsin Madison, 1987, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8708085
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Fertile Fields: a History of the Ideological Origins and Institutionalisation of the International Birth Control Movement, 1870--1940 by Burnett, Genevieve; Phd from University of New South Wales (australia), 1999 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2135497
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Fertility Patterns in Kerala, India: an Assessment of the Role of Modernization and Family Planning in Determining Fertility Norms and Behavior by Fernandez, Marilyn, Phd from Loyola University of Chicago, 1982, 360 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8219594
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Fertility, Development and Family Planning: Cross-sectional and Dynamic Analyses by Menard, Scott William, Phd from University of Colorado at Boulder, 1980, 373 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8122307
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Fertility, Gender and War: the 'culture of Contraception' in Zimbabwe, 1957-1980 by Kaler, Amy Kathleen, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1998, 347 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9903350
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Franchising of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Services in Developing Countries by Montagu, Dominic Duncan; Drph from University of California, Berkeley, 2002, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063632
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Health, Education and Family Planning in the Philippines: Governmental Initiatives and Household Choice by Gonzalez, Eduardo Tomas, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1990, 254 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9101163
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Human Action and Thomistic Natural Law: Application to the Morality of Contraception (saint Thomas Aquinas) by Maclean-tollefsen, Laurie A., Phd from Emory University, 1995, 228 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9605435
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Ideology, Policy and Identity: Family Planning in a Yemenite Community in Israel (women, Health, Gender) by Zimbrolt, Carole Fromson, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1984, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8413839
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Impact of Accessibility and Quality of Family Planning Services on Contraceptive Use Dynamics: Evidence from North India by Rani, Manju; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2002, 250 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046542
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Income and Employment Consequences for African-american Participants of a Family Planning Clinic: a Seven-year Follow-up (adolescent Pregnancy) by Iversen, Roberta Rehner, Phd from Bryn Mawr College, the Grad. Sch. of Social Work and Social Research, 1991, 374 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9126990
184 Family Planning
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Interactions between Economic Reform and Family Planning Policies in Rural China by Yen, Wei, Phd from Washington State University, 1994, 287 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9512800
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Introducing Family Planning Benefits in a Zimbabwean Medical Aid Society: a Case Study of Factors Influencing Change (africa) by Adamchak, Susan P. Enea, Phd from Brown University, 1995, 249 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9540715
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Involvement, Communication Behavior and Family Planning Diffusion (nigeria) by Egueke, Christopher Godwin, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1982, 208 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8304935
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Involving Young Men in Family Planning: an Evaluation of a Sex Education Project for Men by Moore, Susan May, Phd from The Florida State University, 1979, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8007482
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Is Family Planning a Human Right? an Analysis in the Light of George Parkin Grant's Critique of Modernity by Kennedy, Stephen Paul, Phd from University of Southern California, 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3570308
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Kinship and Fertility in Kerala (family Planning, Women's Health, India) by Frost, Jennifer Jane, Drph from University of California, Los Angeles, 1992, 472 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9301952
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Knowledge and Social Change: the Case of Family Planning by El-kamel, Farag M., Phd from The University of Chicago, 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/T-28020
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Knowledge, Understanding, and Attitudes of Family Planning by Iranian Males by Tavakoli, Reza, Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1993, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN91669
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Mainstreaming of Natural Methods of Family Planning in Selected Family Planning Agencies That Receive Title X Funding (natural Family Planning) by Tabeek, Eleanor Louise, Phd from Boston College, 1990, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9101697
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Maintenance of a Birth Control Method: the Effects of Attitude and Distance on Firsttime Users in Santiago, Dominican Republic by Novak, John Adam, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1983, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8327534
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Making Decisions under Stress: the Case of Adolescents Seeking Birth Control by Strover, Sharon Lee, Phd from Stanford University, 1982, 240 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8307250
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Managing Menses for Reproductive Health and Pregnancy Avoidance in Guinea: Beyond Contraception and Abortion by Levin, Elise Claire; Phd from Northwestern University, 2003, 276 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087938
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Mass Communication and Knowledge and Attitude Gaps about Population and Family Planning in a Developing Urban Society. by Supadhiloke, Boonlert, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1976, 318 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7623347
Dissertations 185
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Mass Media and Family Planning in Honduras by Gauthier, Pierre J. A., Phd from Cornell University, 1972, 218 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7300344
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Medicaid Managed Care and Family Planning Services: an Analysis of Recipient Utilization and Choice of Type of Provider by Amey, Annette Lynn; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2003, 269 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080622
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Men and Family Planning in Kenya: Alternative Policy Intervention Strategies for Reducing Population Growth by Omondi-odhiambo, Phd from The Florida State University, 1992, 276 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9234242
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Men, Family, and Family Planning: Male Role Perception and Performance in a Jamaican Sugartown. by Whitehead, Tony Larry, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1976, 271 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7625954
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Modernity Characteristics of Local Leaders and the Family Planning Program in Bangladesh. by Waliullah, Syed, Phd from Utah State University, 1974, 160 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7514474
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National Family Planning Programs in Developing Nations: a Theoretical and Empirical Examination of the Adoption Process. by Schwartz-barcott, Donna, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1978, 266 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7914402
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Negotiating Intimacy: Intrahousehold Dynamics, Sexuality and Birth Control Experiences of Indian Women in Poverty (india) by Seal, Arna, Phd from Tulane University, 1993, 220 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9405642
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New Woman, New World: the Life of Margaret Sanger (sanger Margaret, Feminism, Family Planning) by Chesler, Ellen, Phd from Columbia University, 1990, 614 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9127834
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News Coverage of Population and Family Planning Efforts of India between 1951 and 1990 As Reported in the 'new York Times': a Content Analysis (population Planning) by Nandy, Bikash Ratan, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1991, 240 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9230764
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Organizational Change and Volunteer Commitment in Family Planning Service Agencies. by Runyan, Dean, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1973, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7403716
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Pakistan's Family Planning Program by Norman, Lee, Phd from The University of Utah, 1980, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8103902
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Patterns of Contraceptive Use among Clients of the Barbados Family Planning Association by Ebanks, Gosport Edward, Phd from Cornell University, 1968, 267 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6907281
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Perception of Self As a Parent: a Childfree Sample (family Planning) by Zuengler, Kaye Lynne, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1990, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9109382
186 Family Planning
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Personal and Family Characteristics: Bases for Developing Family Planning Materials for International Audiences. by Allen, Lenola Busby, Phd from Iowa State University, 1977, 247 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7805921
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Policy Implementation and the Roles of a Public and Private Agency: Family Planning in Colombia (maternal Child Health) by Roper, Laura Eveleth, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1986, 307 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8614862
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Political and Socio-economic Factors, and Family Planning Programs in Less Developed Countries: a Cross-national Analysis by Choi, Hoil, Phd from Wayne State University, 1980, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8022742
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Population Dynamics and Family Planning in Dublin, Ireland by O'reilly, Kevin Richards, Phd from The University of Connecticut, 1981, 246 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8115324
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Population Growth, Economic Growth and Family Planning Programs in Less Developed Countries by Bower, Leonard George, Phd from Duke University, 1969, 261 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7011666
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Population Impact of Development Intervention: an Analysis of Family Planning Performance Variance in the Districts of Bangladesh by Khan, Nurul Islam, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1980, 463 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8017292
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Population Policy Implementation and Evaluation in Less Industrialized Countries (family Planning, Program Management) by Sirirangsi, Rangsima, Phd from University of North Texas, 1993, 239 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9401171
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Professional Education in Population and Family Planning Programs in Schools of Public Health in the United States: Judgments of Value by Graduates. by Mervis, Rosalyn Mae, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1974, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7420794
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Promoting Population Policy: the Activities of the Rockefeller Foundation, the Ford Foundation and the Population Council 1959-1966 (international Foundations, Organization, Family Planning) by Nagelberg, Judith, Phd from Columbia University, 1985, 291 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8511534
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Protestant Seminary Students' Views of Family Planning and Intention to Promote Family Planning Through Education by Goodson, Patricia, Phd from The University of Texas at Austin, 1996, 255 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9633177
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Public Influence on Government Policy: Family Planning and Manpower Development in Tunisia by Jones, Marie Thourson, Phd from Princeton University, 1979, 421 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8003787
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Public Policy-making Theory and the Case of Family Planning by Holzer, Marc George, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1971, 495 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7214897
Dissertations 187
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Quality of Care in Family Planning Services: Sociocultural and Programmatic Constraints upon Contraceptive Method Choice in Kenya and Indonesia by Kabira, Daniel N., Phd from University of Michigan, 1998, 218 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9836041
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Receptivity of Specific Subaudiences to Family Planning Communications in Iran: a Typological Approach. by Lamoreaux, James Wood, Phd from Syracuse University, 1976, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7709871
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Reproductive Technology, Disciplinary Technology: Exploring Empowerment and Birth Control in New Order Indonesia by Fillion, Nancy Elizabeth; Ma from York University (canada), 2002, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ71579
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Resistance to the Adoption of Family Planning in Java and Bali, Indonesia by Samidjo, S., Phd from Syracuse University, 1997, 193 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9821628
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Role Conflict and Role Shock: American and Indian Perspectives on the Role of U.s. Family Planning Advisors in India. by Minkler, Meredith Ann, Drph from University of California, Berkeley, 1975, 362 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7615080
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Rural Development and Family Planning Behavior in Bangladesh Villages. by Alauddin, Mohammad, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1979, 400 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7925102
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Sarotra Ny Fiainana: Fertility, Family Planning, and Social Networks in Highland Madagascar by Smith, Erik David; Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 2001, 402 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3044688
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Self-concept and Family Planning by Ibrahim, Afaf Fahmy Abdel Baki, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1968, 279 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6816544
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Sex Differences in Adolescent Family Communication and Media Use about Occupations and Family Planning. by Miller, Peter Vincent, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1977, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7726315
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Simulated Family Planning in Less Developed Countries: a Disaggregated Approach. by Colosi, Joseph Anthony, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1977, 542 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7723700
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Situationalized Mass Media Audience Research for Urban Teen Family Planning: a Sense-making Approach to Information Needs Assessment for Social Change and Development (adolescents, African-american) by George, Amiso Margaret, Phd from Ohio University, 1992, 284 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9308014
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Social Change and Decision-making: Family Planning in Lebanon by Van Dusen, Roxann A., Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 1973, 313 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7328440
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The Determinants of Local Implementation and Performance of the Korean Family Planning Program: a Cross-sectional Approach by Park, Kyung-ho, Dpa from University of Georgia, 1989, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9003444
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The Development of a Curriculum Guide in Health Education Related to Family Planning for Secondary School Teachers in Nigeria by Owie, Ikponmwosa Mark, Hsd from Indiana University, 1981, 208 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8205347
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The Dynamics of the Diffusion of Information and Adoption of Contraception in Costa Rica (family Planning) by Knight, Rodney Jospeh, Phd from Brown University, 1995, 263 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9540782
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The Effect of Instruction in Family Planning on Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior of London (ontario) Senior Secondary School Students. by West, Norman William, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1976, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7702532
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The Effect of Public Health Expenditures on Family Planning, Population Growth and Economic Development by Cochrane, Susan Hill, Phd from Tulane University, 1969, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7006387
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The Effect of Village Modernization and the Family Planning & Nutrition Program on Household Knowledge and Behavior in East Java and Bali, Indonesia by Junadi, Purnawan, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1987, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8712142
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The Emergence of Planning Orientations in a Modernizing Community: Migration, Adaptation, and Family Planning in Highland Colombia by Simmons, Alan Burtham, Phd from Cornell University, 1970, 246 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7023089
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The Fertility Effects of Medicaid-funded Family Planning Services by Mellor, Jennifer Marie, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1996, 202 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9707644
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The Impact of Indian Government Family Planning Instructional Films on Nonliterate Rural Audiences: a Case Study, 1983-1984 (orality, Technology, Communication, India) by Varadhan, Vasundara, Phd from New York University, 1985, 261 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8603895
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The Impact of Religion, Socio-economic Status, and Degree of Religiosity on Family Planning among Moslems and Baha'is in Iran: a Pilot Survey Research by Jensen, Mehri Samandari, Edd from University of Northern Colorado, 1981, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8213272
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The Indian Investment in Family Planning by Simmons, George Bradford, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1969, 298 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7013166
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The Influence of Traditional Values and Beliefs on Family Planning Decisions in Thailand. by Ebnet, Duane Michael, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1977, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7802659
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The Influences of Buddhism and Islam on Family Planning in Thailand: Communication Implication by Suebsonthi, Krich, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1980, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8025518
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The Introduction of a Family Planning Program to Akhas in Thailand. by Lewis, Paul White, Phd from University of Oregon, 1978, 246 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7814320
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The Masculine Side of Family Planning: Male Government Employees' Attitudes and Use of Family Planning Methods in Ghana by Kannae, Lawrence A., Phd from The University of Akron, 1993, 185 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9318159
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The Parish Priest and Family Planning: Focus on the United States, 1969. by Shea, Gail Anne, Phd from Brown University, 1975, 347 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7615711
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The Politics of Fertility Control: Family Planning Policy in the Philippines by Hill, Homer Montgomery, Phd from Northern Illinois University, 1982, 455 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8220321
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The Prediction of Utilization of Subsidized Family Planning Services by Afdc Mothers in Pennsylvania by Silverman, Herbert Alexander, Phd from Bryn Mawr College, 1970, 265 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7114105
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The Problem of Population Growth in Thailand: with Emphasis on Food Production and Family Planning by Setteeton, Radom, Phd from Michigan State University, 1967, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6807962
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The Relationship between the Level of Development and Family Planning Performance in India. by Amonker, Ravindra G., Phd from Saint Louis University, 1973, 223 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7404464
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The Rhetoric of Birth Control: 'the Love Rights of Women' in the Early Twentiethcentury Novels of Henry James and Theodore Dreiser (james Henry, Dreiser Theodore, Twentieth Century) by Bender, Madge Helene, Phd from Tulane University, 1993, 292 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9325975
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The Role and Performance of Governmental and Nongovernmental Organizations in Family Planning Implementation: Jordan As a Case Study by Al Hadded, Khalaf Ayed; Phd from Portland State University, 2000, 272 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9999837
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The Role of Communication in Economic and Social Development in the Less Developed Countries; with Particular Reference to Family Planning in Nigeria by Daramola, Abayomi Charles, Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1982, 223 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8302845
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The Role of Communication in Family Planning: the Case of the Philippines (birth Control, Mass Media) by Yehya, Riad Melhem, Phd from Bowling Green State University, 1992, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9237699
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The Role of Decentralized Family Planning in Response to the Population Changes Caused by Modernization in Iran by Mahmoudian, Showleh, Phd from The Claremont Graduate University, 1981, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8206209
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The Role of Oral Narratives in Dissemination of Family Planning Information in Rural Africa. by Fiofori, Ferdinand O., Phd from University of Colorado at Boulder, 1978, 246 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7820505
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The Role of Quality of Care in the Demand for Family Planning Services in Tanzania by Kessy, Flora Lucas; Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 2001, 262 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3030444
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Social Stratification, Some Aspects of Social Mobility and Family Planning in the Context of Modernization by Fonseca-tortos, Eugenio, Phd from Michigan State University, 1971, 299 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7123184
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Social-psychological and Communication Factors in Discontinuance of Birth Control Use in the Dominican Republic by Porter, Elaine Gertrude, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1980, 411 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8024481
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Socio-cultural Barriers to Acceptance of Family Limitation in India: an Examination of These Barriers and the Extent to Which Indian Family Planning Motivational Programs Are Dealing with Them. by Freeman, Constance Jane, Phd from University of Denver, 1976, 455 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7717795
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Sources of Health Information Regarding Contraception and Stds among Family Planning Clinic Clients by Krishnan, Satya P., Phd from Texas Woman's University, 1994, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9506565
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Task Analysis As a Mechanism for Suggesting Curriculum Content for Training Family Planning Educational Practitioners by Msimuko, Arthur Kazumba, Phd from The Florida State University, 1980, 234 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8108401
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The Birth Control Clinic in America: Life Within; Life Without, 1923--1972 by Holz, Rosemarie Petra; Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 2002, 274 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3044116
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The Choice of Contraceptive Technology by a Family Planning Clinic in a Developing Country: an Analysis of the Economic and Non-economic Constraints. by Ahmed, Naim, Phd from University of South Carolina, 1974, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7422037
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The Decision-making Process in Fertility and Family Planning: a Quasi-experimental Study. by Franklin, Rose Marie T., Phd from Western Michigan University, 1978, 208 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7906092
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The Sociocultural Context of Teenage Childbearing among Hispanic Adolescents in Los Angeles (adolescent Pregnancy, California, Contraception) by Erickson, Pamela Irene, Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1993, 273 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9330069
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The Unmet Need and Demand for Modern Contraception in the Philippines (birth Control) by Mortezo, Linda Verra, Phd from Bowling Green State University, 1995, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9628817
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The Use of Contraception for Delaying and Spacing Births in Colombia, Costa Rica, and Korea by Grigsby, Jill Spencer, Phd from Princeton University, 1983, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8316797
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The Value of Children and the Costs of Contraception: Predictors of Reproductive Ideals and Contraceptive Practice in Egypt by Vernon-carter, Ricardo, Phd from The University of Chicago, 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/T-28327
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Unmet Need for Contraception in Brazil by Wheeler, Sarah Marie; Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 2001, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3038297
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Utilization of Family Planning Clinics As Problem-solving Behavior. by Gilliland, Nancy Carol Wilson, Phd from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1974, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7423899
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Women's Informal Communication about Family Planning in West Africa (ghana, Liberia, Mali, Senegal) by Ngom, Pierre, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1994, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9503802
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Women's Status, Fertility and Family Planning in Two Islamic Countries: a Comparative Study of the Republic of Yemen and Indonesia by Al-saawi, Mohammad A. Phd from Kansas State University, 2001, 193 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3013081
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Work/family Planning: an Exploratory Investigation of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers by Gilbert, Elizabeth Anne, Edd from University of Massachusetts Amherst, 1996, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9638961
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND FAMILY PLANNING Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning family planning.
Recent Trials on Family Planning The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to family planning.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. ·
Providing Birth Control Through Home Health Visits Condition(s): Pregnancy Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will evaluate a program that provides birth control to low income and minority women through home visits by a community health nurse. The goal of the program is to reduce unwanted pregnancies. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00065078
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Quick Start Approach to Birth Control Pills Condition(s): Pregnancy; Contraception Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: Women who choose to take birth control pills are currently instructed to begin taking the pills at the end of a menstrual cycle. This creates a window of time between when the woman is given the pills and when she begins taking
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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them. Some women fail to begin taking the pills, placing them at increased risk of pregnancy. This study will evaluate a new approach to beginning birth control pills. Women will take the first pill in the doctor's office rather than waiting until the next menstrual cycle. Phase(s): Phase IV; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00068848 ·
The Direct Access Study: Access to Hormonal Birth Control Through Community Pharmacies Condition(s): Contraception Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: Hormonal birth control methods include birth control pills, patches, and vaginal rings; they are normally available only with a doctor's prescription. This study will evaluate a program designed to increase the availability of birth control by allowing pharmacists to give women hormonal birth control without a doctor's prescription. Under this program, pharmacists will evaluate women who want to use birth control according to specific guidelines created by doctors. If a woman meets the criteria in the guidelines, a pharmacist could then give her the appropriate form of hormonal birth control. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00065871
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A Study to Evaluate the Effects of Different Methods of Birth Control on the Drug Actions of Zidovudine (an Anti-HIV Drug) in HIV-Positive Women and to Compare Zidovudine Metabolism in Men and Women Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to look at the effects of different methods of birth control (oral and injectable) on how the body absorbs, makes available, and removes zidovudine (ZDV). This study will also evaluate the differences in men and women in how the body absorbs, makes available, and removes ZDV. Past research has shown that the effectiveness of ZDV as an anti-HIV drug might be decreased in individuals who use certain methods of birth control. ZDV may also have different effects in men compared to women. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000897
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Effects of hypericum perforatum on effectiveness of oral contraceptives Condition(s): Contraception Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of a common herbal remedy, St. John's Wort, on the effectiveness of birth control pills. St. John's Wort has recently been shown to increase metabolism of some drugs. If it could increase metabolism of oral contraceptives as well, it may increase the risk of contraceptive failure and unintended pregnancy. Study participants will be evaluated for risk of ovulation on oral contraceptives before and during simultaneous therapy with St. John's Wort. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00026013
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Hormonal Birth Control and the Risk of Acquiring HIV Condition(s): HIV Infections; HIV Seronegativity Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to find out whether hormonal birth control increases, decreases, or does not change the risk of women becoming infected with HIV. Sexual intercourse between men and women is the main way HIV is transmitted. About 90 percent of HIV infections in women are caused by sexual intercourse. Also, hormonal birth controls are widely used. This study hopes to find out whether hormonal birth control changes the risk of women becoming infected with HIV. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006324
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Safety of Estrogens in Lupus: Birth Control Pills Condition(s): Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH) Purpose - Excerpt: Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus - National Assessment (SELENA) is a study to test whether women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) can safely use estrogen. We will determine this by looking at the effects of oral contraceptives (birth control pills, also known as "the pill") on disease activity and severity in women with SLE. The results of the study will show whether it is safe for women with SLE to use the pill. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional
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Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000420 ·
Emergency Contraception (ECP): Reducing Unintended Pregnancies Condition(s): Contraception; Pregnancy Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: Emergency contraception is a method of birth control that can be used up to three days after sexual intercourse. Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) can be given to a woman before she needs them (advance provision) or when she needs them (emergency provision). This study will compare these two methods of providing ECPs. Phase(s): Phase IV; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00067509
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “family planning” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: ·
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON FAMILY PLANNING Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “family planning” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on family planning, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Family Planning By performing a patent search focusing on family planning, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on family planning: ·
Birth control and disease preventing device Inventor(s): Wu; Cheng M. (13726 Damian St., Cerritos, CA 90701) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,156,165 Date filed: May 6, 1991 Abstract: This invention relates to a birth control and disease preventing device, and more particularly to a device having a large pubic elastic shield (40) integrated about a secure-and-rolled-up (toroidal) ring (28) which is integrated about the open end (26) of a tubular portion that is configured as a conventional condom. The pubic shield has a stationary upper portion (42) and two movable lower portions (44), (46), and has a folding portion (48) between the movable portion to improve the protection of the area around the pubic and the scrotum when the user's legs are in different positions. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a birth control and disease preventing device, and more particularly to a device having a large elastic pubic shield integrated about a secure-and-rolled-up ring which integrated about the open end of a tubular sheath. The public shield has a stationary upper portion and two movable lower portions, and has a folding portion between the movable portions to improve the protection on the area around the pubic and the scrotum when the user's legs are in different positions. As the population of the earth has increased tremendously each year, birth control is an important subject to pursuit. Another important problem facing the world today is the serious consequence of the transferable diseases obtained through sexual intercourse: from the annoying skin itch, to the awful venereal diseases, and sometimes to the deadly AIDS. It can be understood that effective method is still needed to provide more efficiency for avoiding the unwanted pregnancy; and more important, to reducing the possibility of obtaining communicable sexual diseases when performing a sexual activity. Various methods have been developed for birth control, e.g. birth control pill and IUD, etc. However, using a condom for birth control is still a simple method for those people, who may have side effects when using other birth control methods, or due to personal preference. While no contraceptive device provides 100% protection, a condom can aid in the prevention of having pregnancy when properly used. For the purpose of preventiing transmission of sexual diseases, a condom is considered simple and common useful device to achieve such goal. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05156165__
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Birth control device Inventor(s): Robichaud; David M. (15 Edgehill Road, Islington, Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,794,920 Date filed: July 14, 1987 Abstract: A birth control device comprises an oversized sheath portion fitting loosely about the male organ and a flange about the open end of the sheath for retaining the open end of the device outside the woman's body.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention is a birth control or prophylactic device for use by male and female partners during coitus. Presently available prophylactic devices for men comprise various types of condoms which are sheaths made of rubber or a synthetic material which is very thin yet strong enough to prevent the formation of holes therein during use. These devices are elastic and designed to fit tightly on the male organ during coitus. Condoms are also available which are made of animal skin or tissue which is generally less elastic than the rubber or synthetic materials and thus, do not fit as tightly about the male organ. However, the general principle of operation for all condoms presently available is the same, namely that the device frictionally or elastically engages the male organ during coitus to provide a receptacle for seminal fluid. One of the presently available prophylactic devices for women is a diaphragm which is positioned within the vagina to provide a physical barrier to sperm at the entrance to the uterus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04794920__ ·
Birth control method and device employing electric forces Inventor(s): Porter; Joseph W. (Washington, DC), Schwolsky; Peter M. (4101 Cathedral Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20016), Kaali; Steven (Penthouse E, 225 E. 63rd St., New York, NY 10021) Assignee(s): Kaali; Steven (New York, NY), Schwolsky; Peter M. (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 4,616,640 Date filed: November 14, 1983 Abstract: A method and device for birth control which comprises producing an electrical force within the cervical canal of a female for acting on male sperm and preventing migration of the sperm through the cervical canal and into the uterine cavity. The electrical force is provided by a self-contained, sealed battery capable by itself of producing an electromotive force and is inserted within the cervical canal and retained therein over extended periods of use. The device is designed such that it does not impede the free flow of menstrual and other discharges through the cervical canal and is fabricated with or covered by biologically inert material so that it can be retained in place in the cervical canal for indefinite periods as long as desired by the user for birth control purposes. The device is provided with anchoring means which are designed to engage the wall of the cervical canal for securely holding the device in place within the cervical canal with the electric force producing electrodes so positioned as to be exposed to fluids passing through the cervical canal. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of birth control methods and devices for use by human females as well as the female of most quadrupeds and other vertebrates. Known methods of birth control have relied either on chemical action (i.e., birth control pills, spermicides or the like), or on mechanical means such as prophylactics, diaphragms, the interuterine device (IUD) or a combination of both chemical and mechanical means, or on permanent birth control measures such as tubaligation. While these known devices and methods for using them have been satisfactory in certain respects, there is always room for improvement in the field of birth control. The present invention provides an entirely new approach to birth control methods and devices wherein an electric force is employed within the cervical canal of the female so that the electrical force acts on and prevents active male sperm from fertilizing female eggs thereby providing a reliable and safe form of birth control.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04616640__ ·
Calculation table for family planning Inventor(s): Hatzold; Otfried (Turfstrasse 3, D-8000 Munchen 81, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,410,797 Date filed: December 5, 1980 Abstract: A calculation device for family planning, particulary for pre-planning the sex of a child. The device has a guide plate having a number of parallel guides arranged one above the other, and a cover plate which permits viewing of the guides. A number of slides for insertion into the guides are divided into sufficient divisions to accommodate the days of at least two successive months. An additional guide has a reference point and a window in the cover plate at a distance of fifteen such daily divisions from the reference point in the decreasing direction of the daily sequence. Two marker slides extend transversely over the guides and are slidable on the guide plate and cover plate assembly. The lower marker slide with reference to the daily sequence has two windows separated by two daily divisions and each being the width of one daily division. The upper marker slide has one window the width of one daily division. Recordal of the menstrual cycle on the device permits prediction of those times in a month when conception is likely to result in a female or alternatively a male child. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a calculation table for family planning, having a guide plate with a plurality of parallel guides, in each of which a sliding element marked with divisions for the consecutive days of at least two months is longitudinally displaceable, and having a cover plate mounted on the guide plate and provided with windows above the sliding elements. Such calculation table is known from German Utility Model Registration No. 78 34 429. The known calculation table is based on the assumption that the probability of conceiving a female child is greatest two days before ovulation, whereas that of conceiving a male child is greatest one day after ovulation. This conclusion has been reached from the finding that male-producing sperm travels to the ovum more quickly than female-producing sperm, but that female-producing sperm remains capable of fertilization longer, and specifically for about two days. Accordingly, if intercourse takes place two days before ovulation, it is probable that the longer-living, female-producing sperm will meet the ovum while still in fertilizable condition, whereas at this time the male-producing sperm is no longer fertilizable. By contrast, if intercourse takes place one day after ovulation, the quicker male-producing sperm reaches the ovum faster, the ovum remaining fertilizable only for about one day. On the remaining days around ovulation, chance determines the sex of the child. In spite of this knowledge, reliable planning of the sex of a child is difficult, since the day of ovulation cannot be reliably determined ahead of time. This is particularly true in the case of cycles of irregular length. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04410797__
Patents 203
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Combination compound for contraception based on natural estrogen Inventor(s): Hoffmann; Herbert (Jena, DE), Moore; Claudia (Jena, DE), Fricke; Sabine (Jena, DE), Dittgen; Michael (Apolda, DE), Oettel; Michael (Jena, DE), Ostertag; Monika (Gottingen, DE) Assignee(s): Jenapharm GmbH & Co. KG (Jena, DE) Patent Number: 6,133,251 Date filed: October 25, 1996 Abstract: The combination preparation for contraception includes a first stage of 2 to 4 first stage daily dosage portions, a second stage of two groups of second stage daily dosage portions, a third stage of 2 to 4 third stage daily dosage portions and an additional stage of 2 to 4 additional stage daily dosage portions. The first stage daily dosage portion is an effective amount of natural estrogen, the second stage daily dosage portion is an effective amount of a combination of natural estrogen and natural or synthetic gestogen, the third stage daily dosage portion is another effective amount of natural estrogen and an additional stage daily dosage portion consists of a placebo. The first group of the second stage consists of 3 to 5 daily dosage portions and the second group, 13 to 17 daily dosage portions. More of the gestogen is included in the effective amount in the second group of the second stage than in the first group. The effective amount of the natural estrogen is constant in both the first and third stages, but smaller in the third stage than in the first stage. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a multistage contraceptive preparation based on natural estrogens. Oral contraceptives were first marketed 60 years ago. By continuous research it has been possible to reduce the required dosages of hormones in a stepwise manner. Currently low dosage oral contraceptives exist which chiefly comprise an estrogen component and a gestogen component. The hormone dosage of these contraceptives is delivered in different combinations and dosages in the form of combination preparations (one-stage preparation) or multistage combination preparations (staged preparations) and sequenced preparations (two-stage preparations) over time periods of from 21 to 28 days. One-stage preparations (usually designated as combination preparations) are characterized by a constant dosage of certain estrogens and gestogens each day. Because of the uniform delivery of gestogen ingredients with estrogen components from the first application day, the combination preparation is a highly reliable contraceptive. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06133251__
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Competitive progesterone antagonist for demand-oriented female birth control Inventor(s): Schmidt-Gollwitzer; Karin (Berlin, DE), Chwalisz; Kristof (Berlin, DE), Klemann; Walter (Berlin, DE), Stockemann; Klaus (Berlin, DE) Assignee(s): Schering Aktiengesellschaft (Berlin, DE) Patent Number: 6,143,754 Date filed: March 22, 1999 Abstract: This invention describes the novel use of dissociated competitive progesterone antagonists for the production of a pharmaceutical agent for demand-oriented female birth control (pill on demand), which can be used regardless of the point in the
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menstrual cycle, in a dosage unit that is to be administered on a one-time basis, whose dosage is below the ovulation-inhibiting dosage. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of at least one competitive progesterone antagonist for the production of a pharmaceutical agent for demand-oriented female birth control ("pill on demand"), which can be used at any point in the menstrual cycle, in a dosage unit that is to be administered on a one-time basis, whose dosage is below the ovulation-inhibiting dosage. Already all over the world, the use of oral contraceptives has developed into a business factor that cannot be ignored. Especially in view of the fact that the world population is continuing to shoot upward, further development of the hitherto proven methods for birth control is absolutely necessary. Puri et al., Contraceptive Potential of a Progesterone Antagonist ZK 98 734: Effect on Folliculogenesis, Ovulation and Corpus Luteum Function in Bonnet Monkeys. In Moudgal et al., (eds) (1990). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06143754__ ·
Composition for contraception Inventor(s): Ludicke; Frank (Geneva, CH), Spona; Jurgen (Vienna, AT), Dusterberg; Bernd (Berlin, DE) Assignee(s): Schering Aktiengesellschaft (DE) Patent Number: 5,824,667 Date filed: October 31, 1996 Abstract: A combination product for oral contraception is disclosed comprising an estrogen selected from2.0 to 6.0 mg of 17.beta.-estradiol and0.020 mg of ethinylestradiol;and a gestagen selected from0.25 to 0.30 mg of drospirenone and0.1 to 0.2 mg of cyproterone acetate,followed by 5 or 4 pill-free or sugar pill days. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the common use of estrogens and gestagens for the production of a combination preparation for oral contraception and a corresponding pack containing this combination preparation. Combination preparations for oral contraception are already known, for example, Femovan.RTM. ›DE-PS 2 546 062! or Marvelon.RTM. ›DE-OS 2 361 120!. These preparations consist of 21 active ingredientcontaining (estrogen/gestagen) dosage units and 7 active ingredient-free coated tablets (sugar pills; placebos). The dose to be administered daily is uniformly high in each case (so-called single-phase preparations) and produces the desired contraceptive effect in the entire intake period and in the intake pause or during the intake of the placebos. In most preparations, a 7-day interruption of the intake of active ingredient-containing dosage units was considered necessary until quite recently to trigger a reliable withdrawal bleeding and thus to achieve a satisfactory cycle control. Other preparations, which exhibit more than 21 dosage units containing an estrogenic and progestational active ingredient, and in which the intake pause is partially (Ijzerman, Pasquale) or completely (Kuhl) bridged over by estrogen-containing dosage units. In this case, it is possible that the synthetic estrogen ethinylestradiol otherwise contained in oral contraceptives is replaced partially or completely by a conjugated estrogen, preferably estradiol. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05824667__
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Compositions and methods of effecting contraception utilizing melatonin Inventor(s): Cohen; Michael (Wassenaar, NL) Assignee(s): Applied Medical Research (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 4,855,305 Date filed: March 23, 1987 Abstract: A method of effecting contraception in human females comprises administering an ovulation-inhibiting amount of melatonin. Optionally, the melatonin is administered in combination with a progestogen and/or an estrogen. The administration of melatonin also provides a method of preventing breast cancer in women. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of inhibiting ovulation in human females. More particularly, the invention relates to a method of inhibiting ovulation by administering an ovulation-inhibiting amount of melatonin. Optionally, the melatonin is administered in combination with a progestational and/or estrogenic agent. Research and development in the field of contraception in humans has been in the areas of physical and chemical barriers to sperm transport, such as vaginal foams, diaphragms, intrauterine devices, and condoms, and in the area of oral contraceptives containing one or more steroid hormones. Oral contraceptives have been developed which are highly effective in preventing contraception, and today more than fifty million women around the world use oral contraceptives. Typically, the oral contraceptives take the form of a combination of an estrogen and a progestogen (also known as progestin). In some of these regimens, known as combination regimens, a consistent dose of an estrogen and a progestogen is administered daily throughout the period of administration. In other regimens, referred to as sequential regimens, the amount of estrogen or progestogen or both is increased or decreased during the menstrual cycle. Some sequential regimens provide two-stage or bi-phasic control. (See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,969,502). Others provide a three-stage or tri-phasic combination of components. (See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,628,051; 4,390,531.) A third type of regimen also is known in which one or more progestogens is administered daily throughout the menstrual cycle. The hormones in oral contraceptives act both within the central nervous system and in tissues of the urogenital tract to inhibit reproductive function. The principal sites of action are the hypothalamus and pituitary to prevent the midcycle surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) and hence to prevent ovulation. The basal concentrations of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and plasma levels of estradiol and progestrone are suppresed in users of oral contraceptives. In essence, these contraceptives work by causing changes in hormone levels that imitate those caused by pregnancy. This effect is dose dependent. These conventional oral contraceptives are administered for a minimum of 21 days of a woman's cycle, and in some instances for the entire 28-30 days of the cycle. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04855305__
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Compounds with progesterone-antagonistic and antiestrogenic action to be used together for female contraception Inventor(s): Chwalisz; Kristof (Berlin, DE), Stockemann; Klaus (Berlin, DE) Assignee(s): Schering Aktiengesellschaft (Berlin, DE) Patent Number: 6,362,237 Date filed: December 26, 1995
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Abstract: This invention describes the use of at least one compound with a progesterone-antagonistic (PA) action and at least one compound with an antiestrogenic (AE) action, each in a non-ovulation-inhibiting dosage in a single dosage unit, for the production of pharmaceutical agents for female contraception. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of at least one compound with progesteroneantagonistic (PA) activity and at least one compound with antiestrogenic (AE) activity, each in a non-ovulation-inhibiting dosage in a single dosage unit, for the production of pharmaceutical agents for female contraception. The pharmaceutical agents produced according to the invention exert their contraceptive action based on receptivity inhibition, by preventing nidation of a fertilized egg cell in the mucous membrane of the uterus, without ovulation or the cycle being disrupted. Already all over the world, the use of oral contraceptives has developed into a business factor that cannot be ignored. Especially in view of the fact that the world population is continuing to shoot upward, further development of the hitherto proven methods for birth control is absolutely necessary. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06362237__ ·
Contraception and flavor delivery system Inventor(s): Stang; Michael A. (26 Stockmill Rd., Apt. F, Pikesville, MD 21208) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,919,149 Date filed: July 8, 1988 Abstract: A contraception and flavor delivery system (10) includes an extended tubular member (20) having a closed distal end (22) and an open proximal end (24). The contraception and delivery system (10) further includes a mechanism for flavor delivery (30) formed on an external surface of the tubular member (20). The mechanism for flavor delivery (30) includes at least one longitudinally extended tubular housing (40) having an open first end (42) and a closed second end (46) for containing a predetermined quantity of an ingestible flavored composition. The open first end (42) of tubular housing (40) is provided with a closure (44) adapted to release the ingestible flavored composition into a bodily orifice responsive to an external stimuli. Excerpt(s): This invention directs itself to contraceptive systems for preventing the transmittal of disease and preventing conception. In particular, this invention directs itself to a condom-like device which includes a means for dispensing a flavored composition into the bodily orifice penetrated therewith. More in particular, this invention pertains to condom-like devices having at least one tubular housing formed on an external surface thereof for containing a predetermined quantity of an ingestible flavored composition. Further, this invention directs itself to a means for delivering a flavored composition to a bodily orifice having a closure adapted to release the flavored composition responsive to an external stimuli. Contraceptive systems are well known in the art. The best prior art known to the Applicant include U.S. Pat. Nos.: 4,432,357; 4,498,466; 4,564,006; 4,508,114; 3,809,090; 4,009,717; and, 4,625,718, and include the publication entitled "The Condom Book" by Jane Everett and Walter D. Glanze, Copyright 1987. In some prior art systems, such as that described in the publication entitled "The Condom Book" condom-like devices formed from a confection, known as candy condoms, are provided. The device which is sleeve-shaped is placed over the male genital member and while playful penetration is possible, the device is intended to
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be simply eaten off. However, this device does not offer any contraceptive protection, nor does it provide any protection from the transmittal of disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04919149__ ·
Contraception and prophylaxis enhancement system Inventor(s): Boarman; George L. (13187 Highland Rd., Highland, MD 20777) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,113,873 Date filed: June 4, 1990 Abstract: The contraception and prophylaxis enhancement system (10) is provided for use by women, having a one-piece formation which includes an extended tubular member (12) coupled to a genital shield member (14). Contraceptive system (10) includes an absorbent fluid capturing element (40) disposed within the distal end (30) of tubular member (12). In addition to its fluid absorbing function, absorbent fluid capturing element 40 applies an elastic biasing force to the tubular wall (31) of tubular member (12) for biasing wall (31) against the interior surface of the vaginal cavity, thereby providing a mechanism for retaining tubular member (12) therein. Further, contraceptive system (10) includes a mechanism for inserting tubular member (12) within the vaginal cavity. A tubular container (50) provides both the instrumentality for insertion and placement of tubular member (12) within the vaginal cavity, as well as providing an internal cavity (56) for storage of the prophylactic assembly (11) and the retention straps (18). Excerpt(s): In some prior art references, such as the inventor's previously issued U.S. Pat. No. 4,834,114 there are provided prophylactic systems incorporating shields for use by females. However, this system lacks an absorbent fluid capturing element for preventing seepage of bodily fluids discharged into the tubular member. Such is important to the overall prophylactic concept whereby a barrier is maintained between the genitals of sexual partners and contact with the partner's bodily fluids must be prevented both during and subsequent to use of the device. Further, this prior art system lacks a means for inserting the tubular member within the vaginal cavity. Such means for insertion is important to promote the continued use of such contraceptive systems. Other prior art systems, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,393,871 are directed to sponge-like contraceptive devices which are inserted into the vaginal cavity. However, such devices are impregnated with spermicides or other medications, and are not intended to absorb and prevent seepage of discharged bodily fluids. Other prior art systems direct themselves to various devices having tubular members coupled to retention or support straps, but lack similar means for retaining the tubular member within the vaginal cavity, absorbent fluid capturing elements, and insertion devices for providing an overall system. tubular member within the vaginal cavity also providing means for storage of the contraceptive prior to use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05113873__
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Contraception in female primates without affecting the menstrual cycle Inventor(s): Bhatnagar; Ajay (Basel, CH) Assignee(s): Ciba-Geigy Corporation (Tarrytown, NY) Patent Number: 5,583,128 Date filed: September 2, 1994 Abstract: The invention relates to the use of aromatase inhibitors for contraception in female primates and to a method for contraception in female primates using such substances and to the use of those substances for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for contraception in female primates. Excerpt(s): Pregnancy occurs in primates, including humans, when a fertilised egg has become implanted in the mucous coat of the uterus. In the course of the female cycle, under the control of the anterior pituitary hormones FSH and LH, follicle stimulation and ovulation occur, whereupon the ovum is released into the funnel of the fallopian tube. If a sperm cell meets the ovum, fertilisation occurs. The fertilised egg takes 3-4 days to pass through the fallopian tube and into the uterus. During that time, by a series of divisions, it develops into a blastocyst, which implants in the tissue of the uterus approximately 7 days after fertilisation. Conventional hormonal contraception (the "pill") relies on the inhibition of ovulation. The compositions used are a combination of synthetic gestagens and oestrogens which, by means of a negative feed-back mechanism, inhibit secretion of the gonadotropic hormones LH and FSH and thus inhibit follicle stimulation and ovulation. The so-called "minipill" consists of a low dose of gestagen. Contraceptives of that type do not have an inhibiting effect on the cycle, rather they stimulate the production of cervical mucus and alter its physical properties so that the sperm are not able to pass through it. This form of contraception relies exclusively on a mechanical barrier produced by physically altering the cervical mucus and is therefore less reliable than the ingestion of ovulation inhibitors, but on the other hand is associated with fewer risks (side effects). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05583128__
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Contraception method using competitive progesterone antagonists and novel compounds useful therein Inventor(s): Elger; Walter (Berlin, DE), Schmidt-Gollwitzer; Karin (Berlin, DE), Ottow; Eckhard (Berlin, DE), Chwalisz; Krzystof (Berlin, DE) Assignee(s): Schering Aktiengesellschaft (Berlin, DE) Patent Number: 6,340,688 Date filed: September 17, 1998 Abstract: Competitive progesterone antagonists, including two novel steroids, viz., 11.beta.,19-[4-(cyanophenyl)-o-phenylene]-17.beta.-hydroxy-17.alpha.-(3-hy droxyprop1(Z)-enyl)-4-androsten-3-one and 11.beta.,19-[4-(3-pyridinyl)-o-phenylene]-17.beta.hydroxy-17.alpha.-(3-hy droxyprop-1(Z)-enyl)-4-androsten-3-one, inhibit formation of endometrial glands at below their ovulation inhibiting dose and the abortive dose, and thus achieve oral contraception in females without adversely affecting the menstrual cycle and without risk of aborting a previous implanted fertilized egg or a fetus. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel contraceptive method employing a competitive progesterone antagonist and to novel progesterone antagonists useful
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therein. By inhibiting the formation of endometrial glands and epithelium growth, the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus is rendered impossible (inhibition of the uterine receptivity). The employment of competitive progesterone antagonists according to the invention can thus be used for contraception in the female. U.S. Pat. No. 4,764,513 teaches that the receptivity of the endometrium for implantation (implantation window) can be shifted (delayed) by administering a competitive progesterone antagonist to a female to increase the likelihood of successful implantation of an in vitro fertilized egg. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06340688__ ·
Contraception system and method Inventor(s): Pasquale; Samuel A. (5 Normandy Ct., Basking Ridge, NJ 07920) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,921,843 Date filed: October 20, 1988 Abstract: A method of contraception is disclosed which comprises a two-stage protocol. In the first stage, an estrogenic compound in a first composition is administered daily as the sole contraceptively active substance to a human female from about Day 2 to about Day 7 of her menstrual cycle, where Day 1 is the first day of menses. The second stage of the protocol occurs immediately thereafter during which at least one follow-up composition containing a progestin is administered daily to the same human female. The follow-up composition can contain a progestin as the sole contraceptively active ingredient, or can contain a combination of an estrogenic compound with a progestin in different weight ratios. A drug delivery system containing daily dosage units is also described. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the practice of contraception utilizing a two-stage protocol that minimizes the incidence of breakthrough bleeding. Oral contraceptives first became available in the early 1960's. Through continued research, new lower-dose estrogen products of high effectiveness have been developed. The oral administration of combination-type preparations containing estrogens and progestins has been known for some time. The administration of purely sequential preparations to mimic the normal 28-day menstrual cycle of the patient is also known. In such instances, an estrogen is administered at a high dosage, in the absence of a progestin, over a period of fourteen to sixteen days, thereafter the estrogen is administered at the same high dosage in combination with a relatively high amount of a progestin over a period of five to six days, and during the next seven to eight days there is no administration of estrogen or progestin. Physician's Desk Reference, 30th edition, pages 1026, 1127 and 1532, respectively (1976). It has more recently been published in Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 7th edition, pages 1430-1436 (1985), that sequential combination administration includes the usage of an estrogen at a high dosage, in the absence of a progestin, over a period of seven days, thereafter the estrogen is administered at the same high dosage in combination with a relatively high amount of a progestin over a period of 15 days, and during the next six days there is no administration of estrogen or progestin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04921843__
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Intracervical cuff (ICC) for contraception and prevention of venereal disease and applicator therefor Inventor(s): Horne, Jr. Herbert W. (Framingham, MA), Gresser; Joseph D. (Brookline, MA) Assignee(s): Dynatech Corp. (Burlington, MA) Patent Number: 4,246,896 Date filed: October 30, 1978 Abstract: A two-stage device for use within the canal of the cervix of the uterus for the dual and simultaneous purposes of venereal disease prevention and of contraception by prohibiting the migration of sperm through the cervical canal. The two-stage device will consist of (Part A) an insertable member which will be inserted into and be maintained within the cervical canal to which (Part B) a temporary member, effective for upward of a year, can be attached easily with a minimum of discomfort to the patient. [Either or both parts of this two-stage device (at present most probably the temporary part) can incorporate metals such as copper, silver, or others, or suitable compounds thereof, and also spermicidal and pathogenocidal agents, steroids or other drugs.]A unique feature of the invention is its placement within the cervical canal rather than in the fundus or vagina. Part A of the device is designed for semipermanent placement within the cervical canal; its main structural function is to act as a support for Part B which is designed for facile and comfortable removal and replacement and which contains the active agents possibly but not necessarily contained within a slow release matrix.A second unique feature of the invention is the use of magnets to attach Part B to Part A. Excerpt(s): The prior art involves two technologies: (1) incorporation of biologically active agents into solid or paste-like polymeric excipients for the purpose of sustaining delivery of those agents for periods longer than otherwise possible and (2) fabrication of various polymeric materials and metals into devices for insertion into the human uterine fundus and/or vagina for the prevention of pregnancy. Devices for the controlled and continuous delivery of an active agent from a polymer excipient are known to the prior art. One group of such devices are best termed reservoir devices, characterized by a reservoir of the drug surrounded by a wall. The drug may be present separately or may be contained within a carrier permeable to the drug and in which the drug has limited solubility. The wall of the device permits passage of the drug as by diffusion and it is this step which controls the rate of drug release to the environment. U.S. Pat. No. 3,977,404 describes one such device utilizing a wall permeable to external fluid and permeable to drug via microporous openings to the environment. Another reservoir device described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,967,519 utilizes a reservoir formed of a drug carrier permeable to the drug in which the drug has limited solubility. In this case also, the wall is less permeable to the drug than is the carrier and is the rate controlling barrier to release. All of these devices can be designated to release drug within a body orifice; the object of U.S. Pat. No. 3,977,404 can also be used under an eyelid. A number of devices all operating on the principle of drug diffusion through a wall or membrane permeable to the drug have been patented. Included are U.S. Pat. No. 3,961,628, which uses a nonbiodegradable polymer wall; U.S. Pat. No. 3,988,262, also of this type, may be used for anal or uterine drug delivery. U.S. Pat. No. 3,948,254 also claims a drug in a permeable carrier surrounded by an even less permeable wall. Permeability of the wall usually has been controlled by pore size or other openings in the wall but in U.S. Pat. No. 3,938,515, permeability is said to be controlled by addition of a small amount of polymeric material such as polyester (from a glycol and a dibasic acid), polyethylene glycol, etc.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04246896__ ·
Intravaginal contraception method Inventor(s): Dickey; Richard P. (5640 Read Blvd., Ste. 640, New Orleans, LA 70127) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,228,797 Date filed: September 25, 1978 Abstract: A chemical contraception system is described in which the spermicidal chemical, for example, "Nonoxynol-9", is provided in a powder or tablet form and is dissolved in a solvent, primarily water, immediately before use. The solution containing the spermacide is then allowed to soak into an applicator matrix, such as a sponge or pad. The spermicide-impregnated matrix is inserted into the vagina and later removed. The system can be provided in kit form (FIGS. 1 and 2) including a storage container for the powder, a mixing container, and a measuring spoon, or in a pre-packaged form where the chemical has already been added to the sponge.Among the preferred embodiments of the system are the use of the spermicidal chemical in powder or tablet form and the use of a sponge for vaginal retention of the spermicidal solution. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to chemical contraception systems, and more particularly relates to an intravaginal spermicidal applicator system in which the spermatocidal agent, originally in tablet or powder form, is dissolved in an appropriate solvent immediately before use. The use of sponges or tampons with spermicides for intravaginal contraception is known in the art. Intrauterine applicators for contraception and drug administration have been extensively developed. A variety of spermicidal foams and jellies are separately available as well. One reason spermatocidal agents are effective is that they alter the surface tension of the spermatozoa and so immobilize them. It is believed that the greater the viscosity of the material in which the chemical is contained, the more effective it can be in altering surface tension. Theoretically, then, spermaticides are most effective when dissolved in water. The problems of using water as the solvent have been the instability of the agent when dissolved in water and the difficulty of retaining the substance within the vagina. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04228797__
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Male contraception Inventor(s): Desjardins; Claude (Austin, TX), Ewing; Larry L. (Timonium, MD) Assignee(s): The Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD) Patent Number: 4,210,644 Date filed: February 23, 1978 Abstract: A method of affecting male contraception which comprises subdermally implanting in the male an effective amount of an androgen and an estrogen in one or more slow release capsules. The combination of androgen and estrogen may also be used to enhance libido in an aging male. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with certain improvements in male contraception. A great deal of work is going on to find effective contraceptive methods for men. Many different methods have been proposed and a few of these have met with
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some degree of success. For example, vasectomy is used fairly extensively for male contraception but there are some indications of possible undesirable side effects, e.g. high antibody buildup. Additionally, once a vasectomy has been performed, there is no real assurance that the resulting contraceptive effect can be reversed if this is later desired. Methods involving the administration of contraceptive compounds, e.g. steroids, orally or by injection, offer the advantage of being reversible but undesired side effects can result and/or the activity of the contraceptive can be substantially diminished due to breakdown in the gut or metabolism thus requiring the administration of relatively large dosages to insure the contraceptive effect. Additionally, these methods require a disciplined and periodic administration of the contraceptive to be effective and, as a consequence, compliance with the necessary regimen is difficult to obtain or maintain. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04210644__ ·
Male contraceptive and method of achieving male contraception Inventor(s): Parlow; Albert F. (Torrance, CA) Assignee(s): Professional Staff Association of the Los Angeles County Harbor General (Torrance, CA) Patent Number: 4,010,256 Date filed: July 30, 1975 Abstract: A method of immunization of human males to achieve contraception is provided which includes the step of administering, periodically, predetermined amounts of, non-primate, highly purified FSH having a biologic potency of at least 1,000 I.U. (International Units)/mg, an LH contamination of below 11 I.U./mg and a TSH contamination of less than 0.1 I.U./mg, to a human male until his sperm production declines below about twenty million per cc. FSH is the Follicle Stimulating Hormone; LH the Luteinizing Hormone; and TSH the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. Excerpt(s): Highly purified FSH will be administered as an "alum precipitated"* antigen in a dose of 0.5 mg. three times monthly to normal human males, until suitably high titers of antibodies are generated, i.e. until sperm production declines below 20 million per cc. The use of highly purified FSH, as opposed to the crude extracts utilized in the 1950's, will maximize the likelihood of achieving high antibody titers with minimal side reactions, if any. The highly purified FSH is essentially devoid of luteinizing hormone (LH) activity, unlike the crude extracts previously used, such that antibodies will be generated only to FSH, not to LH as well. In addition, the use of "alum precipitated antigen" preparations of FSH will again maximize the likelihood of high antibody titer formation, which is essential to success of the procedure. The pituitaries derived from sheep or rats should be removed at the time of autopsy and placed directly into pure acetone without exposure to any other fixative. The pituitaries may be stored (in the cold) for many months in acetone, the volume of acetone being at least 20 times the volume of the glands. It is recommended that acetone be poured off occasionally and fresh acetone added to the glands. Before shipping the acetone should be poured off, glands rinsed with fresh acetone and sent in a well-sealed container. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04010256__
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Method and apparatus for contraception Inventor(s): Diamond; Harvey (C/O Saul Epstein, 1880 Century Park East, Suite 500, Los Angeles, CA 90067) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,139,007 Date filed: September 20, 1976 Abstract: A method of male contraception utilizing external pressure applied to the underside of the penis at the base thereof to close the urethral canal and thereby prevent the escape of semen. Apparatus comprises a pressure pad which applies a concentrated force on the canal and is held in place by a strap member around the penis. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of methods and apparatus for contraception and more particularly to a method and devices for male contraception. The traditional male contraceptive device is the condom. While generally effective, condoms are not popular with men because of their well known effect of reducing feeling and consequent enjoyment of the sexual act. For this and other reasons, female contraception has become popular in recent years and the "pill" and intrauterine devices are widely used. Recently both of these methods of contraception have come under attack for their possible adverse health effects on the users. There remains a pressing need, particularly among the poorer nations of the world, for an inexpensive and safe contraceptive method and device which is both simple to use and effective. The present invention is intended to fulfill this need. There are a number of devices in the prior art which apply pressure to the dorsal vein of the penis and which restrict blood flow from the penis and thereby prolong erection. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,794,020. There are also devices for applying pressure to the urethra so as to retain urethral medicants or to prevent enurisis. See U.S. Pat. No. 1,748,227 and No. 3,147,754. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04139007__
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Method and kit for contraception with GnRH-antagonist Inventor(s): Hodgen; Gary D. (Norfolk, VA), Kenigsberg; Daniel (Stony Brook, NY) Assignee(s): Medical College of Hampton Roads (Norfolk, VA) Patent Number: 5,116,818 Date filed: August 9, 1990 Abstract: A method of providing contraception for and regulation of the menstrual cycle of a gonadal female mammal by a) administering thereto about once a week throughout her menstrual cycle an amount of a GnRH-antagonist effective to block folliculogenesis and thereby achieve a contraceptive state but less than the amount thereof required to block hormonogenesis; and b) inducing menses by administering during the last half of that cycle an amount of a progestin effective to produce a secretory endometrium and then terminating the progestin administration. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and kit for achieving contraception in gonadal female mammals with GnRH-antagonists without inducing an agonadal state. Although inhibition of ovulation in the form of estrogen/progestin combination oral contraceptives has been the most effective strategy for achieving reversible pharmacological fertility control in women, because of the known adverse side-effects associated with long term contraception by this method, especially in women who
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smoke in the 40-44 age group, there is increasing interest in contraception achieved through GnRH analogs that act on the pituitary to induce a hypogonadotropic status. GnRH-agonists do so after a transient stimulatory phase that lasts from 1-3 weeks. Monroe, S. E. et al. Fertil Steril 1985; 43:361; Berquist, C. et al., Contraception, 1979, 19:497. In contrast, GnRH-antagonists lack stimulatory activity, causing prompt reduction of gonadotropin secretion and an agonadal state Kenigsberg, D. et al., Doseresponse using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist. Fertil Steril, 1984, 42:116; Kenigsberg, D. et al., Fertil Steril 1984, 42:116. As reported by us in J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 62: 734 (April, 1986), the contents of which article are incorporated herein by reference, we have now found that reliably effective contraception (by inhibition of ovulation) can be achieved with GnRH-antagonists in gonadal female mammals without blocking hormonogenesis, thereby avoiding the side effects associated with a long term agonadal state. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05116818__ ·
Method for contraception by immunization against the zona pellucida Inventor(s): Grimes; Stephen (Davis, CA), Benjamini; Elizer (Davis, CA), Gevas; Philip (Honolulu, HI) Assignee(s): Aphton Corporation (Woodland, CA) Patent Number: 4,795,634 Date filed: March 14, 1986 Abstract: This invention relates to a method for contraception comprising the active immunization of a female mammal against zona pellucida using a composition comprising an effective amount of anti-idiotypic antibodies formed against anti-zona pellucida antibodies, which anti-idiotypic antibodies express internal images of zona pellucida antigenic determinants capable of eliciting a contraceptive response. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the control of female fertility. More particularly, this invention relates to a method of contraception comprising immunizing a female mammal against the zona pellucida by means of active immunization. According to this invention, anti-idiotypic antibodies to antibodies to the zona pellucida, which express an internal image of an antigenic determinant of the zona pellucida, are administered to a female mammal in order to elicit an active immune response to the zona pellucida and thereby prevent conception. Conventional methods of contraception include the use of mechanical or chemical barriers to fertilization, administration of hormones, or the use of mechanical means to prevent implantation of a fertilized ovum. Typically, these methods have serious drawbacks, including practical inconvenience, incomplete effectiveness and various undesirable side effects. Mechanical means of contraception may cause infection and are often not sufficiently effective. The oral administration of hormones, commonly referred to as "the pill," has been linked to many physiological problems, including various forms of cancer. In view of the disadvantages of such treatments, efforts have been directed to making use of the body's immune system to prevent conception. For example, immunization against hormones such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (HCG) for the purpose of contraception has been previously reported [U.S. Pat. No. 4,526,716]. However, these methods are also characterized by various side effects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04795634__
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Method for contraception by the administration of sequential contraceptive preparations Inventor(s): Lachnit-Fixson; Ursula (Berlin, DT) Assignee(s): Schering Aktiengesellschaft (Berin & Bergkamen, DT) Patent Number: 3,969,502 Date filed: July 9, 1974 Abstract: Method of contraception over a 21-day cycle in which an estrogen and a progestogen are administered in a low dosage for 10-12 days and thereafter at a slightly higher dosage for the next 11-9 days. Excerpt(s): Numerous hormonal methods for contraception are known, i.e., the oral administration of combination-type preparations, e.g., "Ovulen," "Anovlar," "Lyndiol," and similar combinations of estrogenic and gestagenic active agents. Also conventional is the administration of purely sequential preparations such as, for example, "Ovanone," etc., wherein first an estrogen is administered at a high dosage in the absence of gestagen, over a period of 7 days, and thereafter the estrogen is administered at the same high dosage in combination with a relatively high amount of gestagen over a period of 15 days, with the next 6 days being a blank period without administration of estrogenic or gestagenic agent in order to mimic the normal 28-day menstrual cycle of the woman. The administration of modified sequential preparations is likewise conventional, such as, for example, "Kombiquens," "Tri-Ervonum," and "Oraconal," etc., wherein first an estrogen is administered at a high dosage in combination with a low amount of gestagen over a period of 16 days, and subsequently the estrogen is administered over a period of about 7 days at the same high dosage in combination with an amount of gestagen about 5-10 times the original amount. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,568,828. To adapt to the natural 28-day cycle of the female, a 5-day hormone-free period follows the administration of these preparations wherein placebos or any desired other noncontraceptive effective agents are taken, such as, for example, tonics, iron supplements, etc. The disadvantages of the administration of the above-mentioned sequential preparations are, in particular, the relatively high doses of estrogen, resulting, in addition to evoking the customary symptoms caused by an excess of estrogen, such as, for example, gastrointestinal disturbances, nausea, weight gain from edema, etc., along with an increase in the risk of thromboembolism. On the other hand, however, it was considered essential to ingest high doses of estrogen for reliable contraceptive effect. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03969502__
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Method for contraception by the application of combination-type sequential preparations Inventor(s): Lachnit-Fixson; Ursula (Berlin, DT), Pitchford; Alan G. (High Hurstwood, near Uckfield, EN) Assignee(s): Schering Aktiengesellschaft (Berlin & Bergkamen, DT) Patent Number: 3,957,982 Date filed: December 23, 1974 Abstract: Method of contraception in which an estrogen and a progestagen are orally administered daily for 21 days, the first 4-6 days at a low contraceptively effective daily dose, the next 4-6 days at a daily estrogen dose 1-2 times and a daily progestrogen dose
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1-1.5 times that of the first 4-6 days, and for the next 9-11 days at a daily estrogen dose from that of the first 4-6 days to that of the next 4-6 days and a daily progestogen dose higher than either prior daily dose, up to 3 times that of the initial dose, followed by 7 days without hormone administration. Excerpt(s): Numerous hormonal methods for contraception are known, i.e., the oral administration of combination-type preparations, e.g., "Ovulen", "Anovlar", "Lyndiol" and similar combinations of estrogenic and gestagenic active agents. Also conventional is the administration of purely sequential preparations, such as, for example, "Ovanone", etc., wherein first an estrogen is administered at a high dosage in the absence of gestagen, over a period of 7 days, and thereafter the estrogen is administered at the same high dosage in combination with a relatively high amount of gestagen over a period of 15 days, with the next 6 days being a blank period without administration of estrogenic or gestagenic agent in order to mimic the normal 28-day menstrual cycle of the woman. The administration of modified sequential preparations is likewise conventional, such as, for example, "Kombiquens", "Tri-Ervonum" and "Oraconal", etc., wherein first an estrogen is administered at a high dosage in combination with a low amount of gestagen over a period of 16 days, and subsequently the estrogen is administered over a period of about 7 days at the same high dosage in combination with an amount of gestagen about 5-10 times the original amount. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,568,828. To adapt to the natural 28-day cycle of the female, a five-day hormone-free period follows the administration of these preparations wherein placebos or any desired other non-contraceptive effective agents are taken, such as, for example, tonics, iron supplements, etc. It is also known to administer two-stage combination-type oral contraceptives, with a combination of an estrogen at a low dosage and a progestogen at a low dosage first being administered for 10-12 days and subsequently a combination of the same dosage of estrogen and a dosage of progestogen increased to 2-3 times as much, is ingested for 11-9 days. To adapt to the normal about 28-day female cycle, a 5-7 day hormone-free period follows in which no estrogens or progestogens are ingested. For continuity of dosage, a placebo or a nonhormonal effective agent is usually administered during this period. See application Ser. No. 350,590, filed Apr. 12, 1973. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03957982__ ·
Method for packaging birth control and disease preventing device Inventor(s): Wu; Cheng M. (13726 Damian St., Cerritos, CA 90701) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,083,414 Date filed: February 15, 1991 Abstract: This invention relates to a method for packaging birth control and disease preventing device that has sheath and shield, and more particularly to a method having steps including: pleats the protecting shield toward tubular sheath forming a pleated star-like shape near the closed end of the sheath, bends the pleated star-like shape portion of the shield close to the tubular sheath forming a whirled-like cylindrical tubular, rolls the secure-and-rolled-up ring in the longitudinal direction toward the closed end of the sheath, and packs the rolled-up device into a water proof sealed container. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for packaging birth control and disease preventing device that has sheath and shield, and more particularly to a method having
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steps including: pleats the protecting shield toward tubular sheath forming a pleated star-like shape near the closed end of the sheath, bends the pleated star-like shape portion of the shield close to the tubular sheath forming a whirled-like cylindrical tubular, rolls the secure-and-rolled-up ring in the longitudinal direction toward the closed end of the sheath, and packs the rolled-up device into a water proof sealed container. As the population of the earth has increased tremendously each year, birth control is an important subject to pursuit. Another important problem facing the world today is the serious consequence of the transferable diseases obtained through sexual intercourse: from the annoying skin itch, to the awful venereal diseases, and sometimes to the deadly AIDS. It can be understood that effective method is still needed to provide more efficiency for avoiding the unwanted pregnancy; and more important, to reduce the possibility of obtaining the communicable sexual diseases when performing a sexual activity. Various method has been developed for birth control, e.g. birth control pill and IUD, etc. However, using a condom for birth control is still a simple method for those people, who may have side effects when using other birth control methods or due to personal preference. While no contraceptive device provides 100% protection, condom when properly used can aid in the prevention of having pregnancy. For the purpose of preventing transmission of sexual diseases, condom is the simple and common useful device to achieve such goal. Conventional condom is easy to use, however, such condom can not protect the skin contact at the pubic area. Consequently, several condom with pubic shield have been invented. Some of those are: Puggard, Canadian Patent No. 1,158,507; Lee, U.S. Pat. No. 4,840,624; Sorkin, U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,174; Robichaud, U.S. Pat. No. 4,794,920; Grubman, U.S. Pat. No. 4,781,709, etc. Those device all have different shape and construction, but all have a pubic shield; and that pubic shield will increase the protecting for preventing disease transmission and reduce the chance of being pregnancy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05083414__ ·
Method of contraception Inventor(s): De Visser; Jacob (Oss, NL), De Jage; Evert (Oss, NL) Assignee(s): Akzona Incorporated (Asheville, NC) Patent Number: 4,143,136 Date filed: November 17, 1977 Abstract: A three-phase method of human female contraception wherein (1) starting on about the ninth to about the twelfth day of the female cycle (first cycle day being first menstruation day) an effective amount of at least one progestagenic substance is administered in daily or shorter intervals for about three to about six days followed at substantially similar intervals by (2) administration for about one to about three days starting from about the fourth to about the seventh day after the first phase of both an effective amount of the progestagenic substance(s), and a peptide possessing LHRF (Luteinizing Hormone Release Factor) activity, followed by (3) administration of an effective amount of the progestagenic substance(s) until the total time of the progestagenic substance administration with and without the LHRF compound is from about seven to about fifteen days. A contraceptive preparation or pack comprising a suitable number of dosage units ranging from about seven to about fifteen corresponding with the total time abovementioned, of which the first three to six dosage units contained as hormonal compound only an effective amount of a progestagenic substance, followed by one to three dosage units containing an effective amount of an
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orally LHRF active peptide in addition to the noted level of progestagenic substance, with the remaining dosage units again containing only the progestagenic substance at the level noted. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of contraception and to the subfields of human female contraceptives and oral contraceptive devices. The physiological processes occurring during the menstrual cycle of the woman are regulated by hormones from at least (1) the hypothalamus, (2) the hypophysis and (3) the ovary. In the first phase of the cycle, the follicular phase, the gonadotropic hormone FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) is secreted by the hypophysis. FSH effects the development and maturation of one or more follicles in the ovary. In addition, oestrogen production increases, and under the oestrogenic influence, proliferation of the endometrium occurs. In a second phase, follicle maturation is followed, about halfway through the cycle, by ovulation ond development of the corpus luteum from the ruptured follicle under an influence of another gonadotropic hormone, LH (Luteinizing Hormone). The secretion of the LH hormone is regulated by the hypothalamus, which in turn is again subject to ovarian influence. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04143136__ ·
Method of contraception and a device therefor Inventor(s): Bauer; Hans A. (Sudliche Stadtmauer-strasse 58, Erlangen 8520, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,658,810 Date filed: April 23, 1985 Abstract: The present invention discloses a method of contraception employing an intrauterine device comprising retaining means for retaining a contraception element within a uterine cavity. The retaining means includes anchoring means for penetrating into and positively engaging the uterine muscle, so that the device is securely retained in the cavity. The device also preferably includes associated driving means for driving the anchoring means into the uterine muscle. A new device for contraception is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): Intrauterine devices known to the prior art are typically secured within the uterine cavity by conforming the device to the contours of the cavity. Since the uterine cavity increases in cross-section in the direction of the fundus, conventional means for retaining the device within the cavity are adapted to this conformation. For example, devices in common use include T-shaped devices, wherein the sidearms of the "T" extend into the wider section of the cavity, thereby retaining the device within the uterus. Notwithstanding the shape-adapting conformation of such devices, they are frequently involuntarily expelled, owing to especially strong contractions of the musculature of the uterus, failure of the device to conform adequately to the conformations of individual uterine cavities, or for other reasons. It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide a method of contraception comprising employing an intrauterine device (IUD) which is reliably retained within the uterine cavity, and which is not dependent for retention upon a precise conformation. The invention comprises an intrauterine device including retaining means for penetrating into and engaging the uterine muscle wall and for retaining the device within the uterine cavity. Preferably, the IUD includes contraception means comprising a source of metallicions, especially iron, copper, silver, gold or platinum, which are slowly released into the uterine cavity
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and promote contraception. The IUD of the invention further includes, associated driving means for driving the retaining means into penetrating engagement with the muscle wall; the driving means is disassociated from the IUD and withdrawn after the device has been secured. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04658810__ ·
Method of contraception using peak progestogen dosage Inventor(s): Edgren; Richard A. (Woodside, CA) Assignee(s): Syntex Pharmaceuticals International Ltd. (Hamilton, BM) Patent Number: 4,390,531 Date filed: August 10, 1981 Abstract: A method of contraception and a pharmaceutical package for effecting the method are disclosed. The method comprises a three phase sequence of estrogen/progestogen administration which is a daily sequence of unit dosages over a repeating cycle, which dosage sequence comprises, for one cycle:(a) administering, as phase one, about 20-40.mu.g of ethinyl estradiol, (or of other estrogen in an amount sufficient to result in an equivalent effect) and about 0.3-0.8 mg of norethindrone (or of other progestogen in an amount sufficient to result in an equivalent effect) each day for 5-8 days, followed by;(b) administering, as phase two, the same dosage of estrogen and twice the dosage of progestogen each day as was administered each day in phase one, for 7-11 days, followed by;(c) administering, as phase three, the same dosage of estrogen and the same dosage of progestogen each day as was administered each day in phase one, for 3-7 days, followed by;(d) administering, as phase four, no therapeutically active dosage, i.e. either no treatment or a placebo each day for 6-8 days,with the proviso that the total number of days in phases one through three is 21. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel methods and articles of manufacture which are packages containing compositions useful for effecting contraception in the human female. More particularly, the invention is directed to achieving contraception by administering a sequential dose of estrogen and progestogen, which includes a peak dosage of progestogen at approximately the mid-point of the menstrual cycle. A number of regimens for controlling ovulation and conception by administering hormones are known, and are available commercially. Some of these are based on consistent dosage, throughout the administration period, of either estrogen or progestogen or both. Others are directed to biphasic treatments whereby the amounts of either or both of these hormones are increased or decreased at some point during the cycle. Closest to the regimen of the present invention are those administration programs which involve both progestogen and estrogen, and vary the amounts of either or both hormones such that a three-phase program is maintained. Methods of contraception which fit this description are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,795,734 to American Home Products; 4,066,757 to Ortho; 3,957,982 to Schering A. G. and German Pat. No. 2,431,704 to Asche. Of the aforementioned patents, that closest to the present invention is the Schering patent which describes a peak dosage of estrogen at the middle of the administration interval. The present invention is designed so as to minimize the side effect of breakthrough bleeding by optimizing the amount of progestogen administered at the mid-point of the cycle. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04390531__
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Method of hormonal contraception Inventor(s): Ehrlich; Marika (Bahnhofstr. 1, D55234 Framersheim, DE), Kuhl; Herbert (Hotzelstr. 18, D63741 Aschaffenburg, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,662,927 Date filed: December 21, 1994 Abstract: A method for hormonal contraception having a first hormonal component and a second hormonal component packaged separately in a packing unit and intended for short-term sequential administration, each of the hormonal components being composed of a plurality of daily hormone units separately packaged and individually removable in the packing unit. The first hormonal component contains almost exclusively an estrogen preparation as an active hormonal ingredient, effecting a disturbance of the follicle stimulation. The second hormonal component contains, in combination, an estrogen preparation and a progestogen preparation in a therapeutic amount sufficient for ovulation inhibition. The total number of daily hormone units is equal to the total number of days of the desired cycle, with the first hormonal component including 5 or 14 daily units and the second hormonal component including 23 or 14 daily units. The plurality of daily units of the first hormonal component is lower than the plurality of daily units of the second hormonal component, characterized by such an arrangement of the daily units in the packaging unit that the daily units of the second hormonal component are taken first and the daily units of the first hormonal component are taken thereafter. The daily units of the second hormonal component do not contain the combination of biologically produced estrogen and synthetic estrogen. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of hormonal contraception. More particularly, the present invention relates to two hormonal components separately packaged in a packaging unit and intended for short-term sequential administration. The hormonal components are respectively composed of a plurality of daily hormone units packaged separately and individually removable in the packaging unit. The first hormonal component contains an estrogen preparation as an active hormonal ingredient that impairs follicle stimulation. The second hormonal component contains an estrogen preparation and a progestogen preparation in a dose at least adequate for inhibiting ovulation in combination, and the total number of daily hormone units is equal to the total number of days of the desired cycle. The first hormonal component comprises 5 or 14 daily units and the second hormonal component comprises 23 or 14 daily units. The plurality of daily units of the first hormonal component is lower than the plurality of daily units of the second hormonal component. German Letters Patent 41 04 385 discloses a method of inhibiting ovulation as well as a method for hormonal contraception of the above-described type, whereby the daily units of the first hormonal component are first administered and those of the second hormonal component are administered thereafter in daily succession, preferably for hormonal contraception within the desired cycle, on which the first daily unit of the first hormonal component of the next cycle is repeated upon exclusion of breaks in administration. An advantage of the present invention is that it provides continuous administration of the estrogen component, i.e., of the daily units of the first hormonal component. Heretofore, the method of ovulation inhibition has involved the administration-free interval of 6 or 7 days. It has been shown, however, that follicle stimulation is disturbed, but ovulation is not reliably prevented given initial employment of the method whereby the first hormonal component is given in a beneficially low dosage of the daily units in order to minimize the health risk. This low contraception reliability in the first administration
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cycle compared to the following administration cycles is based on the fact that the new follicle stimulation is already in the last part of the luteal phase of the preceding ovulation cycle when the endogenous gestradiol, the endogenous estradiol and the endogenous progesterone decrease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05662927__ ·
Methods and compositions for intravaginal contraception Inventor(s): Schmolka; Irving R. (Grosse Ile, MI) Assignee(s): BASF Corporation (Wyandotte, MI) Patent Number: 4,585,647 Date filed: November 19, 1984 Abstract: A pressurized contraception composition in an aerosol container and adapted to form a spray upon release of pressure therefrom which composition is a liquid inside the container and forms a gel on contact with living tissue and process employing same, whereby the composition comprises water, propellant, a polyoxyethylenepolyoxypropylene copolymer, and preferably a sperm function inhibitor. Excerpt(s): After two decades of effort to devise satisfactory contraceptive methods which depend on metabolic control mechanisms (oral contraceptives and progestational inserts) or on intra-uterine mechanical disruption, i.e. intrauterine devices (IUD's); alternative methods which depend on barriers (diaphragms, condoms) and on topical application of spermicides or other contraceptives (intravaginal foams or suppositories) have not become obsolete, and are still in wide use. These methods attract considerable interest due to their safety, freedom from undesirable side effects, and relative accessibility, without the need for a physician's intervention. The present invention relates to compositions for, and methods of, contraception based on topical intravaginal application of spermicides or other antifertility agents which inhibit sperm function. Present formulations for intravaginal application of sperm function inhibitors are designed to insure coverage of the entire vaginal vault with the active ingredient (usually a surfactant, and typically nonoxynol-9, a nonionic surfactant). One method for intravaginal application comprises supplying the contraceptive composition in the form of a gel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04585647__
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Methods of contraception Inventor(s): Ling; Nicholas C. (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): The Salk Institute for Biological Studies (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 5,037,805 Date filed: March 20, 1989 Abstract: Methods are disclosed for regulating ovulation or fertility in female mammals, for regulating spermatogenesis in males and for treating conditions such as endometriosis. Administration of effective amounts of an FSH-Inhibiting Protein (FSHIP) can be used for female contraception and also for male contraception by preventing sperm production. FSH-IP, in its native form, is a glycosylated protein having an apparent molecular weight of about 50,000 Daltons (50kD) which inhibits the
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production of estradiol that would otherwise be stimulated by FSH in certain cells, such as granulosa cells. Antibodies to these FSH-IP proteins, preferably of monoclonal form can be produced using techniques presently known in the art and are useful for treatment to promote ovulation or superovulation in mammals, including humans and livestock. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the regulation of fertility, and more particularly to methods for male and female contraception using proteins which block the effect of FSH at the ovaries and testes and thereby prevent FSH from carrying out its normal function in the gonad. It is known that FSH is required for the maturation of ovarian follicles and testicular spermatogenesis, and that, in adults, circulating FSH regulates gonadal differentiation and steroidogenesis. However, increases in ovarian follicle growth are not always correlated with elevations of FSH levels in circulating blood serum. It is also known that a particular ovarian follicle that is destined to ovulate is derived from a fairly large number of growing follicles which are, in turn, selected from a still larger group of nonproliferating primordial follicles formed during fetal development. As a result, it is concluded that there is some selection process by which, during each ovarian cycle, one of these follicles destined to ovulate is activated. It has previously been postulated that there are proteins which suppress follicular response to gonadotropins such as FSH: diZerega et al., J. of Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 56, 1, 35-41 (1983), J. of Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 57, 4, 838-846 (1983), and J. of Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 54, 6, 10911096 (1982). It was hypothesized by these investigators that the dominant follicle may be secreting a substance that suppressed the responses of the other follicles to the FSH: diZerega et al., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 56, 4, 147-155 (1983). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05037805__ ·
Methods, composites and articles for contraception Inventor(s): Thoene; Jess G. (1308 Brooks St., Ann Arbor, MI 48103) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,725,870 Date filed: January 16, 1996 Abstract: Vaginal application of cysteamine, cystamine, phosphocysteamine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is effective for contraception. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods, compositions, and articles, effective for contraception. Currently, there are a number of pharmaceutical compositions available for use as contraceptive agents. For example, the contraceptive foam Semicid, contains nonylphenoxypolyoxyethene glycol (nonoxynol-9) as a contraceptive agent. However, nonoxynol-9 is irritating to mucus membranes and can cause cervico-vaginal irritation. This irritation increases the risk of infections, because it causes a disruption of the vaginal and cervical epithelial cell integrity (see Sex. Trans. Dis., vol. 18, p. 176 (1991)). Further studies have shown that nonoxynol-9 is not an effective anti-viral agent (see J. Med. Primatol, vol. 19, p. 401 (1990)). Thus, nonoxynol-9 is effective as a contraceptive agent but is irritating to the mucus membranes and serves to increase the risk of vital infection because of its irritant activity. The drawbacks of conventional contraceptive agents, such as nonoxynol-9, are discussed extensively in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,387,611 and 5,380,523, which are incorporated herein by reference. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05725870__
Patents 223
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Multi-phase combination-type sequential preparation for oral contraception and method of oral contraception Inventor(s): De Jager; Evert (Oss, NL) Assignee(s): Akzon N.V. (Oss, NL) Patent Number: 4,378,356 Date filed: March 16, 1981 Abstract: The invention relates to a multiphase combination-type sequential preparation for oral contraception consisting of 20-22 tablets each containing a gestagen and an oestrogen wherein a first phase consists of 5-8 tablets, each of which contains a low dose of gestagen and a relatively high dose of oestrogen, a second phase of 5-8 tablets each having a gestagen dose which is greater than that during the first phase and an oestrogen dose which is smaller than that in the first phase, and a third phase of 5-11 tablets each of which has a gestagen dose equal to or greater than that during the second phase and an oestrogen dose equal to or less than that in the second phase, and to a method of oral contraception using said preparation. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a multi-phase combination-type sequential preparation for oral contraception consisting of 20-22 tablets (daily dose units), each comprising a gestagen and an oestrogen and to a method of oral contraception using said preparation. Oral contraceptives of the "combination-type" for sequential or cyclic use are generally known, for example the preparations "Lyndiol", "Ovulen", "Anovlar", "Neogynon", "Stediril", "Ovostat" and similar combinations of a gestagen and an oestrogen. Such combination-type preparations consist normally of 20-22 tablets of the same composition for daily dosage (each day one tablet), which is followed by a tabletfree period of 5-7 days which completes the natural female cycle of roughly 28 days. During the tablet-free period, withdrawal bleeding occurs. After the tablet-free period a new cycle is started using the combination-type preparation. The tablet-free period can if required be supplemented by placebos, such as for example is the case with the combination-type preparation "Pregnon 28". Multi-phase combination-type sequential preparations, whereby different quantities of gestagen and/or oestrogen are employed during the different phases, are also known. Thus in U.S. Pat. No. 3,939,264 a description is given of a two-phase combination-type preparation for oral contraception, consisting of 21-23 tablets, where the first 10-12 tablets each comprise a quantity of gestagen, which in activity corresponds with 0.050-0.125 mg of d-norgestrel, and a quantity of oestrogen which corresponds as regards activity with 0.030-0.050 17.alpha.-ethinyloestradiol (EE), and each of the following 11-9 tablets contains a quantity of gestagen which is 2-3 times greater than that during the first phase, the quantity of oestrogen remaining the same. An attemps is made in this manner to obtain better adaptation to the natural female cycle, while a constinuous, constant dosage of oestrogen is employed. In this way good contraceptive effect with reduced side effects should be obtained. A variation on this two-phase combination-type sequential preparation is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,969,502. The difference here is that the quantity of oestrogen per tablet in the second phase is greater than that in the first phase, with a maximum of two times as great, so that not only the gestagen but also the oestrogen is administered in phased fashion. With this preparation there should be less oestrogen-dependent side effects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04378356__
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Multistage combination preparation and its use for oral contraception Inventor(s): Unger; Renate (Berlin, DE), Lachnit-Fixson; Ursula (Berlin, DE) Assignee(s): Schering Aktiengesellschaft (Berlin and Bergkamen, DE) Patent Number: 4,621,079 Date filed: December 21, 1984 Abstract: A multistage combination preparation is useful for oral contraception and comprises a surprisingly low amount of gestodene as the gestagen and comprises ethinylestradiol as the estrogen. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a multistage combination preparation made up of 21 or 28 units, each to be administered on separate days, and its use for oral contraception for females of child bearing age. Multistage combination preparations for oral contraception are known, for example, from DE-A No. 2,365,103 (U.S. Pat. No. 3,957,982) and the patents derived therefrom. Usually two or three stages are involved. These multistage preparations consist of 21 or 28 dragees, and contain, in the first stage, 4-6 dragees wherein each dragee contains an amount of estrogen corresponding to 0.02-0.05 mg of ethinylestradiol, and an amount of gestagen (progestogen) corresponding to 0.040.09 mg of d-norgestrel; in the second stage, (which can be a continuation of the first in essence), 4-6 dragees each containing onefold to twofold the amount of estrogen of the first stage, for example 0.03-0.05 mg of ethinylestradiol, and onefold to one and one-halffold the amount of gestagen of the first stage, for example 0.05-0.125 mg of d-norgestrel; and, in the third stage, 9-11 dragees each containing an amount of estrogen that is larger than or exactly as large as that in the first stage and smaller than or exactly as large as in that in the second stage, for example, 0.025-0.050 mg of ethinylestradiol, and an amount of gestagen larger than that in the second stage, but no larger than three times as large as that in the first stage, for example 0.10-0.25 mg of d-norgestrel, and optionally, in the fourth stage, 7 dragees without estrogen and without gestagen. The number of dosage units in the three stages which contain estrogen and gestagen amounts to 21; to adapt to the 28-day cycle, 7 units free of active ingredient can be additionally included with the 21 units containing active agent. Such multistage preparations provide higher compatibiltiy and improved cycle control as compared with the known combination preparations for cyclic or sequential usage. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04621079__
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Non-hormonal method of contraception Inventor(s): Tsafriri; Alexander (Rehovot, IL), Hsueh; Aaron J. W. (Stanford, CA), Conti; Marco (Stanford, CA) Assignee(s): The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University (Stanford, CA) Patent Number: 6,110,471 Date filed: September 12, 1997 Abstract: A method of contraception by delivering to the ovaries of a female mammal a pharmaceutically-effective dose of a PDE3-specific inhibitor at about the time of ovulation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of contraception. In particular, the invention relates to methods of contraception which prevent the oocyte from maturing.
Patents 225
Alvarez, R., et al., Mol. Pharmacol. 29:554-560 (1986). Beavo, J. A., and Reifsnyder, D. H., Trends. Pharmacol. Sci. 11:150-155 (1990). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06110471__ ·
Ovulation-inhibiting preparation for hormonal contraception Inventor(s): Kuhl; Herbert (Hotzelstrasse 18, 8750 Aschaffenburg, DE), Ehrlich; Marika (Bahnhofstrasse 1, 6509 Framersheim, DE) Assignee(s): Ehrlich; Marika (Fremersheim, DE), Kuhl; Herbert (Aschaffenburg, DE) Patent Number: 5,510,341 Date filed: October 6, 1993 Abstract: An ovulation-inhibiting preparation for hormonal contraception, comprising two hormone constituents packed spatially separate in a packing unit intended for chronological, sequential oral administration, said constituents each comprising a plurality of daily hormone units accommodated spatially separate and individually removable in the packaging unit. The first hormone constituent consists essentially of an estrogen preparation which effects a disturbance of the follicle stimulation; the second hormone constituent consists of an estrogen preparation and a gestagen preparation in a dose at least adequate for inhibiting ovulation. The total number of daily hormone units is equal to the total number of days in the desired cycle, and the number of daily units of the first hormone constituent is less than the number of daily units of the second hormone constituent. The first hormone constituent comprises 5 to 14 daily units, and the second hormone constituent comprises 23 to 14 daily units. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a preparation for hormonal contraception. More specifically, the present invention relates to an ovulation-inhibiting preparation for hormonal contraception. Hormonal ovulation inhibitors, which are orally administered in daily units, include combination preparations and sequential preparations. In combination preparations, a combination of an estrogen preparation and a gestagen preparation is administered for 21 days in constant or alternating, or absolute and/or relative dosing, to the extent that the desired cycle duration is 28 days. The estrogen preparation can be a natural estrogen or a synthetic ethinyl estradiol. After the administration of the aforementioned 21 daily units, this dosing is followed by a 7day pause, whereby withdrawal bleeding simulating the natural menses occurs. With typical sequential preparations that are given during a desired cycle duration of 28 days, a pure estrogen preparation is administered for 7 days and then a combination of an estrogen preparation and a gestagen preparation is administered for 15 days. An administration-free time of, for example, six days follows, during which withdrawal bleeding occurs. Although it is known to bridge the administration pause time in the combination and the sequential preparations with placebos for the sake of greater reliability of administration, no hormones of the type previously discussed have been administered during the approximately one-week administration pause to guarantee reliable withdrawal bleeding. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05510341__
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Pharmaceutical combined preparation, kit and method for hormonal contraception Inventor(s): Schmidt-Gollwitzer; Karin (Berlin, DE), Klemann; Walter (Berlin, DE) Assignee(s): Schering Aktiengesellschaft (Berlin, DE) Patent Number: 6,312,722 Date filed: January 3, 2000 Abstract: The present invention describes a two-stage pharmaceutical combined preparation for hormonal contraception containing at least 30 daily unit doses, which preparation, in its first stage, comprises as hormonal active ingredient a combination of an oestrogen preparation and, in a dose that is at least sufficient to inhibit ovulation, a gestagen preparation, in single stage form and, in the second stage comprises as hormonal active ingredient an oestrogen preparation only, wherein the first stage comprises a minimum of 25 and a maximum of 77 daily discrete or continuous unit doses and the second stage comprises 5, 6 or 7 daily discrete or continuous unit doses, and wherein the total number of daily units is equal to the total number of days of the desired cycle of a minimum of 30 and a maximum of 84 days. This combined preparation, in the form of a monthly pack, which is used for female fertility control, permits as low as possible an oestrogen content in each individual unit dose and also has a low total hormone content per cycle of administration, with high contraceptive reliability, low incidence of follicle development, and satisfactory cycle control with reliable avoidance of intermediate bleeding as well as undesired side effects. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a two-stage pharmaceutical combined preparation for hormonal contraception containing at least 30 daily unit doses, which preparation, in its first stage, comprises as hormonal active ingredient a combination of an oestrogen preparation and, in a dose that is at least sufficient to inhibit ovulation, a gestagen preparation, in single stage form and, in the second stage comprises as hormonal active ingredient an oestrogen preparation only, wherein the first stage comprises a minimum of 25 and a maximum of 77 daily discrete or continuous unit doses and the second stage comprises 5, 6 or 7 daily discrete or continuous unit doses, and wherein the total number of daily units is equal to the total number of days of the desired cycle of a minimum of 30 and a maximum of 84 days, and relates also to a corresponding pack (contraceptive kit) containing that combined preparation, and to a contraceptive method that uses the above contraceptive preparation. Oral contraceptives in the form of combined preparations have been known since 1960 as so-called monophase preparations. Those preparations consist of 21 unit doses that comprise active ingredient and 7 tablets or dragees that are active ingredient-free. The daily unit dose is composed of an oestrogen and gestagen. In monophase preparations the dose of active ingredient to be administered daily is the same in each unit dose. If the dose that is to be administered daily of the active components in the individual unit doses is different in individual sections over the administration cycle, then the preparation is referred to as a so-called multi-phase preparation. Triquilar.RTM. may be mentioned as an especially well-known example (DE-AS 23 65 103). (3) a minimum of undesired side effects should be ensured. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06312722__
Patents 227
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Pocket calculator for family planning including a thermometric probe Inventor(s): Bellet; Jean-Marie (Geneva, CH) Assignee(s): Bioself International Inc. (Nassau, BS) Patent Number: 4,370,727 Date filed: June 4, 1980 Abstract: The present invention is intended to solve the problem of the reliable acquisition of accurate temperature data for a miniature calculator provided for the application of family planning methods. The calculator is provided with a receptacle removably carrying a thermometric probe for providing the temperature measurement in a digital form. The circuits of the probe comprise an oscillator including a temperature responsive resistance element to be placed in contact with the area of the temperature to be measured, Tx. The output frequency fx of this oscillator is a function of Tx, and is measured by a counter controlled by a signal formed from a reference frequency fr provided by a reference oscillator and further provided to a frequency divider. A comparator compares the contents of the counter to that of a memory, and in case the counter contents is higher than the stored contents, the comparator controls the entry thereof to the memory so that the probe operates as a maximum thermometer. The contents of the memory is read in serial fashion by the system of the calculator when the probe is replaced into its receptacle. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a calculator for family planning, including a thermometric probe. It is possible to produce at present miniature calculators capable of performing relatively complex calculations for various applications. Also, calculation methods for family planning are known, for example, the Ogino method. Development of a calculation program for the application of such a method and the incorporation of such a program in a pocket calculator, for example, utilizing a ROM (Read Only Memory) is possible in principle. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04370727__
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Recombinant birth control vaccine Inventor(s): Talwar; Gursaran Prasad (c/o National Institute of Immunology, Shadid Jeet Singh Marg, New Delhi, IN), Chakrabarti; Sekhar (c/o The National Institutes of Health, (Room 237, Building 4), Srinivasan; Jay (Dept. of Biology, Washington University Campus, Box No:1137, One Brookings, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,733,553 Date filed: June 21, 1994 Abstract: A recombinant birth control vaccine comprising a beta subunit of chorionic gonadotropin, a recombinant luteinizing hormone or a mixture thereof has been developed. This recombinant birth control vaccine may also act as a vaccine against a protein or peptide unassociated with the mammalian reproductive system, such as a protein or peptide associated with a disease organism such as hepatitis B. Excerpt(s): Population is growing at a rapid pace in many economically developing countries and there is a continuing need of an alternate method for regulation of fertility. We proposed several years back a birth control vaccine which induces the formation of antibodies against the human pregnancy hormone, the human chorionic
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gonadotropin (hCG). These inventions are described in patents issued in India, U.S.A. and several other countries. (Ref. EP 204566, JP 62286928, CA 1239346, U.S. Pat. No. 4,780,312, CN 8603854). We describe now another invention which generates antibody response of a long duration against hCG after a single or a limited number of injections. Whereas the possibility of controlling fertility by raising antibodies against hCG is known from our previous studies and those of others, the vaccines utilized earlier were conjugates of two or more peptides such as the natural beta hCG peptide of 145 amino acids linked to tetanus toxoid or other carriers. In another modality, the beta hCG peptide was associated with alpha oLH and then linked to carriers (Talwar et al 1988; U.S. Pat. No. 4,780,312). These vaccines demand purification and preparation of the constituent proteins from natural sources. The cost of some of these is at present very high which will be restrictive to their large scale use in family planning programs of economically developing countries. Moreover these vaccines demand three injections for primary immunization followed by a fourth as booster. A major advantage of the present embodiment is the possibility of getting satisfactory and sustained antibody response with one primary injection and at most one booster. Another interesting feature is the low cost at which this vaccine can be prepared and made available for large scale use. Vaccinia virus is well known as a versatile tool for molecular biologists. In the New Scientist dated 3 Dec., 1988 (Anon, p.38) an article refers to a new vaccine for rinderpest virus in cattle and states that the vaccine is a genetically engineered version of the vaccinia virus, researchers having transformed two genes coding for the coating of rinderpest virus into the vaccinia virus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05733553__ ·
Treatment of side effects of progestins and progesterone analogues used for birth control Inventor(s): Bair; Glenn O. (5520 SW. Lincolnshire Cir., Topeka, KS 66614) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,744,463 Date filed: June 3, 1996 Abstract: The present invention provides methods for treating the deleterious effects of progestins and progesterone analogues used for birth control. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions useful in those methods. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides methods for treating the deleterious effects of progestins and progesterone analogues used for birth control. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions useful in those methods. The undesirable side effects commonly associated with the use of progesterone analogue-based contraceptive drugs are well documented ›Facts and Comparison, pp. 104-8 (1996)!. They include headache, mood changes, nervousness, abdominal cramps, dizziness, weakness or fatigue, nausea, vaginal irritation, breast swelling and tenderness, bloating, swelling of the hands or feet, backache, depression, mastalgia, insomnia, acne rashes, hot flashes and joint pains and vomiting. These side effects are observed in a subpopulation of women using such contraceptive drugs. The use of progesterone analogue-based contraceptive drugs has also been causally implicated in more serious disorders such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, breast cancer, cervical cancer, pseudotumor cerebri and stroke ›D. K. Wysowski, L. Green, Obstet. Gynecol., 85(4), pp. 538-42 (1995)!. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05744463__
Patents 229
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Use of the pregnancy-specific.beta.sub.1 -glyco-protein and its antibody for contraception Inventor(s): Weinmann; Ernst (Michelbach, near Marburg an der Lahn, DT), Bohn; Hans (Marbach, near Marburg an der Lahn, DT) Assignee(s): Behringwerke Aktiengesellschaft (Frankfurt an der Lahn, DT) Patent Number: 3,957,975 Date filed: September 10, 1974 Abstract: Use of the pregnancy-specific.beta.sub.1 -glycoprotein (SP.sub.1) and its antibody for contraception and for inducing miscarriages. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of the pregnancy-specific.beta.sub.1 glycoprotein (SP.sub.1) and its antibody for contraception and for inducing miscarriages. Attempts have been made in which antisera against extracts of animal placentae were to prevent rabbits from conception and to induce miscarriages in monkeys and mice. Further attempts have been made to reduce the fertilisation rate of rats by the active immunisation with human placenta-lactogen. All these attempts did not reach beyond the commencing stage and, especially, were not used in medicine. Now, it was found that the pregnany-specific.beta.sub.1 -glycoprotein which can be obtained from placentae or sera, and its antiserum can be used for contraception and induction of miscarriages in primates, for example, in human beings and in monkeys. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03957975__
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Zona pellucida proteins for contraception Inventor(s): Lobbia; Alessandro (Glienicke, DE), Habenicht; Ursula-Friederike (Berlin, DE) Assignee(s): Schering Aktiengesellschaft (DE) Patent Number: 6,344,442 Date filed: May 3, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of peptides which are derived from zona pellucida proteins and are used for contraception, and pharmaceutical formulations which contain the peptides without the peptides having an immunogenic effect. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of peptides that are derived from zona pellucida proteins for contraception and for pharmaceutical formulations that contain these peptides, without these peptides having an immunizing action. With the increase in world population, the need for efficient methods of contraception is also growing. In addition to oral contraceptives and spermicides, mechanical contraceptives are also available here, such as, for example, IUDs (intrauterine devices), vaginal rings, and condoms. Another approach is based on preventing fertilization by blocking the eggsperm interaction. The sperm must penetrate the zona pellucida, an extracellular matrix that consists of glycoproteins and that surrounds the female gametes (the growing oocytes and the ovulated egg). This interaction takes place via a complex interplay of ligands, as well as sperm receptors on the part of the ovocyte or the sperm surface. The zona pellucida of the various mammalian species consists of three to four glycoproteins, which are normally referred to as ZP1, 2, and 3 or ZPA, B and C [Harris, J. et al.: Cloning and Characterization of Zona Pellucida Genes and cDNA's from Variety of Mammalian
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Species: The ZPA, ZPB and ZPC Gene Families. DNA Sequence: 4, 361-393, (1994)]. In mice, it has been described that the sperm bond first to ZP3 via O-bonded oligosaccharide chains, and the additional bond is probably mediated by ZP2. ZP3 seems to mediate not only the initial bond of the sperm to the zona pellucida, but also another decisive process for fertilization, the acrosome reaction [Dean, J.: Biology of Mammalian Fertilization. J. Clin. Invest.: 89, 1055-1059 (1992); Wassermann, P. M.: Regulation of Fertilization by Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins. J. Reprod. Suppl.: 42, 79-87, (1990)]. In view of the fact that the zona pellucida glycoproteins are unique in the ovary, exhibit antigenic properties, and are accessible to circulating antibodies during the intraovarian growth phase, the research has focused on the development of contraceptive vaccines on the basis of zona pellucida proteins [Naz, R. K. et al.: Development of Contraceptive Vaccines for Humans Using Antigen Derived from Gametes (Spermatozoa and Zona Pellucida) and Hormones (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin): Current Status. Human Reprod. Update: 1, 1-18, (1995); Millar, S. E. et al.: Vaccination with Zona Pellucida Peptides Produces Long-Term Contraception in Female Mice. Science: 246, 935-938, (1989)]. A phenomenon that was noted in almost all animals in the case of immunization with zona pellucida proteins is the induction of an oophoritis. Previously it was not possible to completely explain the reason for the occurrence of an oophoritis. In any case, the formation of an oophoritis makes the longer-term use of zona pellucida proteins or of peptides that are derived from these proteins appear problematical for contraceptive immunization. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06344442__
Patent Applications on Family Planning As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to family planning: ·
Combination preparation for contraception based on naural estrogens Inventor(s): Dittgen, Michael; (Apolda, DE), Hoffmann, Herbert; (Jena, DE), Moore, Claudia; (Jena, DE), Oettel, Michael; (Jena, DE), Ostertag, Monika; (Gottingen, DE), Fricke, Sabine; (Jena, DE) Correspondence: STRIKER, STRIKER HUNTINGTON; NY; 11743; US
&
STENBY;
103
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Patent Application Number: 20020107229 Date filed: September 12, 2001 Abstract: The combination preparation for contraception includes from 2 to 4 first stage daily dosage portions each including an effective amount of at least one natural estrogen as sole active ingredient, from 16 to 22 second stage daily dosage portions each including an effective amount of a combination of at least one natural estrogen and at least one natural or synthetic gestogen as active ingredient; from 2 to 4 third stage daily dosage portions each including an effective amount of at least one natural estrogen as sole active ingredient; and from 2 to 4 final stage daily dosage portions containing a pharmaceutically acceptable placebo. The estrogen may be estradiol, an estradiol 10
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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compound that is metabolized to estradiol when taken into the body, a conjugated equine estrogen or a phytoestrogen. The natural or synthetic gestogen can be natural progesterone or a synthetic gestogens, such as medroxyprogesterone acetate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a multistage contraceptive preparation based on natural estrogens. Oral contraceptives were first marketed 60 years ago. By continuous research it has been possible to reduce the required dosages of hormones in a stepwise manner. Currently low dosage oral contraceptives exist which chiefly comprise an estrogen component and a gestogen component. The hormone dosage of these contraceptives is delivered in different combinations and dosages in the form of combination preparations (one-stage preparation) or multistage combination preparations (staged preparations) and sequenced preparations (two-stage preparations) over time periods of from 21 to 28 days. One-stage preparations (usually designated as combination preparations) are characterized by a constant dosage of certain estrogens and gestogens each day. Because of the uniform delivery of gestogen ingredients with estrogen components from the first application day, the combination preparation is a highly reliable contraceptive. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Contraception method using competitive progesterone antagonists and novel compounds useful therein Inventor(s): Ottow, Eckhard; (Berlin, DE), Schmidt-Gollwitzer, Karin; (Berlin, DE), Elger, Walter; (Berlin, DE), Chwalisz, Krzystof; (Berlin, DE) Correspondence: MILLEN, WHITE, ZELANO & BRANIGAN, P.C. 2200 CLARENDON BLVD. SUITE 1400; ARLINGTON; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20030191102 Date filed: March 31, 2003 Abstract: Competitive progesterone antagonists, including two novel steroids, viz., 11.beta.,19-[4-(cyanophenyl)-o-phenylene]-17.beta.-hydroxy-17.alpha.-(3-h- ydroxyprop1(Z)-enyl)-4-androsten-3-one and 11.beta.,19-[4-(3-pyridinyl)-o- -phenylene]-17.beta.hydroxy-17.alpha.-(3-hydroxyprop-1(Z)-enyl)-4-androst- en-3-one, inhibit formation of endometrial glands at below their ovulation inhibiting dose and the abortive dose, and thus achieve oral contraception in females without adversely affecting the menstrual cycle and without risk of aborting a previous implanted fertilized egg or a fetus. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel contraceptive method employing a competitive progesterone antagonist and to novel progesterone antagonists useful therein. By inhibiting the formation of endometrial glands and epithelium growth, the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus is rendered impossible (inhibition of the uterine receptivity). The employment of competitive progesterone antagonists according to the invention can thus be used for contraception in the female. RU 486 (11.beta.-[4N,N-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-17.beta.-hydroxy-17.- alpha.-propinyl-estra-4,9(10)-dien-3one; EP-A-0057115) and other 11.beta.-aryl or 11.beta.,19-arylene-substituted steroids are compounds which can displace progesterone and the glucocorticoids from their respective receptors. These substances are pharmacologically distinguished by strong progesterone- and glucocorticoid-antagonistic effects. These properties determine their previously practiced therapeutic uses. RU 486 is useful, e.g., as a progesterone antagonist for therapeutic termination of pregnancy and also as a glucocorticoid antagonist for treatment of Cushing's syndrome in the wake of a pathologically
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increased secretory activity of the suprarenal cortex. The abortive dose of RU 486 is 200600 mg in the female. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
ZONA PELLUCIDA PROTEINS FOR CONTRACEPTION Inventor(s): LOBBIA, ALESSANDRO; (GLIENICKE, DE), HABENICHT, URSULAFRIEDERIKE; (BERLIN, DE) Correspondence: MILLEN WHITE ZELANO & BRANIGAN; ARLINGTON COURTHOUSE PLAZA I; 2200 CLARENDON BOULEVARD SUITE 1400; ARLINGTON; VA; 22201 Patent Application Number: 20020004479 Date filed: May 3, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of peptides which are derived from zona pellucida proteins and are used for contraception, and pharmaceutical formulations which contain said peptides without said peptides having an immunogenic effect. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of peptides that are derived from zona pellucida proteins for contraception and for pharmaceutical formulations that contain these peptides, without these peptides having an immunizing action. With the increase in world population, the need for efficient methods of contraception is also growing. In addition to oral contraceptives and spermicides, mechanical contraceptives are also available here, such as, for example, IUDs (intrauterine devices), vaginal rings, and condoms. Another approach is based on preventing fertilization by blocking the eggsperm interaction. The sperm must penetrate the zona pelluicida, an extracellular matrix that consists of glycoproteins and that surrounds the female gametes (the growing oocytes and the ovulated egg). This interaction takes place via a complex interplay of ligands, as well as sperm receptors on the part of the ovocyte or the sperm surface. The zona pellucida of the various mammalian species consists of three to four glycoproteins, which are normally referred to as ZP1, 2, and 3 or ZPA, B and C [Harris, J. et al.: Cloning and Characterization of Zona Pellucida Genes and cDNA's from Variety of Mammalian Species: The ZPA, ZPB and ZPC Gene Families. DNA Sequence: 4, 361-393, (1994)]. In mice, it has been described that the sperm bond first to ZP3 via O-bonded oligosaccharide chains, and the additional bond is probably mediated by ZP2. ZP3 seems to mediate not only the initial bond of the sperm to the zona pellucida, but also another decisive process for fertilization, the acrosome reaction [Dean, J.: Biology of Mammalian Fertilization. J. Clin. Invest.: 89, 1055-1059 (1992); Wassermann, P. M.: Regulation of Fertilization by Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins. J. Reprod. Suppl.: 42, 79-87, (1990)]. In view of the fact that the zona pellucida glycoproteins are unique in the ovary, exhibit antigenic properties, and are accessible to circulating antibodies during the intraovarian growth phase, the research has focused on the development of contraceptive vaccines on the basis of zona pellucida proteins [Naz, R. K. et al.: Development of Contraceptive Vaccines for Humans Using Antigen Derived from Gametes (Spermatozoa and Zona Pellucida) and Hormones (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin): Current Status. Human Reprod. Update: 1, 1-18, (1995); Millar, S. E. et al.: Vaccination with Zona Pellucida Peptides Produces Long-Term Contraception in Female Mice. Science: 246, 935-938, (1989)]. A phenomenon that was noted in almost all animals in the case of immunization with zona pellucida proteins is the induction of an oophoritis. Previously it was not possible to completely explain the reason for the
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occurrence of an oophoritis. In any case, the formation of an oophoritis makes the longer-term use of zona pellucida proteins or of peptides that are derived from these proteins appear problematical for contraceptive immunization. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with family planning, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “family planning” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on family planning. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning family planning. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON FAMILY PLANNING Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to family planning. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on family planning include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “family planning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on family planning: ·
Healthy People 2000: Family Planning Resource List Contact: Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Communication Support Center, PO Box 37366, Washington, DC, 20013-7366, (301) 468-5960. Summary: This resource list contains references to Federal, state, and local government agencies as well as private organizations that offer information resources related to the family planning objectives of Healthy People 2000. Federal and national information sources are organized by administration within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National associations are also included.
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Delivering Family Planning Services in the Era of AIDS and STDs Source: Family Planning: Meeting Challenges, Promoting Choices - Proceedings of the IPPF Family Planning Congress, 1993.
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Contact: Mexican Federation of Private Health & Community Development Associations, Plutarco E Calles #744 Norte, Ciudad Juarez. Summary: The author discusses trends in the AIDS epidemic and six issues for family planning (FP) services. These issues are method mix and male involvement, condoms, condom commodities, HIV risk assessment, cross-infection, and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. The article is predominantly aimed at the family planning audience with the premise that the AIDS epidemic is posing some difficult issues for FP programmes, that need to be faced squarely. Over the past decade the epidemic has moved closer to the clients of family planning programs. Professionals must reassess the value of condoms and teach people how to use them better. FP professionals must solve condom commodity problems, determine simple ways of doing HIV risk assessment to determine who needs to use condoms, and then help those individuals introduce condoms into their sexual relationships. ·
Meeting the Sexual Health Needs of Women and Men: Exploring Integration of Family Planning, AIDS and STD Programs: Proceedings; Arlington, VA, June 18 - 19, 1992 Contact: Global Health Council, Global AIDS Program, 1701 K St NW Ste 600, Washington, DC, 20006, (202) 833-5900, http://www.globalhealth.org. Summary: These proceedings are from "Meeting the Sexual Health Needs of Women and Men: Exploring Integration of Family Planning, AIDS and STD Programs," a workshop held in Arlington, VA, June 18-19, 1992. The purpose of the workshop was to stimulate interest among family planning agencies and other organizations involved in Sexually transmitted disease (STD) education to integrate services. As well as stimulating interest for integration, the workshop also attempted to convince agencies to adapt their existing programs to meet the broader reproductive health agenda of men and women of child-bearing age. The workshop had seven objectives in attempting to achieve its purpose: Providing information that will increase knowledge of STD's as an essential strategy in Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention; providing upto-date information on diagnostics and STD treatment; providing information on contraceptives; examining the cost, availability and effectiveness of various STD interventions; providing hands-on counselor training dealing with ethical dilemmas related to HIV infection and child-bearing; providing information that will increase understanding of sexual health needs and perceptions; and demonstrating successfully integrated approaches by existing family planning and HIV prevention organizations. The proceedings include an agenda and transcripts of presentations.
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AIDS Prevention: Guidelines for MCH/FP Programme Managers; I. AIDS and Family Planning Contact: World Health Organization, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva, http://www.unaids.org. Summary: Since HIV education appears the most important way to reduce the spread of AIDS, this book suggests using maternal, child health, and family planning programs in this vital capacity as these programs deal with matters closely related to HIV prevention. The guidelines provided in this book review available AIDS information and suggest improvements. The first three chapters cover facts about HIV, implications of the AIDS epidemic for family planning services, and relationships between contraceptives and HIV transmission. Chapter four provides an overview of national AIDS prevention programs and the global AIDS patterns. The next three chapters deal
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with integrating HIV prevention with family planning, increasing condom use, and counselling on HIV prevention. The last chapter details evaluation of the integration process by explaining inputs, process indicators, and outputs of prevention programs. Appendices include possible questions and answers for family planning workers, infection control procedures, and questions to assess HIV knowledge. ·
Developing Health and Family Planning Print Materials for Low - Literate Audiences: A Guide Contact: Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, 1990 M St NW Ste 700, Washington, DC, 20036, (202) 822-0033, http://www.path.org. Summary: This manual offers guidelines for developing health and family planning support materials for illiterate and low-literate groups throughout the world. Materials development techniques rely heavily on the involvement of the audience for whom the materials are intended. Techniques such as focus group discussions and in depth interviews can be used to assess the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) of a particular target audience with respect to a particular health or family planning product or behavior. Repeated interaction with the target audience throughout the process insures that the materials relate to the audience's needs and concerns. Including fieldworkers and program managers in the process both insures that the product meets their criteria, and gives them a sense of ownership of the materials. The latter increases the likelihood that they will use the materials and encourage others to do so. The same materials development techniques outlined in this manual can be used to develop radio spots, videos, or theatre programs. Sections describe the steps, including determining target audience; formulating work plans; describing methods of audience research; using information from that research; providing tips on preparing the materials; and examining pretesting, revision, printing, distribution, training, and evaluation.
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HIV Trainer's Guide to HIV - Related Training for Family Planning Staff Contact: James Bowman Associates, 2229 Lombard St, San Francisco, CA, 94123, (415) 563-0909. Summary: This teaching guide can be used to train family planning staff in Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counseling techniques. It uses role play situations and other activities to teach about managing HIV-related services in family planning programs. Different sections look at client education, risk reduction, risk assessment, counseling and testing, additional services, and understanding and impacting behavior change. Each chapter contains a narrative that describes the context for the topic, training objectives, training activities, and a list of resources.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in PrintÒ). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “family planning” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “family planning” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for
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“family planning” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): ·
A Cooperative Method of Natural Birth Control by Margaret Nofziger (1992); ISBN: 0913990841; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913990841/icongroupinterna
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A Full Quiver: Family Planning and the Lordship of Christ by Rick Hess, Jan Hess (Contributor); ISBN: 0943497833; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943497833/icongroupinterna
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Art of Natural Family Planning; ISBN: 0960103651; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0960103651/icongroupinterna
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Birth control and foreign policy : the alternatives to family planning by Nicholas J. Demerath; ISBN: 0060416165; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060416165/icongroupinterna
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Birth Control Technologies: Prospects by the Year 2000 by Michael J. K. Harper (1983); ISBN: 0292707398; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0292707398/icongroupinterna
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Child and Maternal Health Services in Rural India: Integrated Family Planning and Health Care by Carl E. Taylor (1984); ISBN: 0801828309; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801828309/icongroupinterna
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Child survival, health and family planning programmes and fertility; ISBN: 9211513057; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9211513057/icongroupinterna
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Communication Strategies for Family Planning by Everett M. Rogers; ISBN: 0029267005; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0029267005/icongroupinterna
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Community participation in the family planning program of the Philippines : some organizational issues by Stella P. Go; ISBN: 9711180715; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9711180715/icongroupinterna
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Conception, Birth, and Contraception: A Visual Presentation by Robert J. Demarest; ISBN: 007016259X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/007016259X/icongroupinterna
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Conception, contraception: a new look by Suzanne Loebl; ISBN: 0070383405; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070383405/icongroupinterna
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Contraceptive Technology, 1984-1985: With Special Section - Population & Family Planning by Robert A. Hatcher, et al (1984); ISBN: 0829015469; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0829015469/icongroupinterna
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Contraceptive Use and the Quality, Price, and Availability of Family Planning in Nigeria (Lsms Working Paper. No 108) by Bamikale J. Feyisetan, Martha Ainsworth (1994); ISBN: 0821330179; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821330179/icongroupinterna
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Directory of Training Courses in Family Planning and Reproductive Health 1994-95 (1994); ISBN: 0897141601; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897141601/icongroupinterna
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Do Family Planning Services Affect Abortion? by Davanzo Grammich, et al (2004); ISBN: 0833029290; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0833029290/icongroupinterna
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Dr. Guttmacher's Pregnancy, Birth & Family Planning: Completely Updated and Revised by Ronnie Lichtman, et al (2003); ISBN: 0451198891; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0451198891/icongroupinterna
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Effective Family Planning Programs by Rodolfo A. Bulatao, World Bank (1993); ISBN: 0821323059; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821323059/icongroupinterna
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Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynaecology for Clinical Officers and Midwives: Gynaecology and Family Planning by John N. K., Dr. Mbilu, et al (2002); ISBN: 059524002X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/059524002X/icongroupinterna
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Experience of Love: Understanding Natural Family Planning by Ingrid Trobisch; ISBN: 080071184X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/080071184X/icongroupinterna
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Family planning by Jean Medawar; ISBN: 0140211543; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0140211543/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning by G. Lawther; ISBN: 0281041601; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0281041601/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning by Michael Z. Lewin; ISBN: 031224391X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/031224391X/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning (The Figo Manual of Human Reprotduction Vol. 2) by Mahmoud F Fathalla, et al (1990); ISBN: 0940813580; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0940813580/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning and Application Development: Teamconnection Unleashed by IBM Redbooks (1996); ISBN: 0738410691; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0738410691/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning and Child Survival Programs of 100 Developing Countries by John Ross (1988); ISBN: 0962095206; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962095206/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning and Children Resource Guide 3 (The Successful Family) by Creflo A., Jr. Dollar, Taffi L. Dollar (2002); ISBN: 159089703X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/159089703X/icongroupinterna
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Family planning and Christian marriage by A. M. J. Kloosterman; ISBN: 0006222722; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0006222722/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning and Family Size Determination: The Evidence from Seven Latin American Cities by Manuel J. Carvajal (1976); ISBN: 0813005264; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813005264/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning and Reproductive Health Services in Ghana : An Annotated Bibliography by Yaw Oheneba-Sakyi (Author) (1994); ISBN: 031328900X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/031328900X/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning and the Law by Roy David Weinberg; ISBN: 037911111X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/037911111X/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning at Your Fingertips by Robert A., M.D. Hatcher, et al (1993); ISBN: 0829031685; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0829031685/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning Guide for Exploring the Options by Charles Balsam, Elizabeth Balsam (1985); ISBN: 0892432381; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892432381/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning in Japanese Society by Samuel J. Coleman, et al; ISBN: 0691028656; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0691028656/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning in the Legacy of Islam by Abdel Rahim Omran (Editor), Nafis Sadik (Designer) (1992); ISBN: 0415055415; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415055415/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning in Urban Slum by Sumathy S. Rao; ISBN: 8170351030; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8170351030/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning Management Terms: A Pocket Glossary in Three Languages (Management Sciences for Health) by Janice Miller (Editor), et al (1998); ISBN: 0913723347; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913723347/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning on a Crowded Planet by Wilson Yates (Author) (1983); ISBN: 0313226806; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0313226806/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning Sourcebook (Health Reference Series) by Amy Marcaccio Keyzer (Editor); ISBN: 0780803795; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780803795/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning the Natural Way: A Complete Guide to the Sympto-Thermal Method, Including Questionnaires, Charts, and Reliable Procedures by Josef, ROtzer; ISBN: 0800711858; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0800711858/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning: A Guide for Exploring the Issues by Charles, et al (1994); ISBN: 0892435925; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892435925/icongroupinterna
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Family Planning: Meeting Challenges, Promoting Choices by Pramilla Senanayake, Ronald L. Kleinman (Editor); ISBN: 1850705143; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850705143/icongroupinterna
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Fertility and Family Planning in Rural Northern Thailand by Somphong Shevasunt, Dennis Hogan (1979); ISBN: 0898360129; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898360129/icongroupinterna
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Fertility and Family Planning in the Third World: A Case Study of Papua New Guinea by William K.A. Agyei; ISBN: 0709951256; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0709951256/icongroupinterna
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Fertility and Family Planning: A World View. by S.J. Behrman (Editor); ISBN: 0472081268; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0472081268/icongroupinterna
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Fertility, Family Planning and Population Control in China by Dudley L. Poston (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0415323304; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415323304/icongroupinterna
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Fertility: A Comprehensive Guide to Natural Family Planning by Elizabeth Clubb, Jane Knight (Contributor); ISBN: 071530027X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/071530027X/icongroupinterna
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Findings from two decades of family planning research by John A. Ross; ISBN: 0878340785; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878340785/icongroupinterna
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Genocide Birth Control and the Black Amer by Weisbord; ISBN: 0846700697; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0846700697/icongroupinterna
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Handbook for family planning operations research design; ISBN: 0878340599; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878340599/icongroupinterna
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Handbook of Contraception and Family Planning by Suzanne Everett (1999); ISBN: 070202001X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/070202001X/icongroupinterna
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Handbook of Family Planning and Reproductive Healthcare by Anna Glasier (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0443064504; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443064504/icongroupinterna
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Human reproduction : physiology, population, and family planning; ISBN: 026270014X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/026270014X/icongroupinterna
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Ideology, Faith, and Family Planning in Latin America: Studies in Public and Private Opinion on Fertility Control, by J. Mayone. Stycos; ISBN: 0070622973; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070622973/icongroupinterna
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Impact of Family Planning Program on Fertility: The U.S. Experience by Phillipps Cutright, Fredericks S. Jaffe; ISBN: 0275233502; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0275233502/icongroupinterna
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Improving Family Planning Evaluation: A Step-By-Step Guide for Managers and Evaluators (Kumarian Press Library of Management for Development) by Jose GarciaNunez (1992); ISBN: 1565490150; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565490150/icongroupinterna
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Infant mortality, population growth and family planning in India by S. Chandrasekhar; ISBN: 004301044X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/004301044X/icongroupinterna
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Injectable Contraceptives: Their Role in Family Planning Care (1990); ISBN: 9241544023; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241544023/icongroupinterna
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Is there hope? : Fertility and family planning in a rural Egyptian community by Saad M. Gadalla; ISBN: 0890551197; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890551197/icongroupinterna
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Key Indicators for Family Planning Projects (World Bank Technical Paper, No 297) by Rodolfo A. Bulatao (1995); ISBN: 0821333720; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821333720/icongroupinterna
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Loops and Roots: The Conflict Between Official and Traditional Family Planning in India by Purnima Chattopadhayay-Dutt (1995); ISBN: 8170246598; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8170246598/icongroupinterna
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Lunaception: A Feminine Odyssey into Fertility and Contraception by Louise. Lacey; ISBN: 0698106741; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0698106741/icongroupinterna
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Making Modern Mothers: Ethics and Family Planning in Urban Greece by Heather Paxson (2004); ISBN: 0520223713; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0520223713/icongroupinterna
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Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement by Gloria Moore, Ronald Moore; ISBN: 0810819031; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0810819031/icongroupinterna
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Methods for Costing Family Planning Services by B. Janowitz, John H. Bratt (1994); ISBN: 0939704137; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0939704137/icongroupinterna
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Monitoring Family Planning and Reproductive Rights: A Manual for Empowerment by Anita Hardon (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 185649456X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185649456X/icongroupinterna
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Motherhood by Choice: Pioneers in Women's Health and Family Planning by Perdita Huston, Fred Sai (1992); ISBN: 1558610693; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1558610693/icongroupinterna
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Natural Birth Control Made Simple by Barbara Kass-Annese, Hal C., Md. Danzer (2003); ISBN: 0897934032; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897934032/icongroupinterna
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Nurses in Family Planning by Mickey Gillmor-Kahn, et al (1982); ISBN: 0829009272; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0829009272/icongroupinterna
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Pregnancy, Birth and Family Planning: The Definitive Work by Alan F. Guttmacher, Irwin H. Kaiser; ISBN: 0452258278; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0452258278/icongroupinterna
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Pregnancy, Birth, and Family Planning: A Guide for Expectant Parents in the 1970s by Alan Frank, Guttmacher; ISBN: 0670573116; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0670573116/icongroupinterna
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Pregnancy, Birth, and Family Planning: A Guide for Expectant Parents in the 1980's by Irwin H. Kaiser, Alan Frank Guttmacher (Photographer); ISBN: 0451127412; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0451127412/icongroupinterna
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Pregnancy, Contraception, and Family Planning Services in Industrialized Countries: A Study Sponsored by the Alan Guttmacher Institute by Elise F. Jones (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0300044747; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0300044747/icongroupinterna
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Psychology & population; behavioral research issues in fertility and family planning by James T. Fawcett; ISBN: 0878340017; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878340017/icongroupinterna
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Readings on Teenage Pregnancy From Family Planning Perspectives 1985-1989 by Alan Guttmacher Institute (1990); ISBN: 093925316X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/093925316X/icongroupinterna
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Regulation of Sexuality: Experiences of Family Planning Workers by Carole Joffe (1987); ISBN: 0877225109; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877225109/icongroupinterna
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Responding to Cairo: Case Studies of Changing Practice in Reproductive Health and Family Planning by Nicole Haberland (Editor), Diana M. Measham (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0878341064; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878341064/icongroupinterna
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Running After Pills : Politics, Gender, and Contraception in Colonial Zimbabwe by Amy Kaler (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0325070431; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0325070431/icongroupinterna
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Sourcebook of Sex Therapy, Counseling and Family Planning by Judith, Ph.D. Norback (Editor); ISBN: 0442212046; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0442212046/icongroupinterna
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Speaking of Family Planning by Rainer Schrage (1980); ISBN: 0832622451; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0832622451/icongroupinterna
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Taking Charge of Your Fertility: The Definitive Guide to Natural Birth Control, Pregnancy Achievement, and Reproductive Health (Revised Edition) by Toni Weschler (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0060937645; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060937645/icongroupinterna
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The Art of Natural Family Planning by John F. Kippley, Sheila K. Kippley (1997); ISBN: 0926412132; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0926412132/icongroupinterna
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The Complete Guide to Fertility & Family Planning by Sarah Freeman, Vern L. Bullough (Contributor) (1993); ISBN: 087975785X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087975785X/icongroupinterna
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The Family Planning Manager's Handbook: Basic Skills and Tools for Managing Family Planning Programs (Kumarian Press Library of Management for Developme) by James A. Wolff (Editor), et al (1991); ISBN: 0931816726; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0931816726/icongroupinterna
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The new birth control program by Christine Garfink; ISBN: 0918282039; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0918282039/icongroupinterna
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The new natural astrological way to birth control by Robert Choy; ISBN: 0917766016; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0917766016/icongroupinterna
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The Origins and Evolution of Family Planning Programs in Developing Countries by Judith R. Seltzer (2002); ISBN: 0833029282; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0833029282/icongroupinterna
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The Ovulation Method: Natural Family Planning by John J. Billings (1992); ISBN: 0814610110; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0814610110/icongroupinterna
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The Pill and Other Forms of Hormonal Contraception by John Guillebaud; ISBN: 0192861883; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192861883/icongroupinterna
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The Politics of Fertility Control: Family Planning & Abortion Policies in the American States by Deborah R. McFarlane, Kenneth J. Meier; ISBN: 1889119393; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1889119393/icongroupinterna
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The Pope and the New Apocalypse: The Holy War Against Family Planning by Stephen D. Mumford (1986); ISBN: 0937307017; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0937307017/icongroupinterna
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The Quality and Availability of Family Planning Services and Contraceptive Use in Tanzania (Lsms Working Paper, No. 114) by Kathleen Beegle (1995); ISBN: 0821331981; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821331981/icongroupinterna
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The Role of Family Planning and Targeted Credit Programs in Demographic Changes in Bangladesh (World Bank Discussion Paper, No 337) by Shahidur R. Khandker, M. Abdul Latif (1996); ISBN: 0821337076; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821337076/icongroupinterna
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The Second Billion: Population and Family Planning in China by Penny Kane; ISBN: 0140086579; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0140086579/icongroupinterna
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The traditional birth attendant in maternal and child health and family planning : a guide to her training and utilization by Maria de Lourdes Verderese; ISBN: 9241700181; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241700181/icongroupinterna
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The Value of Family Planning Programs in Developing Countries by Rodolfo A. Bulatao, Julie DaVanzo (Preface) (1998); ISBN: 083302633X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/083302633X/icongroupinterna
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Two Is Enough: Family Planning in Indonesia Under the New Order, 1968-1998 by A. Niehof (Editor), Firman Lubis (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 9067181978; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9067181978/icongroupinterna
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Welfare model of development and demographic transition : successful programmes on health, nutrition, family planning, and development; ISBN: 8170189462; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8170189462/icongroupinterna
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Within Reach: Providing Family Planning Services to Physically Disabled Women. 2d Ed (48P) by Task Force on Concerns of Physically Disabled Women, et al (1978); ISBN: 0877053383; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877053383/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “family planning” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 ·
11
Assistance for family planning programs in developing countries. Author: United States. Agency for International Development. Office of Technical Cooperation and Research.; Year: 1964; Washington, Agency for International Development, Office of Technical Cooperation and Research, Health Service, Population Branch, 1967
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Birth control; advice on family spacing and health sex life. Author: Wright, Helena.; Year: 2002; London, Cassell [1964]
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Contraception and holiness; the Catholic predicament.; Year: 1964; [New York] Herder and Herder [1964]
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Contraception-abortion connections in Armenia Author: Westoff, Charles F.; Year: 2001; Calverton, MD: ORC Macro, MEASURE DHS+, [2002]
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Family planning and population programs; a review of world developments. [Ed. by Bernard Berelson, et al.]. Author: Berelson, Bernard,; Year: 1963; Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press [c1966]
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Family planning program. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Employment, Manpower, and Poverty of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, United States Senate, Eighty-ninth Congress, second session on S. 2993, a bill to provide Federal assistance to public agencies and to private, nonprofit organizations to enable them to carry on comprehensive family planning programs, May 10, 1966. Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Public Welfare.; Year: 1963; Washington, 1966
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Family planning: for married persons only. Author: Maharashtra (India). Directorate of Publicity.; Year: 1964; [Bombay, 1963]
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Family planning; a handbook for the doctor. Author: Pollock, Mary.; Year: 1965; London, Baillière, Tindall; Cassell [1966]
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Family planning; achievements and prospects. Author: Maharashtra (India). Directorate of Publicity.; Year: 1962; [Bombay, 1963]
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From now to zero: fertility, contraception, and abortion in America, by Leslie Aldridge Westoff and Charles F. Westoff. Author: Westoff, Leslie Aldridge.; Year: 1993; Boston, Little, Brown [c1971]
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Practical birth control. Author: Smyth, Margaret.; Year: 1966; London, Heinemann [c1966]
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Research on factors affecting utilisation of modern family planning in Chadiza District Author: Chulu, J. M. (Joseph Msoromoka); Year: 1963; Chadiza, Zambia: Chadiza District Health Board, [1998]
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Taiwan's family planning in charts. Author: Taiwan Population Studies Center.; Year: 1966; [Taichung] Taiwan Population Studies Center, 1967
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The Emerging woman; the impact of family planning; an informal sharing of interests, ideas, and concerns, held at the University of Notre Dame, edited by Martha Stuart, with William T. Liu. Author: Liu, William T.; Year: 1971; Boston, Little, Brown [c1970]; ISBN: 0700001905 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0700001905/icongroupinterna
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The family and family planning in the West Indies, by Len Jacobs and Beth Jacobs. Author: Jacobs, Len.; Year: 1956; London, Allen; Unwin [1967]
Chapters on Family Planning In order to find chapters that specifically relate to family planning, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and family planning using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select
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the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “family planning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on family planning: ·
Genetic Counseling and Family Planning Source: in Reece, E.A. and Coustan, D.R., eds. Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. 1995. p. 399-415. Contact: Available from Churchill Livingstone. 300 Lighting Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094. (800) 553-5426. PRICE: $92.00. ISBN: 0443089795. Summary: This chapter reviews what is known regarding the various genetic factors that predispose an individual to glucose intolerance. The authors note that although great progress has been achieved in unraveling the genetic basis of diabetes, the exact mechanisms of inheritance remain unclear. Topics include HLA and disease susceptibility; the classification of glucose intolerance; HLA association with IDDM; HLA susceptibility and beta-cell destruction in IDDM; Non-HLA associations with IDDM; genetic counseling for IDDM, NIDDM, and gestational diabetes; and family planning considerations including prepregnancy planning, maternal complications, and contraceptive choices. 4 figures. 9 tables. 110 references. (AA-M).
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Preconception, Conception, and Contraception Source: in Reece, E.A. and Coustan, D.R., eds. Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. 1995. p. 417-427. Contact: Available from Churchill Livingstone. 300 Lighting Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094. (800) 553-5426. PRICE: $92.00. ISBN: 0443089795. Summary: This chapter, from a text on diabetes mellitus in pregnancy, covers preconception, conception, and contraception. Topics include prepregnancy counseling; the aims and practices of prepregnancy care; prepregnancy care in women with NIDDM and previous gestational diabetes; identification of the date of conception and the 'early growth delay' hypothesis; and contraception for women with IDDM, including the use of oral contraceptives, intrauterine contraceptive devices, barrier methods, natural family planning, and sterilization. The author reports in detail on the experiences of the Edinburgh prepregnancy clinic. 1 table. 59 references.
Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to family planning have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:12
12 You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “diseasex” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “diseasex” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.
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Family planning in Colorado: Innovative outreach projects Source: Denver, CO: Women's Health Section, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. 1995. 13 pp. Contact: Available from Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Women's Health Section, 4300 Cherry Creek Drive, South, Denver, CO 80222-1530. Telephone: (303) 692-2480. Summary: This directory highlights innovative outreach programs that have been established by family planning agencies in Colorado. For each, the directory lists the name, the name of a contact person, mailing address, and phone number, and descriptions of the services that are provided.
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Family planning program descriptions Source: [Boston, MA]: Bureau of Family and Community Health, Massachusetts Department of Public Health. 1994. 14 pp. Contact: Available from Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Family and Community Health, 250 Washington Street, Fourth Floor, Boston, MA 02108. Telephone: (617) 624-6000. Summary: This directory describes family planning programs in Massachusetts. For each program, it presents: 1) number of sites, 2) locations, 3) target population, 4) services provided, 5) unique features, 6) payment procedures, 7) bilingual/bicultural capacity, 8) contact person, and 9) telephone number.
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Culturally relevant family planning resource guide Source: Seattle, WA: Center for Health Training. 1993. 19 pp. Contact: Available from Center for Health Training, 400 Tower Building, 1809 Seventh Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101-1313. Telephone: (206) 447-9538 / fax: (206) 447-9539. Summary: This directory provides access to organizations and government agencies that produce culturally relevant print materials on family planning and reproductive health. These include brochures and pamphlets, resource materials for professionals working with specific groups, and bibliographies and other resource lists. The directory lists and numbers the individual organizations and includes contact information, hours of operation, and a brief description of the types of materials they provide. The directory contains a table that lists the specific ethnic groups served or the language of the available materials and refers to the number of the organization. The directory lists the following groups and languages: Alaskan Native, Cambodian, Chinese, Farsi, Filipino, French, Haitian/Creole, Hmong, Japanese, Khmer, Korean, Laotian, Native American, Portuguese, Russian, Samoan, Spanish/Hispanic, Tagalog, Tai Dam, Thai, Vietnamese, and multicultural.
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Family planning: Reaching out to substance abusing clients: Educational materials and program descriptions Source: Seattle, WA: Center for Health Training. 1992. 36 pp. Contact: Available from Center for Health Training, 400 Tower Building, 1809 Seventh Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101-1313. Telephone: (206) 447-9538 / fax: (206) 447-9539. Summary: This bibliography contains brief descriptions of education brochures and project /training center descriptions offered to clients of federally funded family
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planning programs who need help with substance abuse. The educational materials includes general information on alcohol, drugs, and smoking, as well as brochures focusing on adolescent or prenatal aspects of substance or alcohol abuse. The project/training center descriptions are arranged by federal region and include workshops and conferences.
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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON FAMILY PLANNING Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on family planning. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on family planning is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “family planning” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “family planning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on family planning: ·
Vital signs: The science of natural family planning Source: Washington, DC: Institute for Reproductive Health, Georgetown University Medical Center. [1997]. 1 videotape (27 minutes, VHS 1/2 inch). Contact: Available from Georgetown University Medical Center, Institute for Reproductive Health, 3PHC, 3800 Reservoir Road , Washington, DC 20007. Telephone: (202) 687-1392 / fax: (202) 687- 6846 / e-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This videotape for health policy makers is designed to encourage them to consider the role of natural family planning (NFP) in their programs. Interviews with distinguished scientists, physicians, and nurse practitioners who include NFP in their services to patients, as well as couples who use NFP, are included. A frequently encountered barrier to the expansion of NFP services is addressed by showing how physicians and other providers can make NFP available to those they serve.
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Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “family planning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on family planning: ·
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Part IV: Highlights From Annual Clinical Meeting, Boston Contact: California Medical Association, Audio Digest Foundation, 1577 E Chevy Chase Dr, Glendale, CA, 91206, (213) 245-8505. Summary: This sound recording, along with accompanying pre-test and post-test questions, is part of an ongoing series of educational activities. The first 30-minute side of this tape deals with testing for Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in women, options in pregnancy, and infection control precautions. The presentation is given by Michael S. Policar, assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of California San Francisco School of Medicine; and Sally Faith Dorfman, director of family planning, program development and research, and assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology, and epidemiology and social medicine, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City. They discuss the incidence of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in women and in newborns, and how HIV transmission occurs during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Screening for HIV status is analyzed, and ethical issues in HIV testing are addressed. The speakers also discuss AIDS in pregnant women and prevention of AIDS among health-care workers. The second side of the sound recording deals with the unrelated topics of antibiotic selections in infections and pregnant women in the workplace.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Family Planning The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in family planning (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on family planning (for more information, follow the hyperlink indicated): ·
Communicating family planning [motion picture]: speak, they are listening Source: Agency for International Development; [made by] Airlie; Year: 1974; Format: Motion picture; [Washington]: The Agency; [Atlanta: for loan by National Medical Audiovisual Center], 1974
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Conflicts in family planning [videorecording] Source: Golden Productions; Year: 1982; Format: Videorecording; Little Rock, AR: Golden Productions, c1982
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Contraception [videorecording]: the stalled revolution Source: produced by Better World Society and Maryland Public Television, in association with Lucky Duck Productions; Year: 1992; Format: Videorecording; [Washington, D.C.]: The Society, c1992
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Delivering family planning services [motion picture]: reaching out Source: Agency for International Development, Bureau for Population and Humanitarian Assistance, Office of Population; [made by] Airlie; Year: 1974; Format: Motion picture; Washington: The Office; [Atlanta: for loan by National Medical Audiovisual Center], 1974
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Human reproduction [slide]: lectures in physiology, population, and family planning Source: Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique, The Population Council; Year: 1976; Format: Slide; Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, c1976
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National family planning programs [motion picture]: restoring the balance Source: Agency for International Development, Bureau for Population and Humanitarian Assistance, Office of Population; [made by] Airlie; Year: 1974; Format: Motion picture; Washington: The Office; [Atlanta: for loan by National Medical Audiovisual Center], 1974
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Natural family planning [slide] Source: University of Oxford and Oxford Area Health Authority (Teaching); produced by Department of Medical Illustration, John Radcliffe Hospital II; Year: 1983; Format: Slide; [Oxford, Oxfordshire]: University of Oxford, Oxford Area Health Authority (Teaching), c1980-1983
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Population assistance and family planning programs [electronic resource]: issues for Congress Source: Larry Nowels; Year: 2001; Format: Electronic resource; Washington, D.C.: National Council for Science and the Environment, [2001]
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Profiles in family planning [motion picture] Source: Inter-American Dialogue Center; produced by Airlie; Year: 1975; Format: Motion picture; [Airlie, Va.]: The Center; [Atlanta: for loan by National Medical Audiovisual Center, 1975]
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The Question of abortion and contraception [sound recording] Source: Association for Clinical Pastoral Education, E. J. Meyer Memorial Hospital, and the Department of Psychiatry School of Medicine State University of New York at Buffalo; Year: 1975; Format: Sound recording; Buffalo: Communications in Learning, [1975]
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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FAMILY PLANNING Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover family planning.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on family planning is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.
PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “family planning” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.
Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to family planning. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “family planning” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for family planning: ·
International family planning backers seek funds for U.N. program Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 04, 2003 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2003/06/04/professional/links/20030604legi 003.html
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Family planning backers seek funds for U.N. program Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 04, 2003
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Few US minorities aware of emergency contraception Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 01, 2003
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Emergency contraception maker asks FDA for OTC switch Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 21, 2003
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Providing advance emergency contraception does not affect condom use Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 19, 2003
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Family planning key to poor nations' economies Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 03, 2002
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Diagnosis of fragile X syndrome often delayed, impacting family planning Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 22, 2002
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EU ups family planning cash to fill gap left by US Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 24, 2002
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Lawmakers vow to release UN family planning funds Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 23, 2002
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Lawmakers vow to overturn decision on family planning funds Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 23, 2002
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President Bush warns of veto if spending bill includes UN family planning money Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 05, 2002
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Family planning funds will trigger bill veto: Bush Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 05, 2002
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UN role in China 'coercive' family planning debated Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 28, 2002
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Advocates trade charges over UN family planning funds Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 27, 2002
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No Bush decision yet on UN family planning funds Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 23, 2002
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Lawmakers respond to Bush threat to de-fund family planning program Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 23, 2002
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International family planning programs get boost in foreign aid bill Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 21, 2001
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Family planning groups gain from foreign aid bill Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 21, 2001
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Fight looms on international family planning policy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 08, 2001
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Rising number of minor girls in UK seek contraception Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 29, 2001
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Many girls under 16 seek family planning in UK Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 29, 2001
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Anthrax scares hit family planning clinics Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 16, 2001
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Bush administration denies family planning waivers Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 23, 2001
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Family planning organizations urge end to "gag rule" Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 19, 2001
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Family planning groups urge end to US "gag rule" Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 19, 2001
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Birth control needs increase as funding falls Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 04, 2001
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Committee votes to reverse family planning policy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 02, 2001
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TCPI to acquire European marketing rights to its OTC family planning line Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 09, 2001
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Lawmakers to force vote on international family planning policy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 21, 2001
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Lawmakers to force vote on family planning policy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 21, 2001
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Global family planning policy may be overturned Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 15, 2001
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Bill would overturn international family planning policy Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 15, 2001
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UK rejects ban on sale of OTC emergency contraception Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 30, 2001
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Members of Congress vow to overturn Bush family planning restrictions Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 23, 2001
The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.
Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.
Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “family planning” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.
Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “family planning” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to family planning, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “family planning” (or synonyms).
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Newsletters on Family Planning Find newsletters on family planning using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “family planning.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “family planning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: ·
Contraception counts: State-by-state information Source: New York, NY: Alan Guttmacher Institute. 1997. 6 pp. Contact: Available from Alan Guttmacher Institute, 120 Wall Street, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10005. Telephone: (212) 248-1111 or (202) 296-4012 Washington, D.C. office / fax: (212) 248-1951; Washington, D.C. office (202) 223-5756 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.agi- usa.org. Summary: This newsletter briefly describes the extent of unintended pregnancy in the United States today and examines the impact of contraceptive use on pregnancy prevention. It then provides a comprehensive look at the need for subsidized contraceptive services across the country and the extent to which that need is being met. Tables show the number of women at risk of experiencing an unintended pregnancy: for each state and the District of Columbia: with information on their income, insurance status, and need for subsidized contraceptive care; the number of family planning clinics and the proportion of teenage and adult women in need served in them; and the number of pregnancies being averted by publicly funded clinic services.
Academic Periodicals covering Family Planning Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to family planning. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering family planning that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute13: ·
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
13
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.14 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:15 ·
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
14 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 15 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “family planning” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “family planning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: ·
Integrating STDs and AIDS Services Into Family Planning Programs: Training Community Workers Contact: Pact Publications, 777 United Nations Plaza Fl 6, New York, NY, 10017, (212) 697-6222. Summary: This manual presents the curriculum for a 5-day training workshop in integrating services for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS into family planning programs. It is designed to provide community-based distributors (CBDs) and clinic staff (primarily in developing nations) with skills in risk assessment, integrated counseling, and counseling for sexual behavior change. The manual is based on the premise that information alone will not effect behavioral change. Throughout the sessions, STD/HIV/AIDS counseling is placed within the context of a family planning program. The workshop incorporates role play, case studies, small group work, and discussion. Also included are suggested objectives and a timetable for conducting training of trainers (TOT) workshops for those who will train the community-based workers. The manual is divided into 13 sections that address attitudes about HIV/AIDS/STDs, communication and counseling skills, motivating behavior change, cultural and gender issues, basic STD facts, and issues of confidentiality. The manual also contains a list of resources, registration forms, and workshop evaluation forms.
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Qualitative Research for Family Planning Programs in Africa Contact: Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Pl Ste 310, Baltimore, MD, 21202, (410) 659-6266. Summary: This report details the research findings on family planning and HIV prevention in projects using focus groups and individual interviews in Africa. The value of qualitative research is demonstrated in projects conducted in the seven African countries of Cameroon, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, and Nigeria. How to plan and implement qualitative research as well as how to incorporate the results into programs is explained. For example, in Cote d'Ivoire, eight focus groups within secondary schools reveal that students are aware of the serious problems irresponsible sexual intercourse may cause, and that the students want more sex
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education. The focus group results are used to create plays about sexual responsibilities and consequences to reach adolescents. Other projects illustrate crafting a radio program, designing print and radio materials, testing family planning songs, and motivating service providers. An appendix contains the screening questionnaire used in Kenya. ·
Sharing the Challenge: Establishing Linkages Between AIDS/STDs and Family Planning Contact: Global Health Council, Global AIDS Program, 1701 K St NW Ste 600, Washington, DC, 20006, (202) 833-5900, http://www.globalhealth.org. Summary: This report is based on written papers and presentations made at the NCIH World AIDS Day Workshop, "Sharing the Challenge: Establishing Linkages Between AIDS/STDs and Family Planning", held December 6, 1991. It focuses on the concept of integrating Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Sexually transmitted disease (STD) education into existing family planning programs, looking at the benefits of integration, concerns about the impact of integration, constraints inhibiting integration, and issues for future discussion.
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Teens' Survey of Stores in the District of Columbia on Accessibility of Family Planning Methods Contact: Advocates for Youth, Publications Dept., 1025 Vermont Ave NW, Ste 200, Washington, DC, 20005, (202) 347-5700. Summary: This report presents the results of a survey conducted by adolescents in the District of Columbia to determine the accessibility of family planning methods to adolescents. They surveyed a total of 60 stores, including 45 drugstores and 15 convenience stores. In general, they found it difficult to find and buy contraceptives. Females had more negative experiences in buying contraceptives than did males. Recommendations are included for improving accessibility.
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AIDS Education for Family Planning Clinic Service Providers, Module Three: Counseling With Family Planning Clients About AIDS. Translated title Contact: Global Health Action, RFD 1 Box 267B Rte 230, Trenton, ME, 04605, (207) 6677231, http://www.idtonline.org. Summary: This manual presents one of a series of four teaching modules developed for family planning service providers to integrate Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) education into their current clinic programs. The module, in a two-lesson format, covers counseling clients on family planning methods and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention, and development of an AIDS education unit for family planning clients. The first lesson explains the differences between one-way and two-way education methods, with guidance for clients making choices and decisions about health issues in the latter process. In the second lesson, a plan is developed for AIDS education in the ongoing family planning counseling program. The process is based on the needs of the clients and uses local resources. It covers contraception, particularly condom use with spermicide to prevent HIV infection; sexual behavior; and personal concerns of the clients. Each lesson consists of an introduction, content, activity, comments on activity, summary of the lesson, notes for supervisor, and glossary of terms used in the lesson.
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AIDS Education for Family Planning Clinic Service Providers, Module Four: A Review of Infection Control for Family Planning Clinics. Translated title Contact: Global Health Action, RFD 1 Box 267B Rte 230, Trenton, ME, 04605, (207) 6677231, http://www.idtonline.org. Summary: This manual on infection control is one of four in a series of teaching modules developed for family-service providers. It reviews infection-control precautions, particularly for the prevention of the spread of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in family planning clinics, where direct medical services such as gynecological exams, IUD insertions, injections, voluntary sterilization, and others are offered. The six lessons in this module cover possible modes of transmission of HIV, Hepatitis B, herpes, and other Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's), and a four-part infection control program. The program covers medical instruments and equipment, gloves and hands, table and floor surfaces, and waste disposal. It also covers sterilization and chemical disinfection procedures, with particular attention focused on chemicals that kill HIV if present in the clinical environment. Each lesson consists of introduction, content, activity, comment on activity, summary of lesson, notes for supervisor, and glossary of medical terms used in the lessons.
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AIDS - HIV Information and Counseling in Family Planning Practice: A Self Instructional Manual Contact: Planned Parenthood of Metropolitan Washington, 1108 16th St NW, Washington, DC, 20036, (202) 347-8500. Summary: For counselors in family planning, this manual on Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) emphasizes the need to acquire up-to-date factual material; to explore one's own, i.e. the counselor's, attitudes about health, sexuality, homosexuality, prostitution, and oral and anal sex; and to examine ways to work with HIV-positive clients. Information resources are provided.
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AIDS Knowledge, Perceived Risk, and Prevention in Adolescent Clients of a Family Planning Clinic: Paper Presented at the 116th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association, Boston, MA, Contact: Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, (410) 9555315. Summary: This paper presents the results of a study of sexually active adolescent females 12 to 18 years old regarding their knowledge of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and associated risk factors, and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention. The results show that these adolescents had high knowledge levels of AIDS and half of them recognized that they were at some risk of contracting AIDS, particularly through sexual behavior with multiple partners. However, this perceived risk of AIDS was not associated with preventive behaviors. These results suggest that these individuals require personal risk assessments. The report indicates that familyplanning clinics need to integrate contraceptive services with AIDS and Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) prevention.
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Medicaid coverage of family planning services: Results of a national survey Source: Washington, DC: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. [2001]. 94 pp. Contact: Available from Kaiser Family Foundation, 2400 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025. Telephone: (650) 854-9400 or (800) 656-4533 / fax: (650) 854-4800 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.kff.org. Available at no charge; also available from the Web site at no charge. Summary: This report outlines the results of a national study to gather information on the coverage and delivery of family planning services in Medicaid programs, and to identify the critical policy and program issues that affect access to these services. Topics include a definition of family planning, family planning and Medicaid managed care, family planning waivers, systems issues, and respondents' perspectives. Numerous tables provided survey data on state Medicaid programs and services provided for family planning. Additional summary tables on public health coverages by state and references are included in the appendices.
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Family planning services for special populations Source: [Menlo Park, CA]: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. 1998. 84 pp. Contact: Available from Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2400 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025. Telephone: (650) 854-9400 or (800) 656- 4533 / fax: (650) 854-4800 / Web site: http://www.kff.org. Summary: This book is intended to inform policy makers and health care providers about the types of public policy decisions and specialized reproductive health services that can help high-risk groups avoid unintended pregnancy. The topics discussed are identifying such groups and addressing the needs of adolescents and other high-risk groups, including substance abusers and persons in homeless shelters and public housing. The book also discusses ways in which national public policy decisions affect the access of those populations to family planning services.
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Michigan study of teen use of family planning services Source: [No place]: Michigan Public Health Institute. 1996. 79 pp. Contact: Available from Doug Patterson, Michigan Department of Public Health, P.O. Box 30195, 3423 North Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48909. Telephone: (517) 335-8928 / fax: (517) 335-9222. Very limited number available at no charge. Summary: This study examines the use of family planning services by adolescents in the state of Michigan and makes recommendations to decrease barriers affecting the use of services for those needing and desiring these services. The policy objectives are directly related to the Healthy Michigan 2000 strategic plan.
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The politics of blame: Family planning, abortion and the poor Source: New York, NY: Alan Guttmacher Institute. 1995. 48 pp. Contact: Available from Alan Guttmacher Institute, 120 Wall Street, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10005. Telephone: (212) 248-1111 or (202) 296-4012 Washington, D.C. office / fax: (212) 248-1951; Washington, D.C. office (202) 223-5756 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.agi- usa.org. $20.00; discounts available for bulk orders; prepayment required.
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Summary: This report examines the reproductive behavior of poor and low income women and the individual and societal consequences of denying these women Medicaid or other insurance coverage for abortions. The report begins by discussing the impact of poverty on women and analyzing the background characteristics of poor and low income women. It then compares rates of contraceptive use, contraceptive failure and non use, and unintended pregnancy among poor, low income, and higher income women. It examines how lower income women resolve an unintended pregnancy and the reasons why those who terminate their pregnancies decide to do so. The report then explores the difficulties faced by poor and low income women, especially those on welfare, in obtaining an abortion in the absence of Medicaid funding. It also looks at the financial implications for the states and the federal government of restoring public funding for abortions for poor women. In conclusion, the report discusses how current proposals to reform the welfare system are unlikely to succeed in reducing adolescent pregnancies and out of wedlock births if Congress continues to ignore the importance of family planning and abortion services for women striving to take control of their lives and lift themselves out of poverty. ·
Family planning and adolescent health: Facing the challenge-Resource guide and model programs Source: Seattle, WA: Center for Health Training. 1994. 59 pp. Contact: Available from Center for Health Training, 400 Tower Building, 1809 Seventh Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101-1313. Telephone: (206) 447-9538 / fax: (206) 447-9539. Summary: This report serves as a guide for staff members in family planning clinics and health professionals who work with adolescents. It presents information on a number of cross-cutting topics in adolescent health which lie outside the traditional framework for family planning services but which are associated with sexuality and reproductive health. These include: general health; AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases; chemical dependency; eating disorders; reproductive and sexual health; sexual orientation, and victimization, abuse, runaways, and at risk groups. For these topics, the report indicates national organizations that work on that subject, lists various resources that are available about it, and indicates how that topic can be inter-related with other subjects. The report also summarizes programs that have been established in family planning centers that address the topics covered by the book. For these model programs, the report provides contact information, and lists the objectives, methodologies, and unique characteristics of each program.
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Beyond the freedom to choose: Medicaid managed care and family planning Source: Washington, DC: Center for Health Policy Research, George Washington University. 1994. 101 pp. Contact: Available from Natalie Mason, George Washington University, Center for Health Policy Research, 2021 K Street, N.W., Suite 800, Washington, DC 20006. Telephone: (202) 530-2305 / fax: (202) 296-0025 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.gwumc.edu/chpr. Available at no charge. Summary: This report examines the implementation of federal legislation enacted in the mid-1980s that exempts family planning services from otherwise applicable restrictions on the ability of Medicaid managed care enrollees to select their provider of choice. Specifically it considers how this legislation has affected publicly sponsored family planning programs, which historically have played a principal role in the provision of services to Medicaid beneficiaries. It provides a background and overview, looks at state
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implementation of the freedom-of-choice exemption, and examines case studies of this exemption and publicly funded family planning programs. ·
Principles for maternal and child health services: Perinatal health care, family planning, adolescent health, child health, and children with special health care needs Source: Minneapolis, MN: Division of Family Health, Minnesota Department of Health. 1994. 92 pp. Contact: Available from Request Phone Line, Minnesota Department of Health, P. O. Box 64882, 85 East Seventh Place, Minneapolis, MN 55164-0882. Telephone: (612) 6235000. Available at no charge. Summary: This report, written at the request of the Minnesota Maternal and Child Health Advocacy Task Force, provides a comprehensive reference guide for systems development as Minnesota embarks on restructuring its health care services. Sections focus on programs in perinatal care, family planning, child health, adolescent health, and children with special health needs. Each section discusses the basic concepts, goals, consumer rights and responsibilities, and systems development issues for the target population. These discussions are followed by charts listing the principles upon which quality services are developed in the areas of availability, access to care, the continuum of care, costs, client-centered care, quality assurance, rural factors, supportive community services, and data collection. This document is designed for use in planning integrated service networks, developing quality assurance guidelines, evaluating program effectiveness, drafting health care reform legislation, advocating for community services, and establishing program funding parameters.
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Benefit: cost analysis of family planning in Washington state. (Draft) Source: Olympia, WA: Family Planning and Reproductive Health, Washington State Department of Health. 1994. 92 pp. Contact: Available from Washington State Department of Health, Family Planning and Reproductive Health, Community and Family Health, Airdustrial Park, Building Seven, P.O. Box 47880, Olympia, WA 98504- 7880. Telephone: (206) 586-1300 / fax: (206) 5863890. Summary: This report presents the results of a Washington State study examining the costs of providing family planning services to low income persons compared to the cost of providing post-conception services (e.g. foster care, prenatal care, and abortions), focusing on subsidized services provided through state agencies and programs. Intended as a guide to doing a cost-benefit analysis in general, it goes through each step of the cost- benefit analysis in detail, using the study as an example. Accompanying appendices include a glossary of terms, the results of other cost-benefit studies, location of family planning clinics in Washington State, and several tables revolving around family planning clinic participation, contraception use, and target populations.
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Women's access to comprehensive health services: A report on the roles and relationships of state Title V and family planning programs Source: Washington, DC: Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs. 1993. 100 pp. Contact: Available from National Maternal and Child Health Clearinghouse, 2070 Chain Bridge Road, Suite 450, Vienna, VA 22182-2536. Telephone: (703) 356-1964 or (888) 434-
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4MCH / fax: (703) 821-2098 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.nmchc.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This report by the Women's Access to Comprehensive Health (WATCH) Services Project presents findings of a survey of state Title V and Maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant applications. Sections of FY 1993 state applications were reviewed to determine 1) whether family planning objectives were included in the annual plan developed by each state Title V program (and, if so, how these objectives were incorporated in the plan); and 2) whether strategies had been slated to achieve the 'Healthy People 2000' objective for reducing unintended pregnancies. The report includes recommendations for Title V programs at state and national levels. ·
International training of trainers programs for natural family planning Source: Washington, DC: Institute for Reproductive Health, Georgetown University Medical Center. 1993. 80 pp. Contact: Available from Georgetown University Medical Center, Institute for Reproductive Health, 3PHC, 3800 Reservoir Road , Washington, DC 20007. Telephone: (202) 687-1392 / fax: (202) 687- 6846 / e-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This report describes the planning, implementation, and evaluation of training of trainers (TOT) programs conducted world-wide by the Institute for Reproductive Health. The TOT programs were designed to strengthen international natural family planning (NFP) services by providing leaders and regional instructors with an opportunity to develop their skills as specialized NFP trainers. A comprehensive TOT model is proposed with recommended strategies for future training efforts.
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The cost-benefit of publicly funded family planning services Source: New York, NY: Alan Guttmacher Institute. 1990. 2 pp. Contact: Available from Alan Guttmacher Institute, 120 Wall Street, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10005. Telephone: (212) 248-1111 or (202) 296-4012 Washington, D.C. office / fax: (212) 248-1951; Washington, D.C. office (202) 223-5756 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.agi- usa.org. Single copies available at no charge; additional copies 40 cents each. Summary: This brief based on a study conducted by the Alan Guttmacher Institute analyzes the cost savings effect of publicly funded family planning services. Key implications for public policy are also included.
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Expanding options, improving access: Natural family planning and reproductive health awareness Source: Washington, DC: Institute for Reproductive Health, Georgetown University Medical Center. [1997]. 8 pp. Contact: Available from Georgetown University Medical Center, Institute for Reproductive Health, 3PHC, 3800 Reservoir Road , Washington, DC 20007. Telephone: (202) 687-1392 / fax: (202) 687- 6846 / e-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This brochure discusses the work of the Institute for Reproductive Health in natural family planning (NFP), the institute's approach, the value of NFP programs, the value of reproductive health awareness, and the institute's Awareness Project. An
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invitation to policy planners, service providers, and researchers to collaborate with the institute is also outlined.
The NLM Gateway16 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.17 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “family planning” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 65806 10000 113 583 24 76526
HSTAT18 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.19 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.20 Simply search by “family planning” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
16
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
17
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 18 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 19 20
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists21 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.22 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.23 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: ·
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
21 Adapted 22
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 23 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on family planning can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to family planning. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.
The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.
Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to family planning. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “family planning”:
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Other guides Breast Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastcancer.html Death and Dying http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/deathanddying.html Disasters and Emergency Preparedness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/disastersandemergencypreparedness.html Health Insurance http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthinsurance.html Teen Sexual Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teensexualhealth.html Teenage Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teenagepregnancy.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to family planning, the following was listed: ·
General/Overviews Birth Control Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ48OI527C&s ub_cat=5 Birth Control Guide Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/1997/babytabl.html Planning Your Family http://www.ncfh.org/pateduc/en-famplan.htm What Kind of Birth Control Is Best for You? http://www.fda.gov/opacom/lowlit/brthcon.html
·
Specific Conditions/Aspects Are Fertility Awareness Methods Right for Me? Source: EngenderHealth http://www.engenderhealth.org/wh/fp/cfer1.html Birth Control for Women with Epilepsy Source: Epilepsy Foundation http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org/answerplace/Life/adults/women/weibirthc ontrol.cfm Birth Control Pills: Can Antibiotics Decrease Their Effectiveness? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00099 Birth Control Pills: Do They Increase Blood Pressure? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00204
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Cervical Cap: The Right Form of Birth Control for You? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=PR00074 Combined Injectable Contraceptives (CICs) FAQ Source: Family Health International http://www.fhi.org/en/RH/FAQs/CIC_faq.htm Condoms http://www.kff.org/content/2001/3117/Fact%2520Sheet.pdf Contraception While Breastfeeding Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ9XXA7AEC& sub_cat=5 Contraceptive Sponge: The Right Form of Birth Control for You? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=WO00045 Counseling, Informed Choice, Informed Consent, and the Rights of the Client Source: EngenderHealth http://www.engenderhealth.org/wh/fp/iwhat.html Depo-Provera: The Right Form of Birth Control for You? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=PR00076 Diaphragm: The Right Form of Birth Control for You? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=PR00073 Emergency Contraception Source: National Women's Health Information Center http://www.4woman.gov/faq/econtracep.htm FDA Approves New Female Sterilization Device Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2002/ANS01168.html FDA Approves Seasonale Oral Contraceptive Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2003/ANS01251.html Fertility Awareness Methods: Questions & Answers Source: EngenderHealth http://www.engenderhealth.org/wh/fp/cfer2.html Intrauterine Devices: The Right Form of Birth Control for You? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=WO00033 Lactational Amenorrhea FAQ Source: Family Health International http://www.fhi.org/en/RH/FAQs/lam_faq.htm Lunelle: The Right Form of Birth Control for You? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=WO00032
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Natural Family Planning Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/126.html Natural Family Planning: The Right Form of Birth Control for You? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=WO00035 Natural Methods of Family Planning FAQ Source: Family Health International http://www.fhi.org/en/RH/FAQs/natural_faq.htm Oral Contraceptives and Cancer Risk Source: National Cancer Institute http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/3_13.htm Pill Revisited: Benefits Beyond Birth Control Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01522 Right Way to Use a Condom Source: American Social Health Association http://www.ashastd.org/stdfaqs/condom_a.html Risk of Ectopic Pregnancy after Tubal Sterilization Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/drh/mh_ectopic.htm Sterilization as Permanent Birth Control Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HO00141 Tubal Ligation: The Right Form of Birth Control for You? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=WO00047 Vaginal Ring: The Right Form of Birth Control for You? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=WO00036 ·
Latest News Continuous Use of the Pill Curbs Pelvic Pain Source: 09/11/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_13956 .html Male Contraceptive Success in Australia Source: 10/06/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14198 .html
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Men Facts about Vasectomy Safety Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/vasect.htm
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Vasectomy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/vasectomyloader.html ·
Organizations National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/ National Women's Health Information Center Source: Dept. of Health and Human Services http://www.4woman.org/ Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States http://www.siecus.org/ United States Agency for International Development http://www.usaid.gov/
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Research Bone Loss in Depo-Provera Users Largely Reversible Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/sep2002/nichd-06.htm Vasectomy and Cancer Risk Source: National Cancer Institute http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/3_26.htm
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Statistics Contraceptive Use and Methods in the U.S. http://www.kff.org/content/2002/3244/Contraception_Fact_Sheet_FINAL.pdf Family Planning Prevents Abortion http://www.usaid.gov/pop_health/pop/publications/docs/preventab.pdf FASTATS: Contraceptive Use Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/usecontr.htm
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Teenagers Birth Control Pill Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/contraception/contraception_birth.html Cervical Cap Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/contraception/contraception_cap.html Condom Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/contraception/contraception_condom.h tml
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Depo-Provera Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/contraception/contraception_depo.html Diaphragm Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/contraception/contraception_diaphrag m.html Douching Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/contraception/contraception_douche.ht ml Emergency Contraception Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/contraception/contraception_emergenc y.html Intrauterine Device (IUD) Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/contraception/contraception_iud.html Rhythm Method Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/contraception/contraception_rhythm.ht ml Spermicide Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/contraception/contraception_spermicid e.html Withdrawal Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/contraception/contraception_withdraw al.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on family planning. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive:
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Hemophilia, AIDS and Family Planning Contact: Great Lakes Hemophilia Foundation, PO Box 704, Milwaukee, WI, 53201-0704, (414) 257-0200, http://www.glhf.org. Summary: This brochure discusses the risks and ramifications of parenthood for hemophiliacs. It looks at evaluating risks related to Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, pros and cons of deciding to postpone or attempt pregnancy, and making an informed decision.
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Natural family planning: Expanding options Source: Washington, DC: Institute for Reproductive Health, Georgetown University Medical Center. [1997]. 12 pp. Contact: Available from Georgetown University Medical Center, Institute for Reproductive Health, 3PHC, 3800 Reservoir Road , Washington, DC 20007. Telephone: (202) 687-1392 / fax: (202) 687- 6846 / e-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This booklet discusses the role of natural family planning (NFP) in improving reproductive health. The topics discussed are providing NFP services, strategies for success, how the Institute for Reproductive Health can help, and the work of the institute.
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Methods of birth control: The key to family planning Source: Richmond, VA: Virginia Department of Health. 1997. 2 pp. Contact: Available from Barbara Parker, (804) 786-8663, Fax: (804) 371- 6032,
[email protected], Virginia Department of Health, 1500 East Main Street, Richmond, VA 23219. Available at no charge. Summary: This brochure presents information comparing ten methods of birth control, their use, effectiveness, advantages, side effects, and other considerations. The information is presented in a chart.
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Family planning services patient education booklet Source: Pittsburgh, PA: Family Health Council. n.d. 20 pp. Contact: Available from Family Health Council, 1200 Allegheny Tower, 625 Stanwix Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15222. Telephone: (412) 288-0518 / fax: (412) 288-9036. Summary: This booklet discusses the value of fertility regulation, basic female and male reproductive anatomy, how conception occurs, symptoms of pregnancy, explanation of family planning services available, benefits and risks of different contraceptive methods, and facts about each method.
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Family planning for a Healthy Start: Working together to reduce infant mortality in Pittsburgh/Allegheny County Source: Pittsburgh, PA: Allegheny County Health Department; Healthy Start, Incorporated; and Family Health Council. n.d. 16 pp. Contact: Available from Healthy Start/Pittsburgh and Allegheny County, Allegheny County Health Department, 3333 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. Telephone: (412) 578-8003 / fax: (412) 578-8325.
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Summary: This booklet reviews the services provided by the Family Health Council to ensure that the goals of the Healthy Start program are achieved in Pittsburgh and Allegheny County. It underscores the role of family planning in reducing infant mortality, highlights the services of the family planning clinics, and reviews community education and outreach programs. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau]. ·
El SIDA y las ETS : Prioridades de los Programas de Planificacion Familiar. [AIDS and STDs : Priorities for Family Planning Programs] Contact: Population Action International, 1120 19th St NW Ste 550, Washington, DC, 20036, (202) 557-3400, http://www.populationaction.org. Summary: This information package contains information for family planning personnel about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). One brochure contains abstracts of peer reviewed literature about the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS and STDs in at-risk communities, priority setting for family planning programs, the impact of HIV/AIDS STD programs in family planning centers, and the relationships between various contraceptive methods and HIV/AIDS and STDs. Another brochure provides answers to questions about STD transmission, health and social consequences of STDs, at-risk populations, the role of family planning programs in the AIDS/STD epidemics, challenges faced by family planning programs, STD counseling, contraceptive methods, proper cleaning and sterilization of equipment used during medical procedures, the role of family planning programs in STD diagnosis and treatment, and STD diagnosis and treatment at the community level. Another brochure identifies and describes the STD- and HIV/AIDS-related services provided in family planning programs. The package includes two posters: (1) Choosing a Contraceptive: Preventing Pregnancy and STDs and (2) A Guide to Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs).
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The allocation of federal family planning (Title X) and MCH (Title V) funds to local health departments Source: Washington, DC: National Association of County and City Health Officials. 1995. 2 pp. Contact: Available from Sarah Schenck, National Association of County and City Health Officials, 1100 17th Street, N.W., Second Floor, Washington, DC 20036. Telephone: (202) 783-5550 / fax: (202) 783-1583 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.naccho.org. Summary: This fact sheet presents data on the allocation of federal grants for family planning (Title X of the Public Health Service Act) and maternal and child health (Title V of the Social Security Act) services to local governments in a tabular form. It presents the data in summary form by state and indicates the number of local health departments (LHDs) receiving funds in each state. Data are provided for LHDs receiving Title X funds, how they are allocated, those receiving federal Title V funds, state Title V funds, those receiving both types of Title V funds, highest and lowest funding information, and information on how the Title V funds are allocated.
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Facts About Birth Control Contact: Family Planning Council, Circle of Care, 260 S Broad St 10th Fl Ste 1000, Philadelphia, PA, 19102-3865, (215) 985-2657, http://www.familyplanning.org.
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Summary: This brochure discusses various methods of contraception, including the sponge, condoms, diaphragm, spermicides, oral contraception, and natural family planning in terms of their advantages and drawbacks, one of which is their ability or inability to prevent Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's), including Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the etiologic agent of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). ·
Birth control: Your choices Source: [Austin, TX]: Texas Department of Health. 1996. 16 pp. Contact: Available from Texas Department of Health, 1100 West 49th Street, Austin, TX 78756. Telephone: (512) 458-7658 or (800) 434-4453 / fax: (512) 458-7713. Summary: This educational booklet describes various birth control techniques. The booklet describes how each technique works and how it is used; indicates possible problems, benefits, and disadvantages; and reviews how well the technique works. It covers condoms; female condoms; spermicidal foams, jellies, creams, and suppositories, and contraceptive films; diaphragms, intrauterine devices, Norplant, depo-provera, the pill, the lactational amenorrhea method, sterilization, natural family planning, and abstinence.
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Birth control facts Source: Santa Cruz, CA: ETR Associates/Network Publications. 1992. 2 pp. Contact: Available from ETR Associates , P.O. Box 1830, Santa Cruz, CA 95061-1830. Telephone: (831) 438-4060 or (800) 321-4407 / fax: (831) 438-4284 / Web site: http://www.etr.org. Available for purchase in quantities of 50 or more, contact publisher for prices. Summary: This pamphlet includes most the birth control methods available today. For the condom, diaphragm, fertility awareness method, spermicides, IUD, natural family planning, Norplant, birth control pills, sponge, and sterilization, a description is given of how the method works, its effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages.
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Norplant: A new birth control Source: Lake Andes, SD: Native American Women's Health Education Resource Center. 1992. 2 pp. Contact: Available from Carey Luckenbach, Native American Women's Health Education Resource Center, P.O. Box 572, Lake Andes, SD 57356. Telephone: (605) 4877072 / fax: (605) 487-7964 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.nativeshop. org. Single copies available at no charge; charges for multiple copies based on quantity ordered. Summary: This pamphlet provides simple information on the Norplant birth control system including who should consider using it, who should not use it, and how the system works. Written at a fifth grade reading level, the pamphlet was developed using low literacy criteria. The pamphlet was formally evaluated by the National Women's Health Network and has been translated and distributed in Spanish.
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Condoms, Pills and Other Useful Things : A Young Person's Guide to Contraception and STIs Contact: AVERT, 4 Brighton Rd, Horsham, http://www.avert.org.
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Summary: This brochure, written with the input of young people for other young people aged 13 to 16 years, discusses pregnancy, birth control (i.e., the pill, condoms, diaphragms [the cap], intrauterine devices [IUDs], emergency contraceptives), first sexual experiences, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The brochure explains how a girl becomes pregnant, how the pill works chemically to prevent pregnancy, what 'going on the pill' means and requires, and how to find out which type of pill is suitable. It discusses contraceptives that are effective against pregnancy and/or preventing STD transmission. The brochure discusses getting contraception from a family doctor or family planning clinic and the embarrassment that may be associated with getting contraception. It discusses pregnancy testing and STDs, their prevention, symptoms, and treatment. A list of resources for additional information is provided. ·
Promoting healthy pregnancies: Counseling and contraception as the first step Source: Washington, DC: Washington Business Group on Health. 2000. 8 pp. Contact: Available from Washington Business Group on Health, 50 F Street, N.W., Suite 600, Washington, DC 20001. Telephone: (202) 628-9320, / fax: (202) 628-9244 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.wbgh.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This issue brief addresses the importance of family planning in women's health care, reasons employers should cover family planning services in their employee health insurance plans, and employer concerns.
Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: ·
Adolescents Ask the Expert Summary: Answers to questions received from adolescents on topics related to sexuality -- contraception, abstinence, relationships and development. Source: Planned Parenthood Federation of America http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4343
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Continuous Abstinence Summary: This online document details the meaning of this term as it relates to contraception. Links to other contraceptive information are also available on this page. Source: Planned Parenthood Federation of America http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2035
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FAQ - About Female Sterilization Summary: This consumer health information document answers your concerns about this contraception method so that you are able to make the choice that's right for you. Source: EngenderHealth http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2203
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Information From Your Family Doctor - The Male Reproductive System Summary: This site offers information about disorders and issues related to the male reproductive system. Circumcision, enlarged prostate, family planning and STDs are among the topics addressed. Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3050
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Is Female Sterilization the Right Method For Me? Summary: Since the effects of this contraception method are meant to be permanent, this document is designed to provide couples with a number of important points for consideration, prior to having this Source: EngenderHealth http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2204
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Periodic Abstinence Summary: This online document details the meaning of this term as it relates to contraception. Links to other contraceptive information are also available on this page. Source: Planned Parenthood Federation of America http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2036
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Planned Parenthood: Frequently Asked Questions Summary: Planned Parenthood provides answers to a variety of commonly asked questions concerning pregnancy, abortion laws, family planning, other reproductive health issues and the services provided by the Source: Planned Parenthood Federation of America http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6033
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Reproductive Health: New Perspectives on Men's Participation Summary: This population report focuses on how family planning and other reproductive health care programs and providers can Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3910 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to family planning. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for
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professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.
Additional Web Sources
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: ·
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Associations and Family Planning The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to family planning: ·
American Amputee Foundation Telephone: (501) 666-2523 Toll-free: TTY: Fax: (501) 666-8367 Background: The American Amputee Foundation (AAF) is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to researching and gathering information on amputation including studies, product information, services, self-help publications, and hundreds of articles that have been written in this area of study. Established in 1975, AAF responds to over 5,000 inquiries for both direct and indirect assistance each year. During the past years, AAF has helped with insurance claims, justification letters to payers, testimony, and life-care planning; direct financial aid for prosthetic devices and home modifications; technical assistance in developing self-help programs; hospital visitations; and counseling services. In addition, the Foundation deals with thousands of telephone inquiries and referrals each year. AAF consists of chapters in various states around the country that are self-supporting and provide a variety of peer support programs. The Foundation also maintains a list of amputee support groups and provides the 'National Resource Directory' for consumers and professionals.
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Canadian Paraplegic Association Telephone: (613) 723-1033 Fax: (613) 723-1060 Email:
[email protected] Patient Resources 285
Web Site: http://www.canparaplegic.org/ Background: The Canadian Paraplegic Association (CPA) is a national not-for-profit federation of provincial organizations dedicated to helping individuals with spinal cord injuries or other mobility impairments achieve independence, self-reliance, and full community participation. Paralysis may result due to injury or disease of the spinal cord. Depending upon the location of the injury, the nature of the disease in question, or other factors, affected individuals may experience varying degrees of paralysis, loss of sensation, and, in some cases, loss of bowel and bladder control. The Canadian Paraplegic Association was founded in 1945 by a group of World War II veterans affected by paralysis. The Association currently has 10 provincial divisions and 47 regional offices and provides services to a membership of more than 30,000 Canadians affected by spinal cord injuries or other mobility impairments. The CPA's provincial offices provide a variety of programs and services including personal and family counseling; educational and vocational counseling; and employment counseling that provides assessment, job search, and follow-up services to support reentry into the workplace. Additional services include offering assistance with locating and adapting suitable housing, obtaining equipment and supplies necessary to support independent living, and planning for immediate and future financial needs. The Association also implements community advocacy programs that assist in identifying, reducing, and eliminating barriers to affected individuals' participation in the community. In addition, the Canadian Paraplegic Association offers a variety of educational resources including a brochure series on all aspects of spinal cord injuries; resource guides to assist facility planners and administrators in ensuring access for people with disabilities; an orientation and training program for professional counselors who work with clients affected by mobility impairments; a quarterly newsletter entitled 'Caliper' that reports on such areas as employment, education, technology, recreation, health, transportation, and accessibility; and other materials. ·
Disabled and Alone/Life Services for the Handicapped, Inc Telephone: (212) 532-6740 Toll-free: (800) 995-0066 Fax: (212) 532-3588 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.disabledandalone.org Background: Disabled and Alone/Life Services for the Handicapped, Inc., a not-forprofit human service organization, helps families plan for the future of a loved one with a disability and, when the family is gone or incapacitated, Disabled and Alone carries out the plan. The Disabled and Alone model of service provides families with: 1) a Planning Journal; 2) a Personal Advocate to help them complete the plan and, when appropriate, look after the disabled person (according to the family's Lifetime Care Plan and the special needs of the person with a disability). The Disabled and Alone model has three components: 1) Educational Programs (about life planning for a family member with a disability) for families, professionals, and persons with disabilities; 2) Planning Services (using the Planning Journal) for families; and, 3) Direct Services, providing advocacy and oversight to those disabled individuals whose families have left funds for their care. The organization also provides information and referrals; holds meetings in local communties; and publishes a variety of materials, including brochures, a prospectus and a newsletter, 'LifeLines.'.
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Health Resource Center for Women with Disabilities Telephone: (312) 908-7997 Fax: (312) 908-1087 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: None Background: The Health Resource Center for Women with Disabilities (HRCWD) is a national, not-for-profit, general health and service center that provides accessible medical services for women with disabilities, conducts research into health issues concerning disabled women, and offers educational resources for health care professionals and women with disabilities. Established in 1991 and located at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, the HRCWD uses an interdisciplinary team approach that addresses the wide range of physical, psychosocial, and emotional issues that may affect women with disabilities. Its medical services for women with disabilities include consultative pregnancy services, family planning, mammography referrals, preventive health care counseling, parenting support, peer counseling, psychological and psychosocial services, and peer support groups.
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Learning Disabilities Association of America Telephone: (412) 341-1515 Toll-free: (888) 300-6710 Fax: (412) 344-0224 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.ldaamerica.org Background: The Learning Disabilities Association of America (LDA) is a national notfor-profit voluntary and advocacy organization that was established in 1964 by a group of concerned parents. The only organization of its kind, the Association is dedicated to defining and finding solutions for the broad spectrum of learning disabilities (e.g., visual, auditory, motor, communication, and logical thinking problems). The Association has 50 state affiliates and more than 550 local chapters. Members include parents, professionals from many different disciplines, and other concerned citizens. The Association works directly with school systems in planning and implementing programs for the early identification and diagnosis of children with learning disabilities. The Learning Disabilities Association s Governmental Affairs Committee provides information and recommends action on pending legislation that may affect children with learning disabilities and/or their families. Educational materials produced by the Association include a newsletter published six times a year and numerous brochures, pamphlets, and books related to a variety of topics including adolescents with learning disabilities, LD assessment, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. LDA also publishes a biannual professional journal.
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Narcolepsy Institute Telephone: (718) 920-6799 Toll-free: TTY: Fax: (718) 654-9580 Background: The Narcolepsy Institute is a not-for-profit, voluntary organization dedicated to providing comprehensive care to people with narcolepsy by integrating the medical, social, psychological, and spiritual dimensions of health in spirit of kindness and respect toward all, irrespective of race, creed, ethnicity, or social class. The Institute
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hopes that recipients of care may realize their optimal potential and live productively. Narcolepsy is a genetic disorder characterized by excessive daytime drowsiness. An individual with narcolepsy feels an irresistible urge to sleep during the day and often has disturbed nocturnal sleep as well. Established in 1985, the Institute strives to provide comprehensive psychosocial services and inform individuals about nonmedical management of narcolepsy and improve the quality of their lives. The Narcolepsy Institute consists of 300 members. Educational materials include the biyearly newsletter 'Perspectives,' a guide entitled 'Narcolepsy Primer,' as well as an informational brochure 'Narcolepsy Institute.' Program activities include referrals, crisis intervention, counseling, nutritional planning, outreach, and advocacy. ·
National Ataxia Foundation Telephone: (763) 553-0020 Fax: (763) 553-0167 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.ataxia.org/ Background: The National Ataxia Foundation is a national not-for-profit organization that seeks to identify people with hereditary ataxia and to improve the physical and emotional well-being of affected individuals and their families. Hereditary ataxia is a group of progressive, chronic neurological disorders that affect coordination. Established in 1957, the National Ataxia Foundation encourages and supports research efforts into identifying the causes and mechanisms of the hereditary ataxias, improving diagnosis, and developing treatment models; locates families affected by ataxia or at risk for ataxia in order to offer information and education; identifies needs and services for purposes of referral; creates and makes available educational programs for ataxia families, health care professionals, and the general public; and increases public awareness of hereditary ataxia. In addition, the National Ataxia Foundation provides informational materials, counseling, referrals, and avenues to support groups and is responsive to the needs of its membership by achieving an acceptable balance among the funding of the various programs of education/awareness, patient services, research, administration, and fund-raising. The organization produces informational materials including brochures on hereditary ataxia, financial planning, and health insurance issues. The VHS video tape entitled 'Together. There is Hope' and a newsletter entitled 'Generations' are also distributed by the National Ataxia Foundation. There are currently 49 affiliated chapters and support groups of the National Ataxia Foundation is the United States and Canada.
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National Cervical Cancer Coalition Telephone: (818) 909-3849 Toll-free: (800) 685-5531 Fax: (818) 780-8199 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.nccc-online.org Background: The National Cervical Cancer Coalition (NCCC) is a voluntary not-forprofit organization dedicated to educating the public and health care professionals about issues related to cervical cancer. Cancer of the cervix is one of the most common forms of cancer affecting females. (The cervix is the neck of the uterus or the lower portion of the uterus that extends into the vagina.) Prior to the development of cancer,
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abnormal changes occur within cells on the surface of the cervix (cervical dysplasia) that may be detected by a cervical smear test known as a 'Pap smear.' Abnormal cervical smears indicate the need for further investigation and possible treatment. The NCCC serves as an independent coalition of women's groups, affected individuals and family members, health care providers and other medical professionals, and technological and research companies and associations. Established in 1997 and currently consisting of approximately 800 members, the Coalition is dedicated to enhancing awareness of the traditional Pap smear and new technologies, treatments for cervical dysplasia and cancer, and reimbursement issues concerning cervical cancer screening. The NCCC is also committed to serving as a clearinghouse of information on cervical cancer for affected women and their families; reviewing national and international cervical cancer screening and treatment programs; and developing a grass roots effort explaining the difficulties that current below cost reimbursement rates cause for the traditional Pap smear and potential new technology. In addition, the Coalition communicates the continued importance and success of such cancer screening to lower cervical cancer rates, emphasizing access to quality testing for all women, including those most in need of receiving Pap smears. The NCCC offers a variety of educational materials and has a web site on the Internet that discusses the Coalition's mission, provides a listing of its Medical Advisory Panel, and offers information on family planning, managed care, and current research. ·
National Council on Patient Information and Education Telephone: (202) 347-6711 Fax: (202) 638-0773 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: None Background: The National Council on Patient Information and Education (NCPIE) is a not-for-profit coalition of organizations dedicated to improving communication between health care professionals, patients, and consumers about pr medicines. Established in 1982 and consisting of 250 members, NCPIE works toward its goal to encourage patients to work with their health care providers and to follow their medication therapy safely and effectively. NCPIE members are national and international organizations representing physician, pharmacy, nursing, and other health care professional groups; pharmaceutical research and manufacturing companies; managed care organizations; and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The objectives of the organization are to increase consumer awareness of the right to know and the need to know about medicines, the availability of useful medicine information, and how to obtain it; to increase patient awareness of the benefit of communicating with health professionals about prescription therapy and to appropriately use prescribed medicines; to increase health professionals communication of useful prescription medicine information to patients, both orally and in supportive written form; and to assist in the development of more useful prescription medicine information in keeping with the federal Healthy People public health goals for the years 2000 and 2006. NCPIE s materials include pamphlets, videos, a series of brochures, a quarterly newsletter entitled 'The NCPIE News,' and the annual 'Talk About Prescriptions Month Planning Kit.'.
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National Infertility Network Exchange Telephone: (516) 794-5772
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Fax: (516) 794-0008 Web Site: www.nine-infertility.org Background: The National Infertility Network Exchange (NINE) is a national not-forprofit organization dedicated to helping men, women, and couples affected by infertility. Established in 1988, NINE provides information and support concerning infertility, family planning and decisionmaking, medical options, and legal options such as adoption. The Exchange's programs and services include a 'Talkline' information and support service; support groups; networking opportunities that enable affected individuals to exchange information, assistance, and resources; and patient advocacy services. NINE also promotes research, conducts monthly educational meetings, offers a referral service, maintains a reference library, and provides several educational materials including brochures, booklets, audiotapes, and a regular newsletter. Relevant area(s) of interest: Family Planning ·
Special Needs Advocate for Parents Telephone: (310) 201-9614 Toll-free: (888) 310-9889 Fax: (310) 201-9889 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.snapinfo.org Background: Special Needs Advocate for Parents (SNAP) is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to providing information, offering referrals, and assisting families of children of any age with special needs and disabilities. Established in 1993, SNAP is committed to helping affected families find direction and achieve peace of mind when it comes to caring and planning for their children. SNAP offers educational seminars on subjects ranging from special needs estate planning to medical insurance advocacy; engages in a problem-solving process with parents directed toward resolution of medical insurance problems; and provides referrals to special needs planning professionals, educational advocates, support groups, and related organizations. SNAP also has a national speakers bureau and provides information through its web site and quarterly newsletter.
·
Washington PAVE Telephone: (253) 565-2266 Toll-free: (800) 572-7368 Fax: (253) 566-8052 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.washingtonpave.org Background: Washington PAVE is a not-for-profit organization that was established in 1981 to provide information and support to families of children with disabilities and the professionals who work with them. PAVE believes that all parents can be their children's best advocates if they receive the necessary information to help them make informed decisions. Washington PAVE is dedicated to providing parents and professionals with such information concerning appropriate educational programs, rights and responsibilities, early intervention, inclusion and transition issues, and family resources coordination. The organization works to fulfill its mission and objectives by offering several regular support groups, legislative forums, workshops and symposia, effective parenting series, and community liaison training. In addition, Washington
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PAVE offers a variety of publications including materials concerning Individualized Education Programs (IEP), home recordkeeping, transition, and evaluation; a series of pamphlets with tips for parents whose children have particular disorders and/or disabilities; and a quarterly newsletter entitled the 'PAVE Pipeline.' The newsletter is dedicated to informing people whose lives are linked to children or adults with disabilities about available resources, strategies for educational planning, family support and activities, and inclusion and transition issues.
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to family planning. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with family planning.
The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about family planning. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.
Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “family planning” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.
The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “family planning”. Type the following hyperlink into
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your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “family planning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “family planning” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.24
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
24
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)25: ·
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
·
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
·
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
25
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries 295
·
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
·
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
·
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
·
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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·
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
·
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
·
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
·
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
·
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
·
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
·
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
·
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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·
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
·
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
·
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
·
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
298 Family Planning
·
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
·
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
·
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: ·
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
·
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
·
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
·
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
·
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
·
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
·
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on family planning: ·
Basic Guidelines for Family Planning Birth control pills overdose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002599.htm Contraception and family planning Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001946.htm
·
Signs & Symptoms for Family Planning Breast tenderness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003152.htm Discoloration of urine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003139.htm Drowsiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm
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Emesis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Mental changes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Nausea and/or vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Vaginal bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003156.htm ·
Surgery and Procedures for Family Planning Tubal ligation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002913.htm Vasectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002995.htm
·
Background Topics for Family Planning Birth control Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001946.htm Cervix Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002317.htm Condoms Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004001.htm Female condom Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004002.htm Heart disease Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000147.htm Intrauterine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002389.htm Penis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002279.htm
Online Glossaries 301
Vagina Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002342.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: ·
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
·
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
·
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
·
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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FAMILY PLANNING DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Cramps: Abdominal pain due to spasmodic contractions of the bowel. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acculturation: Process of cultural change in which one group or members of a group assimilates various cultural patterns from another. [NIH] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]
Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acrosome: Cap-like structure covering the nucleus and anterior part of the sperm head. [NIH]
Acrosome Reaction: Changes that occur to liberate the enzymes of the acrosome of spermatozoa that allow the entry of a spermatozoon into the ovum. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids,
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androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aeroembolism: Joint pains, respiratory distress, and central nervous system symptoms which may follow decompression after exposure to air or other gas mixture at a pressure greater than the normal atmospheric pressure. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in
Dictionary 305
the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antecedent: Existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. [EU]
Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Anthropometry: The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH]
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Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Antivirals: Drugs used to treat infections caused by viruses. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aptitude: The ability to acquire general or special types of knowledge or skill. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary
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movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Bends: The form of aeroembolism that is marked by intense pain in muscles and joints due to formation of gas bubbles in the tissues. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biphasic: Having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle. [EU] Birth Intervals: Interval between onset of sexual relations by a woman and the birth of her first child and intervals between successive births. This includes use of family planning to control birth intervals. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blennorrhoea: A general term including any inflammatory process of the external eye which gives a mucoid discharge, more exactly, a discharge of mucus. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists
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mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad Ligament: A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons
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with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Aggregation: The phenomenon by which dissociated cells intermixed in vitro tend to group themselves with cells of their own type. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: CIN. A general term for the growth of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix. Numbers from 1 to 3 may be used to describe how much of the cervix contains abnormal cells. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Child Health Services: Organized services to provide health care for children. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental
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protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlamydia trachomatis: Type species of Chlamydia causing a variety of ocular and urogenital diseases. [NIH] Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clomiphene: A stilbene derivative that functions both as a partial estrogen agonist and complete estrogen antagonist depending on the target tissue. It antagonizes the estrogen receptor thereby initiating or augmenting ovulation in anovulatory women. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Effect: Variation in health status arising from different causal factors to which each birth cohort in a population is exposed as environment and society change. [NIH] Coitus: Sexual intercourse. [NIH] Coitus Interruptus: A contraceptive method whereby coitus is purposely interrupted in order to prevent ejaculation of semen into the vagina. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes
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immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective
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tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]
Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraceptive Agents: Chemical substances that prevent or reduce the probability of conception. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cost Savings: Reductions in all or any portion of the costs of providing goods or services. Savings may be incurred by the provider or the consumer. [NIH] Cost-benefit: A quantitative technique of economic analysis which, when applied to radiation practice, compares the health detriment from the radiation doses concerned with
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the cost of radiation dose reduction in that practice. [NIH] Cost-Benefit Analysis: A method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected benefits in dollars (or other currency). The benefit-to-cost ratio is a measure of total return expected per unit of money spent. This analysis generally excludes consideration of factors that are not measured ultimately in economic terms. Cost effectiveness compares alternative ways to achieve a specific set of results. [NIH] Cowpox: A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal. [NIH] Cowpox Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiologic agent of cowpox. It is closely related to but antigenically different from vaccina virus. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cross-Cultural Comparison: Comparison of various psychological, sociological, or cultural factors in order to assess the similarities or diversities occurring in two or more different cultures or societies. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cyproterone Acetate: An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites. [NIH] Cystamine: A radiation-protective agent that interferes with sulfhydryl enzymes. It may also protect against carbon tetrachloride liver damage. [NIH] Cysteamine: A radiation-protective agent that oxidizes in air to form cystamine. It can be given intravenously or orally to treat radiation sickness. The bitartrate has been used for the oral treatment of nephropathic cystinosis. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices.
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The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Death Certificates: Official records of individual deaths including the cause of death certified by a physician, and any other required identifying information. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Demography: Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diffusion of Innovation: The broad dissemination of new ideas, procedures, techniques, materials, and devices and the degree to which these are accepted and used. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH]
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Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Susceptibility: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [NIH] Disease Transmission: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal (disease transmission, horizontal) or vertical (disease transmission, vertical). [NIH] Disease Transmission, Horizontal: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one individual to another in the same generation. [NIH] Disease Transmission, Vertical: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding. [NIH] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Domestic Violence: Deliberate, often repetitive, physical abuse by one family member against another: marital partners, parents, children, siblings, or any other member of a household. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Douche: A procedure in which water or a medicated solution is used to clean the vagina and cervix. [NIH] Douching: A jet or current of water, sometimes a dissolved medicating or cleansing agent, applied to a body part, organ or cavity for medicinal or hygienic purposes. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU]
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Ectopic Pregnancy: The pregnancy occurring elsewhere than in the cavity of the uterus. [NIH]
Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]
Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.
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[NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Equipment and Supplies: Expendable and nonexpendable equipment, supplies, apparatus, and instruments that are used in diagnostic, surgical, therapeutic, scientific, and experimental procedures. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] ERV: The expiratory reserve volume is the largest volume of gas that can be expired from the end-expiratory level. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic estrogen with high oral estrogenic potency. It is often used as the estrogenic component in oral contraceptives. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH]
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Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Health: The health status of the family as a unit including the impact of the health of one member of the family on the family as a unit and on individual family members; also, the impact of family organization or disorganization on the health status of its members. [NIH]
Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Planning Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, to guide and determine present and future decisions on population control by limiting the number of children or controlling fertility, notably through family planning and contraception within the nuclear family. [NIH] Family Practice: A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flagellum: A whiplike appendage of a cell. It can function either as an organ of locomotion or as a device for moving the fluid surrounding the cell. [NIH] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Foetoplacental: Pertaining to the fetus and placenta. [EU] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and
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megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Follicular Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with menstruation and ends with ovulation. [NIH] Fossils: Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Genetic Counseling: Advising families of the risks involved pertaining to birth defects, in order that they may make an informed decision on current or future pregnancies. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia
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lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropic: Stimulating the gonads; applied to hormones of the anterior pituitary which influence the gonads. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU]
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Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granulosa Cells: Cells of the membrana granulosa lining the vesicular ovarian follicle which become luteal cells after ovulation. [NIH] Gravidity: Pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Gynecology: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology. [NIH] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Care Reform: Innovation and improvement of the health care system by reappraisal, amendment of services, and removal of faults and abuses in providing and distributing health services to patients. It includes a re-alignment of health services and health insurance to maximum demographic elements (the unemployed, indigent, uninsured, elderly, inner cities, rural areas) with reference to coverage, hospitalization, pricing and cost containment, insurers' and employers' costs, pre-existing medical conditions, prescribed drugs,
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equipment, and services. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Health Policy: Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]
Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homosexuality: Sexual attraction or relationship between members of the same sex. [NIH]
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Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrops Fetalis: Edema of the entire body due to abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the tissues, associated with severe anemia and occurring in fetal erythroblastosis. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family Clusiaceae (Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Contains flavonoids, glycosides, mucilage, tannins, and volatile oils (oils, essential). [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypophysis: A remnant of the entodermal pouch of Rathke beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx, which shows pituitary tissue. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH]
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Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infant Care: Care of infants in the home or institution. [NIH] Infant Mortality: Perinatal, neonatal, and infant deaths in a given population. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a
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step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Pressure: Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU]
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Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Levonorgestrel: A progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (norgestrel). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Automation: The use of automatic machines or processing devices in libraries. The automation may be applied to library administrative activities, office procedures, and delivery of library services to users. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Local Government: Smallest political subdivisions within a country at which general governmental functions are carried-out. [NIH]
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Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Luteal Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammography: Radiographic examination of the breast. [NIH] Marital Status: A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc. [NIH] Mass Media: Instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message: press, radio, television, etc. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone: (6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone Acetate: An injectable contraceptive, generally marketed under the name Depo-Provera. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into
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immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menarche: The establishment or beginning of the menstrual function. [EU] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary Cushing syndrome. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH]
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Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morula: The early embryo at the developmental stage in which the blastomeres, resulting from repeated mitotic divisions of the fertilized ovum, form a compact mass. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motivations: The most compelling inner determinants of human behavior; also called drives, urges, impulses, needs, wants, tensions, and willful cravings. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiparous: 1. Having had two or more pregnancies which resulted in viable fetuses. 2. Producing several ova or offspring at one time. [EU] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needs Assessment: Systematic identification of a population's needs or the assessment of individuals to determine the proper level of services needed. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]
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Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Nervousness: Excessive excitability and irritability, with mental and physical unrest. [EU] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nidation: Implantation of the conceptus in the endometrium. [EU] Nonoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams. [NIH] Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception. [NIH] Norgestrel: (+-)-13-Ethyl-17-hydroxy-18,19-dinorpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A progestational agent with actions similar to those of progesterone. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (levonorgestrel). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive and ovulation inhibitor and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Family: A family composed of spouses and their children. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nurse Practitioners: Nurses who are specially trained to assume an expanded role in providing medical care under the supervision of a physician. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU]
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Oestradiol: Growth hormone. [NIH] Oestrogen: A generic term for oestrus-producing steroid compounds; the female sex hormones. In humans, oestrogen is formed in the ovary, possibly the adrenal cortex, the testis, and the foetoplacental unit; it has various functions in both sexes. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics, and during the menstrual cycle it acts on the female genitalia to produce an environment suitable for the fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo. Oestrogen is used in oral contraceptives and as a palliative in cancer of the breast after menopause and cancer of the prostate; other uses include the relief of the discomforts of menopause, inhibition of lactation, and treatment of osteoporosis, threatened abortion, and various functional ovarian disorders. [EU]
On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Oophoritis: Inflammation of an ovary. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic Nerve Diseases: Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovarian Follicle: Spheroidal cell aggregation in the ovary containing an ovum. It consists of an external fibro-vascular coat, an internal coat of nucleated cells, and a transparent, albuminous fluid in which the ovum is suspended. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of
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what is normally used. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Ownership: The legal relation between an entity (individual, group, corporation, or-profit, secular, government) and an object. The object may be corporeal, such as equipment, or completely a creature of law, such as a patent; it may be movable, such as an animal, or immovable, such as a building. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papilledema: Swelling around the optic disk. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Patient Advocacy: Promotion and protection of the rights of patients, frequently through a legal process. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Pellucida: The hyaline or faintly radially striated oesinophilic membrane in immediate contact with the outer wall of the ovum. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvic inflammatory disease: A bacteriological disease sometimes associated with intrauterine device (IUD) usage. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third
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compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perceived risk: Estimate or evaluation of risk as observed through personal experience or personal study, and personal evaluation of consequences. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Perinatal Care: The care of a fetus or newborn given before, during, and after delivery from the 28th week of gestation through the 7th day after delivery. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pharmacist: A person trained to prepare and distribute medicines and to give information about them. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pituitary Hormones: Hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland and the pars intermedia, an ill-defined region between the two. Their secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus. [NIH] Placebos: Any dummy medication or treatment. Although placebos originally were medicinal preparations having no specific pharmacological activity against a targeted condition, the concept has been extended to include treatments or procedures, especially those administered to control groups in clinical trials in order to provide baseline measurements for the experimental protocol. [NIH]
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Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Population Control: Includes mechanisms or programs which control the numbers of individuals in a population of humans or animals. [NIH] Population Growth: Increase, over a specific period of time, in the number of individuals
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living in a country or region. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Pregnancy Complications: The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a disease. The disease may precede or follow conception and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus. [NIH] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Care: Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progestogen: A term applied to any substance possessing progestational activity. [EU] Program Development: The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development). [NIH]
Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolapse: The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice. [NIH]
Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH]
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Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins F: (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-Trihydroxyprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGF(1 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11,alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGF(2 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13,17-trien-1oic acid (PGF(3 alpha)). A family of prostaglandins that includes three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. All naturally occurring PGF have an alpha configuration at the 9carbon position. They stimulate uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and are often used as oxytocics. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostitution: The practice of indulging in promiscuous sexual relations for money. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pseudotumor Cerebri: A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. Obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (blindness). [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychological Tests: Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease
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and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Housing: Housing subsidized by tax funds, usually intended for low income persons or families. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Public Sector: The area of a nation's economy that is tax-supported and under government control. [NIH] Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Quinacrine: N(4)-(6-Chloro-2-methoxy-9-acridinyl)-N(1),N(1)-diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine. An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptivity: The condition of the reproductive organs of a female flower that permits effective pollination. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU]
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Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Reentry: Reexcitation caused by continuous propagation of the same impulse for one or more cycles. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reference point: The midpoint of a line connecting the centers of the two end faces of the acoustic test fixture. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]
Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Reproductive History: An important aggregate factor in epidemiological studies of women's health. The concept usually includes the number and timing of pregnancies and their outcomes, the incidence of breast feeding, and may include age of menarche and menopause, regularity of menstruation, fertility, gynecological or obstetric problems, or contraceptive usage. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU]
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Rinderpest: A viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals caused by Morbillivirus. It may be acute, subacute, or chronic with the major lesions characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the entire digestive tract. [NIH] Rinderpest Virus: A species of Morbillivirus causing cattle plague, a disease with high mortality. Sheep, goats, pigs, and other animals of the order Artiodactyla can also be infected. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rural Health: The status of health in rural populations. [NIH] Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural. [NIH] Safe Sex: Sex behavior that prevents or decreases the spread of sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Sanger: A technique used for determining the nucleotide sequence of nucleic acid. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal,
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excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selection Bias: The introduction of error due to systematic differences in the characteristics between those selected and those not selected for a given study. In sampling bias, error is the result of failure to ensure that all members of the reference population have a known chance of selection in the sample. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal fluid: Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm. Seminal fluid contains sugar as an energy source for sperm. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Behavior: Sexual activities of humans. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Education: Education which increases the knowledge of the functional, structural, and behavioral aspects of human reproduction. [NIH] Sexual Abstinence: Refraining from sexual intercourse. [NIH] Sexual Partners: Married or single individuals who share sexual relations. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Social Change: Social process whereby the values, attitudes, or institutions of society, such as education, family, religion, and industry become modified. It includes both the natural
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process and action programs initiated by members of the community. [NIH] Social Class: A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income. [NIH]
Social Medicine: A branch of medicine concerned with the role of socio-environmental factors in the occurrence, prevention and treatment of disease. [NIH] Social Problems: Situations affecting a significant number of people, that are believed to be sources of difficulty or threaten the stability of the community, and that require programs of amelioration. [NIH] Socioeconomic Factors: Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Head: The anterior, usually ovoid, nucleus-containing part of spermatozoa. [NIH] Sperm Transport: Passive transport or active migration of spermatozoa from the testes through the male genital system as well as within the female genital system. [NIH] Spermatocidal Agents: Chemical substances that are destructive to spermatozoa used as topically administered vaginal contraceptives. [NIH] Spermatogenesis: Process of formation and development of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [NIH] Spermatozoon: The mature male germ cell. [NIH] Spermicide: An agent that is destructive to spermatozoa. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU]
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Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Superovulation: Occurrence or induction of release of more ova than are normally released at the same time in a given species. The term applies to both animals and humans. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suprarenal: Above a kidney. [NIH]
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Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testicle: The male gonad where, in adult life, spermatozoa develop; the testis. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thromboembolism: Obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and
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multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tome: A zone produced by a number of irregular spaces contained in the outermost layer of denture of the root of a tooth. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoid: The material resulting from the treatment of toxin in such a way that the toxic properties are inactivated whilst the antigenic potency remains intact. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH]
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Trichomonas: A genus of parasitic flagellate protozoans distinguished by the presence of four anterior flagella, an undulating membrane, and a trailing flagellum. [NIH] Trichomonas Infections: Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas. [NIH] Trophoblast: The outer layer of cells of the blastocyst which works its way into the endometrium during ovum implantation and grows rapidly, later combining with mesoderm. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urban Population: The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urogenital Diseases: Diseases of the urogenital tract. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal Discharge: A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal,
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nonbloody discharge from the genital tract. [NIH] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasectomy: An operation to cut or tie off the two tubes that carry sperm out of the testicles. [NIH]
VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vital Capacity: The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] Vulvovaginitis: Inflammation of the vulva and vagina, or of the vulvovaginal glands. [EU] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Wetting Agents: A surfactant that renders a surface wettable by water or enhances the spreading of water over the surface; used in foods and cosmetics; important in contrast media; also with contact lenses, dentures, and some prostheses. Synonyms: humectants; hydrating agents. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the
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cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIVinduced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia. [NIH] Zona Pellucida: The transport non-cellular envelope surrounding the mammalian ovum. [NIH]
Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]
348
INDEX A Abdominal, 123, 228, 307, 320, 341, 342 Abdominal Cramps, 228, 307 Abdominal Pain, 123, 307, 342 Abscess, 307, 328 Acculturation, 48, 82, 307 ACE, 307 Acetone, 212, 307, 334 Acne, 170, 228, 307, 319 Acoustic, 307, 348 Acrosome, 230, 232, 307 Acrosome Reaction, 230, 232, 307 Acrylonitrile, 307, 349 Adaptation, 24, 188, 223, 307 Adjustment, 39, 307, 308 Adolescence, 6, 28, 45, 308, 342 Adrenal Cortex, 308, 324, 340, 345 Adverse Effect, 308, 351 Aeroembolism, 308, 312 Aerosol, 221, 308 Agonist, 308, 316 Algorithms, 76, 308, 312 Alimentary, 308, 341 Alternative medicine, 257, 308 Alum, 212, 308 Aluminum, 308 Amenorrhea, 95, 96, 98, 143, 170, 279, 285, 308, 339 Amino acid, 228, 308, 309, 310, 327, 342, 346, 354, 356 Amino Acid Sequence, 309, 310 Amniotic Fluid, 309, 327 Amplification, 130, 309 Amputation, 289, 309 Anaerobic, 309, 338 Anaesthesia, 309, 332 Anal, 20, 210, 268, 309 Anaphylatoxins, 309, 317 Anatomical, 6, 309, 315, 332 Androgenic, 309, 339 Androgens, 308, 309, 310 Anemia, 145, 157, 309, 325, 331, 359 Annealing, 309, 344 Anomalies, 140, 309 Antecedent, 31, 309 Anthelmintic, 309, 347 Anthropometry, 15, 309 Antibacterial, 309, 321, 352
Antibiotic, 163, 250, 310, 352 Antibodies, 212, 214, 222, 227, 230, 232, 310, 331, 336, 344 Antibody, 90, 212, 228, 229, 310, 316, 332, 337 Antifungal, 310, 334 Antigen, 149, 212, 230, 232, 310, 316, 331, 332 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 310, 316 Anti-inflammatory, 310, 327 Antimicrobial, 89, 310, 320 Antiseptic, 307, 310 Antiserum, 229, 310 Antivirals, 21, 310 Anus, 309, 310, 313 Aptitude, 310, 347 Aqueous, 310, 311, 334 Aromatase, 208, 310 Arterial, 311, 331, 346 Arteries, 311, 312, 318, 337 Artery, 311, 312, 318, 322, 347 Artifacts, 39, 311 Assay, 39, 42, 92, 115, 130, 311 Asymptomatic, 6, 58, 84, 92, 117, 130, 311, 328 Ataxia, 291, 311, 355 Atypical, 6, 311 Auditory, 291, 311, 350 Autopsy, 212, 311 B Bacteria, 309, 310, 311, 322, 328, 337, 338, 352, 356, 357 Bacterial Physiology, 308, 311 Basal Ganglia, 311 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 311 Base, 11, 17, 22, 23, 25, 213, 311, 320, 333 Basement Membrane, 312, 324 Bends, 216, 217, 312 Benign, 27, 31, 312, 329, 358 Bile, 312, 326, 335, 353 Biotechnology, 41, 42, 245, 257, 265, 312 Biphasic, 173, 219, 312 Birth Intervals, 29, 30, 36, 312 Bladder, 289, 312, 317, 326, 346, 357 Blastocyst, 208, 312, 317, 322, 343, 356 Blennorrhoea, 312, 328 Bloating, 228, 312 Blood Glucose, 312, 330, 333
Index 349
Blood pressure, 312, 331, 337 Blood vessel, 307, 312, 315, 353, 355, 357 Blot, 119, 312 Bone Marrow, 313, 331, 335, 353, 359 Bowel, 289, 307, 309, 313, 321, 333 Bowel Movement, 313, 321 Branch, 8, 157, 245, 301, 313, 326, 347, 352, 354 Breakdown, 212, 313, 320, 326 Broad Ligament, 313, 325 Buccal, 313, 335 C Calcium, 313, 316 Capsules, 211, 313, 326 Carbohydrate, 313, 327, 344 Carbon Dioxide, 313, 343, 349 Carcinogenic, 313, 333, 353 Carcinoma, 313, 319 Cardiac, 84, 313, 323, 324, 338, 353 Carotene, 156, 313 Case report, 313, 314, 315 Case series, 314, 315 Case-Control Studies, 118, 314 Caudal, 314, 320, 331, 344 Causal, 181, 314, 316, 354 Cause of Death, 15, 314, 320 Cell Aggregation, 314, 341 Cell Division, 311, 314, 343, 345 Cellulose, 314, 343 Central Nervous System, 205, 308, 314, 329, 340 Central Nervous System Infections, 314, 329 Cerebellar, 311, 314, 348 Cerebral, 311, 314, 355 Cerebral Cortex, 311, 314 Cerebrum, 314, 356 Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, 145, 315 Cervix, 210, 292, 304, 307, 315, 322, 349 Chemotactic Factors, 315, 317 Child Health Services, 49, 271, 272, 315 Chin, 315, 336 Chloroquine, 315, 347 Cholesterol, 312, 315, 353 Chromosomal, 32, 309, 315 Chromosome, 315, 328, 335 Chronic, 68, 74, 291, 315, 332, 335, 346, 349, 353, 354 CIS, 280, 281, 315 Clinical study, 59, 139, 315 Clinical trial, 5, 193, 196, 265, 315, 318, 343, 346, 348
Clomiphene, 32, 316 Cloning, 229, 232, 312, 316 Cofactor, 316, 346 Cohort Effect, 29, 316 Coitus, 59, 60, 78, 201, 316 Coitus Interruptus, 78, 316 Collagen, 308, 312, 316, 326 Collapse, 313, 316 Complement, 17, 309, 316, 317 Complementary and alternative medicine, 163, 174, 317 Complementary medicine, 163, 317 Compliance, 21, 48, 142, 212, 317 Computational Biology, 265, 317 Cone, 317, 354 Confounding, 26, 106, 317 Conjugated, 204, 231, 317, 319 Connective Tissue, 313, 316, 317, 325, 326, 335, 354 Constriction, 317, 346 Consultation, 22, 41, 317 Consumption, 15, 317, 320, 349 Contamination, 212, 317 Continuum, 271, 317 Contraceptive Agents, 222, 318 Contraindications, ii, 318 Control group, 18, 318, 343 Conventional therapy, 318 Conventional treatment, 33, 318 Coordination, 291, 294, 318 Coronary, 318, 337 Coronary Thrombosis, 318, 337 Corpus, 204, 218, 318, 342, 345, 355 Corpus Luteum, 204, 218, 318, 345 Cortex, 232, 318, 348 Cortical, 318, 350, 355 Corticosteroids, 318, 327 Cost Savings, 273, 318 Cost-benefit, 65, 272, 273, 318 Cost-Benefit Analysis, 272, 318 Cowpox, 319, 357 Cowpox Virus, 319, 357 Cranial, 319, 329, 333, 340 Craniocerebral Trauma, 311, 319, 329, 355 Cross-Cultural Comparison, 24, 319 Cutaneous, 319, 328, 335, 357 Cyclic, 223, 224, 319 Cyproterone, 204, 319 Cyproterone Acetate, 204, 319 Cystamine, 222, 319 Cysteamine, 222, 319 Cytochrome, 311, 319
350 Family Planning
D Data Collection, 10, 17, 28, 38, 271, 319, 325 Death Certificates, 39, 320 Decidua, 320, 337, 343 Degenerative, 320, 330 Demography, 7, 12, 15, 21, 89, 90, 96, 102, 140, 179, 320 Denaturation, 320, 344 Density, 98, 156, 320, 340, 344 Detergents, 320, 339 Developed Countries, 3, 29, 176, 186, 187, 189, 320 Developing Countries, 15, 32, 66, 84, 92, 107, 136, 145, 146, 183, 227, 239, 244, 245, 320 Diabetes Mellitus, 5, 246, 247, 320, 327, 330 Diagnostic procedure, 199, 257, 320 Diaphragm, 201, 279, 282, 285, 320 Diathesis, 129, 130, 320 Diencephalon, 320, 331, 355 Diffusion of Innovation, 38, 175, 320 Digestion, 308, 312, 313, 320, 333, 335, 353 Digestive system, 197, 321 Digestive tract, 321, 349, 351 Dihydrotestosterone, 319, 321, 348 Dilatation, 307, 321, 345 Diploid, 321, 343 Direct, iii, 7, 32, 35, 40, 69, 194, 207, 268, 289, 290, 321, 327, 348 Discrete, 33, 226, 321, 335 Discrimination, 9, 321 Disease Susceptibility, 246, 321 Disease Transmission, 217, 321 Disease Transmission, Horizontal, 321 Disease Transmission, Vertical, 321 Disinfection, 268, 321 Distal, 206, 207, 321, 346 Dizziness, 228, 321 Domestic Violence, 15, 321 Dorsal, 213, 321, 344 Dose-dependent, 322, 359 Douche, 282, 322 Douching, 16, 151, 282, 322 Drive, ii, vi, 155, 247, 322, 334 Dysplasia, 170, 292, 322 Dystrophy, 105, 322 E Eating Disorders, 270, 322 Ectopic, 16, 280, 322 Ectopic Pregnancy, 16, 280, 322
Edema, 215, 322, 331 Effector, 316, 322 Efficacy, 23, 24, 26, 35, 72, 73, 107, 322 Ejaculation, 316, 322, 351 Elastic, 200, 201, 207, 322, 354 Embolus, 228, 322, 332 Embryo, 34, 307, 312, 322, 325, 332, 338, 340, 345, 353 Embryo Transfer, 322, 345 Empirical, 8, 14, 33, 144, 185, 323 Endemic, 323, 353 Endocarditis, 323, 328 Endocrinology, 50, 142, 323, 328 Endogenous, 10, 221, 323, 337 Endometrial, 208, 209, 231, 323 Endometriosis, 74, 171, 221, 323, 334, 339 Endometrium, 209, 213, 218, 320, 323, 336, 337, 339, 356 Endotoxins, 316, 323 Environmental Health, 22, 264, 266, 323 Enzymatic, 308, 313, 316, 323, 344 Enzyme, 307, 310, 322, 323, 344, 346, 348, 358 Epidemic, 13, 36, 39, 236, 237, 323, 353 Epidemiological, 21, 39, 74, 323, 349 Epithelial, 222, 320, 323, 330 Epithelial Cells, 323, 330 Epithelium, 209, 231, 312, 323, 341 Equipment and Supplies, 289, 323 Erectile, 324, 342 Erection, 213, 324 ERV, 13, 52, 54, 58, 71, 91, 100, 120, 138, 141, 185, 267, 324 Erythrocytes, 309, 313, 324 Esophagus, 321, 324, 343, 353 Estradiol, 173, 204, 205, 221, 222, 230, 324 Estrogen receptor, 316, 324 Ethinyl Estradiol, 219, 225, 324 Ethnic Groups, 8, 118, 248, 324 Excipient, 210, 324 Excitability, 324, 339 Exogenous, 323, 324 Expiration, 324, 349, 358 Expiratory, 324 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 324 Extracellular, 229, 232, 317, 324 Extracellular Matrix, 229, 232, 317, 324 Extracellular Space, 324 F Fallopian tube, 208, 324, 349 Family Health, 3, 23, 117, 271, 272, 279, 280, 283, 284, 325
Index 351
Family Planning Policy, 180, 182, 189, 325 Family Practice, 63, 85, 95, 153, 325 Fat, 313, 322, 325, 334, 335, 354 Fathers, 19, 23, 325 Fatigue, 228, 325 Fertilization in Vitro, 325, 345 Fetal Development, 222, 325 Fetus, 209, 231, 307, 325, 342, 343, 345, 353, 357 Fibrosis, 43, 325 Flagellum, 325, 356 Focus Groups, 17, 20, 266, 325 Foetoplacental, 325, 340 Folate, 131, 156, 159, 160, 161, 325 Fold, 17, 224, 313, 325 Folic Acid, 158, 159, 160, 161, 325 Follicles, 218, 222, 326 Follicular Phase, 131, 218, 326 Fossils, 88, 326 Fundus, 210, 218, 326 Fungi, 310, 326, 337, 355 G Gallbladder, 307, 321, 326 Gas, 308, 312, 313, 324, 326, 330, 358 Gastrin, 326, 330 Gastrointestinal, 215, 326, 354 Gelatin, 326, 327, 354 Gene, 11, 13, 34, 149, 230, 232, 245, 311, 312, 326 General practitioner, 46, 53, 326 Genetic Counseling, 13, 24, 246, 326 Genetic testing, 326, 344 Genetics, 13, 43, 70, 71, 106, 117, 326 Genital, 57, 74, 84, 89, 97, 130, 146, 207, 326, 328, 352, 357, 358 Genitourinary, 47, 50, 58, 63, 75, 84, 94, 119, 120, 128, 143, 326, 357 Genotype, 31, 326 Germ Cells, 326, 340, 341, 354 Gestation, 326, 342, 343, 353 Gestational, 5, 27, 246, 247, 327 Gestational Age, 27, 327 Giardiasis, 327, 347 Gland, 308, 327, 335, 341, 343, 346, 350 Glucocorticoid, 231, 327, 337 Glucose, 5, 246, 312, 314, 320, 327, 329, 333, 350 Glucose Intolerance, 246, 320, 327 Glucose tolerance, 5, 327 Glucose Tolerance Test, 327 Glycine, 308, 327, 339 Glycoprotein, 229, 327
Goats, 327, 349 Gonad, 222, 327, 328, 354 Gonadal, 213, 222, 328, 353 Gonadotropic, 208, 218, 328 Gonadotropin, 214, 227, 228, 230, 232, 328 Gonorrhea, 16, 46, 328 Gonorrhoea, 128, 328 Governing Board, 328, 345 Government Agencies, 248, 328, 345 Grade, 286, 328 Grafting, 328, 332 Gram-negative, 328, 338 Granulosa Cells, 222, 328 Gravidity, 328, 342 Growth, 11, 13, 15, 17, 31, 32, 38, 40, 87, 116, 171, 186, 209, 222, 230, 231, 232, 247, 308, 309, 310, 315, 320, 325, 328, 330, 336, 338, 340, 343 H Haemorrhage, 307, 328 Haploid, 328, 343 Headache, 228, 304, 329 Headache Disorders, 329 Health Behavior, 33, 329 Health Care Costs, 329 Health Care Reform, 271, 329 Health Education, 42, 44, 100, 118, 139, 140, 168, 188, 285, 286, 329 Health Expenditures, 15, 188, 329 Health Policy, 15, 18, 55, 93, 142, 146, 249, 268, 271, 329 Health Services, 8, 15, 22, 43, 52, 94, 124, 142, 183, 238, 240, 269, 272, 329 Health Status, 316, 325, 329 Hemoglobin, 309, 324, 329 Hemorrhage, 319, 329, 330, 353 Hepatic, 327, 330 Hepatitis, 227, 268, 330 Hepatocytes, 330 Hereditary, 291, 330 Heredity, 326, 330 Herpes, 34, 268, 330 Herpes Zoster, 330 Heterogeneity, 7, 10, 31, 39, 330 Hirsutism, 319, 330 Homogeneous, 317, 330 Homosexuality, 268, 330 Hormonal, 21, 156, 194, 195, 208, 215, 216, 218, 220, 224, 225, 226, 244, 330 Host, 330, 331, 357 Human papillomavirus, 70, 330 Hydrogen, 311, 313, 320, 330, 337
352 Family Planning
Hydrops Fetalis, 111, 331 Hydroxyproline, 308, 316, 331 Hygienic, 322, 331 Hypericum, 173, 174, 195, 331 Hyperreflexia, 331, 355 Hypertension, 329, 331, 355 Hypophysis, 218, 331 Hypothalamus, 205, 218, 320, 331, 343, 355 I Id, 158, 170, 278, 279, 280, 288, 300, 302, 331 Immune adjuvant, 308, 331 Immune response, 214, 308, 310, 331, 332, 354, 357, 358 Immune Sera, 331 Immune system, 214, 331, 332, 336, 357, 358 Immunity, 331, 332, 356 Immunization, 136, 143, 212, 214, 228, 230, 233, 331 Immunodeficiency, 5, 131, 236, 237, 250, 267, 268, 269, 283, 284, 285, 331, 332 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 250, 267, 268, 269, 285, 332 Immunogenic, 229, 232, 332 Immunoglobulin, 310, 332, 337 Immunologic, 315, 327, 331, 332, 359 Immunosuppressive, 327, 332 Impairment, 311, 332, 337 Implantation, 209, 214, 231, 317, 332, 339, 340, 356 In vitro, 32, 34, 209, 314, 322, 332, 344 In vivo, 332 Incision, 332, 333 Indicative, 238, 332, 357 Induction, 229, 230, 233, 309, 332, 354 Infant Care, 42, 139, 332 Infant Mortality, 30, 78, 284, 332 Infarction, 318, 332, 337 Infection, 5, 7, 16, 21, 35, 58, 64, 65, 67, 68, 76, 90, 97, 98, 117, 118, 119, 128, 131, 143, 145, 171, 214, 222, 236, 237, 250, 268, 283, 307, 315, 319, 327, 328, 331, 332, 335, 336, 351, 353, 355, 357, 358 Infection Control, 237, 250, 268, 332 Infertility, 11, 27, 32, 99, 113, 115, 163, 293, 332 Inflammation, 172, 307, 310, 325, 330, 333, 336, 340, 342, 344, 349, 350, 354, 357, 358 Ingestion, 208, 327, 333, 344 Inhalation, 308, 333, 344 Initiation, 9, 17, 35, 333
Inorganic, 333, 338 Insomnia, 228, 333 Insulin, 5, 327, 333, 334 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 5, 333 Intermittent, 333, 335 Intestinal, 313, 327, 333 Intestine, 313, 333, 334 Intoxication, 333, 359 Intracellular, 332, 333 Intracranial Pressure, 333, 346 Intraepithelial, 333 Intramuscular, 333, 341 Intravenous, 333, 341 Invasive, 112, 331, 333 Ions, 311, 330, 333 J Joint, 13, 15, 17, 22, 32, 37, 228, 236, 308, 333, 354 K Kb, 264, 333 Ketoacidosis, 307, 334 Ketoconazole, 92, 334 Ketone Bodies, 307, 334 L Labile, 316, 334 Laceration, 334, 354 Lactation, 56, 334, 340 Large Intestine, 321, 333, 334, 348, 351 Least-Squares Analysis, 334, 348 Lens, 334, 349 Leukemia, 91, 334 Leukopenia, 334, 359 Levonorgestrel, 58, 59, 112, 143, 334, 339 Libido, 211, 309, 334 Library Automation, 12, 334 Library Services, 300, 334 Life cycle, 19, 312, 326, 334 Ligament, 334, 346 Ligands, 229, 232, 335 Ligation, 280, 304, 335 Likelihood Functions, 335, 348 Linear Models, 335, 348 Linkages, 24, 66, 267, 329, 335, 359 Lipid, 333, 335 Liver, 307, 312, 315, 319, 321, 325, 326, 327, 330, 335 Local Government, 235, 284, 335 Localized, 330, 332, 335, 343, 355 Locomotion, 325, 335, 343 Logistic Models, 335, 348 Long-Term Care, 22, 335
Index 353
Lupus, 171, 195, 335, 354 Luteal Phase, 221, 335, 337 Lymph, 314, 335 Lymph node, 314, 335 Lymphatic, 332, 335, 355 Lymphocyte, 310, 336 Lymphoid, 310, 318, 336 M Malignant, 336, 347 Mammography, 290, 336 Marital Status, 39, 336 Mass Media, 52, 93, 142, 185, 187, 189, 336 Mediate, 230, 232, 336 Medicament, 336, 354 MEDLINE, 266, 336 Medroxyprogesterone, 18, 93, 173, 231, 336 Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, 93, 231, 336 Membrane, 206, 210, 316, 323, 324, 328, 331, 336, 338, 342, 356 Memory, 227, 336 Menarche, 336, 349 Meninges, 314, 319, 336 Meningitis, 328, 336 Menopause, 74, 336, 340, 349 Menstruation, 217, 308, 320, 326, 335, 336, 349 Mental Disorders, 197, 337, 347 Mental Health, iv, 5, 19, 33, 48, 78, 165, 197, 264, 274, 337, 347 Mental Retardation, 31, 337 Mentors, 20, 41, 337 MI, 7, 11, 14, 33, 37, 62, 221, 222, 229, 269, 305, 337 Microbiology, 115, 308, 311, 337 Microscopy, 117, 312, 337 Mifepristone, 50, 337 Migration, 86, 188, 201, 210, 337, 352 Mobility, 190, 289, 337 Modification, 34, 308, 337, 359 Molecular, 12, 30, 32, 222, 228, 265, 274, 309, 312, 317, 337, 349, 356 Molecule, 310, 311, 316, 322, 337, 348, 358 Monitor, 39, 150, 151, 337, 339 Monoclonal, 222, 337 Morphological, 322, 337 Morula, 312, 338 Motion Sickness, 338 Motivations, 11, 14, 338 Mucins, 338, 350 Mucosa, 335, 338
Mucus, 208, 222, 312, 338 Multiparous, 80, 338 Muscular Dystrophies, 322, 338 Musculature, 218, 338 Mycoplasma, 89, 105, 314, 338 Myocardium, 337, 338 N Narcolepsy, 291, 338 Nausea, 215, 228, 304, 338, 346 NCI, 1, 196, 263, 280, 281, 315, 338 Need, 3, 6, 21, 29, 30, 33, 62, 64, 77, 95, 104, 109, 135, 144, 148, 149, 182, 191, 213, 221, 227, 229, 232, 235, 236, 246, 247, 248, 249, 258, 266, 268, 269, 292, 293, 295, 338, 355 Needs Assessment, 169, 187, 338 Neonatal, 108, 111, 150, 153, 328, 332, 338 Neoplasia, 338 Nerve, 311, 315, 339, 340, 355 Nervous System, 314, 339, 354 Nervousness, 228, 339 Networks, 23, 38, 39, 178, 187, 271, 339 Neurotransmitter, 308, 327, 339, 354 Nidation, 206, 322, 339 Nonoxynol, 211, 221, 222, 339 Norethindrone, 219, 339 Norgestrel, 75, 223, 224, 334, 339 Nuclear, 311, 325, 339 Nuclear Family, 325, 339 Nucleic acid, 339, 350, 359 Nucleus, 307, 311, 319, 339, 346, 352, 353, 355 Nurse Practitioners, 103, 112, 181, 249, 339 O Observational study, 42, 340 Ocular, 315, 340 Oestradiol, 75, 340 Oestrogen, 218, 223, 226, 340 On-line, 12, 28, 303, 340 Oocytes, 32, 229, 232, 340 Oophoritis, 230, 233, 328, 340 Opacity, 320, 340 Optic Chiasm, 331, 340, 341 Optic Nerve, 340, 346 Optic Nerve Diseases, 340, 346 Orgasm, 322, 341, 351 Osteoporosis, 340, 341 Outpatient, 112, 341 Ovarian Follicle, 222, 318, 328, 341 Ovaries, 32, 222, 225, 310, 341, 349, 351 Ovary, 218, 230, 232, 318, 324, 327, 340, 341
354 Family Planning
Overdose, 303, 341 Ovum, 202, 208, 214, 307, 318, 320, 327, 334, 338, 341, 342, 345, 356, 359 Ownership, 237, 341 P Palliative, 319, 340, 341 Pancreas, 307, 321, 333, 341 Papilledema, 341, 346 Papillomavirus, 341 Paralysis, 289, 341 Parasitic, 341, 356 Parenteral, 23, 341 Parity, 10, 23, 27, 29, 30, 39, 341 Parturition, 340, 342 Pathogenesis, 11, 342 Patient Advocacy, 293, 342 Patient Education, 69, 282, 283, 298, 300, 305, 342 Patient Satisfaction, 150, 342 Pediatrics, 6, 13, 49, 55, 91, 94, 114, 342 Pellucida, 214, 229, 232, 342 Pelvic, 16, 134, 171, 280, 323, 342, 346 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 16, 342 Pelvis, 313, 341, 342, 357 Penis, 213, 304, 317, 322, 342, 349 Peptide, 217, 227, 228, 308, 342, 346 Perceived risk, 49, 269, 342 Perception, 26, 36, 115, 185, 317, 342, 350 Perennial, 331, 342, 356 Pericardium, 342, 354 Perinatal, 23, 30, 62, 271, 332, 342 Perinatal Care, 271, 342 Peritonitis, 328, 342 Pharmacist, 194, 343 Pharmacologic, 343, 356 Pharynx, 331, 343 Phenyl, 231, 343 Physical Examination, 117, 327, 343 Physiologic, 308, 325, 336, 343, 348 Physiology, 32, 241, 251, 323, 328, 343 Pigments, 313, 343 Pilot study, 35, 86, 343 Pituitary Gland, 343 Pituitary Hormones, 208, 343 Placebos, 204, 215, 216, 223, 225, 343 Placenta, 229, 310, 324, 325, 343, 345, 347 Plague, 343, 349 Plants, 167, 313, 326, 327, 331, 343, 350, 356 Plasma, 156, 205, 310, 326, 327, 330, 338, 344, 351 Plasma cells, 310, 344
Platinum, 219, 344 Pleated, 216, 217, 344 Pneumonia, 318, 344 Poisoning, 333, 338, 344 Policy Making, 94, 328, 344 Polyethylene, 211, 344 Polymerase, 119, 149, 344 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 119, 149, 344 Polysaccharide, 310, 314, 344 Population Control, 179, 241, 325, 344 Population Growth, 39, 185, 186, 188, 189, 242, 344 Posterior, 309, 311, 322, 341, 343, 344 Postnatal, 30, 42, 139, 344 Practice Guidelines, 274, 344 Pregnancy Complications, 16, 345 Pregnancy Outcome, 15, 40, 106, 345 Pregnancy Tests, 327, 345 Prenatal, 15, 30, 31, 36, 43, 47, 86, 104, 120, 142, 248, 272, 322, 345 Prenatal Care, 16, 86, 120, 272, 345 Prevalence, 10, 25, 39, 58, 63, 67, 78, 90, 119, 129, 130, 145, 157, 178, 345 Probe, 42, 115, 227, 345 Progesterone, 203, 204, 206, 208, 209, 221, 228, 231, 334, 337, 339, 345, 353 Progestogen, 205, 215, 216, 219, 220, 224, 345 Program Development, 27, 250, 345 Progression, 8, 345 Progressive, 291, 328, 338, 345 Projection, 32, 340, 345, 348 Prolapse, 74, 345 Prophase, 340, 345 Prophylaxis, 207, 346, 357 Prospective study, 17, 48, 346 Prostaglandins, 167, 337, 346 Prostaglandins F, 337, 346 Prostate, 287, 340, 346, 349, 351 Prostitution, 268, 346 Protein S, 245, 312, 346 Proteins, 222, 228, 229, 232, 308, 309, 310, 312, 316, 337, 342, 344, 346, 351 Proteolytic, 316, 346 Protocol, 11, 24, 209, 343, 346 Proximal, 206, 321, 346 Pseudotumor Cerebri, 228, 346 Psychiatric, 19, 25, 72, 82, 132, 337, 347 Psychiatry, 20, 68, 72, 82, 132, 251, 347 Psychic, 334, 336, 347, 350 Psychoactive, 347, 359 Psychological Tests, 19, 347
Index 355
Public Housing, 269, 347 Public Policy, 15, 181, 186, 265, 269, 273, 347 Public Sector, 19, 93, 347 Puerperium, 340, 347 Pulmonary, 228, 312, 317, 347, 354 Pulse, 337, 347 Purulent, 307, 328, 347 Q Quinacrine, 4, 122, 347 R Race, 7, 11, 29, 32, 106, 122, 291, 334, 337, 339, 347 Racemic, 334, 339, 347 Radiation, 318, 319, 347 Radioactive, 331, 332, 339, 347 Radiography, 327, 347 Randomized, 9, 18, 19, 20, 21, 26, 32, 34, 35, 41, 123, 322, 348 Randomized clinical trial, 32, 35, 348 Receptivity, 187, 206, 209, 231, 348 Receptor, 307, 310, 317, 319, 337, 348 Recombinant, 227, 348, 358 Rectum, 310, 313, 321, 326, 334, 346, 348, 354 Red Nucleus, 311, 348 Reductase, 311, 348 Reentry, 289, 348 Refer, 1, 128, 313, 316, 321, 326, 330, 335, 348, 356 Reference point, 202, 348 Refraction, 348, 352 Regimen, 205, 212, 219, 322, 348 Regression Analysis, 16, 348 Reliability, 28, 221, 225, 226, 348 Reproduction Techniques, 345, 349 Reproductive History, 26, 349 Reproductive system, 227, 287, 349 Research Design, 241, 349 Resolving, 34, 349 Respiration, 313, 337, 349 Retrospective, 19, 23, 38, 349 Rigidity, 333, 343, 349 Rinderpest, 228, 349 Rinderpest Virus, 228, 349 Risk factor, 8, 16, 19, 26, 36, 58, 69, 128, 269, 335, 346, 349 Rubber, 201, 307, 349 Rural Health, 34, 37, 349 Rural Population, 349, 350 S Safe Sex, 17, 350
Saliva, 35, 350 Salivary, 321, 350 Salivary glands, 321, 350 Salpingitis, 328, 350 Sanger, 185, 242, 350 Saponins, 350, 353 Schizoid, 350, 359 Schizophrenia, 132, 350, 358 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 350, 359 Screening, 11, 18, 24, 27, 34, 57, 58, 65, 67, 95, 112, 120, 129, 130, 250, 267, 292, 315, 350 Scrotum, 200, 350 Secretion, 208, 214, 218, 333, 334, 338, 343, 350, 351 Secretory, 213, 232, 350 Seizures, 31, 74, 350 Selection Bias, 17, 350 Semen, 92, 213, 316, 322, 346, 351 Seminal fluid, 201, 351 Semisynthetic, 324, 351 Sequencing, 344, 351 Serous, 331, 351 Serum, 131, 156, 222, 309, 310, 316, 328, 331, 342, 351 Sex Behavior, 26, 33, 351 Sex Characteristics, 308, 309, 340, 351 Sex Education, 11, 181, 184, 267, 351 Sexual Abstinence, 117, 351 Sexual Partners, 6, 207, 351 Shock, 187, 351, 356 Skeleton, 333, 351 Small intestine, 327, 330, 333, 351 Smallpox, 351, 357 Smoking Cessation, 104, 351 Social Change, 15, 164, 176, 178, 184, 187, 351 Social Class, 181, 291, 352 Social Medicine, 250, 352 Social Problems, 18, 352 Socioeconomic Factors, 14, 182, 352 Solvent, 211, 307, 352 Somatic, 308, 352 Spasmodic, 307, 352 Spatial disorientation, 321, 352 Specialist, 295, 352 Species, 11, 229, 232, 315, 319, 321, 337, 341, 347, 349, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357 Spectrum, 5, 11, 31, 32, 82, 140, 291, 334, 352 Sperm Head, 307, 352 Sperm Transport, 205, 352
356 Family Planning
Spermatocidal Agents, 211, 352 Spermatogenesis, 221, 222, 352 Spermatozoon, 307, 352 Spermicide, 6, 211, 268, 282, 352 Spinal cord, 289, 314, 315, 336, 339, 352 Spirochete, 353, 354 Spontaneous Abortion, 27, 147, 345, 353 Sporadic, 31, 353 Sterile, 13, 353 Sterility, 50, 51, 72, 96, 131, 333, 353 Sterilization, 4, 5, 121, 135, 154, 156, 167, 247, 268, 279, 280, 284, 285, 287, 353 Steroid, 156, 205, 310, 340, 350, 353 Stillbirth, 345, 353 Stomach, 307, 321, 324, 326, 327, 330, 338, 343, 351, 353 Strand, 130, 344, 353 Stress, 15, 38, 171, 182, 184, 338, 349, 353 Stroke, 60, 197, 228, 264, 353 Stromal, 323, 353 Styrene, 349, 353 Subacute, 332, 349, 353 Subarachnoid, 329, 353 Subclinical, 332, 350, 353 Subcutaneous, 322, 341, 353 Subspecies, 352, 353, 357 Substance P, 345, 350, 354 Superovulation, 33, 222, 354 Support group, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 354 Suppositories, 221, 285, 326, 354 Suppression, 354, 359 Suprarenal, 232, 354 Surfactant, 221, 339, 354, 358 Symphysis, 315, 346, 354 Symptomatology, 19, 354 Syphilis, 16, 128, 354 Systemic, 171, 195, 312, 315, 332, 354, 356, 357 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 195, 315, 354 T Terminator, 354, 359 Testicle, 327, 354 Testicular, 222, 310, 354 Testis, 324, 340, 354 Tetani, 354 Tetanic, 354 Tetanus, 228, 354 Thalamic, 311, 355 Thalamic Diseases, 311, 355 Thermal, 240, 344, 355 Third Ventricle, 331, 355
Thoracic, 320, 355 Thromboembolism, 42, 215, 355 Thrombosis, 228, 346, 353, 355 Thrush, 163, 355 Thymus, 331, 335, 355 Tin, 344, 355 Tinnitus, 346, 355 Tolerance, 327, 355 Tome, 172, 355 Tooth Preparation, 308, 355 Topical, 221, 356 Toxic, iv, 331, 353, 356, 359 Toxicology, 266, 356 Toxin, 354, 355, 356 Toxoid, 228, 356 Transfection, 312, 356 Transfer Factor, 331, 356 Translation, 308, 356 Translational, 12, 356 Transplantation, 322, 331, 356 Trauma, 15, 356 Trees, 349, 356 Trichomonas, 16, 128, 356 Trichomonas Infections, 128, 356 Trophoblast, 312, 356 Tuberous Sclerosis, 30, 356 U Ulceration, 349, 356 Ultrasonography, 327, 357 Unconscious, 331, 357 Urban Population, 35, 82, 357 Urethra, 213, 342, 346, 357 Urethritis, 328, 357 Urinary, 171, 326, 357 Urine, 35, 42, 115, 117, 130, 303, 312, 334, 357 Urogenital, 205, 315, 326, 328, 357 Urogenital Diseases, 315, 357 Uterine Contraction, 307, 357 V Vaccination, 230, 232, 357 Vaccine, 43, 227, 308, 346, 357 Vaccinia, 228, 357 Vaccinia Virus, 228, 357 Vagina, 201, 210, 211, 292, 305, 315, 316, 322, 336, 349, 357, 358 Vaginal Discharge, 123, 357 Variola, 357 Vascular, 329, 332, 341, 343, 357 Vasectomy, 181, 212, 281, 304, 358 VE, 289, 358 Vector, 357, 358
Index 357
Vein, 213, 228, 333, 339, 358 Venereal, 200, 210, 217, 354, 358 Venous, 42, 346, 358 Vertebrae, 352, 358 Vesicular, 328, 330, 351, 357, 358 Veterinary Medicine, 266, 358 Viral, 222, 349, 358, 359 Virus, 5, 9, 34, 131, 228, 236, 237, 250, 267, 268, 269, 283, 284, 285, 314, 319, 330, 351, 357, 358 Viscosity, 211, 358 Visual field, 340, 346, 358 Vital Capacity, 237, 358 Vitro, 358
Vulva, 358 Vulvovaginitis, 163, 358 W Warts, 330, 358 Weight Gain, 215, 358 Wetting Agents, 339, 358 White blood cell, 310, 334, 336, 338, 344, 358 Withdrawal, 81, 204, 223, 225, 282, 358 Womb, 163, 349, 357, 359 Z Zidovudine, 194, 359 Zona Pellucida, 214, 229, 232, 359 Zygote, 317, 359
358 Family Planning
Index 359
360 Family Planning
