EPIDIDYMIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Epididymis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00410-0 1. Epididymis-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on epididymis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON EPIDIDYMIS ............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Epididymis .................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 26 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 27 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND EPIDIDYMIS ..................................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Finding Nutrition Studies on Epididymis ................................................................................... 69 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 70 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND EPIDIDYMIS ............................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 73 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 76 General References ....................................................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON EPIDIDYMIS ................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Dissertations on Epididymis........................................................................................................ 79 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON EPIDIDYMIS................................................................................................ 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 81 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 82 Chapters on Epididymis............................................................................................................... 82 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 89 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 91 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 93 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 95 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 98 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 101 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 101 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 101 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 107 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 107 EPIDIDYMIS DICTIONARY ...................................................................................................... 109 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 157
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with epididymis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about epididymis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to epididymis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on epididymis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to epididymis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on epididymis. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON EPIDIDYMIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on epididymis.
Federally Funded Research on Epididymis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to epididymis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to epididymis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore epididymis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for epididymis: •
Project Title: A NEW MALE CONTRACEPTIVE: THE INTRA VAS DEVICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Stice, James D.; Shepherd Medical Company 11500 Stoneridge Cr Dayton, Mn 55327 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-MAR-2004; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): With the world population continuing its steep rise, a serious need exists to increase the contraceptive options for men. Present male
2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Epididymis
contraceptive technology relies on the condom and vasectomy; methods that are not acceptable to many men for cultural or religious reasons. Although the "male pill" may prove to be one solution for effective and reversible contraception when fully developed, there are likely to be many males who prefer non-hormonal products with fewer side effects. A silicone vas deferens device (the Intra Vas Device; IVD) has been under development for a number of years and has made considerable progress towards commercialization. The IVD has been designed to provide the same benefits as a vasectomy and be less traumatic, since IVD implantation does not require damaging the vas deferens to achieve vas obstruction. In addition, the IVD is expected to provide a simpler, faster and cheaper reversal procedure, compared to a vasectomy reversal. The IVD was shown to provide effective vas blockage in pilot clinical trials. IVD vas obstruction and complete recovery of sperm passage with IVD removal occurred in the primate. IVD safety was shown in two-year rat studies and in the pilot human studies. The advantages of the IVD over other vas devices tested previously (including silicone injected into the vas) are due to the IVD being preformed. IVD advantages include 1) it can be implanted and removed quickly by a relatively simple procedure, and 2) it can be fit to match the size of the vas lumen for better obstruction. Shepherd Medical has developed an improved IVD design in acute human studies and intends to perform all studies required to bring this refined IVD design to the market. The present project consists of two Specific Aims to ensure patient safety prior to human studies in Phase I1. The safety testing of this Phase I proposal includes: 1) in vitro evaluation of IVD sterilization methods prior to human implantation; and 2) in vitro evaluation of IVD mechanical performance with seven experiments. The successful outcome of this project will make human studies possible in Phase II. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEFERENS
ACIDIFICATION
MECHANISM
IN
THE
EPIDIDYMIS/VAS
Principal Investigator & Institution: Breton, Sylvie; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1987; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: Description (provided by applicant) The absorptive and secretory capacity of epithelial cells of the epididymis and vas deferens (VD) creates the appropriate environment for spermatozoa as they mature and are stored. The lumen of these organs is maintained acidic compared to blood and has a low bicarbonate concentration. These factors are involved in sperm maturation and the maintenance of sperm in a quiescent state during their storage period. We propose that Na/H exchanger-rich (principal) cells actively absorb bicarbonate in the proximal regions of the epididymis and that H+ATPase-rich (clear) cells are responsible for net proton secretion in the distal epididymis and vas deferens. Specific aim 1 will characterize the acid/base transporters involved in luminal acidification in the initial segments of the epididymis, and in the cauda epididymis and VD (H+ATPase, Na+/H+ exchanger, NBC1, NBC3, AE2). Specific aim 2 will examine the molecular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of proton secretion and bicarbonate reabsorption. Specifically, we will study the role of SNARE proteins, the actin-severing protein, gelsolin, and the newly identified "bicarbonate sensor" adenynyl cyclase, sAC, in the recycling of H+ATPase-containing vesicles. The role of the Na/H exchange regulatory factor, NHE-RF, and sAC will also be examined in bicarbonate reabsorption, possibly via CAMP-modulation of the Na/H exchanger. Specific aim 3 will examine the hormonal regulation of luminal acidification in the epididymis and VD. Short-term and long-term regulation by steroid hormones
Studies
5
(aldosterone, testosterone, estrogens) and by angiotensin II will be studied. These studies will be carried out using a multidisciplinary approach (proton-selective selfreferencing extracellular electrode, intracellular pH measurements, light microscopy and EM immunocytochemistry, western blotting, in situ hybridization, laser capture microdissection and real time RT-PCR), and will help to unravel the mechanisms underlying acid/base transport in the organs where spermatozoa mature and are stored. The ultimate aim of this application is to better understand the physiology and pathophysiology of male fertility, because a defect in the acidification capacity of the epididymis and vas deferens might result in deficient sperm maturation and motility, leading to lower fertility. Project 12 will benefit from constant interaction with the other projects of this Program, especially Projects 7 and 9, which propose to characterize AQP2 recycling, and the mechanisms for acidification-dependent endosomal regulation, respectively. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS SECRETED BY THE EPIDIDYMIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Flickinger, Charles J.; Professor; Cell Biology; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-MAY-2004; Project End 28-FEB-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal focuses on the development, regulation and discovery of naturally occurring antimicrobial proteins in the epididymis, highlighting the defensins and cathelicidins. Natural antimicrobial proteins are part of the innate immune system, and they likely protect the reproductive tract from invasion by pathogenic microbes thus helping to prevent diseases such as epididymitis. The first aim is to identify novel antimicrobial epididymal proteins in epididymal luminal fluid and to test their biological activities. The reproductive organs produce a variety of antimicrobial substances and it is likely that some of these natural antibiotics remain to be characterized. A step-wise approach will be used to test for antibacterial activity in luminal fluid from different regions of the epididymis, and subsequently to identify, characterize, and analyze the specificities of antimicrobial proteins. The second aim is to determine the pattern of expression of mRNA and protein for selected defensins and cathelicidin during development of the rat epididymis. These studies will determine the temporal onset of expression, quantify changes in expression levels during development, and localize expression to specific epithelial cell types. The third aim is to determine factors regulating expression of antimicrobial proteins in the epididymis by testing the effects of androgens, luminal fluid, exposure to bacterial products, and obstruction on expression of selected genes. Methods include detection of antimicrobial proteins by a gel overlay method and other bacteriologic assays, northern and western analyses, real time PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry, 2-D gel electrophoresis, microsequencing by mass spectrometry, and standard approaches of molecular biology. A set of antimicrobial proteins known to be present in the rat epididymis will be studied in aims 2 & 3: rat beta defensins 1 and 2 (RBD-1 and RBD-2), Bin1b, a cathelicidin (rCRAMP), and the defensin-like molecule E-3. The proposed studies will increase our knowledge of innate antimicrobial proteins in the male reproductive system, and they also present the opportunity for discovery and characterization of new antibiotic agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Epididymis
Project Title: AROMATASE HYPERPLASIA
INHIBITOR
IN
MALES
WITH
ADRENAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Sarafoglou, Kyriakie; Pediatrics; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our objective is to treat males who have congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and decreased spermatogenesis with an aromatase inhibitor in order to investigate its effects on hormonal parameters and spermatogenesis. CAH is a family of inherited disorders caused by reduced activity of the enzyme required for cortisol synthesis. Decreased cortisol production increases the secretion of ACTH from the pituitary and increases the production of adrenal androgens through negative feedback. In turn, the increased levels of adrenal androgens are aromatized/converted in glandular (i.e., testes) and extraglandular tissues by the aromatase enzyme and result in elevated estrogen levels. Ideally, the production of adrenal androgens is normalized in CAH patients by glucocorticoid replacement therapy. However, even well controlled CAH patients still manifest the adverse effects (compromised final height, polycystic ovarian disease, male infertility, etc.) of elevated androgens/estrogens. Glucocorticoid therapy does not continually normalize ACTH levels because it lacks the close temporal relationship to ACTH pulses and any adrenal activity will result in greater than normal androgen (and thus estrogen) production. We hypothesize that these elevated estrogen levels affect spermatogenesis in males with CAH through the following mechanisms: (1) Elevated estrogens suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis through negative feedback. Normal LH/FSH gonadotropin secretion is essential for the initiation and maintenance of testicular function and normal spermatogenesis. Chronically elevated estrogen levels (estradiol) affect testicular morphology and testicular steroidogenesis (a) by suppressing pituitary-gonadal secretion, and (b) by a direct toxic effect of estradiol on testicular tissue resulting in a decrease in testicular testosterone production, decrease number of androgen receptors, and create a further negative imbalance in the testosterone-to-estradiol ratio at the gonadal level; (2) Elevated estrogens adversely affect testicular function including Leydig cell, Sertoli cell and germ cell development as shown in experiments with rodents that have been exposed to excess estrogens; (3) Elevated estrogens cause dysfunction of the efferent ductules and epididymis. Therefore, the overarching question of our study is the following: What degree of positive effect will controlling the conversion/aromatization of elevated adrenal androgens into estrogens by gonadal tissue have on spermatogenesis in CAH males? We propose that inhibiting aromatization of androgens to estrogens with an aromatase inhibitor, will improve testicular function and spermatogenesis by normalizing the estradiol to testosterone ratio at the gonadal level and reversing the negative effects of elevated estrogen on androgen receptors, testicular steroidogenesis and pituitary gonadotropins. Aromatase inhibitors have selective action, are well tolerated by patients, and do not interfere with the production of steroid hormones by other related cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes making it ideal for use in CAH patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BASIS FOR MALE INFERTILITY: MOLECULAR MODELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pilder, Stephen H.; Associate Professor; Anatomy and Cell Biology; Temple University 406 Usb, 083-45 Philadelphia, Pa 19122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-1994; Project End 30-JUN-2004
Studies
7
Summary: The mammalian sperm flagellum produces a regulated locomotive force that allows the sperm cell to proceed through a set of complex environments in the female genital tract and penetrate the egg investments. However, little beyond morphological description is known about the control of mammalian sperm flagellar formation, stability, or movement. The P.I. has mapped and isolated an axonemal dynein heavy chain, Dnahc8, that is expressed at high levels in a testis-specific fashion in wildtype mice. The map position of Dnahc8 and its mode of expression in the testes of certain male-sterile recombinant lines of mice is completely consistent with the flagellar organization and waveform defects, known as "whipless" and "curlicue", respectively, displayed in an allele-specific manner by sperm from these recombinant mice. Thus, Dnahc8 is a strong candidate for the allele-dependent expression of the "whipless" and "curlicue" mutations. Because Dnahc8 expression appears to have profound effects on both sperm tail biogenesis and function, Dnahc8 offers a key to unraveling the mechanisms underlying mammalian sperm tail assembly and/or motility. In order to test the hypothesis that Dnahc8 is responsible for expression of "whipless" and "curlicue", and to begin to clarify the cellular mechanisms underlying these phenotypes, the P.I. will determine the subcellular location of Dnahc8 in both mutant and control testis and cauda epididymal sperm through immuno-light and electron microscopy, and isolate potential spermiogenic binding partners of Dnahc8 through two-hybrid analysis (Specific Aim I). Concurrent with the performance of Specific Aim I, the P.I. will directly test the postulated role(s) of Dnahc8 in sperm tail assembly and function via its targeted deletion from the mouse genome (Specific Aim II). In order to assess the potential significance of Dnahc8 to human male infertility, the P.I. will localize the human ortholog of Dnahc8 to a sub-chromosomal region within the human genome, and will ascertain if this ortholog demonstrates polymorphisms diagnostic of human male infertility related to sperm flagellar defects (Specific Aim III). These experiments will reveal information crucial to our understanding of the molecular basis of mammalian sperm tail development and function in fertilization, while contributing to our ability to diagnose and treat human male infertility. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FUNCTION
BMP
SIGNALING
IN
EPIDIDYMIS
DEVELOPMENT
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhao, Guang-Quan; Assistant Professor; Pharmacology; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are multi-functional regulators of development and differentiation. They exert their functions by regulating cell fate, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Our preliminary results have shown that several murine genes encoding BMPs (Bmp4, Bmp7, and Bmp8a), BMP receptors (Alk3, Alk6, and Talk), and a downstream signal transducer (Smad1) are expressed in the developing and adult epididymides. Furthermore, mutations in Bmp8a and Bmp8b lead to vacuole formation in the epididymal epithelium, granuloma formation, and male infertility. These data support a hypothesis that multiple genes of the BMP signaling pathways have overlapping roles in controlling the development and functions of the epididymis. The goal of this application is to test the hypothesis by a combination of sophisticated genetics approaches and retrovirus-mediated gene transfers. Specific Aim 1 is designed to further investigate the roles of BMP signaling components (Bmp7, Alk3, and Smad1) and the testis-derived BMPs is the functional maintenance of the adult epididymides. In this aim, the functions of Bmp7 will be studied by creating double
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Epididymis
mutants with Bmp8a and by further examining the severity of the epididymal defects in these double mutants. Furthermore, the regulation of Bmp7 expression during postnatal epidiymis development by testicular factors and androgens will be investigated as part of our long-term goal to dissect the molecular mechanisms controlling the growth and development of the epididymis. A transgenic over-expression of Bmp8a in the male germ cells will be used to further reveal the functions of testis-derived BMPs in the maintenance of the adult epididymus. The roles of Alk3 and Smad1 in mid- to distal epididymides will be investigated by the Cre/lox recombination system. In Specific Aim 2, the roles of BMP signaling components in postnatal epididymis development will be investigated. Bmp7 null mutants and Bmp7/Bmp4 double mutants will be used to address the roles of these genes in the development of early postnatal epididymides. Moreover, a retrovirus vector, RCAS-Cre, will be used to inactivate Alk3 and Smad1 in the development of mid-pubertal epididymides. The results obtained from these investigations will add significantly to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling the epididymis development and functions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: B-MYC REGULATION AND FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hann, Stephen R.; Professor; Cell and Developmental Biology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Our long term goal is to determine the role of B-myc in the processes of cell growth, apoptosis and carcinogenesis. Our preliminary studies show that B-myc is expressed at relatively high levels in harmonally- controlled tissues. In contrast to cMyc, B-myc is regionally expressed and dramatically downregulated by testosterone withdrawal in the epididymis. It also appears to be downregulated by estrogen in the uterus, while c-myc is up-regulated by estrogen. Interestingly, B-myc expression was not detected in a variety of tumorigenic cell lines or in a primary mouse prostate tumor, suggesting a role in tumor suppression. Further supporting a role for B-myc in growth inhibition and tumor suppression, overexpression of B-myc significantly inhibits cellular proliferation and antagnonizes the ability of c-Myc to stimulate cellular proliferation, but not apoptosis. Finally, with specific B-myc antibodies we have generated, we have identified and characterized the B-Myc protein in mouse tissue. Our hypothesis is that B-Myc is a highly-regulated myc family member which has a role in growth inhibition and tumor suppression, especially in hormonally-controlled tissues, as an antagonist of c-Myc and perhaps other growth stimulatory transcription factors. We will test this hypothesis in the following specific aims: 1) Examine the expression of B-myc in tumorigenic cells compared to normal cells. The loss of B-myc expresssion will be investigated in tumorigenic cell lines and in a transgenic prostate cancer model. The specific cell types expressing B-myc in vitro and in vivo will also be examined in normal cells and tissues; 2) Examine the hormonal and devlopmental regulation of B-myc expression in mice and rat tissues and determine if B-myc is regulated during growth, diferentiation or apoptosis in selected cell lines; 3) Examine the function of B-myc as a growth inhibitor and tumor suppressor by overexpression in selected cell lines and evaluate the effects of B-myc loss in vivo by generating a B-myc null mouse; and 4) Examine the mechanism of B-myc action. The interaction of B-Myc with critical c-Myc binding proteins will be investigated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies
•
9
Project Title: CELLULAR BIOLOGY OF RENAL FUNCTION AND DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, Dennis; Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1987; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) Studies performed during the previous funding period of this Program Project have continued to provide significant new insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern physiological processes in selected cell types in the kidney and urogenital tract. Based on these advances, and on the development of new tools and model systems during the previous funding period, Project 7 will define the complex intracellular recycling pathways of AQP2, identify protein interactions involved in vasopressin-induced trafficking, and explore novel cAMP-independent signaling pathways that can be used to bypass the vasopressin receptor in vivo in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Project 6 takes advantage of the development of cPLA2 knockout mice and cell lines to define the role of signaling via PLA2 and associated proteins in cellular proliferation, apoptosis and vesicle trafficking. The key role of an accessory protein, PLIP, in cytosol to nuclear signaling and import will be of considerable importance to these studies. Project 9 identified unsuspected functions for G-proteins and their regulating proteins, RGS proteins, in Golgi vesicle trafficking and in vesicle coatomer (COP) recruitment. The new studies will define in great detail the acidification-dependent and G-protein-dependent recruitment of vesicle coat proteins in the receptor-mediated endocytotic pathway of proximal tubules in vivo and in vitro. These studies will help determine the molecular mechanisms by which defective endosomal acidification results in proximal tubule reabsorptive dysfunction and Fanconi-syndrome. Project 12 provided the first definition of the cellular proteins and mechanisms of luminal acidification in the epididymis and vas deferens, a process that is critical for sperm maturation and storage. The new studies will examine cell and molecular interactions among selected membrane transport proteins and accessory proteins, and will define the short- and long-term hormonal regulation of acid base transport in this epithelium. The previous period of funding saw an exceptionally high level of interaction among the individual members of this Program Project, due to their complementary expertise in areas of cell biology, molecular biology, physiology and biochemistry, and their related interest in relating fundamental processes of cell signaling, protein trafficking and membrane function to whole organ physiology. The centralized Core - Microscopy facility has once again been a major factor in coordinating cell biological and morphological studies for all projects. We anticipate that the individual and collective efforts proposed in this renewal application will once again lead to a greater understanding of the relationship between basic cellular processes and normal function and disease states in urogenital cells and tissues. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CELLULAR REMODELING POST OBSTRUCTION OF UROGENITAL TRACT Principal Investigator & Institution: Steers, William D.; Professor and Chairman; Urology; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1992; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: Acquired and congenital obstruction of the vas deferens, ureter and renal vasculature, lead to alterations in reproductive and kidney function. This renewal for an O'Brian urology Research Center is focused on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neonatal or pre-pubertal obstruction of the testis, epididymidis, and kidney.
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Four projects by established senior investigators are proposed. Project 1 investigates the altered phenotype of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTE) after neonatal ureteral obstruction. Deranged cellular polarity, apoptosis and crosstalk between RTE and interstitial fibroblasts will be examined in a ureteral and single nephron obstruction models offering insight into pediatric hydronephrotic disorders. Project 2 investigates the regulatory mechanisms and genomic events leading to the development of obstructed renal vasculature, especially with regard to the role of angiotensin in preserving normal renal vascular morphology. Phenotypic changes, vascular remodeling, and the lineage of cells participating in vessel growth in angiotensin deficient mice will be investigated. Project 3 studies the effect of vasal obstruction on epithelial function both proximal to (epididymis) and distal to (prostate) the site of obstruction. Cellular biochemistry and synthetic events will be studies. Reversibility of changes in protein synthesis and luminal secretion following relief of obstruction will be studied in both epididymis and prostate. These data will provide insight into persistent infertility after vasovasotomy and determine if vasectomy alters prostate growth or function. Project 4 explores the effects of pre-pubertal and adult obstruction on seminiferous epithelium, induction of antisperm antibodies, and characterization of sperm autoantigens. These findings may identify new and important sperm antigens involved in reproductive tract alterations (fertility). Investigators in this P50 share common themes, mechanisms and methods of investigation. These projects represent a refinement and focusing of efforts, building on strengths in reproductive biology and pediatric nephrology at the University of Virginia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CONSEQUENCES OF MALE LH RECEPTOR GENE KNOCKOUT Principal Investigator & Institution: Lei, Zhenmin; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Louisville Jouett Hall, Belknap Campus Louisville, Ky 40292 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 13-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Provided by the Applicant) We recently succeeded in creating mice with the luteinizing hormone receptor gene knockout (LHRKO) by a homologous DNA recombination technology. Targeting deletion of the LHR gene at the promoter to exon one region completely inactivated the gene, which resulted in no detectable LHR in the gonads of homozygous animals. The LHR null males are not lethal but sterile, while their heterozygous littermates appear to be normal. The external and internal genitalia of homozygous males were grossly underdeveloped and spermatogenesis was arrested at the spermatocytes. The phenotype is believed to be caused by decreased androgen influence in the absence of LH stimulation of testicular Leydig cells. Testosterone replacement therapy, in spite of improvement in testicular morphology and spermatogenesis, did not restore male fertility, as homozygous males have very low sperm numbers and motility. In view of the fact that LH has pervasive actions, mediated by its receptors in gonadal and nongonadal tissues such as functional LHR in sperm and epididymis and with preliminary results obtained from LHRKO males, we hypothesize that the contribution of LH to spermatogenesis may be more than just acts on Leydig cells for androgen production. Having this unique LHRKO mouse model enables us to selectively investigate the crucial roles of LH in reproductive biology. This proposed research is aimed at searching for potential causes of infertility in LHRKO males even after androgen replacement therapy. Therefore, this small grant application will only focus on two aspects that are known to be critical in spermatogenesis and sperm maturation, listed as two specific aims: 1) investigating the effect of LHRKO on spermatogenic cells. 2) determining the effect of LHRKO on sperm maturation. These
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functional data are essential for us to further investigate the vital role of LH in male reproduction at biochemical and molecular levels. Infertility in human due to genetic defects in LHR or LH-p subunit are increasingly recognized, but there are no naturally occurring animal models with the corresponding mutations available for study. Thus, the data obtained from these LHRKO mice will not only advance our understanding on how important the actions of LH are for normal male reproductive physiology but will also facilitate developing better diagnostic and therapeutic options for male infertility and, conversely, developing more effective and safer male contraceptive reagents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE EPIDIDYMIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Robaire, Bernard; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Spermatozoa are matured and stored in the epididymis. Although knowledge of how this tissue is regulated during development and in the adult is growing, little is known about changes that take place within this tissue as males age. The aging Brown Norway rat offers the opportunity to study aging of the reproductive system without complexities consequent to simultaneous pathological changes. The long-term objective of this project is to understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for the change that occur in the epididymis as animals age. Our underlying hypothesis is that the adult epididymal epithelium exhibits cellular aging independently of the presence of spermatozoa in the luminal compartment and thus independently of a normally functioning testis. To test this hypothesis, four complementary approaches will be pursued. The first is to determine the cellular and physiological implication s of the morphological changes we have found in the epididymis during aging. Possible mechanisms which we will examine include increased oxidative stress, alterations in cell-cell interactions, and increased lysosomal activity. The second approach is to resolve how selective biochemical changes during aging are regulated; we will focus on the control of epididymal 5alpha-reductases and on proteins associated with apoptotic cell death. The third approach is to identify how aging affects the fertility and the functional characteristics of epididymal spermatozoa. In vivo fertility studies and in vitro insemination studies will be done; functional alterations in spermatozoa such as their decondensation pattern and DNA template functions will be assessed. The final approach is to determine how age associated changes are affected by endocrine and/or paracrine factors. Consequences of aging on the effect of orchidectomy and testosterone replacement, altered testicular input to the epididymis, and efferent duct ligation on epididymal structure and function will be studied. Together, these studies will not only provide specific knowledge about factors that cause this tissue to age, but may also provide new insight about the aging process of non-diving cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EPIDIDYMAL MATURATION OF SPERM SIGNALING PATHWAYS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gerton, George L.; Research Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The long-term goals of the Principal Investigator and the Foreign Collaborator are to understand the molecular basis of sperm fertilization competence. The PI has focused in his research on the signal transduction mechanisms underlying
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sperm capacitation, which requires a maturation process that occurs during their transit through the epididymis. The foreign investigator has studied the biochemistry and cell biology of epididymal maturation. Together, these investigators have demonstrated an apparent maturation of the signal transduction mechanisms in parallel with epididymal maturation. The aims of this proposal are to 1) determine whether sperm epididymal transit is associated with alteration of cholesterol efflux in response to serum albumin and beta cyclodextrins, agents that bind cholesterol in vitro, 2) determine the mechanisms by which epididymal maturation regulates the response of the sperm to dbcAMP leading to protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and 3) determine whether the oxidation state of the epididymal environment can influence the maturation of the signal transduction machinery that regulates sperm capacitation. The results of these experiments may aid in the understanding of epididymal maturation and its role in fertilization competence, which may relevant to both male infertility and contraception. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EPIDIDYMIS-SPECIFIC PROTEINS FOR MALE CONTRACEPTION Principal Investigator & Institution: French, Frank S.; Professor; Pediatrics; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 14-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) This research will be performed primarily at the Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry in China as an extension of NIH grant #R37 HD04466, the parent grant for this project. The Principal and Co-Investigators of this parent grant are Frank S. French, M.D. and Susan H. Hall, PhD., the Laboratories for Reproductive Biology of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The long-term objective is to identify human epididymal targets for male contraception by investigating epididymis-specific proteins involved in sperm maturation and fertilization. The study is part of a larger contraceptive development project involving a collaboration of the Laboratories for Reproductive Biology with Professor AJ Rao at the Indian Institute of Sciences for evaluation of lead proteins in monkeys and Dr. Catherine VandeVoort at University of California, Davis Primate Center, to test the effects of immunization against epididymis secretory proteins on sperm function in monkeys. Specific Aim 1 Define expression of the human proteins corresponding to monkey Clones ESC46I-ribonuclease A and ESC615-carboxylesterase B, Specific Aim 2 Determine the functions of the human ESC461 protein Specific Aim 3 Determine the functions of ESC615 protein Specific Aim 4 Evaluate additional epididymis-specific clones for potential as male contraceptives From a macaque epididymis-specific cDNA library containing novel cDNAs related to known gene families, two are selected for in depth study. One, ESC461 is related to the eosinophil ribonucleases A2 and A3 which have antimicrobial activity. The other, SC615 is related to the carboxylesterases which may have roles in modification of sperm surface proteins. To investigate where the proteins are expressed and localized in the human epididymis and whether they bind sperm, human clones will be obtained and recombinant protein produced and used to raise antibodies in rabbits. Recombinant proteins produced in bacteria or in eukaryotes will be used to determine the ability of ESC46I to bind and hydrolyze RNA and to inhibit the growth of bacteria. The ability of SC615-carboxylesterase to catalyze the hydrolysis of a range of substrates will be determined. If time permits, studies will be initiated on 2 other clones from this library encoding lipocalin-like proteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FUNCTION AND REGULATION OF THE PEM HOMEBOX GENE Principal Investigator & Institution: Wilkinson, Miles F.; Professor; Immunology; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-1991; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The X-linked gene Pem is a member of the homeobox transcription factor family expressed in a developmentally regulated manner in specific somatic cell types in both the male and female reproductive tracts. In male mice and rats, Pem is expressed exclusively in Sertoli cells in the testis and in principal cells in the caput region of the epididymis. Pem is necessary for optimal fertility, as a null mutation in Peru decreases the number of spermatids in the testis, decreases caudal sperm counts, increases the frequency of immotile caudal sperm, and causes subfertility. Thus, Pem-null mice may be a model system for elucidating mechanisms that cause male subfertility, a relatively common condition in humans. Microarray and real-time PCR analyses revealed the existence of several genes exhibiting altered expression in Pem-null mice testes. Some of these encode secreted proteins involved in energy metabolism, including insulin II, resistin, and adiponectin. Other unique properties of Pem make it a useful for determining how genes are regulated in somatic cells of the male reproductive tract. Transgenic mice studies revealed that a 0.3-kb region (region I) immediately upstream of the Peru proximal promoter (Pem Pp) drives Sertoli cellspecific expression in the testis, expression in the epididymis, and androgen-dependent expression in both of these organs. Another short region (region II) controls stagespecific Sertoli cell expression (both in neonates and adults) and directs region-specific expression in the epididymis. Although other gene promoters expressed in Sertoli and epididymal cells have been defined, no other short sequences that specify expression in only those cells have been identified, and little is known about the molecular regulation of these other gene promoters in vivo. The Pem regulatory elements may be useful for selectively ablating and expressing genes specifically in Sertoli and epididymal cells in vitro and in vivo. The first Aim is to determine how Pem causes male subfertility and to elucidate the transcriptional networks under its control in somatic cells of the male reproductive tract. The second Aim is to use the Pem Pp as an in vivo model system to identify and characterize regulatory elements and transcription factors that direct Sertoli cell-specific expression in the testis, developmentally regulated expression in Sertoli cells, region-specific expression in the epididymis, and androgen-dependent expression in both Sertoli and epididymal cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HCO3 AND NA+ TRANSPORT IN HUMAN & PIG VAS DEFERENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Schultz, Bruce D.; Assistant Professor; Anatomy and Physiology; Kansas State University 2 Fairchild Hall Manhattan, Ks 665061103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal for this project is to determine the epithelial ion transport pathways and the associated regulatory mechanisms within the distal male genital tract in order to provide a basis for better understanding reproductive dysfunction. Ion transport processes within the distal ductus deferens (dDD) have not been clearly identified although errant ion transport within the duct is clearly associated with asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia, non-obstructive azoospermia, and obstructive azoospermia. Recent observations point to a novel constellation of Na+-dependent ion transport pathways within the dDD. The cellular and molecular basis of these observations remains to be determined. We hypothesize
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that specific cells in dDD epithelium are capable of regulated Na+-dependent HCO3secretion and/or Na + absorption. These processes may occur independently in separate cell populations or may be simultaneously expressed in a single cell population. The epithelial model that is proposed represents a paradigm shift from currently held views regarding dDD function. This new epithelial model provides for neurotransmitterdependent mechanisms to acutely alkalinize the lumen for sperm activation just prior to ejaculation and provides a basis to account for male factor infertility that is currently diagnosed as 'idiopathic.' Modem electrophysiological, biochemical, cytochemical, and molecular techniques will be employed to study native epithelium along with primary cell cultures to delineate the mechanisms and signaling pathways that contribute to epithelial function with the ultimate goal of modulating male fertility. The hypotheses will be tested by addressing the following specific aims. Aim 1. To identify key mechanisms that contribute to HC03 transport across distal ductus deferens pithelia. Aim 2. To identify key mechanisms that contribute to Na vtransport across distal ductus deferens epithelia. Results from these studies will lead to an increased understanding of male reproductive tract function along with a more complete understanding of Nav and HCO3 transport mechanisms in general. The proposed studies will ultimately benefit the medical community by providing rational bases for therapeutic interventions both to treat male infertility and to modulate male fertility (i.e., male contraception). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HIGH RESOLUTION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF WATER CHANNEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Jap, Bing K.; Senior Staff Scientist; University of Calif-Lawrenc Berkeley Lab Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: The long range objective of this research is to understand the functional mechanism of water transport across membrane channels. The aquaporins (aqp) are a family of water channel proteins found in plant, mammalian and amphibian tissues and belongs to the MIP (Major Intrinsic Protein) super family. Aquaporins are therefore critical for normal cell function, and defects in these proteins have been related to diseases such as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. AQP-1 is a sub-family of the aquaporins, and can be found to exist in a variety of tissues from organs such as kidney, gall bladder, spleen, lung, intestine and eyes. These channels are believed to specifically transport water molecules across a number of epithelial and endothelial cell layers during fluid absorption and secretion. Another sub-family of aquaporins, AQP-7, has recently been identified and has been found to be specific for the transport of urea and glycerol in addition to water. We propose to determine the atomic structure of AQP-1 by electron crystallographic methods. We have obtained the projection map of AQP-1 at a resolution of about 3.5 Angstroms and a three-dimensional (3-D) map about 6 Angstroms resolution. We are continuing in our effort to determine the 3-D map to about 3.5 Angstroms resolution needed to obtain an atomic model of this membrane channel protein. In parallel to this effort, we will devote significant effort to purify AQP7 from bovine epididymis in order to obtain quantities sufficient for crystallization trials. The structure determination of AQP-1 and AQP-7 can be expected to yield insights into the general principles of the functional mechanisms of the water channels in which our structural knowledge if very limited. The molecular structures of these two different sub-families of water channels will provide the molecular basis for understanding their regulation of the transport of water, glycerol and urea across cell membranes. Such an understanding is expected to reveal the general principles
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governing the molecular mechanisms of the MIP super family, and could provide insights into the structural basis of disease-related protein defects. The structural studies of these water channels can also be expected to provide clues concerning the molecular design of ion channels for which direct structural information is currently unavailable. Our proposed research effort will also enhance our understanding of the twodimensional (2-D) crystallization of membrane proteins which is crucial to the widespread use of electron crystallography for membrane protein structure determination. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HOX GENES IN THE ADULT MOUSE EPIDIDYMIS AND VAS DEFERENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bomgardner, Daniela; Urology; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002 Summary: Sperm maturation in the epididymis requires epithelial gene products, expressed in a region specific pattern. The long-term objective of this proposal is to discover the mechanism underlying the maintenance of segmental function in the adult epididymis. We hypothesize that hox genes are master regulators of this process. Hox genes are known to be crucial in segmental patterning of the embryo but adult function is unknown. Expression levels of selected hox genes will be studied in the adult mouse epididymis using RT-PCR and Northern analysis. Regional differences and cellular localization of hoxa-11 protein, specifically, will be studied with Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The same methods will be used to examine for Meis 1, a known DNA-binding cofactor for hox genes, and for the cell adhesion molecule L1-CAM, a potential downstream target for hoxa-11 protein. Interaction of hoxa-11, cofactor and downstream target in the adult rat epididymis will be analyzed by Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay. These studies investigate a novel, specific pathway relevant in the maintenance of functional segmentation of the epididymis. This information will provide new insights into epididymal function, important to the understanding of male fertility and infertility. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MALE CONTRACEPTIIVES ACTING ON SPERM SURFACE TARGETS Principal Investigator & Institution: Myles, Diana G.; Professor; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 956165200 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This proposal is focused on developing a new contraceptive method for men. The project begins with our previous finding that immunization of male rodents with sperm surface proteins leads to either of two effects: anti-sperm antibody becomes bound to sperm in the epididymis or sperm are completely eliminated from the epididymis, leading to infertility. In this project we propose to use rodent studies to define the mechanisms of these two phenomena and to develop optimal protocols for obtaining each effect. These immunization protocols will then be tested in monkeys to determine if they affect primate sperm and induce infertility. Simultaneously, a new approach to male contraception will be tested that is designed to cause the disruption (by immunological or pharmacological means) of cell-cell interactions in the testis, thus blocking sperm development. Our first aim is to systematically optimize immunization
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conditions in mice by altering four variables: choice of antigen, adjuvant, dose and route of administration. The mice will first be evaluated for antibody bound to epididymal sperm or loss of sperm in the epididymis. The immunized male mice will also be scored for presence of orchitis or epididymitis which may be relatively minimal or absent with specific choices among the four variables. The optimal protocol(s) that leads to antibody-bound sperm in the epididymis or ejaculate will be tested for the ability of the sperm to function in vitro fertilization and in vivo fertility of immunized mice. An efficacious protocol will then be tested in male monkeys. The optimal protocol that leads to loss of epididymal sperm in mice will be used to study the mechanism of this loss and tested to determine if epididymal sperm will be eliminated in male monkeys. If contraceptive efficacy is obtained, but inflammation is present, we will test peptide immunogen specifically designed to produce antibodies without an inflammatory response. We will also study early germ cell to identify cell adhesion molecules present outside the blood-testis barrier and therefore subject to inhibition by antibodies or pharmacological agents, that will not have to cross the barrier. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NA,K-ATPASE ALPHA4 ISOFORM IN MALE GERM CELL PHYSIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Blanco, V Gustavo.; Molecular & Integrative Phys; University of Kansas Medical Center Msn 1039 Kansas City, Ks 66160 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Na,K-ATPase comprises a group of isozymes responsible for maintaining the Na+ and K+ gradients across the plasma membrane of most cells. Isozyme diversity for the Na,K-ATPase results from the association of different molecular forms of the catalytic alpha, alpha1, alpha2, alpha3 and alpha4 and glycosylated beta (beta1,beta2 and beta3) subunits that constitute the enzyme. The various Na,K-ATPase isozymes are expressed in a highly regulated manner, depending on cell type, developmental stage, hormonal stimulation and pathological state of the tissue. In addition, Na,K-ATPase isoforms have enzymatic properties that are unique. The a4 isoform exhibits the most restricted pattern of expression, and it is selectively expressed in rat testes, where it is abundant in germ cells. Its function comprises approximately two thirds of the total Na,K-ATPase activity of spermatozoa, the rest corresponding to the ubiquitously expressed ctl isoform. Functionally, the alpha4 polypeptide has enzymatic properties different from those of the other Na,K-ATPase isoforms. This suggests a physiological role for the isoform, and (4 may be adapted to fulfill the ionic requirements of the male germ cells. It is well known that the Na+ and K+ gradients are key factors for sperm motility. Also, for spermatozoa capacitation and acrosomal reaction, which are required steps for the biogenesis of fertile spermatozoa. At present, the precise role of (4 in these processes remains unknown. The main objective of the present proposal is to elucidate the biological importance of the Na,KATPase alpha4 isoform in male germ cell function and its relevance to male fertility. Specifically the aims are: 1) to investigate expression and cell localization of the Na,KATPase (4 polypeptide in male germ cells during development, and in Sertoli cells, 2) to study the function of (4 in male germ cells during gametogenesis, epididymal maturation and acrosomal reaction, 3) to study the role of the Na,K-ATPase (4 isoform in sperm physiology, and 4) to determine the enzymatic properties and function of Na,K-ATPase (4 isoform from humans. This study will be important to understand the biological relevance of the testes specific isoform of the Na,K-ATPase in male fertility and contraception.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROTEIN DYNAMICS IN SPERM SURFACE MEMBRANE DOMAINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hunnicutt, Gary R.; Scientist; Population Council 1 Dag Hammarskjold Plaza New York, Ny 10017 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) Sperm cells are exposed to many different environments in both male and female reproductive tracts. To function in disparate milieus, sperm have evolved into highly polarized, multifunctional cells whose surface is comprised of several large domains. Much of this membrane polarization occurs as sperm pass through the epididymis. For example, while in the epididymis, the plasma membrane surrounding the sperm head polarizes several proteins into either the posterior (PHD) or anterior (AHD) head domain. In many somatic cell systems, membrane polarization precedes a change in the cellular function. Thus redistribution of sperm proteins may be an important prerequisite for functional development of sperm seen in the epididymis. Likewise, maintaining a polarized membrane is critical if these functions are to continue. We are interested in understanding the molecular mechanisms that enable sperm to maintain a polarized membrane. To study this, we have focused on the transmembrane protein fertilin. Fertilin is found distributed over the whole head of testicular sperm. But on sperm that have moved through the epididymis (cauda sperm), it is only found in the PHD. We examined how fertilin is retained within the whole head domain of testicular sperm, and on just the PHD of cauda sperm. Using fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis, we found fertilin is highly restricted from moving within the lipid bilayer of both testicular and cauda sperm, and thus does not diffuse out of these domains. However, when we examined capacitated cauda sperm or acrosome-reacted cauda sperm, fertilin was highly mobile, yet still retained within the PHD. In this proposal we have designed experiments to try answering the following: 1) What is the mechanism(s) responsible for restricting fertilin's diffusion in PHD of cauda sperm? 2) What is the signal during capacitation that causes fertilin to become mobile within the membrane? 3) Is fertilin physically modified during capacitation and/or the acrosome reaction, and if so how? We anticipate these studies will advance understanding of the sperm's cellular architecture and its relationship to cellular function. Information gained may also lead to development of novel male contraceptives and/or treatments for infertility. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: REGULATION OF PROTON SECRETION IN THE EPIDIDYMIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pastor-Soler, Nuria M.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-SEP-2002 Summary: An acidic lumen pH in the epididymis and vas deferens is crucial for sperm maturation and storage. Impairment of the acidification capacity might, therefore, result in lower fertility. The aim of this proposal is to develop a thorough understanding of the factors responsible for the regulation of acidification in the epididymis and vas deferens. The proposed studies are divided into three specific aims addressing hormonal regulation under physiological conditions, as well as pathophysiological effects of environmental toxins such as heavy metals and xenoestrogens on acidification in the male reproductive tract, by looking at the impact of these factors on the function of the vacuolar H+ATPase (PP). Our hypothesis is that the PP is regulated by various
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factors, having short term and long term effects. Acute and chronic regulation of net H+ secretion by aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen, and angiotensin II, will be examined. The effects of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead and mercury will also be examined. The proposed studies will use a novel and highly accessible model of epithelial acidification and a multidisciplinary approach (cell biology, immunocytochernistry, H+selective microelectrodes), to identify and dissect the pathway of proton secretion and its regulation. These studies will provide important information related to the poorly understood process of male reproductive tract acidification, transepithelial H+ transport in general, and the effects of environmental toxins on male reproductive capacity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REMODELING OBSTRUCTION
OF
MALE
TRACT
EPITHELIA
AFTER
Principal Investigator & Institution: Turner, Terry T.; Professor; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: Obstruction of the male reproductive tract can occur for several reasons, e.g. infection, trauma, congenital defects, and vasectomy. The most common cause of male tract obstruction is vasectomy. Obstruction can theoretically have effects either proximal to or distal to the obstruction site. Most Studies of the effects of obstruction have been on the tract proximal to the obstruction (testis and epididymis) and have focused on the testis because of its important spermatogenic and steroidogenic functions. Studies of the epididymal response to obstruction have been fewer, and none have studied the in vivo capacity of the epididymal epithelium to carry out complex, but quantitiatable cell tasks while under the influence of the obstruction. Neither has it been determined whether cell functions altered under the influence of obstruction return to normal after surgical relief of obstruction. Such information is important to our understanding of the male infertility which persists after the clinical reversal of duct obstruction, whether from vasectomy or other causes. In this application we proposed to use the rat model to determine the influence of duct obstruction on epididymal protein synthesis and luminal secretion in vivo, and to determine whether detected changes are eliminated by surgical reconstruction of a patent duct. Studies of the effects of duct obstruction distal to the site of obstruction are few, but residual concerns about the connection between vasectomy and prostatic cancer make it important to carefully determine the effects of ductal obstruction on the prostate. We propose to study the effects of vas deferens obstruction on the adult and study the effects of vas deferens obstruction on the adult and prepubertal prostate by measuring general parameters such as prostatic wt and total protein and DNA content, and by assessing the ability of the prostate to synthesize proteins and to secrete proteins into the glandular lumen in vivo. Changes detected after ductal obstruction will open opportunity to further studies into the mechanism of such changes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RESEARCH TRAINING IN REPRODUCTION FOR ASIAN FELLOWS Principal Investigator & Institution: Herr, John C.; Professor; Cell Biology; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1995; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: This competing continuation application requests support to train six PhD scientists or postresident physicians [MD or PhD/MD] educated at institutions in India
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or China for investigative careers in reproductive research. Emphasis will be placed on training in cell and molecular biology of reproduction with translational components aimed at infertility and the discovery of new leads for contraceptives. The global need for new options in contraception is highlighted by the fact that one in every two pregnancies is unwanted. Deployment of known contraceptives as well as advancement of new contraceptive options is a highest priority. This training program develops biomedical scientist who can meet the challenges of contraceptive discovery by equipping them with the tools to uncover the fundamental mechanisms governing reproductive processes and to recognize the opportunities afforded by such basic knowledge to identify and test new contraceptive strategies. Research and didactic experiences are tailored to accommodate trainees from diverse professional and academic backgrounds. Supplemental instruction is offered including courses in biostatistics, recombinant DNA technology, bioethics, and scientific English as a second language, to improve writing and communication skills. Interdisciplinary research training is achieved through interactions with preceptors who hold appointments in basic and clinical departments, through programs that evaluate leads and establish proof of principle of contraceptive action, and through collaboration with industrial advisors. All mentors hold faculty appointments in the School of Medicine or the College of Arts and Sciences and direct at least one active research grant. The institutional environment fosters interaction and exchange through a rich mix of seminars, visiting professors, conferences, and specialized research cores. The broad basic themes of faculty research programs include: the molecular analysis of sperm-egg fusion., signal transduction mechanisms between membrane receptors, capacitation and the acrosome reaction, protein transcription, nuclear transcription factors, molecular physiology of ion channels, neuroendocrine control of mechanisms in reproduction, molecular control of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, immune mechanisms of tolerance and autoimmunity to sperm and egg antigens, sperm maturation in the epididymis and mathematical modeling of hormone secretion. Applied themes of this research include male contraceptives targeted to transcription factors acting n the testis and epididymis, spermicides, infertility diagnostics, and contraceptive vaccines based on sperm and egg antigens. Continued training of young basic scientists as well as internists, urologist, and obstetricians in cellular and molecular approaches to reproductive processes is consistent with the tradition and commitment to foster a close link between basic and clinical investigators at US institutions and their counterparts in India and China and facilitate international cooperation and understanding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ROLE DIFFERENTIATION
OF
CYCLIC
NUCLEOTIDES
IN
SPERMATID
Principal Investigator & Institution: Conti, Marco; Professor; Gynecology and Obstetrics; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1994; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: Differentiation of spermatids into spermatozoa involves activation of transcription of unique genes and assembly of gamete-specific organelles including the acrosome and the flagellum. The objective of this proposal is to determine the role of the cAMP-dependent pathway during this differentiative process of the male gamete. We have made major progress in characterizing the enzymes involved in cAMP synthesis and degradation in round and elongating spermatids. Using the tools and models that we have developed, we now propose to study the mechanisms of regulation of these enzymes and the role of cAMP signaling in the spermatid-specific gene expression. The
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experiments described in this proposal are organized along two Specific Aims. With the first Specific Aim, we will address the role of adenylyl cyclases and phosphodiesterases in the control of cAMP levels in differentiating spermatids. The expression and subcellular localization of these enzymes as well as their retention in mature spermatozoa will be studied during spermatid development in vivo. The mechanisms of regulation of these enzymes will be investigated in a reconstitution system and in intact round and elongating spermatids. The second Specific Aim will be devoted to understanding how the cAMP signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of gene expression. In vitro studies will investigate how changes in cAMP concentration impact phosphorylation of cAMP-regulated transcription factors and expression of spermatidspecific genes. A genetic approach of transgenic overexpression or homologous recombination will be used to manipulate the cAMP- dependent pathway in vivo. Analysis of these in vivo models will elucidate how cAMP signaling controls gene expression and terminal differentiation of these germ cells. The proposed studies will further our understanding of regulation of spermatogenesis and sperm function. Moreover, they will help to identify novel targets for pharmacological manipulation of gamete production and fertility. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ROLE OF ESTROGEN IN MALE REPRODUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Goyal, Hari O.; Tuskegee University Tuskegee Institute, Al 36088 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1978; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our long-range goal is to understand the role of estrogen (E) in male reproduction. The objective of this application is to determine how E mediates epididymis (EP)-specific sperm disorders. The central hypothesis is that diethylstilbestrol [(DES), a potent E agonist], when given to adult rats at a certain dose and for a certain duration, disturbs sperm functions at the level of the EP, but without affecting sperm in the testis. This hypothesis is based upon our strong preliminary/published data that DES treatment at a rate of 8 ug/rat/day for 6 and/or 9 days adversely affected sperm numbers and sperm motility patterns in the EP, reduced fertility, and reduced plasma testosterone (T), but did not affect sperm production in the testis. The objective of this application will be accomplished by testing hypotheses that 1) DES-induced reduced fertility results from deficits in epididymal sperm functions and/or a compromise in sexual behavior and can be prevented by co-administering T or antiestrogen (ICI 182,780); 2) DES-induced decrease in epididymal sperm numbers results from an acceleration of sperm transport in the EP and can be prevented by coadministering T; and 3) DES-induced changes in sperm motility/fertility coincide with changes in androgen and/or estrogen receptor proteins and/or epididymal secretory proteins. Various parameters that will be tested in animals treated with DES, DES+T, DES+ICI, or oil will include i) sperm fertility by in vitro inseminating a fixed number of caudal epididymal sperm, ii) sexual behavior by pairing males with females, iii) rate of sperm transport by determining sperm transit time, iv) androgen and estrogen receptor proteins by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting, and v) epididymal secretory proteins by gel electrophoresis of in vitro-labeled radioactive proteins. This research is innovative because it takes advantage of our DES rat model that is ideal for isolating EPspecific sperm effects. It is our expectation that the above experimental approaches will identify causes that led to reductions in fertility, epididymal sperm numbers, and sperm motility as a consequence of E exposure. These results will be significant because they are expected to provide landmarks that can be used to assess actions of endocrine
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disrupters and to provide therapeutic and contraceptive interventions that can be targeted at the level of the EP. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ROLE OF SELENOPROTEIN P IN MALE FERTILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Olson, Gary E.; Professor; Cell and Developmental Biology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 06-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Selenium is an essential dietary micronutrient required to maintain male fertility. Selenium exerts its physiological activity through selenoproteins that contain stochiometric amounts of selenium, as selenocysteine, in their primary structure. Epididymal spermatozoa of selenium deficient animals exhibit a loss of motility and display various defects including abnormalities of the mitochondrial sheath and disorganization of the flagellar fibers; our studies demonstrate the defects appear sequentially during spermiogenesis and post-testicular maturation underscoring roles for selenium in both the testis and epididymis. Selenium concentrations of the testis and spermatozoa are higher than other tissues, and the testis maintains its selenium content longer than other organs during dietary selenium deficiency. Thus the testis has a mechanism with which it competes effectively for selenium within the animal to support sperm development. Selenoprotein P (Se-P) is an extracellular selenoprotein that accounts for most of the selenium in plasma. We have produced Se-P null mice and the homozygous males are infertile. Testis selenium levels of Se-P null mice are extremely low and not elevated by selenium supplementation. Spermatids and epididymal spermatozoa of Se-P null animals exhibit structural defects of selenium deficiency. Our central hypothesis is that Se-P provides selenium to specific cell types of the testis and epididymis to support selenoprotein synthesis required for normal sperm development. The specific aims of this study are: Aim 1: To elucidate the potential roles of Se-P in spermiogenesis and post-testicular sperm development by defining its localization in the testis and epididymis. Aim 2: To determine if Se-P provides selenium to the seminiferous and epididymal tubules for biosynthesis of other selenoproteins. Aim 3: To identify and localize Se-P-binding proteins in the testis and epididymis. Aim 4: To determine the molecular basis for sperm defects in Se-P null mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF MOLECULES IN TISSUE BY MALDI-MS Principal Investigator & Institution: Caprioli, Richard M.; Stanley Cohen Professor of Biochemistry; Biochemistry; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-1998; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this proposed research is to develop a second generation Imaging MALDI mass spectrometer with significant performance advancements, to develop new procedural and chemical methodologies for automated sample preparation, and apply this new instrumentation and methods to several biological research investigations that will significantly benefit from this technology. Instrumental advancements will be done to a current Applied Biosystems Voyager STR MALDI MS for high speed imaging, including installation of a 1 kHz laser, modified electronics, new multi-anode detector, a 2-5 micron laser spot source, an X, Y, Z sample movement stage of 0.2 micron precision, and software for data acquisition and data processing including building a tissue protein database with appropriate archival
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and search routines. The second aspect of the proposed work is the establishment of new sample preparation methods to improve application of matrix in terms of the ease of use and reproducibility of the process, employment of different surface chemistries for tissue blotting, synthesis of cleavable detergents that enhance the MALDI process, evaluation of tissue fixing methods, construction and testing of a robotic picoliter droplet dispensing robot, new methods to improve relative quantitation of proteins on tissues, and methods designed for the imaging of small molecules such as drugs and drug metabolites by MALDI MS/MS. Concurrent with the instrument development would be the application of the technology to several biological problems that would significantly benefit from profiling and imaging mass spectrometry. These include a detailed molecular mapping of mouse epididymis, imaging drugs and drug metabolites involved in CNS dysfunction and correlation of this with changes in protein profiles, studies of protein profiles comparing normal brain regions with those involving Parkinson's disease, and investigation of changes in protein profiles in human epilepsy. Finally, we propose to develop the technology for the creation of 3- dimensional molecular images of selected proteins of small structures in tissues or organs such as a fetal mouse heart. The latter would focus on developmental aspects of heart formation and growth. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SPERMATOGONIAL TRANSPLANTATION
STEM
CELL
CULTURE
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Brinster, Ralph L.; Professor of Physiology; Animal Biology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: We have developed a method that allows transfer of testicular cells from a fertile male to the seminiferous tubules of an infertile male. Following transfer, the donor cell population establishes normal spermatogenesis in the recipient testes, and mature spermatozoa are produced and found in the epididymis. In the most successful transplantations, the recipient male becomes fertile, and the donor cell haplotype if found in progeny of the male. We have used this approach to demonstrate that spermatogonial stem cells can be cryopreserved, thus making individual male germ lines immortal. In addition, transplanted rat testis cells will generate spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of immunodeficient mice and produce rat spermatozoa, suggesting that xenogeneic spermatogenesis may be possible for other species. This testis call transplantation technique provides an opportunity to perform experiments with male germ cells that previously were difficult or impossible. In this project, we have three specific aims. 1. To increase the efficiency with which donor cells colonize and repopulate the seminiferous tubules of recipient mice. 2. To grow in vitro and expand the number of the testicular stem cells responsible for repopulating the recipient testis. 3. To modify the genetic characteristics of spermatogonial stem cells and recover the new haplotype in progeny. The studies proposed will make spermatogonial transplantation useful for a wide range of applications in biology, medicine and agriculture. In addition, the knowledge gained will help alleviate certain forms of male infertility and help in the development of new contraceptive approaches. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF THE EPIDIDYMIS AND VAS DEFERENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hamilton, David W.; Professor and Chairman; Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 29-SEP-1978; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Funds are requested to carry out projects on the function of proteins of the Crisp superfamily in the male reproductive tract. Three Crisp genes encode proteins in an organ-specific manner: Crisp-2 is testis- specific, Crisp-3 is submandibular glandspecific and Crisp-1 is expressed primarily in the epididymis. Crisp genes are found in mammals as diverse as rats, guinea pigs, mice and humans and so must have an important function in the organs within which they are expressed. Crisp-1 proteins are synthesized and secreted by the epididymal epithelium and subsequently bind to sperm in a domain-specific manner in rats. Protein D, which binds both loosely and tightly, localizes to the head of the sperm on the plasma membrane overlying the acrosome and has been shown to play a role in fertilization. Protein E binds specifically to plasma membrane of the tail, and also participates in fertilization. Proteins D and E have significant homology to helothermine (a salivary gland toxin that blocks ryanodine receptors) and to a number of insect and snake venom proteins that are capable of regulating ion channels. We hypothesize that proteins D and E function to regulate sperm ion fluxes, particularly calcium. In the first specific aim we explore the roles of Crisp-1 during sperm-egg fusion. In the second aim, we explore their role in capacitation and the acrosome reaction, both processes that require large ion fluxes. Finally, in the last specific aim we address the question of mechanism(s) that mediate binding of protein D and E to sperm in the epididymis. We hypothesize that the signal for domain localization resides in the NH2 terminus of the molecule and the carboxyl terminus, where 14 of the 16 cysteines are found, provides the plasma membrane binding domain. These studies will contribute significant knowledge on the role of a potentially important group of proteins both in the physiology of the epididymis and in fertilization. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: THE CRES GENE IN REPRODUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Cornwall, Gail A.; Cell Biology and Biochemistry; Texas Tech University Health Scis Center Health Sciences Center Lubbock, Tx 79430 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: The long-range objective of our studies is to determine the role of the CRES (cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic) protein in reproductive function. Gene and protein structure studies show that the CRES protein is a new member of the family 2 cystatins of the cystatin superfamily of cysteine protease inhibitors. However, several lines of evidence suggest that CRES may not function as a classic cystatin. Firstly, CRES protein lacks two of three consensus sites important for inhibition of cysteine proteases. Secondly, our in vitro enzyme assays show that, in contrast to cystatin C, CRES protein does not inhibit the cysteine proteases papain, cathepsin B, legumain, or caspase. Finally, unlike the ubiquitous expression of the family 2 cystatins, CRES protein expression is unique and is restricted to sites of high proteolytic activity within specific reproductive tissues including the proximal caput epididymis, anterior pituitary gonadotropes, and sperm acrosomes. Besides being localized to sites of high proteolytic activity, very strong evidence that CRES protein is a protease inhibitor is our recent in
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vitro enzyme assays showing that CRES protein is inhibitory against members of a family of highly substrate specific serine proteases known as the prohormone convertases. This recently discovered family of proteins play critical roles in prohormone and proprotein processing in a variety of organ systems including the neuroendocrine and reproductive systems. Taken together, our preliminary studies provide strong evidence that CRES protein is a potential inhibitor of an important family of proteases with widespread biological significance and therefore further studies on CRES protein are warranted. Because the epididymis and sperm acrosome are active sites where precursor proteins are processed to their mature forms and in vitro, CRES inhibits proteases with confirmed biological roles in protein processing, we hypothesize that CRES protein is a novel prohormone convertase inhibitor which regulates proteolytic processing events in the sperm acrosome and epididymis and thus is important for fertilization and sperm maturation. We will test our hypothesis in the following specific aims: 1) examine CRES protein as a convertase inhibitor by in vitro enzyme assays and co- immunoprecipitation experiments. Functional analyses of CRES as a convertase inhibitor will be initiated by examining potential targets of convertases; 2) examine acrosomal CRES protein in mouse sperm function; and 3) examine the biological function of CRES protein in vivo by gene knock-out studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE EPIDIDYMIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hinton, Barry T.; Professor; Cell Biology; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 13-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of this application is to support the participation of young investigators and invite specific speakers who are using especially forward-thinking investigational approaches to the Third International Conference on the Epididymis. The meeting will be held from May 29-June 1, 2002 at the Omni Hotel in Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. The Conference will address: (1) the cell biological functions of the epididymal epithelium, (2) the mechanisms by which genes are regulated in the epididymis, (3) the role and function of homeobox and homeodomain genes and proteins in the developing and adult epididymis, (4) the generation of novel epididymal cell lines, (5) the function of epididymal-specific proteins, (6) the importance of sperm surface antigens synthesized and secreted by the human epididymis, (7) the expression and regulation of human epididymal proteins, (8) the importance of the human epididymis in male fertility, (9) the epididymis as a resource for the development of a male contraceptive, (10) the generation and importance of using transgenic animals in the study of epididymal function and male fertility, and (11) strategies to develop a male contraceptive through interference in epididymal function. A key feature of the meeting will be the session entitled, "Topical Explorations." This session will provide a unique opportunity for all participants of the meeting to provide their input into one of four topics: 1) the need for reagents and resources to advance our understanding of epididymal function, (2) future directions in epididymal research, (3) barriers that impede the targeting of a male contraceptive to the epididymis and (4) the unique processes within the epididymis that could be targets for the development of a male contraceptive. The poster session is an important part of the meeting. It will provide an opportunity for trainees to present the latest findings from their laboratories and clinical practice. Historically, collaborations and new ideas have originated in these sessions. It is the hope of the Local Organizing Committee that trainees participating in the meeting will be stimulated intellectually and encouraged to
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pursue contemporary basic science and clinical research in this area important to reproductive health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TISSUE SPECIFIC EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION OF ME-RABP Principal Investigator & Institution: Orgebin-Crist, Marie-Claire; Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: In the epididymis spermatozoa mature, gain the ability to fertilize in vivo and are stored prior to ejaculation. Vitamin A is important in epididymal function since it is required to maintain epithelial structures. Targeted mutation of the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha) results in squamous metaplasia of the epididymal epithelium with resulting infertility (1). The retinoids being hydrophobic labile compounds are transported in a aqueous environments bound to specific carrier proteins. We have found that the epithelium of a restricted region of the epididymis (distal caput) secretes an androgen dependent retinoic acid binding protein (E-RABP) in the lumen of the epididymal duct. We have cloned, sequenced and localized on chromosome 2 the murine E-RABP gene. We have shown that 5 kb of the 5'flanking region ligated in front of the CAT reporter gene targets a surprisingly high level of gene expression in the caput. Our hypothesis is that mE-RABP is essential for the homeostasis and trafficking of retinoids within the epididymis and that its region-specific expression is determined by epididymal transcription factors. Our goals are to establish transgenic mouse models 1) to identify and characterize the minimal sequences conferring region specificity to mE-RABP gene expression and 2) to disrupt mE-RABP gene expression to determine the function of the mE-RABP protein. The specific aims of this study are: 1) To determine the role of the androgen receptor in the region-specific expression of the mE- RABP gene within the epididymis. 2) To identify the regulatory elements and their associated binding proteins involved in the epididymis-and region-specific expression of the mE-RABP gene. 3) To determine the function of mE-RABP using deletion and substitution variants of the mE- RABP gene in transgenic mouse models. Completion of the project will provide valuable tools for future studies designed to probe epididymal function. The mE-RABP promoter can be used to disrupt in vivo other epididymal genes allowing one to analyze the functional role of these genes in the epididymis. The mERABP knock-out mice can be used to re- express mE-RABP in an ectopic site (cauda or vas deferens), allowing one to determine the functional importance of region-specific gene expression in the epididymis. This proposal is part of our long-term goal to understand the mechanisms by which the gene expression in the epididymis. This proposal is part of our long-term goal to understand the mechanisms by which the epididymis provides the optimal milieu for male gametes and contributes to the production of a fertile ejaculate. The ultimate goal is to provide the basic knowledge for the rational treatment of some forms of male infertility. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TONIC ACTIVITY OF ADENOSINE A1-ADENOSINE RECEPTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Shryock, John C.; Research Professor & Program Director; Medicine; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: For many years it has been recognized that adenosine is a potent and efficacious inhibitor of lipolysis and adenylate and adenylate cyclase activity in white
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adipose tissue. A1-adenosine receptors in white adipose tissue are tonically active and treatment with antagonists of the A1- adenosine receptors in adipocytes are spontaneously active and cause inhibition of lipolysis even in the absence of an agonist, (2) there is a high receptor reserve for the anti-lipolytic action of adenosine, such that activation of a small fraction of receptors is sufficient to cause a functional response, and (3) there may exist an intracellular pool of A1- adenosine receptors in equilibrium with a concentration of adenosine which exceeds that in the extracellular space. Recent studies in our laboratory have demonstrated the presence of agonist-independent activity of A1adenosine receptors both in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells and in membranes prepared from rat epididymal adipose tissue. Adipocytes have a high density of A1adenosine receptors, a finding consistent with both the presence of spontaneous receptor activity and a high receptor reserve. Membrane caveolae are numerous in adipocytes. Literature reports suggest that caveolae may be a site of adenosine receptor signaling. Therefore the specific aims of the research are (1) determine whether A1adenosine receptors in the intact adipocyte are active in the absence of an agonist, (2) determine the receptor reserves for adenosine to inhibit accumulation of cyclic AMP and to reduce lipolysis in adipocytes, (3) test the hypothesis that an "intracellular" pool of A1-adenosine receptors mediates a tonic effect of adenosine to inhibit the accumulation of cAMP. Rat isolated epididymal adipocytes will be used for these studies. Agonist independent activity of A1-adenosine receptors will be investigated in Aim 1 by use of inverse agonists and neutral antagonists that have been previously characterized in our laboratory. Receptor reserve for adenosine will be measured in Aim 2 by use of FSCPX, an irreversible antagonist of the A1-adenosine receptor that has been characterized in our laboratory. Recently described methods to determine the concentration of adenosine in the receptor compartment and to isolate caveolar membranes for study will be used in Aim 3. The results of the studies will explain the pharmacologic basis of tonic activity of adipocyte A1-adenosine receptors. The research can be used a prelude to investigation of the excessive activity of A1-adenosine receptors associated with obesity, to investigation of events that regulate spontaneous A1-adenosine receptor activity, and to investigation of subcellular sites of adenosine production and signaling (both agonistdependent and agonist-independent) in adipocytes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “epididymis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for epididymis in the PubMed Central database:
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Nerve growth factor mRNA and protein in the testis and epididymis of mouse and rat. by Ayer-LeLievre C, Olson L, Ebendal T, Hallbook F, Persson H.; 1988 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=280051
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with epididymis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “epididymis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for epididymis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of primary carcinoma of the epididymis. Author(s): Yamamoto M, Miyake K, Mitsuya H, Ando T, Notoya A, Natsume H. Source: Hinyokika Kiyo. 1987 July; 33(7): 1139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3687638
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A major human epididymis-specific cDNA encodes a protein with sequence homology to extracellular proteinase inhibitors. Author(s): Kirchhoff C, Habben I, Ivell R, Krull N. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1991 August; 45(2): 350-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1686187
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A morphological study of the efferent ducts of the human epididymis. Author(s): Saitoh K, Terada T, Hatakeyama S. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 1990 October; 13(5): 369-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2283182
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A new sperm collection method for in-vitro fertilization: collection at tail of epididymis. Author(s): Tanaka A. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1992 July; 7(6): 838-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1500483
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A novel promoter is involved in the expression of estrogen receptor alpha in human testis and epididymis. Author(s): Brand H, Kos M, Denger S, Flouriot G, Gromoll J, Gannon F, Reid G. Source: Endocrinology. 2002 September; 143(9): 3397-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12193552
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A putative, ubiquitin-dependent mechanism for the recognition and elimination of defective spermatozoa in the mammalian epididymis. Author(s): Sutovsky P, Moreno R, Ramalho-Santos J, Dominko T, Thompson WE, Schatten G. Source: Journal of Cell Science. 2001 May; 114(Pt 9): 1665-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11309198
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A rare scrotal mass: fibrous pseudotumor of epididymis. Author(s): Gogus O, Bulay O, Yurdakul T, Beduk Y. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1990; 45(1): 63-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2305499
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Abnormal distribution of CF delta F508 allele in azoospermic men with congenital aplasia of epididymis and vas deferens. Author(s): Dumur V, Gervais R, Rigot JM, Lafitte JJ, Manouvrier S, Biserte J, Mazeman E, Roussel P. Source: Lancet. 1990 August 25; 336(8713): 512. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1975022
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Abnormal fluid transport by the epididymis as a cause of obstructive azoospermia. Author(s): Wong PY. Source: Reproduction, Fertility, and Development. 1990; 2(2): 115-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2198616
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Absence of group II phospholipase A2, a Paneth cell marker, from the epididymis. Author(s): Nevalainen TJ, Shah VI, de Peralta-Venturina M, Amin MB. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2001 April; 109(4): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11469501
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Adenocarcinoma of the epididymis: a report of four cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Jones MA, Young RH, Scully RE. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1997 December; 21(12): 1474-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9414191
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Adenomatoid leiomyoma and papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis. Author(s): Romanelli R, Sanna A. Source: Pathologica. 1985 July-August; 77(1050): 445-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3834375
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Adenomatoid tumor of epididymis simulating benign cyst on scrotal ultrasound. Author(s): Vick CW 3rd, Klein FA, Schneider V. Source: Urology. 1991 October; 38(4): 369-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1755150
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Adenomatoid tumor of the epididymis with special reference to immunohistochemical study of 3 cases. Author(s): Sakai T, Nakada T, Kono T, Katayama T, Masuda S. Source: Hinyokika Kiyo. 1989 September; 35(9): 1537-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2479238
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Adenomatoid tumor of the epididymis: immunohistochemical study of 8 cases. Author(s): Detassis C, Pusiol T, Piscioli F, Luciani L. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1986; 41(3): 232-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2428153
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Adenomatoid tumors of testis and epididymis: a report of two cases. Author(s): Gokce G, Kilicarslan H, Ayan S, Yildiz E, Kaya K, Gultekin EY. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2001; 32(4): 677-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11989563
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Adenomatoid, or mesothelial, tumour of the epididymis. Author(s): Craig SR, Brown PW. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1990 December; 35(6): 390. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2086803
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An unusual complication of transurethral resection: reflux into the vas deferens, seminal vesicles and epididymis. Author(s): Hubler J, Fariborz B, Fabos Z. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 November; 162(5): 1696. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10524908
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Analysis of the whole CFTR coding regions and splice junctions in azoospermic men with congenital bilateral aplasia of epididymis or vas deferens. Author(s): Culard JF, Desgeorges M, Costa P, Laussel M, Razakatzara G, Navratil H, Demaille J, Claustres M. Source: Human Genetics. 1994 April; 93(4): 467-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7513294
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Anatomical relationships between testis and epididymis during the fetal period in humans (10-36 weeks postconception). Author(s): Favorito LA, Sampaio FJ. Source: European Urology. 1998; 33(1): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9471054
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Androgen metabolism in the human epididymis. Effect of in vivo estrogen administration. Author(s): Vazquez MH, de Larminat MA, Gurpide E, Scorticati C, Blaquier JA. Source: J Steroid Biochem. 1986 August; 25(2): 239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3747523
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Androgen regulation of glycosidase secretion in epithelial cell cultures from human epididymis. Author(s): Castellon EA, Huidobro CC. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1999 June; 14(6): 1522-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10357969
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Angioarchitecture of the epididymis in men bull and ram. Author(s): Cendrowska I, Jedrzejewski KS, Okraszewska E. Source: Folia Morphol (Warsz). 1996; 55(4): 227-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9243858
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Angiotensin converting enzyme in human seminal plasma is synthesized by the testis, epididymis and prostate. Author(s): Krassnigg F, Niederhauser H, Fink E, Frick J, Schill WB. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 1989 February; 12(1): 22-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2541085
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Antibacterial properties of the sperm-binding proteins and peptides of human epididymis 2 (HE2) family; salt sensitivity, structural dependence and their interaction with outer and cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli. Author(s): Yenugu S, Hamil KG, Birse CE, Ruben SM, French FS, Hall SH. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2003 June 1; 372(Pt 2): 473-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12628001
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Antioxidant capacity of the epididymis. Author(s): Potts RJ, Jefferies TM, Notarianni LJ. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1999 October; 14(10): 2513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10527979
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Apical mitochondria-rich cells in the human epididymis: an ultrastructural, enzymohistochemical, and immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Palacios J, Regadera J, Nistal M, Paniagua R. Source: The Anatomical Record. 1991 September; 231(1): 82-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1721507
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Aromatase immunolocalization in human ductuli efferentes and proximal ductus epididymis. Author(s): Carpino A, Romeo F, Rago V. Source: Journal of Anatomy. 2004 March; 204(Pt 3): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15032911
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Atypical sperm granuloma of the epididymis mimicking a testicular mass. Author(s): Kumar A, Aggarwal S. Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 1993 April; 44(2): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8462033
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Autoimmune-like activity of sperm specific LDH: a pathophysiological and electron microscopic study of atrophied testis and epididymis. Author(s): Gupta GS, Malhotra R. Source: Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1994 December; 31(6): 480-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7875719
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Basal cells of the human epididymis--antigenic and ultrastructural similarities to tissue-fixed macrophages. Author(s): Yeung CH, Nashan D, Sorg C, Oberpenning F, Schulze H, Nieschlag E, Cooper TG. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1994 April; 50(4): 917-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8199271
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Basal serum testosterone as an indicator of response to clomiphene treatment in human epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate. Author(s): Gonzales GF. Source: Andrologia. 2002 October; 34(5): 308-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12390089
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Benign mesothelioma of the epididymis: case report. Author(s): Van Poppel H, Van Renterghem K, Claes H, Oyen R, Moerman P, Baert L. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1988; 43(6): 370-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3070893
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Bilateral agenesis of the vas deferens. Report of two cases with special reference to spermatogenesis and the epididymis. Author(s): Nylander G, Persson BH. Source: Acta Soc Med Ups. 1968; 73(5-6): 221-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5212567
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Bilateral fibrosarcoma of the epididymis. Author(s): McCormack M. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1975 July; 28(7): 576-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1150898
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Bilateral leiomyoma of the epididymis. Author(s): Bruno S, Leone V, Mincione GP. Source: Pathologica. 1993 January-February; 85(1095): 129-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8516023
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Bilateral mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the testis and epididymis. Author(s): Nistal M, Revestido R, Paniagua R. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1992 December; 116(12): 1360-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1456884
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Bilateral papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis as a component of von HippelLindau's syndrome: report of a case presenting as infertility. Author(s): de Souza Andrade J, Bambirra EA, Bicalho OJ, de Souza AF. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1985 February; 133(2): 288-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3968752
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Biology of G protein-coupled melatonin receptors in the epididymis and prostate of mammals. Author(s): Shiu SY, Li L, Wong JT, Pang SF. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1997 August; 110(8): 648-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9594273
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Bizarre leiomyoma of the epididymis. A case report. Author(s): Borri A, Nesi G, Bencini L, Pernice LM. Source: Minerva Urol Nefrol. 2000 March; 52(1): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11517827
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Blastomycosis of the epididymis and prostate. Author(s): Seo R, Oyasu R, Schaeffer A. Source: Urology. 1997 December; 50(6): 980-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9426737
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Blood testosterone levels are correlated with beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity in human caput epididymis. Author(s): Datti A, Beccari T, Emiliani C, Stirling JL, Orlacchio A. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1993 August; 30(6): 1013-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8220248
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Brown patches in the epididymis. Author(s): Mitchinson MJ, Sherman KP, Stainer-Smith AM. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1975 January; 115(1): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1151517
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Brown patches in the epididymis. Author(s): Mitchinson MJ, Green SF, Sherman KP, Stainer-Smith AM, Daniell SJ. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1973 January; 109(1): Pix. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4719749
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Burkitt lymphoma involving the epididymis and spermatic cord: sonographic and CT findings. Author(s): Zwanger-Mendelsohn S, Shreck EH, Doshi V. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1989 July; 153(1): 85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2660540
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Carcinoma of epididymis--report of a case. Author(s): Kher MM, Kherdekar MS, Grover S, Sharma KD. Source: Indian Journal of Cancer. 1973 December; 10(4): 475-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4799816
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Cavernous haemangioma of the epididymis mimicking a testicular malignancy. Author(s): Chetty R, Bandid S, Freedman D. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1993 March; 63(3): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8311804
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Ceftriaxone pharmacokinetics in elderly subjects and penetration into epididymis. Author(s): Geny F, Costa P, Bressolle F, Galtier M. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1993 March; 14(2): 161-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8453025
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Changes in movement characteristics of human spermatozoa along the length of the epididymis. Author(s): Yeung CH, Cooper TG, Oberpenning F, Schulze H, Nieschlag E. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1993 August; 49(2): 274-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8373950
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Changes in the epididymis after vasectomy: sonographic findings. Author(s): Jarvis LJ, Dubbins PA. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1989 March; 152(3): 531-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2644777
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Characterization of an androgen response element within the promoter of the epididymis-specific murine glutathione peroxidase 5 gene. Author(s): Lareyre JJ, Claessens F, Rombauts W, Dufaure JP, Drevet JR. Source: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 1997 April 25; 129(1): 33-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9175627
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Characterization of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from human epididymis. Author(s): Miranda PV, Brandelli A, Tezon JG. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 1995 October; 18(5): 263-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8567097
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Characterization of regional proteins in tissues and fluids in the human epididymis. Author(s): Junera HR, Alfonsi MF, Fain-Maurel MA, Dadoune JP. Source: Reproduction, Nutrition, Development. 1988; 28(5): 1267-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2473498
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Chloride channels on epithelial cells cultured from human fetal epididymis. Author(s): Pollard CE, Harris A, Coleman L, Argent BE. Source: The Journal of Membrane Biology. 1991 December; 124(3): 275-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1724015
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Cloning and analysis of mRNAs expressed specifically in the human epididymis. Author(s): Kirchhoff C, Osterhoff C, Habben I, Ivell R, Kirchloff C. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 1990 April; 13(2): 155-67. Erratum In: Int J Androl 1990 August; 13(4): 327. Kirchloff C[corrected to Kirchhoff C]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1693137
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Cloning and characterization of a complementary DNA encoding a human epididymis-associated disintegrin and metalloprotease 7 protein. Author(s): Lin YC, Sun GH, Lee YM, Guo YW, Liu HW. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 2001 September; 65(3): 944-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11514362
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Cloning and sequencing of human Eppin: a novel family of protease inhibitors expressed in the epididymis and testis. Author(s): Richardson RT, Sivashanmugam P, Hall SH, Hamil KG, Moore PA, Ruben SM, French FS, O'Rand M. Source: Gene. 2001 May 30; 270(1-2): 93-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11404006
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Cloning of a human epididymis-specific mRNA, HE6, encoding a novel member of the seven transmembrane-domain receptor superfamily. Author(s): Osterhoff C, Ivell R, Kirchhoff C. Source: Dna and Cell Biology. 1997 April; 16(4): 379-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9150425
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Coccidioidomycosis of prostate and epididymis. With urethrocutaneous fistula. Author(s): Gottesman JE. Source: Urology. 1974 September; 4(3): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4421120
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Coccidioidomycosis of prostate and epididymis--case report and review of literature. Author(s): Weitzner S. Source: Southwest Med. 1968 April; 49(4): 67-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5649407
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Coccidioidomycosis of the epididymis. Author(s): Chen KT. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1983 November; 130(5): 978-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6632114
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Co-expression of cytokeratin and vimentin filaments in rete testis and epididymis. An immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Kasper M. Source: Virchows Arch a Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1991; 419(6): 527-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1721474
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Co-expression of cytokeratin and vimentin filaments in rete testis and epididymis. An immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Dinges HP, Zatloukal K, Schmid C, Mair S, Wirnsberger G. Source: Virchows Arch a Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1991; 418(2): 119-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1705065
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Comparative physiology of the mammalian epididymis. Author(s): Prasad MR, Rajalakshmi M. Source: General and Comparative Endocrinology. 1976 April; 28(4): 530-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=821810
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Complete separation of the testis and epididymis. Author(s): Emanuel ER, Kirsch AJ, Thall EH, Hensle TW. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1997 May; 32(5): 754-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9165471
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Components of sperm maturation in the human epididymis. Author(s): Bedford JM. Source: Adv Biosci. 1973; 10: 145-55. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4618526
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Concentrations of unconjugated 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol and 5 alphaandrostane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol and their precursor in human testicular tissue. Comparison with testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, estradiol-17 beta, and with steroid concentrations in human epididymis. Author(s): Tamm J, Volkwein U, Kurniawan E, Becker H. Source: J Steroid Biochem. 1987 March; 26(3): 345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3586650
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Congenital anomalies of the testis, vas epididymis, and inguinal canal. Author(s): Cromie WJ. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 1978 February; 5(1): 237-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=25504
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Congenital anomalies of the vas deferens, epididymis, and seminal vesicles. Author(s): Vohra S, Morgentaler A. Source: Urology. 1997 March; 49(3): 313-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9123691
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Congenitally uncoiled epididymis in a cryptorchid testicle. Author(s): Davis EL, Shpall RA, Goldstein AM, Morrow JW. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1974 May; 111(5): 618-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4150948
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Cryptorchidism: the surgical implications of non-union of the epididymis and testis. Author(s): Marshall FF, Weissman RM, Jeffs RD. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1980 October; 124(4): 560-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6106722
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Cystadenoma of the epididymis associated with hydrocele. Author(s): Impieri M, Masoni T, Giusti F. Source: Acta Urol Belg. 1982; 50(3): 373-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7148594
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Cystadenoma of the epididymis, another cause of scrotal mass in infancy. Author(s): Rivilla F, Garcia Casillas J, Ortega L. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 1995 February; 5(1): 55-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7756240
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Cytologic features of papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis associated with hydrocele. Author(s): Nepka C, Kipouros A, Amplianitis I, Kangas A, Papalakis A, Kafanas A. Source: Acta Cytol. 2004 May-June; 48(3): 467-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15192977
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Cytology of infradiaphragmatic. 4. Testis and epididymis. Author(s): Zajicek J. Source: Monogr Clin Cytol. 1979; 7: 104-28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=572476
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Detached ciliary tufts in the epididymis: a lesson in applied anatomy. Author(s): Comiter CV, Bruning CO 3rd, Morgentaler A. Source: Urology. 1995 November; 46(5): 740-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7495135
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Development of the oocyte-penetrating capacity of spermatozoa in the human epididymis. Author(s): Moore HD, Hartman TD, Pryor JP. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 1983 August; 6(4): 310-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6618687
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Diffuse fibrous pseudotumor of the tunica vaginalis testis, epididymis and spermatic cord. Author(s): Polsky EG, Ray C, Dubilier LD. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 April; 171(4): 1625-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15017237
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Diffuse leiomyomatous proliferation in the epididymis. A cause of pain in hydrocele. Author(s): Payan HM, Mendoza C Jr, Ceraldi A. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1967 March; 94(3): 427-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6018900
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Disposition of roxithromycin in the epididymis after repeated oral administration. Author(s): Costa P, Desclaux d'Arramon F, Gouby A, Navratil H, Geny F, Galtier M, Bressolle F. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1992 August; 30(2): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1399928
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Distribution of new human beta-defensin genes clustered on chromosome 20 in functionally different segments of epididymis. Author(s): Rodriguez-Jimenez FJ, Krause A, Schulz S, Forssmann WG, Conejo-Garcia JR, Schreeb R, Motzkus D. Source: Genomics. 2003 February; 81(2): 175-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12620395
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Diverticula of the ductus epididymis in men. Author(s): Nistal M, Iniguez L, Paniagua R, Regadera J. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1986 December; 136(6): 1224-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3095567
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Dog epididymis-specific mRNA encoding secretory glutathione peroxidase-like protein. Author(s): Beiglbock A, Pera I, Ellerbrock K, Kirchhoff C. Source: Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 1998 March; 112(2): 357-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9640275
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Double vas deferens and epididymis associated with ipsilateral renal agenesis simulating ectopic ureter opening into the seminal vesicle. Author(s): Gravgaard E, Garsdal L, Moller SH. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 1978; 12(1): 85-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=635490
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Ductal epithelial cells cultured from human foetal epididymis and vas deferens: relevance to sterility in cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Harris A, Coleman L. Source: Journal of Cell Science. 1989 April; 92 ( Pt 4): 687-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2600140
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Dysplasia of the testis and epididymis. Author(s): Lingardh G, Domellof L, Eriksson S, Fahraeus B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 1975; 9(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2968
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Effect of androgen on androgen receptors in cultured human epididymis. Author(s): Vazquez MH, de Larminat MA, Blaquier JA. Source: The Journal of Endocrinology. 1986 November; 111(2): 343-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3794586
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Effect of daily spermatozoan production but not age on transit time of spermatozoa through the human epididymis. Author(s): Johnson L, Varner DD. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1988 November; 39(4): 812-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3207807
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Effect of vasectomy on P34H messenger ribonucleic acid expression along the human excurrent duct: a reflection on the function of the human epididymis. Author(s): Legare C, Thabet M, Picard S, Sullivan R. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 2001 February; 64(2): 720-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11159378
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Effects of cyproterone acetate on the ultrastructure of the human epididymis. Author(s): Lopez ML, Cerda MC. Source: Andrologia. 1993 January-February; 25(1): 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8427421
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Effects of elevated temperature on the epididymis and testis: experimental studies. Author(s): Bedford JM. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1991; 286: 19-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2042501
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Effects of ischaemia on the caput epididymis and its relationship to higher epididymal obstruction: a qualitative study in the ram. Author(s): Markey CM, Jequier AM, Meyer GT. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 1995 August; 18(4): 185-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7591191
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Endothelin-1 and its receptors in the human epididymis. Author(s): Harneit S, Ergun S, Paust HJ, Mukhopadhyay AK, Holstein AF. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1997; 424: 191-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9361794
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Endothelin-1 is synthesized and biologically active in human epididymis via a paracrine mode of action. Author(s): Peri A, Fantoni G, Granchi S, Vannelli GB, Barni T, Amerini S, Pupilli C, Barbagli G, Serio M, Maggi M, Forti G. Source: Steroids. 1998 May-June; 63(5-6): 294-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9618789
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EP2 splicing variants in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) epididymis. Author(s): Frohlich O, Ibrahim NM, Young LG. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 2003 July; 69(1): 294-300. Epub 2003 February 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12606416
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Epididymal carcinoma (malignant adenomatoid tumor, mesonephric, mesodermal carcinoma of epididymis). Author(s): Fisher ER, Klieger H. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1966 April; 95(4): 568-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5948871
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Epididymis and seminal vesicle as sources of carnitine in human seminal fluid: the clinical significance of the carnitine concentration in human seminal fluid. Author(s): Lewin LM, Beer R, Lunenfeld B. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1976 January; 27(1): 9-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1245248
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Epididymis and sperm function. Author(s): Cooper TG. Source: Andrologia. 1996; 28 Suppl 1: 57-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9017097
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Epididymis examined by ultrasound. Correlation with pathology. Author(s): Rifkin MD, Kurtz AB, Goldberg BB. Source: Radiology. 1984 April; 151(1): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6701313
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Epididymis metastasis from colon carcinoma: a case report and a review of the Japanese literature. Author(s): Kanno K, Ohwada S, Nakamura S, Ohya T, Iino Y, Morishita Y, Hayashi M, Yamanaka H, Fukusato T, Koyama T, et al. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1994 December; 24(6): 340-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7830340
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Estrogen and progesterone receptors and estrogen receptor-related antigen (ER-D5) in human epididymis. Author(s): Ergun S, Ungefroren H, Holstein AF, Davidoff MS. Source: Molecular Reproduction and Development. 1997 August; 47(4): 448-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9211430
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Estrogen receptors in the human prostate, seminal vesicle, epididymis, testis, and genital skin: a marker for estrogen-responsive tissues? Author(s): Murphy JB, Emmott RC, Hicks LL, Walsh PC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1980 May; 50(5): 938-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7372780
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Evidence supporting the existence of sperm maturation in the human epididymis. Author(s): Hinrichsen MJ, Blaquier JA. Source: Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 1980 November; 60(2): 291-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7431338
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Expression and characterization of an epididymis-specific gene. Author(s): Fan HY, Miao SY, Wang LF, Koide SS. Source: Archives of Andrology. 1999 March-April; 42(2): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10101572
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Expression and localization of N- and E-cadherin in the human testis and epididymis. Author(s): Andersson AM, Edvardsen K, Skakkebaek NE. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 1994 August; 17(4): 174-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7995652
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Expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mRNA in normal and pathological adult human epididymis. Author(s): Patrizio P, Salameh WA. Source: J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1998; 53: 261-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10645285
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Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in von Hippel-Lindau syndromeassociated papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis. Author(s): Leung SY, Chan AS, Wong MP, Yuen ST, Fan YW, Chung LP. Source: Human Pathology. 1998 November; 29(11): 1322-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9824115
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Extratesticular dermoid cyst and fibrous dysplasia of epididymis. Author(s): Bloom DA, DiPietro MA, Gikas PW, McGuire EJ. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1987 May; 137(5): 996-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3573207
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Failure of fusion of epididymis and testicle with complete separation of the vas deferens. Author(s): Nowak K. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1972 December; 7(6): 715-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4635528
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Familial bilateral papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis: report of three cases in siblings. Author(s): Tsuda H, Fukushima S, Takahashi M, Hikosaka Y, Hayashi K. Source: Cancer. 1976 April; 37(4): 1831-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1260690
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Fate of a kidney-specific mesonephric antigen during the differentiation of the epididymis. Author(s): Linder E. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1971 June 21; 177: 204-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4110289
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Fertility by rapidly activated sperm from epididymis. Author(s): Zhuang K, Li WD, Liu WC. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1994 August; 107(8): 594-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7805443
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Fibrosarcoma of epididymis. Author(s): Dowling KJ, Lieb HE. Source: Urology. 1985 September; 26(3): 307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4035851
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Fibrous pseudotumor of the epididymis. Author(s): al-Otaibi L, Whitman GJ, Chew FS. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1997 June; 168(6): 1586. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9168731
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Fibrous pseudotumor of the epididymis: imaging and pathologic correlation. Author(s): Krainik A, Sarrazin JL, Camparo P, Vincendeau S, Houlgatte A, Cordoliani YS. Source: European Radiology. 2000; 10(10): 1636-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11044938
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Fibrous pseudotumor of tunica vaginalis and epididymis. Author(s): Tobias-machado M, Correa Lopes Neto A, Heloisa Simardi L, Borrelli M, Wroclawski ER. Source: Urology. 2000 October 1; 56(4): 670-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11018636
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Fine structure of fetal human testis and epididymis. Author(s): Gould SF, Bernstein MH. Source: Archives of Andrology. 1979 March; 2(2): 93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=485640
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Fine structure of the testis and epididymis of rats treated with cyproterone acetate. Author(s): Flickinger CJ, Loving CK. Source: Am J Anat. 1976 August; 146(4): 359-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=945940
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Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Yeung CH, Cooper TG, Weinbauer GF, Bergmann M, Kleinhans G, Schulze H, Nieschlag E. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 1989 October; 12(5): 384-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2592126
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Functional expression and localization of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in the human epididymis. Author(s): Ergun S, Luttmer W, Fiedler W, Holstein AF. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1998 January; 58(1): 160-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9472937
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Fusional anomalies of the testis and epididymis. Author(s): Merksz M. Source: Acta Chir Hung. 1998; 37(3-4): 153-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10379367
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Gene expression in the dog epididymis: a model for human epididymal function. Author(s): Ellerbrock K, Pera I, Hartung S, Ivell R. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 1994 December; 17(6): 314-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7744511
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Gene expression in the epididymis. Author(s): Kirchhoff C. Source: Int Rev Cytol. 1999; 188: 133-202. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10208012
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Gene expression of endothelin-1, endothelin-converting enzyme-1, and endothelin receptors in human epididymis. Author(s): Peri A, Fantoni G, Granchi S, Vannelli GB, Barni T, Amerini S, Pupilli C, Barbagli G, Forti G, Serio M, Maggi M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 November; 82(11): 3797-806. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9360544
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Giant fibroma of the epididymis: a case report. Author(s): Dandia SD, Ojha DG. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1966 December; 96(6): 941-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5956781
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Glandular inclusions in inguinal hernia sacs: morphologic and immunohistochemical distinction from epididymis and vas deferens. Author(s): Cerilli LA, Sotelo-Avila C, Mills SE. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2003 April; 27(4): 469-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12657931
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Glutathione-related enzymes in cell cultures from different regions of human epididymis. Author(s): Montiel EE, Huidobro CC, Castellon EA. Source: Archives of Andrology. 2003 March-April; 49(2): 95-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12623745
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GP-83 and GP-39, two glycoproteins secreted by human epididymis are conjugated to spermatozoa during maturation. Author(s): Liu HW, Lin YC, Chao CF, Chang SY, Sun GH. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 2000 May; 6(5): 422-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10775645
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HE2/EP2, an androgen-dependent protein from the epididymis of the chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes. Author(s): Young LG, Frohlich O, Gould KG. Source: J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1998; 53: 215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10645280
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HE2beta and HE2gamma, new members of an epididymis-specific family of androgen-regulated proteins in the human. Author(s): Hamil KG, Sivashanmugam P, Richardson RT, Grossman G, Ruben SM, Mohler JL, Petrusz P, O'Rand MG, French FS, Hall SH. Source: Endocrinology. 2000 March; 141(3): 1245-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10698202
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Histochemical demonstration of zinc ions in human epididymis using autometallography. Author(s): Stoltenberg M, Lund L, Juhl S, Danscher G, Ernst E. Source: The Histochemical Journal. 1997 October; 29(10): 721-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9429075
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Histochemical localization and quantification of alpha-glucosidase in the epididymis of men and laboratory animals. Author(s): Yeung CH, Cooper TG, Senge T. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1990 April; 42(4): 669-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2112030
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Histochemical localization of ascorbic acid in the testis, epididymis and vas deferens of some rodents. Author(s): Chinoy NJ, Sharma JD, Chinoy MR. Source: Z Mikrosk Anat Forsch. 1983; 97(6): 961-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6670350
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Histologic variations in the epididymis: findings in 167 orchiectomy specimens. Author(s): Shah VI, Ro JY, Amin MB, Mullick S, Nazeer T, Ayala AG. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1998 August; 22(8): 990-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9706979
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Histology of the epididymis in men with obstructive infertility. Author(s): Rajalakshmi M, Kumar BV, Ramakrishnan PR, Kapur MM. Source: Andrologia. 1990 July-August; 22(4): 319-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2124783
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Histopathological and morphometrical study of the human epididymis and testis. Author(s): Oshima S, Okayasu I, Uchima H, Hatakeyama S. Source: Acta Pathol Jpn. 1984 November; 34(6): 1327-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6441451
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Hodgkin's disease of the epididymis and testis. Author(s): Glaholm J, Brada M, Horwich A. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1989 September; 82(9): 558-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2795580
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Human male infertility caused by degeneration and death of sperm in the epididymis. Author(s): Wilton LJ, Temple-Smith PD, Baker HW, de Kretser DM. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1988 June; 49(6): 1052-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3371483
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Human papillomavirus in squamous metaplastic epithelium with dysplasia of the epididymis detected by PCR method. Author(s): Svec A, Urban M, Mikyskova I, Tachezy R. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1999 November; 23(11): 1437-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10555017
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Human papillomavirus infection of the epididymis and ductus deferens: an evaluation by nested polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Svec A, Mikyskova I, Hes O, Tachezy R. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 November; 127(11): 1471-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14567721
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Human pregnancy by in vitro fertilization (IVF) using sperm aspirated from the epididymis. Author(s): Temple-Smith PD, Southwick GJ, Yates CA, Trounson AO, de Kretser DM. Source: J in Vitro Fert Embryo Transf. 1985 September; 2(3): 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4056559
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I. Abnormalities in cells of the testis, efferent ducts, and epididymis in juvenile and adult mice with beta-hexosaminidase A and B deficiency. Author(s): Adamali HI, Somani IH, Huang JQ, Mahuran D, Gravel RA, Trasler JM, Hermo L. Source: Journal of Andrology. 1999 November-December; 20(6): 779-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10591618
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Identification of a developmentally regulated gene, esr16, in the tracheal epithelium of Manduca sexta, with homology to a protein from human epididymis. Author(s): Meszaros M, Morton DB. Source: Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1996 January; 26(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8673080
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Identification of androgen-induced proteins in human epididymis. Author(s): Tezon JG, Vazquez MH, Pineiro L, de Larminat MA, Blaquier JA. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1985 April; 32(3): 584-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3995130
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Identification of motile sperm in caput epididymis. Intraoperative observations and clinical correlations. Author(s): Wolfson B, Gambone J, Rajfer J. Source: Urology. 1992 October; 40(4): 335-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1413351
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Identification of multiple novel epididymis-specific beta-defensin isoforms in humans and mice. Author(s): Yamaguchi Y, Nagase T, Makita R, Fukuhara S, Tomita T, Tominaga T, Kurihara H, Ouchi Y. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2002 September 1; 169(5): 251623. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12193721
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Identification of N- and O-linked oligosaccharides in the human epididymis. Author(s): Arenas MI, Madrid JF, Bethencourt FR, Fraile B, Paniagua R. Source: The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry : Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society. 1998 October; 46(10): 1185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9742074
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Identification, localization and functional activity of oxytocin receptors in epididymis. Author(s): Filippi S, Vannelli GB, Granchi S, Luconi M, Crescioli C, Mancina R, Natali A, Brocchi S, Vignozzi L, Bencini E, Noci I, Ledda F, Forti G, Maggi M. Source: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 2002 July 31; 193(1-2): 89-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12161007
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Identification, sequence analysis and expression of transcripts encoding a putative metalloproteinase, eMDC II, in human and macaque epididymis. Author(s): Jury JA, Perry AC, Hall L. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 1999 December; 5(12): 1127-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10587367
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II. Characterization and development of the regional- and cellular-specific abnormalities in the epididymis of mice with beta-hexosaminidase A deficiency. Author(s): Adamali HI, Somani IH, Huang JQ, Gravel RA, Trasler JM, Hermo L. Source: Journal of Andrology. 1999 November-December; 20(6): 803-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10591619
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Immunochemical localization and characterization of proteins from mouse cauda epididymis using human sperm specific monoclonal antibody. Author(s): Hegde UC, Khole V, Premachandran S. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1991 February; 6(2): 259-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2056023
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Immunochemical localization of secretory antigens in the human epididymis and their association with spermatozoa. Author(s): Tezon JG, Ramella E, Cameo MS, Vazquez MH, Blaquier JA. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1985 April; 32(3): 591-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3995131
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Immunohistochemical and semiquantitative study of the apical mitochondria-rich cells of the human prepubertal and adult epididymis. Author(s): Regadera J, Cobo P, Paniagua R, Martinez-Garcia F, Palacios J, Nistal M. Source: Journal of Anatomy. 1993 December; 183 ( Pt 3): 507-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7507915
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Immunohistochemical expressions of estrogen and progesterone receptors in human epididymis at different ages--a preliminary study. Author(s): Misao R, Fujimoto J, Niwa K, Morishita S, Nakanishi Y, Tamaya T. Source: Int J Fertil Womens Med. 1997 January-February; 42(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9113834
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Immunohistochemical localization of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human testis, epididymis, and vas deferens suggests a possible role for nitric oxide in spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, and programmed cell death. Author(s): Zini A, O'Bryan MK, Magid MS, Schlegel PN. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1996 November; 55(5): 935-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8902202
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Immunohistochemistry of the human ductus epididymis. Author(s): Palacios J, Regadera J, Paniagua R, Gamallo C, Nistal M. Source: The Anatomical Record. 1993 April; 235(4): 560-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7682039
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Immunology of the epididymis. Author(s): Cooper TG. Source: Andrologia. 1999 September; 31(5): 322. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10526651
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Immunoperoxidase study on adenomatoid tumor of the epididymis using antimesothelial cell serum. Author(s): Mucientes F, Govindarajan S, Burotto S. Source: Cancer. 1985 January 15; 55(2): 363-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2578084
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In defense of a function for the human epididymis. Author(s): Cooper TG. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1990 December; 54(6): 965-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2245854
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Incidence and structure of the appendices of the testis and epididymis. Author(s): Sahni D, Jit I, Joshi K, Sanjeev. Source: Journal of Anatomy. 1996 October; 189 ( Pt 2): 341-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8886956
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Inflammatory pseudotumor of epididymis and Epstein-Barr virus: a study of two cases. Author(s): Chan KW, Chan KL, Lam KY. Source: Pathology. 1997 February; 29(1): 100-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9094190
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Inflammatory pseudotumor of the epididymis. Author(s): Brauers A, Striepecke E, Mersdorf A, Sohn M, Fuzesi L. Source: European Urology. 1997; 32(2): 253-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9286662
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Inflammatory pseudotumour of the epididymis. Author(s): Lam KY, Chan KW, Ho MH. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1995 February; 75(2): 255-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7850344
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Influence of acetazolamide on AQP1 gene expression in testis and on sperm count/motility in epididymis of rats. Author(s): Yu HM, Sun BM, Bai Q, Koide SS, Li XJ. Source: Archives of Andrology. 2002 July-August; 48(4): 281-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12137589
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Influence of the epididymis on integrins and matrix proteins of human spermatozoa. Author(s): Glander HJ, Schaller J, Dethloff J. Source: Acta Chir Hung. 1994; 34(3-4): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7542421
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Interaction of sex hormone-binding globulin with plasma membranes from the rat epididymis and other tissues. Author(s): Krupenko SA, Krupenko NI, Danzo BJ. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1994 October; 51(12): 115-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7947346
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Intra-abdominal testis with loop-like epididymis and intra-canalicular vas and vessels. Author(s): Anwar A, Kurokawa Y, Shintani T, Onishi T, Kanayama HO, Kagawa S, Wakatsuki S. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2002 September; 9(9): 528-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410937
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Isoforms of angiotensin I-converting enzyme in the development and differentiation of human testis and epididymis. Author(s): Pauls K, Metzger R, Steger K, Klonisch T, Danilov S, Franke FE. Source: Andrologia. 2003 February; 35(1): 32-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12558527
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Isolated arteritis of the epididymis. Author(s): Womack C, Ansell ID. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1985 July; 38(7): 797-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3874886
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Isolated necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of the epididymis and spermatic cords. Author(s): Halim A, Neild GH, Levine T, Shaw PJ. Source: World Journal of Urology. 1994; 12(6): 357-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7881475
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Isolation and characterization of a rat cDNA clone encoding a secreted superoxide dismutase reveals the epididymis to be a major site of its expression. Author(s): Perry AC, Jones R, Hall L. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1993 July 1; 293 ( Pt 1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8328962
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Lectin histochemistry in the human epididymis. Author(s): Arenas MI, de Miguel MP, Bethencourt FR, Fraile B, Royuela M, Paniagua R. Source: Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 1996 March; 106(2): 313-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8699416
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Leiomyo-adenomatoid tumor of the epididymis. Author(s): Kausch I, Galle J, Buttner H, Bohle A, Jocham D. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 August; 168(2): 636. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131327
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Leiomyoblastoma of the epididymis in a child. Author(s): Tokunaka S, Taniguchi N, Hashimoto H, Yachiku S, Fujita M. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1990 May; 143(5): 991-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2329619
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Leiomyoma of epididymis. Author(s): Spark RP. Source: Arch Pathol. 1972 January; 93(1): 18-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5061684
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Leiomyoma of the epididymis. Author(s): Wong SK. Source: Singapore Med J. 1999 August; 40(8): 537-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10572496
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Leiomyoma of the epididymis. Author(s): Bozlu M, Orhan D, Baltaci S, Muftuoglu YZ, Tulunay O. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2000; 32(1): 95-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11057783
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Leiomyoma of the epididymis. Author(s): Block AR, Block NL. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1995 March; 153(3 Pt 2): 1063-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7853564
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Leiomyoma of the epididymis. Case report. Author(s): Ventura T, Discepoli S, Leocata P, Calvisi G, Di Marco B. Source: Pathologica. 1996 June; 88(3): 202-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8916445
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Leiomyosarcoma of the epididymis. Author(s): Rushworth GF. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1971 September; 64(9): 999. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5114314
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Light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical localization of protein gene product 9.5 and ubiquitin immunoreactivities in the human epididymis and vas deferens. Author(s): Fraile B, Martin R, De Miguel MP, Arenas MI, Bethencourt FR, Peinado F, Paniagua R, Santamaria L. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1996 August; 55(2): 291-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8828831
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Limited Wegener's granulomatosis of the epididymis. Author(s): Al-Arfaj A. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2001 June; 8(6): 333-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11389753
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Localization of endothelin-1 and endothelin-receptors A and B in human epididymis. Author(s): Harneit S, Paust HJ, Mukhopadhyay AK, Ergun S. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 1997 July; 3(7): 579-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9268135
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Localization of immunocompetent cells in the human epididymis. Author(s): Marchlewicz M. Source: Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2001; 39(2): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11374811
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Localization of plasminogen activator and inhibitor, LH and androgen receptors and inhibin subunits in monkey epididymis. Author(s): Zhang T, Guo CX, Hu ZY, Liu YX. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 1997 November; 3(11): 945-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9433919
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Localized polyarteritis nodosa in the forearm and epididymis. Author(s): Nakauchi Y, Suehiro T, Kumon Y, Chikazawa H, Hashimoto K, Morioka M, Ohtsuki Y. Source: Intern Med. 1994 January; 33(1): 48-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7910055
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Lymphangioma of the epididymis. Author(s): Kok KY, Telesinghe PU. Source: Singapore Med J. 2002 May; 43(5): 249-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12188077
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Major human epididymis-specific gene product, HE3, is the first representative of a novel gene family. Author(s): Kirchhoff C, Pera I, Rust W, Ivell R. Source: Molecular Reproduction and Development. 1994 February; 37(2): 130-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7514008
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Malacoplakia of the epididymis. Report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Dieckmann KP, Henke RP, Zimmer-Krolzig G. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1995; 55(4): 222-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8588271
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Malakoplakia of epididymis associated with testicular infarction. Author(s): Grove JD, Harnden P, Clark PB. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1993 November; 72(5 Pt 1): 656-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10071557
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Malformation of the epididymis in undescended testis. Author(s): Kucukaydin M, Ozokutan BH, Turan C, Okur H, Kose O. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 1998 December; 14(3): 189-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9880745
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Malignant Brenner tumor of the testis and epididymis. Author(s): Caccamo D, Socias M, Truchet C. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1991 May; 115(5): 524-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2021324
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Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the epididymis. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Ikinger U, Westrich M, Bersch W, Bottinger K. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1999; 62(2): 106-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10461113
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Malignant lymphoma of the epididymis. A case report of bilateral involvement by a follicular large cell lymphoma. Author(s): McDermott MB, O'Briain DS, Shiels OM, Daly PA. Source: Cancer. 1995 April 15; 75(8): 2174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7697609
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Malignant lymphoma of the testis, epididymis, and spermatic cord. A clinicopathologic study of 69 cases with immunophenotypic analysis. Author(s): Ferry JA, Harris NL, Young RH, Coen J, Zietman A, Scully RE. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1994 April; 18(4): 376-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8141430
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Malignant tumor of the colon metastatic to the epididymis as a first sign of recurrence of colon cancer. Author(s): Parra RO, Boullier J, Mehan DJ. Source: Mo Med. 1992 May; 89(5): 298-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1608389
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Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (MNTI) in the epididymis. A case report with immunohistological studies and special consideration of malignant features. Author(s): Jurincic-Winkler C, Metz KA, Klippel KF. Source: Zentralbl Pathol. 1994 July; 140(2): 181-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7947625
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Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy in the epididymis. Case report and literature review. Author(s): Kobayashi T, Kunimi K, Imao T, Ohkawa M, Komatsu K, Mizukami Y, Namiki M. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1996; 57(4): 262-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8961502
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Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of the epididymis in infancy. A case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Siracusano S, Tanda F, Trombetta C, Bosincu L, Cossu A, Massarelli G, Belgrano E. Source: European Urology. 1991; 20(1): 49-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1660403
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Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of the epididymis in infancy: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Calabrese F, Danieli D, Valente M. Source: Urology. 1995 September; 46(3): 415-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7660523
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Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of the epididymis. A case report. Author(s): Kanungo A, Chandi SM. Source: Indian Journal of Cancer. 1994 June; 31(2): 138-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7927448
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Metastatic malignant melanoma of the epididymis. Author(s): Hammad FA. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1992 June; 69(6): 661. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1638355
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Metastatic melanoma to the epididymis suspected on preoperative ultrasound. Author(s): Anderson MW, McGahan JP. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1986 October; 14(8): 644-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3095399
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Metastatic tumour of the epididymis. A case report. Author(s): Olesen J, Spaun E, Wiggers P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 1986; 20(1): 71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3704572
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Microanatomy of the epididymis and vas deferens. Author(s): Piomboni P. Source: J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. 1997 October; 29(4): 583-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9397594
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Microlithiasis of the epididymis and the rete testis. Author(s): Nistal M, Garcia-Cabezas MA, Regadera J, Castillo MC. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2004 April; 28(4): 514-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15087671
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Microsurgical aspiration of sperm from the epididymis: a mobile program. Author(s): Marmar JL, Corson SL, Batzer FR, Gocial B, Go K. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1993 May; 149(5 Pt 2): 1368-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8479039
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Mobile epididymis. A new clinicopathologic entity in genesis of male infertility and its treatment by epididymopexy. Author(s): Shafik A, el-Sibaei O. Source: Urology. 1991 February; 37(2): 163-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1992585
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Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel human sperm antigen (HE2) specifically expressed in the proximal epididymis. Author(s): Osterhoff C, Kirchhoff C, Krull N, Ivell R. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1994 March; 50(3): 516-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8167223
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Molecular cloning and characterization of HE1, a major secretory protein of the human epididymis. Author(s): Kirchhoff C, Osterhoff C, Young L. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 1996 April; 54(4): 847-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8924505
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Motile organisms in the epididymis? Author(s): Morgentaler A. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1998 August; 13(8): 2335. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9756322
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Multiple promoter and splicing mRNA variants of the epididymis-specific gene EP2. Author(s): Frohlich O, Po C, Murphy T, Young LG. Source: Journal of Andrology. 2000 May-June; 21(3): 421-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10819450
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Normal adult epididymis: evaluation with color Doppler US. Author(s): Keener TS, Winter TC, Nghiem HV, Schmiedl UP. Source: Radiology. 1997 March; 202(3): 712-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9051022
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Normal and abnormal development of the epididymis of the fetus and infant. Author(s): Zondek LH, Zondek T. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1980 June; 134(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6105963
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Novel retroviral sequences are expressed in the epididymis and uterus of Syrian hamsters. Author(s): DeHaven JE, Schwartz DA, Dahm MW, Hazard ES 3rd, Trifiletti R, Lacy ER, Norris JS. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1998 November; 79 ( Pt 11): 2687-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9820144
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Occurrence of bioactive and immunoreactive inhibin (13 KD) in human epididymis. Author(s): Phadke AM, Garde SV, Sheth AR. Source: The Anatomical Record. 1991 August; 230(4): 468-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1928751
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On intratubular calcification in the epididymis. Author(s): Ahlqvist J, Lahtiharju A, Elfving G. Source: Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1965; 65(4): 541-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5883940
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On the epididymis and its function. Author(s): Turner TT. Source: Invest Urol. 1979 March; 16(5): 311-21. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=372128
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On the epididymis and its role in the development of the fertile ejaculate. Author(s): Turner TT. Source: Journal of Andrology. 1995 July-August; 16(4): 292-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8537245
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On the morphology of the transitional zones from the rete testis into the ductuli efferentes and from the ductuli efferentes into the ductus epididymidis. Investigations on the human testis and epididymis. Author(s): Jonte G, Holstein AF. Source: Andrologia. 1987 May-June; 19(3): 398-412. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3631551
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Organization of the human gene encoding the epididymis-specific EP2 protein variants and its relationship to defensin genes. Author(s): Frohlich O, Po C, Young LG. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 2001 April; 64(4): 1072-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11259252
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Overexpression of VEGF in testis and epididymis causes infertility in transgenic mice: evidence for nonendothelial targets for VEGF. Author(s): Korpelainen EI, Karkkainen MJ, Tenhunen A, Lakso M, Rauvala H, Vierula M, Parvinen M, Alitalo K. Source: The Journal of Cell Biology. 1998 December 14; 143(6): 1705-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9852161
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p53 independent, region-specific epithelial apoptosis is induced in the rat epididymis by deprivation of luminal factors. Author(s): Turner TT, Riley TA. Source: Molecular Reproduction and Development. 1999 June; 53(2): 188-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10331457
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Papillary cyst adenoma of epididymis. A case report. Author(s): Kedar GP, Bobhate SK, Kher AV. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1984 October; 27(4): 309-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6534861
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Papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis. Author(s): Greka HK, Morley AR, Evans D. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1985 June; 57(3): 356-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4005508
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Papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Wernert N, Goebbels R, Prediger L. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1986 May; 181(2): 260-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3737482
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Percutaneous technique for aspiration of sperm from the epididymis and testicle. Author(s): Lisek EW, Levine LA. Source: Tech Urol. 1997 Summer; 3(2): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9297767
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Peroxisomes and ether lipid biosynthesis in rat testis and epididymis. Author(s): Reisse S, Rothardt G, Volkl A, Beier K. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 2001 June; 64(6): 1689-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11369596
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Phaeohyphomycosis of the epididymis caused by Exophiala jeanselmei. Author(s): Flynn BJ, Bourbeau PP, Cera PJ, Scicchitano LM, Jordan RL, Yap WT. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 August; 162(2): 492-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10411068
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Pigment epithelium-derived factor, a human testis epididymis secretory product, promotes human prostate stromal cell growth in culture. Author(s): Grayhack JT, Smith ND, Ilio K, Wambi C, Kasjanski R, Crawford SE, Doll JA, Wang Z, Lee C, Kozlowski JE. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 January; 171(1): 434-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14665949
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Pigmented neuroectodermal tumor of infancy in the epididymis. A case report. Author(s): Toda T, Sadi AM, Kiyuna M, Egawa H, Tamamoto T, Toyoda Z. Source: Acta Cytol. 1998 May-June; 42(3): 775-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9622706
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Polyarteritis nodosa of the epididymis. Author(s): Hashiguchi Y, Matsuo Y, Torii Y, Kajiwara T, Kayajima T, Irie K, Shimoda Y, Kudo S. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 2001 January-February; 26(1): 102-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11116373
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Primary adenocarcinoma of the epididymis: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Ganem JP, Jhaveri FM, Marroum MC. Source: Urology. 1998 November; 52(5): 904-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9801128
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Primary carcinoid tumor of the epididymis. Author(s): Zeng L, Xia T, Kong X, Na Y, Guo Y. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2001 May; 114(5): 544-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11780424
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Primary leiomyosarcoma of the epididymis and late recurrence on the penis. Author(s): Planz B, Brunner K, Kalem T, Schlick RW, Kind M. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1998 February; 159(2): 508. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9649277
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Primary leiomyosarcoma of the epididymis. Author(s): Helm RH, Al-Tikriti S. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1986 February; 58(1): 99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3947863
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Primary lymphoma of the epididymis. Author(s): Kausch I, Doehn C, Buttner H, Fornara P, Jocham D. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1998 November; 160(5): 1801-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9783959
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Primary lymphoma of the epididymis: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Novella G, Porcaro AB, Righetti R, Cavalleri S, Beltrami P, Ficarra V, Brunelli M, Martignoni G, Malossini G, Tallarigo C. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2001; 67(1): 97-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11464129
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Primary structure, genomic organization and expression of the major secretory protein of murine epididymis, ME1. Author(s): Nakamura Y, Takayama N, Minamitani T, Ikuta T, Ariga H, Matsumoto K. Source: Gene. 2000 June 13; 251(1): 55-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10863096
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Primate epididymis-specific proteins: characterization of ESC42, a novel protein containing a trefoil-like motif in monkey and human. Author(s): Liu Q, Hamil KG, Sivashanmugam P, Grossman G, Soundararajan R, Rao AJ, Richardson RT, Zhang YL, O'Rand MG, Petrusz P, French FS, Hall SH. Source: Endocrinology. 2001 October; 142(10): 4529-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11564719
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Prostate gland-like epithelium in the epididymis: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Lee LY, Tzeng J, Grosman M, Unger PD. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2004 April; 128(4): E60-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15043474
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Purification of GP-83, a glycoprotein secreted by the human epididymis and conjugated to mature spermatozoa. Author(s): Sun GH, Lin YC, Guo YW, Chang SY, Liu HW. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 2000 May; 6(5): 429-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10775646
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Quantitative ultrastructural analysis of the principal cells in the human epididymis. Author(s): Vendrely E, Dadoune JP. Source: Reproduction, Nutrition, Development. 1988; 28(5): 1225-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3253896
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Regional distribution of 5alpha-reductase type 1 and type 2 mRNA along the human epididymis. Author(s): Mahony MC, Swanlund DJ, Billeter M, Roberts KP, Pryor JL. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 June; 69(6): 1116-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9627302
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Region-specific expression of the androgen receptor in the human epididymis. Author(s): Ungefroren H, Ivell R, Ergun S. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 1997 November; 3(11): 933-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9433917
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Region-specific variation of gene expression in the human epididymis as revealed by in situ hybridization with tissue-specific cDNAs. Author(s): Krull N, Ivell R, Osterhoff C, Kirchhoff C. Source: Molecular Reproduction and Development. 1993 January; 34(1): 16-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8418812
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Regulation of gene transcription in the epididymis. Author(s): Rodriguez CM, Kirby JL, Hinton BT. Source: Reproduction (Cambridge, England). 2001 July; 122(1): 41-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11425328
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Results of microsurgical vasoepididymostomy: role of epididymis in sperm maturation. Author(s): Silber SJ. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1989 April; 4(3): 298-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2715305
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Retinal anlage tumor of the epididymis: a case report. Author(s): Zone RM. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1970 January; 103(1): 106-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4313435
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Retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma and enlarged epididymis associated with a positive pregnancy test. Author(s): Mansi IA, Ashley I, Glezerov V. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2002 August; 324(2): 104-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12186103
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Role of epididymis in sperm maturation. Author(s): Silber SJ. Source: Urology. 1989 January; 33(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2911926
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Role of the epididymis in mediating changes in the male gamete during maturation. Author(s): Cooper TG. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1995; 377: 87-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7484449
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Secondary malignancies of the penis and epididymis: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Powell BL, Craig JB, Muss HB. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1985 January; 3(1): 110-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3880809
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Secondary oxalosis and sperm granuloma of the epididymis. Author(s): Coyne J, al-Nakib L, Goldsmith D, O'Flynn K. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1994 May; 47(5): 470-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8027405
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Secondary tumours in testis and epididymis. Author(s): Adiga KM. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1988 April; 86(4): 105-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3171198
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Secretory proteins from the epididymis and their clinical relevance. Author(s): Cooper TG. Source: Andrologia. 1990; 22 Suppl 1: 155-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2132067
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Segmental distribution of alpha-glucosidase, ornithine decarboxylase and polyamines in the human epididymis. Author(s): Purvis K, Egdetveit I. Source: Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 1993 March; 97(2): 575-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8501729
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Seminal emission by electrical stimulation of the spermatic nerve and epididymis. Author(s): Sato K, Kihara K, Ando M, Sato T, Oshima H. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 1991 December; 14(6): 461-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1761326
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Sequence analysis of monkey acrosin-trypsin inhibitor transcripts and their abundant expression in the epididymis. Author(s): Perry AC, Jones R, Hall L. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1993 February 20; 1172(1-2): 159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8439554
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Sequential histology of the adult chimpanzee epididymis. Author(s): Smithwick EB, Young LG. Source: Tissue & Cell. 1997 August; 29(4): 383-412. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9281843
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Smooth muscle hyperplasia of the epididymis: a case report. Author(s): Kikugawa T, Tanji N, Kurihara K, Shishido S, Mannami M. Source: Pathology. 2003 October; 35(5): 454-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14555395
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Somatic von Hippel-Lindau mutation in clear cell papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis. Author(s): Gilcrease MZ, Schmidt L, Zbar B, Truong L, Rutledge M, Wheeler TM. Source: Human Pathology. 1995 December; 26(12): 1341-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8522307
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Sonography of the testis and epididymis. Author(s): Hamm B. Source: Andrologia. 1994 July-August; 26(4): 193-210. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7978371
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Specialized gene expression in the epididymis. Author(s): Cornwall GA, Hann SR. Source: Journal of Andrology. 1995 September-October; 16(5): 379-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8575976
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Sperm quiescence in cauda epididymis: a mini-review. Author(s): Verma RJ. Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2001 September; 3(3): 181-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11561187
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Spermatozoa are exposed to a complex microenvironment as they traverse the epididymis. Author(s): Turner TT. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1991; 637: 364-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1785781
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Spontaneous bleeding into epididymis and vas. Author(s): Fanous H, Elist J, Edson M. Source: Urology. 1982 August; 20(2): 186-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7112830
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Sterol sulfates in the epididymis; synthesis and possible function in the reproductive process. Author(s): Roberts KD. Source: J Steroid Biochem. 1987; 27(1-3): 337-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3480393
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Structure and function of the epididymis. Author(s): Cosentino MJ, Cockett AT. Source: Urological Research. 1986; 14(5): 229-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3026075
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Studies on the human epididymis: partial characterization of 3 alpha- and 3 betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, regional distribution of 5 alpha-reductase and inhibitory effect of 4 delta-3-oxosteroids on 5 alpha-reductase. Author(s): Kinoshita Y. Source: Endocrinol Jpn. 1981 August; 28(4): 499-513. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6963921
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Successful pregnancies after using immotile spermatozoa from ejaculate, epididymis and testis. Author(s): Rhouma KB, Miled EB, Attallah K, Marrakchi H, Khouja H, Sakly M. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2003 June 10; 108(2): 182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12781408
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Surgical opportunities to explore the function of the human epididymis. Author(s): Pryor JP. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1996 January; 78(1): 49-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8659974
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Testis, epididymis, and spermatic cord in elderly men. Correlation of angiographic and histologic studies with systemic arteriosclerosis. Author(s): Regadera J, Nistal M, Paniagua R. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1985 July; 109(7): 663-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3839365
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The anatomical preparations of the human testis and epididymis in the Glasgow Hunterian Anatomical Collection. Author(s): Hirsh AV. Source: Human Reproduction Update. 1995 September; 1(5): 515-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9080225
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The apical mitochondria-rich cells of the mammalian epididymis. Author(s): Martinez-Garcia F, Regadera J, Cobo P, Palacios J, Paniagua R, Nistal M. Source: Andrologia. 1995 July-August; 27(4): 195-206. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7486029
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The epididymis across 24 centuries. Author(s): Orgebin-Crist MC. Source: J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1998; 53: 285-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10645288
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The epididymis and male fertility. A symposium report. Author(s): Cooper TG, Waites GM, Nieschlag E. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 1986 April; 9(2): 81-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3539820
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The epididymis and testicular descent. Author(s): Mininberg DT. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1987; 146 Suppl 2: S28-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2891516
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The epididymis as protector of maturing spermatozoa. Author(s): Hinton BT, Palladino MA, Rudolph D, Labus JC. Source: Reproduction, Fertility, and Development. 1995; 7(4): 731-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8711210
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The human cationic antimicrobial protein (hCAP-18) is expressed in the epithelium of human epididymis, is present in seminal plasma at high concentrations, and is attached to spermatozoa. Author(s): Malm J, Sorensen O, Persson T, Frohm-Nilsson M, Johansson B, Bjartell A, Lilja H, Stahle-Backdahl M, Borregaard N, Egesten A. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 July; 68(7): 4297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10858248
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The major androgen-regulated secretory proteins of the rat epididymis bear sequence homology with members of the alpha 2u-globulin superfamily. Author(s): Brooks DE. Source: Biochem Int. 1987 February; 14(2): 235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2437925
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The natural progression of adenocarcinoma of the epididymis. Author(s): Chauhan RD, Gingrich JR, Eltorky M, Steiner MS. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 August; 166(2): 608-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11458082
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The presence of alpha-glucosidase, glycerophosphocholine and carnitine in the epididymis and ejaculate of the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) and the Chacma baboon (Papio ursinus). Author(s): Fourie MH, du Toit D, Bornman MS, Viljoen E. Source: Andrologia. 1995 July-August; 27(4): 239-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7486036
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The relative viability of human spermatozoa from the vas deferens, epididymis and testis before and after cryopreservation. Author(s): Bachtell NE, Conaghan J, Turek PJ. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1999 December; 14(12): 3048-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10601095
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The role of the epididymis in human infertility. Author(s): de Kretser DM, Huidobro C, Southwick GJ, Temple-Smith PD. Source: J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1998; 53: 271-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10645286
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The role of the epididymis in the protection of spermatozoa. Author(s): Hinton BT, Palladino MA, Rudolph D, Lan ZJ, Labus JC. Source: Curr Top Dev Biol. 1996; 33: 61-102. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9138909
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The role of the human epididymis in sperm maturation and sperm storage as reflected in the consequences of epididymovasostomy. Author(s): Schoysman RJ, Bedford JM. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1986 August; 46(2): 293-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3732537
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Three consecutive cases of adenomatoid tumour of the epididymis: histological considerations and therapeutical implications. Review of the literature. Author(s): Racioppi M, D'Addessi A, Di Pinto A, Carbone A, Destito A, Alcini A, Alcini E. Source: Arch Ital Urol Androl. 1996 April; 68(2): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8713570
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Tissue-specific expression of inhibin/activin subunit and follistatin mRNAs in midto late-gestational age human fetal testis and epididymis. Author(s): Roberts VJ. Source: Endocrine. 1997 February; 6(1): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9225121
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To store or mature spermatozoa? The primary role of the epididymis. Author(s): Jones RC. Source: International Journal of Andrology. 1999 April; 22(2): 57-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10194636
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Torsion of the epididymis: a rare cause of acute scrotum. Author(s): Ravichandran S, Blades RA, Watson ME. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2003 October; 10(10): 556-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14516406
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Transcriptional targeting in ovarian cancer cells using the human epididymis protein 4 promoter. Author(s): Berry NB, Cho YM, Harrington MA, Williams SD, Foley J, Nephew KP. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2004 March; 92(3): 896-904. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14984958
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Ultrasound demonstration of a papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis. Author(s): Alexander JA, Lichtman JB, Varma VA. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1991 September; 19(7): 442-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1658073
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Ultrasound diagnosis of testicular torsion: beware the swollen epididymis. Author(s): Older RA, Watson LR. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1997 April; 157(4): 1369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9120952
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Ultrasound imaging of the appendix testis and appendix epididymis. Author(s): Johnson KA, Dewbury KC. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1996 May; 51(5): 335-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8641095
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Ultrastructural changes in the efferent duct and epididymis of men with obstructive infertility. Author(s): Rajalakshmi M, Kumar BV, Kapur MM, Pal PC. Source: The Anatomical Record. 1993 October; 237(2): 199-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8238971
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Uptake and metabolism of androgen by the human epididymis in vitro. Author(s): de Larminat MA, Hinrichsen MJ, Scorticati C, Ghirlanda JM, Blaquier JA, Calandra RS. Source: Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 1980 July; 59(2): 397-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7431296
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Ureteral duplication with lower pole ectopia to the epididymis. Author(s): Brown DM, Peterson NR, Schultz RE. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1988 July; 140(1): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3379678
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Vasectomy review: sequelae in the human epididymis and ductus deferens. Author(s): McDonald SW. Source: Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.). 1996; 9(5): 337-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8842541
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Vasoepididymostomy to the head of the epididymis: recovery of normal spermatozoal motility. Author(s): Silber SJ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1980 August; 34(2): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7409233
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND EPIDIDYMIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and epididymis.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Epididymis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “epididymis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “epididymis” (or a synonym): •
Dysfunctions of the epididymis as a result of primary carnitine deficiency in juvenile visceral steatosis mice. Author(s): Department of Anatomy and Reproductive Cell Biology, Miyazaki Medical College, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Toshimori, K Kuwajima, M Yoshinaga, K Wakayama, T Shima, K FEBS-Lett. 1999 March 12; 446(2-3): 323-6 0014-5793
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Effect of gossypol on testes & epididymis of albino rats. Source: Kaur, P Khullar, M Mittal, S Rai, U C Indian-J-Med-Res. 1988 April; 87368-76 0971-5916
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Effect of lindane on antioxidant enzymes in epididymis and epididymal sperm of adult rats. Author(s): School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, India. Source: Chitra, K C Sujatha, R Latchoumycandane, C Mathur, P P Asian-J-Androl. 2001 September; 3(3): 205-8 1008-682X
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Histochemical analysis of sialic acids in the epididymis of the rat. Author(s): 2nd Department of Anatomy, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Ueda, T Fujimori, O Tsukise, A Yamada, K Histochem-Cell-Biol. 1998 April; 109(4): 399-407 0948-6143
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Maturation events of epididymis in albino rats during puberal transition under hypo and hyperprolactinemia. Source: Prasad, M Devi, G U Govindappa, S Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1989 November; 27(11): 925-9 0019-5189
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Morphometric and stereological analysis of rat testis and epididymis in an early phase of saturnism. Author(s): Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Kempinas, W G Lamano Carvhalho, T L Petenusci, S O Lopes, R A Azoubel, R Exp-Biol. 1988; 48(1): 51-6 0176-8638
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Ultrastructural and biochemical changes in epididymis and vas deferens of gossypol treated rats. Source: Bhiwgade, D A Nair, I N Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1989 June; 27(6): 510-8 0019-5189
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Ultrastructural changes in the principal cells of epididymis of adult rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) after castration and androgen replacement therapy. Author(s): Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India. Source: Ratna KuMarch, B V Setty, B S Shipstone, A C Acta-Eur-Fertil. 1988 Sep-October; 19(5): 287-94 0587-2421
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND EPIDIDYMIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to epididymis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to epididymis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “epididymis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to epididymis: •
5c,11c,14c-eicosatrienoic acid and 5c,11c,14c,17c-eicosatetraenoic acid of Biota orientalis seed oil affect lipid metabolism in the rat. Author(s): Ikeda I, Oka T, Koba K, Sugano M, Lie Ken Jie MS. Source: Lipids. 1992 July; 27(7): 500-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1453880
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A comparison of the metabolism of geometrical isomers of 14 C- 9 -octadecenoic acid in threonine-imbalanced rats. Author(s): Searcey MT, Arata DA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1972 November; 102(11): 1429-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5081679
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A comprehensive evaluation of the reproductive toxicity of Quassia amara in male rats. Author(s): Parveen S, Das S, Kundra CP, Pereira BM.
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Source: Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). 2003 January-February; 17(1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12507657 •
A high glycemic index starch diet affects lipid storage-related enzymes in normal and to a lesser extent in diabetic rats. Author(s): Kabir M, Rizkalla SW, Quignard-Boulange A, Guerre-Millo M, Boillot J, Ardouin B, Luo J, Slama G. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1998 November; 128(11): 1878-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9808637
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A second look at Steinach's second procedure: testiculoepididymal occlusion in man and dog. Author(s): Kothari LK, Gupta AS, Dhruva AK, Jain ML. Source: Archives of Andrology. 1979; 2(1): 77-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=443925
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Acid-ethanol extractable compounds from fruits and seeds of the bitter gourd Momordica charantia: effects on lipid metabolism in isolated rat adipocytes. Author(s): Ng TB, Wong CM, Li WW, Yeung HW. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1987; 15(1-2): 31-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318384
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Asparagine-linked glycoprotein biosynthesis in rat epididymis. Presence of a mannosidase II-like enzyme. Author(s): Skudlarek MD, Orgebin-Crist MC, Tulsiani DR. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1991 July 1; 277 ( Pt 1): 213-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1906709
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Changes in distribution of labile zinc in mouse spermatozoa during maturation in the epididymis assessed by the fluorophore Zinquin. Author(s): Zalewski PD, Jian X, Soon LL, Breed WG, Seamark RF, Lincoln SF, Ward AD, Sun FZ. Source: Reproduction, Fertility, and Development. 1996; 8(7): 1097-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8916286
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Effect of gossypol acetic acid on the epididymis: histochemical and scanning electron microscope studies. Author(s): Zhou LF, Qi SQ, Lei HP. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1987 June; 20(1): 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3041122
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Effect of olfactory stimulation with flavor of grapefruit oil and lemon oil on the activity of sympathetic branch in the white adipose tissue of the epididymis. Author(s): Niijima A, Nagai K. Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.). 2003 November; 228(10): 1190-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14610259
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Effects of bamboo buds: structural and functional changes in the epididymis of rats. Author(s): Manonayagi S, Vanithakumari G, Padma S, Malini T. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1989 April; 25(2): 201-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2747254
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Electron microscopic observations on the luminal contents of rat epididymis induced by cowpeas. Author(s): Umapathy E, Msamati BC, Torode MJ. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1993 April; 39(4): 74-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8306389
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Evidence that androgen-binding protein endocytosis in vitro is receptor mediated in principal cells of the rat epididymis. Author(s): Gueant JL, Fremont S, Felden F, Nicolas JP, Gerard A, Leheup B, Gerard H, Grignon G. Source: Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. 1991 October; 7(2): 113-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1930625
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High-intensity focused ultrasound ablation of the epididymis in a canine model: a potential alternative to vasectomy. Author(s): Roberts WW, Wright EJ, Fried NM, Nicol T, Jarrett TW, Kavoussi LR, Solomon SB. Source: Journal of Endourology / Endourological Society. 2002 October; 16(8): 621-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12470473
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Phosphoinositide specific phospholipase C activity of goat spermatozoa in transit from the caput to the cauda epididymis. Author(s): Bansal P, Atreja SK. Source: Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1991 August; 28(4): 307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1661271
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Purification and properties of alpha-D-mannosidase from rat epididymis. Author(s): Snaith SM, Levvy GA. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1969 August; 114(1): 25-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4980309
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Specific effect of vincristine on epididymis. Author(s): Averal HI, Stanley A, Murugaian P, Palanisamy M, Akbarsha MA. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1996 January; 34(1): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8698408
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Ultrastructural changes in the testis and epididymis of rats following treatment with the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya. Author(s): Manivannan B, Mishra PK, Pathak N, Sriram S, Bhande SS, Panneerdoss S, Lohiya NK. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2004 April; 18(4): 285-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15162362
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to epididymis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Prostate Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Prostatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Chinese Medicine Huixiang Juhe Wan Alternative names: Huixiang Juhe Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China
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Herbs and Supplements Astragalus Sp Alternative names: Vetch, Rattlepod, Locoweed; Astragalus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON EPIDIDYMIS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to epididymis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “epididymis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on epididymis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Epididymis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to epididymis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Trichloroethylene metabolizing enzymes in the male reproductive system: Adducts and adverse effects in the epididymis and efferent ducts by Duteaux, Shelley Brown, PhD from University of California, Davis, 2003, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3107970
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON EPIDIDYMIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to epididymis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on epididymis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “epididymis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on epididymis: •
Decision Making in Urology. 2nd ed Source: Philadelphia, PA: B.C. Decker, Inc. 1991. 262 p. Contact: Available from Mosby. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 631463318. FAX, (314) 432-5471. PRICE: $72. ISBN: 1556642660. Summary: This text represents one in a series of books on surgical decision making. Each chapter is presented as an algorithm, designed to portray diagrammatically current decision making in urology. One hundred and five algorithms are offered in fifteen sections: evaluation by complaint or laboratory finding; the kidney; infection and inflammation; venereal disease; genitourinary trauma; genitourinary tumors; urinary stone disease; the ureter; the bladder; the urethra; the penis; testis and epididymis; sexual problems; sterility and infertility; and adrenal disorders. Each chapter includes a one-page algorithmic chart and a one-page commentary, with brief references. A subject index is appended.
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Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “epididymis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “epididymis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “epididymis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Cell biology of the testis and epididymis (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences); ISBN: 0897664213; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897664213/icongroupinterna
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Cell Biology of the Testis and Epididymis (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 513) by M.-C. Orgebin-Crist, B.J. Danzo; ISBN: 0897664221; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897664221/icongroupinterna
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Testis, Epididymis and Technologies in the Year 2000 by European Workshop on Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology of the Testi, et al; ISBN: 3540673458; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540673458/icongroupinterna
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The Epididymis As a Chloride-Secreting Organ by Anskar Y. H. Leung; ISBN: 9622016731; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9622016731/icongroupinterna
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The Epididymis: From Molecules to Clinical Practice: A Comprehensive Survey of Efferent Ducts, the Epididymis and the Vas Deferens by Bernard Robaire, et al; ISBN: 0306466848; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306466848/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Epididymis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to epididymis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and epididymis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “epididymis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on epididymis: •
Anatomy Primer: Your Guide to the Male Urinary and Reproductive Systems Source: in Walsh, P.C. and Worthington, J.F. Prostate: A Guide for Men and the Women Who Love Them. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1995. p. 1-19. Contact: Available from Johns Hopkins University Press. 2715 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-4319. (800) 537-5487 or (410) 516-6900. Fax (410) 516-6998. PRICE:
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$15.95 paperback; $39.95 hardback (as of 1995). ISBN: 0801849896 (paperback); 0801849888 (hardback). Summary: This chapter is from a book designed to provide patients and their families with extensive information about the prostate gland and its diseases. This introductory chapter reviews the anatomy and physiology of the male urinary and reproductive systems, focusing on the prostate as an important gland involved in both systems. Specific organs covered include the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder, the prostate, the urethra, the testes, the epididymis, the vas deferens, the seminal vesicles, the penis, and the composition of semen. The section on the prostate discusses the components of prostatic secretions and their potential role in the physiology of the male reproductive system. The chapter includes numerous line drawings to illustrate the anatomy described, as well as a sidebar summarizing the urinary tract and the reproductive system. 8 figures. •
Renal and Urologic Disorders Source: in Norris, J., et al., eds. Professional Guide to Diseases. 5th edition. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation. 1995. p. 747-803. Contact: Available from Springhouse Corporation. 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477-0908. (800) 346-7844 or (215) 646-8700. Fax (215) 646-4508. PRICE: $34.95 (as of 1995). ISBN: 0874347696. Summary: This chapter on renal and urologic disorders is from a physician's reference text on almost 600 diseases. The chapter begins with an introduction that briefly summarizes the normal physiology and function of the renal and urologic system. Five sections follow: causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and special considerations. Specific topics include congenital anomalies, including medullary sponge kidney and polycystic kidney disease; acute renal disorders, including renal failure, pyelonephritis, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis, renal infarction, renal calculi, and renal vein thrombosis; chronic renal diseases, including nephrotic syndrome, chronic glomerulonephritis, cystinuria, renovascular hypertension, hydronephrosis, renal tubular acidosis, Fanconi's syndrome, chronic renal failure, and Alport's syndrome; lower urinary tract disorders, including lower urinary tract infection, vesicoureteral reflux, neurogenic bladder, and congenital anomalies; and prostate and epididymis disorders, including prostatitis, epididymitis, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. 7 figures. 4 tables. 4 references.
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Physical Examination of the Genitourinary Tract Source: in Tanagho, E.A. and McAninch, J.W., eds. Smith's General Urology. Fifteenth Edition. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2000. p. 41-49. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill. Medical Publishing. 1221 P.O. Box 182615, Columbus, OH 43272-5046. (800) 262-4729. PRICE: $54.95;plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0838586074. Summary: This chapter on the physical examination of the genitourinary tract is from a textbook that offers a practical and concise guide to the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of urologic diseases. The author notes that the patient history will suggest whether a complete or partial physical examination is indicated. The author first briefly discusses unusual findings that may be present on general examination, including gynecomastia (enlarged breasts in men), hemihypertrophy (overgrowth of half the body), clues to renal anomalies (including deformities of the external ear and facial
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bones), and other findings. The author then discusses examination of the kidneys, including inspection, palpation, percussion, transillumination, differentiation of renal and radicular pain, and auscultation; examination of the bladder; examination of the external male genitalia, including penis (inspection, palpation, urethral discharge), scrotum, testis, epididymis, spermatic cord and vas deferens, and testicular tunics and adnexa (nearby tissues); examination of the female genitalia, including vaginal examination (inspection and palpation); rectal examination in males, including sphincter and lower rectum, prostate (consistency, mobility, size, and techniques of massage), seminal vesicles, and lymph nodes; and neurologic examination. The chapter concludes with references categorized by subject. 3 figures. 43 references. •
Urinary Tract Infection Source: in Blaivas, J.G. Conquering Bladder and Prostate Problems: The Authoritative Guide for Men and Women. New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corporation. 1998. p. 115-128. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic-Plenum Publishing Corporation. 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013-1578. (800) 221-9369 or (212) 620-8035. Fax (212) 647-1898. Website: www.plenum.com. PRICE: $26.95. ISBN: 0306458640. Summary: This chapter on urinary tract infection is from a book for people who have urinary bladder and prostate problems: people who urinate too often, who plan their daily activities around the availability of a bathroom, men with prostate problems, women with incontinence, and people with bladder pain. The book is written in a clear, nontechnical, humorous style that makes the material more accessible to the lay reader. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common bacterial infections to affect people of all ages. During childbearing years, it is about 50 times more common in women than men, but at the extremes of life (childhood and old age), UTIs affect both sexes equally. In the great majority of people, UTIs are nothing more than a nuisance, and are cured after just a day or two of antibiotics. For other people, though, recurring infections can interfere with their lives and restrict their activities. For these people and for those who develop kidney infections, a full urologic evaluation should be done to identify and treat the underlying causes. Fortunately, for the great majority of people, effective treatment and cures are possible. The chapter describes the symptoms of a UTI, the causes and treatment of cystitis (bladder infection), urethritis and urethral syndrome in women, vaginal infections, urethritis in men, prostatitis and prostatodynia, epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis, the coiled up tube in the testes), and kidney infections.
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Kidney and Urinary Disorders Source: in Shaw, M., et al., eds. Everything You Need to Know About Diseases. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation. 1996. p. 313-352. Contact: Available from Springhouse Publishing. Attention: Trade and Textbook Department, 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477-0908. (800) 3313170 or (215) 646-4670 or (215) 646-4671. Fax (215) 646-8716. PRICE: $24.95 (as of 1995). ISBN: 0874348226. Summary: This lengthy chapter, from a consumer handbook about medical practice and disease, covers kidney and urinary disorders. Written in a question and answer format, the chapter discusses acute glomerulonephritis; acute kidney failure; acute pyelonephritis; chronic glomerulonephritis; chronic kidney failure; enlarged prostate; inflammation of the epididymis; inflammation of the prostate; kidney stones; lower urinary tract infections; nephrotic syndrome; neurogenic bladder; polycystic kidney
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disease; renal hypertension; renal infarction; renal vein clot; urinary reflux; and water in the kidney. For each condition discussed, the authors cover definition, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, complications, and treatment. Numerous sidebars and line drawings help make the material accessible to the lay reader.
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
8
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
9
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “epididymis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 12605 251 361 7 167 13391
HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “epididymis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
11
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
12
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
16 Adapted 17
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on epididymis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to epididymis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to epididymis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “epididymis”:
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Chlamydia Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chlamydiainfections.html Infertility http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infertility.html Male Genital Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malegenitaldisorders.html Reproductive Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/reproductivehealth.html Testicular Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/testicularcancer.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on epididymis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Testicular Self-Examination Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 2002. [2 p.]. Contact: StayWell Company: Krames Health and Safety Education. 780 Township Line Road, Yardley, PA 19067. (800) 333-3032. Fax (415) 244-4512. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: $20.95 per pack of 50; plus shipping and handling. Order number 91225. Summary: This brochure describes the recommended procedure of testicular self examination, a test that young men can use to uncover signs of testicular problems, notably testicular cancer. Although this cancer is rare, it is one of the most common cancers among men aged 15 to 35. The brochure reviews testicular anatomy, the risk factors for testicular cancer, symptoms of testicular cancer, and the steps in the testicular self exam (TSE). Specific anomalies of anatomy covered include undescended testicles, varicocele (a thick vein on the outside of a testicle), and cancer. The total TSE should only take three minutes. The brochure recommends that men perform the TSE in the shower or warm bath, because the heat causes the scrotal skin to relax, making the exam easier. The TSE includes the testicles, the epididymis (the comma shaped cord, found behind the testicles, that stores and transports sperm), and the vas deferens (the sperm carrying tube that runs up from the epididymis). The brochure includes a checklist for
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good testicular health and a reminder that establishing healthy habits when young will contribute to a long, healthy life. The brochure is illustrated with full color line drawings; each step of the TSE is also illustrated. The brochure includes the toll free information line of the Cancer Information Service (1-800-4-CANCER). 14 figures. •
Epididymitis and Orchitis: Common Inflammations in the Scrotum Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 2001. [2 p.]. Contact: StayWell Company: Krames Health and Safety Education. 780 Township Line Road, Yardley, PA 19067. (800) 333-3032. Fax (415) 244-4512. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: $21.95 per pack of 50; plus shipping and handling. Order number 91866. Summary: This brochure familiarizes readers with epididymitis and orchitis. The two testicles are the male sex organs that produce sperm and male hormones; they are located inside the scrotum. Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymis, the coiled tube behind each testicle. When the inflammation spreads to a testicle, it is called orchitis. Inflammation is most often caused by bacteria in the urinary tract (a bladder infection) or by bacteria passed between partners during sex. The brochure describes the symptoms of acute and chronic types of inflammation, then reviews the evaluation and treatment. The doctor diagnoses epididymitis through a physical exam and laboratory tests. Treatment includes medication to get rid of the bacteria. Resting, supporting the scrotum, and using ice packs can help relieve the symptoms. For men who are sexually active, any partners need to see a doctor as well. The inflammation will go away with treatment; however, some men will have an achy feeling in the testicles for several weeks or months as the healing process continues. The brochure is illustrated with full color line drawings. 7 references.
•
Epididymitis: Urethritis (NSU/NGU) Source: Marietta, GA: GU Logic. 1994. 2 p. Contact: Available from GU Logic. 2470 Windy Hill Road, Suite 108, Marietta, GA 30067. (800) 451-8107. PRICE: $35 for 50 copies. Order Number: GU70. Summary: This patient education brochure describes epididymitis, scrotal pain originating in the epididymis, and urethritis. Topics in the first section include the symptoms and causes of epididymitis; the difference between acute and chronic epididymitis; and treatment options. Topics in the urethritis section include the symptoms, signs, causes, and treatment of non-specific urethritis (NSU). 1 figure. The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to epididymis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.
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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to epididymis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with epididymis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about epididymis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “epididymis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received
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your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “epididymis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “epididymis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “epididymis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
19
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
20
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
107
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
109
EPIDIDYMIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylglucosaminidase: 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-betaglucose residues in chitobiose and higher analogs as well as in glycoproteins. Has been used widely in structural studies on bacterial cell walls and in the study of diseases such as mucolipidosis and various inflammatory disorders of muscle and connective tissue. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acrosin: A trypsin-like enzyme of spermatozoa which is not inhibited by alpha 1 antitrypsin. [NIH] Acrosome: Cap-like structure covering the nucleus and anterior part of the sperm head. [NIH]
Acrosome Reaction: Changes that occur to liberate the enzymes of the acrosome of spermatozoa that allow the entry of a spermatozoon into the ovum. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH]
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Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adnexa: The appendages of the eye, as the lacrimal apparatus, the eyelids, and the extraocular muscles. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]
Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alpha-Defensins: Defensins found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and in the secretory granules of intestinal paneth cells. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and
Dictionary 111
herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgen-Binding Protein: Carrier proteins produced in the Sertoli cells of the testis, secreted into the seminiferous tubules, and transported via the efferent ducts to the epididymis. They participate in the transport of androgens. Androgen-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as sex hormone binding-globulin. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosacaccharide modifications. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Angiotensin I: The decapeptide precursor of angiotensin II, generated by the action of renin on angiotensinogen. It has limited pharmacologic activity. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU]
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Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aquaporins: Membrane proteins which facilitate the passage of water. They are members of the family of membrane channel proteins which includes the lens major intrinsic protein and bacterial glycerol transporters. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH]
Dictionary 113
Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Auscultation: Act of listening for sounds within the body. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Azoospermia: Absence of spermatozoa in the semen, or failure of formation of spermatozoa. [EU]
Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH]
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Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Beta-Defensins: Defensins found mainly in epithelial cells. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biogenesis: The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is evolution. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH]
Dictionary 115
Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Testis Barrier: Specialized nonfenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the testis capillaries and seminiferous epithelium. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Burden: The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH]
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Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoid: A type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors are usually benign. [NIH]
Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Castration: Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caveolae: Endocytic/exocytic cell membrane structures rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and lipid-anchored membrane proteins that function in endocytosis (potocytosis), transcytosis, and signal transduction. Caveolae assume various shapes from open pits to closed vesicles. Caveolar coats are composed of caveolins. [NIH] Caveolins: The main structural proteins of caveolae. Several distinct genes for caveolins have been identified. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH]
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Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Membrane Structures: Structures which are part of the cell membrane or have cell membrane as a major part of their structure. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clomiphene: A stilbene derivative that functions both as a partial estrogen agonist and complete estrogen antagonist depending on the target tissue. It antagonizes the estrogen receptor thereby initiating or augmenting ovulation in anovulatory women. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment
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originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices
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are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cryofixation: Fixation of a tissue by localized cooling at very low temperature. [NIH] Cryopreservation: Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens.
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[NIH]
Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclodextrins: A homologous group of cyclic glucans consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances. [NIH] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cyproterone Acetate: An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cystatins: A homologous group of endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitors. Four distinct families are recognized within the cystatin superfamily: cystatin B or stefins; cystatin C or post-gamma-globulin; egg-white or chicken cystatin; and kininogen cystatin. The cystatins inhibit most Cysteine Endopeptidases of the papain type, and other peptidases which have a sulfhydryl group at the active site. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors: Exogenous and endogenous compounds which inhibit cysteine endopeptidases. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented
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with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Defensins: Family of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified in humans, animals, and plants. They are thought to play a role in host defenses against infections, inflammation, wound repair, and acquired immunity. Based on the disulfide pairing of their characteristic six cysteine residues, they are divided into alpha-defensins and beta-defensins. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermoid: A benign mixed tumor, usually congenital, containing teeth, hairs, skin glands, fibrous tissue, and other skin elements, rarely found in the limbal region of the eye and orbit. [NIH] Dermoid Cyst: A benign mixed tumor, usually congenital, containing teeth, hairs, skin glands, fibrous tissue, and other skin elements, rarely found in the limbal region of the eye and orbit. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diethylstilbestrol: DES. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH]
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Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dynein: A transport protein that normally binds proteins to the microtubule. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electron microscope: A microscope (device used to magnify small objects) that uses electrons (instead of light) to produce an enlarged image. An electron microscopes shows tiny details better than any other type of microscope. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is
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concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]
Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its
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cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH]
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Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraocular: External to or outside of the eye. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibroid: A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called leiomyoma. [NIH] Fibroma: A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flagellum: A whiplike appendage of a cell. It can function either as an organ of locomotion or as a device for moving the fluid surrounding the cell. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Foetal: Of or pertaining to a fetus; pertaining to in utero development after the embryonic period. [EU] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Follicular large cell lymphoma: A rare type of non- Hodgkin's lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system) with large cells that look cleaved (split) or non-cleaved under the microscope. It is an indolent (slow-growing) type of lymphoma. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites,
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including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gametogenesis: The first phase of sexual reproduction which involves the transforming of certain cells in the parent into specialized reproductive cells. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gelsolin: A 90-kD protein produced by macrophages that severs actin filaments and forms a cap on the newly exposed filament end. Gelsolin is activated by calcium ions and participates in the assembly and disassembly of actin, thereby increasing the motility of some cells. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH]
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Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Gossypol: Poisonous pigment found in cottonseed and potentially irritating to gastrointestinal tract. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH]
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Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granulosa Cells: Cells of the membrana granulosa lining the vesicular ovarian follicle which become luteal cells after ovulation. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]
Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]
Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeobox: Distinctive sequence of DNA bases. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time
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unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydronephrosis: Abnormal enlargement of a kidney, which may be caused by blockage of the ureter (such as by a kidney stone) or chronic kidney disease that prevents urine from draining into the bladder. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immortal: Stage when the mother cell and its descendants will multiply indefinitely. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or
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radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indolent: A type of cancer that grows slowly. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inguinal Hernia: A small part of the large or small intestine or bladder that pushes into the groin. May cause pain and feelings of pressure or burning in the groin. Often requires surgery. [NIH] Inhibin: Glyceroprotein hormone produced in the seminiferous tubules by the Sertoli cells in the male and by the granulosa cells in the female follicles. The hormone inhibits FSH and LH synthesis and secretion by the pituitary cells thereby affecting sexual maturation and fertility. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH]
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Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix glycoproteins, complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors, the leukocyte adhesion receptors, and the very-late-antigen receptors. Each family contains a common beta-subunit combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits. These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development, hemostasis, thrombosis, wound healing, immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms, and oncogenic transformation. [NIH] International Cooperation: The interaction of persons or groups of persons representing various nations in the pursuit of a common goal or interest. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body. [NIH] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH]
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Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kidney Pelvis: The flattened, funnel-shaped expansion connecting the ureter to the kidney calices. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Lacrimal Apparatus: The tear-forming and tear-conducting system which includes the lacrimal glands, eyelid margins, conjunctival sac, and the tear drainage system. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leiomyoma: A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the uterus and the gastrointestinal tract but can occur in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues. [NIH] Leiomyosarcoma: A tumor of the muscles in the uterus, abdomen, or pelvis. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series,
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lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide that has been used as a pediculicide and a scabicide. It has been shown to cause cancer. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipolysis: The hydrolysis of lipids. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Malformation:
A
morphologic
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
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Epididymis
developmental process. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant mesothelioma: A rare type of cancer in which malignant cells are found in the sac lining the chest or abdomen. Exposure to airborne asbestos particles increases one's risk of developing malignant mesothelioma. [NIH] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesothelioma: A benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor affecting the lining of the chest or abdomen. Exposure to asbestos particles in the air increases the risk of developing malignant mesothelioma. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar
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adult cell type. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of
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Epididymis
a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Natural selection: A part of the evolutionary process resulting in the survival and reproduction of the best adapted individuals. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrogenic: Constant thirst and frequent urination because the kidney tubules cannot respond to antidiuretic hormone. The result is an increase in urine formation and excessive urine flow. [NIH] Nephrology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neuroectodermal tumor: A tumor of the central or peripheral nervous system. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel
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across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oogenesis: The formation, development, and maturation of the female germ cell. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orchiectomy: The surgical removal of one or both testicles. [NIH] Orchitis: Inflammation of a testis. The disease is marked by pain, swelling, and a feeling of weight. It may occur idiopathically, or it may be associated with conditions such as mumps, gonorrhoea, filarial disease, syphilis, or tuberculosis. [EU] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH]
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Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Ornithine Decarboxylase: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated Sadenosylmethionine to form spermidine. EC 4.1.1.17. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxytocin: A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU]
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Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH]
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Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarteritis Nodosa: A form of necrotizing vasculitis involving small- and medium-sized arteries. The signs and symptoms result from infarction and scarring of the affected organ system. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand
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as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or
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severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pseudotumour: An enlargement that resembles a tumour. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other
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psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Putrescine: A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. [NIH] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radicular: Having the character of or relating to a radicle or root. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original
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form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal agenesis: The absence or severe malformation of one or both kidneys. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Renal tubular acidosis: A rare disorder in which structures in the kidney that filter the blood are impaired, producing using that is more acid than normal. [NIH] Renal vein thrombosis: Blood clots in the vessel that carries blood away from the kidney. This can occur in people with the nephrotic syndrome. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renovascular: Of or pertaining to the blood vessels of the kidneys. [EU] Reproductive cells: Egg and sperm cells. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Rete Testis: The network of canals at the termination of the straight seminiferous tubules in the mediastinum testis. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated
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into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Ribonuclease: RNA-digesting enzyme. [NIH] Ribonucleic acid: RNA. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]
Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Roxithromycin: Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is concentrated by human phagocytes and is bioactive intracellularly. While the drug is active against a wide spectrum of pathogens, it is particularly effective in the treatment of respiratory and genital tract infections. [NIH] Ryanodine: Insecticidal alkaloid isolated from Ryania speciosa; proposed as a myocardial depressant. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Saturnism: Disease caused by the gradual accumulation of a significant body burden of lead. [NIH] Scabicide: An agent which has the power to destroy sarcoptes scabiei. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast
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cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal fluid: Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm. Seminal fluid contains sugar as an energy source for sperm. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Seminiferous Epithelium: Specialized epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules containing developing and mature spermatozoa and Sertoli cells. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important
Dictionary 147
physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin: A glycoprotein migrating as a beta-globulin. Its molecular weight, 52,000 or 95,000-115,000, indicates that it exists as a dimer. The protein binds testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in the plasma. Sex hormone-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as androgen-binding protein. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosacaccharide modifications. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Sialic Acids: A group of naturally occurring N-and O-acyl derivatives of the deoxyamino sugar neuraminic acid. They are ubiquitously distributed in many tissues. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soft tissue sarcoma: A sarcoma that begins in the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH]
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Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrometer: An apparatus for determining spectra; measures quantities such as wavelengths and relative amplitudes of components. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Capacitation: The process by which a spermatozoon becomes capable of fertilizing an ovum after it reaches the ampullary portion of the uterine tube. [NIH] Sperm Count: A count of sperm in the ejaculum, expressed as number per milliliter. [NIH] Sperm Head: The anterior, usually ovoid, nucleus-containing part of spermatozoa. [NIH] Sperm Maturation: Posttesticular ripening of spermatozoa. [NIH] Sperm Motility: Ability of the spermatozoon to move by flagellate swimming. [NIH] Sperm Tail: The posterior, filiform part of spermatozoa, which provides sperm motility. [NIH]
Sperm Transport: Passive transport or active migration of spermatozoa from the testes through the male genital system as well as within the female genital system. [NIH] Spermatic: A cord-like structure formed by the vas deferens and the blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the testis. [NIH] Spermatids: Male germ cells derived from spermatocytes and developing into spermatozoa. [NIH]
Spermatocytes: Male germ cells derived from spermatogonia and developing into spermatids. [NIH] Spermatogenesis: Process of formation and development of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spermatozoon: The mature male germ cell. [NIH]
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Spermidine: A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submandibular: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally
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Epididymis
conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Testicle: The male gonad where, in adult life, spermatozoa develop; the testis. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU]
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Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the
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initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transillumination: Passage of light through body tissues or cavities for examination of internal structures. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral resection: Surgery performed with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TUR. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumorigenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]
Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH]
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Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urogenital Diseases: Diseases of the urogenital tract. [NIH] Urologic Diseases: Diseases of the urinary tract in both male and female. It does not include the male genitalia for which urogenital diseases is used for general discussions of diseases of both the urinary tract and the genitalia. [NIH] Urologist: A doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and sex organs in males. [NIH] Urology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes and the genital tract in the male. It includes the specialty of andrology which addresses both male genital diseases and male infertility. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]
Vacuole: A fluid-filled cavity within the cytoplasm of a cell. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Varicocele: A complex of dilated veins which surround the testicle, usually on the left side. [NIH]
Vas Deferens: The excretory duct of the testes that carries spermatozoa. It rises from the scrotum and joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasectomy: An operation to cut or tie off the two tubes that carry sperm out of the testicles. [NIH]
Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH]
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Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Vesicoureteral: An abnormal condition in which urine backs up into the ureters, and occasionally into the kidneys, raising the risk of infection. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vimentin: An intermediate filament protein found in most differentiating cells, in cells grown in tissue culture, and in certain fully differentiated cells. Its insolubility suggests that it serves a structural function in the cytoplasm. MW 52,000. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to
Dictionary 155
treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
157
INDEX A Abdominal, 50, 59, 109, 110, 138 Ablation, 75, 109 Acceptor, 109, 133, 138 Acetylcholine, 109, 137 Acetylglucosaminidase, 34, 109 Acidosis, 109 Acne, 109, 120, 144 Acrosin, 63, 109 Acrosome, 17, 19, 23, 24, 109 Acrosome Reaction, 17, 19, 23, 109 Actin, 4, 109, 126 Acute renal, 83, 109 Acyl, 109, 147 Adaptability, 109, 116 Adenine, 109, 143 Adenocarcinoma, 28, 59, 66, 109 Adenoma, 58, 109 Adenosine, 25, 109, 139 Adenylate Cyclase, 25, 110 Adipocytes, 26, 74, 110 Adipose Tissue, 26, 75, 110 Adjuvant, 16, 110, 126 Adnexa, 84, 110 Adrenal Cortex, 110, 119, 124, 141 Adverse Effect, 6, 79, 110, 147 Aerobic, 110, 135 Affinity, 110, 147 Agenesis, 32, 110 Agonist, 20, 26, 110, 117, 122 Aldosterone, 5, 18, 110 Algorithms, 81, 110, 114 Alkaline, 109, 110, 111, 115 Alkaloid, 110, 145 Alpha-1, 110, 120 Alpha-Defensins, 110, 121 Alternative medicine, 110 Amino acid, 111, 112, 118, 120, 124, 127, 133, 138, 139, 141, 142, 146, 147, 150, 152 Amino Acid Sequence, 111, 112, 124, 147 Ammonia, 111, 152 Amniotic Fluid, 111, 126 Anaesthesia, 111, 130 Anatomical, 30, 31, 49, 57, 65, 68, 111, 145 Androgen-Binding Protein, 75, 111, 147 Androgens, 5, 6, 8, 110, 111, 112 Angiotensin I, 10, 111 Angiotensinogen, 111, 144
Animal model, 11, 111 Anions, 111, 131, 147, 150 Annealing, 111, 141 Anode, 21, 111 Anomalies, 36, 44, 83, 96, 111 Antibacterial, 5, 30, 111, 148 Antibiotic, 5, 112, 124, 148 Antibodies, 8, 10, 12, 16, 112, 113, 129, 133, 140 Antibody, 15, 48, 110, 112, 118, 128, 129, 130, 135, 148 Anticoagulant, 112, 142 Antidiuretic, 112, 136 Antigen, 16, 41, 42, 56, 110, 112, 118, 128, 129, 130, 131 Anti-inflammatory, 112, 127 Antimicrobial, 5, 12, 38, 66, 112, 121 Antioxidant, 31, 70, 112, 113, 138 Anus, 112, 118, 144 Aplasia, 28, 30, 112 Apoptosis, 8, 9, 10, 58, 112, 116 Aquaporins, 14, 112 Aqueous, 25, 112, 120, 128, 132 Arginine, 112, 137, 138, 143, 152 Aromatase, 6, 31, 112 Arterial, 113, 129, 142, 150 Arteries, 113, 115, 119, 135, 140 Arterioles, 113, 115 Arteriolosclerosis, 113 Arteriosclerosis, 65, 113 Arteritis, 51, 113 Artery, 113, 115, 119, 123 Asbestos, 113, 134 Ascorbic Acid, 45, 113 Aseptic, 113, 149 Aspiration, 56, 58, 113 Astringents, 113, 134 Attenuated, 113, 153 Auscultation, 84, 113 Autoantibodies, 113 Autoantigens, 10, 113 Autoimmune disease, 113 Autoimmunity, 19, 113 Azoospermia, 13, 28, 113 B Bacteria, 12, 97, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 123, 135, 145, 148, 151, 152, 153 Bacterial Infections, 84, 114
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Epididymis
Bactericidal, 114, 124 Bacteriophage, 114, 152 Benign, 29, 32, 83, 109, 113, 114, 116, 121, 125, 132, 134, 136 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 83, 114 Benign tumor, 114, 125, 132 Benzene, 76, 114 Beta-Defensins, 114, 121 Bilateral, 30, 32, 42, 54, 114 Bile, 114, 126, 133, 149 Biliary, 114, 116 Biliary Tract, 114, 116 Biochemical, 11, 14, 30, 51, 70, 74, 75, 114, 132, 146 Biogenesis, 7, 16, 114 Biological Transport, 114, 121 Biosynthesis, 21, 59, 74, 114, 138, 142, 146 Biotechnology, 26, 27, 91, 114 Biotransformation, 114 Bladder, 14, 81, 83, 84, 97, 114, 120, 129, 130, 142, 144, 153 Blood Coagulation, 115, 151 Blood pressure, 115, 129, 135, 147 Blood vessel, 115, 123, 132, 133, 134, 143, 144, 147, 148, 151, 153 Blood-Testis Barrier, 16, 115 Blot, 15, 115 Body Burden, 115, 145 Body Fluids, 115, 122, 147 Bone Marrow, 114, 115, 129, 133, 149 Bowel, 115, 131, 149 Bradykinin, 115, 137, 140 Bypass, 9, 115 C Cadmium, 18, 115 Cadmium Poisoning, 115 Calcification, 57, 113, 115 Calcium, 23, 113, 115, 118, 126, 135 Calculi, 83, 116 Carbohydrate, 116, 127, 141, 146 Carcinogenesis, 8, 116 Carcinogenic, 114, 116, 130, 137, 142, 149, 152 Carcinoid, 59, 116 Carcinoma, 27, 33, 40, 41, 116, 120 Cardiac, 116, 122, 124, 136, 149 Carnitine, 40, 66, 70, 116 Carrier Proteins, 25, 116, 140 Case report, 32, 35, 41, 44, 52, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 116 Caspase, 23, 116 Castration, 70, 116
Cathode, 111, 116, 122 Cations, 116, 131 Caudal, 13, 20, 116, 129, 141 Caveolae, 26, 116 Caveolins, 116 Cell Adhesion, 15, 16, 116, 131 Cell Adhesion Molecules, 16, 116 Cell Death, 11, 49, 112, 116, 136 Cell Division, 113, 117, 135, 140, 146 Cell membrane, 14, 114, 116, 117, 131 Cell Membrane Structures, 116, 117 Cell proliferation, 113, 117 Cell Respiration, 117, 135 Central Nervous System, 109, 114, 117, 122, 127, 146 Cervix, 117, 144 Character, 117, 143 Chloroform, 76, 117 Cholesterol, 12, 114, 116, 117, 149 Chromatin, 112, 117, 148 Chromosomal, 7, 117, 145 Chromosome, 25, 38, 117, 146 Chronic, 18, 83, 84, 97, 117, 119, 121, 123, 129, 130, 132, 140, 142, 149 Chronic renal, 83, 117, 140 Chymopapain, 117, 138 Ciliary, 37, 117 Clear cell carcinoma, 117, 121 Clinical Medicine, 117, 141 Clinical trial, 3, 4, 91, 117, 142, 143 Clomiphene, 31, 117 Clone, 51, 117 Cloning, 34, 35, 56, 114, 118 Codon, 118, 146 Coenzyme, 113, 118 Cofactor, 15, 118, 142, 151 Collagen, 111, 118, 125, 126, 140 Colloidal, 118, 122, 147 Colon, 41, 54, 118, 132 Complement, 118, 119, 126, 131, 140 Complementary and alternative medicine, 73, 77, 118 Complementary medicine, 73, 119 Computational Biology, 91, 119 Conception, 119, 125, 149 Concretion, 116, 119 Conjugated, 45, 60, 119, 120 Connective Tissue, 109, 113, 115, 118, 119, 125, 126, 133 Contraception, 4, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 119 Contraceptive, 3, 11, 12, 15, 19, 21, 22, 24, 119
159
Contraindications, ii, 119 Coronary, 119, 135 Coronary Thrombosis, 119, 135 Corpus, 119, 139, 141 Corpus Luteum, 119, 141 Cortex, 119 Cortisol, 6, 119 Crossing-over, 119, 143 Cryofixation, 119 Cryopreservation, 66, 119 Crystallization, 14, 120 Cyclic, 26, 110, 120, 128, 137 Cyclodextrins, 12, 120 Cyproterone, 39, 43, 120 Cyproterone Acetate, 39, 43, 120 Cyst, 29, 58, 120 Cystatins, 23, 120 Cysteine, 23, 117, 120, 121, 123 Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors, 120 Cystine, 120 Cystitis, 84, 120 Cytochrome, 6, 112, 120 Cytoplasm, 112, 117, 120, 124, 153, 154 Cytoskeleton, 120, 131 D Deamination, 120, 152 Decarboxylation, 120, 138, 143 Decision Making, 81, 120 Defensins, 5, 110, 114, 121 Deletion, 7, 10, 25, 112, 121 Denaturation, 121, 141 Density, 26, 121, 137 Deoxyribonucleic, 121, 145 Deprivation, 58, 121 Dermoid, 42, 121 Dermoid Cyst, 42, 121 Detergents, 22, 121 Diabetes Insipidus, 9, 14, 121 Diagnostic procedure, 121 Diastolic, 121, 129 Diethylstilbestrol, 20, 121 Diffusion, 17, 114, 121, 130, 131 Digestion, 114, 115, 121, 131, 133, 149 Dihydrotestosterone, 36, 120, 121, 144, 147 Direct, iii, 6, 13, 15, 19, 117, 121, 122, 144 Disinfectant, 121, 124 Distal, 4, 8, 10, 13, 18, 25, 121, 122 Domesticated, 121, 128 Dopamine, 122, 137, 139 Dorsal, 122, 141 Drive, ii, vi, 12, 69, 81, 122, 131, 133 Drug Tolerance, 122, 151
Duct, 11, 13, 18, 25, 39, 68, 122, 145, 153 Dynein, 7, 122 Dysplasia, 39, 42, 46, 122 E Edema, 122, 136 Efferent, 6, 11, 27, 47, 68, 79, 82, 111, 122 Efficacy, 16, 122 Ejaculation, 14, 25, 122, 146 Elasticity, 113, 122 Electrode, 5, 111, 116, 122 Electrolyte, 110, 122, 132, 141, 147 Electron microscope, 74, 122 Electrons, 112, 116, 122, 131, 138, 143 Electrophoresis, 5, 20, 122 Electrophysiological, 14, 122 Embolus, 123, 130 Embryo, 15, 47, 123, 130 Emollient, 123, 127 Endocrine System, 123, 136 Endocytosis, 75, 116, 123 Endogenous, 113, 120, 122, 123, 151 Endopeptidases, 120, 123, 142 Endorphins, 123, 137 Endothelial cell, 14, 115, 123, 151 Endothelium, 123, 137, 140 Endothelium-derived, 123, 137 End-stage renal, 117, 123, 140 Enkephalins, 123, 137 Enteropeptidase, 123, 152 Environmental Health, 90, 92, 123 Enzymatic, 16, 111, 115, 118, 123, 138, 141 Eosinophil, 12, 123 Eosinophilic, 123, 124 Epinephrine, 122, 124, 137, 152 Epithelial, 4, 5, 10, 13, 14, 15, 18, 25, 30, 34, 39, 58, 109, 114, 124 Epithelial Cells, 4, 10, 34, 39, 114, 124 Epithelium, 7, 9, 11, 14, 18, 23, 24, 25, 46, 47, 59, 60, 66, 123, 124, 138, 146 Erectile, 124, 139 Erythromycin, 124, 145 Esophagus, 124, 134, 144, 149 Estradiol, 6, 36, 124, 147 Estrogen, 6, 8, 18, 20, 28, 30, 41, 48, 112, 117, 120, 124 Estrogen receptor, 20, 28, 41, 117, 124 Ethanol, 74, 124 Ether, 59, 124 Eukaryotic Cells, 124, 130, 137, 152 Excitation, 124, 136 Excrete, 124, 132, 144 Exogenous, 114, 120, 123, 124
160
Epididymis
Exon, 10, 124 Extracellular, 5, 21, 26, 27, 119, 123, 124, 125, 131, 147 Extracellular Matrix, 119, 124, 125, 131 Extracellular Space, 26, 124, 125 Extraocular, 110, 125 F Facial, 83, 125 Fallopian tube, 125, 144 Family Planning, 91, 125 Fat, 110, 115, 123, 125, 133, 147 Fetus, 57, 125, 139, 141, 153 Fibrinogen, 125, 140, 150 Fibroblasts, 10, 125 Fibroid, 125, 132 Fibroma, 44, 125 Fibrosarcoma, 32, 43, 125 Fibrosis, 39, 42, 125, 145 Fistula, 35, 125 Flagellum, 7, 19, 125 Fluorescence, 17, 125 Foetal, 39, 125 Follicles, 125, 130 Follicular large cell lymphoma, 54, 125 Forearm, 53, 115, 125 Free Radicals, 112, 125 Fungi, 125, 135, 153, 155 G Gallbladder, 109, 114, 126 Gametogenesis, 16, 126 Gas, 111, 121, 126, 128, 137 Gasoline, 114, 126 Gastric, 116, 126 Gastrin, 126, 128 Gastrointestinal, 113, 115, 116, 124, 125, 126, 127, 132, 146, 150 Gastrointestinal tract, 124, 125, 126, 127, 132, 146 Gelatin, 126, 127, 150 Gelsolin, 4, 126 Gene Expression, 19, 25, 50, 61, 63, 126 Genetic Engineering, 114, 118, 126 Genetic testing, 126, 141 Genetics, 7, 30, 126 Genital, 7, 13, 41, 96, 117, 126, 145, 148, 153 Genotype, 126, 139 Germ Cells, 8, 16, 20, 22, 126, 138, 148, 150 Gestational, 67, 126 Gestational Age, 67, 126 Gland, 23, 83, 110, 126, 133, 138, 142, 146, 149, 151
Glomerular, 127, 132, 144 Glomeruli, 127, 143 Glomerulonephritis, 83, 84, 127 Glucans, 120, 127 Glucocorticoid, 6, 127 Glucose, 109, 113, 120, 127, 131, 143, 145 Glutamic Acid, 127, 137 Glutathione Peroxidase, 34, 38, 127, 146 Glycerol, 14, 112, 127 Glycine, 111, 127, 137, 146 Glycoprotein, 60, 74, 125, 127, 147, 151 Glycosidic, 127, 137 Gonad, 127, 150 Gonadal, 6, 10, 127, 149 Gonadotropin, 6, 127 Gonorrhoea, 127, 137 Gossypol, 70, 74, 127 Governing Board, 127, 141 Grafting, 127, 129 Granuloma, 7, 31, 62, 128 Granulosa Cells, 128, 130 Groin, 128, 130 Guanylate Cyclase, 128, 137 Guinea Pigs, 23, 128 H Heme, 120, 128 Hemodialysis, 128, 132 Hemostasis, 128, 131, 147 Heredity, 126, 128 Heterodimers, 128, 131 Hirsutism, 120, 128 Histology, 46, 63, 128 Homeobox, 13, 24, 128 Homeostasis, 25, 128 Homologous, 10, 20, 119, 120, 128, 146, 150 Hormonal, 4, 6, 8, 9, 16, 17, 128 Hormone, 10, 19, 110, 111, 119, 121, 124, 126, 128, 130, 131, 134, 136, 138, 141, 147, 150, 151 Hybrid, 7, 117, 128 Hydrogen, 109, 116, 121, 127, 128, 133, 135, 138, 150 Hydrogen Peroxide, 127, 128, 133, 150 Hydrolysis, 12, 109, 114, 129, 131, 133, 141, 142, 152 Hydronephrosis, 83, 129 Hydrophobic, 25, 121, 129 Hyperplasia, 6, 63, 129 Hypersensitivity, 124, 129 Hypertension, 83, 85, 113, 129 Hypertrophy, 114, 129
161
Hypothalamic, 6, 129 Hypothalamus, 129 I Idiopathic, 14, 129 Immortal, 22, 129 Immune response, 110, 112, 113, 129, 150, 154 Immune Sera, 129 Immune system, 5, 113, 129, 133, 154 Immunization, 12, 15, 129 Immunogen, 16, 129 Immunoglobulin, 112, 129, 136 Immunohistochemistry, 5, 15, 49, 129 Immunologic, 126, 129 Immunology, 13, 47, 49, 110, 129 Immunosuppressive, 127, 129 Implantation, 4, 119, 129 In situ, 5, 61, 130 In Situ Hybridization, 5, 61, 130 In vitro, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 20, 22, 23, 43, 47, 68, 75, 130, 141, 151 In vivo, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 30, 43, 130 Incontinence, 84, 130 Indolent, 125, 130 Induction, 10, 111, 130 Infancy, 37, 54, 55, 59, 130 Infarction, 53, 83, 85, 119, 130, 135, 140 Infection, 18, 46, 66, 76, 81, 84, 97, 113, 117, 127, 129, 130, 133, 143, 149, 154 Infertility, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 22, 25, 32, 46, 56, 58, 66, 68, 81, 96, 130, 153 Infiltration, 127, 130 Ingestion, 115, 130, 140 Inguinal, 36, 44, 130 Inguinal Hernia, 44, 130 Inhibin, 53, 57, 67, 130 Initiation, 6, 130, 152 Insight, 10, 11, 131 Insulin, 13, 131 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 131 Integrins, 50, 131 International Cooperation, 19, 131 Interstitial, 10, 125, 131, 144 Intestine, 14, 115, 131, 132 Intoxication, 131, 154 Intracellular, 5, 9, 26, 130, 131, 134, 137, 141, 145, 146 Intracellular Membranes, 131, 134 Intrinsic, 14, 110, 112, 131 Ion Channels, 15, 19, 23, 131 Ion Transport, 13, 131
Ions, 45, 122, 126, 128, 131, 135 Ipsilateral, 38, 131 Isozymes, 16, 131 K Kb, 13, 25, 90, 131 Kidney Disease, 83, 85, 90, 129, 132 Kidney Failure, 84, 123, 132 Kidney Failure, Acute, 132 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 132 Kidney Pelvis, 132, 153 Kidney stone, 84, 129, 132, 144 Kinetic, 132 L Labile, 25, 74, 118, 132 Lacrimal, 110, 132 Lacrimal Apparatus, 110, 132 Lactation, 132, 138 Large Intestine, 131, 132, 144, 147 Lectin, 51, 132, 134 Leiomyoma, 29, 32, 51, 52, 125, 132 Leiomyosarcoma, 52, 59, 60, 62, 132 Lens, 112, 132 Lesion, 128, 132, 133 Lethal, 10, 114, 132 Leucocyte, 110, 123, 132 Libido, 111, 133 Ligament, 125, 133, 142 Ligands, 116, 131, 133 Ligation, 11, 133 Lindane, 70, 133 Lipid, 17, 59, 73, 74, 113, 116, 127, 131, 133, 138 Lipid Peroxidation, 133, 138 Lipolysis, 25, 133 Liver, 109, 114, 116, 126, 133, 152 Localization, 15, 16, 20, 21, 23, 41, 44, 45, 48, 49, 52, 53, 129, 133 Localized, 12, 23, 25, 53, 119, 128, 130, 133, 140 Locomotion, 125, 133, 140 Loop, 50, 133 Lymph, 84, 123, 133, 134, 149 Lymph node, 84, 133, 134 Lymphatic, 123, 125, 130, 133, 149, 151 Lymphatic system, 125, 133, 149, 151 Lymphocyte, 112, 133 Lymphoid, 112, 133 Lymphoma, 33, 54, 60, 125, 133 Lysine, 133, 152 M Malformation, 53, 133, 144 Malignancy, 33, 134, 138
162
Epididymis
Malignant, 40, 54, 55, 109, 113, 134, 136 Malignant mesothelioma, 134 Mammogram, 115, 134, 135 Manifest, 6, 134 Medial, 113, 134 Mediastinum, 134, 144 Mediate, 23, 116, 122, 134 MEDLINE, 91, 134 Medullary, 83, 134 Melanin, 134, 139, 152 Melanocytes, 134 Melanoma, 55, 134 Membrane Proteins, 15, 116, 134 Mentors, 19, 134 Mercury, 18, 134 Mesothelioma, 32, 134 Metabolic disorder, 121, 134 Metaplasia, 25, 134 Metastasis, 41, 116, 135 Metastatic, 54, 55, 135, 145 MI, 47, 51, 52, 107, 135 Microbe, 135, 151 Microcalcifications, 115, 135 Microorganism, 118, 135, 154 Migration, 135, 148 Milliliter, 135, 148 Mitochondria, 31, 48, 65, 135, 137 Mitochondrial Swelling, 135, 136 Mitosis, 112, 135 Mobility, 15, 84, 135 Modeling, 19, 135 Modification, 12, 111, 126, 135 Molecular Structure, 14, 135 Molecule, 5, 15, 23, 112, 118, 123, 124, 127, 129, 132, 135, 138, 143, 151, 154 Monitor, 135, 137 Monoclonal, 48, 135 Mononuclear, 128, 136 Morphological, 7, 9, 11, 27, 123, 134, 136 Morphology, 6, 10, 57, 136 Motility, 5, 7, 10, 20, 21, 50, 68, 126, 136, 147 Mucinous, 32, 136 Mucus, 136 Myocardium, 135, 136 N Natural selection, 114, 136 Necrosis, 83, 112, 130, 135, 136 Neonatal, 9, 127, 136 Neoplasm, 136, 152 Neoplastic, 133, 136 Nephrogenic, 9, 14, 136
Nephrology, 10, 29, 38, 39, 52, 55, 136 Nephropathy, 132, 136 Nephrosis, 136 Nephrotic, 83, 84, 136, 144 Nephrotic Syndrome, 83, 84, 136, 144 Nerve, 27, 63, 122, 136, 145, 149, 152, 153 Nervous System, 117, 136, 139 Networks, 13, 136 Neuroectodermal tumor, 54, 55, 59, 136 Neuroendocrine, 19, 24, 136 Neurologic, 84, 136 Neurotransmitter, 14, 109, 111, 115, 122, 127, 131, 136, 137, 150 Nitric Oxide, 49, 137 Nitrogen, 110, 111, 132, 137 Norepinephrine, 122, 137 Nuclear, 9, 19, 122, 124, 136, 137 Nucleic acid, 130, 137, 143, 145, 149 Nucleus, 109, 112, 117, 120, 124, 136, 137, 148, 149 O Oligosaccharides, 47, 137 Oliguria, 132, 137 Oncogenic, 131, 137 Oogenesis, 19, 137 Opacity, 121, 137 Orbit, 121, 137 Orchiectomy, 46, 137 Orchitis, 16, 97, 137 Organelles, 19, 120, 134, 137, 140 Orgasm, 122, 137, 146 Ornithine, 63, 138, 143 Ornithine Decarboxylase, 63, 138 Osmotic, 135, 138, 147 Ovaries, 112, 138, 144, 147 Ovary, 26, 119, 124, 127, 138 Ovulation, 117, 128, 138 Ovum, 109, 119, 138, 141, 148, 154 Oxidation, 12, 109, 112, 114, 120, 127, 133, 138 Oxidative Stress, 11, 138 Oxytocin, 48, 138 P Palliative, 120, 138 Palpation, 84, 138 Pancreas, 109, 131, 138, 152 Pancreatic, 116, 138 Papain, 23, 120, 138 Papilla, 138 Papillary, 29, 32, 37, 42, 58, 63, 67, 138 Papillomavirus, 46, 138 Particle, 138, 152
163
Pathologic, 43, 109, 112, 119, 129, 139, 142 Pathologic Processes, 112, 139 Pathophysiology, 5, 139 Patient Education, 96, 97, 102, 104, 107, 139 Pelvic, 139, 142 Pelvis, 132, 138, 139, 143, 153 Penis, 59, 62, 81, 83, 84, 122, 139, 144 Peptide, 16, 111, 123, 139, 141, 142 Peripheral Nervous System, 123, 136, 139, 150 Pharmacokinetic, 139 Pharmacologic, 26, 111, 139, 151 Phenotype, 10, 139 Phenylalanine, 139, 152 Phosphorus, 115, 139 Phosphorylation, 12, 20, 139 Physical Examination, 83, 126, 139 Physiologic, 110, 114, 139, 143 Physiology, 5, 9, 11, 13, 16, 19, 22, 23, 36, 83, 122, 136, 139 Pigment, 59, 127, 134, 139 Placenta, 112, 124, 139, 141 Plants, 110, 121, 127, 132, 136, 137, 140, 145, 151 Plasma, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 30, 50, 66, 112, 117, 125, 126, 128, 132, 140, 144, 146, 147 Plasma cells, 112, 140 Plasma protein, 140, 147 Plasmin, 140 Plasminogen, 53, 140 Plasminogen Activators, 140 Plastids, 137, 140 Platelet Aggregation, 137, 140 Platelets, 137, 140, 146, 151 Platinum, 133, 140 Pneumonia, 119, 140 Poisoning, 115, 131, 134, 140 Polyarteritis Nodosa, 53, 140 Polycystic, 6, 83, 84, 140 Polymerase, 46, 140, 141 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 46, 141 Polypeptide, 16, 111, 118, 125, 140, 141, 155 Polysaccharide, 112, 141 Posterior, 17, 122, 138, 141, 148 Postnatal, 8, 141, 149 Post-translational, 111, 141, 147 Potassium, 110, 141 Practice Guidelines, 92, 141 Precursor, 24, 36, 111, 122, 123, 137, 139, 140, 141, 149, 152
Pregnancy Tests, 126, 141 Prenatal, 123, 141 Preoperative, 55, 141 Presynaptic, 136, 141 Probe, 25, 141 Progeny, 22, 141 Progesterone, 41, 48, 141, 149 Progression, 66, 111, 141 Progressive, 113, 117, 122, 132, 136, 141, 144, 152 Projection, 14, 137, 142 Promoter, 10, 13, 25, 28, 34, 56, 67, 142 Prophylaxis, 142, 144 Prostate, 8, 10, 18, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 41, 59, 60, 76, 82, 83, 84, 114, 142, 144, 146 Prostate gland, 60, 83, 142 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 142 Prostatitis, 77, 83, 84, 142 Protease, 23, 35, 142 Protease Inhibitors, 23, 35, 142 Protein C, 60, 111, 114, 118, 142, 152 Protein S, 10, 15, 18, 23, 114, 124, 142 Proteins, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 34, 45, 47, 48, 50, 60, 62, 66, 111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, 122, 124, 128, 134, 135, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 145, 147, 150, 151, 153 Proteinuria, 136, 142 Proteolytic, 23, 110, 118, 123, 125, 138, 140, 142 Protocol, 16, 142 Protozoa, 135, 142, 153 Pseudotumour, 50, 142 Psoriasis, 142, 144 Psychoactive, 142, 154 Public Policy, 91, 143 Publishing, 26, 83, 84, 143 Pulmonary, 115, 124, 132, 143 Pulmonary Edema, 132, 143 Purines, 143, 146 Putrescine, 138, 143, 149 Pyelonephritis, 83, 84, 143 Pyridoxal, 138, 143 Pyrimidines, 143, 146 Q Quiescent, 4, 143 R Radiation, 125, 143, 154 Radicular, 84, 143 Radioactive, 20, 115, 128, 130, 137, 143, 152 Radiography, 126, 143
164
Epididymis
Randomized, 122, 143 Reabsorption, 4, 143 Receptor, 9, 10, 20, 25, 26, 35, 61, 75, 112, 120, 122, 143, 147 Recombinant, 7, 12, 19, 143, 154 Recombination, 8, 10, 20, 143 Reconstitution, 20, 143 Rectal, 84, 144 Rectum, 84, 112, 118, 126, 130, 132, 142, 144 Recurrence, 54, 59, 144 Reductase, 61, 64, 112, 144 Refer, 1, 118, 123, 126, 133, 144, 151 Reflux, 29, 83, 85, 144 Regeneration, 143, 144 Regimen, 122, 144 Remission, 144 Renal agenesis, 38, 144 Renal failure, 83, 144 Renal pelvis, 132, 144 Renal tubular, 10, 83, 144 Renal tubular acidosis, 83, 144 Renal vein thrombosis, 83, 144 Renin, 111, 144 Renovascular, 83, 144 Reproductive cells, 126, 144 Reproductive system, 5, 11, 24, 79, 83, 142, 144 Resection, 144 Rete Testis, 35, 36, 55, 57, 144 Retinoids, 25, 144 Retrovirus, 7, 144 Ribonuclease, 12, 145 Ribonucleic acid, 39, 145 Ribose, 109, 145 Rickettsiae, 145, 153 Risk factor, 96, 145 Roxithromycin, 38, 145 Ryanodine, 23, 145 S Saliva, 145 Salivary, 23, 145, 149 Saponins, 145, 149 Saturnism, 70, 145 Scabicide, 133, 145 Schizoid, 145, 154 Schizophrenia, 145, 154 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 145, 154 Sclerosis, 113, 145 Screening, 117, 145 Scrotum, 67, 84, 97, 145, 153 Secondary tumor, 135, 145
Secretion, 4, 6, 10, 14, 18, 19, 30, 130, 131, 132, 136, 146 Secretory, 4, 12, 20, 38, 48, 56, 59, 60, 62, 66, 110, 146 Segmental, 15, 63, 146 Segmentation, 15, 146 Segregation, 143, 146 Selenium, 21, 146 Selenocysteine, 21, 146 Semen, 83, 113, 122, 142, 146 Seminal fluid, 40, 146 Seminal vesicles, 29, 31, 36, 83, 84, 146, 153 Seminiferous Epithelium, 10, 115, 146 Seminiferous tubule, 22, 111, 130, 144, 146, 148 Sensor, 4, 146 Sequence Analysis, 48, 146 Sequence Homology, 27, 66, 146 Sequencing, 35, 141, 146 Serine, 24, 123, 146, 152 Serotonin, 137, 146 Serum, 12, 31, 49, 118, 127, 129, 132, 144, 147 Serum Albumin, 12, 147 Sex Characteristics, 111, 147, 150 Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, 50, 147 Shock, 147, 152 Sialic Acids, 70, 147 Side effect, 4, 110, 147, 151 Signs and Symptoms, 83, 140, 144, 147 Skeletal, 111, 147 Skeleton, 109, 147 Skull, 137, 147, 150 Small intestine, 128, 130, 131, 147, 152 Smooth muscle, 63, 125, 132, 147, 150 Sodium, 110, 143, 147 Soft tissue, 115, 125, 147 Soft tissue sarcoma, 125, 147 Solvent, 114, 117, 124, 127, 138, 148 Soma, 148 Somatic, 13, 17, 63, 135, 139, 148 Somatic cells, 13, 135, 148 Specialist, 98, 148 Species, 22, 120, 121, 124, 128, 135, 136, 146, 148, 149, 152, 154 Specificity, 25, 110, 123, 148 Spectrometer, 21, 148 Spectrum, 145, 148 Sperm Capacitation, 12, 148 Sperm Count, 13, 50, 148 Sperm Head, 17, 109, 148
165
Sperm Maturation, 4, 9, 10, 12, 17, 19, 24, 36, 41, 49, 61, 62, 67, 148 Sperm Motility, 16, 20, 148 Sperm Tail, 7, 148 Sperm Transport, 20, 148 Spermatic, 33, 38, 51, 54, 63, 65, 84, 148 Spermatids, 13, 19, 21, 148 Spermatocytes, 10, 148 Spermatogenesis, 6, 10, 19, 20, 22, 32, 49, 148 Spermatozoon, 109, 148 Spermidine, 138, 149 Sphincter, 84, 149 Spinal cord, 117, 136, 139, 149 Spleen, 14, 133, 149 Squamous, 25, 46, 149 Steatosis, 70, 149 Stem Cells, 22, 149 Sterile, 7, 10, 113, 149 Sterility, 39, 40, 46, 49, 61, 67, 68, 81, 130, 149 Sterilization, 4, 149 Steroid, 4, 6, 30, 36, 50, 64, 112, 119, 145, 149 Stimulus, 122, 124, 131, 149, 150 Stomach, 109, 124, 126, 128, 144, 147, 149 Stool, 118, 130, 132, 149 Strand, 140, 149 Stress, 119, 138, 149 Stromal, 59, 149 Subacute, 130, 149 Subclinical, 130, 149 Subcutaneous, 110, 122, 132, 149 Submandibular, 23, 149 Subspecies, 148, 149 Substance P, 115, 124, 144, 146, 150 Substrate, 24, 150 Sulfates, 64, 150 Sulfuric acid, 150 Superoxide, 51, 150 Superoxide Dismutase, 51, 150 Supplementation, 21, 150 Suppression, 8, 150 Symphysis, 142, 150 Synaptic, 137, 150 Syphilis, 137, 150 Systemic, 65, 115, 124, 130, 150, 152 Systolic, 129, 150 T Temporal, 5, 6, 150 Testicle, 37, 42, 58, 96, 97, 127, 150, 153
Testicular, 6, 8, 10, 11, 17, 21, 22, 31, 33, 36, 53, 65, 68, 84, 96, 112, 150 Testosterone, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 18, 20, 31, 33, 36, 144, 147, 150 Thermal, 113, 141, 150 Threonine, 73, 146, 150 Threshold, 129, 150 Thrombin, 125, 140, 142, 150, 151 Thrombolytic, 140, 150 Thrombomodulin, 142, 151 Thrombosis, 131, 142, 151 Thrombus, 119, 130, 140, 150, 151 Thymus, 129, 133, 151 Thyroid, 151, 152 Tissue Culture, 151, 154 Tolerance, 19, 109, 151 Tone, 151 Tonic, 26, 151 Topical, 24, 113, 124, 128, 138, 151 Torsion, 67, 68, 130, 151 Toxic, iv, 6, 114, 143, 146, 151 Toxicity, 73, 134, 151 Toxicokinetics, 151 Toxicology, 74, 92, 151 Toxin, 23, 151 Transcriptase, 144, 151 Transcription Factors, 8, 13, 19, 20, 25, 151 Transduction, 11, 19, 116, 152 Transfection, 114, 152 Transfer Factor, 129, 152 Transillumination, 84, 152 Translational, 19, 152 Transmitter, 109, 122, 131, 137, 152 Transplantation, 22, 117, 129, 132, 152 Transurethral, 29, 152 Transurethral resection, 29, 152 Trauma, 18, 81, 136, 152 Trypsin, 63, 109, 123, 152, 155 Tuberculosis, 137, 152 Tumorigenic, 8, 152 Tumour, 29, 55, 67, 142, 152 Tunica, 38, 43, 152 Tyrosine, 12, 122, 152 U Ubiquitin, 28, 52, 152 Ultrasonography, 126, 152 Urea, 14, 132, 138, 152 Uremia, 132, 144, 152 Ureter, 9, 38, 81, 129, 132, 144, 153 Urethra, 81, 83, 114, 139, 142, 152, 153 Urinary, 81, 82, 83, 84, 97, 116, 120, 130, 137, 152, 153
166
Epididymis
Urinary tract, 83, 84, 97, 153 Urinary tract infection, 83, 84, 153 Urinate, 84, 153 Urine, 112, 114, 121, 129, 130, 132, 136, 137, 142, 144, 153, 154 Urogenital, 9, 153 Urogenital Diseases, 153 Urologic Diseases, 83, 153 Urologist, 19, 153 Uterine Contraction, 138, 153 Uterus, 8, 57, 117, 119, 125, 132, 138, 141, 144, 153 V Vaccines, 19, 153, 154 Vacuole, 7, 153 Vagina, 117, 121, 144, 153 Vaginal, 84, 153 Varicocele, 96, 153 Vascular, 10, 42, 44, 123, 130, 137, 139, 140, 151, 153 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 42, 44, 153 Vasculitis, 51, 140, 153 Vasectomy, 4, 10, 18, 34, 39, 68, 75, 153 Vasodilators, 137, 153 Vector, 8, 152, 154 Vein, 85, 96, 137, 154
Venereal, 81, 150, 154 Venom, 23, 154 Venous, 142, 154 Vesicoureteral, 83, 154 Veterinary Medicine, 91, 154 Vimentin, 35, 36, 154 Vinca Alkaloids, 154 Vincristine, 76, 154 Viral, 137, 144, 152, 154 Virulence, 113, 151, 154 Virus, 49, 114, 126, 152, 154 Viscera, 148, 154 Visceral, 70, 154 Vitro, 4, 20, 24, 27, 47, 154 Vivo, 8, 9, 13, 18, 20, 25, 154 W White blood cell, 112, 133, 136, 140, 154 Withdrawal, 8, 154 Womb, 144, 153, 154 Wound Healing, 116, 131, 154 X Xenograft, 111, 154 X-ray, 116, 125, 134, 137, 154 Y Yeasts, 126, 139, 155 Z Zymogen, 142, 155
167
168
Epididymis
