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I N T E R N AT I O N A L E N E R G Y A G E N C Y
Energy Policies of IEA Countries Warning: Please note that this PDF is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at www.iea.org/w/bookshop/pricing.html
HUNGARY 2006 Review
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an autonomous body which was established in November 1974 within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to implement an international energy programme. It carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among twenty-six of the OECD’s thirty member countries. The basic aims of the IEA are: • To maintain and improve systems for coping with oil supply disruptions. • To promote rational energy policies in a global context through co-operative relations with non-member countries, industry and international organisations. • To operate a permanent information system on the international oil market. • To improve the world’s energy supply and demand structure by developing alternative energy sources and increasing the efficiency of energy use. • To assist in the integration of environmental and energy policies. The IEA member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the IEA.
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO- OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of thirty democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD.
© OECD/IEA, 2007 No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made without written permission. Applications should be sent to: International Energy Agency (IEA), Head of Publications Service, 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France.
1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Key Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9 9 11
2
GENERAL ENERGY POLICY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Country Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supply and Demand Balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy Policy Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy Market Structure and Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy Statistics and Forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Critique and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 13 15 17 21 24 26 28
3
ENERGY EFFICIENCY, CHP AND TRANSPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current Status of Energy Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy Efficiency Programmes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Critique and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33 33 36 37 41 43
4
ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Critique and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47 47 53 56
5
ELECTRICITY AND NUCLEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industry Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy and Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricity Market and Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plant History and Future Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issues of Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Critique and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59 59 59 60 61 67 68 73 73 76 77 79 81
3
© OECD/IEA, 2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuclear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81 83
6
RENEWABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sources of Supply and Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Critique and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87 87 90 93 95
7
FOSSIL FUELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supply and Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Market Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exploration and Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Market Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Emergency Preparedness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supply and Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Government Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Critique and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Natural Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99 99 99 100 101 107 111 111 112 113 117 122 123 123 123 124 124 124 128 128
A
ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 R&D Strategy and Skill Base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Implementation Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Critique and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 ANNEX: ORGANISATION OF THE REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Review Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Review Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Organisations Visited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
B
ANNEX: ENERGY BALANCES AND KEY STATISTICAL DATA. . . . . . . . . 143
C
ANNEX: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY “SHARED GOALS” . . . . . 147
D
ANNEX: GLOSSARY AND LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4
© OECD/IEA, 2007
8
Tables and Figures 1. Key Economic Indicators for Hungary, 1996 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
2. Energy End-use Prices, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
3. Excise Duty Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
4. Hungary’s Energy Consumption and Forecast Data, 2000 to 2030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
5. Average Efficiency by Type of Fuel for Hungarian and Foreign Electricity Generating Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
6. Share of Transport Mode in Hungary, 1990 to 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
7. Efficiency Indicators in Transport in Hungary, 1990 to 2010 . . . . . .
40
8. Major Emitter Allocations under Hungary’s NAP I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
9. Allocation and Verified Emissions in NAP I by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
10. Energy-related Joint Implementation Projects in Hungary. . . . . . . . . .
53
11. Air Pollutant Emissions Reductions in Hungary, 1980 to 2010. . . . . . .
54
12. Origin and Type of Emissions in Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
13. SO2 Emissions from Oszol‘any Coal-fired Power Station, 2000 to 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
14. Large-scale Generating Capacity (>50MW) by Fuel in Hungary, 2005 . .
63
15. Small-scale Generating Capacity (