ECLAMPSIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1 Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Eclampsia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84403-8 1. Eclampsia-Popular works.I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on eclampsia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ECLAMPSIA ............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Eclampsia ...................................................................................... 7 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 29 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 30 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ECLAMPSIA ..................................................................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Finding Nutrition Studies on Eclampsia..................................................................................... 77 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 83 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ECLAMPSIA ............................................................... 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 87 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 94 General References ....................................................................................................................... 96 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ECLAMPSIA ............................................................................................ 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Patents on Eclampsia ................................................................................................................... 97 Patent Applications on Eclampsia ............................................................................................. 104 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 113 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ECLAMPSIA.............................................................................................. 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 115 Chapters on Eclampsia............................................................................................................... 116 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ECLAMPSIA ................................................................ 117 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 117 Academic Periodicals covering Eclampsia ................................................................................. 121 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 125 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 125 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 125 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 127 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 129 The Genome Project and Eclampsia ........................................................................................... 129 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 133 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 133 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 133 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 137 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 139 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 139 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 139 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 145 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 148 ECLAMPSIA DICTIONARY ....................................................................................................... 149
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INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 217
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with eclampsia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about eclampsia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to eclampsia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on eclampsia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to eclampsia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on eclampsia. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ECLAMPSIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on eclampsia.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and eclampsia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “eclampsia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Prepregnancy Weight and the Risk of Pregnancy Complications Source: Healthy Weight Journal. 15(6): 83. November/December 2001. Summary: A study initially published in the American Journal of Public Health found that both overweight and obese women appear to have an increased risk of developing pregnancy complications. Researchers categorized 96,801 women by body mass index (BMI) using data obtained from Washington State birth certificates and driver licenses issued between 1992 and 1996. Findings indicated that when compared with thin women, both overweight and obese women were at a significantly higher risk for developing gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. The risk of these diseases and Cesarean delivery increased consistently for women with a prepregnancy BMI of 20 or greater. Women who were overweight or obese were also at greater risk for delivering at or before 32 weeks gestation. Moreover, infants of obese women had a
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nearly twofold increased risk of death within the first year of life. The researchers emphasized that women should avoid excessive weight gain during adolescence and young adulthood. •
Part 2: Rationale for a Wellness Approach to Obesity Source: Healthy Weight Journal. 14(2):20-24. March-April 2000. Summary: Based on a review of studies comparing body mass index (BMI) and mortality, the authors conclude that extremes of weight, both overweight and underweight, result in excess mortality. The excess mortality among the underweight cannot be attributed to smoking, as is sometimes done, because the smokers who are at the highest risk for disease are not especially lean. In the elderly, leanness is an indicator for increased mortality; obesity is not a risk factor until it reaches the extremes of a BMI greater than 35. Obesity can actually be beneficial in terms of risk for some diseases. This is true for cancer, infectious diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoporosis, eclampsia, peptic ulcer, and suicide, among others. In other diseases, patients were are classified as obese have a better survival rate than leaner patients. Examples are hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes type II. The authors caution that this does not mean that patients with these conditions should try to gain weight, but that patients who are overweight do not have as dire a prognosis as leaner patients. More dangerous in the view of the authors are the ineffective methods of weight loss attempted by many overweight patients. None have proved effective and weight cycling (repeated loss and gain of weight) has been shown to be hazardous. The authors call for a change of focus, to healthy lifestyles, rather than a focus on weight loss.
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Hypertension in Pregnancy Source: Nephron. 76(3): 254-263. July 1997. Contact: Available from S. Karger Publishers, Inc. 26 West Avon Road, P.O. Box 529, Farmington, CT 06085. Summary: Normal pregnancy is characterized by a marked reduction in peripheral vascular resistance. Blood pressure is diminished, while cardiac output, blood volume, renal blood flow, and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are increased. These hemodynamic changes are reversed in preeclampsia eclampsia (PE E), a condition considered to be related to a dysfunction of the endothelium. This article discusses hypertension in pregnancy, notable PE E. The author hypothesizes that decreases in the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (in association with an increased synthesis of thromboxane A2) may play a role in the pathogenesis of PE E. Recent reports have supported the concept that an imbalance between vasodilators and vasoconstrictors may explain the clinical, laboratory, and hemodynamic disturbances observed in PE E. The control of hypertension, rest, and close clinical and laboratory surveillance remain the gold standard to minimize the severity of the complications of PE E. However, on the basis of its physiology and pathophysiology, low dose aspirin has been recommended in pregnancies at risk to prevent or, at least, delay the occurrence of PE E. Although initial reports showed promising results, recent conclusions from large trials have moderated this optimism. The use of supplemental L arginine may be considered another possibility of treatment, and experimental data have given convincing results, but there are no reports on PE E. The author concludes that the practical management of PE E requires prudence, careful followup and prompt decisions on the precise moment for delivery (which remains the most effective
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therapeutic procedure). The article concludes with a roundtable discussion of the practical issues that arise in managing these patients. 54 references. •
Malignant Hypertension and Hypertensive Emergencies Source: JASN. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 9(1): 133-142. January 1998. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 428 E. Preston Street, Baltimore, MD 21202. (800) 638-6423. Summary: This article discusses hypertensive crises, defined as a syndrome characterized by severe blood pressure (BP) elevation associated with imminent risks to the patient. It is a common clinical problem and accounts for 27.5 percent of all medical emergencies presenting to the emergency department. The most important determinant for the urgency of treatment is deterioration of vital organ function secondary to the hypertension. The authors consider both the presence of Keith-Wagener grade IV retinal changes (papilledema) and grade III retinopathy (hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and hard exudates without papilledema) as malignant hypertension. The authors outline the incidence, etiology, pathology, clinical presentation (including renal involvement), and prognosis of malignant hypertension. The next section of the article considers drugs of choice for hypertensive emergencies and urgencies, including sodium nitroprusside, labetalol, nitroglycerin, beta-adrenergic blockers, diazoxide, trimethaphan camsylate, phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine, antiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, hydralazine, minoxidil, calcium channel blockers, and clonidine. The final section of the article discusses special situations, including acute renal failure, hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebrovascular accidents (stroke), left ventricular failure and pulmonary edema, myocardial infarction and unstable angina, dissecting aortic aneurysm, adrenergic crises, postoperative hypertension, and eclampsia. The authors conclude that the effects of hypertension on target organ function need to be balanced against the risks of excessive BP lowering. 1 figure. 4 tables. 31 references.
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HELLP Syndrome: Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, and Low Platelets Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 280(6): 559-562. August 12, 1998. Summary: This article presents a detailed case study and discussion of HELLP syndrome, which consists of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets. The HELLP syndrome is one of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, which also include preeclampsia and eclampsia. The multi-organ dysfunction in HELLP can lead to acute tubular necrosis and renal failure. Preeclampsia is associated with glomerular endotheliosis, whose pathologic hallmark is a thickening of the basement membranes; a similar renal lesion may account for the proteinuria in HELLP. With proper supportive care, most patients fully recover kidney function. The author emphasizes that all physicians should know that a cardinal symptom of the HELLP syndrome is right upper quadrant pain. Clinicians examining pregnant women in a primary care or subspecialty setting should have a low threshold for ordering a complete blood count, urinalysis, and liver function tests, even if the patients complaints are nonspecific. Finally, pregnant women need regular, accurate blood pressure measurement. A blood pressure of 140 over 90 mm Hg, normal in most nonpregnant patients, may indicate serious disease in pregnant women. 28 references.
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Jaundice in Pregnancy Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 3(12): 892-896. December 1991. Summary: This article presents an overview of the occurrence of jaundice in pregnancy. Topics include the causes of jaundice; disorders specific to pregnancy, including hyperemesis gravidarum, benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets), toxemia/eclampsia and liver disease, biliary disease and pregnancy, infections of the liver during pregnancy, hepatocellular disorders and pregnancy, vascular hepatic disorders and pregnancy, and hepatic tumors and pregnancy. The author stresses that knowledge of the biochemical changes that are physiological and that occur in normal pregnancy is imperative in order to avoid mistaken interpretation of the biochemical tests during pregnancy. 1 table. 30 annotated references.
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Liver Disease in Pregnancy Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 335(8): 569-576. August 22, 1996. Summary: This article reviews liver disease in pregnancy. Topics include diagnosis; cholestatic liver disease, including hyperemesis gravidarum, and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy; hepatocellular disease, including viral hepatitis, liver diseases of late pregnancy, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, preeclampsia and eclampsia, and the HELLP syndrome; and the differential diagnosis of liver disease in pregnancy, including the changes in laboratory values, and the use of ultrasound and liver biopsy. The authors emphasize that liver disease is a rare complication of pregnancy, but when it occurs it may do so in a dramatic and tragic fashion for both mother and infant. 3 figures. 2 tables. 60 references.
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Diagnosing and Managing Liver Abnormalities in Pregnancy Source: IM. Internal Medicine. 20(5): 31-32, 35-40. May 1999. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Summary: This article reviews the diagnosis and management of liver abnormalities in pregnancy. The authors note that certain effects of pregnancy can create the impression of liver disease where none exists. However neither serum transaminase nor bilirubin is altered during normal pregnancy; therefore, these tests are reliable indicators of liver disease. When a pregnant patient presents with evidence of liver disease, there are three options to consider. She may have one of the liver problems that are unique to pregnancy, which include abnormalities associated with hyperemesis gravidarum, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (IHCP), preeclampsia eclampsia HELLP syndrome, and acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP). Or she could have a liver disease for which pregnancy is a predisposing factor, such as Budd Chiari syndrome or herpes hepatitis. If neither is the case, then she either has underlying liver disease or has acquired it coincidentally. Some of these latter situations, such as hepatitis B during pregnancy, may also have important implications for the infant. The author concludes that while corrective treatment is often not possible, timely detection and control of liver disease in pregnancy are always important to an optimal outcome. The article includes a diagnostic algorithm for liver disease in pregnancy. 1 figure. 1 table. 17 references.
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Liver Diseases in Pregnancy Source: Practical Gastroenterology. 20(7): 14, 16-18, 20, 25-26, 28, 30-32, 37. July 1996. Contact: Available from Shugar Publishing, Inc. 99B Main Street, Westhampton Beach, NY 11978. (631) 288-4404. Fax (631) 288-4435. E-Mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This article, one in a series on gastrointestinal (GI) disorders during pregnancy, reviews liver diseases in pregnancy. Liver diseases during pregnancy range from benign to fatal, and from diagnostically straightforward to challenging. In this review article, the authors discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of some important hepatobiliary disease that may affect pregnant patients. First, they review the entities peculiar to pregnancy, such as cholestasis of pregnancy, hyperemesis gravidarum, preclampsia and eclampsia, and acute fatty liver of pregnancy. In the second section, they discuss a number of important hepatobiliary diseases that may be coincidental with pregnancy, including viral hepatitis, the portal hypertensive state, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, Wilson's disease, hemochromatosis, gallstones, Budd-Chiari syndrome, Dubin-Johnson syndrome, acute porphyrias, and liver mass lesions. The authors focus in particular on the diagnostic approach to the pregnant patient, as well as outcome for the fetus and the afflicted mother. Finally, they briefly consider the role of liver transplantation in pregnancy. 71 references. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Eclampsia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to eclampsia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to eclampsia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore eclampsia. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for eclampsia: •
Project Title: ANGIOGENIC & PREMEABILITY PREECLAMPSIA
GROWTH
FACTORS
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnson, Donna D.; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-AUG-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Pre-eclampsia is a multisystem disorder that complicates 10 percent of pregnancies. This disease leads to increased morbidity and mortality for both the mother and baby. Although the clinical presentation of the disease 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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is well described, the pathophysiologic mechanisms for the clinical manifestations are not. The overall hypothesis of this application is that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PIGE) are likely mediators of some of the clinical features of preeclampsia and the placenta is the site for the altered production of these growth factors. VEGF and PIGF are specific mitogen for endothelial cells and are potent stimuli for angiogenesis and vascular permeability. The biological activity of these related growth factors is modified depending on the concentration of each. This proposal will examine their relationship to the clinical manifestations of preeclampsia in two specific aims. In specific aim one, the hypothesis to be tested is that maternal serum levels of PIGE and VEGF are altered in preeclamptic patients and these alterations correlate to increased vascular permeability and subsequently clinical manifestations of the disease, such as proteinuria and pulmonary edema. Maternal serum levels of VEGF and PIGE will be measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia and then compared to those found in normal pregnancies. We will follow patients longitudinally to determine if the alterations of VEGF and PIGF change as the disease progresses. PIGF is an important modulator of VEGF activity. We predict that PIGE levels decrease but VEGF levels remain unchanged or increase. As PIGF levels become more depressed, the clinical manifestations of preeclampsia will progress. In specific aim two, the hypothesis to be tested is that alterations in maternal serum levels of PIGF and VEGF will be reflected in the placenta at the level of gene expression. Maternal serum levels of VEGF and PIGE will be measured by ELISA in normal pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia and correlated with the expression VEGF and PIGE mRNA in the placenta determined by Northern blot. The placenta is likely the major source for these growth factors in pregnancy and any changes in the serum levels will be reflected in the placenta. In other words PIGF gene expression will be reduced and VEGF gene expression will be unchanged or increased. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOLOGY OF HUMAN UTERINE NK CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Moffett, Ashley; University of Cambridge Cambridge, England Cambridge, Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 21-SEP-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: In human pregnancy normal implantation and development of the fetoplacental unit is dependent on transformation of the uterine lining from endometrium to decidua. The formation of decidua is essential for normal pregnancy. In a non-pregnant cycle the endometrium breaks down at menstruation and a similar process occurs in a failing pregnancy at miscarriage. The cellular and molecular processes responsible for formation of decidua or endometrial breakdown are largely unknown. The hypothesis underlying this proposal is that the unusual population of uterine mucosal leucocytes, uterine Natural Killer (N K) cells, play a pivotal role in the critical decision that the secretory endometrium must make either to decidualise or undergo menstruation. The functions of uterine NK cells are unknown, but they are most abundant in species which undergo mucosal decidualisation and they are an integral part of decidua. In nonpregnant cycles they undergo apoptosis 2-3 days preceding menstrual breakdown before there are no other morphological features of menstruation. The specific questions are: 1) Are the NK cells in the uterine mucosa recruited from the blood? 2) What factors in the uterine microenvironment are responsible for triggering NK cell apoptosis or maintaining NK cell survival? 3) Can uterine NK cells influence the process of decidualisation? This work will increase understanding of two crucial processes in
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human reproductive physiology - decidualisation and menstruation. Therefore this work will have a major impact on women's health. It could lead to novel therapeutic approaches in a wide range of disorders including infertility, miscarriage, disorders due to defective placentation (pre-eclampsia and IUGR) and menstrual disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CANCER IN THE JERUSALEM PERINATAL STUDY COHORT Principal Investigator & Institution: Harlap, Susan; Research Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The Jerusalem Perinatal Study is a population-based research data bank based on mothers, fathers and offspring. In 1964-76 all Jewish births were surveyed, as were all births to Arab residents of West Jerusalem. Demographic data were recorded on the parents, infant deaths and congenital malformations, admissions to hospitals and obstetric complications. Approximately two thirds of the Jews were refugees, or their offspring, from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Yemen, Syria or Lebanon. Specific subsets of the mothers were interviewed in 1966-68 and 1975-76, adding information on consanguinity, antenatal health, body size, smoking, fertility, gynecologic variables and contraceptive use. After an average of 27 years (range 21-33) most offspring have completed their compulsory military service. This cohort may be one of the largest to include ethnic ancestry with obstetric and social data, which can link siblings and parents. We propose to link this database with Israel's Cancer Registry for follow-up studies of malignancies, as the parents and offspring age, and to prepare for the potential use of this cohort for cancer prevention trials. In this initial 4-year project we will undertake the checking and corrections needed for record linkage, describe losses to follow up, identify deaths and update the record linkage annually. Linkage in 1999 will identify malignancies diagnosed to the end of 1996, including an estimated 1846 cases in the 34,900 mothers and 485 in the 92,500 male and female offspring. We estimate there will be 440 cancers of breast and 122 of ovary, half of them to women of non-European origin. Focussing on breast cancer in mothers we will test for effects of gender of first offspring and explore ethnic differences in the effects of these and conventional risk factors. We will question whether changes in incidence of breast cancer and or other cancers can be predicted by births of offspring with major or minor birth defects, including neural tube defects and Down's syndrome, or by certain obstetric outcomes, including pre-eclampsia. The results may identify women who would benefit from intensive screening or provide new clues to the etiology of breast cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CEREBROVASCULAR HYPERTENSION
CHANGES
IN
PREGNANCY
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Cipolla, Marilyn J.; Neurology; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Eclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy that occurs when hypertension develops with neurologic symptoms, including headaches, nausea, visual disturbances and convulsions. While numerous organs are affected by hypertension in pregnancy, cerebrovascular involvement is the direct cause of death in approximately 40 percent of patients. The major cerebrovascular changes
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that occur have been shown to be similar to hypertensive encephalopathy in which acute elevations in blood pressure (i.e., acute hypertension) overcome the myogenic vasoconstriction of the cerebral arteries and arterioles causing autoregulatory failure, hyperperfusion and edema. Because women who develop eclampsia in general are normotensive prior to pregnancy, there is evidence that pregnancy affects the cerebral circulation in a way that makes the vessels susceptible to autoregulatory failure and hyperperfusion during acute hypertension. The long-term objective of this proposal is to investigate how pregnancy affects the structure and function of the cerebral circulation focusing on diameter regulation in response to changes in pressure (myogenic reactivity) and how those changes affect vascular permeability that promotes edema. Aim 1 will use isolated and pressurized posterior cerebral arteries from pregnant and nonpregnant rats to determine the pressure at which forced dilatation occurs and investigate underlying mechanisms of pregnancy-induced alterations in diameter regulation, including vascular smooth muscle actin and endothelial cell influences (e.g., nitric oxide and prostaglandins). In addition, since hypertension alone has been shown to cause significant remodeling and reactivity changes in the cerebral circulation, Aim 1 will also investigate how elevated mean arterial pressure during pregnancy affects myogenic activity and diameter regulation in a rat model of hypertension in pregnancy (nitric oxide inhibition). Acute hypertension and eclampsia are associated with significant edema formation due to disruption of the normally impermeable cerebral endothelium. Therefore, Aim 2 will investigate pregnancy-induced changes in endothelial cell permeability during acute hypertension, including enhanced fluid phase endocytosis (transcellular flux) and tight junction disruption (paracellular flux). The influence of pregnancy on permeability during forced dilatation will be determined using a combination of techniques, including clearance of fluorescent tracers and transmission electron microscopy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHRONIC HYPOXIA, UTERINE ARTERY VASOREGULATION & GROWTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Moore, Lorna G.; Professor; Medicine; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract) The investigator proposes to determine the mechanisms by which pregnancy and chronic hypoxia influence uterine artery vasoregulation and growth, and thus contribute to fetal growth restriction and possibly pre-eclampsia. The central working hypothesis is that chronic hypoxia impairs vasoregulatory and growth related responses of the uterine artery. The hypothesis will be tested by experiments performed in three specific aims. (1) Determine the effects of pregnancy and chronic hypoxia on uterine artery vasodilators/constrictor responses to the physiological stimuli of flow, pressure, and pharmacological agents; (2) Determine the effect of pregnancy and/or chronic hypoxia on uterine artery growth; and (3) Determine the effect of pregnancy and/or chronic hypoxia on the relationship of indices of impaired uterine artery vasoregulation and growth to uterine artery blood flow, intrauterine growth restriction, and pre-eclampsia. Aims #1 and #2 are to be conducted on pregnant and non-pregnant guinea pigs kept at 1600m and 3962m throughout pregnancy. Aim #3 focuses on women residing at either low or high altitude in whom Doppler flow velocimetry and ultrasound imaging will be used to measure uterine artery blood flow. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: COMPARTMENTALIZATION OF ACROGRANIN SIGNALING IN EMBRYOS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gerton, George L.; Research Professor; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The preimplantation phase of mammalian embryo development proceeds in several stages. Starting with the one-cell zygote, mitosis gives rise to a multicellular embryo that differentiates into a morula and then to the blastocyst. The blastocyst is characterized by the differentiation into two different compartments, the inner cell mass (ICM) and the trophectoderm. The development and function of the trophoblasts giving rise to the placenta are under the control of maternal and embryonic factors. Steroid hormones and other factors help to modulate the responsiveness of the uterus to implantation. Studies of mammalian embryos in culture have provided evidence for the production of autocrine growth factors as well as paracrine interactions between the ICM and trophectoderm. One of these factors, acrogranin (the granulin/epithelin precursor) has an important role in the development of preimplantation mouse embryos in culture. In this proposal, the broad, long-term objective is to determine the role of the acrogranin gene in regulating the development of pre- and peri-implantation mammalian embryos. The goals of this project are: Specific Aim 1. Characterize the role of acrogranin in preimplantation embryo development. Specific Aim 2. Examine the effects of acrogranin on the trophectoderm stem (TS) cell model. Specific Aim 3. Determine the signal transduction pathways used for acrogranin signaling in blastocysts. Specific Aim 4. Determine whether acrogranin is part of a paracrine loop regulating Oct4, leukemia inhibitory factor, and fibroblast growth factor4 signaling in mouse blastocysts. Studies on the role of acrogranin in trophoblast growth and differentiation will lead to a better understanding of the molecular bases of human placental disorders such as "missed abortions" (pregnancy losses in the first two months of gestation), some types of intrauterine growth retardation, and pre-eclampsia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EFFECT OF LEPTIN ON TROPHOBLAST INVASIVENESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Schulz, Laura C.; Biology; Boston University Charles River Campus 881 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): I propose to investigate the relationship between leptin and trophobiast invasion. Invasion of the uterine epithelium by embryonic trophoblast ceils during early pregnancy is crucial for the establishment and development of the placenta, which is in turn necessary for healthy fetal development. Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose tissue, and in some species, the placenta, that acts as a signal of nutritional state to the reproductive system. The proposed project will attempt to characterize one of the mechanisms by which nutrition affects placental development, and increase our understanding of the role of leptin in pre-eclampsia, a common complication of pregnancy characterized by insufficient trophoblast invasion. The difference in invasivness between trophoblast ceils from early and late pregnancy will be used to study the effects of leptin. I will use primary mouse trophoblast ceils to test the hypotheses (1) that leptin promotes trophoblast invasion in placental ceils from early, but not late pregnancy and (2) that this invasion is mediated by an increase in MMP activity, which is (3) stimulated via the MAPK signaling pathway. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FIRCA BREAST CANCER CASE-CONTROL STUDY IN SLOVAKIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Cerhan, James R.; Associate Professor; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) This research will be done primarily in Slovakia as a FIRCA supplement to NIH grant # P01 CA82267 (Project 4). Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women in SIovakia, and the leading cause of death. There are emerging data that fetal, early childhood and adolescent exposures related to growth, body mass and physical activity may be associated with the risk of breast cancer. We propose to evaluate these questions in a hospital-based case-control study in western Slovakia. Cases (N=250) will be women aged 20-70 years who are first diagnosed with invasive breast cancer from 1/1/2003 through 6/30/2005 and are residents of Trnava or Senica districts at the time of diagnosis. Cases will be rapidly ascertained through surveillance of the district hospitals in Trnava and Senica. Controls (N=250) will be women with no history of breast cancer, aged 20-70 years, and who are residents of Trnava or Senica district. Controls will be frequency matched to cases by age group and district, and will be randomly selected from the primary care medical practices in each district. Participants will complete a standardized in-person interview and provide a blood sample. Through interviews and abstraction of medical/population records, we will collect data on fetal exposures (birthweight, birth length, gestational age, twinning/zygosity, pre-eclampsia, etc.), childhood anthropometrics (height and weight at various ages), and adolescent exposures (anthropometrics, age at menarche). We will also collect data on other key breast cancer risk factors, including reproductive and adult anthropometric variables, in order to evaluate confounding. Genomic DNA will also be collected from peripheral blood, and banked in order to conduct future studies on the role of common genetic polymorphisms in candidate genes, as well as gene-environment interactions, in the etiology of breast cancer. There is sufficient statistical power to test the a priori hypotheses of interest. We have assembled an international research team for this study. This study will address an important scientific question in breast cancer etiology, and these data would be expected to better inform the primary prevention of the disease. This study will also develop infrastructure and experience in Slovakia for the conduct of cancer epidemiology studies, and generate the necessary preliminary data for expansion of this research effort. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GAP JUNCTIONS IN PLACENTAL DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Lye, Stephen J.; Professor; Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto) 600 University Ave Toronto, Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Failure of appropriate placental development, particularly in the first trimester, is associated with significant complications of pregnancy, including miscarriage, pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). During the first trimester, placental trophoblast cells undergo dynamic cellular events, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration/invasion, and cell-cell interactions. These events are required for the formation of the anchoring villous and the invasion of extravillous trophoblast (EVT) deep into the uterine wall where they induce a remodelling of the maternal spiral arteries. In other tissues, intercellular communication via gap junctions is known to modulate these processes, though there is no information as to whether this occurs in the placenta. Therefore, the overall objective
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of this project is to define the role of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in placental development. We hypothesize that a loss of GJIC is necessary for EVT to exit the proliferative phenotype of the anchoring villous and invade into the uterine wall. Furthermore, we hypothesize that re-expression of GJIC by populations of invasive EVT induces their terminal differentiation allowing them to associate with endothelial cells in spiral arteries during remodelling, and also, in EVT distant from vessels, to promote their aggregation and fusion to form large, multi-nucleated non-invasive trophoblast. Support for these hypotheses is provided by our preliminary data, using first trimester placental explants, in which we have shown that blockade of GJIC or antisense knock-down of the gap junction protein, connexin40, induces EVTs to differentiate from the proliferative to the invasive phenotype. We will address these hypotheses through 4 specific aims. In Aim I, we will use the explants to determine whether GJIC-blockade alone is sufficient to induce the invasive EVT phenotype and to identify putative upstream modifiers and downstream effectors of GJIC-mediated EVT differentiation. Complementary studies in Aim II will take advantage of the power of trophoblast stem cells to define connexins that modulate differentiation to invasive trophoblast, determine whether mutation of these connexins disrupts normal differentiation and use micro-array analysis to identify trophoblast genes whose expression is modified by GJIC. In Aim Ill, we will utilize a trophoblast-decidua explant co-culture system to determine how the decidua modifies GJICmediated EVT differentiation. In Aim IV, we will use primary trophoblasts and the Jeg-3 cell line (wild type or following stable transfection with connexin proteins) to investigate, in vitro and in vivo, the requirement for GJIC during EVT-endothelial coupling and vessel invasion. This novel investigation integrates the experience and efforts of three laboratories, each recognized internationally for their independent investigations on placental development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: OUTCOMES
GESTATIONAL
DIABETES:
DIAGNOSTIC
CRITERIA
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ferrara, Assiamira; Research Scientist Ii; Kaiser Foundation Research Institute 1800 Harrison St, 16Th Fl Oakland, Ca 946123433 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's Abstract) Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased risk of several adverse infant and maternal outcomes and its clinical recognition can reduce these risks. There is concern that the current criteria for GDM may be to restrictive and that residual excess risk of perinatal complications exists below present cutoff values. The proposed study will evaluate whether among women without GDM (as defined by current criteria), increasing levels of maternal glycemia are associated with increased risk of selected perinatal complications: infant severe macrosomia, severe hyperbilirubinemia, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress syndrome, and maternal preeclampsia/eclampsia. To accomplish this, the investigators propose to conduct five nested case-control studies, one for each of the complications of interest, within a large multiethnic cohort of approximately 74,000 women who were screened at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation at Kaiser Permanente, Northern California between 1995 and 1998. In this setting nearly 94 percent of the pregnant women are screened for GDM by a 50 gm., 1 hr. oral glucose tolerance test (50 g, 1-h OGTT) and approximately 15 percent have are abnormal screening and go on to receive the diagnostic (100-g, 3-h OGTT) test. Potential cases of each type of complication will be identified by searching computerized hospitalization and laboratory databases. For each of the infant
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complications, 500 cases will be randomly selected without knowledge of the maternal glucose values. A single control group for the infant complication case groups will be 1,000 infants randomly selected from all births and frequency matched on gestational age to the distribution of the combined case group. Five hundred women with either preeclampsia or eclampsia and 500 age-matched controls will be randomly selected. The medical records of the 3,000 mother-infant pairs in the four case-control studies on infant complications, and 1,000 women for the case-control study of preeclampsia/eclampsia, will be abstracted to confirm eligibility, and, if so, to ascertain data on possible maternal and infant covariates. Logistic regression will be used to estimate the odds ratios associated with several levels of pregnancy glycemia and perinatal complications. The investigators state that the proposed study will provide important knowledge about the magnitude of the risk of severe perinatal complications associated with degrees of maternal hyperglycemia below the glucose cutpoints currently used to diagnose GDM. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GLOBAL NETWORK FOR WOMEN'S & CHILDREN'S HEALTH RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Spinnato, Joseph A.; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 17-SEP-2001; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (Provided by applicant): The maternal, perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality rates for Brazil are five to ten-fold higher that that reported for developed countries. In Sao Paulo for the year 1998, 127 matemal deaths were recorded. The maternal death rate was 57 per 100,000 live births. Twenty-four of these deaths were directly attributable to complications of eclampsia and preeclampsia. An additional four deaths were related to chronic hypertension. Overall hypertensive complications of pregnancy were associated with 28 maternal deaths and ranked as the number one cause of maternal death (22%). As high as the Sao Paulo maternal mortality rate was, in Brazil for the same year the rate was 140 per 100,000. Complications of hypertensive disease were the most common cause of death (28.5%). The infrastructure and monies to train health professionals in the techniques of clinical research is inadequate in Brazil. As a result, outcomes-based research that might identify methods to eliminate the causes of morbidity and mortality that are specific to Brazil are not performed, or when performed, are likely to be flawed in one way or another, so that accurate conclusions cannot be made. By providing mentored experience in all phases of clinical research to Brazilian health professionals, well designed outcome-based research can be accomplished that will direct changes in clinical management and public policy that will reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality rates. The aims of this proposal are to: 1) study the efficacy of antioxidant therapy initiated at or before 20 weeks of gestation to reduce the incidence and severity of preeclampsia in a high risk obstetric population in Sao Paulo Brazil; 2) integrate this research effort with the training of a Brazilian scientist (concurrent application to the International Women?s and Children?s Health Research Training Grant TW-00-007); and 3) stimulate and facilitate international collaborative women?s and children?s health research that will reduce morbidity and mortality from conditions affecting women and children in developing countries. Obstetric patients with chronic hypertension, or preeclampsia in a prior pregnancy, presenting for care at or before 20 weeks of gestation will be randomized, in a masked, double-blinded fashion, to receive either Vitamin E (400 IU) and Vitamin C (1,000 mg) or placebo. The primary outcome assessed will be the incidence of preeclampsia. The
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Research Committee of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Sao Paulo, and the U.S. investigators will assess the long-term impact of this program on women?s and children?s health research, health care in Brazil, and international research collaboration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GONADAL PEPTIDE EFFECT ON FEMALE REPRODUCTION-ACTIVINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lin, Yu-Wai P.; Barry University 11300 Ne 2Nd Ave Miami, Fl 331616695 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: Folliculogenesis in vertebrates involves the developmental progression from a small primordial follicleto a large preovulatory follicle containing a fully competent oocyte arrested at the second meiotic metaphase by the time of ovulation. This entire process is regulated and coordinated by endocrine hormones such as the pituitary gonadotropins, and locally modulated by steroids and factors (inhibin/activin) acting in an autocrine/paracrine manner. The molecular nature of these factors is only now being elucidated. Gonadal peptides such as inhibin and activin are currently being recognized not only as regulators of the pituitary gonadotropins secretion, but also as multifunctional modulators in the ovary and in the utero-placental unit. In addition to their normal reproductive roles, inhibins and activins have been implicated in gonadal oncogenesis and pathologies of the reproductive system. In this regard, high levels of inhibin B are associated with granulosa cell carcinoma, and high levels of inhibin A are correlated with pre-eclampsia and Down syndrome during pregnancy. The understanding of the relationship of several gonadal peptides to the signals for gonadal function still has many unanswered questions. This proposal is designed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the expression and the paracrine and autocrine biological activities of inhibin/activin A and B. Although the different inhibin/activin isoforms (A and B) appear to have similar effects in the pituitary, there is also precedent suggesting that they may have distinct physiological roles in different tissues. The availability of recombinant inhibin/activin A and B now gives the possibility to assess the functions of the various inhibin/activin isoforms. In order to implement the above objectives, the following projects will be carried out:: a) Isolation and cloning of the inhibin/activin subunits (alpha,betaA,and betaB) from ovarian tissue, b) Antibodies against the inhibin/activin subunits will be generated to carry out western blot analysis, c) Expression of inhibin/activin subunits during follicle development and during the process of gonadotropic stimulation of oocyte maturation, d) Paracrine (local effect at neighboring cells) and autocrine (local effect in the same cells) biological activities (on steroidogenesis and oocyte maturation) of inhibin/activin A and B will be assessed using in vitro ovarian follicle cultures, to test the hypothesis that the various forms of the gonadal peptides may have distinct physiological roles in the ovary. The proposed research will furnish critically needed information about the molecular dynamics and actions of the inhibin/activin in the ovary. Understanding the physiology of inhibins and activins and the interplay of major endocrine and paracrine mechanisms involved in the ovary is essential to decipher the process of gonadal differentiation in both normal and disease conditions, and may ultimately help in the diagnosis and treatment of reproductive dysfunction in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HSF 1 REQUIREMENTS IN EXTRAEMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Benjamin, Ivor J.; Professor of Medicine, Chair and Chief; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 13-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: Induced genetic mutations in mice have provided unprecedented challenges and opportunities for biologists to characterize the physiological roles of targeted gene disruptions in important biological processes or specific pathways, which were neither suspected not predicted. The broad, long-term objectives of this proposal are to determine the physiological roles that heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) plays in mammalian extra-embryonic development, and to define strategies by which the regulatory network involving HSF1 can be manipulated to enhance in utero survival and growth. Hsf1-/-knockout mice exhibit a complex phenotype including placental defects, reduced but variable survival depending on genetic background, and growth retardation. Importantly, we have determined that the key role(s) for HSF1 in mammalian placental function appears to be dissociated from its well-characterized properties as a major stress-inducible transactivator of heat shock protein genes under stressful conditions. The main hypothesis to be tested is whether or not the role played by the regulatory heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), in extra-embryonic development involves the control of the proliferation, differentiation or maintenance of the spongiotrophoblast layer through signaling pathways based on cross-talk between placental cells and maternal decidua. Two independent and unbiased approaches will be used as discovery platforms to identify, isolate, and characterize the molecular pathways influenced by HSF1. Expression profiling by microarrays will used to assess differential gene expression in maternal and fetal tissues (Specific Aim 1), and the relevant signaling pathways to be characterized in the context of placental function (Specific Aim 2). Separately, whole genome scanning based on marker linkage analyses will enable us to identify and localize the dominant modifier loci (Specific Aim 3) that confer increased survival of the placental traits in the most severely affect to isogenic 129, Hsf1 knockout mice (Specific aim 4). The major strength of these innovative approaches is that both discovery platforms will yield complementary information to plan rescue strategies aimed at transgenic expression HSF1 in specific cells and the creation of congenic strains (Specific aim 4). Our work will provide new insights about the physiological roles of HSF1 in mammalian placental function. We further propose such information can constitute a rational basis to interventions involving HSF1 in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy for conditions such as pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IMPROVING PDC/MWRI INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL RESOURCES Principal Investigator & Institution: Schatten, Gerald P.; Professor; Magee-Women's Health Corporation 204 Craft Ave Pittsburgh, Pa 15213 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 14-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The MWRI is a multidisciplinary research institute dedicated to women and infants' health. The majority of its 70 members are from three Departments of the Medical School of the University of Pittsburgh: Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences; Pediatrics; and Pathology. The remaining members of the Institute are from other departments in the Medical, Nursing, and Pharmacy Schools and from the Graduate School of Public Health of the University of Pittsburgh. Membership includes investigators with M.D., Ph.D. or both, who have
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expertise in clinical or basic research as well as epidemiology or health services research. The Institute emphasizes research and training in interactive, innovative, and translational research. On-going projects include studies in amenorrhea, pre-eclampsia, pregnancy loss, and sexually transmitted diseases. Currently, the investigators of the MWRI utilize mice, rats, and non-human primates as animal models of human disease. The PDC of the MWRI is actively researching contemporary topics of national importance including: the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells using non-human primates; the feasibility of a variety of transgenic approaches for disease modeling using primates; the outcome of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) in macaque models; and the feasibility of cloning in non-human primates, either for production of identical research models or to evaluate 'therapeutic' cloning. All the non-human primate research performed at the MWRI is performed under the auspices of the PDC. This application requests funds to: 1) provide the PDC and MWRI vivarium with stateof-the-art non-human primate enclosures that exceed all new United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) directives for psychological enrichment; and 2) modernize the PDC and MWRI vivarium with a steam sterilizer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INSULIN RESISTANCE IN PATHOGENESIS OF PRE ECLAMPSIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Kauma, Scott; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MENTORED DEVELOPMENT AW
PATIENT
ORIENTED
RESEARCH
CAREER
Principal Investigator & Institution: Barry-Carr, Darcy; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: PROPOSAL (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): Pre-eclampsia, a hypertensive disorder unique to pregnancy, is a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Endothelial dysfunction is a central feature in the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia. Mechanisms that have been suggested to contribute to the endothelial dysfunction of pre-eclampsia include insulin resistance and a hyperdynamic circulation (high cardiac output). Insulin resistance and high cardiac output persist postpartum, suggesting that these women have an underlying disorder. However, it is unclear whether these abnormalities are related and whether insulin resistance has a role in producing hemodynamic alterations and endothelial dysfunction in these women. The investigator hypothesizes that postpartum women who have a history of pre- eclampsia are insulin resistant and have associated alterations in hemodynamics and endothelial function. Furthermore, she hypothesizes that insulin resistance has a causal role in producing these changes. Two specific aims have been identified to address these hypotheses: 1) to determine whether the insulin resistance present in postpartum women with a history of pre-eclampsia is associated with altered hemodynamics and endothelial dysfunction; and 2) to determine whether reversing insulin resistance in women with a history of pre-eclampsia, is associated with improvements in hemodynamics and endothelial function, thus suggesting that insulin resistance is a causative factor in women with these abnormalities. A case-control study
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will address the first specific aim. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study will address the second specific aim by using an insulin sensitizing agent, rosiglitazone, as an interventional tool. The results of these studies could provide a rationale for future investigations aimed at determining whether treating insulin resistance in women with a history of pre-eclampsia will decrease the risk of recurrent pre- eclampsia in subsequent pregnancies and reduce the prevalence of the long-term metabolic and cardiovascular complications in these women as they age. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MENTORED DEVELOPMENT AW
PATIENT-ORIENTED
RESEARCH
CAREER
Principal Investigator & Institution: Funai, Edmund F.; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: PROPOSAL (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): The aim of this grant application is to test the hypothesis that in normal pregnancy soluble GPx expressed by the placenta and released into the maternal compartment, catalyzes liberation of NO from S-nitrosothiols (SNOs), such as S-nitroso- glutathione (SNO-Glu). This contributes to the decrease in BP seen as a normal pregnancy progresses. The investigators propose that disturbances in placenta GPx expression or release may be responsible for the various manifestations of pre-eclampsia. In addition, a hypoxic environment, as may be found in the intervillous space early in gestation, may contribute to an increase in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression, mediated through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Elevated plasma VEGF levels in the first trimester of women destined to develop pre-eclampsia may suggest an early compensatory mechanism to promote both increased angiogenesis and blood flow. They anticipate that the results of this study will extend their understanding of the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and contribute to strategies for early diagnosis and treatment. A comparison of GPx levels in plasma from normal pregnant, pre-eclamptic pregnant and nonpregnant women will indicate whether GPx is secreted by the placenta into the maternal circulation at levels high enough to support a role for placental GPx in the transport and bioavailability of NO. Northern blot analysis and immunoassay will be used to confirm that expression of GPx messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and release of GPx protein is reduced in placentas from term pre-eclamptic pregnancies as compared to normal pregnancies. NO and SNO-Glu levels in blood from nonpregnant, normal pregnant and pre-eclamptic women will indicate whether there is a relative increase in SNO-Glu in pre-eclampsia, at the expense of bioavailable NO. SNO-hemoglobin levels in venous blood from the three groups will be compared, as one would anticipate higher levels in normal pregnant women. Preliminary data suggest that VEGF levels rise significantly in the first trimester in those patients destined to develop pre-eclampsia, and VEGF may serve as an early marker to identify those patients at risk. They will investigate potential relationships between hypoxia and the expression of VEGF, GPx and eNOS. In addition, plasma VEGF levels will be measured serially throughout gestation during normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies, and the value of VEGF and its inhibitor, Soluble Flt-1 (sFIt1), as early and reproducible markers of preeclampsia will be explored. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MIDCAREER AWARD IN PATIENT ORIENTED OBSTETRIC RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Rouse, Dwight J.; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-AUG-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's description): The purpose of this Midcareer Investigator Award in Patient-Oriented Research is to provide Dwight J. Rouse, Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology in the School of Medicine at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) with sufficient protected time to: 1) continue and expand his ongoing patient oriented research activities including serving as protocol chairman of a jointly funded NINDS and NICHD randomized clinical trial and as principal investigator of a funded RO1 randomized clinical trial of intrapartum chlorhexidine vaginal cleansing, and through the continued performance of decision and cost-effectiveness analyses of obstetric screening technologies and practices; 2) to enhance his activities and capabilities as a mentor, especially through the UAB NIH Women's Reproductive Health Research Center Career Development Program, and 3) to develop new patient oriented research skills. For this award, his new skill acquisition will be focused on "pragmatic" clinical trials, i.e., trials in which the intervention to be tested is overlaid on the background of local usual clinical practice, with a minimum of study-related practice constraints, liberal inclusion and few exclusion criteria The design and conduct of these pragmatic clinical trials poses distinct challenges, from devising an implementable intervention to coordinating communication across centers often not otherwise organized into a formal research network. Through formal epidemiologic (and economic analysis) training (obtaining an M.P.H.) and planned visits to internationally-renowned trial coordinating units, he will substantially enhance his abilities as a perinatal clinical trialist (and his ability to conduct economic analyses alongside clinical trials), especially in the area of pragmatic, multi-centered national and international trials which, for at least three reasons, are likely to take on increasing importance in defining optimal obstetric care. First, the declining patient populations of many academic obstetric units in this country make it difficult to conduct single center trials with adequate sample sizes and expeditious patient accrual. Second, the incidence of some severe but preventable obstetric outcomes (e.g., eclampsia) is quite low, but even for such low incidence conditions, it is often desirable to evaluate interventions which may offer only modest protection. Thus, to achieve adequate statistical power, large sample sizes are necessary. Finally, the effectiveness of an intervention (how it would perform under conditions of actual clinical practice) is an attribute that, in many situations, is as important as its efficacy (how it performs under ideal conditions). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MINORITY PREDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Ho-Chen, Jennifer K.; Molecular & Integrative Phys; University of Kansas Medical Center Msn 1039 Kansas City, Ks 66160 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 06-JUL-2003; Project End 05-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): "No thesis selected". My research interests are in understanding the regulation and function of trophoblast invasion as well as the maternal adaptations that occur during pregnancy. Studies will be done to better understand the relationship between trophoblast cells and the maternal vasculature, cells of the immune system, and prolactin family members. By deciphering how trophoblast invasion into the uterus is regulated, and what causes their disappearance,
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more can be discovered about the maternal-fetal environment during pregnancy. The significance of focusing on trophoblast invasion is to better understand and potentially prevent pregnancy-associated conditions such as pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Both are correlated with shallow trophoblast invasion and lead to pathologies in the mother and fetus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETICS OF PREECLAMPSIA/ECLAMPSIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Williamson, Roger A.; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The goals of this study are to elucidate the genetic importance of leading candidate genes in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia/eclampsia, conduct a genomewide search for chromosomal regions that may be linked to preeclampsia, and identify and evaluate candidate genes within the linked chromosomal regions in women who have had a previous pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia or eclampsia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NITRIC OXIDE METABOLIC CONTROL IN PREGNANCY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hintze, Thomas H.; Professor; Physiology; New York Medical College Valhalla, Ny 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-DEC-1993; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The cardiovascular adjustments that occur during pregnancy include chronic increases in cardiac output, falls in total peripheral vascular resistance and tachycardia. There is an upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in almost all vascular beds studied in the gravid female including skeletal muscle, kidney and utems or placenta. The upregulation of eNOS directly contributes to the fall in TPR which is not confined to the placenta. Many studies have investigated the role of NO in the control of vascular resistance or how NO may buffer vasoconstriction and that a defect in NO production may be involved in pre-eclampsia. Despite increasing evidence that NO also modulates mitochondrial metabolism and substrate uptake by the heart, i.e. prevents glucose uptake and facilitates fatty acid uptake, there are literally no studies that have investigated the role of increased eNOS in the control of substrate uptake and organ oxygen consumption at all. We have previously shown that NO by interacting with cytochrome oxidase in heart, kidney and skeletal muscle serves to maximize the ratio of oxygen consumed to external work performed ie. increases efficiency. We have also shown that when eNOS produces NO in the heart and elsewhere, glucose uptake is prevented. It is important to re-emphasize that pregnancy is characterized by increased eNOS gene expression and increased NO production in every vascular bed of the mother. Furthermore, glucose uptake by the mother is low even insulin insensitive and this is thought to increase the amount of glucose available for uptake through the placenta to support fetal metabolism, since the placenta does not take up fatty acids. In addition a small but significant number of mothers go on to have a post-partum cardiomyopathy often leading to heart transplantation, perhaps when adjustments that occur during pregnancy do not regress after parturition. Thus the focus of this competitive renewal application will be the role of NO in the control of oxygen and substrate use during pregnancy with particular reference to the heart and coronary circulation. In the first specific aim, we will examine the role of NO in the control or metabolism in aged eNOS KO mice. The second aim will focus on the role of NO in the
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pregnant eNOS KO mouse whereas the third specific aim will focus on the role of NO in cardiac glucose and oxygen uptake in the rat heart during pregnancy. Finally aim 4 will use chronically instrumented conscious pregnant dogs to address the role of NO in the control of cardiac function, substrate use and oxygen consumption during pregnancy and after parturition. For the first time we wilt perform a systematic mechanistic investigation into the role of NO in the control of cardiac oxygen and substrate use during pregnancy. These studies have direct application to the physiology of pregnancy and to the potential mechanisms resulting in post partum cardiac dysfunction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NOVEL 3-D MODEL OF PLACENTAL CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Morris, Cindy A.; Microbiology and Immunology; Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, La New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-DEC-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall objective of this proposal is to develop an improved tissue model for the study of human cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) during pregnancy. Specifically, rotating wall vessels (RWVs) will be utilized to establish this advanced model system. CMV is the leading cause of congenital viral infection, and intrauterine transmission of the virus occurs in approximately 50% of pregnant women with primary CMV infection. CMV infection during pregnancy can have catastrophic consequences not only on the neonate, but also on pregnancy outcome, including spontaneous abortion, intrauterine growth restriction and pre-eclampsia. Despite the significant morbidity and mortality associated with congenital CMV infection, little is known about how the virus infects the conceptus. RWV technology offers a unique approach not previously applied toward the study of placental tissues and provides a novel model system to explore intrauterine CMV infection. The culture conditions of these bioreactors provide a low-shear and low-turbulence growth environment, similar to that required for normal in vivo fetal and placental development. Such an environment allows cells to co-localize spatially, grow three-dimensionally, and differentiate into highly specialized tissues. Preliminary data presented in this proposal demonstrate that the RWV supports the growth of a first trimester cytotrophoblast cell line. Importantly, we have shown that the environment created within the bioreactor promotes cytotrophoblast differentiation and allows for the formation of complex, multi-layered three-dimensional (3-D) aggregates that are functionally similar to in utero trophoblast cells. The hypothesis to be tested within this proposal is that placental epithelial cells cultured in the RWV are functionally similar to the developing in utero placenta and that the 3-D growth of these cells will provide an improved model system for the study of the molecular details involved in intrauterine CMV infection. The longterm research goals of this proposal are to utilize the 3-D model to study and understand 1) the molecular details of normal placental development, 2) CMV pathogenesis, 3) host-pathogen interactions that occur at the maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy, and 4) the molecular mechanism(s) that regulate the effect of CMV on placentation and pregnancy outcome. The specific aims are: 1) to further characterize the 3-D model of human placentation, and 2) to apply the placental 3-D model toward the study of intrauterine CMV infection. This novel model system will contribute to advanced studies of human placentation, ultimately leading to new therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of placental and congenital CMV infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PEPTIDE PROCESSING ENZYMES IN THE PLACENTA Principal Investigator & Institution: Reznik, Sandra E.; Montefiore Medical Center (Bronx, Ny) Bronx, Ny 104672490 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's description): This K08 award will allow the candidate to obtain the scientific expertise and to conduct studies that will advance understanding of the functions of selected placental peptidases. Specifically, she will test hypotheses about the mechanisms by which alterations in the enzymes that process and metabolize Endothelin-1 are related to the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia and pre-term labor and by which alterations in the carboxypeptidases that process a variety of peptide hormones and growth restriction. Specific aim 1 will test the hypothesis that two closely related metalloendopeptidases, endothelin converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP), function in the regulation of levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the placenta and that ET-1 functions as a common pathway in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and pre-term labor. Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that recently identified members of the carboxypeptidase E family, highly concentrated in the rat placenta, also function as peptide processing enzymes in the human placenta. Specific aim 3 will test the hypothesis that the novel placental proteins also have nonenzymatic functions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PERINATAL AND ADOLESCENT FACTORS IN BREAST CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Stuver, Sherri O.; Assistant Professor; Epidemiology; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: The epidemiology of breast cancer is complicated and only partially understood, despite a concerted research effort in this area. The primary goal of the proposed study is to examine the association between, on the one hand, perinatal factors that exhibit their hypothesized carcinogenic action during early life and, on the other established breast cancer risk factors that operate during the perimenarcheal years. Our objective will be to explore whether certain perinatal factors may share a common biologic mechanism of action with perimenarcheal risk factors, with respect to breast carcinogenesis. The meet this objective, the following specific aims will be addressed to investigate if there is an association between birth size and indicators of sexual maturity during adolescence, particularly age at menarche and breast development; to study the association between birth size and adolescent somatic growth; to examine the association between perinatal complications, such as pregnancy preeclampsia/eclampsia, jaundice, and prematurity, and indicators of sexual maturity and somatic growth during adolescence. To study these relationships, a retrospective cohort study of the association between perinatal and adolescent factors will be conducted among young girls in Nord Trondelag County in Norway. The population based for this study will be the nearly 5,000 girls, 13 to 19 years of age, who were born between 1977 and 1984 and who participated in general health survey for adolescents that took place in 1996 and 1997. Using the unique personal registration number assigned to all Norwegians, linkage will be made between the relevant information collected during the adolescent health survey and birth record information stored in the national Birth Registry. Access to data of such excellent quality will provide an important opportunity to examine the role of perinatal and perimenarcheal factors in the etiology of breast cancer.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PLACENTAL ANGIOGENIC FACTORS & UAEC /PAEC NO PRODUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Magness, Ronald R.; Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: The pregnant women faces a unique physiological challenge to reorganize the maternal uterine vascular network to accommodate the metabolic demands of the feto-placental and uteroplacental blood flow by angiogenic growth factors (with particular focus on bFGF and VEGF) and the vascular regulator nitric oxide. This grant has two overall Specific Aims: 1) to establish molecular and cellular models of the regulation of the vascular endothelium at the maternal-fetal interface; and 2) to investigate these basic mechanisms in clinical settings where changes in placental regulator factors are hypothesized to control vascular adaptation to pregnancy. To accomplish these overall Aims, we propose four integrated projects, two scientific cores, and one administrative core. Our first Aim will primarily be addressed by the first two projects: Project I: Signaling mechanisms controlling NO production and mitogenesis in Uterine Artery Endothelial Cells (UAEC) and Ovine Fetal Placental Artery Endothelial Cells (OFPAEC). Project II: Angiogenic factor (bFGF and VEGF) and shear stress mediated changes in placental and uterine artery nitric oxide production. In these two highly integrated projects, we will utilize well-established cell lines and experimental systems derived by the project leaders from pregnant sheep. We will identify in vitro the signaling pathways used by angiogenic factors as well as their modulation by pregnancy, and address the mechanisms by which flow/shear stress mediate changes in endothelial cell expression of eNOS and NO production. In parallel to these basic studies, we propose two projects to address how pathophysiological perturbation of angiogenic control contributes significantly to the degradation of fetal health and wellbeing. Project III: Ethanol exposure on nitric oxide production and angiogenesis in the human placenta. Project IV: Trophoblast regulation of angiogenesis in the diabetic placenta. In these two highly integrated projects, we will utilize established endothelial cell lines and experimental systems derived by the project leaders from pregnant sheep. We will identify in vitro the signaling pathways used by angiogenic factors as well as their modulation by pregnancy, and address the mechanisms by which flow/shear stress mediated changes in endothelial cell expression of eNOS and NO production. In parallel to these basic studies, we propose two projects to address how pathophysiological perturbation of angiogenic control contributes significantly to the degradation of fetal health and well-being. Project III: Ethanol exposure on nitric oxide production and angiogenesis in the human placenta. Project IV: Trophoblast regulation of angiogenesis in the diabetic placenta. Ultimately, Projects III and IV will converge with Projects I and II, in that intracellular signaling mechanisms uncovered in the latter can be explored as the underlying causes of pathophysiological changes in the former clinical settings. The overall goals and integrated operation of the four Projects will be assured by the Administrative Core, and through usage of standardized assays and methods in all four Projects of Experimental Cores, Molecular Culture/Angiogenesis. Data from these studies will further our understanding of the basic control of placental and uterine angiogenesis and mechanisms contributing to fetal pathophysiology in diabetes, ethanol exposure, as well as pre-eclampsia and IUGR. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INFERTILITY
POOR
OBSTETRIC
AND
PEDIATRIC
OUTCOMES
AFTER
Principal Investigator & Institution: Croughan-Minihane, Mary; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The primary aim of this retrospective cohort study is to determine whether naturally and treatment-achieved pregnancies among infertility patients (infertile pregnancy cohort) are at higher risk for adverse outcomes as compared to naturally conceived pregnancies achieved by fertile women (fertile pregnancy cohort) and where these differences persist after controlling for maternal and infant factors such as maternal age, parity, and gestational age. The infertile pregnancy cohort (n=5160) will be comprised of 3 groups of women: (1) infertile women who conceived between 1/1/94-1/1/97 as a result of infertility treatments; (2) fertile women who conceived as a result of infertility treatment undertaken as a result of male factor infertility; and (3) infertile women who conceived naturally after presenting for infertility treatment. The fertile pregnancy cohort (n=5160) is the non-exposed comparison group composed of women frequency matched on date of conception and maternal age who do not have a history of infertility and who conceived naturally. The outcomes of interest include pregnancy complications (e.g., IUGR, placental complications, and pre-eclampsia), labor and delivery complications (e.g., operative delivery and still birth), neonatal complications (e.g., death, cerebral palsy, and mental retardation). We expect to have over 90% power to detect statistically significant differences been the infertile and fertile pregnancy cohorts in nearly all of these outcomes. Infertility, prenatal, L&D, and pediatric medical records will be reviewed and a maternal interview conducted to gather complete information on infertility and reproductive history, health status and outcomes, and care providers. The relationships will be analyzed using path analysis, considering differences in risk according to fertility status, infertility etiology, infertility treatments received, and other maternal characteristics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PREGNANCY ESTROGENS, DIET, AND BREAST CANCER RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Hilakivi-Clarke, Leena A.; Professor; V T Lombardi Cancer Res Center; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: Estrogen levels are elevated by 50-100 -fold during pregnancy, and interindividual variability in pregnancy estrogen levels is 4-6 -fold. Women exhibiting highest pregnancy estrogen levels are suggested to be at a significantly increased risk to develop breast cancer, perhaps due to an estrogen-induced promotion of existing transformed cells. Diet, particularly dietary fats, may affect pregnancy estrogen levels and later breast cancer risk. In our animal study, a high fat intake significantly increased pregnancy estrogen levels and increased pregnancy-promoted mammary tumor incidence. Polymorphism in genes that metabolize estrogens and have been linked to increased breast cancer risk, may also affect pregnancy estrogen levels. Our proposed study has two general aims: (1) to study whether dietary fat intake affects pregnancy estrogen levels in women, perhaps by interacting with polymorphism in CYP17 and COMT, and (2) to study whether highest pregnancy estrogen levels might increase breast cancer risk by increasing growth factor levels. These growth factors could originate from mutated or already transformed mammary cells, which during pregnancy are stimulated by high estrogen levels. Growth factor levels will be measured
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in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) that can be obtained using a breast pump from nonlactating breast. Consequently, the following hypotheses will be tested: Hypothesis-1. We hypothesize that high dietary fat intake and weight gain increase pregnancy estrogen levels. We further hypothesize that polymorphism in CYP17 or COMT influences these interactions. Hypothesis-2. We hypothesize that higher circulating estradiol levels during pregnancy are associated with increased growth factor levels in nipple aspirate fluid, including EGF, TGFalpha and IGF-1/IGF binding protein 3. These aims will be studied in 200 pregnant women attending the Maternity Clinic at Solna in NAF will be obtained 12 months after giving birth. Our results may lead to modifications of pregnancy diet to reduce the risk to develop breast cancer. In particular, women who already are at high risk, for example, due to family history of breast cancer, age at first pregnancy (greater than 30 years), or other reproductive risk factors, may significantly benefit from pregnancy dietary modifications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PRENATAL DIET EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD Principal Investigator & Institution: Gillman, Matthew W.; Associate Professor; Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Inc. 93 Worcester St Wellesley, Ma 02481 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's Abstract) The overall goal of this amended application is to examine the role of prenatal factors, particularly diet (specifically, trans fatty acids, n-3 fatty acids and calcium), in outcomes of pregnancy and infancy. A total of 6,000 women will be enrolled during their first 12 weeks of pregnancy into the Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Cohort and will be followed along with their offspring until six months postpartum. The influence of specific nutrients on pregnancy outcomes, including fetal growth, length of gestation, and incidence of pre-eclampsia will be assessed. In addition, the effects of these same exposures on infant development and cardiovascular risk factors during the first six months of life will be examined. Four hypotheses will be tested: 1) maternal intake of trans fatty acids is inversely associated with fetal growth, length of gestation, and infant cognitive development; 2) maternal intake of n-3 fatty acids is directly associated with fetal growth, length of gestation and infant cognitive development; 3) maternal intake of calcium is inversely associated with incidence of pre-eclampsia and blood pressure levels in infancy; and 4) maternal intake and red blood cell level of n-3 fatty acids are inversely associated with incidence of preeclampsia. Blood samples and detailed data on gestational diet at several times during pregnancy will be collected along with sociodemographic variables, health habits, medical and family history, reproductive history and psychosocial conditions. Fetal growth data will be assessed from ultrasound examinations. Birth weight, height and other anthropometric data and blood pressure will be obtained and the offspring will be followed for 6 months to assess growth, cognitive development and blood pressure. There are plans to provide new avenues for the prevention of common adverse conditions of pregnancy, childhood and, perhaps, adulthood with the prospective, longitudinal study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PREPREGNANCY PHENOTYPE & PREDISPOSITION TO PREECLAMPSIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Bernstein, Ira M.; Associate Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Preeclampsia affects 3-5% of pregnancies and contributes significantly to maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. We have generated a novel hypothesis regarding the development of pre-eclampsia that postulates that two primary features contribute independently to its development. One feature is a pre-pregnancy phenotype that includes reduced plasma volume, elevated sympathetic tone, reduced utenne blood flow and enhanced platelet activation. This feature has been suggested by the association of a specific genetic polymorphism of angiotensinogen (TT235) with an increased risk for pre-eclampsia. This polymorphism has been linked in our preliminary data to key pathophysiologic features of preeclampsia, previously thought to be exclusive to pregnancy, in women who are examined prior to pregnancy. The second feature is the physiologic volume expansion of pregnancy. We have theorized that the overt clinical manifestations of pre-eclampsia become apparent in late pregnancy as a result of either 1) a normal volume expansion in women unable to tolerate it due to a chronic adaptation to low intravascular volume (abnormal prepregnancy phenotype) or 2) an excessive volume expansion in women with a normal prepregnancy phenotype (i.e. twins, molar pregnancies). In this grant we propose to examine 3 primary specific aims, employing detailed whole body physiologic measurements in women, that will support this pathophysiologic view of the development of preeclampsia; 1) We will confirm that the angiotensinogen genotype that has been linked to preeclampsia in Caucasians and Asians is associated with reduced plasma volume in a nulligravid population and that this plasma volume constriction is associated with elevated sympathetic tone, reduced uterine blood flow and heightened platelet activation prior to pregnancy, 2) As we follow these women into pregnancy we will demonstrate; a) that low prepregnancy plasma volume is associated with elevated sympathetic tone and reduced uterine blood flow in early pregnancy (12 weeks) predisposing to abnormal placentation despite similar plasma volume expansion, and b) that prepregnancy plasma volume is indirectly related to both the change in mean arterial pressure (corrected for plasma volume expansion) and degree of platelet activation in the third trimester, 3) Finally, we will demonstrate that pregnancy results in an increase in both post-puerperal plasma volume and arterial compliance Iowering the risk for both preeclampsia in future pregnancies and hypertension in later life. This will be a controlled prospective longitudinal study examining an integrated pathophysiologic mechanism underlying the development of preeclampsia. This study proposes to evaluate a novel hypothesis that synthesizes apparently contradictory data into a single coherent theory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ROLE INTERACTIONS
OF
IGF-II
IN
HUMAN
TROPHOBLAST-DECIDUA
Principal Investigator & Institution: Giudice, Linda C.; Professor; Gynecology and Obstetrics; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Over the past 14 years the applicants lab has investigated decidualization of human endometrial stromal interactions between the human trophoblast and the maternal decidua in an effort to understand paracrine mechanisms operating in the placental bed during the invasive phase of human implantation. In particular, they have focussed on the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family and its role in human implantation. IGF-II is abundantly expressed by the invading trophoblast, and it regulates maternal decidual modulators of invasion [IGF
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binding protein-l and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3,TMP-3]. In addition, the investigators have pursued a global approach to gene profiling of human endometrial stromal cells during the process of decidualization in response to progesterone and to cAMP, and gene profiling of human endometrial biopsies, obtained in the implantation window and timed to the LH surge, in search of potential markers of uterine receptivity. These studies have revealed marked upregulation of IGF signaling cascade members and candidate genes for uterine receptivity and stromal decidualization. The underlying hypothesis of this proposal is that trophoblast-derived IGF-II acts on neighboring maternal endometrial stromal cells and regulates maternal modulators of trophoblast invasion. The specific aim is to investigate mechanisms underlying IGF-II actions an human endometrial stromal cells with a focus on signaling pathways and gene expression relevant to human implantation. The investigators shall validate signaling pathway members in human endometrium and test the hypothesis that the PI3 kinase pathway and phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B) mediate IGF-II effects on decidualized endometrial stromal cell modulators of trophoblast invasiveness. Effects of IGF-II signaling inhibitors on trophoblast invasion in vitro will be investigated as "proof of principle" and as a model for targeted drug development to enhance or inhibit trophoblast invasion. Finally, the investigators propose a gene discovery approach to investigate IGF-II actions on human endometrial stromal cell global gene expression. This will provide the Cooperative UO1 Program with a database of genes clustered by function expressed in decidualized endometrial stromal cells that are regulated by IGFII. This information can be used to investigate trophoblast-decidual interactions and enable targeted drug development for therapeutic intervention or prevention of abnormalities in trophoblast invasion, including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and preeclampsia. The investigators work with the human model because of the uniqueness of implantation in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SIGNALING PROLIFERATION
PATHWAYS
MEDIATING
TROPHOBLAST
Principal Investigator & Institution: Rappolee, Daniel A.; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): It is important to make a healthy placenta. Insufficient trophoblast proliferation or an imbalance between proliferation and differentiation may lead to pre-edampsia, IUGR or spontaneous abortion early after implantation of the embryo into the uterus, the time when most human conceptuses are lost. Our long term goal is to understand the signal transduction pathways that transduce intercellular signals into the trophoblast and induce proliferation. We have previously found that FGF input is required to produce trophoblast in the implanting embryo. We propose here to define the signal transduction pathways mediating trophoblast proliferation by promoting FGF-induced trophoblast proliferation and then testing several inhibitors of candidate transduction pathways to find which pathway(s) mediate the proliferative signal. In addition, we will block FGF-induced proliferation and then test for which rate-limiting enzyme genes in several signal transduction pathways are sufficient to re-activate the cell cycle. We also intend to define the FGFinduced signaling pathways that lead to proliferation compared with morptiogenetic events/differentiation. Since the first IVF baby, only 300,000 of 1,500,000 IVF attempts have resulted in a successful pregnancy. The majority of loss of human embryos is near the time of implantation. Other later loss of embryo/fetus loss due to preeclampsia and
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IUGR may also begin early at the time of implantation. Much of the loss is due to improper growth and differentiation of the placenta. Improved IVF requires an understanding of the mechanisms that mediate growth in the trophoblast lineage that enables placental function. The mouse is an excellent model to study implantation in humans. Therefore, the proposed studies should lead to improvement in methods to facilitate placentation and improve IVF and produce protocols for remediation of common defects in pregnancy such as pre-eclampsia and IUGR. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SLEEP REGULATION AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Krueger, James M.; Professor of Neurobiology; Vet & Comp Anat/Pharm/Physiol; Washington State University 423 Neill Hall Pullman, Wa 99164 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1993; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Sleep is of central importance to neurobiology because to understand how the brain works, we will have to decipher the mechanisms and functions of sleep. The function(s) of sleep remain unknown and the humoral and neural mechanisms of sleep are incompletely understood. Most people intuitively recognize that sleep increases after sleep loss or during the course of an infection. There is much evidence that those sleep responses, as well as physiological sleep, are regulated, in part, by humoral mechanisms. We hypothesize that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is one of the key substances in sleep regulation. This hypothesis is based on studies showing: 1) TNF-alpha induces non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS); 2) inhibition of TNF-alpha inhibits spontaneous sleep and sleep responses induced by sleep loss or bacterial products; 3) TNF mRNA and TNF brain levels correlate with sleep propensity; 4) in humans, circulating TNF levels correlate with electroencephalogram slow-wave activity and increase after sleep loss or during several pathologies with associated fatigue, e.g., sleep apnea, rheumatoid arthritis, preeclampsia, multiple sclerosis. The proposed experiments seek to understand in mechanistic detail how TNF-alpha is involved in sleep regulation. We will determine whether blocking TNF-alpha or TNF-alpha production centrally attenuates systemic TNF-alpha-induced sleep responses; preliminary data show that vagotomy attenuates systemic TNF-alpha-induced NREMS (Specific Aim #1). We will investigate TNF-alpha regulation of NREMS within specific TNF-active sites in brain (Specific Aim #2). Preliminary data indicate that microinjection of TNF-alpha into the preoptic area enhances NREMS, whereas microinjection of an inhibitor of TNF-alpha reduces NREMS. Pharmacologic blockage of prostaglandins, adenosine, and interleukin-1, and sleep manipulation using sleep deprivation and acute mild increases in ambient temperature to enhance sleep, will be combined with microinjections of TNF-alpha or TNF-alpha inhibitors. We will also use gene arrays to determine the time course of sleep-sensitive changes in brain for TNF and TNF superfamily member mRNAs. Anticipated results will provide molecular-mechanistic advances to understand sleep regulation as well as aid our general understanding of cytokine regulation in the brain. We anticipate that results will be directly relevant to therapeutics, e.g., a TNF soluble receptor has already been shown to reduce fatigue associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PLACENTAL LACTOGEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Handwerger, Stuart; Professor of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45229
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1978; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (Provided By Applicant) During human trophoblast differentiation, mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells of the placental villous differentiate to form a multinucleated syncytium that synthesizes and secretes many growth factors and steroid hormones that are important maternal and fetal regulators. Our laboratory is studying the differentiation of primary cultures of villous cytotrophoblast cells, using the induction of human placental lactogen (hPL), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and several other genes as fundamental markers of syncytiotrophoblast cell development. We have observed that there are two distinct phases of cytotrophoblast differentiation: morphological differentiation, during which the mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells fuse to form a syncytium, and biochemical differentiation, during which the syncytiotrophoblast cells develop differentiated functions such as hormone production. The overall hypothesis of this proposal is that morphological differentiation depends on transcription factors that induce syncytin, a protein known to be critical for syncytium formation in BeWo choriocarcinoma cells, and that biochemical differentiation depends on the activity of the transcription factor AP-2a, which we have shown to be critical for the induction of several syncytiotrophoblast genes. We postulate that the induction of AP-2a leads to transcriptional induction and repression of groups of downstream transcription factors and other target genes essential for syncytiotrophoblast function; and disruption of AP-2a action or syncytin expression may lead to placental disorders such as choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole and preeclampsia. The specific aims are to test the hypotheses that 1) the syncytin and AP-2cz genes are coordinately regulated during cytotrophoblast differentiation by cAMP, steroid hormones, and inflammatory cytokines; 2) the induction of syncytin expression is critical for syncytium formation during villous cytotrophoblast cell differentiation, and 3) AP- 2-dependent transcription factors and growth factors direct a genetic program that is critical for hormone production and other biochemical processes essential for human cytotrophoblast differentiation and function. Methodologies will include transfection studies, gel shift assays, and DNA microarray analyses. New knowledge about the genetic program that directs normal trophoblast differentiation may lead to the development of novel approaches for the treatment of placental tumors, pre-eclampsia, and other pathological conditions associated with abnormal placental development Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “eclampsia” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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text articles. The following is a sample of items found for eclampsia in the PubMed Central database: •
Antiplatelet drugs for prevention of pre-eclampsia and its consequences: systematic review. by Duley L, Henderson-Smart D, Knight M, King J.; 2001 Feb 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26574
•
Clinical risk management in obstetrics: eclampsia drills. by Thompson S, Neal S, Clark V.; 2004 Jan 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=324457
•
Critical pathways for the management of preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia in institutionalised health care settings. by Perez-Cuevas R, Fraser W, Reyes H, Reinharz D, Daftari A, Heinz CS, Roberts JM.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=270024
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Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. by Maynard SE, Min JY, Merchan J, Lim KH, Li J, Mondal S, Libermann TA, Morgan JP, Sellke FW, Stillman IE, Epstein FH, Sukhatme VP, Karumanchi SA.; 2003 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151901
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Fetal and maternal contributions to risk of pre-eclampsia: population based study. by Lie RT, Rasmussen S, Brunborg H, Gjessing HK, Lie-Nielsen E, Irgens LM.; 1998 May 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28531
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Long term mortality of mothers and fathers after pre-eclampsia: population based cohort study. by Irgens HU, Reisaeter L, Irgens LM, Lie RT.; 2001 Nov 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59993
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Risk of subsequent thromboembolism for patients with pre-eclampsia. by van Walraven C, Mamdani M, Cohn A, Katib Y, Walker M, Rodger MA.; 2003 Apr 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153713
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Soluble VEGF receptor Flt1: the elusive preeclampsia factor discovered? by Luttun A, Carmeliet P.; 2003 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151908
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Use of anticonvulsants in eclampsia and pre-eclampsia: survey of obstetricians in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. by Gulmezoglu AM, Duley L.; 1998 Mar 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28500
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with eclampsia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “eclampsia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for eclampsia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A comparison of magnesium sulfate and nimodipine for the prevention of eclampsia. Author(s): Belfort MA, Anthony J, Saade GR, Allen JC Jr; Nimodipine Study Group. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 January 23; 348(4): 304-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540643&dopt=Abstract
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A longitudinal study of biochemical markers of bone turnover during normal pregnancy and pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Anim-Nyame N, Sooranna SR, Jones J, Alaghband-Zadeh J, Steer PJ, Johnson MR. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 June; 109(6): 708-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12118652&dopt=Abstract
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A long-term transdermal nitric oxide donor improves uteroplacental circulation in women with preeclampsia. Author(s): Nakatsuka M, Takata M, Tada K, Asagiri K, Habara T, Noguchi S, Kudo T. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2002 August; 21(8): 831-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164565&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized trial of intrapartum analgesia in women with severe preeclampsia. Author(s): Head BB, Owen J, Vincent RD Jr, Shih G, Chestnut DH, Hauth JC. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 March; 99(3): 452-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11864673&dopt=Abstract
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A review of eclampsia in Qatar. Author(s): Sharara HA, Othman SY. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2002 February; 76(2): 177-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11818115&dopt=Abstract
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Abdominal pain and preeclampsia: sonographic findings in the maternal liver. Author(s): Suarez B, Alves K, Senat MV, Fromageot J, Fischer C, Rosenberg P, Ville Y. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2002 October; 21(10): 1077-83; Quiz 1085-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12369662&dopt=Abstract
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Abnormal iron parameters in the pregnancy syndrome preeclampsia. Author(s): Rayman MP, Barlis J, Evans RW, Redman CW, King LJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 August; 187(2): 412-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12193935&dopt=Abstract
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Abnormalities in intracellular Ca2+ regulation in fetal vascular smooth muscle in preeclampsia: enhanced sensitivity to arachidonic acid. Author(s): Steinert JR, Poston L, Mann GE, Jacob R. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2003 February; 17(2): 307-9. Epub 2002 December 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490537&dopt=Abstract
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Absence of enhanced systemic inflammatory response at 18 weeks of gestation in women with subsequent pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Djurovic S, Clausen T, Wergeland R, Brosstad F, Berg K, Henriksen T. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 July; 109(7): 759-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135211&dopt=Abstract
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ACOG practice bulletin on diagnosing and managing preeclampsia and eclampsia. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Author(s): Schroeder BM; American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Source: American Family Physician. 2002 July 15; 66(2): 330-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12152970&dopt=Abstract
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Activated protein C for preeclampsia: tailoring the disease to the therapy. Author(s): Lapinsky SE, Mehta S. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2002 August; 30(8): 1929-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163831&dopt=Abstract
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Activated protein C in normal human pregnancy and pregnancies complicated by severe preeclampsia: a therapeutic opportunity? Author(s): von Dadelszen P, Magee LA, Lee SK, Stewart SD, Simone C, Koren G, Walley KR, Russell JA. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2002 August; 30(8): 1883-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163810&dopt=Abstract
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Activation of leukocytes during the uteroplacental passage in preeclampsia. Author(s): Mellembakken JR, Aukrust P, Olafsen MK, Ueland T, Hestdal K, Videm V. Source: Hypertension. 2002 January; 39(1): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799095&dopt=Abstract
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Acute renal failure complicating severe preeclampsia requiring admission to an obstetric intensive care unit. Author(s): Drakeley AJ, Le Roux PA, Anthony J, Penny J. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 February; 186(2): 253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11854645&dopt=Abstract
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Adhesion molecules expression in the placental bed of pregnancies with preeclampsia. Author(s): Tziotis J, Malamitsi-Puchner A, Vlachos G, Creatsas G, Michalas S. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 February; 109(2): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11888102&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenomedullin, calcitonin gene-related peptide and their receptors: evidence for a decreased placental mRNA content in preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. Author(s): Knerr I, Dachert C, Beinder E, Metzler M, Dotsch J, Repp R, Rascher W. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2002 February 10; 101(1): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11905404&dopt=Abstract
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Adverse perinatal outcomes are significantly higher in severe gestational hypertension than in mild preeclampsia. Author(s): Buchbinder A, Sibai BM, Caritis S, Macpherson C, Hauth J, Lindheimer MD, Klebanoff M, Vandorsten P, Landon M, Paul R, Miodovnik M, Meis P, Thurnau G; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 January; 186(1): 66-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11810087&dopt=Abstract
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Alpha-foetoprotein in umbilical cord in relation to severe pre-eclampsia, birth weight and future breast cancer risk. Author(s): Vatten LJ, Romundstad PR, Odegard RA, Nilsen ST, Trichopoulos D, Austgulen R. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 March 4; 86(5): 728-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11875734&dopt=Abstract
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Altered Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 activity in immortalized lymphoblasts from women with pre-eclampsia: evidence for an intermediate phenotype. Author(s): Lee VM, Quinn PA, Jennings SC, Halligan AW, Ng LL. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2002 November; 103(5): 503-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12401124&dopt=Abstract
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Altered sonographic umbilical cord morphometry in early-onset preeclampsia. Author(s): Raio L, Ghezzi F, Di Naro E, Franchi M, Bolla D, Schneider H. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 August; 100(2): 311-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151155&dopt=Abstract
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Ambulatory blood pressure as predictor of preeclampsia in diabetic pregnancies with respect to urinary albumin excretion rate and glycemic regulation. Author(s): Lauszus FF, Rasmussen OW, Lousen T, Klebe TM, Klebe JG. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2001 December; 80(12): 1096-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11846705&dopt=Abstract
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An association between maternal smoking and preeclampsia in Japanese women. Author(s): Kobashi G, Ohta K, Hata A, Shido K, Yamada H, Fujimoto S, Kondo K. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 2002 December; 28(6): 507-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12536340&dopt=Abstract
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Anesthesia and preeclampsia. Author(s): Mandal NG. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 October 16; 288(15): 1847; Author Reply 1847-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12377078&dopt=Abstract
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Laskowska M, Laskowska K, Oleszczuk J. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2002 April; 77(1): 33-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929654&dopt=Abstract
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Angiotensinogen gene M235T variant and pre-eclampsia in Romanian pregnant women. Author(s): Procopciuc L, Jebeleanu G, Surcel I, Puscas M. Source: Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2002 July-September; 6(3): 383-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417054&dopt=Abstract
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Antibodies to oxidised low-density lipoproteins and cardiolipin in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Author(s): Bowen RS, Moodley J, Dutton MF, Fickl H. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 March; 22(2): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521691&dopt=Abstract
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Appropriate neurological evaluation and multimodality magnetic resonance imaging in eclampsia. Author(s): Hoffmann M, Keiseb J, Moodley J, Corr P. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2002 September; 106(3): 159-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174176&dopt=Abstract
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Association between fetal nuchal translucency thickness in first trimester and subsequent gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Author(s): Tsai MS, Lee FK, Cheng CC, Hwa KY, Cheong ML, She BQ. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 September; 22(9): 747-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12224064&dopt=Abstract
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Association between folic acid food fortification and hypertension or preeclampsia in pregnancy. Author(s): Ray JG, Mamdani MM. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 August 12-26; 162(15): 1776-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12153382&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral retinal occlusion progressing to long-lasting blindness in severe preeclampsia. Author(s): Lara-Torre E, Lee MS, Wolf MA, Shah DM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 November; 100(5 Pt 1): 940-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423856&dopt=Abstract
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Bioactivity of serum hCG in preeclampsia. Author(s): Casart YC, Camejo MI, Proverbio F, Febres F. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 September; 98(3): 463-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11530130&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness associated with severe preeclampsia/eclampsia. Author(s): Amata AO. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 October; 93(4): 1081. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11574394&dopt=Abstract
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Calcium supplementation in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Wanchu M, Malhotra S, Khullar M. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 August; 49: 795-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11837466&dopt=Abstract
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Cerebral haemodynamics in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia as assessed by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Author(s): Sherman RW, Bowie RA, Henfrey MM, Mahajan RP, Bogod D. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2002 November; 89(5): 687-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12393763&dopt=Abstract
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Cerebral perfusion pressure, and not cerebral blood flow, may be the critical determinant of intracranial injury in preeclampsia: a new hypothesis. Author(s): Belfort MA, Varner MW, Dizon-Townson DS, Grunewald C, Nisell H. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 September; 187(3): 626-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12237639&dopt=Abstract
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Cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin levels in women with preeclampsia. Author(s): McKenna DS, Costa S, Iams JD, Samuels P. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 August; 100(2): 266-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151148&dopt=Abstract
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Change in brain size during and after pregnancy: study in healthy women and women with preeclampsia. Author(s): Oatridge A, Holdcroft A, Saeed N, Hajnal JV, Puri BK, Fusi L, Bydder GM. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2002 January; 23(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11827871&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in blood macrophage colony-stimulating factor levels after cesarean section in normotensive pregnancy and preeclampsia. Author(s): Hayashi M, Hoshimoto K, Ohkura T. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2002 July; 324(1): 5-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12120825&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in urinary excretion of six biochemical parameters in normotensive pregnancy and preeclampsia. Author(s): Hayashi M, Ueda Y, Hoshimoto K, Ota Y, Fukasawa I, Sumori K, Kaneko I, Abe S, Uno M, Ohkura T, Inaba N. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 February; 39(2): 392-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840382&dopt=Abstract
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Changing paternity and time since last pregnancy; the impact on pre-eclampsia risk. A study of 547 238 women with and without previous pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Trogstad LI, Eskild A, Magnus P, Samuelsen SO, Nesheim BI. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 December; 30(6): 1317-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821338&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of five marker levels of the hemostatic system and endothelial status in normotensive pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Hayashi M, Inoue T, Hoshimoto K, Negishi H, Ohkura T, Inaba N. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 2002 November-December; 69(5-6): 297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460234&dopt=Abstract
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Choroidal vascular abnormalities in preeclampsia. Author(s): Iida T, Kishi S. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 October; 120(10): 1406-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12365932&dopt=Abstract
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Coagulation index to distinguish severe preeclampsia from normal pregnancy. Author(s): Kobayashi T, Sumimoto K, Tokunaga N, Sugimura M, Nishiguchi T, Kanayama N, Terao T. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 2002 December; 28(6): 495-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12536338&dopt=Abstract
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Collagen of umbilical cord vein and its alterations in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Romanowicz L, Jaworski S. Source: Acta Biochimica Polonica. 2002; 49(2): 451-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362987&dopt=Abstract
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Commentary: Revisiting the primipaternity theory of pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Eskenazi B, Harley K. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 December; 30(6): 1323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821339&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the efficacy of continuous furosemide and low-dose dopamine infusion in preeclampsia/eclampsia-related oliguria in the immediate postpartum period. Author(s): Keiseb J, Moodley J, Connolly CA. Source: Hypertension in Pregnancy : Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2002; 21(3): 225-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517329&dopt=Abstract
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Concentrations of apolipoproteins E, C2, and C3 and lipid profile in preeclampsia. Author(s): Chalas J, Audibert F, Francoual J, Le Bihan B, Frydman R, Lindenbaum A. Source: Hypertension in Pregnancy : Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2002; 21(3): 199-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517327&dopt=Abstract
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Concentrations of estrogens in patients with preeclampsia. Author(s): Zeisler H, Jirecek S, Hohlagschwandtner M, Knofler M, Tempfer C, Livingston JC. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2002 June 28; 114(12): 458-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12422581&dopt=Abstract
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Conservative management of early-onset pre-eclampsia and fetomaternal outcome in Nigerians. Author(s): Onah HE, Iloabachie GC. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 July; 22(4): 357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521453&dopt=Abstract
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Cortical blindness--a warning symptom of impending eclampsia? Author(s): Gale A, Eyong E. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 January; 22(1): 89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521742&dopt=Abstract
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Could an infectious trigger explain the differential maternal response to the shared placental pathology of preeclampsia and normotensive intrauterine growth restriction? Author(s): von Dadelszen P, Magee LA. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2002 July; 81(7): 642-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190839&dopt=Abstract
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Cytokine expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes indicates a switch to T(HELPER) cells in patients with preeclampsia. Author(s): Rein DT, Schondorf T, Gohring UJ, Kurbacher CM, Pinto I, Breidenbach M, Mallmann P, Kolhagen H, Engel H. Source: Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2002 March; 54(1-2): 133-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11839400&dopt=Abstract
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Decrease of elastic tissue fibres in stem villus blood vessels of the human placenta during IUGR and IUGR with concomitant pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Wilhelm D, Mansmann U, Neudeck H, Matejevic D, Vetter K, Graf R. Source: Anatomy and Embryology. 2002 October; 205(5-6): 393-400. Epub 2002 July 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12382142&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased maternal serum leptin in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. Author(s): Laml T, Preyer O, Hartmann BW, Ruecklinger E, Soeregi G, Wagenbichler P. Source: Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation. 2001 March-April; 8(2): 8993. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11336879&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased maternal serum placenta growth factor in early second trimester and preeclampsia. Author(s): Su YN, Lee CN, Cheng WF, Shau WY, Chow SN, Hsieh FJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 June; 97(6): 898-904. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11384693&dopt=Abstract
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Delivery of patients with early onset, severe pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Hall DR, Odendaal HJ, Steyn DW. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2001 August; 74(2): 143-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502293&dopt=Abstract
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Differences in apoptotic susceptibility of cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts in normal pregnancy to those complicated with preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Author(s): Crocker IP, Cooper S, Ong SC, Baker PN. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2003 February; 162(2): 637-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547721&dopt=Abstract
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Differential levels of interleukin 6 in maternal and cord sera and placenta in women with pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Al-Othman S, Omu AE, Diejomaoh FM, Al-Yatama M, Al-Qattan F. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2001; 52(1): 60-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549867&dopt=Abstract
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Differential mechanisms of endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses in human myometrial small arteries in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Kenny LC, Baker PN, Kendall DA, Randall MD, Dunn WR. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2002 July; 103(1): 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12095405&dopt=Abstract
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Diffusion-weighted imaging shows cytotoxic and vasogenic edema in eclampsia. Author(s): Koch S, Rabinstein A, Falcone S, Forteza A. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2001 June-July; 22(6): 1068-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11415899&dopt=Abstract
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Dilantin as anticonvulsant in eclampsia. Author(s): Bathla S, Suneja A, Guleria K, Agarwal N. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2002 September; 100(9): 561-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455387&dopt=Abstract
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Do acetylsalicylic acid and other antiplatelet drugs prevent preeclampsia? Author(s): Maharaj R. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2001 December; 47: 2480-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11785278&dopt=Abstract
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Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Magpie Trial Collaboration Group. Source: Lancet. 2002 June 1; 359(9321): 1877-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057549&dopt=Abstract
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Does a lean prepregnancy body mass index influence outcome in pregnancies complicated by mild preeclampsia remote from term? Author(s): Barton JR, O'Nan JM, Bergauer NK, Jacques DL, Sibai BM. Source: Hypertension in Pregnancy : Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2001; 20(3): 283-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044336&dopt=Abstract
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Does antiplatelet therapy prevent preeclampsia and its complications? Author(s): Kruszka S, Kruszka P. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2001 May; 50(5): 468. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11350714&dopt=Abstract
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Does nitric oxide play a role in the aetiology of pre-eclampsia? Author(s): Postovit LM, Adams MA, Graham CH. Source: Placenta. 2001 April; 22 Suppl A: S51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11312629&dopt=Abstract
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Does serum calcium in pre-eclampsia and normal pregnancy differ? Author(s): Malas NO, Shurideh ZM. Source: Saudi Med J. 2001 October; 22(10): 868-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11744944&dopt=Abstract
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Does thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) contribute to impairment of fibrinolysis in patients with preeclampsia and/or intrauterine fetal growth retardation? Author(s): Antovic JP, Rafik Hamad R, Antovic A, Blomback M, Bremme K. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2002 October; 88(4): 644-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362237&dopt=Abstract
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Doppler assessment of the uterine circulation in the second trimester in twin pregnancies: prediction of pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction and birth weight discordance. Author(s): Geipel A, Berg C, Germer U, Katalinic A, Krapp M, Smrcek J, Gembruch U. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 December; 20(6): 541-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12493041&dopt=Abstract
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Doppler velocimetry: is it useful in preeclampsia? Author(s): Ceres R, Modrono A, Ruiz S. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 August; 185(2): 522-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518921&dopt=Abstract
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Downregulation of placental syncytin expression and abnormal protein localization in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Lee X, Keith JC Jr, Stumm N, Moutsatsos I, McCoy JM, Crum CP, Genest D, Chin D, Ehrenfels C, Pijnenborg R, van Assche FA, Mi S. Source: Placenta. 2001 November; 22(10): 808-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11718567&dopt=Abstract
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Dyslipidemia in early second trimester is mainly a feature of women with early onset pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Clausen T, Djurovic S, Henriksen T. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 October; 108(10): 1081-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702841&dopt=Abstract
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Early pregnancy levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein a and the risk of intrauterine growth restriction, premature birth, preeclampsia, and stillbirth. Author(s): Smith GC, Stenhouse EJ, Crossley JA, Aitken DA, Cameron AD, Connor JM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 April; 87(4): 1762-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932314&dopt=Abstract
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Eclampsia in Kaduna State of Nigeria--a proposal for a better outcome. Author(s): Onwuhafua PI, Onwuhafua A, Adze J, Mairami Z. Source: Niger J Med. 2001 April-June; 10(2): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11705065&dopt=Abstract
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Eclampsia in Sweden. Author(s): Kullberg G, Lindeberg S, Hanson U. Source: Hypertension in Pregnancy : Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2002; 21(1): 13-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044340&dopt=Abstract
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Eclampsia. Author(s): Morgan E. Source: Nursing. 2002 March; 32(3): 104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902030&dopt=Abstract
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Eclampsia: a leading cause of maternal mortality. Author(s): Mahran M. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 2001; 29(3): 235-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11447928&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of preeclampsia in the mother on the leucine metabolism in the newborn infant. Author(s): Saenz De Pipaon Marcos M, Wattimena DJ, Van Beek RH, Lotgering FK, Sauer PJ. Source: Biology of the Neonate. 2002 January; 81(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11803173&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of preeclampsia on umbilical cord blood hematopoietic progenitor-stem cells. Author(s): Surbek DV, Danzer E, Steinmann C, Tichelli A, Wodnar-Filipowicz A, Hahn S, Holzgreve W. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 September; 185(3): 725-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568804&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated C-reactive protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines in Andean women with pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Teran E, Escudero C, Moya W, Flores M, Vallance P, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2001 December; 75(3): 243-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728484&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated plasma homocysteine in early pregnancy: a risk factor for the development of severe preeclampsia. Author(s): Levine RJ, England LJ, Sibai BM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 May; 186(5): 1107; Author Reply 1108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12015548&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated plasma homocysteine in early pregnancy: a risk factor for the development of severe preeclampsia. Author(s): Cotter AM, Molloy AM, Scott JM, Daly SF. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 October; 185(4): 781-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11641651&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated tissue plasminogen activator as a potential marker of endothelial dysfunction in pre-eclampsia: correlation with proteinuria. Author(s): Bel L, Santos-Silva A, Rumley A, Lowe G, Pereira-Leite L, Quintanilha A, Rebelo I. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 November; 109(11): 1250-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452463&dopt=Abstract
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Endothelial dysfunction in uterine circulation in preeclampsia: can estrogens improve it? Author(s): Svedas E, Nisell H, Vanwijk MJ, Nikas Y, Kublickiene KR. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 December; 187(6): 1608-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501072&dopt=Abstract
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Endothelial junctional protein redistribution and increased monolayer permeability in human umbilical vein endothelial cells isolated during preeclampsia. Author(s): Wang Y, Gu Y, Granger DN, Roberts JM, Alexander JS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 February; 186(2): 214-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11854638&dopt=Abstract
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Endothelin-mediated preeclampsia at high altitude. Author(s): Angerio AD. Source: Critical Care Nursing Quarterly. 2000 August; 23(2): 73-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853029&dopt=Abstract
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Enhanced coagulation activation in preeclampsia: the role of APC resistance, microparticles and other plasma constituents. Author(s): VanWijk MJ, Boer K, Berckmans RJ, Meijers JC, van der Post JA, Sturk A, VanBavel E, Nieuwland R. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2002 September; 88(3): 415-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353069&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for an association of the R485K polymorphism in the coagulation factor V gene with severe preeclampsia from screening 35 polymorphisms in 27 candidate genes. Author(s): Watanabe H, Hamada H, Yamakawa-Kobayashi K, Yoshikawa H, Arinami T. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2001 December; 86(6): 1594-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11776341&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence of in vivo generation of thrombin in patients with small-for-gestational-age fetuses and pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Chaiworapongsa T, Yoshimatsu J, Espinoza J, Kim YM, Berman S, Edwin S, Yoon BH, Romero R. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002 June;11(6):362-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389649&dopt=Abstract
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Evolutionary adaptations to pre-eclampsia/eclampsia in humans: low fecundability rate, loss of oestrus, prohibitions of incest and systematic polyandry. Author(s): Robillard PY, Dekker GA, Hulsey TC. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2002 February; 47(2): 104-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11900595&dopt=Abstract
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Expansion of the fraction of Th1 cells in women with preeclampsia: inverse correlation between the percentage of Th1 cells and the plasma level of PAI-2. Author(s): Ohkuchi A, Minakami H, Aoya T, Haga T, Kimura H, Suzuki M, Sato I. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2001 October; 46(4): 252-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642673&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of inflammatory cytokines in placentas from women with preeclampsia. Author(s): Benyo DF, Smarason A, Redman CW, Sims C, Conrad KP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 June; 86(6): 2505-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11397847&dopt=Abstract
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Factor V Leiden and factor II G20210A in preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. Author(s): Benedetto C, Marozio L, Salton L, Maula V, Chieppa G, Massobrio M. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2002 December; 81(12): 1095-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519104&dopt=Abstract
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Factor V Leiden mutation and preeclampsia. Author(s): Rigo J Jr, Nagy B, Fintor L. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 April; 186(4): 853; Author Reply 853-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11967524&dopt=Abstract
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Familial risk of preeclampsia in Newfoundland: a population-based study. Author(s): Dawson LM, Parfrey PS, Hefferton D, Dicks EL, Cooper MJ, Young D, Marsden PA. Source: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Jasn. 2002 July; 13(7): 1901-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12089387&dopt=Abstract
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Fas and Fas ligand expression in maternal blood and in umbilical cord blood in preeclampsia. Author(s): Kuntz TB, Christensen RD, Stegner J, Duff P, Koenig JM. Source: Pediatric Research. 2001 December; 50(6): 743-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11726734&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal and maternal cardiovascular diurnal rhythms in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Author(s): Koenen SV, Franx A, Mulder EJ, Bruinse HW, Visser GH. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002 May;11(5):313-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389672&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal cells and cell-free fetal DNA in maternal blood: new insights into preeclampsia. Author(s): Hahn S, Holzgreve W. Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2002 November-December; 8(6): 501-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12498420&dopt=Abstract
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Fetal DNA clearance from maternal plasma is impaired in preeclampsia. Author(s): Lau TW, Leung TN, Chan LY, Lau TK, Chan KC, Tam WH, Lo YM. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2002 December; 48(12): 2141-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12446469&dopt=Abstract
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Fibrinogen and factor VII promoter polymorphisms in women with preeclampsia. Author(s): Laasanen J, Hiltunen M, Punnonen K, Mannermaa A, Heinonen S. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 August; 100(2): 317-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151156&dopt=Abstract
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Fibronectin is a marker for organ involvement and may reflect the severity of preeclampsia. Author(s): Ostlund E, Hansson LO, Bremme K. Source: Hypertension in Pregnancy : Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2001; 20(1): 79-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044316&dopt=Abstract
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First trimester insulin resistance and subsequent preeclampsia: a prospective study. Author(s): Wolf M, Sandler L, Munoz K, Hsu K, Ecker JL, Thadhani R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 April; 87(4): 1563-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932283&dopt=Abstract
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First-trimester maternal serum levels of placenta growth factor as predictor of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Author(s): Ong CY, Liao AW, Cacho AM, Spencer K, Nicolaides KH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 October; 98(4): 608-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11576576&dopt=Abstract
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Frequency of factor V, prothrombin and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene variants in preeclampsia. Author(s): D'Elia AV, Driul L, Giacomello R, Colaone R, Fabbro D, Di Leonardo C, Florio P, Petraglia F, Marchesoni D, Damante G. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 53(2): 84-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11961379&dopt=Abstract
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Functional characteristics of chorionic plate placental arteries from normal pregnant women and women with pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Ong SS, Crocker IP, Warren AY, Baker PN. Source: Hypertension in Pregnancy : Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2002; 21(3): 175-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517325&dopt=Abstract
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Gene analysis of the N-terminal region of the estrogen receptor alpha in preeclampsia. Author(s): Malamitsi-Puchner A, Tziotis J, Evangelopoulos D, Fountas L, Vlachos G, Creatsas G, Sekeris CE, Moutsatsou P. Source: Steroids. 2001 September; 66(9): 695-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11546557&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic susceptibility to preeclampsia: roles of cytosineto-thymine substitution at nucleotide 677 of the gene for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, 68-base pair insertion at nucleotide 844 of the gene for cystathionine beta-synthase, and factor V Leiden mutation. Author(s): Kim YJ, Williamson RA, Murray JC, Andrews J, Pietscher JJ, Peraud PJ, Merrill DC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 May; 184(6): 1211-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349190&dopt=Abstract
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Glutathione levels and antioxidative status in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Schulz M, Wacker J, Bastert G. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2002 August; 78(2): 157-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12175718&dopt=Abstract
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Heat shock protein 70 is not increased in women with severe preeclampsia. Author(s): Livingston JC, Ahokas R, Haddad B, Sibai BM, Awaads R. Source: Hypertension in Pregnancy : Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2002; 21(2): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12175440&dopt=Abstract
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Hemodialysis for toxic hypermagnesemia caused by intravenous magnesium in a woman with eclampsia and renal insufficiency. A case report. Author(s): Hirose M, Kobayashi M, Sudo S, Nakanishi K, Noda Y. Source: J Reprod Med. 2002 December; 47(12): 1050-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12516329&dopt=Abstract
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Hemodynamic responses to obstructive respiratory events during sleep are augmented in women with preeclampsia. Author(s): Edwards N, Blyton DM, Kirjavainen TT, Sullivan CE. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2001 November; 14(11 Pt 1): 1090-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11724205&dopt=Abstract
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Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome as a complication of preeclampsia in pregnant women increases the amount of cell-free fetal and maternal DNA in maternal plasma and serum. Author(s): Swinkels DW, de Kok JB, Hendriks JC, Wiegerinck E, Zusterzeel PL, Steegers EA. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2002; 48(4): 650-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11901066&dopt=Abstract
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High intake of energy, sucrose, and polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with increased risk of preeclampsia. Author(s): Clausen T, Slott M, Solvoll K, Drevon CA, Vollset SE, Henriksen T. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 August; 185(2): 451-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518908&dopt=Abstract
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High serum interleukin-8 levels in afro-caribbean women with pre-eclampsia. Relations with tumor necrosis factor-alpha, duffy negative phenotype and von Willebrand factor. Author(s): Velzing-Aarts FV, Muskiet FA, van der Dijs FP, Duits AJ. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2002 November; 48(5): 319-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12516654&dopt=Abstract
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Higher risk of pre-eclampsia after change of partner. An effect of longer interpregnancy intervals? Author(s): Basso O, Christensen K, Olsen J. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2001 November; 12(6): 624-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679788&dopt=Abstract
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History of abortion, preterm, term birth, and risk of preeclampsia: a population-based study. Author(s): Xiong X, Fraser WD, Demianczuk NN. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 October; 187(4): 1013-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388998&dopt=Abstract
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Home monitoring of blood pressure in pregnancy at high risk of pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Waugh J, Bosio P, Habiba M, Boyce T, Shennan A, Halligan A. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 November; 99(1): 109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11604197&dopt=Abstract
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Homocysteine and cellular fibronectin are increased in preeclampsia, not transient hypertension of pregnancy. Author(s): Powers RW, Evans RW, Ness RB, Crombleholme WR, Roberts JM. Source: Hypertension in Pregnancy : Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2001; 20(1): 69-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044315&dopt=Abstract
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Homonymous hemianopia following a triplet pregnancy: post-natal cerebral vasculitis or atypical eclampsia. Author(s): Keay SD, Carroll SG, Scrutton M, Kelly A, Ormerod I, Cahill DJ. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2002 June 10; 103(1): 92-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12039474&dopt=Abstract
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Hormone levels in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): James WH. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2002 December; 81(12): 1152; Author Reply 1152. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519112&dopt=Abstract
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Hypertension and its relation to renal function 10 years after pregnancy complicated by pre-eclampsia and pregnancy induced hypertension. Author(s): Shammas AG, Maayah JF. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 February; 21(2): 190-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11533780&dopt=Abstract
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Hypertension in pregnancy and preeclampsia. Knowledge and clinical practice among obstetrician-gynecologists. Author(s): Repke JT, Power ML, Holzman GB, Schulkin J. Source: J Reprod Med. 2002 June; 47(6): 472-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12092016&dopt=Abstract
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Hypertension/preeclampsia. Author(s): Odendaal H. Source: Cardiovasc J S Afr. 2002 January-February; 13(1): 5-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11875601&dopt=Abstract
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Hypertensive diseases and eclampsia. Author(s): Myers JE, Baker PN. Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2002 April; 14(2): 119-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11914688&dopt=Abstract
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Hypertensive retinopathy and pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Tadin I, Bojic L, Mimica M, Karelovic D, Dogas Z. Source: Coll Antropol. 2001; 25 Suppl: 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817020&dopt=Abstract
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Hyperuricemia, oxidative stress in preeclampsia. Author(s): Kharb S, Singh GP. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2001 March; 305(1-2): 201-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11354030&dopt=Abstract
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Hypothesis: preeclampsia as a maternal-fetal conflict. Author(s): Odent M. Source: Medgenmed [electronic Resource] : Medscape General Medicine. 2001 September 5; 3(5): 2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11976604&dopt=Abstract
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Hypoxia-reoxygenation: a potent inducer of apoptotic changes in the human placenta and possible etiological factor in preeclampsia. Author(s): Hung TH, Skepper JN, Charnock-Jones DS, Burton GJ. Source: Circulation Research. 2002 June 28; 90(12): 1274-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12089065&dopt=Abstract
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ICAM-1 in maternal serum and amniotic fluid as an early marker of preeclampsia and IUGR. Author(s): Baviera G, D'Anna R, Corrado F, Ruello A, Buemi M, Jasonni VM. Source: J Reprod Med. 2002 March; 47(3): 191-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11933682&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension on birth weight by gestational age. Author(s): Xiong X, Demianczuk NN, Saunders LD, Wang FL, Fraser WD. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 February 1; 155(3): 203-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821244&dopt=Abstract
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Increased apoptosis in the syncytiotrophoblast in human term placentas complicated by either preeclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation. Author(s): Ishihara N, Matsuo H, Murakoshi H, Laoag-Fernandez JB, Samoto T, Maruo T. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 January; 186(1): 158-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11810103&dopt=Abstract
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Increased concentrations of soluble CD40 ligand, RANTES and GRO-alpha in preeclampsia--possible role of platelet activation. Author(s): Mellembakken JR, Solum NO, Ueland T, Videm V, Aukrust P. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2001 November; 86(5): 1272-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11816717&dopt=Abstract
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Increased endothelial monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-8 in preeclampsia. Author(s): Kauma S, Takacs P, Scordalakes C, Walsh S, Green K, Peng T. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 October; 100(4): 706-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12383538&dopt=Abstract
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Increased levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the placenta and blood in preeclampsia. Author(s): Hayashi M, Hoshimoto K, Ohkura T, Inaba N. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2002 January; 47(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883744&dopt=Abstract
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Increased plasma adenosine concentrations and the severity of preeclampsia. Author(s): Yoneyama Y, Suzuki S, Sawa R, Yoneyama K, Power GG, Araki T. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 December; 100(6): 1266-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468172&dopt=Abstract
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Increased risk of preeclampsia among nulliparous pregnant women with idiopathic hematuria. Author(s): Stehman-Breen CO, Levine RJ, Qian C, Morris CD, Catalano PM, Curet LB, Sibai BM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 September; 187(3): 703-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12237651&dopt=Abstract
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Individual longitudinal patterns in biochemical and hematological markers for the early prediction of pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Mello G, Parretti E, Cioni R, Lagozio C, Mealli F, Pratesi M. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002 February;11(2):93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375550&dopt=Abstract
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Induction or caesarean section for preterm pre-eclampsia? Author(s): Mashiloane CD, Moodley J. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 July; 22(4): 353-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521452&dopt=Abstract
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Induction to delivery time interval in patients with and without preeclampsia: a retrospective analysis. Author(s): Griffiths AN, Hikary N, Sizer AR. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2002 September; 81(9): 867-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12225304&dopt=Abstract
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Inflationary oscillometry provides accurate measurement of blood pressure in preeclampsia. Author(s): Golara M, Benedict A, Jones C, Randhawa M, Poston L, Shennan AH. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 October; 109(10): 1143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387468&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of maternal preeclampsia on recombinant human granulocyte colonystimulating factor effect in neutropenic neonates with suspected sepsis. Author(s): Zuppa AA, Girlando P, Florio MG, Cota F, Romagnoli C, Tortorolo G. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2002 May 10; 102(2): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11950479&dopt=Abstract
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Insulin sensitivity in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Sharma A, Haldiya SS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 August; 50: 1022-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421023&dopt=Abstract
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Interleukin-2 receptor serum concentrations in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Romero-Adrian T, Ruiz A, Molina-Vilchez R, Estevez J, Atencio R. Source: Invest Clin. 2002 June; 43(2): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12108028&dopt=Abstract
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Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre-eclampsia before term. Author(s): Churchill D, Duley L. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (3): Cd003106. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12137674&dopt=Abstract
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Is a polymorphism of the apolipoprotein E gene associated with preeclampsia? Author(s): Francoual J, Audibert F, Trioche P, Chalas J, Capel L, Lindenbaum A, Labrune P, Frydman R. Source: Hypertension in Pregnancy : Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2002; 21(2): 127-33. Erratum In: Hypertens Pregnancy. 2003; 22(2): 213. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12175441&dopt=Abstract
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Is mid-trimester maternal serum inhibin-A a marker of preeclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction? Author(s): D'Anna R, Baviera G, Corrado F, Leonardi I, Buemi M, Jasonni VM. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2002 June; 81(6): 540-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12047308&dopt=Abstract
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Is there an increased maternal-infant prevalence of Factor V Leiden in association with severe pre-eclampsia? Author(s): Currie L, Peek M, McNiven M, Prosser I, Mansour J, Ridgway J. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 February; 109(2): 191-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11888101&dopt=Abstract
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Isolated microparticles, but not whole plasma, from women with preeclampsia impair endothelium-dependent relaxation in isolated myometrial arteries from healthy pregnant women. Author(s): Vanwijk MJ, Svedas E, Boer K, Nieuwland R, Vanbavel E, Kublickiene KR. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 December; 187(6): 1686-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501084&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of association of severe preeclampsia with maternal and fetal mutant alleles for tumor necrosis factor alpha and lymphotoxin alpha genes and plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha levels. Author(s): Livingston JC, Park V, Barton JR, Elfering S, Haddad B, Mabie WC, Quasney M, Sibai BM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 May; 184(6): 1273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349201&dopt=Abstract
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L-arginine transport by the microvillous plasma membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast from human placenta in relation to nitric oxide production: effects of gestation, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction. Author(s): Ayuk PT, Theophanous D, D'Souza SW, Sibley CP, Glazier JD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 February; 87(2): 747-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11836315&dopt=Abstract
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Late onset of cortical blindness in a patient with severe preeclampsia related to retained placental fragments. Author(s): Delefosse D, Samain E, Helias A, Regimbeau JM, Deval B, Farah E, Marty J. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 January; 98(1): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503005&dopt=Abstract
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Late onset postpartum eclampsia: a rare and difficult diagnosis. Author(s): Dziewas R, Stogbauer F, Freund M, Ludemann P, Imai T, Holzapfel C, Ringelstein PB. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2002 September; 249(9): 1287-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12242555&dopt=Abstract
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Late postpartum eclampsia: a preventable disease? Author(s): Chames MC, Livingston JC, Ivester TS, Barton JR, Sibai BM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 June; 186(6): 1174-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066093&dopt=Abstract
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Leptin and pre-eclampsia in black African parturients. Author(s): Kafulafula GE, Moodley J, Ojwang PJ, Kagoro H. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 November; 109(11): 1256-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452464&dopt=Abstract
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Leptin and preeclampsia. Author(s): Poston L. Source: Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2002 May; 20(2): 131-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12087498&dopt=Abstract
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Leucocyte intracellular pH and Na+/H+ exchanger isoform-1 activity in postpartum women with pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Lee VM, Halligan AW, Ng LL. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 June; 108(6): 615-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11426897&dopt=Abstract
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Levels of C-reactive protein in pregnant women who subsequently develop preeclampsia. Author(s): Savvidou MD, Lees CC, Parra M, Hingorani AD, Nicolaides KH. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 March; 109(3): 297-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11950185&dopt=Abstract
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Levels of dimethylarginines and cytokines in mild and severe preeclampsia. Author(s): Ellis J, Wennerholm UB, Bengtsson A, Lilja H, Pettersson A, Sultan B, Wennergren M, Hagberg H. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2001 July; 80(7): 602-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437716&dopt=Abstract
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Levels of plasminogen activators and their inhibitors in maternal and umbilical cord plasma in severe preeclampsia. Author(s): Roes EM, Sweep CG, Thomas CM, Zusterzeel PL, Geurts-Moespot A, Peters WH, Steegers EA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 October; 187(4): 1019-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388999&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage and association studies of IL1B and IL1RN gene polymorphisms in preeclampsia. Author(s): Lachmeijer AM, Nosti-Escanilla MP, Bastiaans EB, Pals G, Sandkuijl LA, Kostense PJ, Aarnoudse JG, Crusius JB, Pena AS, Dekker GA, Arngrimsson R, ten Kate LP. Source: Hypertension in Pregnancy : Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2002; 21(1): 23-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044341&dopt=Abstract
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Lipid hydroperoxides and free radical scavenging enzyme activities in preeclampsia and HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome: no evidence for circulating primary products of lipid peroxidation. Author(s): Diedrich F, Renner A, Rath W, Kuhn W, Wieland E. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 July; 185(1): 166-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11483923&dopt=Abstract
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Lipoprotein lipase gene mutations and the genetic susceptibility of preeclampsia. Author(s): Kim YJ, Williamson RA, Chen K, Smith JL, Murray JC, Merrill DC. Source: Hypertension. 2001 November; 38(5): 992-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11711487&dopt=Abstract
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Lipoprotein(a): a longitudinal versus a cross-sectional study in normal pregnancy and its levels in preeclampsia. Author(s): Belo L, Caslake M, Santos-Silva A, Pereira-Leite L, Quintanilha A, Rebelo I. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2002 December; 165(2): 393-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417294&dopt=Abstract
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Loading dose versus standard regime of magnesium sulfate in the management of eclampsia: a randomized trial. Author(s): Begum MR, Begum A, Quadir E. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2002 June; 28(3): 154-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214831&dopt=Abstract
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Localization of hyaluronan with a hyaluronan-specific hyaluronic acid binding protein in the placenta in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Matejevic D, Neudeck H, Graf R, Muller T, Dietl J. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2001; 52(4): 257-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11729340&dopt=Abstract
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Long term mortality of mothers and fathers after pre-eclampsia: population based cohort study. Author(s): Irgens HU, Reisaeter L, Irgens LM, Lie RT. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 November 24; 323(7323): 1213-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11719411&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term treatment with nicardipine for severe pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Seki H, Takeda S, Kinoshita K. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2002 February; 76(2): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11818107&dopt=Abstract
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Low-density lipoprotein particle diameter in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Author(s): Ogura K, Miyatake T, Fukui O, Nakamura T, Kameda T, Yoshino G. Source: J Atheroscler Thromb. 2002; 9(1): 42-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12238637&dopt=Abstract
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Magnesium for preventing and treating eclampsia: time for international action. Author(s): Sheth SS, Chalmers I. Source: Lancet. 2002 June 1; 359(9321): 1872-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057545&dopt=Abstract
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Magnesium sulfate compared with lytic cocktail for women with eclampsia. Author(s): Duley L, Gulmezoglu AM. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2002 January; 76(1): 3-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11818087&dopt=Abstract
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Magnesium sulfate for preeclampsia. Author(s): Greene MF. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 January 23; 348(4): 275-6. Erratum In: N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 23; 348(4): 1730. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540639&dopt=Abstract
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Marion's message. Preeclampsia and the placenta. Author(s): McLean MT. Source: Midwifery Today Int Midwife. 2001 Summer; (58): 7, 69. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12154730&dopt=Abstract
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Massive ascites in severe pre-eclampsia: a rare complication. Author(s): Vaijyanath AM, Nayar B, Malhotra N, Deka D. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2002 August; 28(4): 199202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452261&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal endothelial soluble cell adhesion molecules with isolated small for gestational age fetuses: comparison with pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Bretelle F, Sabatier F, Blann A, D'Ercole C, Boutiere B, Mutin M, Boubli L, Sampol J, Dignat-George F. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 December; 108(12): 1277-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843391&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal lymphocyte subpopulations (CD45RA+ and CD45RO+) in preeclampsia. Author(s): Chaiworapongsa T, Gervasi MT, Refuerzo J, Espinoza J, Yoshimatsu J, Berman S, Romero R. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 October; 187(4): 889-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388971&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal outcome in eclampsia at Harare Maternity Hospital. Author(s): Majoko F, Mujaji C. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 2001 May; 47(5): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11921670&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal plasma adenosine and endothelin-1 levels in twin gestation complicated by preeclampsia. Author(s): Shinagawa T, Suzuki S, Sawa R, Yoneyama Y, Asakura H, Araki T. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2002 December; 267(2): 72-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439550&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal plasma cellular fibronectin concentrations in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies: a longitudinal study for early prediction of preeclampsia. Author(s): Chavarria ME, Lara-Gonzalez L, Gonzalez-Gleason A, Sojo I, Reyes A. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 September; 187(3): 595601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12237633&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal serum activin, inhibin, human chorionic gonadotrophin and alphafetoprotein as second trimester predictors of pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Davidson EJ, Riley SC, Roberts SA, Shearing CH, Groome NP, Martin CW. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 January; 110(1): 46-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504935&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal-fetal effects of magnesium sulfate on serum osmolality in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): van der Heyden JJ, Standley CA. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002 April;11(4):270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375684&dopt=Abstract
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Matrix metalloprotease-9, placental syncytiotrophoblast and the endothelial dysfunction of pre-eclampsia. Author(s): de Jager CA, Linton EA, Spyropoulou I, Sargent IL, Redman CW. Source: Placenta. 2003 January; 24(1): 84-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495663&dopt=Abstract
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Measurement of plasma glutathione S-transferase in hepatocellular damage in preeclampsia. Author(s): Kumtepe Y, Borekci B, Aksoy H, Altinkaynak K, Ingec M, Ozdiller O. Source: J Int Med Res. 2002 September-October; 30(5): 483-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449517&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanism of increased maternal serum total activin a and inhibin a in preeclampsia. Author(s): Silver HM, Lambert-Messerlian GM, Reis FM, Diblasio AM, Petraglia F, Canick JA. Source: Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation. 2002 September-October; 9(5): 308-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12383916&dopt=Abstract
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Microarray analysis of differentially expressed genes in placental tissue of preeclampsia: up-regulation of obesity-related genes. Author(s): Reimer T, Koczan D, Gerber B, Richter D, Thiesen HJ, Friese K. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 2002 July; 8(7): 674-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12087083&dopt=Abstract
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Microparticle subpopulations are increased in preeclampsia: possible involvement in vascular dysfunction? Author(s): VanWijk MJ, Nieuwland R, Boer K, van der Post JA, VanBavel E, Sturk A. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 August; 187(2): 450-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12193942&dopt=Abstract
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Mid-trimester triple test levels in early and late onset severe pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Shenhav S, Gemer O, Sassoon E, Volodarsky M, Peled R, Segal S. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 July; 22(7): 579-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12124692&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular epidemiology of preeclampsia. Author(s): Wilson ML, Goodwin TM, Pan VL, Ingles SA. Source: Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 2003 January; 58(1): 39-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544785&dopt=Abstract
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Multicenter screening for pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction by transvaginal uterine artery Doppler at 23 weeks of gestation. Author(s): Papageorghiou AT, Yu CK, Bindra R, Pandis G, Nicolaides KH; Fetal Medicine Foundation Second Trimester Screening Group. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 November; 18(5): 441-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11844162&dopt=Abstract
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Neurologic aspects of eclampsia. Author(s): Kaplan PW. Source: Adv Neurol. 2002; 90: 41-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12068463&dopt=Abstract
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Neutrophil intracellular pH and Na+/H+ exchanger activity in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Lee VM, Halligan AW, Ng LL. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2003 January; 52(1): 87-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524667&dopt=Abstract
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Neutrophil oxygen radical production in pre-eclampsia with HELLP syndrome. Author(s): Zusterzeel PL, Wanten GJ, Peters WH, Merkus HM, Steegers EA. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 December 1; 99(2): 213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11788174&dopt=Abstract
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New scope in angiogenesis: role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), NO, lipid peroxidation, and vitamin E in the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia among Egyptian females. Author(s): El-Salahy EM, Ahmed MI, El-Gharieb A, Tawfik H. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 2001 June; 34(4): 323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11440734&dopt=Abstract
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Newborn birth weight correlates with placental zinc, umbilical insulin-like growth factor I, and leptin levels in preeclampsia. Author(s): Diaz E, Halhali A, Luna C, Diaz L, Avila E, Larrea F. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2002 January-February; 33(1): 40-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11825630&dopt=Abstract
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Nifedipine or hydralazine as a first-line agent to control hypertension in severe preeclampsia. Author(s): Aali BS, Nejad SS. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2002 January; 81(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11942883&dopt=Abstract
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Nitric oxide production increases during normal pregnancy and decreases in preeclampsia. Author(s): Choi JW, Im MW, Pai SH. Source: Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2002 Summer; 32(3): 257-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12175088&dopt=Abstract
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Nitric oxide/endothelin-1 in preeclampsia. Author(s): Vural P. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2002 March; 317(1-2): 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814459&dopt=Abstract
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No difference in structure between omental small arteries isolated from women with preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and normal pregnancies. Author(s): Ong SS, Baker PN, Mayhew TM, Dunn WR. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 September; 187(3): 606-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12237635&dopt=Abstract
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No evidence for lipid peroxidation in severe preeclampsia. Author(s): Poston L, Mallet A. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 October; 187(4): 1118; Author Reply 1119-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389014&dopt=Abstract
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No evidence for lipid peroxidation in severe preeclampsia. Author(s): Regan CL, Levine RJ, Baird DD, Ewell MG, Martz KL, Sibai BM, Rokach J, Lawson JA, Fitzgerald GA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 September; 185(3): 572-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568780&dopt=Abstract
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Normalization of vasoactive changes in preeclampsia precedes clinical recovery. Author(s): Makkonen N, Heinonen S, Hongisto T, Penttila I, Kirkinen P. Source: Hypertension in Pregnancy : Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2002; 21(1): 51-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044343&dopt=Abstract
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Not pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Saeed SA, Dean S, deGiovanni JV. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2001 July; 94(7): 351-3. Erratum In: J R Soc Med 2001 October; 94(10): 556. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11418710&dopt=Abstract
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Novel chemiluminescence assay for serum periostin levels in women with preeclampsia and in normotensive pregnant women. Author(s): Sasaki H, Roberts J, Lykins D, Fujii Y, Auclair D, Chen LB. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 January; 186(1): 103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11810094&dopt=Abstract
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Obesity and preeclampsia: the potential role of inflammation. Author(s): Wolf M, Kettyle E, Sandler L, Ecker JL, Roberts J, Thadhani R. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 November; 98(5 Pt 1): 757-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11704165&dopt=Abstract
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On the prevention of preeclampsia: nutritional factors back in the spotlight? Author(s): Alexander S. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2002 July; 13(4): 382-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12094091&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome of infants delivered between 24 and 28 weeks' gestation in women with severe pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Hiett AK, Brown HL, Britton KA. Source: The Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine. 2001 October; 10(5): 301-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11730491&dopt=Abstract
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Oxidative stress in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Bowen RS, Moodley J, Dutton MF, Theron AJ. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2001 August; 80(8): 719-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531614&dopt=Abstract
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Oxidative stress reproduces placental abnormalities of preeclampsia. Author(s): Vaughan JE, Walsh SW. Source: Hypertension in Pregnancy : Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2002; 21(3): 205-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517328&dopt=Abstract
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Paternal age and preeclampsia. Author(s): Harlap S, Paltiel O, Deutsch L, Knaanie A, Masalha S, Tiram E, Caplan LS, Malaspina D, Friedlander Y. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2002 November; 13(6): 660-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410007&dopt=Abstract
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Paternal contribution to the risk for pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Zusterzeel PL, te Morsche R, Raijmakers MT, Roes EM, Peters WH, Steegers EA. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 January; 39(1): 44-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11826024&dopt=Abstract
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Perinatal outcome in women with recurrent preeclampsia compared with women who develop preeclampsia as nulliparas. Author(s): Hnat MD, Sibai BM, Caritis S, Hauth J, Lindheimer MD, MacPherson C, VanDorsten JP, Landon M, Miodovnik M, Paul R, Meis P, Thurnau G, Dombrowski M; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine-Units. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 March; 186(3): 422-6. Erratum In: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 July; 189(1): 244. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11904601&dopt=Abstract
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Perinatal outcomes in preeclampsia that is complicated by massive proteinuria. Author(s): Newman MG, Robichaux AG, Stedman CM, Jaekle RK, Fontenot MT, Dotson T, Lewis DF. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 January; 188(1): 264-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548227&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma anti-oxidant status and lipid profile in non-gravida women with a history of pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Ozan H, Ilcol Y, Kimya Y, Cengiz C, Ediz B. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2002 October; 28(5): 274-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428698&dopt=Abstract
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Possible activation of the renin-angiotensin system in the feto-placental unit in preeclampsia. Author(s): Ito M, Itakura A, Ohno Y, Nomura M, Senga T, Nagasaka T, Mizutani S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 April; 87(4): 1871-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932332&dopt=Abstract
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Pre-eclampsia and expression of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor. Author(s): Leach RE, Romero R, Kim YM, Chaiworapongsa T, Kilburn B, Das SK, Dey SK, Johnson A, Qureshi F, Jacques S, Armant DR. Source: Lancet. 2002 October 19; 360(9341): 1215-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12401248&dopt=Abstract
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Preeclampsia and fetal triploidy: a rarely reported association in nephrologic literature. Author(s): Giannattasio M, Gernone G, Pannarale G, Gesualdo L, Schena FP. Source: Journal of Nephrology. 2002 January-February; 15(1): 74-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936431&dopt=Abstract
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Preeclampsia disrupts the normal physiology of leptin. Author(s): Gursoy T, Aliefendioglu D, Aslan AT, Gunduz M, Haberal A, Senes M, Cakmak FN, Laleli YR. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 2002 August; 19(6): 303-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12357421&dopt=Abstract
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Preeclampsia in multiple gestation: the role of assisted reproductive technologies. Author(s): Lynch A, McDuffie R Jr, Murphy J, Faber K, Orleans M. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 March; 99(3): 445-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11864672&dopt=Abstract
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Pre-eclampsia in pregnancy and subsequent risk for breast cancer. Author(s): Vatten LJ, Romundstad PR, Trichopoulos D, Skjaerven R. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 October 21; 87(9): 971-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12434286&dopt=Abstract
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Preeclampsia is associated with altered Ca2+ regulation and NO production in human fetal venous endothelial cells. Author(s): Steinert JR, Wyatt AW, Poston L, Jacob R, Mann GE. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2002 May; 16(7): 721-3. Epub 2002 March 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11923225&dopt=Abstract
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Pre-eclampsia, antiretroviral therapy, and immune reconstitution. Author(s): Wimalasundera RC, Larbalestier N, Smith JH, de Ruiter A, McG Thom SA, Hughes AD, Poulter N, Regan L, Taylor GP. Source: Lancet. 2002 October 12; 360(9340): 1152-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387967&dopt=Abstract
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Pre-eclampsia, diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Sunanda GV, Johanson R. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2001 November; 2(11): 1817-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11825319&dopt=Abstract
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Preeclampsia: a multifactorial disease resulting from the interaction of the fetomaternal HLA genotype and HCMV infection. Author(s): Carreiras M, Montagnani S, Layrisse Z. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2002 September; 48(3): 176-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12443029&dopt=Abstract
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Pregnancy-associated and placental proteins in the placental tissue of normal pregnant women and patients with pre-eclampsia at term. Author(s): Bersinger NA, Groome N, Muttukrishna S. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2002 December; 147(6): 785-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457454&dopt=Abstract
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Presentation of a PTHrP-secreting pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour, with hypercalcaemic crisis, pre-eclampsia, and renal failure. Author(s): Abraham P, Ralston SH, Hewison M, Fraser WD, Bevan JS. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002 December; 78(926): 752-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509695&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing and treating eclamptic seizures. Will magnesium sulphate for preeclampsia really help? Author(s): Moran NF. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 January 4; 326(7379): 50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511469&dopt=Abstract
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ProC Global assay in the evaluation of women with history of severe preeclampsia or HELLP syndrome. Author(s): Heilmann L, von Tempelhoff GF, Pollow K. Source: Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis : Official Journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis. 2002 October; 8(4): 319-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518722&dopt=Abstract
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Production of human mast cell chymase in human myometrium and placenta in cases of normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Author(s): Mitani R, Maeda K, Fukui R, Endo S, Saijo Y, Shinohara K, Kamada M, Irahara M, Yamano S, Nakaya Y, Aono T. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2002 March 10; 101(2): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11858891&dopt=Abstract
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Recent Insights into the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Roberts JM, Lain KY. Source: Placenta. 2002 May; 23(5): 359-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12061851&dopt=Abstract
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Receptor double-trouble in preeclampsia. Author(s): Lodwick D. Source: Nature Medicine. 2001 September; 7(9): 999-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11533700&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrence risk of preterm birth due to preeclampsia. Author(s): Koike T, Minakami H, Izumi A, Watanabe T, Matsubara S, Sato I. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 53(1): 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11803224&dopt=Abstract
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Reduced function of endothelial prostacyclin in human omental resistance arteries in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Suzuki Y, Hattori T, Kajikuri J, Yamamoto T, Suzumori K, Itoh T. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2002 November 15; 545(Pt 1): 269-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12433966&dopt=Abstract
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Reduced red blood cell deformability, an indicator for high fetal or maternal risk, is found in preeclampsia and IUGR. Author(s): Schauf B, Lang U, Stute P, Schneider S, Dietz K, Aydeniz B, Wallwiener D. Source: Hypertension in Pregnancy : Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2002; 21(2): 147-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12175443&dopt=Abstract
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Regulation of trophoblast invasion: from normal implantation to pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Goldman-Wohl D, Yagel S. Source: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 2002 February 22; 187(1-2): 233-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11988332&dopt=Abstract
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Relation between adenosine and T-helper 1/T-helper 2 imbalance in women with preeclampsia. Author(s): Yoneyama Y, Suzuki S, Sawa R, Yoneyama K, Power GG, Araki T. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 April; 99(4): 641-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12039127&dopt=Abstract
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Relation between adenosine deaminase activities and cytokine-producing T cells in women with preeclampsia. Author(s): Yoneyama Y, Sawa R, Suzuki S, Miura A, Kobayashi H, Doi D, Yoneyama K, Araki T. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 2002 June; 35(4): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135693&dopt=Abstract
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Relation between plasma endothelin 1 levels and T helper 1: T helper 2 cell immunity in women with preeclampsia. Author(s): Kuwajima T, Suzuki S, Yoneyama Y, Sawa R, Asakura H, Araki T. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2001; 52(4): 260-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11729341&dopt=Abstract
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Relation between serum uric acid and plasma adenosine levels in women with preeclampsia. Author(s): Suzuki S, Yoneyama Y, Sawa R, Otsubo Y, Takeuchi T, Araki T. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2001; 51(3): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11306903&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between plasma malondialdehyde levels and adenosine deaminase activities in preeclampsia. Author(s): Yoneyama Y, Sawa R, Suzuki S, Doi D, Yoneyama K, Otsubo Y, Araki T. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2002 August; 322(1-2): 169-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12104097&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in umbilical cord plasma to preeclampsia and infant birth weight. Author(s): Vatten LJ, Odegard RA, Nilsen ST, Salvesen KA, Austgulen R. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 January; 99(1): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11777516&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of twin zygosity and risk of preeclampsia. Author(s): Maxwell CV, Lieberman E, Norton M, Cohen A, Seely EW, Lee-Parritz A. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 October; 185(4): 819-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11641658&dopt=Abstract
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Remote prognosis of primiparous women with preeclampsia. Author(s): Dukler D, Porath A, Bashiri A, Erez O, Mazor M. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 May; 96(1): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11311764&dopt=Abstract
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Resistance artery smooth muscle function in pregnancy and preeclampsia. Author(s): VanWijk MJ, Boer K, van der Meulen ET, Bleker OP, Spaan JA, VanBavel E. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 January; 186(1): 148-54. Erratum In: Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002 April; 186(4): 722. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11810101&dopt=Abstract
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Retinal detachment in preeclampsia. Author(s): Prado RS, Figueiredo EL, Magalhaes TV. Source: Arquivos Brasileiros De Cardiologia. 2002 August; 79(2): 183-6. English, Portuguese. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12219193&dopt=Abstract
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Retinal disorders in preeclampsia studied with optical coherence tomography. Author(s): Theodossiadis PG, Kollia AK, Gogas P, Panagiotidis D, Moschos M, Theodossiadis GP. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 May; 133(5): 707-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992874&dopt=Abstract
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Reversible cortical blindness in preeclampsia. Author(s): Do DV, Rismondo V, Nguyen QD. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 December; 134(6): 916-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470768&dopt=Abstract
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Review of eclampsia at the Nnamdi Azikiwe University teaching hospital, Nnewi (January 1996-December 2000). Author(s): Ikechebelu JI, Okoli CC. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 May; 22(3): 287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521501&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors in Mozambican women with eclampsia: a case-referent study. Author(s): Bugalho A, Bacci A, Bergstrom S. Source: Afr J Reprod Health. 2001 August; 5(2): 30-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12471911&dopt=Abstract
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Screening for pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction by uterine artery Doppler at 11-14 weeks of gestation. Author(s): Martin AM, Bindra R, Curcio P, Cicero S, Nicolaides KH. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 December; 18(6): 583-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11844193&dopt=Abstract
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Screening for pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction in twin pregnancies at 23 weeks of gestation by transvaginal uterine artery Doppler. Author(s): Yu CK, Papageorghiou AT, Boli A, Cacho AM, Nicolaides KH. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 December; 20(6): 535-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12493040&dopt=Abstract
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Searching for preeclampsia genes: the current position. Author(s): Lachmeijer AM, Dekker GA, Pals G, Aarnoudse JG, ten Kate LP, Arngrimsson R. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2002 November 15; 105(2): 94-113. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381470&dopt=Abstract
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Selected local and peripheral intereactions of some cytokines in etiopathogenesis of preeclampsia. Author(s): Bielecki DA, Terlikowski SJ, Poludniewski G, Bielecki M. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 2002; 47: 5-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12533944&dopt=Abstract
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Selective termination of a twin pregnancy as a treatment of severe pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Audibert F, Salomon LJ, Castaigne-Meary V, Alves K, Frydman R. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 January; 110(1): 68-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504939&dopt=Abstract
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Serial assessment in eclampsia of cerebrohemodynamics by combined transcranial Doppler and magnetic resonance angiography. Author(s): Ikeda T, Urabe H, Matsukage S, Sameshima H, Ikenoue T. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 53(1): 65-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11803232&dopt=Abstract
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Serum activin A, inhibin A, and follistatin concentrations in preeclampsia or small for gestational age pregnancies. Author(s): Keelan JA, Taylor R, Schellenberg JC, Groome NP, Mitchell MD, North RA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 February; 99(2): 267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814508&dopt=Abstract
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Severe preeclampsia and cerebral blood volume response to postural change. Author(s): Chipchase J, Peebles D, Rodeck C. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 January; 101(1): 86-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517651&dopt=Abstract
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Severe preeclampsia and the very-low-birth-weight infant. The controversy over delivery mode continues. Author(s): Chibber RM. Source: J Reprod Med. 2002 November; 47(11): 925-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12497682&dopt=Abstract
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Severe pre-eclampsia remote from term: what to expect of expectant management. Author(s): Blackwell SC, Redman ME, Tomlinson M, Berry SM, Sorokin Y, Cotton DB. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002 May;11(5):321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389673&dopt=Abstract
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Skin capillary density changes in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Hasan KM, Manyonda IT, Ng FS, Singer DR, Antonios TF. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2002 December; 20(12): 2439-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473869&dopt=Abstract
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Soluble adhesion molecule profile in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Chaiworapongsa T, Romero R, Yoshimatsu J, Espinoza J, Kim YM, Park K, Kalache K, Edwin S, Bujold E, Gomez R. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002 July;12(1):19-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12422905&dopt=Abstract
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Soluble adhesion molecules: marker of pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Author(s): Coata G, Pennacchi L, Bini V, Liotta L, Di Renzo GC. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002 July;12(1):28-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12422906&dopt=Abstract
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Spinal anaesthesia or CSE are the preferred techniques of anaesthesia for caesarean section in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Cooper G. Source: Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 2002; 53(4): 289-93. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503352&dopt=Abstract
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Spinal anesthesia is the preferred technique for cesarean section in severe preeclampsia: proponent position. Author(s): Hood DD. Source: Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 2002; 53(4): 305-10. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503355&dopt=Abstract
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Spontaneously beating neonatal rat heart myocyte culture-a model to characterize angiotensin II at(1) receptor autoantibodies in patients with preeclampsia. Author(s): Wallukat G, Nissen E, Neichel D, Harris J. Source: In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. Animal. 2002 July-August; 38(7): 376-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534336&dopt=Abstract
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Subfecundity as a correlate of preeclampsia: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Author(s): Basso O, Weinberg CR, Baird DD, Wilcox AJ, Olsen J; Danish National Birth Cohort. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 February 1; 157(3): 195-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543618&dopt=Abstract
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Surgically obtained sperm, and risk of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Wang JX, Knottnerus AM, Schuit G, Norman RJ, Chan A, Dekker GA. Source: Lancet. 2002 February 23; 359(9307): 673-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879865&dopt=Abstract
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Susceptibility loci for preeclampsia on chromosomes 2p25 and 9p13 in Finnish families. Author(s): Laivuori H, Lahermo P, Ollikainen V, Widen E, Haiva-Mallinen L, Sundstrom H, Laitinen T, Kaaja R, Ylikorkala O, Kere J. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003 January; 72(1): 168-77. Epub 2002 December 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474145&dopt=Abstract
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Syncytin, a novel human endogenous retroviral gene in human placenta: evidence for its dysregulation in preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. Author(s): Knerr I, Beinder E, Rascher W. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 February; 186(2): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11854637&dopt=Abstract
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Temporary blindness as a complication of eclampsia: observations on three cases. Author(s): Rahman J, Rahman W. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 January; 22(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521740&dopt=Abstract
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The changes of trace elements, malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase activities in pregnancy with or without preeclampsia. Author(s): Ilhan N, Ilhan N, Simsek M. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 2002 July; 35(5): 393-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270770&dopt=Abstract
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The elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations in preeclampsia do not precede the development of the disorder. Author(s): Bar J, Harell D, Bardin R, Pardo J, Chen R, Hod M, Sullivan M. Source: Thrombosis Research. 2002 January 1; 105(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11864702&dopt=Abstract
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The endocrinology of pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Page NM. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 October; 57(4): 413-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12354123&dopt=Abstract
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The neurology of eclampsia : some observations. Author(s): Chakravarty A, Chakrabarti SD. Source: Neurology India. 2002 June; 50(2): 128-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12134173&dopt=Abstract
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The partner's role in the etiology of preeclampsia. Author(s): Dekker G. Source: Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2002 October-November; 57(1-2): 203-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385843&dopt=Abstract
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The plasma and placental levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione and superoxide dismutase in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Madazli R, Benian A, Aydin S, Uzun H, Tolun N. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 September; 22(5): 477-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521411&dopt=Abstract
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The possible role of prolactin in preeclampsia: 2001, a hypothesis revisited a quarter of century later. Author(s): Parra A, Ramirez-Peredo J. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2002 October; 59(4): 378-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208175&dopt=Abstract
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The power to terrify: eclampsia in 19th-century American practice. Author(s): Moss SW. Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : Jognn / Naacog. 2002 September-October; 31(5): 514-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12353729&dopt=Abstract
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The relationships between leptin and inflammatory cytokines in women with preeclampsia. Author(s): Bartha JL, Romero-Carmona R, Escobar-Llompart M, Comino-Delgado R. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 December; 108(12): 1272-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843390&dopt=Abstract
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The role of hyperglycosylated hCG in trophoblast invasion and the prediction of subsequent pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Bahado-Singh RO, Oz AU, Kingston JM, Shahabi S, Hsu CD, Cole L. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 June; 22(6): 478-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12116306&dopt=Abstract
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The role of intravenous volume expansion in moderate pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Heilmann L, Gerhold S, von Tempelhoff GF, Pollow K. Source: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 2001; 25(3-4): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11847411&dopt=Abstract
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The 'Severe Hypertensive Illness in Pregnancy' (SHIP) audit: promoting quality care using a high risk monitoring chart and eclampsia treatment pack. Author(s): Baldwin KJ, Leighton NA, Kilby MD, Wyldes M, Churchill D, Jones PW, Johanson RB; SHIP Steering Committee. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 July; 22(4): 346-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521451&dopt=Abstract
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The upper airway in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Izci B, Riha RL, Martin SE, Vennelle M, Liston WA, Dundas KC, Calder AA, Douglas NJ. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2003 January 15; 167(2): 137-40. Epub 2002 October 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12411285&dopt=Abstract
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Thrombomodulin Ala455Val dimorphism is not associated with pre-eclampsia in Australian and New Zealand women. Author(s): Borg AJ, Higgins JR, Brennecke SP, Moses EK. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 54(1): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12297717&dopt=Abstract
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Thrombophilia, preeclampsia, and fetal demise: a case report. Author(s): Vallejo MC, Abdullah RS, Kaul B, Ramanathan S. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2002 September; 14(6): 449-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12393115&dopt=Abstract
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Transcranial doppler measurement of cerebral velocity indices as a predictor of preeclampsia. Author(s): Riskin-Mashiah S, Belfort MA, Saade GR, Herd JA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 December; 187(6): 1667-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501081&dopt=Abstract
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Transforming growth factor beta(1) levels in platelet depleted plasma in African women with pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Naicker T, Khedun SM, Moodley J. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 May; 22(3): 279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521499&dopt=Abstract
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Transforming growth factor-beta 1 does not relate to hypertension in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Hennessy A, Orange S, Willis N, Painter DM, Child A, Horvath JS. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 2002 November; 29(11): 968-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12366387&dopt=Abstract
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Two exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms in the microsomal epoxide hydrolase gene are jointly associated with preeclampsia. Author(s): Laasanen J, Romppanen EL, Hiltunen M, Helisalmi S, Mannermaa A, Punnonen K, Heinonen S. Source: European Journal of Human Genetics : Ejhg. 2002 September; 10(9): 569-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12173035&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrastructure of human umbilical vessels in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Cetin A, Kukner A, Ozturk F. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002 September;12(3):178-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530615&dopt=Abstract
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Umbilical cord plasma interleukin-6 and fetal growth restriction in preeclampsia: a prospective study in Norway. Author(s): Odegard RA, Vatten LJ, Nilsen ST, Salvesen KA, Vefring H, Austgulen R. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 August; 98(2): 289-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11506847&dopt=Abstract
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Umbilical cord plasma leptin is increased in preeclampsia. Author(s): Odegard RA, Vatten LJ, Nilsen ST, Salvesen KA, Austgulen R. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 March; 186(3): 427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11904602&dopt=Abstract
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Update on Pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Haddad T. Source: International Anesthesiology Clinics. 2002 Fall; 40(4): 115-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12409937&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary heparan sulfate proteoglycan excretion in black African women with preeclampsia. Author(s): Khedun SM, Naicker T, Moodley J, Gathiram P. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2002 April; 81(4): 308-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952459&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary protein excretion and expectant management of early onset, severe preeclampsia. Author(s): Hall DR, Odendaal HJ, Steyn DW, Grove D. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2002 April; 77(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929649&dopt=Abstract
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Using village theatre to increase knowledge about eclampsia in Bangladesh. Author(s): Islam KS, Sachchu SA, Sandani R, Bullough C, Siraj N, Dimmock P, Johanson RB. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2001 August; 27(4): 199204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11721730&dopt=Abstract
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Uterine artery Doppler flow and uteroplacental vascular pathology in normal pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia and small for gestational age fetuses. Author(s): Aardema MW, Oosterhof H, Timmer A, van Rooy I, Aarnoudse JG. Source: Placenta. 2001 May; 22(5): 405-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11373150&dopt=Abstract
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Vascular endothelial growth factor ligands and receptors that regulate human cytotrophoblast survival are dysregulated in severe preeclampsia and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome. Author(s): Zhou Y, McMaster M, Woo K, Janatpour M, Perry J, Karpanen T, Alitalo K, Damsky C, Fisher SJ. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2002 April; 160(4): 1405-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11943725&dopt=Abstract
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Vasoactive diadenosine polyphosphates in human placenta: possible candidates in the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia? Author(s): Jankowski J, Yoon MS, Stephan N, Zidek W, Schluter H. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2001 March; 19(3 Pt 2): 567-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11327631&dopt=Abstract
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Vasospasms are characteristic in cases with eclampsia/preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome: proposal of an angiospastic syndrome of pregnancy. Author(s): Kobayashi T, Tokunaga N, Isoda H, Kanayama N, Terao T. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 2001; 27(2): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11372766&dopt=Abstract
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Vitamin C and E supplementation in women at risk of preeclampsia is associated with changes in indices of oxidative stress and placental function. Author(s): Chappell LC, Seed PT, Kelly FJ, Briley A, Hunt BJ, Charnock-Jones DS, Mallet A, Poston L. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 September; 187(3): 777-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12237663&dopt=Abstract
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Vitamin C and the risk of preeclampsia--results from dietary questionnaire and plasma assay. Author(s): Zhang C, Williams MA, King IB, Dashow EE, Sorensen TK, Frederick IO, Thompson ML, Luthy DA. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2002 July; 13(4): 409-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12094095&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ECLAMPSIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and eclampsia.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Eclampsia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “eclampsia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “eclampsia” (or a synonym): •
A comparison of magnesium sulfate and nimodipine for the prevention of eclampsia. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
[email protected] Source: Belfort, M A Anthony, J Saade, G R Allen, J C Jr N-Engl-J-Med. 2003 January 23; 348(4): 304-11 1533-4406
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A new treatment of severe pre-eclampsia by long-term epidural anaesthesia. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamastu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu city, Japan. Source: Kanayama, N Belayet, H M Khatun, S Tokunaga, N Sugimura, M Kobayashi, T Terao, T J-Hum-Hypertens. 1999 March; 13(3): 167-71 0950-9240
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Abnormalities in intracellular Ca2+ regulation in fetal vascular smooth muscle in preeclampsia: enhanced sensitivity to arachidonic acid. Author(s): Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, GKT Schools of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK. Source: Steinert, J R Poston, L Mann, G E Jacob, R FASEB-J. 2003 February; 17(2): 307-9 1530-6860
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Activation of endothelial cells by plasma from women with preeclampsia: differential effects on four endothelial cell types. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nottingham City Hospital, UK. Source: Wellings, R P Brockelsby, J C Baker, P N J-Soc-Gynecol-Investig. 1998 JanFebruary; 5(1): 31-7 1071-5576
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An imbalance between prostacyclin and thromboxane in relation to cerebral blood flow in neonates with maternal preeclampsia. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Nishimaki, S Seki, K Prostaglandins-Other-Lipid-Mediat. 1999 August; 58(1): 439 1098-8823
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Anti-convulsant therapy in eclampsia. Source: Maheshwari, J R Desai, S V Hansotia, M D Walvekar, V R J-Postgrad-Med. 1989 April; 35(2): 66-9 0022-3859
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C4 deficiency state in antiphospholipid antibody-related recurrent preeclampsia evolving into systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo-Asturias, Spain.
[email protected] Source: Queiro, R Weruaga, A Riestra, J L Rheumatol-Int. 2002 July; 22(3): 126-8 01728172
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Calcium, nitric oxide, and preeclampsia. Author(s): Instituto Colombiano de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
[email protected] Source: Lopez Jaramillo, P Semin-Perinatol. 2000 February; 24(1): 33-6 0146-0005
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Circulating factors as markers and mediators of endothelial cell dysfunction in preeclampsia. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA. Source: Taylor, R N de Groot, C J Cho, Y K Lim, K H Semin-Reprod-Endocrinol. 1998; 16(1): 17-31 0734-8630
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Correlation between oral sex and a low incidence of preeclampsia: a role for soluble HLA in seminal fluid? Author(s): Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands. Source: Koelman, C A Coumans, A B Nijman, H W Doxiadis, I I Dekker, G A Claas, F H J-Reprod-Immunol. 2000 March; 46(2): 155-66 0165-0378
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Counseling for women with preeclampsia or eclampsia. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA. Source: Witlin, A G Semin-Perinatol. 1999 February; 23(1): 91-8 0146-0005
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Deficient detoxifying capacity in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Source: Roes, E M Raijmakers, M T Zusterzeel, P L Knapen, M C Peters, W H Steegers, E A Med-Hypotheses. 2000 November; 55(5): 415-8 0306-9877
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Dietary risk factors for pre-eclampsia among women attending Harare Maternity Hospital, Zimbabwe. Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, USA. Source: Atkinson, J O Mahomed, K Williams, M A Woelk, G B Mudzamiri, S Weiss, N S Cent-Afr-J-Med. 1998 April; 44(4): 86-92 0008-9176
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Effects of calcium antagonists on contractions of chorionic arteries in normal and preeclampsia placenta. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam University Medical School, Kwangju, Korea. Source: Kook, H Yoon, Y D Baik, Y H J-Korean-Med-Sci. 1996 June; 11(3): 250-7 10118934
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Folic acid and homocyst(e)ine metabolic defects and the risk of placental abruption, pre-eclampsia and spontaneous pregnancy loss: A systematic review. Author(s): Obstetrical Medicine Programme, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario.
[email protected] Source: Ray, J G Laskin, C A Placenta. 1999 September; 20(7): 519-29 0143-4004
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Functional characteristics of chorionic plate placental arteries from normal pregnant women and women with pre-eclampsia. Author(s): The MRC Development Group, School of Human Development, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK.
[email protected] Source: Ong, S S Crocker, I P Warren, A Y Baker, P N Hypertens-Pregnancy. 2002; 21(3): 175-83 1064-1955
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Glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes in decidua and placenta of controls and women with pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics/Gynaecology, University Hospital St Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Source: Knapen, M F Peters, W H Mulder, T P Merkus, H M Jansen, J B Steegers, E A Placenta. 1999 September; 20(7): 541-6 0143-4004
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Hypertensive diseases and eclampsia. Author(s): Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK.
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Source: Myers, Jenny E Baker, Philip N Curr-Opin-Obstet-Gynecol. 2002 April; 14(2): 119-25 1040-872X •
Inadequate reducing systems in pre-eclampsia: a complementary role for vitamins C and E with thioredoxin-related activities. Author(s): Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK. Source: Stark, J M BJOG. 2001 April; 108(4): 339-43 1470-0328
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Lower circulating insulin-like growth factor I and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in preeclampsia. Author(s): Depto. de Fisiologia de la Nutricion, Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion, Mexico, D.F. Source: Halhali, A Bourges, H Carrillo, A Garabedian, M Rev-Invest-Clin. 1995 JulAugust; 47(4): 259-66 0034-8376
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Magnesium taurate for the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. Author(s): Nutrition 21, San Diego, CA 92109, USA. Source: McCarty, M F Med-Hypotheses. 1996 October; 47(4): 269-72 0306-9877
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Mechanisms of endothelium-dependent relaxation in myometrial resistance vessels and their alteration in preeclampsia. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom. Source: Ashworth, J R Baker, P N Warren, A Y Johnson, I R Hypertens-Pregnancy. 1999; 18(1): 57-71 1064-1955
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Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism, folate, and susceptibility to preeclampsia. Author(s): Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Source: Powers, R W Minich, L A Lykins, D L Ness, R B Crombleholme, W R Roberts, J M J-Soc-Gynecol-Investig. 1999 Mar-April; 6(2): 74-9 1071-5576
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Nitric oxide dysfunction in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Author(s): 375th Medical Group, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois 62225, USA.
[email protected] Source: Lowe, D T Nitric-Oxide. 2000 August; 4(4): 441-58 1089-8603
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Non-medical prevention of pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tartu, Estonia. Source: Ehrenberg, A Acta-Obstet-Gynecol-Scand-Suppl. 1997; 164108-10 0300-8835
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Omega-3 fatty acids in maternal erythrocytes and risk of preeclampsia. Author(s): Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center/Seattle, WA 981140999, USA. Source: Williams, M A Zingheim, R W King, I B Zebelman, A M Epidemiology. 1995 May; 6(3): 232-7 1044-3983
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On the prevention of preeclampsia: nutritional factors back in the spotlight? Author(s): Reproductive Health Unit, School of Public Health, Universite Libre de Bruxelles 808, Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
[email protected] Source: Alexander, Sophie Epidemiology. 2002 July; 13(4): 382-3 1044-3983
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Oxidative stress reproduces placental abnormalities of preeclampsia. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0034, USA. Source: Vaughan, J E Walsh, S W Hypertens-Pregnancy. 2002; 21(3): 205-23 1064-1955
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Perceived causes of eclampsia in four ethnic groups in Borno State, Nigeria. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. Source: el Nafaty, A U Omotara, B A Afr-J-Reprod-Health. 1998 April; 2(1): 20-5
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Physiology of low-dose aspirin therapy for the prevention of preeclampsia. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston. Source: Walsh, S W Semin-Perinatol. 1990 April; 14(2): 152-70 0146-0005
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Placental mitochondria as a source of oxidative stress in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0034, USA. Source: Wang, Y Walsh, S W Placenta. 1998 November; 19(8): 581-6 0143-4004
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Plasma and urinary endothelin 1, prostacyclin metabolites and platelet consumption in pre-eclampsia and essential hypertensive pregnancy. Author(s): University Department of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Australia. Source: Barden, A Beilin, L J Ritchie, J Walters, B N Michael, C A Blood-Press. 1994 March; 3(1-2): 38-46 0803-7051
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Possible beneficial effect of exercise, by reducing oxidative stress, on the incidence of preeclampsia. Author(s): The University of Michigan, School of Nursing Division of Health Promotion and Risk Reduction, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Source: Yeo, S Davidge, S T J-Womens-Health-Gend-Based-Med. 2001 December; 10(10): 983-9 1524-6094
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Pre-eclampsia and hypertension. Author(s): Institute of Health Sciences, Oxford, UK. Source: Duley, L Clin-Evid. 2002 June; (7): 1296-309 1462-3846
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Pre-eclampsia does not change the adhesion molecule status in the placental bed. Author(s): National Public Health Institute and MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistokatu 6 a, Turku, FIN-20520, Finland. Source: Jaakkola, K Jokimaa, V Kallajoki, M Jalkanen, S Ekholm, E Placenta. 2000 MarApril; 21(2-3): 133-41 0143-4004
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Pre-eclampsia, diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, North Staffordshire Hospital Trust, Maternity Building, Newcastle Road, Stoke On Trent, ST4 6QG, UK. Source: Sunanda, G V Johanson, R Expert-Opin-Pharmacother. 2001 November; 2(11): 1817-24 1465-6566
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Prevention of preeclampsia. Author(s): Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Source: Repke, J T Clin-Perinatol. 1991 December; 18(4): 779-92 0095-5108
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Reduced excretion of vasodilator prostaglandins in preeclampsia. Author(s): Clinica Medica dell'Universita, Policlinico di Borgo Roma, Verona, Italy. Source: Minuz, P Covi, G Corsato, M Probitzer, P Spiazzi, L Paluani, F Degan, M Lechi, C Lechi, A Agents-Actions-Suppl. 1987; 22175-81 0379-0363
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Serum and placental lipid peroxides in chronic hypertension during pregnancy with and without superimposed preeclampsia. Author(s): Department d'Obstetricia i Ginecologia, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Source: Gratacos, E Casals, E Deulofeu, R Gomez, O Cararach, V Alonso, P L Fortuny, A Hypertens-Pregnancy. 1999; 18(2): 139-46 1064-1955 •
Serum antibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein in pregnant women with preeclampsia and chronic hypertension: lack of correlation with lipid peroxides. Author(s): Department d'Obstetricia i Ginecologia, Hospital Cliinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelone, Catalunya, Spain.
[email protected] Source: Gratacos, E Casals, E Deulofeu, R Gomez, O Cararach, V Alonso, P L Fortuny, A Hypertens-Pregnancy. 2001; 20(2): 177-83 1064-1955
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Sulprostone for pregnancy termination in women with severe (pre-) eclampsia. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
[email protected] Source: van Gemund, N de Boer, M A van Selm, M Scherjon, S A Kanhai, H H Hypertens-Pregnancy. 2002; 21(2): 115-22 1064-1955
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The effect of acute volume expansion and vasodilatation with verapamil on uterine and umbilical artery Doppler indices in severe preeclampsia. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. Source: Belfort, M Akovic, K Anthony, J Saade, G Kirshon, B Moise, K J-ClinUltrasound. 1994 June; 22(5): 317-25 0091-2751
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The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in preeclampsia. A review. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Source: de Jong, C L Dekker, G A Sibai, B M Clin-Perinatol. 1991 December; 18(4): 683711 0095-5108
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The vascular endothelium in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, UK. Source: Lyall, F Greer, I A Rev-Reprod. 1996 May; 1(2): 107-16 1359-6004
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Treatment for postdural puncture headache associated with late postpartum eclampsia. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg, UZ Leuven, Belgium. Source: Van de Velde, M Corneillie, M Vanacker, B Stevens, E Verhaeghe, J Van Assche, A Vandermeersch, E Acta-Anaesthesiol-Belg. 1999; 50(2): 99-102 0001-5164
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Vitamin C and the risk of preeclampsia--results from dietary questionnaire and plasma assay. Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Avenue, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
[email protected] Source: Zhang, Cuilin Williams, Michelle A King, Irena B Dashow, Edward E Sorensen, Tanya K Frederick, Ihunnaya O Thompson, Mary Lou Luthy, David A Epidemiology. 2002 July; 13(4): 409-16 1044-3983
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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The following is a specific Web list relating to eclampsia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B12 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B2 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B6 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin E Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin E Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Minerals Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Food and Diet Low-Salt Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trans-fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Water Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Weight Loss and Obesity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ECLAMPSIA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to eclampsia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to eclampsia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “eclampsia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to eclampsia: •
24-hour blood pressure monitoring to evaluate the effects of nifedipine in preeclampsia and in chronic hypertension in pregnancy. Author(s): Benedetto C, Zonca M, Giarola M, Maula V, Chiarolini L, Carandente F. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1997 June; 104(6): 682-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9197871&dopt=Abstract
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A case of primary antiphospholipid syndrome who developed acute myocardial infarction followed by early-onset pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Kurum T, Soy M, Karahasanoglu E, Ozbay G, Sayin NC. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2003 May; 22(2): 160-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12740688&dopt=Abstract
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A possible preventive effect of low-dose fish oil on early delivery and pre-eclampsia: indications from a 50-year-old controlled trial. Author(s): Olsen SF, Secher NJ.
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Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1990 November; 64(3): 599-609. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2265175&dopt=Abstract •
A study of milk and calcium supplement intake and subsequent preeclampsia in a cohort of pregnant women. Author(s): Richardson BE, Baird DD. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1995 April 1; 141(7): 667-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7702042&dopt=Abstract
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Absence of enhanced systemic inflammatory response at 18 weeks of gestation in women with subsequent pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Djurovic S, Clausen T, Wergeland R, Brosstad F, Berg K, Henriksen T. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 July; 109(7): 759-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135211&dopt=Abstract
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Attempts at dietary alteration of prostaglandin pathways in the management of preeclampsia. Author(s): Moodley J, Norman RJ. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 1989 September; 37(3): 145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2608693&dopt=Abstract
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Calcium Metabolism in Preeclampsia: Supplementation May Help. Author(s): Hojo M, August P. Source: Medscape Women's Health [electronic Resource]. 1997 January; 2(1): 5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9746671&dopt=Abstract
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Calcium supplementation and the risk of preeclampsia in Ecuadorian pregnant teenagers. Author(s): Lopez-Jaramillo P, Delgado F, Jacome P, Teran E, Ruano C, Rivera J. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 August; 90(2): 162-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9241285&dopt=Abstract
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Calcium supplementation in mild preeclampsia remote from term: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Author(s): Sanchez-Ramos L, Adair CD, Kaunitz AM, Briones DK, Del Valle GO, Delke I. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 June; 85(6): 915-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7770260&dopt=Abstract
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Calcium supplementation in nulliparous women for the prevention of pregnancyinduced hypertension, preeclampsia and preterm birth: an Australian randomized
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trial. FRACOG and the ACT Study Group. Author(s): Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Pridmore B, Bryce R, Duggan P, Hague WM, Robinson JS. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1999 February; 39(1): 12-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10099740&dopt=Abstract •
Calcium supplementation in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Wanchu M, Malhotra S, Khullar M. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 August; 49: 795-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11837466&dopt=Abstract
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Calcium supplementation to prevent pre-eclampsia--a systematic review. Author(s): Hofmeyr GJ, Roodt A, Atallah AN, Duley L. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2003 March; 93(3): 224-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12768949&dopt=Abstract
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Chlormethiazole in the treatment of pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Varma T. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1972 June; 79(6): 513-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5033001&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in preeclampsia. Author(s): Wang YP, Kay HH, Killam AP. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 March; 164(3): 812-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1900662&dopt=Abstract
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Diet, pre-eclampsia, and intrauterine growth retardation. Author(s): Andersen HJ, Andersen LF, Fuchs AR. Source: Lancet. 1989 May 20; 1(8647): 1146. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2566093&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary supplementation with L-arginine or placebo in women with pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Staff AC, Berge L, Haugen G, Lorentzen B, Mikkelsen B, Henriksen T. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2004 January; 83(1): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14678093&dopt=Abstract
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Eclampsia 1963-1966. Evaluation of the treatment of 107 cases. Author(s): Lopez-Llera M.
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Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1967 June; 74(3): 379-84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6026615&dopt=Abstract •
Eclampsia. Author(s): Lawson J. Source: Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1982 December; 9(3): 711-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6756754&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of calcium supplementation on pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Author(s): Bucher HC, Guyatt GH, Cook RJ, Hatala R, Cook DJ, Lang JD, Hunt D. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996 April 10; 275(14): 1113-7. Erratum In: Jama 1996 November 6; 276(17): 1388. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8601931&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on experimental pre-eclampsia induced by prolonged blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in pregnant rats. Author(s): Pandhi P, Saha L, Malhotra S. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2002 March; 40(3): 349-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635709&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of a combination of evening primrose oil (gamma linolenic acid) and fish oil (eicosapentaenoic + docahexaenoic acid) versus magnesium, and versus placebo in preventing pre-eclampsia. Author(s): D'Almeida A, Carter JP, Anatol A, Prost C. Source: Women & Health. 1992; 19(2-3): 117-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1492408&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of folic acid and vitamin B6 supplementation on women with hyperhomocysteinemia and a history of preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction. Author(s): Leeda M, Riyazi N, de Vries JI, Jakobs C, van Geijn HP, Dekker GA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 July; 179(1): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9704778&dopt=Abstract
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Fulminating pre-eclampsia with cesarean section performed under hypnosis; a case report. Author(s): WINKELSTEIN LB, LEVINSON J. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1959 August; 78(2): 420-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13670218&dopt=Abstract
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High intake of energy, sucrose, and polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with increased risk of preeclampsia. Author(s): Clausen T, Slott M, Solvoll K, Drevon CA, Vollset SE, Henriksen T. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 August; 185(2): 451-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518908&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of preeclampsia or maternal intake of omega-3 fatty acids on the vasoactive effect of prostaglandin F-two-alpha in human umbilical arteries. Author(s): Haugen G, Helland I. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2001; 52(2): 75-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11586032&dopt=Abstract
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Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia. Author(s): Rudnicki M, Frolich A, Fischer-Rasmussen W. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1994 February; 73(2): 95-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8116360&dopt=Abstract
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NADPH oxidase activity in preeclampsia with immortalized lymphoblasts used as models. Author(s): Lee VM, Quinn PA, Jennings SC, Ng LL. Source: Hypertension. 2003 April; 41(4): 925-31. Epub 2003 March 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629036&dopt=Abstract
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Non-medical prevention of pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Ehrenberg A. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. Supplement. 1997; 164: 108-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9225653&dopt=Abstract
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Omega-3 fatty acids in maternal erythrocytes and risk of preeclampsia. Author(s): Williams MA, Zingheim RW, King IB, Zebelman AM. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1995 May; 6(3): 232-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7619928&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone in normal men and non-pregnant women, normal pregnant women and women with pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Mukherjee K, Swyer GI. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1972 June; 79(6): 504-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4338172&dopt=Abstract
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Possible dietary measures in the prevention of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Author(s): Baker PN.
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Source: Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1995 September; 9(3): 497-507. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8846552&dopt=Abstract •
Preeclampsia and reproductive performance in a community of vegans. Author(s): Carter JP, Furman T, Hutcheson HR. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1987 June; 80(6): 692-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3589760&dopt=Abstract
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Pre-eclampsia. III: The role of aspirin in prevention. Author(s): de Swiet M. Source: Mod Midwife. 1994 December; 4(12): 20-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7697403&dopt=Abstract
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Preeclampsia: a hyperdynamic disease model. Author(s): Easterling TR, Benedetti TJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 June; 160(6): 1447-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2567574&dopt=Abstract
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Preeclampsia: from epidemiological observations to molecular mechanisms. Author(s): Lopez-Jaramillo P, Casas JP, Serrano N. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 2001 October; 34(10): 1227-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593296&dopt=Abstract
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Pregnant women with a low milk intake have an increased risk of developing preeclampsia. Author(s): Duvekot EJ, de Groot CJ, Bloemenkamp KW, Oei SG. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2002 October 10; 105(1): 11-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270557&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of preeclampsia by linoleic acid and calcium supplementation: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Herrera JA, Arevalo-Herrera M, Herrera S. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 April; 91(4): 585-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9540946&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of preeclampsia with calcium supplementation and its relation with the Larginine:nitric oxide pathway. Author(s): Lopez-Jaramillo P.
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Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 1996 June; 29(6): 731-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9070385&dopt=Abstract •
Prevention of preeclampsia with calcium supplementation and vitamin D3 in an antenatal protocol. Author(s): Ito M, Koyama H, Ohshige A, Maeda T, Yoshimura T, Okamura H. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1994 November; 47(2): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7843479&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of preeclampsia. Author(s): Mattar F, Sibai BM. Source: Semin Perinatol. 1999 February; 23(1): 58-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10102171&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of preeclampsia: a big disappointment. Author(s): Sibai BM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 November; 179(5): 1275-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9822515&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of preeclampsia: is it possible? Author(s): Norwitz ER, Robinson JN, Repke JT. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 September; 42(3): 436-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10451763&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between elevated lipid peroxides, vitamin E deficiency and hypertension in preeclampsia. Author(s): Jain SK, Wise R. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 1995 October 4; 151(1): 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8584011&dopt=Abstract
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Supplementary calcium in prevention of pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Niromanesh S, Laghaii S, Mosavi-Jarrahi A. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2001 July; 74(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11430936&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of garlic tablet on plasma lipids and platelet aggregation in nulliparous pregnants at high risk of preeclampsia. Author(s): Ziaei S, Hantoshzadeh S, Rezasoltani P, Lamyian M.
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Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 December 1; 99(2): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11788172&dopt=Abstract •
The holistic management of the patient with pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Turner A. Source: Nursing in Critical Care. 1997 July-August; 2(4): 169-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9873319&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of pre-eclampsia and diabetes mellitus on plasma free amino acids in maternal, umbilical vein and infant blood. Author(s): Cockburn F, Blagden A, Michie EA, Forfar JO. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1971 March; 78(3): 215-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5558838&dopt=Abstract
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The Parkland Memorial Hospital protocol for treatment of eclampsia: evaluation of 245 cases. Author(s): Pritchard JA, Cunningham FG, Pritchard SA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 April 1; 148(7): 951-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6711634&dopt=Abstract
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Vitamin C and E supplementation in women at risk of preeclampsia is associated with changes in indices of oxidative stress and placental function. Author(s): Chappell LC, Seed PT, Kelly FJ, Briley A, Hunt BJ, Charnock-Jones DS, Mallet A, Poston L. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 September; 187(3): 777-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12237663&dopt=Abstract
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Vitamin E supplementation in preeclampsia. Author(s): Stratta P, Canavese C, Porcu M, Dogliani M, Todros T, Garbo E, Belliardo F, Maina A, Marozio L, Zonca M. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1994; 37(4): 246-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8050728&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to eclampsia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Edema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gestational Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Homocysteine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Preeclampsia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Preeclampsia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pregnancy and Postpartum Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Alternative Therapy Naturopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Chinese Medicine Gouteng Alternative names: Gambir Plant; Ramulus Uncariae cum Uncis Source: Chinese Materia Medica
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Herbs and Supplements Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lobelia Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ECLAMPSIA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “eclampsia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on eclampsia, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Eclampsia By performing a patent search focusing on eclampsia, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on eclampsia: •
Adrenomedullin receptor polynucleotides Inventor(s): Gout; Bernard Emile Joseph (Rennes, FR), Krief; Stephane Clement (Montgermont, FR), Mahe; Eve (La Chapelle des Fougeretz, FR), Poste; George Henry (Dover, PA), Robert; Philippe Laurent (Pace, FR), Souchet; Michel Louis (Rennes, FR) Assignee(s): Smithkline Beecham Corporation (philadelphia, Pa), Smithkline Beecham Laboratoires Pharmaceutiques (cedex, Fr) Patent Number: 6,197,069 Date filed: September 3, 1998 Abstract: Putative Adrenomedullin Receptor polypeptides and polynucleotides and methods for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for utilizing Putative Adrenomedullin Receptor polypeptides and polynucleotides in the design of protocols for the treatment of infections such as bacterial, fungal protozoan and viral infections, particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2; pain; cancers; diabetes, obesity; anorexia; bulimia; asthma; Parkinson's disease; acute heart failure; hypotension; hypertension, urinary retention, osteoporosis; angina pectoris; myocardial infarction, ulcers; asthma; allergies; benign prostatic hypertrophy; psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles dela Tourett's syndrome; and preeclampsia, among others and diagnostic assays for such conditions. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to newly identified polynucleotides, polypeptides encoded by them and to the use of such polynucleotides and polypeptides, and to their production. More particularly, the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention relate to G-protein coupled receptor family, hereinafter referred to as Putative Adrenomedullin Receptor. The invention also relates to inhibiting or activating the action of such polynucleotides and polypeptides. It is well established that many medically significant biological processes are mediated by proteins participating in signal transduction pathways that involve G-proteins and/or second messengers, e.g., cAMP (Lefkowitz, Nature, 1991, 351:353-354). Herein these proteins are referred to as proteins participating in pathways with G-proteins or PPG proteins. Some examples of these proteins include the GPC receptors, such as those for adrenergic agents and dopamine (Kobilka, B. K., et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 1987, 84:46-50; Kobilka, B. K., et al., Science, 1987, 238:650-656; Bunzow, J. R, et al., Nature, 1988, 336:783-787), Gproteins themselves, effector proteins, e.g., phospholipase C, adenyl cyclase, and phosphodiesterase, and actuator proteins, e.g., protein kinase A and protein kinase C (Simon, M. I., et al., Science, 1991, 252:802-8). For example, in one form of signal transduction, the effect of hormone binding is activation of the enzyme, adenylate cyclase, inside the cell. Enzyme activation by hormones is dependent on the presence of the nucleotide GTP. GTP also influences hormone binding. A G-protein connects the hormone receptor to adenylate cyclase. G-protein was shown to exchange GTP for bound GDP when activated by a hormone receptor. The GTP carrying form then binds to activated adenylate cyclase. Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP, catalyzed by the G-protein itself; returns the G-protein to its basal, inactive form. Thus, the G-protein serves a dual role, as an intermediate that relays the signal from receptor to effector, and as a clock that controls the duration of the signal.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06197069__ •
Compositions, kits, and methods for modulating survival and differentiation of multi-potential hematopoietic progenitor cells Inventor(s): Cohen; Isaac (Wilmette, IL), Lefebvre; Phil (Chicago, IL), Lin; Jiandie (Evanston, IL), Linzer; Daniel (Evanston, IL) Assignee(s): The Board of Trustees of Northwestern University (evanston, Il) Patent Number: 6,261,841 Date filed: June 23, 2000 Abstract: The invention includes compositions, kits, and methods for modulating survival and differentiation of mammalian multi-potential hematopoietic progenitor cells using a placental glycoprotein hormone of the murine prolactin family, namely either murine prolactin-like protein E or murine prolactin-like protein F. The compositions, kits, and methods described herein can be used, for example, for in vitro or ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic precursor cells or to treat a disorder associated with aberrant hematopoiesis (e.g., pre-eclampsia and thrombocytopenia). Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to the field of maintaining and expanding populations of hematopoietic cells ex vivo. Blood cells of all types derive from hematopoietic progenitor cells, which are multipotential (i.e., capable of differentiating into any of a variety of types of blood cells) at early stages of development. At later stages of development, a hematopoietic progenitor cell can become one of only certain types of cells, depending on the developmental path the cell has undergone. By way of example, a hematopoietic stem cell can differentiate to become either a myelo-erythroid progenitor cell or a lymphoid stem cell. If the cell becomes a myelo-crythroid progenitor cell, it can become an erythroid progenitor (and subsequently an erythrocyte) or a myeloid progenitor cell. A myeloid progenitor cell, in turn, can differentiate to become a megakaryocyte (MK), or one of several other types of blood cells. Platelets are derived from MKs. Thus, MKs and the physiological processes by which hematopoietic progenitor cells differentiate into MKs are involved in disorders associated with aberrant formation and activation of platelets. Many pregnancy-associated diseases (e.g., pregnancy-induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and diabetes) result from aberrant modulation of maternal physiology. For example, although the platelet count has been observed to decrease slightly during human pregnancy in some studies (Fay et al., 1983, Obst. Gynecol. 61:238-240), the rate of platelet production apparently increases to compensate for the dramatic increase in blood volume during pregnancy (Davison et al., 1989, Baillieres Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 3:451-472). Aberrantly high rates of platelet activation in plasma have been clinically associated with pre-eclampsia, and antiplatelet treatment is widely used to treat pregnant women afflicted with this disorder (Beaufils et al., 1985, Lancet 1:840-842; Steyn et al., 1997, Lancet 350:1267-1271; Konijnenberg et al., 1997, Am. J. Obst. Gynecol. 176:461-469). Disorders associated with aberrantly low rates of platelet production include thrombocytopenia (e.g., that associated with leukemia and alcohol-induced thrombocytopenia). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06261841__
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Determining pregnancy induced hypertension and eclampsia by immunoassay of cellular fibronectin Inventor(s): Senyei; Andrew E. (Santa Ana, CA), Teng; Nelson N. H. (Hillsborough, CA) Assignee(s): Adeza Biomedical Corporation (sunnyvale, Ca) Patent Number: 5,079,171 Date filed: January 27, 1989 Abstract: Preeclampisa, pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) and eclampsia are determined by identifying the presence of an endothelial cell marker in a sample of blood, plasma or serum of a pregnant woman using a sandwich or competition immunoassay. Cellular fibronectin marker in a sample is determined by binding with an anti-(cellular fibronectin) antibody. Reagents for these methods are also an aspect of the invention. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods, reagents and kits for detection of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) or preeclampsia during pregnancy. In particular, this invention is directed to the determination of PIH or preeclampsia by testing whole blood, serum or plasma samples for the presence of a marker for endothelial cell injury, for example cellular fibronectin. Preeclampsia, eclampsia and pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) are characterized by elevated blood pressure, proteinuria, and edema. The cause and nature of these disorders is only partially understood. Preeclampsia and PIH are often used to designate the same disorders. The term "preeclampsia" is used hereinafter, for purposes of clarity of explanation, not by way of limitation, to broadly include preeclampsia, pregnancy induced hypertension, and eclampsia. Although considered to be relatively rare in the United States, preeclampsia occurs worldwide in from 2 to 35 percent of pregnancies, depending on diagnostic criteria and study population. Deaths from preeclampsia are nearly equal to those from eclampsia in a recent report by Redman, C. Brit.Med.J. 296:1209-1210 (April, 1988). However, tests for these conditions are often ambiguous, and diagnosis of these conditions have often not been possible until the condition had progressed. A reliable test for early diagnosis of this condition is critically needed. A review of the role of prostaglandins in preeclampsia was published by Friedman, S. Obstet.Gynecol.71:122137 (1988). Examination of maternal fluids for metabolic markers for PIH and preeclampsia has revealed that urine levels of 2,3-dinor-6-keto PG F.sub.1.alpha. increase during this condition, Ob/Gyn Topics, 2:5 (1987). Levels of other substances in the blood have also been studied. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05079171__
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Method for lowering abdominal pressure Inventor(s): Sugerman; Harvey J. (Richmond, VA) Assignee(s): Virginia Commonwealth University (richmond, Va) Patent Number: 5,893,368 Date filed: May 15, 1996 Abstract: An abdominal decompression apparatus is used to treat a variety of disorders including acute abdominal compartment syndrome, increased intra-abdominal pressure related morbidity in severely obese persons, and pre-eclampsia and other complications associated with increased abdominal pressure in pregnancy. The abdominal
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decompression apparatus is worn for an extended period of time (e.g., 6-12 hours at a time), with relatively low levels of pressure being applied (e.g., -20 to -45 mm Hg). Preferably, abdominal decompression is performed on a continuous basis with the final pressure being gradually achieved. In a preferred embodiment, the patient's urinary bladder pressure is used as a measure of intra-abdominal pressure. The sensed urinary bladder pressure can be used to gauge the effectiveness of treatment as well as to control parameters of the abdominal decompression device (e.g., time of use, pressure utilized, etc.). Excerpt(s): The invention is generally related to medical devices used for lowering intraabdominal pressure (IAP) in patients. Abdominal decompression has been investigated for a number of years in connection with the treatment of pregnant women. Specifically, studies have been conducted to evaluate the ability of abdominal decompression to ease the pain of labor, to increase intra-uterine fetal growth, or treat toxemia of pregnancy. In all previous investigations, abdominal decompression was performed intermittently at high negative pressures for short periods of time (e.g., -70 mm Hg for 30 seconds every minute for 30 minutes, twice daily). Heyns, Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw., 66:220-228, 1959, discloses a study wherein intermittent abdominal decompression is used for the treatment of labor pains during the first stage of labor. Eight patients were used in the study, and the patients controlled the negative pressure themselves by placing a finger over a vent tube to bring the pressure down to around 50 mm Hg in most instances for about sixty seconds. However, in some cases the pressure was brought down to as low as 150 mm Hg. The article reports that the labor pains were relieved in all eight patients, and that the treatment did not interfere with diagnosing the second stage of labor (actual commencement of delivery). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05893368__ •
Method of treating preeclampsia Inventor(s): Killian; Anthony (Libertyville, IL) Assignee(s): Tap Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (deerfield, Il) Patent Number: 5,534,548 Date filed: May 3, 1994 Abstract: Straight-chain alkanoic acids, substituted at the.OMEGA.-carbon atom by a substituted phenyl, naphthyl, furyl, or thienyl group and by a substituted 1,4benzoquinon-2-yl group are effective in the therapy or prophylaxis of conditions associated with lipid peroxide injury to vascular endothelium particularly preeclampsia and eclampsia in pregnant females. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to medical methods of treatment. More particularly, the present invention concerns the use of a class of substituted.OMEGA.(1,4-benzoquinon-2-yl)alkanoic acids for the therapy or prophylaxis of conditions associated with excess production of lipid peroxides which may lead to vascular endothelial injury, particularly the conditions of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Preeclampsia is the development of hypertension with proteinuria or edema in pregnant women between the twentieth week of pregnancy and the end of the first week following delivery without apparent cause. Preeclampsia develops in roughly 5% of pregnant women, typically in women with a prior history of hypertension or vascular disease. If left untreated, preeclampsia can often rapidly progress to eclampsia which is fatal if untreated and which occurs in about 1 out of every 200 women who develop
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preeclampsia. Mild preeclampsia is typically treated with bed rest. If the condition persists or develops into eclampsia, the usual treatment is the immediate induction of labor and delivery of the fetus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05534548__ •
Treatment or prevention of preeclampsia, eclampsia with calcitonin gene related peptide, CGRP analog, progestational agent, nitric oxide source, and cyclooxygenase inhibitor Inventor(s): Wimalawansa; Sunil J. (Friendswood, TX), Yallampalli; Chandrasekhar (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, the University of Texas System (austin, Tx) Patent Number: 5,910,482 Date filed: March 19, 1996 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for counteracting preeclampsia, eclampsia of pregnancy and preterm labor in a pregnant female mammal treated by administering thereto calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or its analogues including CGRP/adrenomedullin or their peptide or receptor-based analogues, or in combination with a progestin, and with or without a nitric oxide substrate, or a nitric oxide donor or both, optionally in further combination with one or more of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, a PGI.sub.2 -mimetic, a thromboxane (TXA.sub.2) inhibitor, a compound possessing TXA.sub.2 -agonistic, and TXA.sub.2 -inhibiting properties, a compound possessing TXA.sub.2 -antagonistic and PGI.sub.2 -mimetic activities, and a TXA.sub.2 antagonist. CGRP, progesterone and some of the nitric oxide substrate and donor compounds are naturally occurring compounds. As such these agents do not have the same toxicity and allergy problems as the foreign substances that are currently used for similar purposes. During pregnancy uterine blood vessels and the uterine muscles are particularly sensitive to CGRP as well as nitric oxide. Therefore, one could administer a very small quantities of these drugs (i.e., intravenously, subcutaneous, or Implants), the effects are then seen mainly in the uterine muscle and blood vessels, namely increase the blood supply to the uteroplacental unit (hence nutrients and oxygen supply to the fetus through the improved placental circulation), and uterine muscular relaxation thereby ameliorate the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia, and eclampsia, and prevent preterm labor. At these dosages, virtually no systemic effects are induced, making CGRP (which is an endogenous natural product present in human body) extremely safe and effective. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for the treatment of preeclampsia and of preterm labor with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or CGRP/CGRP receptorbased analogue and combinations with a progestational agent (with or without a nitric oxide synthase substrate such as L-arginine, a nitric oxide donor or both), alone or in further combination with one or more of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, a PGI.sub.2 mimetic, a thromboxane (TXA.sub.2) inhibitor, A compound possessing TXA.sub.2 agonistic and TXA.sub.2 -inhibiting properties, a compound possessing TXA.sub.2 antagonistic and PGI.sub.2 -mimetic activities, and a TXA.sub.2 antagonist, and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such a combination. Preeclampsia, toxemia, or eclampsia of pregnancy can be significant health problems during pregnancy and are the leading causes of fetal growth retardation, fetal mortality, premature birth, and maternal mortality. The etiology of this pathology is largely unknown and effective therapy is not available. Preeclampsia of pregnancy is characterized by a triad of
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hypertension, pathological edema and proteinuria. This disease affects 6 to 10% of all pregnancies. Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to be the endothelium derived relaxing factor (EDRF) generated from the endothelium of blood vessels. Nitric oxide is a major mediator in the control of vascular relaxation. Nitric oxide is synthesized from Larginine by nitric oxide synthase located in endothelial and other cells. Nitric oxide can also be generated by application of various nitric oxide donors such as sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, SIN-1, isosorbid mononitrate, isosorbid dinitrate, and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05910482__ •
Use of fibronectin having a variable included type III repeat sequence as a marker for toxemia in pregnancy Inventor(s): Lockwood; Charles J. (210 Hobart, Hingham, MA 02043), Peters; John H. (3290-58 Via Marin, La Jolla, CA 92037) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,108,898 Date filed: January 18, 1989 Abstract: The elevation of human cellular fibronectin monomers having a variably included Type III repeat in a pregnant woman, as early as the first trimester, has been found to precede the onset of the clinical manifestations of toxemia and correlate with the severity of the disease state. The present invention provides a means of detection for and the monitoring of the toxemias of pregnancy, particularly preeclampsia and eclampsia, by the use a marker, human fibronectin having a variably included Type III repeat sequence, ED1 or ED2. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the detection and monitoring of toxemia, particularly preeclampsia, in a pregnant woman by use of a marker, human fibronectin having a variably included Type III repeat (ED1+Fn or ED2+Fn). More specifically, it relates to a method for the determination of the concentration of the fibronectin in a body sample from a pregnant woman, which concentration has been found to correlate with the disease state. Preeclampsia and eclampsia are toxemias associated with pregnancy. Preeclampsia is classically defined as the triad of hypertension, proteinuria, and edema associated with pregnancy. Other manifestations of preeclampsia are vascular prostenoid and platelet derangements, vasospasm, uteroplacental vascular lesions, and in severe cases, convulsions and coma (eclampsia). Walsh et al., Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 151:100-15 (1985); Goodman et al., Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 142:817-22 (1982); Kitzmiller et al., Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 118:362-8 (1974); Giles et al., Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 88:1115-19(1981); and Gant et al., J. Clin Invest., 52:2682-89 (1973). Toxemia occurs more often in women pregnant for the first time and in those over the age of thirty-five. Toxemia is especially frequent in patients with prior renal and vascular disease. A significant percentage of pregnant women with preexisting hypertension are also likely to have a toxemic episode. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05108898__
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Patent Applications on Eclampsia As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to eclampsia: •
Assays Inventor(s): Bord, Stephanie; (Marseille, FR), Rademacher, Thomas William; (Oxford, GB) Correspondence: Dann, Dorfman, Herrell & Skillman; 1601 Market Street; Suite 2400; Philadelphia; PA; 19103-2307; US Patent Application Number: 20040038295 Date filed: August 4, 2003 Abstract: Assays, kits and methods for determining the presence or amount inositol phosphoglycans (IPG) analytes in samples are disclosed based on the finding that IPG antigens are capable of binding to gelatin. These assays can be used in the diagnosis of conditions where the presence or amount of these analytes is a diagnostic marker for a condition. Methods for the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia, distinguishing different type of pre-eclampsia, are disclosed and also methods for determining the onset of labour in a patient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to materials and methods for use in assays for determining the presence or amount of an IPG analyte in a sample, and in particular for the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia, distinguishing different types of pre-eclampsia and predicting the onset of labour. Many of the actions of growth factors on cells are thought to be mediated by a family of inositol phosphoglycan (IPG) second messengers (Rademacher et al, 1994). It is thought that the source of IPGs is a "free" form of glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) situated in cell membranes. IPGs are thought to be released by the action of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipases following ligation of growth factors to receptors on the cell surface. There is evidence that IPGs mediate the action of a large number of growth factors including insulin, nerve growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor.beta., the action of IL-2 on B-cells and T-cells, ACTH signalling of adrenocortical cells, IgE, FSH and hCG stimulation of granulosa cells, thyrotropin stimulation of thyroid cells, cell proliferation in the early developing ear and rat mammary gland. Soluble IPG fractions have been obtained from a variety of animal tissues including rat tissues (liver, kidney, muscle brain, adipose, heart) and bovine liver. IPG biological activity has also been detected in malaria parasitized red blood cells (RBC) and mycobacteria. We have divided the family of IPG second messengers into distinct A and P-type subfamilies on the basis of their biological activities. In the rat, release of the A and P-type mediators has been shown to be tissuespecific (Kunjara et al, 1995). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Determining existence of complications in pregnancies by measuring levels of bioactive lipids Inventor(s): Parrott, Jeff A.; (Irvine, CA) Correspondence: Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe, Llp; 4 Park Plaza; Suite 1600; Irvine; CA; 92614-2558; US Patent Application Number: 20030068653 Date filed: October 8, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates generally to methods for detecting complications, or abnormal conditions occurring during pregnancy, including placental abnormalities, eclampsia, or preelcampsia. The present invention comprises the steps of obtaining a sample from a patient, assaying the specimen to determine the level of bioactive lipids and comparing levels in the sample to control values or levels in normal samples, and correlating alterations to disease. The invention includes measuring panels of bioactive lipids to screen patients for disease and to monitor the progress of disease for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending application Ser. No. 09/585,138 filed on Jun. 1, 2000, U.S. Pat. No. 6,461,830. The priority of this prior application is expressly claimed, and the disclosure is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The present invention relates to methods for the early detection of complications in pregnancy, including placental abnormalities and other conditions based on the detection of bioactive lipids. Specifically, the present invention relates to methods for early detection of pregnancy related disorders such as eclampsia and preeclampsia by detecting levels of bioactive lipids including phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycerophosphatidyl compounds, and lysophospholipids, as well as byproducts and molecular species of these compounds in sample specimens obtained from pregnant women. Pregnancy is accompanied by a broad variety of physiological changes and complex metabolic processes that occur in the mother. These processes include lipid synthesis and several cellular mechanisms that involve lipid turnover. In some cases, pregnancy-related disorders affect lipid levels in the body and, when reflective of an underlying abnormality or disease, these lipid levels can be measured to detect the diseases. Many disorders that occur during pregnancy are also accompanied by abnormalities in the structure or function of the placenta including specifically eclampsia, preeclampsia, small gestational age, and others. The placenta is the key organ through which blood and nutrients flow from the mother to the infant and provides an essential lifeline for the developing fetus. When the placenta is abnormal, the result is a virtually unavoidable stress on the mother and infant. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Diagnosis of pre-eclampsia Inventor(s): Groome, Nigel Patrick; (Oxford, GB), Knight, Philip Gerald; (Reading, GB), Ledger, William Leigh; (Sheffield, GB), Muttukrishna, Shanthi; (Oxford, GB), Redman, Christopher Willard George; (Oxford, GB) Correspondence: Wenderoth, Lind & Ponack, L.L.P.; 2033 K Street N. W.; Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20006-1021; US Patent Application Number: 20010055781 Date filed: April 25, 2001
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Abstract: A method for diagnosis of pre-eclampsia is disclosed, which comprises measuring the hormone inhibin A in a biological sample such as maternal serum. The method allows non-invasive, early diagnosis and can be used to predict the onset of secondary symptoms. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to detection of pre-eclampsia. In particular, it relates to early diagnosis of pre-eclampsia by detecting elevated levels of the hormone inhibin A. Pre-eclampsia, otherwise known as gestational proteinuric hypertension (GPH) is a multisystem disease of pregnancy of unknown cause. The maternal syndrome is characterised by various abnormalities: increased blood pressure, oedema, proteinuria and abnormal clotting, liver and renal function. The cause of pre-eclampsia is believed to lie in the placenta and there is evidence for a circulating endothelial cell "toxic" factor which is most likely to originate from the syncytiotrophoblast. The syncytiotrophoblast provides the surface of contact between the placenta and the maternal blood and is a multi-nucleated syncytium with an extensive microvillous brush border. Pre-eclampsia is a relatively common condition, occuring in approximately one in ten pregnant women. Around 10% of cases will be severe. In severe cases, early delivery may be necessary and there is therefore the risk of the child being handicapped. Pre-eclampsia also remains a danger to the lives of both babies and mothers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Diagnosis of pre-eclampsia Inventor(s): Chappell, Luey Charlotte; (London, GB), Hunt, Beverley Jane; (London, GB), Poston, Lucilla; (London, GB), Seed, Paul Townsend; (London, GB) Correspondence: Banner & Witcoff; 1001 G Street N W; Suite 1100; Washington; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20040038305 Date filed: September 4, 2003 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of predicting pre-eclampsia (PE). The present invention also relates to a diagnostic kit for performing a method of predicting PE. In particular, the method determining the level of two or more markers selected from placenta growth factor (PIGF), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) and leptin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of predicting pre-eclampsia (PE). The present invention also relates to a diagnostic kit for performing a method of predicting PE. PE is defined according to the guidelines of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (Davey et al., Am. J. Obstet Gynecol; 158: 89298, 1988). Gestational hypertension is defined as two recordings of diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher at least 4 h apart, and severe pressure of 110 mm Hg or higher at least 4 h apart or one recording of diastolic blood pressure of at least 120 mm Hg. Proteinuria is defined as excretion of 300 mg or more in 24 h or two readings of 2+or higher on dipstick analysis of midstream or catheter urine specimens if no 24 h collection was available. Women are classified as previously normotensive or with chronic hypertension before 20 weeks' gestation. For previously normotensive women, PE is defined as gestational hypertension with proteinuria and severe PE as severe gestational hypertension with proteinuria. For women with chronic hypertension, superimposed PE is defined by the new development of proteinuria. PE affects approximately 4% of all pregnancies and is a leading cause of maternal death in the UK.
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This disease, or the threat of onset, is the commonest cause of elective premature delivery, accounting for approximately 15% of all premature births. The measurement of blood pressure and testing for proteinuria in all pregnant women is carried out predominantly for the detection of PE. These procedures and the care of affected women and of the premature children make considerable demands on healthcare resources. Accurate identification of women at risk could dramatically reduce costs of antenatal care. Although, there is no widely used treatment for PE (other than premature delivery), we have recently reported a significant reduction in PE in high risk women given supplements of vitamin C and vitamin E (see Chappell et al., The Lancet, 354, 810816, 1999). Risk was assessed by a test of relatively low sensitivity. More accurate and robust identification of women at risk would target those women most likely to benefit from this, or alternative, prophylactic therapies. Those identified at lower risk could be provided with less intensive and less expensive antenatal care. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Dihydroxy unsaturated fatty acid levels as diagnostic markers Inventor(s): Gee, Shirley; (US), Hammock, Bruce; (US), Newman, John William; (US), Zurek, Gabriela; (US) Correspondence: Townsend And Townsend And Crew, Llp; Two Embarcadero Center; Eighth Floor; San Francisco; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20030113824 Date filed: May 29, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides methods of using dihydroxy unsaturated fatty acids as markers for identifying patients with a disorder associated with abnormal regulation of the cytochrome P450 metabolism or oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. In preferred embodiments, linoleic acid diols, including, but not limited to, leukotoxindiol, are used as a diagnostic tool for identifying patients with pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Excerpt(s): This application is related to U.S. Ser. No. 09/721,261, filed Nov. 21, 2000, which is a continuation in part of U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,415, the entire disclosures of both which are incorporated herein by reference. The present invention generally relates to methods of treating hypertension using inhibitors of epoxide hydrolases. Preferred inhibitors include compounds, such as ureas, amides, and carbamates that can interact with the enzyme catalytic site and mimic transient intermediates. Other useful inhibitors include glycodiols and chalcone oxides which can interact with the enzyme as irreversible inhibitors. The invention also relates to methods of identifying patients with disorders or at risk for disorders with abnormal regulation of the cytochrome P450 metabolism or other oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by assaying levels of dihydroxy unsaturated fatty acids. The leukotoxin pathway appears to be involved in regulation of vascular permeability, and failure to regulate vascular permeability is associated with a variety of vascular diseases including adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS is a pulmonary disease that has a mortality rate of 50% and results from lung lesions that are caused by a variety of conditions found in trauma patients and in severe burn victims. Ingram, R. H. Jr., Harrison's Principals of Internal Medicine, 13:1240 (1995). In ARDS there is an acute inflammatory reaction with high numbers of neutrophils that migrate into the interstitium and alveoli. If this progresses there is increased inflammation, edema, cell proliferation, and the end result is impaired ability to extract oxygen. The exact cause of ARDS is not known. However it has been
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hypothesized that over-activation of neutrophils leads to the release of linoleic acid in high levels via phospholipase A.sub.2 activity. Linoleic acid in turn is converted to 9,10epoxy-12-octadecenoate enzymatically by neutrophil cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase and/or a burst of active oxygen. This lipid epoxide, or leukotoxin, is found in high levels in burned skin and in the serum and bronchial lavage of burn patients. Furthermore, when injected into rats, mice, dogs, and other mammals it causes ARDS. With the possible exception of glucocorticoids, there have not been therapeutic agents known to be effective in preventing or ameliorating the tissue injury, such as microvascular damage, associated with acute inflammation that occurs during the early development of ARDS. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Materials and methods relating to the diagnosis and treatment of pre-eclampsia and diabetes Inventor(s): McLean, Patricia; (Surrey, GB), Rademacher, Thomas William; (Oxford, GB) Correspondence: Quine Intellectual Property Law Group, P.C.; P O Box 458; Alameda; CA; 94501; US Patent Application Number: 20030091581 Date filed: May 8, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to materials and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of pre-eclampsia, and more particularly to the role of P-type inositolphosphoglycans (IPGs) in the occurrence of pre-eclampsia. Methods of diagnosing pre-eclampsia by determining the level of P-type IPGs and uses of antagonists of P-type IPGs in the treatment of pre-eclampsia are disclosed, together with a method for screening for P-type IPG antagonists. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to materials and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of pre-eclampsia and diabetes, and more particularly to the role of P-type inositolphosphoglycans (IPGs) in the occurrence of pre-eclampsia, methods of diagnosing pre-eclampsia and uses of antagonists of P-type IPGs in the treatment of pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is a placental disease [1] characterised by insufficiency of the uteroplacental circulation [2], and which affects 10-12% of all pregnancies and is a major factor in the perinatal mortality rate. There is evidence that one or more placentally-derived factors are released into the maternal circulation which either directly or indirectly cause maternal endothelial dysfunction and ensuing maternal problems with activation of the clotting system increased vascular permeability and ischaemia in maternal organs secondary to vasoconstriction [3]. The present invention arises from investigations to determine whether there is a correlation between preeclampsia and its degree of severity and the profile of inositol phosphoglycans (IPGs) in the pre-eclamptic subjects and their normal age and parity-matched controls. In order to gain information on the significance of the disordered carbohydrate metabolism in the placenta in pre-eclampsia, as previously revealed by the massive increase in glycogen accumulation [4], comparison has been made with diabetic pregnant women in which placental glycogen accumulation is also a prominent feature [4,5], although not accompanied by the same degree of the life-threatening sequelae of pre-eclampsia. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method for controlling preeclampsia and eclampsia Inventor(s): Adair, Charles David; (Signal Mountain, TN) Correspondence: Husch & Eppenberger, Llc; 190 Carondelet Plaza; Suite 600; ST. Louis; MO; 63105-3441; US Patent Application Number: 20040018201 Date filed: July 25, 2002 Abstract: A method of controlling preeclampsia includes the steps of providing a supply of digoxin immune Fab (ovine), calculating an appropriate dosage of the digoxin immune Fab (ovine) based on a patient's weight and using an assumed endogenous digitalis-like factor level, administering the appropriate dosage as an intravenous bolus, and repeating the administration of the appropriate dosage on a fixed schedule. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of medicine and, more particularly, to a method of controlling preeclampsia and eclampsia. Preeclampsia is a rapidly progressive condition occurring during pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, swelling and protein in the urine. It is specifically defined as the presence of hypertension or pregnancy-induced hypertension ("PIH") accompanied by proteinuria, edema, or both after 20 weeks gestation. Preeclampsia occurs in 5 to 10 percent of all pregnancies and is most common in first-time pregnancies or in first pregnancies with a new partner or husband. Typically, preeclampsia occurs in the late second or third trimesters of pregnancy. Complications of preeclampsia include eclamptic seizures, hemolysis, elevated liver function tests, low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome, hepatic rupture, DIC pulmonary edema, acute renal failure, placental abruption, intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD), cerebral hemorrhage, cortical blindness, and retinal detachment. Preeclampsia causes vasospasm, which constricts and damages the smooth lining of the blood vessels. This leads to the accumulation of platelets in the damaged blood vessels, which form small clots along the blood vessel wall and further narrow the blood vessel. This damage to blood vessels can also lead to edema, including cerebral edema. Vasospasm can occur throughout the body, damaging the heart, kidneys and liver. Vasospasm can also develop in the placenta, decreasing the blood supply to the fetus. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis Inventor(s): Lo, Yuk-Ming Dennis; (Homantin, CN), Wainscoat, James Stephen; (Oxford, GB) Correspondence: Volpe And Koenig, P.C.; Suite 400, One Penn Center; 1617 John F. Kennedy Boulevard; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20010051341 Date filed: June 1, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a detection method performed on a maternal serum or plasma from a pregnant female, which method comprises the presence of a nucleic acid of fetal origin in the sample. The invention enables non-invasive prenatal diagnosis including, for example, sex determination, blood typing and other genotyping, and detection of pre-eclampsia in the mother. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/380,696, having a.sctn.102(e) date of Nov. 29, 1999, which is a.sctn.371 national stage of PCT
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Application No. PCT/GB 98/00690, Filed Mar. 4, 1998. This invention relates to prenatal detection methods using non-invasive techniques. In particular, it relates to prenatal diagnosis by detecting fetal nucleic acids in serum or plasma from a maternal blood sample. Conventional prenatal screening methods for detecting fetal abnormalities and for sex determination traditionally use fetal samples derived by invasive techniques such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling. These techniques require careful handling and present a degree of risk to the mother and to the pregnancy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Thromboxane inhibitors, compositions and methods of use Inventor(s): Tejada, Inigo Saenz de; (Madrid, ES) Correspondence: Edward D Grieff; Hale & Dorr Llp; 1455 Pennsylvania Ave, NW; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20030050305 Date filed: November 1, 2002 Abstract: The present invention describes methods for treating or preventing sexual dysfunctions in males and females, and for enhancing sexual responses in males and females by administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one thromboxane inhibitor, and, optionally, at least one compound that donates, transfers or releases nitric oxide, elevates endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, stimulates endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase, and/or at least one vasoactive agent. The male or female may preferably be diabetic. The present invention also provides novel compositions comprising at least one thromboxane inhibitor, and, at least one compound that donates, transfers or releases nitric oxide, elevates endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, stimulates endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase, and, optionally, at least one therapeutic agent, such as, vasoactive agents, nonsteroidal antiinflanmmatory compounds (NSAIDs), selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, anticoagulants, angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, renin inhibitors, and mixtures thereof. The present invention also provides methods for treating or preventing ischemic heart disorders, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, migraine, cerebral hemorrhage, cardiac fatalities, transient ischaemic attacks, complications following organ transplants, coronary artery bypasses, angioplasty, endarterectomy, atherosclerosis, pulmonary embolism, bronchial asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, circulatory shock of various organs, nephritis, graft rejection, cancerous metastases, pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, thrombotic and thromboembolic disorders, intrauterine growth, gastrointestinal disorders, renal diseases and disorders, disorders resulting from elevated uric acid levels and dysmenorrhea, and for inhibiting platelet aggregation or platelet adhesion or relaxing smooth muscles. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of PCT/US01/16318 filed May 22, 2001, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/205,536 filed May 22, 2000. The present invention describes methods for treating or preventing sexual dysfunctions in males and females, and for enhancing sexual responses in males and females by administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one thromboxaiie inhibitor, and, optionally, at least one compound that donates, transfers or releases nitric oxide, elevates endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, stimulates endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase, and/or at
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least one vasoactive agent. The male or female may preferably be diabetic. The present invention also provides novel compositions comprising at least one thromboxane inhibitor, and, at least one compound that donates, transfers or releases nitric oxide, elevates endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, stimulates endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase, and, optionally, at least one therapeutic agent, such as, vasoactive agents, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compounds (NSAIDs), selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, anticoagulaits, angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, renin inhibitors, and mixtures thereof. The present invention also provides methods for treating or preventing ischemic heart disorders, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, migraine, cerebral hemorrhage, cardiac fatalities, transient ischaemic attacks, complications following organ transplants, coronary artery bypasses, angioplasty, endarterectomy, atherosclerosis, pulmonary embolism, bronchial asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, circulatory shock of various organs, nephritis, graft rejection, cancerous metastases, pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, thrombotic and thromboembolic disorders, intrauterine growth, gastrointestinal disorders, renal diseases and disorders, disorders resulting from elevated uric acid levels and dysmenorrhea, and for inhibiting platelet aggregation or platelet adhesion or relaxing smooth muscles. Adequate sexual function is a complex interaction of hormonal events and psychosocial relationships. There are four stages to sexual response as described in the International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 51(3):265277 (1995). The first stage of sexual response is desire. The second stage of sexual response is arousal. Both physical and emotional stimulation may lead to breast and genital vasodilation and clitoral engorgement (vasocongestion). In the female, dilation and engorgement of the blood vessels in the labia and tissue surrounding the vagina produce the "orgasmic platform," an area at the distal third of the vagina where blood becomes sequestered. Localized perivaginal swelling and vaginal lubrication make up the changes in this stage of sexual response. Subsequently, ballooning of the proximal portion of the vagina and elevation of the uterus occurs. In the male, vasodilation of the cavernosal arteries and closure of the venous channels that drain the penis produce an erection. The third stage of sexual response is orgasm, while the fourth stage is resolution. Interruption or absence of any of the stages of the sexual response cycle can result in sexual dysfunction. One study found that 35% of males and 42% of females reported some form of sexual dysfunction. Read et al, J. Public Health Med., 19(4):387391 (1997). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Treatment of eclampsia and preeclampsia Inventor(s): Johnson, Richard J.; (Seattle, WA), Schreiner, George F.; (Los Altos Hills, CA) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030220262 Date filed: April 16, 2003 Abstract: The invention concerns the prevention and treatment of endothelial injury and the injury of tissues containing injured blood vessels by administration of angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF).
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Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/392,931, filed Sep. 9, 1999, which is a non-provisional application of provisional application Serial No. 60/099,694 filed on Sep. 9, 1998, of provisional application Seral No. 60/126,406 filed Mar. 26, 1999 and of provisional application Serial No. 60/126,615 filed Mar. 27, 1999, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference and to which application priority is claimed under 35 USC 119. The present invention concerns the treatment of endothelial cell injury. More particularly, the invention concerns the treatment of the endothelium of blood vessels and tissues containing injured blood vessels. The invention specifically concerns the prevention or repair of injury to blood vessels, and, in particular, the treatment of disorders cbaracterized by microvascular angiopathies, such as thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA). The invention also relates to the treatment of kidney diseases associated with injury to, or atrophy of, the vasculature of the glomerulus and interstitium, and the treatment of hypoxia or hypercapnia or fibrosis arising from injury to the endothelium of the lungs. Acute injuries to smaller blood vessels and subsequent dysfunction of the tissue in which the injured blood vessels are located (microvascular angiopathies) are a common feature of the pathology of a variety of diseases of various organs, such as kidney, heart, and lungs. The injury is often associated with endothelial cell injury or death and the presence of products of coagulation or thrombosis. The agent of injury may, for example, be a toxin, an immune factor, an infectious agent, a metabolic or physiological stress, or a component of the humoral or cellular immune system, or may be as of yet unidentified. A subgroup of such diseases is unified by the presence of thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA), and is characterized clinically by non-immune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and/or renal failure. The most common cause of TMA is the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a disease that more frequently occurs in childhood, where it is the most common cause of acute renal failure, but also affects adults where more severe clinical course is often observed. Although the pathogenesis of HUS has not been fully elucidated, it is widely accepted that the majority of these cases are associated with enteric infection with the verotoxin producing strain, E. coli O157. Verotoxins produced by E. coli induce glomerular endothelial cell (GEN) injury and generate renal thrombotic microangiopathy in most cases of epidemic HUS (Boyce et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 333:364-368 (1995)). Some patients, especially adults, may have a relative lack of renal involvement and are sometimes classified as having thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). However, thrombotic microangiopathies may also occur as a complication of pregnancy (eclampsia), with malignant hypertension following radiation to the kidney, after transplantation (often secondary to cyclosporine or FK506 treatment), with cancer chemotherapies (especially mitomycin C), with certain infections (e.g., Shigella or HIV), in association with systemic lupus or the antiphospholipid syndrome, or may be idiopathic or familial. Experimental data suggest that endothelial cell injury is a common feature in the pathogenesis of HUS/TTP. See, e.g. Kaplan et al., Pediatr. Nephrol. 4:276 (1990). Endothelial cell injury triggers a cascade of subsequent events, including local intravascular coagulation, fibrin deposition, and platelet activation and aggregation. The mechanisms that mediate these events are not well understood. In the case of verotoxin-mediated HUS, injury to the endothelium leads to detachment and death, with local platelet activation and consumption, fibrin deposition and microangiopathic hemolysis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with eclampsia, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “eclampsia” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on eclampsia. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning eclampsia. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ECLAMPSIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to eclampsia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on eclampsia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “eclampsia” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “eclampsia” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “eclampsia” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Pre-eclampsia: Current Perspectives on Management by Philip N. Baker (Editor), John C. P. Kingdom (Editor); ISBN: 1842141805; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842141805/icongroupinterna
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Pre-eclampsia: the Facts; ISBN: 0192626450; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192626450/icongroupinterna
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Pre-Eclampsia: The Facts: The Hidden Threat to Pregnancy by Chris Redman, Isabel Walker (Contributor); ISBN: 0192620126; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192620126/icongroupinterna
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Pre-Eclampsia: The Hypertensive Disease of Pregnancy by Ian Macgillivray; ISBN: 0721611958; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721611958/icongroupinterna
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Chapters on Eclampsia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to eclampsia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and eclampsia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “eclampsia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on eclampsia: •
Hypomagnesemia and Hypermagnesemia Source: in Mandal, A.K. and Nahman, N.S., Jr., eds. Kidney Disease in Primary Care. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 1998. p. 94-101. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-2436. (800) 638-0672 or (410) 528-4223. Fax (800) 447-8438 or (410) 528-8550. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $39.95. ISBN: 0683300571. Summary: This chapter on hypomagnesemia (low magnesium levels) and hypermagnesemia (elevated magnesium levels) is from a textbook that provides primary care physicians with practical approaches to common clinical problems of kidney diseases. For each condition, the author outlines the basics, associated conditions, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic considerations, management strategies, and indications for referral. Diabetes mellitus, chronic diarrhea, and debilitating disorders such as malignancy and chronic loop diuretic therapy are important causes of hypomagnesemia. Serum magnesium may parallel changes in serum potassium. Magnesium deficiency may be an important cause of postoperative cardiac arrhythmias. Intravenous magnesium is still a conventional therapy to treat eclampsia. Intravenous magnesium can result in a rapid and profound reduction of blood pressure. The most common cause of hypermagnesemia is the intake of magnesium-containing products such as Maalox or the use of a magnesium-containing enema in patients with renal failure. Sluggish deep reflexes, quadriparesis, or quadriplegia may be noted. Respiratory failure and complete heart block may develop in patients with hypermagnesemia. Calcium is the direct antagonist of magnesium. In respiratory failure or cardiac arrest caused by hypermagnesemia, calcium gluconate 10 percent, 10 to 20 mL intravenous bolus is the treatment of choice. With good renal function, an intravenous bolus of 40 mg furosemide will reduce blood level rapidly. 3 tables. 13 references.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ECLAMPSIA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover eclampsia.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on eclampsia is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “eclampsia” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to eclampsia. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “eclampsia” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for eclampsia: •
ESP acquires rights to investigational eclampsia treatment Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 15, 2002
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Magnesium sulfate significantly reduces eclampsia risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 30, 2002
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Working moms-to-be at higher risk of preeclampsia Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 18, 2002
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Dysregulation of placental syncytin may contribute to preeclampsia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 11, 2002
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Paternal genetic polymorphism contributes to pre-eclampsia risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 07, 2002
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Preeclampsia linked with increased cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 05, 2004
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Study asks: can vitamins prevent pre-eclampsia? Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 15, 2003
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Low-dose aspirin may prevent preeclampsia in high-risk women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 03, 2003
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Maternal endothelial dysfunction may predict pre-eclampsia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 01, 2003
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Risk of thromboembolism increased after women develop pre-eclampsia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 10, 2003
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Pre-eclampsia associated with chronic C. pneumoniae infection Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 19, 2003
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Elevated fetal DNA seen in maternal blood early in pre-eclampsia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 07, 2003
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Pre-eclampsia may be a risk factor for postmenopausal cardiovascular disease Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 06, 2003
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Magnesium sulfate the drug of choice for prevention of eclampsia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 22, 2003
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Longer birth interval ups risk of pre-eclampsia Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 03, 2002
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Genetic factors in CVD may be linked to pre-eclampsia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 22, 2001
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Risk of preeclampsia lowest in August Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 12, 2001
Periodicals and News
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Pre-eclampsia and preterm delivery may increase risk of maternal diabetes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 14, 2001
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Study sheds light on mystery behind preeclampsia Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 07, 2001
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Polymorphism of epoxide hydrolase linked to preeclampsia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 03, 2001
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Gene variant linked to preeclampsia risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 03, 2001
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Black women at greater risk from preeclampsia Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 02, 2001
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Blood vessel defect found in preeclampsia Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 27, 2001
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Low-dose aspirin may help prevent pre-eclampsia Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 08, 2001
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Preeclampsia linked to low birth weight babies Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 31, 2000
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Hyperhomocysteinemia linked to pre-eclampsia and placental vascular disease Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 15, 2000
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Placental neurokinin B may be linked to pre-eclampsia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 15, 2000
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Hormone linked to pre-eclampsia Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 14, 2000
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Abnormal cerebral perfusion pressure and headache linked in women with preeclampsia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 05, 1999
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Vitamins C, E may reduce pre-eclampsia risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 03, 1999
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Prenatal antioxidant therapy reduces pre-eclampsia risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 03, 1999
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Pre-eclampsia linked to diabetes risk in offspring Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 11, 1998
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Pre-eclampsia linked to juvenile diabetes Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 27, 1998
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Low-Dose Aspirin Does Not Prevent Pre-Eclampsia In Primiparas Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 24, 1998
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Ketanserin Plus Aspirin Decreases Rate Of Pre-Eclampsia In Subset Of Women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 31, 1997
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Risk Factors For Complicated Eclampsia Identified Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 07, 1997
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Calcium Does Not Prevent Preeclampsia Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 09, 1997
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Serum Endocrine Markers May Help Diagnose Pre-Eclampsia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 06, 1997
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Cause of Preeclampsia Found Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 01, 1997
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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Linked To Pre-Eclampsia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 20, 1996
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Magnesium Sulfate: Therapy Of Choice For Eclampsia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 06, 1996
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New Data On Link Between Serum Lipids In Early Pregnancy And Pre-Eclampsia Published Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 26, 1996
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Magnesium Sulfate Best Option For Control Of Eclampsia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 09, 1995 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.
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Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “eclampsia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “eclampsia” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to eclampsia, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “eclampsia” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Eclampsia Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to eclampsia. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering eclampsia that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical
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periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “eclampsia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 11765 254 24 11 38 12092
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “eclampsia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Eclampsia In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and eclampsia. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).21 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 21 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “eclampsia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for eclampsia: •
Preeclampsia/eclampsia 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=189800 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
•
Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
•
Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
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Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
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Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
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•
Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html
•
Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
•
NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
•
OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
•
Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then
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select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “eclampsia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database22 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html.
The Genome Database23 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “eclampsia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
22
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 23 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on eclampsia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to eclampsia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to eclampsia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “eclampsia”:
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Other guides Diabetes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetes.html Diabetes and Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetesandpregnancy.html Epilepsy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/epilepsy.html Heart Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartdiseases.html High Risk Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/highriskpregnancy.html Preeclampsia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/preeclampsia.html Pregnancy Loss http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pregnancyloss.html Prenatal Care http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prenatalcare.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to eclampsia, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Hypertension and Pregnancy: Careful Monitoring Is Crucial Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=PR00052 Preeclampsia Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/064.xml Preeclampsia (High Blood Pressure) Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/188_1054.asp
•
Diagnosis/Symptoms How is Preeclamspia Detected? Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/issues/preg/detect.htm Urinalysis Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/urinalysis/test.html
•
Treatment Low-dose Aspirin Lowers Incidence of Hypertension in Pregnancy Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ8JM1SETC& sub_cat=2005
Patient Resources
•
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Coping Surviving Bed Rest Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_newborn/pregnancy/bed_rest.html
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Does Hypertension or Preeclampsia During Pregnancy Cause Long-Term Heart and Blood Vessel Problems? Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/issues/preg/cause.htm Is Preeclampsia Influenced by Fetal Sex? Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ4G38II5D&s ub_cat=2009
•
From the National Institutes of Health Disorders of Pregnancy: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) & Preeclampsia and Eclampsia Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/about/womenhealth/disorders_of_pregnancy.cfm Your Guide to Lowering High Blood Pressure: Pregnancy Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/issues/preg/preg.htm
•
Latest News Preeclampsia Linked with Increased Cancer Risk Source: 03/05/2004, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_16430 .html Substances Found in Blood May Predict Development of Preeclampsia Source: 02/05/2004, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/feb2004/nichd-05.htm
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Organizations American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.acog.org/ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
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Research “Master” Stress Hormone Prevents Mother From Rejecting Embryo Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/oct2001/nichd-08.htm
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Periodontal Disease Increases Risk of Preeclampsia Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZCKHVGSBD &sub_cat=2 Researchers Discover How Embryo Attaches to the Uterus Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jan2003/nichd-16.htm Substances Found in Blood May Predict Development of Preeclampsia Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/feb2004/nichd-05.htm •
Statistics How Common Are High Blood Pressure and Preeclampsia in Pregnancy? Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/issues/preg/common.htm Pregnancy-Related Mortality from Preeclampsia and Eclampsia Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/search/article_display.cfm?path=n:&mstr=/ZZZND7UI YKC.html&soc=ACOG&srch_typ=NAV_SERCH
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Preeclampsia Frequently Asked Questions Summary: This document provides answers to questions about the causes of and treatment for preeclampsia. Source: Preeclampsia Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7750 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to eclampsia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not
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organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to eclampsia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with eclampsia. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about eclampsia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/.
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Simply type in “eclampsia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “eclampsia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “eclampsia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “eclampsia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.24
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
24
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)25: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
25
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on eclampsia: •
Basic Guidelines for Eclampsia Eclampsia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000899.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Eclampsia Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Agitation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Amnesia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003257.htm Apnea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003069.htm
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Decreased consciousness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Dependent edema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Edema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm High blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003082.htm Seizure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Seizures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Swelling of the feet Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003104.htm Weight gain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003084.htm Weight gain (unintentional) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003084.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Eclampsia ALT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003473.htm Blood differential Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003657.htm Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm BUN Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003474.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm CEA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003574.htm
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Creatinine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003475.htm CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm Diastolic blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm Differential Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003657.htm HCT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003646.htm Hematocrit Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003646.htm LFT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003436.htm Liver function tests Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003436.htm MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm Platelet count Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003647.htm Proteinuria Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003580.htm Serum chloride Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003485.htm Serum creatinine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003475.htm Ultrasound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003336.htm Uric acid Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003476.htm •
Nutrition for Eclampsia Protein Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm
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Surgery and Procedures for Eclampsia C-section Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002911.htm
•
Background Topics for Eclampsia Amniotic fluid Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002220.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Head trauma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000028.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Renal Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002289.htm Respiration Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Unconsciousness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000022.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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ECLAMPSIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Deaminase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine to inosine with the elimination of ammonia. Since there are wide tissue and species variations in the enzyme, it has been used as a tool in the study of human and animal genetics and in medical diagnosis. EC 3.5.4.4. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP
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and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Agents: Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters. [NIH]
Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Air Sacs: Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH]
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Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Albuminuria: More than normal amounts of a protein called albumin in the urine. Albuminuria may be a sign of kidney disease. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-fetoprotein: AFP. A protein normally produced by a developing fetus. AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy nonpregnant adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of either a primary liver cancer or germ cell tumor. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH]
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Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amniocentesis: Percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. It is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]
Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]
Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin
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superfamily. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibodies, Anticardiolipin: Antiphospholipid antibodies found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus erythematosus, systemic), antiphospholipid syndrome, and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. The antibodies are detected by solid-phase immunoassay employing the purified phospholipid antigen cardiolipin. [NIH] Antibodies, Antiphospholipid: Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]
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Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiphospholipid Syndrome: The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (antibodies, antiphospholipid). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (antibodies, anticardiolipin). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (lupus coagulation inhibitor). [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Aphakia: Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of lens dislocation and subluxation. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the
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walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthrosis: A disease of a joint. [EU] Aspirate: Fluid withdrawn from a lump, often a cyst, or a nipple. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atherectomy: Endovascular procedure in which atheromatous plaque is excised by a cutting or rotating catheter. It differs from balloon and laser angioplasty procedures which enlarge vessels by dilation but frequently do not remove much plaque. If the plaque is removed by surgical excision under general anesthesia rather than by an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmune Hepatitis: A liver disease caused when the body's immune system destroys liver cells for no known reason. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH]
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Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Bed Rest: Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH]
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Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biochemical reactions: In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Bioreactors: Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Birth Certificates: Official certifications by a physician recording the individual's birth date, place of birth, parentage and other required identifying data which are filed with the local registrar of vital statistics. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blastomeres: The undifferentiated cells formed by cleavage of the fertilized ovum. This includes cells in the cleavage, morula, and blastula stages of the embryo. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH]
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Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Brain Ischemia: Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obtruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjuction with brain hypoxia. Prolonged ischemia is associated with brain infarction. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bulbar: Pertaining to a bulb; pertaining to or involving the medulla oblongata, as bulbar paralysis. [EU] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being
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able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Caesarean section: A surgical incision through the abdominal and uterine walls in order to deliver a baby. [NIH] Calcitonin: A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults. [NIH] Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide: Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calcium Gluconate: The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxypeptidases: Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue. They are further divided based on their catalytic mechanism into serine-type carboxypeptidases EC 3.4.16; metallocarboxypeptidases, EC 3.4.17; and cysteinetype carboxypeptidases, EC 3.4.18. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU]
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Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiolipins: Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. They occur primarily in mitochondrial inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. They are the main antigenic components of the Wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal syphilis serodiagnosis. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Catalyse: To speed up a chemical reaction. [EU] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It
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differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis. [NIH] Cell Aggregation: The phenomenon by which dissociated cells intermixed in vitro tend to group themselves with cells of their own type. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell motility: The ability of a cell to move. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU]
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Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Angiography: Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral Hemorrhage: Bleeding into a cerebral hemisphere of the brain, including lobar, subcortical white matter, and basal ganglia hemorrhages. Commonly associated conditions include hypertension; intracranial arteriosclerosis; intracranial aneurysm; craniocerebral trauma; intracranial arteriovenous malformations; cerebral amyloid angiopathy; and cerebral infarction. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]
Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cesarean Section: Extraction of the fetus by means of abdominal hysterotomy. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]
Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chondrocytes: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage. [NIH] Choriocarcinoma: A malignant tumor of trophoblastic epithelium characterized by secretion of large amounts of chorionic gonadotropin. It usually originates from chorionic products of conception (i.e., hydatidiform mole, normal pregnancy, or following abortion), but can originate in a teratoma of the testis, mediastinum, or pineal gland. [NIH]
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Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clitoral: Pertaining to the clitoris. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU]
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Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH]
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Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Diseases: A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides. [NIH] Connexins: A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of gap junctions. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Media: Substances used in radiography that allow visualization of certain tissues. [NIH]
Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because
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of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]
Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronary Vessels: The veins and arteries of the heart. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortical Blindness: The inability to understand or interpret what is seen due to a disturbance in the cerebral associational areas, the retina, the sensory pathways, and the striate area being intact. [NIH] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU]
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Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cystathionine beta-Synthase: A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the second stage of cysteine biosynthesis it catalyzes the reaction of homocysteine with serine to form cystathionine with the elimination of water. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to hyperhomocysteinemia and homocystinuria. EC 4.2.1.22. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or
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withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diastolic blood pressure: The minimum pressure that remains within the artery when the heart is at rest. [NIH] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]
Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digitalis: A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic glycosides. The most useful are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH]
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Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]
Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU]
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Ectopic Pregnancy: The pregnancy occurring elsewhere than in the cavity of the uterus. [NIH]
Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]
Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Encephalocele: Cerebral tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur. [NIH]
Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous)
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production. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]
Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enema: The injection of a liquid through the anus into the large bowel. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said
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especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epoxide Hydrolases: Enzymes that catalyze reversibly the formation of an epoxide or arene oxide from a glycol or aromatic diol, respectively. EC 3.3.2.3. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythrocyte Volume: Volume of circulating erythrocytes. It is usually measured by radioisotope dilution technique. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU]
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Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetal Blood: Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the placenta. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels at the time of delivery. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetal Growth Retardation: The failure of a fetus to attain its expected growth potential at any gestational stage. [NIH] Fetoprotein: Transabdominal aspiration of fluid from the amniotic sac with a view to detecting increases of alpha-fetoprotein in maternal blood during pregnancy, as this is an important indicator of open neural tube defects in the fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called
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folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease. [NIH]
Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Frostbite: Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures. [NIH] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]
Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH]
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Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]
Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used
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therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropic: Stimulating the gonads; applied to hormones of the anterior pituitary which influence the gonads. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to
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replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granulosa Cells: Cells of the membrana granulosa lining the vesicular ovarian follicle which become luteal cells after ovulation. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Gravidity: Pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]
Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heart Transplantation: The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another. [NIH]
Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine. [NIH]
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Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemochromatosis: A disease that occurs when the body absorbs too much iron. The body stores the excess iron in the liver, pancreas, and other organs. May cause cirrhosis of the liver. Also called iron overload disease. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan: A substance released by astrocytes, which is critical in stopping nervous fibers in their tracks. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Heparin-binding: Protein that stimulates the proliferation of endothelial cells. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatocyte Growth Factor: Multifunctional growth factor which regulates both cell growth and cell motility. It exerts a strong mitogenic effect on hepatocytes and primary epithelial cells. Its receptor is proto-oncogene protein C-met. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes
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simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydatidiform Mole: A trophoblastic disease characterized by hydrops of the mesenchymal portion of the villus. Its karyotype is paternal and usually homozygotic. The tumor is indistinguishable from chorioadenoma destruens or invasive mole ( = hydatidiform mole, invasive) except by karyotype. There is no apparent relation by karyotype to choriocarcinoma. Hydatidiform refers to the presence of the hydropic state of some or all of the villi (Greek hydatis, a drop of water). [NIH] Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypercapnia: A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide
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in arterial blood. [NIH] Hyperemesis: Excessive vomiting. [EU] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperhomocysteinemia: An inborn error of methionone metabolism which produces an excess of homocysteine in the blood. It is often caused by a deficiency of cystathionine betasynthase and is a risk factor for coronary vascular disease. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertensive Encephalopathy: Brain dysfunction or damage resulting from malignant hypertension, usually associated with a diastolic blood pressure in excess of 125 mmHg. Clinical manifestations include headache, nausea, emesis, seizures, altered mental status (in some cases progressing to coma), papilledema, and retinal hemorrhage. Focal neurologic signs may develop. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with the formation of ischemic lesions in the brain (brain ischemia). [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Hysterotomy: An incision in the uterus, performed through either the abdomen or the vagina. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Iliac Artery: Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization
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involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incest: Sexual intercourse between persons so closely related that they are forbidden by law to marry. [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called
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intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhibin: Glyceroprotein hormone produced in the seminiferous tubules by the Sertoli cells in the male and by the granulosa cells in the female follicles. The hormone inhibits FSH and LH synthesis and secretion by the pituitary cells thereby affecting sexual maturation and fertility. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH]
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Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Aneurysm: A saclike dilatation of the walls of a blood vessel, usually an artery. [NIH]
Intrahepatic: Within the liver. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]
Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Karyotype: The characteristic chromosome complement of an individual, race, or species as defined by their number, size, shape, etc. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Labetalol: Blocker of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors that is used as an
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antihypertensive. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipid Peroxides: Peroxides produced in the presence of a free radical by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell in the presence of molecular oxygen. The formation of lipid peroxides results in the destruction of the original lipid leading to the loss of integrity of the membranes. They therefore cause a variety of toxic effects in vivo and their formation is considered a pathological process in biological systems. Their formation can be inhibited by antioxidants, such as vitamin E, structural separation or low oxygen tension. [NIH]
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Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoprotein(a): A family of lipoprotein particles varying in density and size depending on the protein-lipid ratio and the protein composition. These particles consist of apolipoprotein B-100 covalently linked to apolipoprotein-a by one or two disulfide bonds. There is a correlation between high plasma levels of this lipoprotein and increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]
Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lubrication: The application of a substance to diminish friction between two surfaces. It may refer to oils, greases, and similar substances for the lubrication of medical equipment but it can be used for the application of substances to tissue to reduce friction, such as lotions for skin and vaginal lubricants. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH]
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Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphotoxin: Soluble substance released by lymphocytes activated by antigens or T-cell mitogens, that is cytotoxic to other cells. It is involved in allergies and chronic inflammatory diseases. Lymphotoxin is antigenically distinct from tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tumor necrosis factor), though they both share a common receptor, biological activities, and significant amino acid sequences. [NIH] Lysophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acids that lack one of its fatty acyl chains due to its hydrolytic removal. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating factor synthesized by mesenchymal cells. The compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. M-CSF is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a MW of 70 kDa. It binds to a specific high affinity receptor (receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor). [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Angiography: Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in cerebral angiography as well as for studies of other vascular structures. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and
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spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Maternal Mortality: Maternal deaths resulting from complications of pregnancy and childbirth in a given population. [NIH] McMaster: Index used to measure painful syndromes linked to arthrosis. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning,
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(2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menarche: The establishment or beginning of the menstrual function. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metalloendopeptidases: Endopeptidases which use a metal, normally zinc, in the catalytic mechanism. This group of enzymes is inactivated by metal chelators. EC 3.4.24. [NIH] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that
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cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Miscarriage: Spontaneous expulsion of the products of pregnancy before the middle of the second trimester. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It acts as a bi- or trifunctional alkylating agent causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]
Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1: A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for human monocytes and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. It is produced by leukocytes of both monocyte and lymphocyte lineage and by fibroblasts during tissue injury. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morula: The early embryo at the developmental stage in which the blastomeres, resulting from repeated mitotic divisions of the fertilized ovum, form a compact mass. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH]
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Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myometrium: The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH]
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Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nephron: A tiny part of the kidneys. Each kidney is made up of about 1 million nephrons, which are the working units of the kidneys, removing wastes and extra fluids from the blood. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural tube defects: These defects include problems stemming from fetal development of the spinal cord, spine, brain, and skull, and include birth defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects occur early in pregnancy at about 4 to 6 weeks, usually before a woman knows she is pregnant. Many babies with neural tube defects have difficulty walking and with bladder and bowel control. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Diseases: A general term encompassing lower motor neuron disease; peripheral nervous system diseases; and certain muscular diseases. Manifestations include muscle weakness; fasciculation; muscle atrophy; spasm; myokymia; muscle hypertonia, myalgias, and musclehypotonia. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine,
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epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nicardipine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl) methyl 2(methyl(phenylmethyl)amino)-3,5-pyridinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Nitroprusside: (OC-6-22)-Pentakis(cyano-C)nitrosoferrate(2-). A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Normotensive: 1. Characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure. 2. A person with normal blood pressure. [EU] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH]
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Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nulliparous: Having never given birth to a viable infant. [EU] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]
Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Osmolality: The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The osmolality is directly proportional to the colligative properties of solutions; osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapour pressure lowering. [EU] Osmoles: The standard unit of osmotic pressure. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoclasts: A large multinuclear cell associated with the absorption and removal of bone. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast
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and is involved in cementum resorption. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovarian Follicle: Spheroidal cell aggregation in the ovary containing an ovum. It consists of an external fibro-vascular coat, an internal coat of nucleated cells, and a transparent, albuminous fluid in which the ovum is suspended. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Ovum Implantation: Endometrial implantation of the blastocyst. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Papilledema: Swelling around the optic disk. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH]
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Paternity: Establishing the father relationship of a man and a child. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH]
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Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Perivascular: Situated around a vessel. [EU] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic anatagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator. [NIH] Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of Raynaud's disease and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphatidic Acids: Fatty acid derivatives of glycerophosphates. They are composed of glycerol bound in ester linkage with 1 mole of phosphoric acid at the terminal 3-hydroxyl group and with 2 moles of fatty acids at the other two hydroxyl groups. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and
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teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pineal gland: A tiny organ located in the cerebrum that produces melatonin. Also called pineal body or pineal organ. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Placental Circulation: The circulation of blood, of both the mother and the fetus, through the placenta. [NIH] Placental tissue: The tissue intervening between fetal blood and maternal blood in the placenta; it acts as a selective membrane regulating the passage of substances from the maternal to the fetal blood. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of
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molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet Count: A count of the number of platelets per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyphosphates: Linear polymers in which orthophosphate residues are linked with energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds. They are found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Post partum: After childbirth, or after delivery. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU]
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Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Pre-Eclampsia: Development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy. It occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but it may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. [NIH] Pre-eclamptic: A syndrome characterized by hypertension, albuminuria, and generalized oedema, occurring only in pregnancy. [NIH] Pregnancy Complications: The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a disease. The disease may precede or follow conception and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus. [NIH] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Preimplantation Phase: The time period between fertilization and implantation. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Preoptic Area: Region of hypothalamus between the anterior commissure and optic chiasm. [NIH]
Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH]
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Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease. Slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver. This prevents release of bile. Long-term irritation of the liver may cause scarring and cirrhosis in later stages of the disease. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring
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secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]
Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]
Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU]
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Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]
Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyridoxal Phosphate: 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-5-((phosphonooxy)methyl)-4pyridinecarboxaldehyde. An enzyme co-factor vitamin. [NIH] Quadriplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in all four limbs which may result from brain diseases; spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; or rarely muscular diseases. The locked-in syndrome is characterized by quadriplegia in combination with cranial muscle paralysis. Consciousness is spared and the only retained voluntary motor activity may be limited eye movements. This condition is usually caused by a lesion in the upper brain stem which injures the descending cortico-spinal and cortico-bulbar tracts. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to
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separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Receptivity: The condition of the reproductive organs of a female flower that permits effective pollination. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar
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smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Reproductive History: An important aggregate factor in epidemiological studies of women's health. The concept usually includes the number and timing of pregnancies and their outcomes, the incidence of breast feeding, and may include age of menarche and menopause, regularity of menstruation, fertility, gynecological or obstetric problems, or contraceptive usage. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). [NIH] Retinal Hemorrhage: Bleeding from the vessels of the retina. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU]
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Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Ribonucleic acid: RNA. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rosiglitazone: A drug taken to help reduce the amount of sugar in the blood. Rosiglitazone helps make insulin more effective and improves regulation of blood sugar. It belongs to the family of drugs called thiazolidinediones. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs
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discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal fluid: Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm. Seminal fluid contains sugar as an energy source for sperm. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by
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a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Sleep Deprivation: The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Security: Government sponsored social insurance programs. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central
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deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. [NIH] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striate: Recurrent branch of the anterior cerebral artery which supplies the anterior limb of the internal capsule. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Stromal Cells: Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU]
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Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Supportive care: Treatment given to prevent, control, or relieve complications and side effects and to improve the comfort and quality of life of people who have cancer. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Syncytium: A living nucleated tissue without apparent cellular structure; a tissue composed of a mass of nucleated protoplasm without cell boundaries. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation
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of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Teratoma: A type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Teratomas occur most often in the ovaries in women, the testicles in men, and the tailbone in children. Not all teratomas are malignant. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thioredoxin: A hydrogen-carrying protein that participates in a variety of biochemical reactions including ribonucleotide reduction. Thioredoxin is oxidized from a dithiol to a disulfide during ribonucleotide reduction. The disulfide form is then reduced by NADPH in a reaction catalyzed by thioredoxin reductase. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thromboembolism: Obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombopenia: Reduction in the number of platelets in the blood. [NIH] Thromboses: The formation or presence of a blood clot within a blood vessel during life. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH]
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Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme in the serine protease family found in many tissues which converts plasminogen to plasmin. It has fibrin-binding activity and is immunologically different from urinary plasminogen activator. The primary sequence, composed of 527 amino acids, is identical in both the naturally occurring and synthetic proteases. EC 3.4.21.68. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxemia: A generalized intoxication produced by toxins and other substances elaborated by an infectious agent. [NIH]
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Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transaminase: Aminotransferase (= a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyse the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxal-phosphate-proteins. [EU]
Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery. [NIH] Trophoblast: The outer layer of cells of the blastocyst which works its way into the endometrium during ovum implantation and grows rapidly, later combining with mesoderm. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the
Dictionary 213
appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]
Tunica Intima: The innermost coat of blood vessels, consisting of a thin lining of endothelial cells longitudinally oriented and continuous with the endothelium of capillaries on the one hand and the endocardium of the heart on the other. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Umbilical Arteries: Either of a pair of arteries originating from the internal iliac artery and passing through the umbilical cord to carry blood from the fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical cord blood: Blood from the placenta (afterbirth) that contains high concentrations of stem cells needed to produce new blood cells. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme that converts plasminogen to plasmin where the preferential cleavage is between arginine and valine. It was isolated originally from human urine, but is found in most tissues of most vertebrates. EC 3.4.21.73. [NIH]
Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH]
214
Eclampsia
Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vagotomy: The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vasogenic: Acute peripheral circulatory failure due to loss of capillary tone associated with a reduced circulating blood volume. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH]
Dictionary 215
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Villus: Cell found in the lining of the small intestine. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vital Statistics: Used for general articles concerning statistics of births, deaths, marriages, etc. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Humor: The transparent, colorless mass of gel that lies behind the lens and in front of the retina and fills the center of the eyeball. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH]
216
Eclampsia
Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
217
INDEX A Abdomen, 149, 158, 180, 185, 194, 195, 196, 208 Abdominal, 31, 100, 101, 145, 149, 150, 159, 162, 180, 194, 196 Aberrant, 99, 149 Abortion, 48, 149, 154, 162, 199 Acceptor, 149, 184, 194, 212 Acetylcholine, 149, 191, 192 Actin, 10, 149 Acute renal, 5, 33, 109, 112, 149, 178 Acyl, 149, 186 Adaptability, 149, 161 Adaptation, 23, 26, 149 Adenine, 149 Adenosine, 28, 51, 57, 66, 149, 197 Adenosine Deaminase, 66, 149 Adenylate Cyclase, 98, 149 Adipocytes, 150, 184 Adipose Tissue, 11, 150 Adjustment, 149, 150 Adjuvant, 150, 175 Adolescence, 4, 22, 150 Adrenal Cortex, 150, 151, 166, 172, 200, 204 Adrenergic, 5, 98, 150, 169, 172, 183, 196, 209 Adrenergic Agents, 98, 150 Adverse Effect, 150, 206 Aerobic, 150, 189 Aetiology, 40, 150 Afferent, 150, 184 Affinity, 150, 155, 186, 207 Agonist, 150, 169 Air Sacs, 150, 151 Airway, 73, 150, 207 Albumin, 34, 151, 197 Albuminuria, 151, 199 Aldosterone, 82, 151 Algorithms, 151, 157 Alimentary, 151, 183, 195 Alkaline, 151, 152, 159, 194 Alleles, 53, 151 Allogeneic, 151, 177 Alpha Particles, 151, 202 Alpha-fetoprotein, 58, 151, 173 Alternative medicine, 121, 151 Alveoli, 107, 151
Ameliorating, 108, 151 Amenorrhea, 17, 151 Amino acid, 94, 151, 152, 153, 154, 159, 169, 175, 176, 184, 186, 191, 195, 196, 201, 206, 209, 211, 212, 213 Amino Acid Sequence, 151, 153, 175, 186 Ammonia, 149, 152 Amniocentesis, 110, 152 Amnion, 152 Amniotic Fluid, 50, 152, 175 Ampulla, 152, 162 Amyloid, 152, 162 Anaesthesia, 36, 70, 78, 152, 181 Anal, 152, 185 Analog, 102, 152 Analogous, 152, 212 Analytes, 104, 134, 152 Anatomical, 152, 162, 165, 169, 181, 205 Anemia, 112, 131, 152, 174, 186 Anesthesia, 34, 35, 70, 73, 150, 152, 155, 170, 212 Aneurysm, 152, 154, 214 Angina, 5, 98, 110, 111, 152, 192 Angina Pectoris, 98, 110, 111, 152 Anginal, 152, 192 Angiogenesis, 8, 18, 23, 59, 152 Angioplasty, 110, 111, 152, 155 Angiotensinogen, 26, 34, 152, 203 Animal model, 17, 153 Anions, 151, 153, 183, 209 Anorexia, 98, 153 Antibiotic, 153, 189 Antibodies, 15, 34, 82, 153, 154, 155, 178, 179, 181, 186, 197 Antibodies, Anticardiolipin, 153, 154 Antibodies, Antiphospholipid, 153, 154 Antibody, 78, 100, 150, 153, 164, 171, 179, 181, 187 Anticoagulant, 153, 154, 201 Anticonvulsant, 40, 153 Antigen, 150, 153, 160, 164, 171, 179, 180, 181, 187 Antihypertensive, 153, 179, 184, 192 Anti-infective, 153, 162, 179 Anti-inflammatory, 153, 155, 175 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 153, 155 Antineoplastic, 153, 189, 192 Antineoplastic Agents, 153, 192
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Antioxidant, 14, 119, 154, 194 Antiphospholipid Syndrome, 87, 112, 153, 154 Anus, 152, 154, 164, 171, 183 Anxiety, 98, 154 Aorta, 154, 166, 180, 214 Aortic Aneurysm, 5, 154 Aphakia, 154, 204 Apnea, 145, 154 Apolipoproteins, 37, 154, 185 Apoptosis, 8, 50, 154 Aqueous, 154, 156, 167, 179 Arachidonic Acid, 32, 78, 154, 184, 200 Arginine, 4, 53, 89, 92, 102, 154, 192, 213 Aromatic, 154, 172, 196 Arrhythmia, 154, 215 Arterial, 10, 26, 154, 155, 158, 162, 165, 175, 180, 192, 201, 210 Arteries, 10, 12, 39, 46, 53, 60, 65, 79, 111, 154, 157, 162, 166, 180, 185, 188, 190, 211, 213 Arteriolar, 154, 158, 203 Arterioles, 10, 154, 155, 157, 159, 188, 190, 214 Arteriosclerosis, 154, 162, 190 Arteriovenous, 155, 162, 188 Artery, 10, 23, 59, 67, 68, 75, 82, 152, 154, 155, 162, 166, 168, 170, 183, 202, 208 Arthrosis, 155, 187 Aspirate, 25, 155 Aspirin, 4, 81, 92, 118, 119, 120, 134, 155 Assay, 61, 65, 76, 82, 155, 181 Astrocytes, 155, 178 Ataxia, 130, 131, 155, 210 Atherectomy, 155, 170 Atrophy, 112, 130, 155, 191 Atypical, 49, 155 Autoantibodies, 70, 153, 155 Autoantigens, 155 Autoimmune disease, 153, 155, 190 Autoimmune Hepatitis, 7, 155 B Bacteria, 149, 153, 155, 156, 157, 171, 174, 178, 188, 201, 206, 212, 214 Bacterial Physiology, 149, 156 Bactericidal, 156, 172 Bacteriophage, 156, 197, 212 Bacterium, 156, 178 Bacteriuria, 156, 213 Basal Ganglia, 155, 156, 158, 162 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 155, 156 Base, 47, 80, 149, 156, 168, 175, 183
Basement Membrane, 5, 156, 184 Basophils, 156, 177, 184 Bed Rest, 102, 135, 156 Benign, 6, 7, 98, 156, 177, 190 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 156, 182 Bile, 156, 174, 179, 183, 185, 200, 208 Bile duct, 156, 174, 200 Bile Pigments, 156, 183 Biliary, 6, 156, 162 Bilirubin, 6, 151, 156, 174, 179 Bioavailability, 18, 157 Bioavailable, 18, 157 Biochemical, 6, 29, 31, 36, 51, 151, 157, 210 Biochemical reactions, 157, 210 Biological therapy, 157, 177 Biopsy, 6, 157 Bioreactors, 21, 157 Biotechnology, 29, 30, 121, 127, 129, 130, 131, 157 Birth Certificates, 3, 157 Bladder, 101, 157, 164, 190, 191, 201, 213, 214 Blastocyst, 11, 157, 164, 170, 194, 197, 212 Blastomeres, 157, 189 Blood Coagulation, 157, 159, 210 Blood Glucose, 157, 178, 182 Blood Platelets, 157, 210 Blood Volume, 4, 69, 99, 158, 214 Blot, 8, 15, 18, 158 Body Fluids, 158, 207 Body Mass Index, 3, 4, 40, 158, 194 Bolus, 109, 116, 158 Bolus infusion, 158 Bone Marrow, 158, 167, 181, 185, 207, 208 Bowel, 152, 158, 171, 191, 208 Bradykinin, 158, 192, 197 Brain Diseases, 158, 202 Brain Ischemia, 158, 180 Brain Stem, 158, 202 Branch, 79, 143, 158, 195, 207, 208, 210 Breakdown, 8, 158, 168, 174, 193 Bronchi, 158, 172, 212 Bronchial, 108, 110, 111, 158 Bronchioles, 151, 158 Bronchitis, 110, 111, 158, 163 Buccal, 158, 185 Bulbar, 158, 202 Bulimia, 98, 158 C Caesarean section, 51, 70, 159 Calcitonin, 33, 102, 159
Index
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, 33, 102, 159 Calcium, 5, 25, 35, 40, 78, 79, 84, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 116, 120, 159, 164, 192, 201, 206, 215 Calcium channel blocker, 5, 159, 215 Calcium Channel Blockers, 5, 159 Calcium Gluconate, 116, 159 Capillary, 69, 158, 159, 175, 214 Capsules, 159, 175 Carbohydrate, 108, 159, 175, 176 Carbon Dioxide, 159, 174, 179, 197, 204, 214 Carboxypeptidases, 22, 159 Carcinogenesis, 22, 159 Carcinogenic, 22, 159, 182, 200, 208 Carcinogens, 160, 193 Carcinoma, 15, 159, 160 Cardiac, 4, 17, 20, 110, 111, 116, 160, 165, 172, 174, 190, 192, 208 Cardiac arrest, 116, 160 Cardiac Output, 4, 17, 20, 160 Cardiolipins, 154, 160 Cardiomyopathy, 20, 160 Cardiotonic, 160, 168 Cardiovascular, 18, 20, 25, 45, 78, 118, 160, 184, 185 Cardiovascular disease, 118, 160, 185 Carotene, 160, 204 Carrier Proteins, 160, 197 Case report, 47, 73, 90, 160 Case-Control Studies, 13, 160 Catalyse, 160, 212 Cataract, 154, 160, 204 Catecholamine, 160, 169 Catheter, 106, 155, 160, 170 Catheterization, 152, 160 Caudal, 161, 180, 198 Causal, 17, 161, 178 Cause of Death, 9, 12, 14, 161 Cell Adhesion, 57, 161 Cell Adhesion Molecules, 57, 161 Cell Aggregation, 161, 194 Cell Death, 154, 161 Cell Differentiation, 29, 161, 206 Cell Division, 130, 155, 161, 177, 188, 189, 197 Cell membrane, 104, 159, 160, 161, 168, 174, 196 Cell motility, 161, 178 Cell proliferation, 12, 104, 107, 155, 161, 206
219
Cell Respiration, 161, 189, 204 Cell Survival, 8, 161, 177 Central Nervous System, 149, 158, 161, 175, 176, 177, 184, 190 Central Nervous System Infections, 161, 177 Centrifugation, 161, 189 Cerebellar, 155, 161, 203 Cerebral Angiography, 162, 186 Cerebral Arteries, 10, 162 Cerebral Cortex, 155, 158, 162 Cerebral Hemorrhage, 109, 110, 111, 162 Cerebral Infarction, 162 Cerebral Palsy, 24, 162 Cerebrovascular, 5, 9, 156, 159, 160, 162, 192, 210 Cerebrum, 162, 197, 213 Cervix, 149, 162, 204 Cesarean Section, 36, 70, 90, 162 Character, 152, 162, 167 Chin, 41, 162, 188 Chlorhexidine, 19, 162 Cholestasis, 6, 7, 162 Cholesterol, 4, 156, 162, 163, 166, 174, 185, 187, 208 Cholesterol Esters, 162, 185 Chondrocytes, 162, 173 Choriocarcinoma, 29, 162, 179 Chromatin, 154, 163, 171 Chromosomal, 20, 163 Chromosome, 163, 183, 184 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 4, 163 Chronic renal, 163, 174, 198 Chylomicrons, 163, 185 Cirrhosis, 163, 178, 200 CIS, 163, 204 Clear cell carcinoma, 163, 168 Clinical Medicine, 163, 199 Clinical trial, 7, 19, 88, 127, 163, 165, 167, 169, 201, 202, 203 Clitoral, 111, 163 Cloning, 15, 17, 157, 163 Coagulation, 37, 44, 112, 154, 157, 163, 197, 211 Cofactor, 163, 201, 210 Collagen, 37, 151, 156, 163, 165, 173, 175, 198 Collapse, 158, 163, 207 Colloidal, 151, 164 Colon, 130, 164, 184 Complement, 164, 175, 183, 197
220
Eclampsia
Complementary and alternative medicine, 87, 96, 164 Complementary medicine, 87, 164 Compliance, 26, 164 Computational Biology, 127, 129, 164 Conception, 24, 149, 162, 164, 173, 199, 208 Concomitant, 38, 164 Cones, 164, 204 Confounding, 12, 165 Conjugated, 165, 167 Connective Tissue, 154, 158, 163, 165, 168, 173, 175, 188, 205, 208, 209 Connective Tissue Diseases, 154, 165 Connexins, 13, 165, 174 Consciousness, 146, 165, 167, 168, 202 Constriction, 26, 165, 183, 214 Constriction, Pathologic, 165, 214 Consumption, 21, 81, 112, 165, 168, 194 Contraindications, ii, 165 Contrast Media, 165, 186 Control group, 14, 165 Conventional therapy, 116, 165 Conventional treatment, 165 Convulsions, 9, 103, 153, 165, 169, 180, 199 Coordination, 165, 190 Cor, 165, 175 Coronary, 20, 110, 111, 152, 160, 166, 180, 188, 190, 192 Coronary Artery Bypass, 110, 111, 166 Coronary Circulation, 20, 152, 166, 192 Coronary heart disease, 160, 166 Coronary Thrombosis, 166, 188, 190 Coronary Vessels, 166 Corpus, 166, 185, 195, 200, 215 Corpus Luteum, 166, 185, 200 Cortex, 166, 203 Cortical, 38, 53, 67, 109, 166, 205, 210 Cortical Blindness, 53, 67, 109, 166 Corticosteroids, 166, 175 Cortisol, 91, 151, 166 Cranial, 166, 177, 195, 202, 214 Craniocerebral Trauma, 156, 162, 166, 177, 210 Creatinine, 147, 166 Curative, 166, 210 Cutaneous, 166, 185 Cyclic, 149, 166, 177, 192, 196, 200 Cyclosporine, 112, 167 Cyst, 155, 167 Cystathionine beta-Synthase, 47, 167, 180 Cytochrome, 20, 107, 167 Cytokine, 28, 38, 66, 167, 182
Cytomegalovirus, 21, 167 Cytoplasm, 154, 156, 161, 167, 171 Cytotoxic, 39, 167, 186, 206 D Decidua, 8, 13, 16, 26, 79, 167, 197 Decompression, 100, 101, 167 Degenerative, 167, 178, 189, 204 Deletion, 154, 167 Delirium, 98, 167 Dementia, 98, 168 Density, 69, 158, 161, 168, 185, 193, 207 Deoxyribonucleic, 168, 205 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 168, 205 Depolarization, 168, 206 Dermis, 168, 212 DES, 98, 168 Developed Countries, 14, 168 Developing Countries, 14, 168 Diabetes Mellitus, 13, 94, 95, 135, 168, 176, 178 Diagnostic procedure, 97, 121, 168 Diarrhea, 116, 168 Diastole, 168 Diastolic, 106, 147, 168, 180 Diastolic blood pressure, 106, 147, 168, 180 Dietary Fats, 24, 168, 184 Digestion, 151, 156, 158, 168, 184, 185, 195, 208, 214 Digitalis, 109, 168 Dihydrotestosterone, 168, 203 Dihydroxy, 107, 151, 169 Dilatation, 10, 149, 152, 169, 183, 214 Dilatation, Pathologic, 169, 214 Dilation, 111, 155, 158, 169, 214 Dilator, 169, 192 Dimethyl, 169, 192 Direct, iii, 9, 14, 21, 29, 116, 163, 169, 179, 203, 209 Disinfectant, 162, 169, 172 Disorientation, 167, 169 Distal, 111, 166, 169, 201 Diurnal, 45, 169 Domesticated, 169, 177 Dopamine, 37, 98, 169, 192, 196 Dorsal, 169, 198 Double-blind, 14, 18, 88, 169 Double-blinded, 14, 169 Drug Interactions, 169 Dyskinesia, 169 Dysmenorrhea, 110, 111, 169 Dysplasia, 131, 169
Index
Dystrophy, 130, 169 E Ectopic, 27, 169, 170 Ectopic Pregnancy, 27, 170 Edema, 10, 39, 95, 100, 101, 103, 107, 109, 146, 170, 174, 193, 199 Effector, 98, 149, 164, 170, 196 Efficacy, 14, 19, 37, 170 Elastic, 38, 170, 207 Elective, 68, 107, 170 Electrocoagulation, 163, 170 Electrolyte, 151, 168, 170, 199, 207 Embryo, 11, 27, 135, 136, 149, 152, 157, 161, 170, 173, 181, 188, 189, 199, 208, 213 Embryo Transfer, 170, 199 Emesis, 170, 180 Emphysema, 163, 170 Encephalocele, 170, 191 Endarterectomy, 110, 111, 152, 155, 170 Endemic, 170, 186, 208 Endocrine System, 170, 191 Endocrinology, 41, 44, 46, 53, 63, 64, 66, 71, 170 Endocytosis, 10, 170 Endogenous, 71, 102, 109, 110, 155, 159, 169, 170, 212 Endometrial, 8, 26, 171, 194 Endometrium, 8, 27, 167, 171, 188, 212 Endothelial cell, 8, 10, 13, 23, 43, 63, 78, 100, 106, 111, 112, 171, 173, 178, 182, 210, 213 Endothelium, 4, 10, 23, 39, 53, 80, 82, 101, 103, 110, 112, 171, 192, 198, 213 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 171 Endothelium, Vascular, 171 Endothelium-derived, 110, 171, 192 Endotoxin, 171, 213 End-stage renal, 163, 171, 198 Enema, 116, 171 Energy balance, 171, 184 Environmental Exposure, 171, 193 Environmental Health, 126, 128, 171 Enzymatic, 151, 159, 160, 164, 171, 173, 187, 204 Enzyme Inhibitors, 171, 197 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 8, 171 Eosinophils, 171, 177, 184 Epidemic, 112, 171, 208 Epidemiological, 92, 172, 204 Epidermis, 168, 172, 183, 202 Epidural, 78, 172
221
Epinephrine, 150, 169, 172, 192, 213 Epithelial, 21, 167, 172, 178, 184 Epithelial Cells, 21, 172, 178, 184 Epithelium, 11, 156, 162, 171, 172, 174, 204 Epoxide Hydrolases, 107, 172 Erectile, 172, 195 Erection, 111, 172 Erythrocyte Volume, 158, 172 Erythrocytes, 80, 91, 152, 158, 172, 178, 203 Essential Tremor, 130, 172 Estradiol, 25, 172 Estrogen, 24, 46, 172, 200 Estrogen receptor, 46, 172 Ethanol, 23, 172 Ethnic Groups, 81, 172 Exhaustion, 172, 186 Exogenous, 170, 172 Extracellular, 152, 155, 165, 170, 172, 173, 207 Extraction, 154, 162, 172, 204 Extrapyramidal, 169, 173 Eye Movements, 173, 202 F Fallopian tube, 173, 204 Family Planning, 127, 173 Fat, 24, 150, 154, 158, 160, 165, 166, 173, 175, 184, 190, 193, 194, 198, 205 Fathers, 9, 30, 56, 173 Fatigue, 28, 173, 177 Fatty acids, 20, 25, 107, 151, 173, 176, 184, 196, 200 Fatty Liver, 6, 7, 173 Fertilization in Vitro, 173, 199 Fetal Blood, 173, 197 Fetal Development, 11, 173, 191 Fetal Growth Retardation, 41, 102, 173 Fetoprotein, 173 Fetus, 7, 20, 27, 102, 105, 109, 149, 151, 162, 173, 197, 199, 208, 213, 214 Fibrin, 112, 157, 173, 197, 210, 211 Fibrinogen, 46, 173, 197, 198, 210 Fibrinolysis, 41, 173 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 11, 104, 173 Fibroblasts, 173, 182, 189 Fibrosis, 112, 131, 173, 205 Folate, 80, 173, 174 Fold, 14, 24, 174 Folic Acid, 35, 84, 90, 174 Follicles, 168, 174, 182 Follow-Up Studies, 9, 174 Forearm, 157, 174 Free Radicals, 154, 174
222
Eclampsia
Friction, 174, 185 Frostbite, 174, 196 Furosemide, 37, 116, 174 G Gallbladder, 149, 156, 174 Gallstones, 7, 174 Gap Junctions, 12, 165, 174 Gas, 152, 159, 174, 179, 192, 204, 214 Gas exchange, 174, 204, 214 Gastric, 174, 195 Gastric Juices, 174, 195 Gastric Mucosa, 174, 195 Gastrin, 174, 179 Gastrointestinal, 7, 110, 111, 158, 172, 174, 184, 186, 209 Gastrointestinal tract, 172, 174, 184 Gelatin, 104, 175, 176, 209 Gene Expression, 8, 16, 20, 27, 131, 175 Genetic Code, 175, 192 Genetic Engineering, 157, 163, 175 Genetics, 62, 70, 74, 149, 175 Genital, 111, 163, 175 Genotype, 26, 64, 175, 196 Germ Cells, 175, 194, 207, 210 Gestation, 3, 11, 13, 14, 18, 25, 32, 53, 57, 59, 61, 63, 68, 88, 106, 109, 175, 195, 197, 199, 208 Gestational, 3, 12, 13, 24, 25, 33, 35, 44, 50, 57, 69, 70, 75, 95, 105, 106, 135, 173, 175 Gestational Age, 12, 14, 24, 50, 57, 69, 75, 105, 175 Gland, 104, 150, 175, 194, 197, 201, 205, 208, 211 Glomerular, 4, 5, 112, 175, 183, 203 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 4, 175 Glomerulus, 112, 175, 191 Glucocorticoids, 108, 150, 175 Gluconeogenesis, 175 Glucose, 13, 20, 130, 157, 168, 175, 176, 178, 180, 182, 205 Glucose Intolerance, 168, 176 Glucose tolerance, 13, 176 Glucose Tolerance Test, 13, 176 Glucuronic Acid, 176, 178 Glutamic Acid, 174, 176, 192 Glycerol, 160, 176, 196 Glycerophospholipids, 176, 196 Glycine, 151, 176, 192, 206 Glycogen, 108, 175, 176 Glycoprotein, 99, 173, 176, 184, 186, 210, 213 Gonad, 176
Gonadal, 15, 176, 208 Gonadotropic, 15, 176 Gonadotropin, 29, 162, 176 Governing Board, 176, 199 Grade, 5, 176 Graft, 110, 111, 176, 177, 179 Graft Rejection, 110, 111, 177 Grafting, 166, 177, 181 Granulocyte, 52, 177 Granulosa Cells, 104, 177, 182, 185 Grasses, 174, 177 Gravidity, 177, 194 Growth factors, 8, 11, 23, 24, 29, 104, 177 Guanylate Cyclase, 177, 192 Guinea Pigs, 10, 177 H Haemorrhage, 149, 177 Headache, 82, 119, 146, 177, 180 Headache Disorders, 177 Health Services, 17, 177 Health Status, 24, 177 Heart attack, 160, 177 Heart failure, 98, 177, 193 Heart Transplantation, 20, 177 Hematopoiesis, 99, 177 Hematuria, 51, 177 Heme, 156, 167, 178 Hemochromatosis, 7, 178 Hemodynamics, 17, 178 Hemoglobin, 18, 152, 172, 178, 184 Hemoglobinuria, 130, 178 Hemolysis, 5, 6, 47, 55, 75, 109, 112, 178 Hemolytic, 112, 178 Hemorrhage, 166, 170, 177, 178, 202, 208 Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan, 74, 178 Heparin, 63, 178 Heparin-binding, 63, 178 Hepatic, 6, 109, 151, 168, 176, 178 Hepatitis, 6, 178, 215 Hepatocellular, 6, 58, 178 Hepatocyte, 104, 162, 178 Hepatocyte Growth Factor, 104, 178 Hereditary, 165, 178, 189, 204 Heredity, 175, 178 Herpes, 6, 178, 179 Herpes Zoster, 179 Homologous, 151, 165, 179, 209 Hormonal, 111, 155, 179 Horseradish Peroxidase, 171, 179 Host, 21, 156, 179, 180, 184, 189, 215 Humoral, 28, 112, 177, 179 Humour, 179
Index
Hybridomas, 179, 182 Hydatidiform Mole, 29, 162, 179 Hydralazine, 5, 60, 179 Hydrogen, 149, 156, 159, 179, 184, 189, 192, 194, 201, 209, 210 Hydrogen Peroxide, 179, 184, 209 Hydrolysis, 98, 149, 179, 196, 201 Hydrophobic, 176, 179, 185 Hydroxyproline, 151, 163, 179 Hyperbilirubinemia, 13, 179, 183 Hypercapnia, 112, 179 Hyperemesis, 6, 7, 180 Hyperglycemia, 14, 180 Hyperhomocysteinemia, 90, 119, 167, 180 Hypersensitivity, 180, 184, 205 Hypertensive Encephalopathy, 5, 10, 180 Hypertrophy, 98, 166, 180 Hypoglycaemia, 168, 180 Hypoglycemia, 13, 180 Hypotension, 98, 165, 180, 212 Hypothalamus, 158, 180, 197, 199 Hypoxia, 10, 18, 50, 112, 158, 168, 180, 210 Hypoxic, 18, 180 Hysterotomy, 162, 180 I Id, 59, 83, 94, 130, 134, 137, 142, 144, 180 Idiopathic, 51, 112, 180 Iliac Artery, 180, 213 Immune response, 150, 153, 155, 177, 180, 209, 215 Immune system, 19, 112, 155, 157, 180, 184, 186, 190, 196, 214, 215 Immunity, 66, 180, 193 Immunization, 180, 200 Immunoassay, 18, 100, 153, 171, 181 Immunodeficiency, 130, 181 Immunoglobulins, 181, 197 Immunologic, 175, 180, 181 Impairment, 41, 155, 162, 167, 169, 181, 188 Implantation, 8, 11, 26, 27, 66, 164, 181, 194, 199 Impotence, 172, 181, 196 In vitro, 13, 15, 23, 27, 99, 161, 170, 181 In vivo, 13, 21, 44, 178, 181, 184, 211 Incest, 44, 181 Incision, 159, 180, 181, 183 Indicative, 115, 181, 195, 214 Induction, 29, 51, 102, 181, 200 Infancy, 25, 181 Infarction, 158, 162, 181
223
Infection, 21, 28, 64, 112, 118, 156, 157, 167, 177, 181, 185, 186, 205, 209, 215 Infertility, 9, 24, 27, 181 Inflammation, 61, 107, 151, 153, 155, 158, 173, 178, 179, 181, 184, 191, 198, 204, 205, 209, 214 Infusion, 37, 181 Ingestion, 176, 182, 198 Inhibin, 15, 52, 58, 69, 106, 182 Initiation, 182, 212 Inositol, 104, 108, 182 Inotropic, 169, 182 Insulator, 182, 190 Insulin, 17, 20, 26, 46, 52, 60, 66, 80, 104, 176, 182, 205 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 182 Insulin-like, 26, 60, 66, 80, 104, 182 Intensive Care, 33, 182 Interleukin-1, 28, 182 Interleukin-2, 52, 182 Interleukin-6, 74, 182 Interleukin-8, 48, 51, 182 Intermittent, 101, 182 Internal Medicine, 6, 16, 35, 107, 170, 182 Interstitial, 183, 191, 203 Intestinal, 160, 176, 183, 186 Intestines, 149, 174, 183 Intoxication, 167, 183, 211, 215 Intracellular, 23, 32, 54, 59, 78, 159, 181, 183, 187, 192, 199, 200, 206 Intracranial Aneurysm, 162, 183 Intrahepatic, 6, 183 Intravascular, 26, 112, 183 Intravenous, 47, 72, 109, 116, 182, 183 Intrinsic, 150, 156, 183 Inulin, 175, 183 Invasive, 12, 13, 26, 106, 109, 110, 179, 180, 183, 186 Involuntary, 156, 172, 183, 190 Ions, 156, 170, 179, 183, 201 Ischemia, 155, 158, 183 J Jaundice, 6, 22, 179, 183 Joint, 155, 183, 209 K Karyotype, 152, 179, 183 Kb, 126, 183 Keratinocytes, 182, 183 Keto, 100, 183, 212 Kidney Disease, 36, 112, 116, 126, 131, 151, 183 Kidney stone, 183, 213
224
Eclampsia
L Labetalol, 5, 183 Lactation, 184, 200 Laminin, 156, 184 Lavage, 108, 184 Leptin, 11, 39, 54, 60, 63, 72, 74, 106, 184 Leucine, 42, 184, 195 Leucocyte, 54, 184, 185 Leukemia, 11, 99, 130, 184 Leukocytes, 32, 156, 158, 171, 184, 189, 213 Leukotrienes, 88, 154, 184 Library Services, 142, 184 Life cycle, 150, 184 Ligament, 173, 184, 201 Ligands, 75, 161, 184 Ligation, 104, 184 Linkage, 9, 16, 22, 55, 184, 196 Lipase, 55, 184 Lipid, 37, 55, 59, 60, 62, 78, 81, 82, 93, 101, 105, 108, 154, 176, 182, 183, 184, 185, 190, 194 Lipid Peroxidation, 55, 59, 60, 184, 194 Lipid Peroxides, 81, 82, 93, 101, 184 Lipoprotein, 55, 71, 185 Lipoprotein(a), 55, 71, 185 Liver cancer, 151, 185 Liver Transplantation, 7, 185 Localization, 41, 55, 185 Localized, 111, 158, 181, 184, 185, 193, 197 Longitudinal study, 25, 26, 31, 57, 185 Loop, 11, 116, 185 Low-density lipoprotein, 34, 56, 82, 185 Lubricants, 185 Lubrication, 111, 185 Lupus, 112, 153, 154, 185, 210 Lutein Cells, 185, 200 Lymph, 171, 179, 185 Lymphatic, 171, 181, 185, 188, 193, 207, 208 Lymphoblasts, 33, 91, 185 Lymphocyte, 57, 153, 186, 187, 189 Lymphoid, 99, 153, 166, 184, 186 Lymphoma, 130, 186 Lymphotoxin, 53, 186 Lysophospholipids, 105, 186 Lytic, 56, 186, 206 M Macrophage, 36, 51, 182, 186 Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, 36, 51, 186 Magnetic Resonance Angiography, 68, 186
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 35, 186 Malabsorption, 130, 186 Malaria, 104, 186 Malaria, Falciparum, 186 Malaria, Vivax, 186 Malignancy, 116, 186 Malignant, 5, 112, 130, 153, 162, 180, 185, 186, 187, 190, 210 Malignant tumor, 162, 187 Malnutrition, 151, 155, 187, 190 Malondialdehyde, 66, 71, 72, 187 Mammary, 24, 104, 166, 187 Mania, 187 Manic, 98, 187 Maternal Mortality, 14, 42, 102, 187 McMaster, 75, 79, 187 Meat, 168, 187 Meat Products, 168, 187 Mediate, 23, 27, 104, 112, 161, 169, 187 Mediator, 103, 182, 187 Medical Records, 14, 24, 187 Medical Staff, 169, 187 MEDLINE, 127, 129, 131, 187 Megaloblastic, 174, 187 Melanin, 187, 196, 213 Melanocytes, 187 Melanoma, 130, 187 Membrane, 53, 152, 155, 161, 164, 168, 170, 184, 187, 190, 193, 196, 197, 204, 206, 212 Membrane Lipids, 187, 196 Memory, 153, 167, 168, 187 Menarche, 12, 22, 188, 204 Menopause, 188, 199, 204 Menstrual Cycle, 188, 200 Menstruation, 8, 151, 167, 169, 188, 204 Mental, iv, 7, 24, 98, 126, 128, 132, 162, 167, 168, 169, 173, 180, 187, 188, 200, 202, 205, 213 Mental Disorders, 188, 200 Mental Health, iv, 7, 126, 128, 188, 200 Mental Retardation, 24, 98, 132, 188 Mesenchymal, 179, 186, 188 Mesoderm, 188, 212 Meta-Analysis, 90, 188 Metalloendopeptidases, 22, 188 Metaphase, 15, 188 Metastasis, 161, 188 MI, 3, 4, 35, 59, 148, 188 Microbe, 188, 212 Microbiology, 21, 80, 149, 155, 156, 188 Microcirculation, 72, 188, 198 Microorganism, 163, 188, 195, 215
Index
Microscopy, 10, 156, 179, 188 Microsomal, 74, 189 Migration, 12, 189 Miscarriage, 8, 12, 189 Mitochondria, 81, 189 Mitomycin, 112, 189 Mitosis, 11, 154, 189 Mitotic, 189 Modeling, 17, 189 Modification, 151, 175, 189, 202 Modulator, 8, 189 Molecular, 8, 11, 15, 16, 19, 21, 23, 28, 34, 58, 59, 66, 92, 93, 105, 127, 129, 157, 164, 173, 178, 184, 189, 197, 198, 200, 209, 212, 213 Molecule, 69, 81, 153, 156, 160, 164, 170, 171, 179, 189, 194, 203, 206, 214 Monitor, 105, 166, 189 Monocyte, 51, 186, 189 Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, 51, 189 Mononuclear, 29, 186, 189, 213 Morphological, 8, 29, 170, 187, 189 Morula, 11, 157, 189 Motion Sickness, 189, 190 Motor Activity, 165, 189, 202 Movement Disorders, 189, 210 Mucosa, 8, 174, 185, 190, 200, 208 Multiple sclerosis, 28, 190 Muscle Fibers, 190 Muscular Atrophy, 130, 190 Muscular Diseases, 190, 191, 202 Muscular Dystrophies, 169, 190 Mydriatic, 169, 190 Myelin, 190 Myocardial infarction, 5, 87, 98, 110, 111, 156, 166, 188, 190 Myocardial Ischemia, 152, 190 Myocardium, 152, 188, 190 Myometrium, 65, 190 Myopia, 190, 204 Myotonic Dystrophy, 130, 190 N Nausea, 9, 180, 190, 213 Need, 3, 5, 116, 138, 150, 163, 176, 190, 211 Neonatal, 14, 17, 24, 26, 44, 45, 51, 58, 69, 70, 72, 74, 190 Neoplasia, 130, 190, 191 Neoplasm, 190, 191, 213 Neoplastic, 179, 186, 191 Nephritis, 110, 111, 191 Nephron, 4, 175, 191
225
Nephropathy, 183, 191 Nerve, 104, 150, 152, 155, 162, 187, 190, 191, 193, 195, 199, 204, 205, 208, 212, 214 Nerve Growth Factor, 104, 191 Nervous System, 130, 150, 161, 187, 191, 195, 209 Neural, 9, 28, 150, 152, 159, 170, 173, 179, 191, 204 Neural tube defects, 9, 173, 191 Neuroendocrine, 64, 191 Neurogenic, 191, 213 Neurologic, 9, 59, 170, 180, 191 Neurology, 9, 53, 71, 191 Neuromuscular, 149, 191, 202 Neuromuscular Diseases, 191, 202 Neurons, 191, 209 Neuropeptide, 159, 191 Neurotransmitter, 149, 151, 158, 159, 169, 176, 191, 192, 206, 209 Neutrons, 151, 192, 202 Neutrophil, 59, 108, 192 Nicardipine, 56, 192 Nifedipine, 60, 87, 192 Nimodipine, 31, 78, 192 Nitric Oxide, 4, 10, 18, 20, 23, 31, 40, 53, 78, 90, 92, 102, 110, 192 Nitroglycerin, 5, 103, 192 Nitroprusside, 5, 103, 192 Norepinephrine, 150, 169, 191, 192 Normotensive, 10, 36, 37, 38, 61, 106, 192 Nuclei, 151, 175, 186, 189, 192, 201 Nucleic acid, 109, 110, 175, 192, 205 Nucleus, 154, 156, 163, 166, 167, 171, 189, 192, 193, 201, 210 Nulliparous, 51, 88, 93, 193 O Odds Ratio, 14, 193 Oedema, 106, 193, 199 Oliguria, 37, 193 Omega-3 fatty acid, 80, 91, 193 Oncogene, 130, 178, 193 Opacity, 160, 168, 193 Opsin, 193, 204, 205 Optic Chiasm, 180, 193, 199 Optic Disk, 193, 194 Orgasm, 111, 193, 206 Osmolality, 58, 193 Osmoles, 193 Osmotic, 151, 193 Osteoclasts, 159, 193 Osteoporosis, 4, 98, 194 Ovarian Follicle, 15, 166, 177, 194
226
Eclampsia
Ovaries, 194, 204, 206, 210 Ovary, 9, 15, 166, 172, 176, 194, 208 Overweight, 3, 4, 83, 194 Ovulation, 15, 177, 194 Ovum, 157, 166, 167, 175, 184, 189, 194, 200, 212, 215, 216 Ovum Implantation, 194, 212 Oxidation, 107, 149, 154, 167, 184, 194 Oxidative Stress, 50, 76, 81, 94, 194 Oxides, 107, 194 Oxygen Consumption, 20, 194, 204 P Palliative, 194, 210 Pancreas, 149, 178, 182, 184, 194 Pancreatic, 64, 130, 194 Pancreatic cancer, 130, 194 Papilledema, 5, 180, 194 Paralysis, 158, 194, 202 Parity, 24, 108, 194 Paroxysmal, 130, 152, 177, 194 Parturition, 20, 193, 194, 200 Patch, 194, 212 Paternity, 36, 195 Pathogen, 21, 195 Pathogenesis, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 65, 112, 195 Pathologic, 5, 154, 157, 158, 166, 179, 180, 195, 208 Pathologic Processes, 154, 195 Pathologies, 15, 20, 28, 195 Pathophysiology, 4, 7, 17, 23, 59, 75, 79, 80, 195 Pelvic, 195, 201 Pelvis, 149, 180, 183, 194, 195, 214 Penis, 111, 195, 204 Pepsin, 195 Pepsin A, 195 Peptic, 4, 195 Peptic Ulcer, 4, 195 Peptide, 22, 102, 151, 159, 173, 184, 195, 201, 211 Perfusion, 36, 119, 157, 180, 195 Pericardium, 195, 210 Perinatal, 9, 13, 14, 19, 22, 33, 42, 62, 80, 108, 195 Peripheral blood, 12, 38, 195 Peripheral Nervous System, 191, 195, 202, 209 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 191, 195, 202 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 196 Peritoneal, 193, 196 Peritoneal Cavity, 193, 196
Perivascular, 159, 196 Peroxide, 101, 196 Phagocyte, 186, 196 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 172, 175, 196 Pharmacologic, 28, 152, 196, 212, 213 Phenotype, 13, 16, 26, 33, 48, 196 Phenoxybenzamine, 5, 196 Phentolamine, 5, 196 Phenyl, 101, 196 Phenylalanine, 195, 196, 213 Phosphatidic Acids, 186, 196 Phosphodiesterase, 27, 98, 196 Phospholipases, 104, 196, 206 Phospholipids, 105, 153, 154, 160, 173, 182, 185, 187, 196 Phosphorus, 159, 196 Photocoagulation, 163, 197 Physical Examination, 175, 197 Physiologic, 26, 150, 173, 183, 188, 197, 200, 203 Physiology, 4, 9, 15, 20, 21, 63, 65, 74, 81, 99, 170, 197 Pigments, 156, 160, 197, 204 Pineal gland, 162, 197 Pituitary Gland, 173, 197 Placental Circulation, 102, 197 Placental tissue, 21, 58, 64, 197 Plants, 159, 168, 175, 183, 192, 197, 198, 205, 212 Plaque, 152, 155, 162, 197 Plasma cells, 153, 197 Plasma protein, 41, 151, 171, 197, 201 Plasmin, 197, 198, 211, 213 Plasminogen, 54, 106, 197, 198, 211, 213 Plasminogen Activators, 54, 197, 198 Platelet Activation, 26, 50, 99, 112, 198, 206 Platelet Aggregation, 93, 110, 111, 192, 198, 211 Platelet Count, 47, 55, 99, 109, 198 Platelets, 5, 6, 75, 99, 109, 156, 192, 198, 210, 211 Platinum, 185, 198 Pleural, 193, 198 Pleural cavity, 193, 198 Pneumonia, 110, 111, 165, 198 Poisoning, 167, 183, 190, 198 Polycystic, 131, 198 Polymers, 198, 201 Polymorphism, 24, 26, 44, 52, 80, 118, 119, 198 Polyphosphates, 75, 198
Index
Polyunsaturated fat, 48, 89, 91, 107, 198, 211 Post partum, 21, 198 Posterior, 10, 152, 155, 169, 194, 198 Postmenopausal, 118, 194, 199 Postnatal, 199, 208 Postoperative, 5, 116, 199 Postsynaptic, 199, 206 Postural, 69, 199 Potassium, 116, 151, 199 Potentiates, 182, 199 Potentiation, 199, 206 Practice Guidelines, 128, 199 Precursor, 11, 99, 152, 154, 169, 170, 171, 192, 196, 197, 199, 201, 213 Pre-eclamptic, 18, 108, 169, 199 Pregnancy Complications, 3, 24, 199 Pregnancy Outcome, 21, 25, 199 Pregnancy Tests, 175, 199 Preimplantation Phase, 11, 199 Prenatal, 24, 25, 35, 59, 72, 109, 110, 119, 134, 170, 199 Preoptic Area, 28, 199 Prevalence, 18, 53, 193, 199 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, 7, 200 Primary Prevention, 12, 200 Progesterone, 27, 102, 200, 208 Progression, 15, 153, 200 Progressive, 109, 161, 163, 168, 177, 190, 198, 200, 203, 213 Prolactin, 19, 72, 99, 200 Promoter, 46, 200 Prophylaxis, 101, 200 Proportional, 171, 193, 200 Prospective study, 46, 74, 185, 200 Prostaglandin, 88, 91, 200, 211 Prostaglandins A, 200 Prostate, 130, 201, 204, 206 Protease, 201, 211 Protective Agents, 159, 201 Protein C, 98, 151, 154, 156, 185, 201 Protein S, 98, 131, 157, 175, 201 Proteinuria, 5, 8, 30, 43, 62, 100, 101, 103, 106, 109, 147, 199, 201 Proteoglycans, 156, 201 Proteolytic, 164, 173, 197, 198, 201, 211, 213 Prothrombin, 46, 201, 210 Protocol, 19, 93, 94, 201 Protons, 151, 179, 201, 202 Protozoa, 188, 201 Protozoal, 201
227
Protozoan, 98, 161, 186, 201 Proximal, 111, 169, 201 Psychiatric, 188, 201, 207 Psychic, 188, 202, 205 Psychogenic, 202, 213 Psychomotor, 167, 170, 202 Public Policy, 14, 127, 202 Puerperium, 193, 202 Pulmonary, 5, 8, 107, 109, 110, 111, 157, 165, 166, 184, 202, 214 Pulmonary Artery, 157, 202, 214 Pulmonary Edema, 5, 8, 109, 202 Pulmonary Embolism, 110, 111, 202 Pulse, 189, 202 Pupil, 169, 190, 202 Purpura, 112, 177, 202 Pyridoxal, 167, 202, 212 Pyridoxal Phosphate, 167, 202 Q Quadriplegia, 116, 202 Quality of Life, 202, 209 R Race, 183, 189, 202 Radiation, 112, 152, 171, 174, 186, 202 Radioactive, 179, 181, 202 Radiography, 162, 165, 175, 202 Randomized, 14, 18, 19, 31, 55, 88, 90, 92, 170, 202, 203 Randomized clinical trial, 19, 202 Randomized Controlled Trials, 90, 203 Receptivity, 27, 203 Receptor, 28, 30, 52, 65, 70, 98, 102, 110, 111, 149, 153, 169, 178, 186, 203, 206 Recombinant, 15, 52, 98, 157, 203, 214 Reconstitution, 64, 203 Rectum, 154, 164, 174, 201, 203, 209 Red blood cells, 104, 172, 178, 203, 205 Red Nucleus, 155, 203 Reductase, 46, 47, 80, 203, 210 Refer, 1, 158, 164, 178, 185, 192, 203, 212 Reflective, 105, 203 Regeneration, 173, 203 Regimen, 170, 203 Renal failure, 5, 64, 112, 116, 168, 203 Renin, 63, 82, 110, 111, 152, 203 Renin-Angiotensin System, 63, 203 Reproduction Techniques, 199, 204 Reproductive History, 24, 25, 204 Reproductive system, 11, 15, 204 Respiration, 148, 154, 159, 189, 204 Respiratory distress syndrome, 13, 107, 204
228
Eclampsia
Respiratory failure, 116, 204 Restoration, 203, 204, 216 Retina, 164, 166, 190, 193, 204, 215 Retinal, 5, 35, 67, 109, 180, 193, 204, 205 Retinal Detachment, 109, 204 Retinal Hemorrhage, 180, 204 Retinoblastoma, 130, 204 Retinol, 204, 205 Retinopathy, 5, 49, 197, 204 Retrospective, 22, 24, 51, 205 Rheumatism, 205 Rheumatoid, 28, 205 Rheumatoid arthritis, 28, 205 Rhodopsin, 193, 204, 205 Ribonucleic acid, 18, 205 Ribose, 149, 205 Risk factor, 4, 9, 12, 22, 25, 43, 68, 79, 118, 180, 200, 205 Rosiglitazone, 18, 205 S Salivary, 167, 194, 205 Salivary glands, 167, 205 Saphenous, 166, 205 Saphenous Vein, 166, 205 Saponins, 205, 208 Schizophrenia, 98, 205, 215 Sclerosis, 130, 154, 190, 205 Screening, 9, 13, 19, 44, 59, 68, 108, 110, 163, 205, 213 Secretion, 15, 162, 175, 179, 182, 184, 205, 214 Secretory, 8, 205 Sediment, 205, 213 Seizures, 64, 109, 146, 168, 180, 194, 205 Semen, 201, 205 Seminal fluid, 79, 206 Seminiferous tubule, 182, 206 Senile, 194, 206 Sensibility, 152, 206 Sepsis, 52, 206 Serine, 159, 167, 206, 211 Serologic, 181, 206 Serous, 171, 206 Sex Characteristics, 150, 206, 210 Sex Determination, 109, 110, 131, 206 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 17, 206 Shock, 16, 47, 110, 111, 206, 212 Side effect, 150, 157, 206, 209, 212 Signal Transduction, 11, 27, 98, 182, 206 Signs and Symptoms, 102, 116, 206 Skeletal, 20, 190, 207 Skeleton, 149, 183, 200, 207
Skull, 166, 170, 191, 207 Sleep apnea, 28, 207 Sleep Deprivation, 28, 207 Small intestine, 163, 179, 183, 207, 215 Smooth muscle, 10, 32, 67, 78, 110, 111, 159, 190, 192, 204, 207, 209 Social Security, 203, 207 Sodium, 5, 103, 151, 207 Solid tumor, 152, 207 Solvent, 172, 176, 193, 207 Soma, 207 Somatic, 22, 150, 179, 189, 195, 207 Somatic cells, 189, 207 Sound wave, 203, 207 Soybean Oil, 198, 207 Specialist, 137, 169, 207 Species, 8, 11, 105, 149, 151, 169, 172, 177, 183, 186, 189, 202, 207, 209, 212, 215, 216 Sperm, 70, 163, 206, 207 Spina bifida, 191, 207 Spinal cord, 155, 158, 161, 162, 172, 191, 195, 202, 208 Spinal Cord Diseases, 202, 208 Spleen, 167, 185, 208 Spontaneous Abortion, 21, 27, 199, 208 Sporadic, 204, 208 Statistically significant, 24, 208 Steatosis, 173, 208 Stem Cells, 13, 17, 42, 208, 213 Sterility, 181, 208 Steroid, 11, 29, 166, 205, 208 Stillbirth, 41, 199, 208 Stimulus, 182, 208, 210 Stomach, 149, 174, 176, 179, 183, 184, 190, 195, 196, 207, 208 Stool, 164, 208 Stress, 16, 23, 61, 62, 80, 105, 112, 135, 160, 166, 190, 194, 205, 208 Striate, 166, 208 Stroke, 5, 110, 111, 126, 160, 208 Stromal, 26, 208 Stromal Cells, 27, 208 Subacute, 181, 208 Subarachnoid, 177, 209 Subclinical, 181, 205, 209 Subcutaneous, 102, 150, 170, 193, 209 Subspecies, 207, 209 Substance P, 203, 205, 209 Substrate, 20, 102, 110, 171, 209 Superoxide, 71, 72, 209 Superoxide Dismutase, 71, 72, 209
Index
Supplementation, 35, 76, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 209 Supportive care, 5, 209 Suppositories, 175, 209 Survival Rate, 4, 209 Sympathomimetic, 169, 172, 192, 209 Symphysis, 162, 201, 209 Synapse, 150, 209, 212 Synaptic, 191, 206, 209 Syncytium, 29, 106, 209 Synergistic, 200, 209 Systemic, 28, 32, 78, 88, 102, 112, 153, 154, 157, 158, 167, 172, 178, 181, 193, 209, 214 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 78, 153, 154, 209 Systolic, 180, 210 T Tachycardia, 20, 210 Telangiectasia, 131, 210 Teratoma, 162, 210 Testis, 162, 172, 210 Testosterone, 203, 210 Thalamic, 155, 210 Thalamic Diseases, 155, 210 Therapeutics, 28, 210 Thioredoxin, 80, 210 Threshold, 5, 180, 210 Thrombin, 41, 44, 173, 198, 201, 210 Thrombocytes, 198, 210 Thrombocytopenia, 99, 112, 210 Thromboembolism, 30, 118, 210 Thrombolytic, 198, 210 Thrombomodulin, 73, 201, 210 Thrombopenia, 154, 210 Thromboses, 154, 210 Thrombosis, 34, 37, 41, 44, 50, 65, 71, 75, 112, 156, 201, 208, 210 Thromboxanes, 154, 211 Thrombus, 166, 181, 190, 198, 210, 211 Thyroid, 104, 159, 211, 213 Thyroid Gland, 211 Thyroid Hormones, 211, 213 Thyrotropin, 104, 211 Thyroxine, 151, 196, 211 Tissue Plasminogen Activator, 43, 211 Tolerance, 149, 176, 211 Tomography, 67, 211 Tone, 26, 192, 211, 214 Tonicity, 178, 211 Tonus, 211 Tooth Preparation, 149, 211 Topical, 162, 172, 179, 211
229
Toxaemia, 199, 211 Toxemia, 6, 101, 102, 103, 211 Toxic, iv, 47, 106, 168, 171, 177, 180, 184, 212 Toxicity, 102, 169, 212 Toxicology, 128, 212 Toxin, 112, 171, 211, 212 Trace element, 71, 212 Trachea, 158, 211, 212 Transaminase, 6, 212 Transcription Factors, 29, 212 Transdermal, 31, 212 Transduction, 27, 98, 206, 212 Transfection, 13, 29, 157, 212 Translation, 151, 212 Translational, 17, 212 Transmitter, 149, 155, 169, 187, 192, 212 Transplantation, 112, 163, 170, 181, 212 Trauma, 107, 148, 168, 212 Triad, 102, 103, 212 Trimethaphan, 5, 212 Trophoblast, 11, 12, 19, 21, 23, 26, 27, 29, 66, 72, 157, 212 Tuberous Sclerosis, 131, 212 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 28, 48, 53, 186, 213 Tumour, 64, 213 Tunica, 170, 190, 213 Tunica Intima, 170, 213 Tyrosine, 30, 169, 213 U Ultrasonography, 36, 175, 213 Umbilical Arteries, 91, 213 Umbilical Cord, 33, 34, 37, 42, 45, 54, 66, 213 Umbilical cord blood, 42, 45, 213 Unconscious, 180, 213 Uremia, 203, 213 Urethra, 195, 201, 213, 214 Uric, 66, 110, 111, 147, 213 Urinalysis, 5, 134, 213 Urinary, 34, 36, 74, 75, 81, 98, 101, 156, 193, 211, 213 Urinary Plasminogen Activator, 211, 213 Urinary Retention, 98, 213 Urinate, 213, 214 Urine, 100, 106, 109, 151, 156, 157, 166, 177, 178, 183, 193, 201, 213, 214 Uterine Contraction, 149, 214 V Vaccine, 150, 201, 214 Vacuoles, 170, 214 Vagina, 111, 162, 168, 180, 188, 204, 214
230
Eclampsia
Vaginal, 19, 111, 185, 214 Vagotomy, 28, 214 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 8, 18, 59, 75, 214 Vascular Resistance, 4, 20, 214 Vasculitis, 49, 214 Vasoactive, 61, 75, 91, 110, 111, 214 Vasoconstriction, 10, 20, 108, 172, 214 Vasodilatation, 82, 214 Vasodilation, 111, 214 Vasodilator, 39, 81, 158, 159, 169, 179, 192, 196, 214 Vasogenic, 39, 214 Vector, 212, 214 Vein, 37, 43, 94, 152, 155, 183, 205, 213, 214 Venous, 18, 63, 111, 154, 155, 156, 162, 192, 193, 198, 201, 214 Venous blood, 18, 162, 198, 214 Ventricle, 165, 180, 202, 210, 214 Ventricular, 5, 165, 214 Venules, 157, 159, 171, 188, 214 Verapamil, 82, 215 Vesicular, 177, 179, 189, 215 Veterinary Medicine, 127, 215 Villi, 179, 215 Villous, 12, 29, 215 Villus, 38, 110, 179, 215
Viral, 6, 7, 21, 98, 212, 215 Viral Hepatitis, 6, 7, 215 Virulence, 212, 215 Virus, 21, 156, 161, 175, 197, 212, 215 Vital Statistics, 157, 215 Vitamin A, 182, 204, 215 Vitreous, 204, 215 Vitreous Humor, 204, 215 Vitro, 23, 70, 178, 215 Vivo, 99, 215 W Wakefulness, 167, 215 Weight Gain, 4, 25, 215 White blood cell, 153, 177, 184, 186, 189, 192, 197, 215 Windpipe, 211, 215 Withdrawal, 168, 196, 215 Womb, 204, 214, 215 Wound Healing, 161, 173, 216 X Xenograft, 153, 216 Y Yeasts, 196, 216 Z Zygote, 11, 164, 216 Zymogen, 201, 216
Index
231
232
Eclampsia
