TONSILLITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Tonsillitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84659-6 1. Tonsillitis-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on tonsillitis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TONSILLITIS............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Tonsillitis ...................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TONSILLITIS ..................................................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Finding Nutrition Studies on Tonsillitis ..................................................................................... 49 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 51 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TONSILLITIS .............................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 53 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 54 General References ....................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON TONSILLITIS ............................................................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 57 Chapters on Tonsillitis ................................................................................................................. 57 CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON TONSILLITIS .................................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TONSILLITIS ................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 63 Academic Periodicals covering Tonsillitis ................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 67 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 68 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 71 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 73 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 75 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 77 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 82 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 85 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 85 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 85 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 91 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 92 TONSILLITIS DICTIONARY ....................................................................................................... 93
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INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 127
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with tonsillitis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about tonsillitis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to tonsillitis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on tonsillitis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to tonsillitis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on tonsillitis. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TONSILLITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on tonsillitis.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and tonsillitis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “tonsillitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Clinical Epidemiology of Otitis Media Source: Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 19(5 Supplement): S31-S36. May 2000. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 637-3030. Fax (301) 824-7390. Website: www.lww.com. Summary: The impact of otitis media (OM, middle ear infection) on public health is considerable. This article explores the clinical epidemiology of OM. OM, with its peak incidence in the first 2 years of life, is the most commonly diagnosed pediatric disease. Between 1993 and 1995, OM was the most common diagnosis during office visits among 1 to 4 year olds. OM constituted 18 percent of physician visits, compared with 14 percent of visits for well child care, 11 percent of visits for upper respiratory infection, 8 percent of visits for injury, and 5 percent of visits for sore throat and tonsillitis. Thirty percent of
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children younger than 24 months in a large managed care organization were treated with tympanostomy (ventilation) tubes in 1994, and cost of OM treatment in the United States was estimated at $3.8 billion in 1995. Additionally, OM was one of the most common reasons for postponing vaccination for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella; postponement of the vaccine increases a child's risk for these preventable diseases. The authors conclude that identified host characteristics are useful in targeting high risk children, and well defined environmental factors present potential avenues of primary prevention. Vaccines currently being field tested offer promise for primary prevention, and strategies for risk factor reduction should be tested and implemented. 33 references. •
Differential Diagnosis of Dysphagia in Children Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 31(3): 435-451. June 1998. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. Summary: This article explores the differential diagnosis of dysphagia in children. Dysphagia is defined as any process that produces difficulty with active transport of food and liquid from mouth to stomach. The authors divide diagnostic pediatric dysphagia into categories including congenital, infectious or inflammatory, systemic, neoplastic, traumatic, and miscellaneous causes. In the first section, the authors discuss choanal atresia (complete nasal obstruction), congenital nasal masses, and cleft lip or cleft palate, laryngomalacia, vocal cord paralysis, laryngeal clefts, tracheoesophageal fistula or esophageal atresia, foregut malformations, and vascular rings. Infectious causes considered include acute pharyngitis, tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess, retropharyngeal abscess, other deep neck abscesses, epiglottis, and esophagitis. Other causes covered are neurologic causes of dysphagia, central nervous system diseases, diseases of the neuromuscular junction, neoplastic causes of dysphagia (hemangioma, lymphangioma, papilloma, leiomyoma, neurofibroma), oral cavity and posterior pharyngeal injury, surgically related dysphagia, external trauma, caustic ingestion, gastroesophageal reflux, and foreign bodies of the upper aerodigestive tract. The authors caution that the diagnostic work up can be extremely difficult and exhaustive in many cases. Typical of any diagnostic dilemma, emphasis on history and physical examination remains paramount. Imaging studies can be extremely valuable in certain cases. Once a diagnosis has been established, treatment options are often less problematic. 4 figures. 1 table. 43 references.
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Rationales for Treating IgA Nephropathies Source: Renal Failure. 21(1): 1-16. 2000. Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker Journals. P.O. Box 5017, Monticello, NY 127015176. (212) 696-9000. Summary: This article offers an outline of the pathophysiology of IgA nephropathy in order to emphasize the role of eicosanoids, angiotensin II, and reactive oxygen species. The most typical cases of IgA nephropathies have hematuria (blood in the urine) following upper respiratory infection or tonsillitis. ACE inhibitors and early corticosteroid usage are prime therapies for these patients. Tonsillectomy is to be considered, certainly for individual cases. The other drugs that may be used include thromboxane antagonists, leukotriene antagonists, or PAF antagonist. In theory, there should also be benefits from antioxidants. The author notes that fish oils have not come up to expectation. PDGF aptamers look promising for the prevention of mesangial cell
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proliferation. The author briefly reports on the use of various other agents that could help reduce decline. 3 figures. 1 table. 116 references.
Federally Funded Research on Tonsillitis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to tonsillitis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to tonsillitis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore tonsillitis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for tonsillitis: •
Project Title: ALKALOID SYNTHESIS VIA (3+2) CYCLOADDITIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pearson, William H.; Professor of Chemistry; Chemistry; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1995; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: (Principal Investigator's Abstract) The principal objective of the proposed research is to continue to develop general and efficient methods for the synthesis of pyrrolidine-containing molecules of biological significance. A general synthetic method may be useful for the preparation of a wide variety of target molecules rather than a single class. The proposed research will attempt to use the anionic (3+2) cycloaddition of 2-azaallyl anions with alkenes and the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with alkenes for the construction of a cross-section of biologically relevant target molecules. The 2-azaallyl anions are prepared by tin-lithium exchange on (2azaallyl)stannanes. The same (2-azaallyl)stannanes are also precursors of several novel types of non-stabilized azomethine ylides, which are also capable of (3+2) cycloadditions to produce pyrrolidines. These two types of reactive intermediates are proving to be complementary in their reactivity and diastereoselectivity. Applications of these methods to the synthesis of biologically interesting molecules is proposed in order to provide a context for methodology development. Each example is meant to test a different aspect of the (3+2) methodology. Targets include: (1) monomorine 1, the trail pheromone of the pharoah ant, (2) pictamine, a novel quinolizidine alkaloid isolated from tunicates with antimicrobial, antifungal, and antitumor activity, (3) lundurines B and C, isolated from Kopsia, the extracts of which find medicinal use for rheumatoid arthritis, dropsy, and tonsillitis in China, (4) 7-epiaustraline, a highly hydroxylated pyrrolizidine alkaloid with a unique hydroxymethyl group, a member of a class of such
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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alkaloids that have activity as glucosidase I inhibitors, antiviral agents and antiretroviral agents, (5) scandine, a component of a Chinese folk medicine used for the treatment of rheumatic heart disease, and (6) erycibelline, a member of the tropane class of alkaloids. These targets will allow examination of the scope of the 2-azaallyl anion and azomethine ylide cycloaddition methods in several ways. For example, the types of anions or ylides required are diverse (e.g., simple aliphatic substituents, functionalized side chains, heterosubstituted versions, more conjugated versions, and cyclic versions), each with their unique chemistry and method of preparation. The issues of regiocontrol and stereocontrol, both absolute and relative, must be addressed. Tandem processes that involve the combination of (3+2) cycloaddition followed by additional reactions that lead to a second or third ring formation or a rearrangement are also being studied. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with tonsillitis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “tonsillitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for tonsillitis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A bacteriological and/or immunological study of anaerobic streptococcal infection in chronic tonsillitis, paratonsillitis and periodontitis patients. Author(s): Povolotskii YL, Fal NI, Smol'nikova LI, Timen GE, Marchenko NN. Source: J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1982; 26(3): 308-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142691
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A comparative study of bacampicillin hydrochloride, penicillin V, and amoxicillin in the treatment of acute tonsillitis and/or pharyngitis due to beta-hemolytic streptococci. Author(s): Pankey GA, Gleason C, File TM Jr, Brown W. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1981 January-February; 3(1): 154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6784224
3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A comparison of sleep quality in normal children and children awaiting (adeno)tonsillectomy for recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Capper R, Canter RJ. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2001 February; 26(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298166
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A double-blind, multicenter comparative study of two regimens of clindamycin hydrochloride in the treatment of patients with acute streptococcal tonsillitis/pharyngitis. Author(s): Gallegos B, Rios A, Espidel A, Reynal JL. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1995 July-August; 17(4): 613-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8565025
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A randomized, open, comparative study of brodimoprim versus erythromycin in patients with acute tonsillitis or bronchitis. Author(s): Salzberg R. Source: J Chemother. 1993 December; 5(6): 546-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8195854
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A study of free radicals and scavenging enzyme in tonsillitis. Author(s): Shukla GK, Mahajan A, Pandey S, Gujrati VR, Vrat S, Mishra SC, Shanker K. Source: Boll Chim Farm. 1996 December; 135(11): 653-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9066174
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A summer-camp outbreak of beta hemolytic streptococcal tonsillitis. Author(s): Koren G, Greenwald M. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1985 January-February; 76(1): 63-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3978530
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ABC of 1 to 7. Tonsillitis and otitis media. Author(s): Valman HB. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 July 11; 283(6284): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6789933
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Actinomycosis in obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy and recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Pransky SM, Feldman JI, Kearns DB, Seid AB, Billman GF. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1991 August; 117(8): 883-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1892620
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Actinomycotic tonsillitis with expectoration of sulfur granules. Author(s): Drabick JJ, Looney DJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1989 March 2; 320(9): 599. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2915675
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Acute infectious mononucleosis presenting with dacryoadenitis and tonsillitis. Author(s): Marchese-Ragona R, Marioni G, Staffieri A, de Filippis C. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2002 June; 80(3): 345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12059880
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Acute lingual tonsillitis. Author(s): Mavrinac JM, Dolan RW. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1997 May; 15(3): 308-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9148994
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Acute necrotizing bacterial tonsillitis with Clostridium perfringens. Author(s): Gerber JE. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 2001 June; 22(2): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11394754
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Acute necrotizing ulcerative tonsillitis and gingivitis (Vincent's infections). Author(s): Kaplan D. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1981 November; 10(11): 593-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7316264
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Acute nonrheumatic myopericarditis associated with group A hemolytic streptococcal tonsillitis in a male ICU-nurse. Author(s): Said SA, Severin WP. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1998 December; 53(6): 266-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9883005
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Acute nonrheumatic perimyocarditis complicating streptococcal tonsillitis. Author(s): Putterman C, Caraco Y, Shalit M. Source: Cardiology. 1991; 78(2): 156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2070373
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Acute nonrheumatic streptococcal tonsillitis-myopericarditis. Author(s): Said SA, Severin WP. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1999 June; 54(6): 243-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10399455
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Acute rheumatic fever despite clarithromycin treatment of beta-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillitis. Author(s): Sungur C. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1994 October; 28(10): 1197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7841580
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Acute tonsillitis as the first manifestation of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Author(s): Nouwen J, Smets F, Rombaux P, Hamoir M, Sokal EM. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2002 February; 111(2): 1658. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11860070
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Acute tonsillitis complicated by retropharyngeal and thyroid abscess infected with de-repressed beta lactamase Citrobacter mutans. Author(s): Maini S, Brown MJ, Ali O, Davies S, Al Shafi KM. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2001 April; 115(4): 327-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11276343
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Acute tonsillitis in children: microbial pathogens in relation to age. Author(s): Douglas RM, Miles H, Hansman D, Fadejevs A, Moore B, Bollen MD. Source: Pathology. 1984 January; 16(1): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6326030
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Acute tonsillitis in young men: etiological agents and their differentiation. Author(s): Ylikoski J, Karjalainen J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1989; 21(2): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2543062
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Adenoid infection: its relationship to otitis media, glue ear and tonsillitis. Author(s): Osborne JE, Telford D, Barr G, Roberts C. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1987 August; 12(4): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3665135
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Adverse effect of chronic tonsillitis on clinical course of sarcoidosis in relation to HLA distribution. Author(s): Ikeda T, Hayashi S, Kamikawaji N, Sasazuki T, Shigematsu N. Source: Chest. 1992 March; 101(3): 758-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1541144
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Adverse effect of chronic tonsillitis on clinical course of sarcoidosis. Author(s): Ikeda T, Daimaru N, Inutsuka S, Hayashi S, Shigematsu N, Nakashima T, Uemura T. Source: Sarcoidosis. 1991 September; 8(2): 120-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1669976
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Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in tonsils of children with recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Brook I, Yocum P, Friedman EM. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1981 May-June; 90(3 Pt 1): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7271131
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Allergic tonsillitis. A histopathological study. Author(s): Endo LH, Vassalo J, Leitao SR. Source: Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1992; 47: 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1456161
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Alpha-streptococci as supplementary treatment of recurrent streptococcal tonsillitis: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Roos K, Holm SE, Grahn E, Lind L. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993; 25(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8460346
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Alpha-streptococci-inhibiting beta-streptococci group A in treatment of recurrent streptococcal tonsillitis. Author(s): Lilja H, Grahn E, Holm SE, Roos K. Source: Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1992; 47: 168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1456127
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An algorithm for a selective use of throat swabs in the diagnosis of group A streptococcal pharyngo-tonsillitis in general practice. Author(s): Hoffmann S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1992 December; 10(4): 295-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1480870
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An evaluation of a commercial co-agglutination test for the diagnosis of group A streptococcal tonsillitis in a family practice. Author(s): Andersen JS, Borrild NJ, Renneberg J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1992 September; 10(3): 223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1410954
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An unusual case of recurrent tonsillitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Author(s): Danielides V, Patrikakos G, Milionis HJ, Skevas A. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 2001; 55(3): 203-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11685956
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Analysis of lymphocytes in tonsils and blood from patients with chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Plum J, van Cauwenberge P, De Smedt M. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1984; 38(6): 632-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6336161
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Are recurrent and chronic tonsillitis different entities? An immunological study with specific markers of inflammatory stages. Author(s): Bussi M, Carlevato MT, Panizzut B, Omede P, Cortesina G. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1996; 523: 112-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9082752
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Association of Epstein-Barr virus with acute exudative tonsillitis. Author(s): Grady D, McClung JE, Veltri RW, Sprinkle PM, Veach JS. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1982 January-February; 90(1): 115. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6283456
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Atrioventricular block complicating acute streptococcal tonsillitis. Author(s): Caraco J, Arnon R, Raz I. Source: British Heart Journal. 1988 March; 59(3): 389-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3281699
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Attachment of bacteria to tonsillar epithelium during acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Stenfors LE, Raisanen S. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1991 January; 105(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1999662
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Atypical hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis following bacterial tonsillitis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Kakihara T, Imai C, Kaneko T, Tanaka A, Uchiyama M. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2003 July; 44(7): 1247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12916881
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Azithromycin versus penicillin V in the treatment of paediatric patients with acute streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Paediatric Azithromycin Study Group. Author(s): O'Doherty B. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 September; 15(9): 718-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8922571
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Bacterial agents of acute follicular tonsillitis in Gurayat, Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Mgbor N. Source: J Commun Dis. 1998 December; 30(4): 289-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10810571
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Bacterial flora in chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Chaturvedi VN, Methwani A, Chaturvedi P, Narang P. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1989 January; 26(1): 52-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2759695
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Bacterial interference in streptococcal tonsillitis. Author(s): Holm SE, Grahn E. Source: Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1983; 39: 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6417771
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Bacterial interference in the throat flora during a streptococcal tonsillitis outbreak in an apartment house area. Author(s): Grahn E, Holm SE. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [a]. 1983 November; 256(1): 72-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6362282
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Bacteriologic findings in tonsillitis and pericoronitis. Author(s): Rajasuo A, Jousimies-Somer H, Savolainen S, Leppanen J, Murtomaa H, Meurman JH. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 July; 23(1): 51-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8816129
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Bacteriology of chronic tonsillitis in young adults. Author(s): Brook I, Yocum P. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1984 December; 110(12): 803-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6334513
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Bacteriology of normal and diseased tonsils assessed by fine-needle aspiration: Haemophilus influenzae and the pathogenesis of recurrent acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Gaffney RJ, Cafferkey MT. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1998 April; 23(2): 181-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9597292
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Bacteriology of the tonsil core in recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillar hyperplasia--a short review. Author(s): Lindroos R. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2000; 543: 206-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10909021
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Bacteriology of tonsils in children: comparison between recurrent acute tonsillitis and tonsillar hypertrophy. Author(s): Francois M, Bingen E, Soussi T, Narcy P. Source: Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1992; 47: 146-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1456124
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Bacteroides melaninogenicus. Its recovery from tonsils of children with acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Brook I, Gober AE. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1983 December; 109(12): 818-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6139104
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Beta-haemolytic streptococci group A in a cat, as a possible source of repeated tonsillitis in a family. Author(s): Roos K, Lind L, Holm SE. Source: Lancet. 1988 November 5; 2(8619): 1072. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2903291
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beta-Lactamase-producing anaerobic bacteria in recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Tuner K, Nord CE. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 August; 10 Suppl A: 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6981639
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Betalactamase-producing microorganisms in recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Tuner K, Nord CE. Source: Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1983; 39: 83-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6417772
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Biologically active neutrophil chemokine pattern in tonsillitis. Author(s): Rudack C, Jorg S, Sachse F. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2004 March; 135(3): 511-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15008987
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Carbon-dioxide laser-assisted tonsil ablation for adults with chronic tonsillitis: a 6month follow-up study. Author(s): Remacle M, Keghian J, Lawson G, Jamart J. Source: Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2003 September;260(8):456-9. Epub 2003 April 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12700916
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Cefaclor AF in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Author(s): Derriennic M, Voi M, Thoren LM, Black SA, Dere WH. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992; 68 Suppl 3: S43-6; Discussion S46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1287618
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Cefetamet pivoxil in the treatment of pharyngitis/tonsillitis in children and adults. Author(s): Guggenbichler JP. Source: Drugs. 1994; 47 Suppl 3: 27-33; Discussion 34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7518764
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Cefixime: clinical trial against otitis media and tonsillitis. Author(s): Scott HV, Pannowitz D, Ketelbey JW. Source: N Z Med J. 1990 January 24; 103(882): 25-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2406651
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Cefpodoxime proxetil vs. penicillin V in pediatric streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Author(s): Dajani AS, Kessler SL, Mendelson R, Uden DL, Todd WM. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 April; 12(4): 275-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8483620
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Central nervous system complications of acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Morgan N, Brookes GB. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1997 March; 111(3): 274-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9156067
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Cervical necrotizing fasciitis and tonsillitis. Author(s): Scott PM, Dhillon RS, McDonald PJ. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1994 May; 108(5): 435-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8035129
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Changes in immunologic response in tonsillectomized children. I. Immunosuppression in recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Sainz M, Gutierrez F, Moreno PM, Munoz C, Ciges M. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1992 October; 17(5): 376-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1458616
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Changes in the core tonsillar bacteriology of recurrent tonsillitis: 1977-1993. Author(s): Brook I, Yocum P, Foote PA Jr. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 July; 21(1): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7578726
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Changes in tonsillar bacteriology of recurrent acute tonsillitis: 1980 vs. 1989. Author(s): Timon CI, McAllister VA, Walsh M, Cafferkey MT. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1990 September; 84(5): 395-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2247668
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Chlamydia species and Mycoplasma species in recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Cimolai N. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1993 September; 119(9): 1043-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8357589
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Chronic tonsillitis and IgA nephropathy. Author(s): Zhou WG, Wang TF, Xue Y, Li N, Wu JG, Yu YS. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1993 October; 106(10): 770-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8033611
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Chronic tonsillitis and IgA nephropathy. Clinical study of patients with and without tonsillectomy. Author(s): Iino Y, Ambe K, Kato Y, Nakai A, Toriyama M, Saima K, Yoshimoto K. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1993; 508: 29-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8285040
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Chronic tonsillitis in children: activation of polymorphonuclear cells from peripheral blood and tonsillar tissue. In vitro production of MPO, ECP and EPX. Author(s): Mevio E, Perano D, De Amici M, Maccario R, Monafo V. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1996; 523: 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9082749
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Clinical efficacy of dirithromycin in pharyngitis and tonsillitis. Author(s): Muller O, Wettich K. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1993 March; 31 Suppl C: 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8478316
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Clinical study of chronic tonsillitis with IgA nephropathy treated by tonsillectomy. Author(s): Tomioka S, Miyoshi K, Tabata K, Hotta O, Taguma Y. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1996; 523: 175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9082774
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Clinicopathological study of the effectiveness of tonsillectomy in IgA nephropathy accompanied by chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Sugiyama N, Shimizu J, Nakamura M, Kiriu T, Matsuoka K, Masuda Y. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1993; 508: 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8285042
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Close association of dermatitis herpetiformis and chronic tonsillitis in a Japanese patient without gluten sensitivity. Author(s): Ota M, Sato-Matsumura KC, Matsumura T, Kataura A, Yokota T, Kobayashi K, Shimizu H. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 October-November; 81(5): 373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11800152
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Colonization by Haemophilus influenzae and group A streptococci in recurrent acute tonsillitis and in tonsillar hypertrophy. Author(s): Stjernquist-Desatnik A, Prellner K, Schalen C. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1990 March-April; 109(3-4): 314-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2180250
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Comparative efficacy and safety of cefprozil versus penicillin, cefaclor and erythromycin in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis. Author(s): McCarty JM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 October; 13(10): 84650. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7889958
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Comparative efficacy of spiramycin and erythromycin in acute exudative tonsillitis in adults: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Leelarasamee A, Leelarasamee I. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1992 September; 75(9): 517-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1304021
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Comparative status of oxidative damage and antioxidant enzymes in chronic tonsillitis patients. Author(s): Shukla GK, Sharma S, Shukla A, Pandey S, Mishra SC, Chandra M, Satyavrat, Shanker K. Source: Boll Chim Farm. 1998 June; 137(6): 206-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9713154
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Comparison of 5 days of extended-release clarithromycin versus 10 days of penicillin V for the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis: results of a multicenter, double-blind, randomized study in adolescent and adult patients. Author(s): Takker U, Dzyublyk O, Busman T, Notario G. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2003; 19(5): 421-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13678479
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Comparison of clarithromycin suspension and amoxycillin syrup for the treatment of children with pharyngitis and/or tonsillitis. Author(s): Kearsley NL, Campbell A, Sanderson AA, Weir RD, Kamdar MK, Coles SJ. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1997 April-May; 51(3): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9293051
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Comparison of histology between recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillar hypertrophy. Author(s): Zhang PC, Pang YT, Loh KS, Wang DY. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2003 June; 28(3): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12755763
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Comparison of oral cefpodoxime proxetil and penicillin V potassium in the treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis. The Cefpodoxime Pharyngitis Study Group. Author(s): Brown RJ, Batts DH, Hughes GS, Greenwald CA. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1991 September-October; 13(5): 579-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1799915
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Comparison of size of tonsils in children with recurrent tonsillitis and in controls. Author(s): Barr GS, Crombie IK. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 March 25; 298(6676): 804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2496863
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Comparison of solid and liquid forms of homeopathic remedies for tonsillitis. Author(s): Wiesenauer M. Source: Adv Ther. 1998 November-December; 15(6): 362-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10351119
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Cost-effective workup for tonsillitis. Testing, treatment, and potential complications. Author(s): Johnson BC, Alvi A. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2003 March; 113(3): 115-8, 121. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12647478
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Cryptic tonsillitis. Author(s): Richards JW Jr. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1996 November; 43(5): 502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8917152
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Decreased serum and pharyngeal antibody levels specific to streptococcal lipoteichoic acid in children with recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Yokoyama Y, Harabuchi Y. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2002 May 15; 63(3): 199207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11997155
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Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in tonsillar tissue of children and the relationship with recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Endo LH, Ferreira D, Montenegro MC, Pinto GA, Altemani A, Bortoleto AE Jr, Vassallo J. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2001 April 6; 58(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11249975
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Diagnosis of streptococcal tonsillitis in general practice by clinical assessment and by office culture of throat swabs on Streptocult. Author(s): Hoffmann S. Source: Infection. 1987 March-April; 15(2): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3298068
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Diagnosis, antibiotic treatment and outcome of acute tonsillitis: report of a WHO Regional Office for Europe study in 17 European countries. Author(s): Touw-Otten FW, Johansen KS. Source: Family Practice. 1992 September; 9(3): 255-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1459378
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Divalent cation-activated-ATPase and ecto 5'-nucleotidase activities in chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Avramovic V, Vlahovic P, Stankovic M, Stefanovic V. Source: Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry. 1998 April; 106(2): 88-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9894864
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DNA synthesis in nonstimulated leukocyte cultures from patients with chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Dopierala G, Soboczynski A, Steffen J. Source: Acta Med Pol. 1967; 8(2): 213-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6043087
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Do children waiting for tonsillectomy grow out of their tonsillitis? Author(s): Donn AS, Giles ML. Source: N Z Med J. 1991 April 24; 104(910): 161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2020461
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Double-blind comparison of spiramycin and phenoxymethylpenicillin in treatment of upper respiratory tract infections (tonsillitis and rhinosinusitis). Author(s): Roenning Arnesen A, Spada L. Source: Chemioterapia. 1987 June; 6(2 Suppl): 451-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3151348
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Double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre trial of the efficacy and tolerance of morniflumate suppositories in the treatment of tonsillitis in children. Author(s): Manach Y, Ditisheim A. Source: J Int Med Res. 1990 January-February; 18(1): 30-6. Erratum In: J Int Med Res 1990 March-April; 18(2): Preceding 75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2110537
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Double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre trial of the efficacy and tolerance of niflumic acid ('Nifluril') capsules in the treatment of tonsillitis in adults. Author(s): Sauvage JP, Ditisheim A, Bessede JP, David N. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1990; 11(10): 631-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2107060
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Early adenotonsillectomy for relief of acute upper airway obstruction due to acute tonsillitis in children. Author(s): Sdralis T, Berkowitz RG. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1996 March; 35(1): 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8882106
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EBV antigens in lymphocytes of patients with exudative tonsillitis, infectious mononucleosis and Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Veltri RW, McClung JE, Sprinkle PM. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1978 June 15; 21(6): 683-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=78913
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Economic benefit of tonsillectomy in adults with chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Bhattacharyya N, Kepnes LJ. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2002 November; 111(11): 983-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12450171
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Editorial: lingual tonsillitis. Author(s): Hill CL. Source: R I Med J. 1969 August; 52(8): 458. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5257273
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Effect of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid on the aerobic and anaerobic tonsillar microflora in the treatment of recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Agren K, Lundberg C, Nord CE. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1990; 22(6): 691-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2284575
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Effect of patients' expectations on recovery from acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Theron HS, Russell LG. Source: Family Practice. 1990 December; 7(4): 350. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2127028
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Effect of patients' expectations on recovery from acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Olsson B, Olsson B, Tibblin G. Source: Family Practice. 1989 September; 6(3): 188-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2792618
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Effect of tonsillectomy on peripheral blood T cell surface markers and cytokine production in patients with IgA nephropathy accompanied by chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Kanamoto Y, Shibata R, Ozono Y, Harada T. Source: Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi. 1994 November; 36(11): 1296-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7853763
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Effect of tonsillectomy on serum concentrations of interleukins and TNF-alpha in patients with chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Unal M, Ozturk C, Gorur K. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 2002 JulyAugust; 64(4): 254-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12232470
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Efficacy and tolerability of 5-day, once-daily telithromycin compared with 10-day, twice-daily clarithromycin for the treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillitis/pharyngitis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Author(s): Quinn J, Ruoff GE, Ziter PS. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 February; 25(2): 422-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12749505
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Efficacy of short-course therapy with the ketolide telithromycin compared with 10 days of penicillin V for the treatment of pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Author(s): Norrby SR, Rabie WJ, Bacart P, Mueller O, Leroy B, Rangaraju M, ButticazIroudayassamy E. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(12): 883-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11868759
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Electron-microscope observations on the tonsillar epithelium in children with recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Karchev T, Kabakchiev P. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1982 June; 4(2): 149-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7129784
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Epstein-Barr virus associated with episodes of recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Veltri RW, Sprinkle PM, McClung JE. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1975 September; 101(9): 552-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=169772
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Evaluation of beta-lactamase activity and microbial interference in treatment failures of acute streptococcal tonsillitis. Author(s): Roos K, Grahn E, Holm SE. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1986; 18(4): 313-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3094137
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Evaluation of the etiologic agents for acute suppurative tonsillitis in children. Author(s): Sun J, Keh-Gong W, Hwang B. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 2002 May; 65(5): 212-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12166765
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Experimental and clinical studies of causative bacteria in tonsillitis. Author(s): Suzuki K, Baba S, Soyano K, Kinoshita H. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1988; 454: 185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3066105
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Experimental study on spontaneous DNA synthesis of tonsillar lymphocytes in chronic recurrent tonsillitis and focal tonsillitis. Author(s): Wang B, Li G, Fang J. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1996; 523: 105-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9082750
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Expression of antigens associated with the individual stages of the inflammatory response in child and adult as a possible distinctive method for recurrent and chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Bussi M, Carlevato MT, Panizzut B, Majore L, Giaretta F, Omede P. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1996 May; 35(3): 243-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8762597
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Failure of penicillin to eradicate group A beta-hemolytic streptococci tonsillitis: causes and management. Author(s): Brook I. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2001 December; 30(6): 324-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11771001
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Failure to isolate streptococci from children under the age of 3 years with exudative tonsillitis. Author(s): Alpert JJ, Pickering MR, Warren RJ. Source: Pediatrics. 1966 October; 38(4): 663-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5296984
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Fatal human cyclical neutropenia with unresolving tonsillitis and bilateral cervical abscesses. Author(s): Bandason C, Lee RJ. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1991 June; 105(6): 487-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2072024
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Fatal myocarditis associated with acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Bender BL, Madge GE. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1977 August; 70(8): 1005-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=887960
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Febrile exudative tonsillitis: viral or streptococcal? Author(s): Putto A. Source: Pediatrics. 1987 July; 80(1): 6-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3601520
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Fibrinolytic activity in patients with acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Kosugi T, Hamaya M, Matsuo O, Mihara H. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1979 May-June; 88(3 Pt 1): 366-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=464529
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Fine needle aspiration in chronic tonsillitis: reliable and valid diagnostic test. Author(s): Kurien M, Sheelan S, Jeyaseelan L, Bramhadathan, Thomas K. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2003 December; 117(12): 973-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14738608
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Fine-needle aspiration as a diagnostic tool for recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Inci E, Karakullukcu B, Aygun G, Yasar H, Enver O, Yagiz C. Source: J Int Med Res. 2003 July-August; 31(4): 307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12964506
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Fine-needle aspiration in recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Timon CI, Cafferkey MT, Walsh M. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1991 June; 117(6): 653-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2036188
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Free radicals and scavenging enzymes in chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Kaygusuz I, Ilhan N, Karlidag T, Keles E, Yalcin S, Cetiner H. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 September; 129(3): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12958578
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Functional morphology of tonsillar crypts in recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Maeda S, Mogi G. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1984; 416: 7-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6598276
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Fusobacterium pyomyositis of the shoulder after tonsillitis. Report of a case of Lemierre's syndrome. Author(s): Wolf RF, Konings JG, Prins TR, Weits J. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1991 December; 62(6): 595-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1767655
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Genetic and phenotypic characterization of macrolide resistance in group A streptococci isolated from adults with pharyngo-tonsillitis in France. Author(s): Weber P, Filipecki J, Bingen E, Fitoussi F, Goldfarb G, Chauvin JP, Reitz C, Portier H. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 August; 48(2): 291-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11481304
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Gonococcal tonsillitis. Author(s): Iqbal Y. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1971 April; 47(2): 144-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5574737
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Gonococcal tonsillitis. Report of a case. Author(s): Jamsky RJ. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1977 August; 44(2): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=408777
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Gonococcal tonsillitis-pharyngitis in a 5-year-old girl. Author(s): Abbott SL. Source: Pediatrics. 1973 August; 52(2): 287-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4198495
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Granulomatous tonsillitis. A rare extraintestinal manifestation of Crohn's disease. Author(s): Bozkurt T, Langer M, Fendel K, Lux G. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1992 July; 37(7): 1127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1618062
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Group F beta-hemolytic streptococcus, tonsillitis and myocarditis. Author(s): Maki-Ikola O, Peltonen R, Hanninen P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994; 26(6): 753-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7747101
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Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pyogenes group A challenge induce a Th1 type of cytokine response in cells obtained from tonsillar hypertrophy and recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Agren K, Brauner A, Andersson J. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1998 January-February; 60(1): 35-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9519380
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Hemorrhagic tonsillitis. Author(s): Levy S, Brodsky L, Stanievich J. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1989 January; 99(1): 15-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2909817
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Herpes simplex infection causing acute necrotizing tonsillitis. Author(s): Wat PJ, Strickler JG, Myers JL, Nordstrom MR. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1994 March; 69(3): 269-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8133665
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High incidence of erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in Monza (North Italy) in untreated children with symptoms of acute pharyngo-tonsillitis: an epidemiological and molecular study. Author(s): Cocuzza CE, Mattina R, Mazzariol A, Orefici G, Rescaldani R, Primavera A, Bramati S, Masera G, Parizzi F, Cornaglia G, Fontana R. Source: Microbial Drug Resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.). 1997 Winter; 3(4): 371-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9442490
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Histopathological concept of chronic tonsillitis in children. Author(s): Altemani A, Endo LH, Chone C, Idagawa E. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1996; 523: 14-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9082761
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How well do parents recognize the difference between tonsillitis and other sore throats? Author(s): Capper R, Canter RJ. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2001 December; 26(6): 458-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11843923
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Human papovavirus isolated from urine of a child with acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Goudsmit J, Baak ML, Sleterus KW, Van der Noordaa J. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 November 21; 283(6303): 1363-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6274474
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Human tonsillitis associated with porcine Pasteurella multocida infection. Author(s): Zhao G, Galina L, Hanyanun W, Pijoan C. Source: Lancet. 1993 August 21; 342(8869): 491. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8102441
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Immune response to Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia and other anaerobes in children with acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Brook I, Foote PA, Slots J. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1997 June; 39(6): 763-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9222046
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Immune response to Prevotella intermedia in patients with recurrent nonstreptococcal tonsillitis. Author(s): Brook I, Foote PA Jr, Slots J, Jackson W. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1993 February; 102(2): 1136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8427495
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Immunoactivity of pidotimod against episodes of recurrent tonsillitis in childhood. Author(s): Motta G, De Campora E, De Vita C, Esposito S, Galletti C, Incutti V, Mallardi V, Motta S, Pucci V, Salonna F, et al. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1994 December; 44(12A): 1521-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7857356
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Immunoglobulin subclasses in chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Moro I, Komiyama K, Iwase T, Kusama K, Asano M, Takahashi T, Okamura N. Source: J Oral Pathol. 1988 November; 17(9-10): 475-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2470882
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Immunoglobulin systems of human tonsils. II. Patients with chronic tonsillitis or tonsillar hyperplasia: quantification of Ig-producing cells, tonsillar morphometry and serum Ig concentrations. Author(s): Surjan L Jr, Brandtzaeg P, Berdal P. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1978 March; 31(3): 382-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=350458
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Immunohistological studies on tonsils of recurrent tonsillitis and tonsils with focal infections. Author(s): Kuki K, Tabata T. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1988; 454: 75-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3223270
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Immunohistological studies on tonsils with recurrent tonsillitis and focus-tonsil with pustulosis palmaris et plantaris. Author(s): Kuki K, Tabata T. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1984; 416: 20-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6398610
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Immunological aspects of tonsils and of tonsillitis. Author(s): Zenner HP, Brunner FX. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1988; 454: 70-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3146864
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Immunomodulatory effects of laser therapy in the treatment of chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Petrek M, Hubacek J, Ordeltova M. Source: Acta Univ Palacki Olomuc Fac Med. 1991; 129: 119-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1837653
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Impact of phenoxymethylpenicillin and clindamycin on microflora in recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Tuner K, Nord CE. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1985 May-June; 94(3): 27880. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3925864
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In situ localization of Streptococcus pyogenes during acute tonsillitis: an immunocytochemical study with gold markers. Author(s): Fredriksen F, Myklebust R, Olsen R, Raisanen S, Stenfors LE. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1996 November; 116(6): 892-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8973728
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In vivo attachment of group A streptococci to tonsillar epithelium during acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Stenfors LE, Raisanen S, Rantala I. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1991; 23(3): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1909050
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Indication of tonsillectomy for recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Yoshida A, Okamoto K. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1988; 454: 305-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3265570
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Infectious mononucleosis complicated by lingual tonsillitis. Author(s): Har-El G, Josephson JS. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1990 August; 104(8): 651-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2230566
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Initial events in the pathogenesis of acute tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Author(s): Lilja M, Raisanen S, Stenfors LE. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1998 September 15; 45(1): 15-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9804015
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Interaction between oral alpha-streptococci and group A streptococci in patients with tonsillitis. Author(s): Fujimori I, Kikushima K, Hisamatsu K, Nozawa I, Goto R, Murakami Y. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1997 July; 106(7 Pt 1): 5714. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9228858
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Interference by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in children with recurrent group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillitis. Author(s): Brook I, Gober AE. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1999 May; 125(5): 552-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10326813
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Interfering alpha-streptococci as a protection against recurrent streptococcal tonsillitis in children. Author(s): Roos K, Grahn E, Holm SE, Johansson H, Lind L. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1993 January; 25(1-3): 141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8436458
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Investigation of oral alpha-streptococcus showing inhibitory activity against pathogens in children with tonsillitis. Author(s): Fujimori I, Goto R, Kikushima K, Hisamatsu K, Murakami Y, Yamada T. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1995 November; 33(3): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8557481
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Is there agreement among general practitioners, paediatricians and otolaryngologists about the management of children with recurrent tonsillitis? Author(s): Capper R, Canter RJ. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2001 October; 26(5): 371-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11678944
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Keratonodular tonsillitis. Author(s): Fiumara NJ, Giunta JL, Chasin WD. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1976 October; 42(4): 507-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1067550
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Lack of lymphoid cell apoptosis in the pathogenesis of tonsillar hypertrophy as compared to recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Lopez-Gonzalez MA, Diaz P, Delgado F, Lucas M. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 June; 158(6): 469-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10378394
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Layman's guide to common complaints. 8. Tonsillitis. 9. Styes and conjunctivitis. Author(s): Librach I. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1979 September 13; 149(11): 18-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=257560
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Lemierre syndrome--a forgotten complication of acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Koay CB, Heyworth T, Burden P. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1995 July; 109(7): 657-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7561477
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Letters to the editor: Lingual tonsillitis. Author(s): Garrabrant EC. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1973 October; 98(4): 291. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4778642
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Lingual tonsillitis. Author(s): Pahor AL. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1991 October; 46(4): 268. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1954500
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Lingual tonsillitis. Author(s): Puar RK, Puar HS. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1986 September; 79(9): 1126-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3749999
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Lingual tonsillitis: an uncommon cause of airway compromise responsive to epinephrine. Author(s): Allen DM, Hall KN, Barkman HW. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1991 November; 9(6): 622-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1930410
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Lingual tonsillitis: an unusual presentation of mononucleosis. Author(s): Roberge RJ, Simon M, Russell M, Decker M. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 March; 19(2): 173-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11239273
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Localisation of ecto-5'-nucleotidase and divalent cation-activated ecto-ATPase in chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Avramovic V, Vlahovic P, Savic V, Stankovic M. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1998 MayJune; 60(3): 174-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9579364
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Long-term investigation of habitual tonsillitis in children. Author(s): Saito H, Kikuchi K, Ishiyama E, Uchida M, Kano H, Miyakogawa M. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 1986; 13 Suppl 1: S89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3767780
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Long-term observation of postoperative course of habitual tonsillitis. Author(s): Ogino S, Notake N, Harada T, Matsunaga T. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1988; 454: 299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3223263
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Loracarbef (LY163892) vs. penicillin VK in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis. Author(s): Disney FA, Hanfling MJ, Hausinger SA. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1992 August; 11(8 Suppl): S20-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1513608
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Loracarbef versus penicillin V in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis. Author(s): Muller O, Spirer Z, Wettich K. Source: Infection. 1992 September-October; 20(5): 301-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1428189
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Loracarbef versus penicillin VK in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis in adults. Author(s): McCarty J, Hernon Y, Linn L, Therasse DG, Molina A, Bleile N. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1992 January-February; 14(1): 30-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1576624
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Loracarbef versus penicillin VK in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis in an adult population. Author(s): McCarty J. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1992 June 22; 92(6A): 74S-79S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1621750
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Macrolides in the management of streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Author(s): Tarlow MJ. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1997 April; 16(4): 444-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9109157
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Management of tonsillitis by the general practitioner. Author(s): Timon CI, Cafferkey MT. Source: Ir Med J. 1990 June; 83(2): 70-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2391214
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Medical treatment of non-streptococcal recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Brook I. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1989 July-August; 10(4): 227-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2764234
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Melatonin restores and enhances the human type B tonsillar lymphocyte subset in recurrent acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Lopez-Gonzalez MA, Guerrero JM, Sanchez B, Delgado F. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1998 May 15; 247(2-3): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9655610
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Microalbuminuria as renal marker in recurrent acute tonsillitis and tonsillar hypertrophy in children. Author(s): Lopez-Gonzalez MA, Lucas M, Mata F, Delgado F. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1999 October 25; 50(2): 119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10576612
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Microbial flora of surface versus core tonsillar cultures in recurrent tonsillitis in children. Author(s): Almadori G, Bastianini L, Bistoni F, Paludetti G, Rosignoli M. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1988 May; 15(2): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3397235
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Microbiology of obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy and recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Kielmovitch IH, Keleti G, Bluestone CD, Wald ER, Gonzalez C. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1989 June; 115(6): 721-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2719831
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Multicentre comparison of azithromycin versus erythromycin in the treatment of paediatric pharyngitis or tonsillitis caused by group A streptococci. Author(s): Weippl G. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1993 June; 31 Suppl E: 95-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8396103
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Multicentre evaluation of azithromycin and penicillin V in the treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis in children. Author(s): Hamill J. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1993 June; 31 Suppl E: 89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8396102
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Mycosis in patients with acute recurrent purulent tonsillitis. Author(s): Fradis M, Podoshin L, Wellisch G, Cohen E. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1988 March; 67(3): 154-5, 158-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3130245
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N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (ATEe) hydrolytic activities of diseased human palatine tonsils. Possible pathogenesis of recurrent acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Ogawa H, Yamazaki Y, Takada A, Takada Y. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1984; 416: 56-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6335943
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Neutrophil activating activity of tonsillar cells from patients with tonsillitis. Author(s): Ohta N, Fukase S, Aoyagi M, Koike Y, Fukase Y, Sendo F. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1994; 511: 214-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8203232
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Neutrophils are hyperactive in recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Ebenfelt A. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2002 March; 122(2): 206-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11936915
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Noticeable differences in bacterial defence on tonsillar surfaces between bacteriainduced and virus-induced acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Stenfors LE, Bye HM, Raisanen S. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2003 October; 67(10): 1075-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14550961
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Nucleolar coefficient of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with acute tonsillitis and infectious hepatitis. Author(s): Potmesil M, Smetana K, Wienerova E. Source: Folia Haematol Int Mag Klin Morphol Blutforsch. 1967; 88(4): 275-86. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4173892
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On the treatment of recurrent tonsillitis by vaccination. Author(s): Nakatani M. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1998; 14(2): 111-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9704201
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Open-Label, parallel-group, multicenter, randomized study of cefprozil versus erythromycin in children with group A streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Author(s): Brook I, Aronovitz GH, Pichichero ME. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2001 November; 23(11): 1889-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11768840
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Organic psychosis linked to chronic tonsillitis and subsequent encephalitis: a probable autoimmune process. Author(s): Matarazzo EB. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1996 August 15; 40(4): 292-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8871776
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Organisms causing tonsillitis with a comparative study of the anti-streptolysin 0 titre and C-reactive protein before and after tonsillectomy. Author(s): Maurice M, Yousef R, Louis K. Source: J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 1985; 60(5-6): 379-95. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3842709
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Otitis media: relationship to tonsillitis, sinusitis and atopic diseases. Author(s): Kvaerner KJ, Tambs K, Harris JR, Mair IW, Magnus P. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1996 April; 35(2): 127-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8735409
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Pasteurella multocida tonsillitis: case report and review. Author(s): Ramdeen GD, Smith RJ, Smith EA, Baddour LM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 April; 20(4): 1055-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7795051
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Penetration of azidocillin into the secretion and tissues in chronic maxillary sinusitis and tonsillitis. Author(s): Jokinen K, Raunio V. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1975 May-June; 79(5-6): 460-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1174004
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Penetration of penicillin V to tonsillar surface fluid in healthy individuals and in patients with acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Stjernquist-Desatnik A, Samuelsson P, Walder M. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1993 April; 107(4): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8320515
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Penicillin and clindamycin therapy in recurrent tonsillitis. Effect of microbial flora. Author(s): Foote PA Jr, Brook I. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1989 July; 115(7): 856-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2500139
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Penicillin tolerance in beta-streptococci isolated from patients with tonsillitis. Author(s): Grahn E, Holm SE, Roos K. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1987; 19(4): 421-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3118452
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Penicillin tolerance in group A streptococci and treatment failure in streptococcal tonsillitis. Author(s): Stjernquist-Desatnik A, Orrling A, Schalen C, Kamme C. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1992; 492: 68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1632256
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Pericoronitis and tonsillitis: clinical and darkfield microscopy findings. Author(s): Rajasuo A, Leppanen J, Savolainen S, Meurman JH. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1996 May; 81(5): 526-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8734697
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Pericoronitis as a cause of tonsillitis. Author(s): Niessen LC. Source: Lancet. 1996 December 14; 348(9042): 1602-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8961986
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Pharyngitis/tonsillitis: European and United States experience with cefpodoxime proxetil. Author(s): Dajani AS. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1995 April; 14(4 Suppl): S7-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7792129
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Pharyngitis-tonsillitis in a college population. Author(s): Ruch CR, Beckwith DG. Source: Journal of American College Health : J of Ach. 1984 April; 32(5): 222-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6376585
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Phenoxymethylpenicillin two or three times daily for tonsillitis with beta-haemolytic streptococci group A: a blinded, randomized and controlled clinical study. Author(s): Fyllingen G, Arnesen AR, Biermann C, Kaarby O, Romfo O, Ronnevig J, Aaserud J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1991; 23(5): 553-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1767251
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Phenoxymethyl-penicillin vs co-amoxyclav in acute recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Sheppard MJ, Kelly TW. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1990 March; 25(3): 474-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2110940
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Picture quiz: follicular tonsillitis. Author(s): Iveson-Iveson J. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1979 March 22; 148(12): 50, 42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=254194
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Pidotimod in the prophylaxis of recurrent acute tonsillitis in childhood. Author(s): Careddu P, Biolchini A, Alfano S, Zavattini G. Source: Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1992; 47: 328-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1456157
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Possible role of the anaerobe in tonsillitis. Author(s): Reilly S, Timmis P, Beeden AG, Willis AT. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1981 May; 34(5): 542-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7251894
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Preoperative ultrasonographic verification of peritonsillar abscesses in patients with severe tonsillitis. Author(s): Boesen T, Jensen F. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1992; 249(3): 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1642863
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Prevention of acute glomerulonephritis with early treatment of tonsillitis with penicillin. Author(s): Holm SE, Ekedahl C, Bengtsson U. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1973; 5(2): 115-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4752193
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Prolonged and recurrent tonsillitis associated with sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Ogawa H, Hashiguchi K, Kazuyama Y. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1993 January; 107(1): 27-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8445306
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Pseudoaneurysm of the internal carotid artery: a forgotten complication of tonsillitis? Author(s): Watson MG, Robertson AS, Colquhoun IR. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1991 July; 105(7): 588-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1875148
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Psychogenic pain or lingual tonsillitis? Author(s): Lee ST. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1991 May; 45(5): 314-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2065241
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Quantitative bacteriology of tonsils removed from children with tonsillitis hypertrophy and recurrent tonsillitis with and without hypertrophy. Author(s): Kuhn JJ, Brook I, Waters CL, Church LW, Bianchi DA, Thompson DH. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1995 August; 104(8): 64652. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7639475
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Quantitative measurement of beta lactamase in tonsils of children with recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Brook I, Yocum P. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1984 November-December; 98(5-6): 556-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6395621
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Randomized, double-blind, multicenter, controlled trial of ibuprofen versus acetaminophen (paracetamol) and placebo for treatment of symptoms of tonsillitis and pharyngitis in children. Author(s): Bertin L, Pons G, d'Athis P, Lasfargues G, Maudelonde C, Duhamel JF, Olive G. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1991 November; 119(5): 811-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1941391
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Rapid development of cor pulmonale following acute tonsillitis in adults. Author(s): Randall CS, Braman SS, Millman RP. Source: Chest. 1989 February; 95(2): 462-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2914501
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Rapid diagnosis of adenoviral tonsillitis: a prospective clinical study. Author(s): Ruuskanen O, Sarkkinen H, Meurman O, Hurme P, Rossi T, Halonen P, Hanninen P. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1984 May; 104(5): 725-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6325657
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Rapid office methods for the diagnosis of streptococcal tonsillitis--reliability and impact on patient management. Author(s): Hoffmann S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1987 September; 5(3): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3671912
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Rapid test, throat culture and clinical assessment in the diagnosis of tonsillitis. Author(s): Johansson L, Mansson NO. Source: Family Practice. 2003 April; 20(2): 108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12651781
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Reactive arthritis induced by tonsillitis. Author(s): Kobayashi S, Tamura N, Akimoto T, Ichikawa G, Xi G, Takasaki Y, Hashimoto H. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1996; 523: 206-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9082784
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Reasons for failures in penicillin treatment of streptococcal tonsillitis and possible alternatives. Author(s): Holm SE. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1994 January; 13(1 Suppl 1): S66-9; Discussion S78-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8159519
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Recent observations on the bacteriology of tonsillitis. Author(s): Lotter AM, Allen GW. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1975 March; 54(3): 97-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1116585
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Recurrent episodes of fever with tonsillitis, mouth ulcers and adenopathy. Author(s): Isaacs D, May M. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2003 November; 39(8): 627-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14629532
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Recurrent group C streptococcal tonsillitis in an adolescent male requiring tonsillectomy. Author(s): Fulginiti VA, Ey JL, Ryan KJ. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1980 December; 19(12): 829-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7438664
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Recurrent tonsillitis and growth in children. Author(s): Grace A, Veitch D, Ryan R, Barnes N, Coles T. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1988 November; 16(2): 91-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3209364
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Recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): McKerrow WS. Source: American Family Physician. 2002 November 1; 66(9): 1735-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12449272
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Recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): McKerrow W. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 477-80. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12230673
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Recurrent tonsillitis. The role of Chlamydia and Mycoplasma. Author(s): Charnock DR, Chapman GD, Taylor RE, Wozniak A. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1992 May; 118(5): 507-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1341878
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Recurrent tonsillitis: histologic and bacteriologic evaluation. Author(s): Bieluch VM, Martin ET, Chasin WD, Tally FP. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1989 May; 98(5 Pt 1): 3325. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2719449
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Recurrent tonsillitis: the role of Chlamydia and Mycoplasma. Author(s): Hammerschlag MR. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1993 March; 119(3): 355-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8435179
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Recurrent unilateral tonsillitis secondary to a penetrating foreign body in the tonsil. Author(s): Sekhar P, el-Jassar P, Ell SR. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1998 June; 112(6): 584. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9764305
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Reliability of throat cultures in tonsillitis. Author(s): Lotter AM, Allen GW. Source: Imj Ill Med J. 1975 January; 147(1): 37-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=234102
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Respiratory obstruction with lingual tonsillitis. Author(s): Bourne RA, Cameron PA, Dziukas L. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1992 August; 20(3): 367-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1524182
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Restricted usage of the T-cell receptor V beta repertoire in tonsillitis in association with palmoplantar pustulosis. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Katayama I, Nishioka K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 May; 78(3): 161-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9602217
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Roentgenographic evaluation in lingual tonsillitis. Author(s): Forrest JV, Lester PD. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1973 June; 97(6): 482-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4704447
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Samuel--the boy with tonsillitis. A care study. Author(s): Wormald L. Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 1995 June; 11(3): 157-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7620260
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Serum immunoglobulin E levels in children with chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Yadav RS, Yadav SP, Lal H. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1992 September; 24(2): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1428592
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Serum immunoglobulins in patients with chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Lal H, Sachdeva OP, Mehta HR. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1984 December; 98(12): 1213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6512392
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Serum immunoglobulins in patients with chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): El-Ashmawy S, Taha A, Fatt-hi A, Basyouni A, Zaher S. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1980 September; 94(9): 1037-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7430809
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Short-term treatment of streptococcal tonsillitis with ceftriaxone. Author(s): Pavesio D, Pecco P, Peisino MG. Source: Chemotherapy. 1988; 34 Suppl 1: 34-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3246169
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SIgA- and IgG-coated Streptococcus pyogenes on the tonsillar surfaces during acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Lilja M, Silvola J, Bye HM, Raisanen S, Stenfors LE. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1999; 119(6): 718-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10587008
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Significance of free radicals in chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Shukla GK, Garg A, Bhatia N, Pandey S, Kaur G, Shukla RN, Shanker K. Source: Boll Chim Farm. 2000 March-April; 139(2): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10920537
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Simultaneous, clonally identical T cell expansion in tonsil and synovium in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Kawano M, Okada K, Muramoto H, Morishita H, Omura T, Inoue R, Kitajima S, Katano K, Koni I, Mabuchi H, Yachie A. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003 September; 48(9): 2483-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13130467
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Sore throat, tonsillitis, and adenoiditis. Author(s): Richardson MA. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1999 January; 83(1): 75-83, Viii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9927961
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Speech disorders due to chronic hypertrophic tonsillitis and the sonographic and manophonic investigations of the effects of tonsillectomy. Author(s): Cura O, Ghunhan O, Palandoken M, Ozkul D, Erkucuk F. Source: Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord). 1984; 105(4): 425-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6505420
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Spiramycin versus penicillin V in the empiric treatment of bacterial tonsillitis. Author(s): Manolopoulos L, Adamopoulos C, Tzagaroulakis A, Maragoudakis P, Kaffes T. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1989 March; 43(3): 94-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2514782
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Spontaneous resolution of recurrent tonsillitis in pediatric patients on the surgical waiting list. Author(s): Prim MP, de Diego JI, Larrauri M, Diaz C, Sastre N, Gavilan J. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2002 August 1; 65(1): 358. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12127220
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Spontaneous resolution of tonsillitis in children on the waiting list for tonsillectomy. Author(s): Woolford TJ, Ahmed A, Willatt DJ, Rothera MP. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2000 October; 25(5): 428-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11012659
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Spontaneous tonsillar bleeding; secondary to acute tonsillitis in children. Author(s): Shatz A. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1993 March; 26(2): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8444561
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Spontaneous tonsillar haemorrhage in acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Jawad J, Blayney AW. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1994 September; 108(9): 791-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7964148
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Streptococcal pharyngitis-tonsillitis in Swiss children. Diagnosis and management. Author(s): Eggenberger K, Christen JP, Delarue C, Frutiger P, Girardet P, Godard C, Hynek R, Wavre D. Source: Paediatrician. 1980; 9(5-6): 295-308. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7017549
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Streptococcal tonsillitis and acute nonrheumatic myopericarditis. Author(s): Karjalainen J. Source: Chest. 1989 February; 95(2): 359-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2644089
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Streptococcal tonsillitis and its association with psoriasis: a review. Author(s): England RJ, Strachan DR, Knight LC. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1997 December; 22(6): 532-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9466065
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Streptococcal tonsillitis and kidney impact. Author(s): Mocella S, Mozzo N. Source: Pediatr Med Chir. 2002 March-April; 24(2): 143-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11987520
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Streptococcal tonsillitis in general practice. A comparison of cephalexin and penicillin therapy. Author(s): Gau DW, Horn RF, Solomon RM, Johnson P, Leigh DA. Source: The Practitioner. 1972 February; 208(244): 276-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4552568
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Streptococcal vs. diphtheritic tonsillitis. Author(s): Laub GR. Source: American Family Physician. 1982 January; 25(1): 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7055029
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Study of cell mediated immunity in chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Mallick MG, Chaudhuri MK, Dutta SK, Ghosh TB, Gupta SK. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1991 January; 34(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1794905
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Sultamicillin versus amoxicillin in the treatment of tonsillitis and pharyngitis: a European multicenter study. Author(s): Federspil P, Grunbacher G, Lejdeborn L, Meder B, Mikaelsen T, Rasch LH, Torjussen W. Source: Apmis. Supplementum. 1989; 5: 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2660871
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Surface tonsillar microflora versus deep tonsillar microflora in recurrent acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Rosen G, Samuel J, Vered I. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1977 October; 91(10): 911-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=925499
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Surface vs core-tonsillar aerobic and anaerobic flora in recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Brook I, Yocum P, Shah K. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 October 10; 244(15): 1696-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7411827
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Systemic immune response to Streptococcal and Staphylococcal lipoteichoic acids in children with recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Yokoyama Y, Harabuchi Y, Kodama H, Murakata H, Kataura A. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1996; 523: 108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9082751
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Telephonic back-up improves antibiotic compliance in acute tonsillitis/pharyngitis. Author(s): Urien AM, Guillen VF, Beltran DO, Pinzotas CL, Perez ER, Arocena MO, Sanchez JM. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2004 February; 23(2): 138-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15013038
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The economic cost of a streptococcal tonsillitis episode. Author(s): Roos K, Claesson R, Persson U, Odegaard K. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1995 December; 13(4): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8693209
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The effect of recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillectomy on growth in childhood. Author(s): Camilleri AE, MacKenzie K, Gatehouse S. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1995 April; 20(2): 153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7634523
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The effect of tonsillectomy on neutrophil chemotaxis in adults with chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Onerci M, Hascelik G, Sener B, Sennaroglu L. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1995; 252(8): 488-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8719592
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The increasing incidence of hospital admission for acute tonsillitis: a 5 year review of the Wellington experience. Author(s): Thomson C, Blake P. Source: N Z Med J. 1996 August 9; 109(1027): 298-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8773674
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The lymphoepithelial organization of the tonsil: an immunohistochemical study in chronic recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Ruco LP, Uccini S, Stoppacciaro A, Pilozzi E, Morrone S, Gallo A, De Vincentiis M, Santoni A, Baroni CD. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1995 August; 176(4): 391-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7562254
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The management of severe infectious mononucleosis tonsillitis and upper airway obstruction. Author(s): Chan SC, Dawes PJ. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2001 December; 115(12): 973-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11779326
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The natural history of recurrent acute tonsillitis and a clinical trial of azithromycin for antibiotic prophylaxis. Author(s): Lildholdt T, Doessing H, Lyster M, Outzen KE. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2003 August; 28(4): 371-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12871256
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The role of anaerobic bacteria in recurrent episodes of sinusitis and tonsillitis. Author(s): Nord CE. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 June; 20(6): 1512-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7548501
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The role of beta-lactamase producing bacteria and bacterial interference in streptococcal tonsillitis. Author(s): Brook I. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2001 June; 17(6): 439-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11397612
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The role of tissue colonization and bacterial resistance in recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Mevio E, Perano D, Pagani L, Zanella C, Giacobone E, Cardillo A. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1996; 523: 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9082759
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Throat swab in the chronic tonsillitis: how reliable and valid is it? Author(s): Kurien M, Stanis A, Job A, Brahmadathan, Thomas K. Source: Singapore Med J. 2000 July; 41(7): 324-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11026798
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Throat swabs in chronic tonsillitis: a time-honoured practice best forgotten. Author(s): Robinson AC, Hanif J, Dumbreck LA, Prichard AJ, Manners BT. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1997 April-May; 51(3): 138-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9293052
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Tonsil lymphoma presenting as tonsillitis after bone marrow transplantation. Author(s): Yellin SA, Weiss MH, Kraus DH, Papadopoulos EB. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1995 April; 112(4): 544-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7700660
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Tonsillar lymphocyte subsets in recurrent acute tonsillitis and tonsillar hypertrophy. Author(s): Lopez-Gonzalez MA, Sanchez B, Mata F, Delgado F. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1998 February; 43(1): 339. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9596368
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Tonsillar lymphocyte subsets in tonsillitis and hyperplasia. Author(s): Chernyshov AV, Melnikov OF. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1995; 371B: 741-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7502889
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Tonsillar microbial flora: comparison of recurrent tonsillitis and normal tonsils. Author(s): Stjernquist-Desatnik A, Holst E. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1999 January; 119(1): 102-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10219395
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Tonsillectomy and tonsillitis in Cape Town--age and sex of patients. Author(s): Thorp MA, Isaacs S, Sellars SL. Source: S Afr J Surg. 2000 August; 38(3): 62-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11392200
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Tonsillectomy versus non-surgical treatment for chronic / recurrent acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Burton MJ, Towler B, Glasziou P. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd001802. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10796824
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Tonsillitis and chronic psoriasis. Author(s): Wardrop P, Weller R, Marais J, Kavanagh G. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1998 February; 23(1): 67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9563669
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Tonsillitis on the tall ships. Author(s): Lake L. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1995 July 26-August 1; 9(44): 18-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7632586
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Tonsillitis, tonsillectomy and weight disturbance. Author(s): Conlon BJ, Donnelly MJ, McShane DP. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1997 October 18; 42(1): 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9477349
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Tooth infection and tonsillitis. Author(s): Yamaoka M, Furusawa K. Source: Lancet. 1997 March 1; 349(9052): 652-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9057759
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Trace elements in children with chronic and recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Onerci M, Kus S, Ogretmenoglu O. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1997 July 18; 41(1): 4751. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9279635
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Treatment of acute tonsillitis with a fixed-combination herbal preparation. Author(s): Rau E. Source: Adv Ther. 2000 July-August; 17(4): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11185059
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Tubercular tonsillitis and tenosynovitis in a renal transplant recipient. Author(s): Jha V, Hayat A, Nahar U, Kohli HS, Sud K, Gupta KL, Sakhuja V. Source: Transplantation. 2003 July 15; 76(1): 269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12865826
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Tuberculosis tonsillitis. Author(s): Cinar U, Seven H, Vural C, Basak T, Alkan S, Turgut S. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 April; 126(4): 448-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11997795
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Tuberculous tonsillitis in a patient receiving etanercept treatment. Author(s): Derk CT, DeHoratius RJ. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2003 April; 62(4): 372. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12634245
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Tuberculous tonsillitis. Author(s): Celik O, Yalcin S, Hancer A, Celik P, Ozercan R. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1995 October; 24(5): 307-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8537992
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Two cases of chronic tonsillitis studied by FDG-PET. Author(s): Kawabe J, Okamura T, Shakudo M, Koyama K, Wanibuchi H, Sakamoto H, Matsuda M, Kishimoto K, Ochi H, Yamada R. Source: Ann Nucl Med. 1999 August; 13(4): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10510887
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Ulcerative tuberculous tonsillitis: an uncommon entity. Author(s): Wurtele P. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1982 August; 11(4): 279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7131641
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Ultrasound therapy and immunological reactions in palatine tonsils of patients with chronic tonsillitis. Author(s): Tsiganov AI, Vizirenko LV, Feigin NP. Source: Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord). 1978 September-October; 99(9-10): 581-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=734268
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Upregulated local cytokine production in recurrent tonsillitis compared with tonsillar hypertrophy. Author(s): Agren K, Andersson U, Nordlander B, Nord CE, Linde A, Ernberg I, Andersson J. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1995 September; 115(5): 689-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8928644
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Viral causes of tonsillitis and fever unresponsive to antibiotic therapy. Author(s): Putto-Laurila A, Mertsola J, Ruuskanen O. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1999 January; 18(1): 71-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9951987
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Viral infections associated with recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Yamanaka N, Kataura A. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1984; 416: 30-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6099955
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What does the adult population of Budapest know about follicular tonsillitis? Health educational problems of the primary prevention of rheumatic fever. Author(s): Simon T. Source: Sante Publique (Bucur). 1977; 20(2): 225-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=607522
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What is wrong in chronic adenoiditis/tonsillitis anatomical considerations. Author(s): Casselbrant ML. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1999 October 5; 49 Suppl 1: S133-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10577791
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What is wrong in chronic adenoiditis/tonsillitis immunological factor. Author(s): Agren K, Lindberg K, Samulesson A, Blomberg S, Forsgren J, Rynnel-Dagoo B. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1999 October 5; 49 Suppl 1: S137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10577792
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TONSILLITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and tonsillitis.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Tonsillitis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “tonsillitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “tonsillitis” (or a synonym): •
Comparative status of oxidative damage and antioxidant enzymes in chronic tonsillitis patients. Author(s): Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Pharmacology, K.G's Medical College, Lucknow, India. Source: Shukla, G K Sharma, S Shukla, A Pandey, S Mishra, S C Chandra, M Satyavrat Shanker, K Boll-Chim-Farm. 1998 June; 137(6): 206-9 0006-6648
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Comparison of oral cefpodoxime proxetil and penicillin V potassium in the treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis. The Cefpodoxime Pharyngitis Study Group. Author(s): Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan. Source: Brown, R J Batts, D H Hughes, G S Greenwald, C A Clin-Ther. 1991 Sep-October; 13(5): 579-88 0149-2918
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Comparison of solid and liquid forms of homeopathic remedies for tonsillitis. Source: Wiesenauer, M Adv-Ther. 1998 Nov-December; 15(6): 362-71 0741-238X
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Cryptic tonsillitis. Author(s): University Family Medicine, Augusta, Georgia, USA. Source: Richards, J W J-Fam-Pract. 1996 November; 43(5): 502 0094-3509
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Double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre trial of the efficacy and tolerance of morniflumate suppositories in the treatment of tonsillitis in children. Author(s): Necker Hospital, Paris, France. Source: Manach, Y Ditisheim, A J-Int-Med-Res. 1990 Jan-February; 18(1): 30-6 0300-0605
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Efficacy of Andrographis paniculata, Nees for pharyngotonsillitis in adults. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok. Source: Thamlikitkul, V Dechatiwongse, T Theerapong, S Chantrakul, C Boonroj, P Punkrut, W Ekpalakorn, W Boontaeng, N Taechaiya, S Petcharoen, S et al. J-Med-AssocThai. 1991 October; 74(10): 437-42 0125-2208
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Granulomatous tonsillitis. A rare extraintestinal manifestation of Crohn's disease. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Community Hospital Solingen, Germany. Source: Bozkurt, T Langer, M Fendel, K Lux, G Dig-Dis-Sci. 1992 July; 37(7): 1127-30 0163-2116
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Immunoactivity of pidotimod against episodes of recurrent tonsillitis in childhood. Author(s): Institute of Otorhinolaryngology and Phoniatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery II, Naples University, Italy. Source: Motta, G De Campora, E De Vita, C Esposito, S Galletti, C Incutti, V Mallardi, V Motta, S Pucci, V Salonna, F et al. Arzneimittelforschung. 1994 December; 44(12A): 15214 0004-4172
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Lack of lymphoid cell apoptosis in the pathogenesis of tonsillar hypertrophy as compared to recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Department of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Virgen del Rocio University Infantile Hospital, Sevilla, Spain. Source: Lopez Gonzalez, M A Diaz, P Delgado, F Lucas, M Eur-J-Pediatr. 1999 June; 158(6): 469-73 0340-6199
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•
Melatonin restores and enhances the human type B tonsillar lymphocyte subset in recurrent acute tonsillitis. Author(s): Unit of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Virgen del Rocio University Infantile Hospital, Seville, Spain. Source: Lopez Gonzalez, M A Guerrero, J M Sanchez, B Delgado, F Neurosci-Lett. 1998 May 15; 247(2-3): 131-4 0304-3940
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Pidotimod in the prophylaxis of recurrent acute tonsillitis in childhood. Author(s): First Department of Pediatrics, University of Milan, Italy. Source: Careddu, P Biolchini, A Alfano, S Zavattini, G Adv-Otorhinolaryngol. 1992; 47328-31 0065-3071
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Trace elements in children with chronic and recurrent tonsillitis. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
[email protected] Source: Onerci, M Kus, S Ogretmenoglu, O Int-J-Pediatr-Otorhinolaryngol. 1997 July 18; 41(1): 47-51 0165-5876
•
Treatment of acute tonsillitis with a fixed-combination herbal preparation. Source: Rau, E Adv-Ther. 2000 Jul-August; 17(4): 197-203 0741-238X
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to tonsillitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Food and Diet Burdock Alternative names: Arctium lappa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TONSILLITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to tonsillitis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to tonsillitis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “tonsillitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to tonsillitis: •
Comparison of solid and liquid forms of homeopathic remedies for tonsillitis. Author(s): Wiesenauer M. Source: Adv Ther. 1998 November-December; 15(6): 362-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10351119
•
Efficacy of Andrographis paniculata, Nees for pharyngotonsillitis in adults. Author(s): Thamlikitkul V, Dechatiwongse T, Theerapong S, Chantrakul C, Boonroj P, Punkrut W, Ekpalakorn W, Boontaeng N, Taechaiya S, Petcharoen S, et al. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1991 October; 74(10): 437-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1797953
•
Treatment of acute tonsillitis with a fixed-combination herbal preparation. Author(s): Rau E. Source: Adv Ther.
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to tonsillitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Colds and Flus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Common Cold/Sore Throat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
•
Chinese Medicine Ganmao Tuire Keli Alternative names: anmao Tuire Granules; Ganmao Tuire Keli (Chongji Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Qinghouyan Heji Alternative names: Qinghouyan Mixture Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China
Alternative Medicine 55
Reyanning Keli Alternative names: eyanning Granules; Reyanning Keli (Rey Yan Ning Ke Li Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China •
Herbs and Supplements Achillea Alternative names: Yarrow; Achillea millefolium L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Andrographis Alternative names: Andrographis paniculata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Andrographis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cleavers Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Echinacea Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Golden Rod Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Lobelia Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Thyme Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Wild Indigo Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON TONSILLITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to tonsillitis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on tonsillitis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “tonsillitis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “tonsillitis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “tonsillitis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Sore Throats and Tonsillitis (My Health) by Alvin, Dr Silverstein, et al; ISBN: 0531165086; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531165086/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Tonsillitis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to tonsillitis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and tonsillitis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “tonsillitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on tonsillitis:
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Ear, Nose, and Throat: Diseases of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx Source: in Tierney, L.M.; McPhee,S.J.; Papadakis, M.A., eds. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 1999. 38th ed. Stamford, CT: Appleton and Lange. 1999. p. 237-243. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Companies. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. (800) 352-3566 or (212) 512-4100. Fax (212) 512-4105. Website: www.mcgraw-hill.com. PRICE: $47.50 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0838515509. Summary: This chapter on diseases of the oral cavity and pharynx is from a general medical textbook that is designed as a single source reference for practitioners in both hospital and ambulatory settings. The textbook offers extensive coverage of all primary care topics, including gynecology, obstetrics, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, psychiatry, neurology, and urology. This chapter covers leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and oral cancer; oral candidiasis (thrush); glossitis (inflammation of the tongue) and glossodynia (burning and pain of the tongue); intraoral ulcerative lesions, including necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (trench mouth), aphthous ulcer (canker sore), and herpetic stomatitis; pharyngitis and tonsillitis; peritonsillar abscess and cellulitis; tonsillectomy (removal of the tonsils); and deep neck infections. For each topic, the author discusses the symptoms, diagnostic methods, classification, prevention, treatment, prognosis. Each section offers relevant references for that particular topic. 45 references.
•
Common Infections and Inflammations and Other Conditions Source: in Sataloff, R.T., ed. Professional Voice: The Science and Art of Clinical Care. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1997. p. 429-439. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $325.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565937287. Summary: This chapter, from a book on the clinical care of the professional voice, reviews common infections and inflammations and other conditions. Topics include upper respiratory tract infection without laryngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, laryngitis with serious vocal fold injury, laryngitis without serious vocal fold damage, infection in the lower respiratory tract and elsewhere, Lyme disease, AIDS, and systemic diseases that may affect the voice. The author concludes by reminding readers that laryngeal manifestations of many systemic diseases may cause voice changes that cause the patient to seek medical attention for the first time. 1 figure. 48 references.
•
Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders Source: in Norris, J., et al., eds. Handbook of Diseases. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation, Inc. 1996. p. 501-542. Contact: Available from Springhouse Corporation. 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477-0908. (800) 346-7844 or (215) 646-8700; Fax (215) 646-4508. PRICE: $27.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0874348382. Summary: This chapter, from a layperson's handbook of diseases, presents information on ear, nose, and throat disorders. Disorders covered include adenoid enlargement, hearing loss, infectious myringitis, inflammation of the mastoid, labyrinthitis, laryngitis, Meniere's disease, middle ear infection, motion sickness, nasal papillomas, nasal polyps, nosebleed, otosclerosis, septal perforation and deviation, sinus infection, sore throat,
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swimmer's ear, throat abscess, tonsillitis, vocal cord nodules and polyps, and vocal cord paralysis. For each disorder, the handbook provides a definition and then discusses its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Numerous sidebars provide additional information on how to remove earwax, preventing congenital hearing loss, noiseinduced hearing loss and its prevention, coping with laryngitis, the anatomy of the inner ear in Meniere's disease, guarding against middle ear infection, teaching a child how to stop a nosebleed, dealing with a perforated or deviated septum, sinus surgeries, coping with sore throat, how to prevent swimmer's ear, and recovering from vocal cord surgery. •
Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Esophagus Source: in Strome, M.; Kelly, J.H.; Fried, M.P., eds. Manual of Otolaryngology: Diagnosis and Therapy. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. 1992. p. 137-171. Contact: Available from Little, Brown and Company. 34 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02108. (800) 759-0190. PRICE: $27.50 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0316819689. Summary: This chapter, from a reference manual detailing the essentials of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery, discusses the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus. Topics covered include oropharyngeal anatomy; physical examination of the pharynx; infectious pharyngitis, including acute bacterial pharyngotonsillitis, diptheria, infectious mononucleosis, Vincent's angina, candidiasis, syphilis, gonococcal pharyngitis, tuberculosis, viral pharyngitis, lingual tonsillitis, nasopharyngitis, and AIDS; noninfectious etiology, including pemphigus, retropharyngeal abscess, parapharyngeal abscess, and submandibular space abscess (Ludwig's angina); allergic edema; tissue hypertrophy, including adenotonsillar hypertrophy, and obstructive sleep apnea; congenital obstruction, including Pierre-Robin syndrome, Thornwald's bursa or nasopharyngeal cyst, and choanal atresia; cysts and neoplasms; dysphasia; and esophageal disorders. The manual summarizes the signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for each disease or disorder. 26 references.
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CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON TONSILLITIS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on tonsillitis. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on tonsillitis is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “tonsillitis” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “tonsillitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on tonsillitis: •
Common Childhood Illnesses Source: Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences. 1991. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences. P.O. Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053. (800) 257-5126 or (609) 275-1400. Fax (609) 275-3767. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.films.com. PRICE: $79.95 plus shipping and handling. Order number BVT8149. Summary: This education video helps parents cope with a child who has lost his appetite, has pain around his ears, is running a low grade fever, and seems to have swollen lymph glands. How to determine if it is the mumps, or an ear infection, tonsillitis, or something else? This video offers an entertaining yet informative overview of common childhood illnesses, their symptoms, and possible at home and professional medical treatments, as well as how to decide if a health care provider should be consulted. School age children who have experienced the conditions describe each illness, how it felt, what it looked like, and how it was cared for. Viewers learn
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about the symptoms of and treatments for ear infections, common colds, mumps, tonsillitis, appendicitis, chickenpox, fevers, asthma, croup, measles, German measles, and abnormal bowel movements (constipation and diarrhea). The presentation offers a new approach to educating those involved in child care about the serious subject of childhood illnesses (AA-M).
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TONSILLITIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover tonsillitis.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on tonsillitis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “tonsillitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to tonsillitis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “tonsillitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for tonsillitis: •
Radiofrequency therapy appears safe and effective for chronic tonsillitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 23, 2003
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “tonsillitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “tonsillitis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to tonsillitis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “tonsillitis” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Tonsillitis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to tonsillitis. In addition to
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these sources, you can search for articles covering tonsillitis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for tonsillitis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with tonsillitis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to tonsillitis: Cefditoren •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Spectracef http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500329.html
Cephalosporins •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ancef; Ceclor; Ceclor CD; Cedax; Cefadyl; Cefditoren; Cefizox; Cefobid; Cefotan; Ceftin; Cefzil; Ceptaz; Claforan; Duricef; Fortaz; Keflex; Keftab; Kefurox; Kefzol; Mandol; Maxipime; Mefoxin; Monocid; Omnicef; Rocephin; Tazicef; Tazidime; Vantin; Velose http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202119.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.
PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
5
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
6
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “tonsillitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 6639 75 43 25 8 6790
HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “tonsillitis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
8
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
9
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
13 Adapted 14
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on tonsillitis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to tonsillitis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to tonsillitis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “tonsillitis”:
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Lymphoma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lymphoma.html Sleep Apnea http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sleepapnea.html Streptococcal Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/streptococcalinfections.html Throat Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/throatdisorders.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to tonsillitis, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Doctor, Explain Tonsils and Adenoids: Insight into Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/healthinfo/throat/tonsils.cfm Tonsillectomy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/tonsillectomyloader.html Tonsillitis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00273
•
Diagnosis/Symptoms Throat Problems Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/515.xml
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Tonsillectomy and/or Adenoidectomy (with a Bleeding Disorder) Source: Children's Hospitals and Clinics http://xpedio02.childrenshc.org/stellent/groups/public/%40Manuals/%40PFS/% 40Surg/documents/PolicyReferenceProcedure/018766.pdf
•
Children All about Adenoids Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/ill_injure/sick/adenoids.html Having Your Tonsils Taken Out Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/ill_injure/sick/tonsils_out.html Sore Throats (Viral and Bacterial Sore Throats) Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ4LP9BH4C& sub_cat=107
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Tonsillectomy Procedures Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/KidsENT/tonsil_procedures.cfm Tonsillitis Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://entnet.org/KidsENT/tonsillitis.cfm Tonsils and Tonsillectomy Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://entnet.org/KidsENT/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&P ageID=35858 •
Latest News More Tonsillectomies Needed Source: 04/14/2004, United Press International http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_17149 .html
•
Organizations American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/
•
Teenagers Truth about Tonsillitis Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/infections/common/tonsillitis.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on tonsillitis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Tonsillitis Source: Alexandria, VA: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2003.
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Contact: Available from American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. One Prince St., Alexandria, VA 22314-3357. (703) 836-4444. TTY: (703) 519-1585. Web site: www.entnet.org/kidsent. PRICE: Available free online. Summary: Nearly every child in the United States experiences at least one episode of tonsillitis, an inflammation of the tonsils. (The tonsils are two structures located on the back of the throat behind the tongue.) This fact sheet describes the four different types of tonsillitis, as well as the causes, symptoms, and treatment. A detailed description of what the doctor's examination may find is also included. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “tonsillitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
Acute pharyngitis Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1998 August (revised 2003 May); 27 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3873&nbr=3082&a mp;string=tonsillitis
•
Assessment and management of acute pain Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 2000 October (revised 2002 Oct); 74 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3500&nbr=2726&a mp;string=tonsillitis
•
Guidelines for referral to pediatric surgical specialists Source: American Academy of Pediatrics - Medical Specialty Society; 2002 July; 5 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3420&nbr=2646&a mp;string=tonsillitis
•
Management of sore throat and indications for tonsillectomy. A national clinical guideline Source: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1999 January; 23 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1841&nbr=1067&a mp;string=tonsillitis
Patient Resources
•
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Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults Source: American College of Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 2001 March 20; 3 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2744&nbr=1970&a mp;string=tonsillitis
•
Psoriasis Source: Finnish Medical Society Duodecim - Professional Association; 2002 May 7; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3388&nbr=2614&a mp;string=tonsillitis
•
Sore throat and tonsillitis Source: Finnish Medical Society Duodecim - Professional Association; 2001 April 22 (revised 2003 July 17); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=4375&nbr=3297&a mp;string=tonsillitis
•
Use of antibiotics in paediatric care Source: Singapore Ministry of Health - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2002 March; 109 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3436&nbr=2662&a mp;string=tonsillitis Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Tonsils and Tonsillectomies Summary: This tonsillectomies.
article
provides
information
about
tonsils,
tonsillitis,
and
Source: Nemours Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6876 The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to tonsillitis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not
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organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to tonsillitis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with tonsillitis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about tonsillitis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/.
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Simply type in “tonsillitis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “tonsillitis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “tonsillitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “tonsillitis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
16
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
17
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
87
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on tonsillitis: •
Basic Guidelines for Tonsillitis Tonsillitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001043.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Tonsillitis Chills Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003091.htm Difficulty swallowing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003115.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm
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Loss of voice Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003054.htm Sore throat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003053.htm Sore throats Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003053.htm •
Surgery and Procedures for Tonsillitis Tonsillectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003013.htm
•
Background Topics for Tonsillitis Cardiovascular disorders Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000147.htm Inspection Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002388.htm Palpation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002284.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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TONSILLITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adenopathy: Large or swollen lymph glands. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH]
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Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on
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the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Appendicitis: Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH]
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Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atresia: Lack of a normal opening from the esophagus, intestines, or anus. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH]
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Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]
Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual
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patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of cephalexin. [NIH] Ceftriaxone: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord. [NIH] Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of cephaloridine or cephalothin, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. [NIH] Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH]
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Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chickenpox: A mild, highly contagious virus characterized by itchy blisters all over the body. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Choanal Atresia: Congenital bony or membranous occlusion of one or both choanae, due to failure of the embryonic bucconasal membrane to rupture. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clavulanic Acid: Clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N) and its salts and esters. The acid is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase. [NIH] Cleft Lip: Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region. [NIH] Cleft Palate: Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion. [NIH] Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of lincomycin. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]
Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation
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occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or
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treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cor pulmonale: Heart disease that results from resistance to the passage of blood through the lungs; it often leads to right heart failure. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers. [NIH] Croup: A condition characterized by resonant barking cough, hoarseness and persistant stridor and caused by allergy, foreign body, infection, or neoplasm. It occurs chiefly in infants and children. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanosis: A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an
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increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU]
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Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Eicosanoids: A class of oxygenated, endogenous, unsaturated fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid. They include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid compounds (HETE). They are hormone-like substances that act near the site of synthesis without altering functions throughout the body. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Empiric: Empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting
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the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epiglottis: Thin leaf-shaped cartilage, covered with mucous membrane, at the root of the tongue, which folds back over the entrance to the larynx, covering it, during the act of swallowing. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] ERV: The expiratory reserve volume is the largest volume of gas that can be expired from the end-expiratory level. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Erythroplakia: A reddened patch with a velvety surface found in the mouth. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Atresia: Congenital failure of the full esophageal lumen to develop that commonly occurs with tracheoesophageal fistula. Symptoms include excessive salivation, gagging, cyanosis, and dyspnea. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH]
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Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Practice: A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibroid: A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called leiomyoma. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Fish Oils: Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the livers. Those from the liver are usually high in vitamin A. The oils are used as dietary supplements, in soaps and detergents, as protective coatings, and as a base for other food products such as vegetable shortenings. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH]
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Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH]
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Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glossalgia: Painful sensations in the tongue, including a sensation of burning. [NIH] Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue. [NIH] Glossodynia: Pain in the tongue; glossalgia. [EU] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Gynecology: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH]
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Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced: Hearing loss from exposure to noise. The loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homeopathic remedies: Small doses of medicines, herbs, or both that are believed to stimulate the immune system. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
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Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of
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digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Labyrinthitis: Inflammation of the inner ear. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx. This condition presents itself with dryness and soreness of the throat, difficulty in swallowing, cough, and hoarseness. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Laser therapy: The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill cancer cells. [NIH] Leiomyoma: A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the uterus and the gastrointestinal tract but can occur in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Leukotriene Antagonists: A class of drugs designed to prevent leukotriene synthesis or activity by blocking binding at the receptor level. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lincomycin: (2S-trans)-Methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-(((1-methyl-4-propyl-2pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside. An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
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Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]
Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Sinus: One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the maxilla, communicating with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity. [NIH]
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Maxillary Sinusitis: Inflammation of the maxillary sinus. In most cases it is the result of infection by the bacteria Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. This condition may be acute or chronic. [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA,
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can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mononucleosis: The presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes (monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious mononucleosis. [EU]
Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mouth Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]
Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be in the nasal vestibule, fossae, or other areas of the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Polyps: Focal accumulations of edema fluid in the nasal mucosa accompanied by hyperplasia of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be neoplasms, foci of inflammation, degenerative lesions, or malformations. [NIH] Nasopharyngitis: Inflammation of the nasopharynx. [NIH] Nasopharynx: The nasal part of the pharynx, lying above the level of the soft palate. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]
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Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle. [NIH] Neurofibroma: A fibrous tumor, usually benign, arising from the nerve sheath or the endoneurium. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Office Visits: Visits made by patients to health service providers' offices for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Otosclerosis: The formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule. The ossicles can become fixed and unable to transmit sound vibrations, thereby causing deafness. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU]
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Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]
Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Pericoronitis: Inflammation of the gingiva surrounding the crown of a tooth. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]
Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH]
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Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Pheromone: A substance secreted externally by certain animal species, especially insects, to affect the behavior or development of other members of the species. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polyneuritis: Inflammation of several peripheral nerves at the same time. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU]
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Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU]
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Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
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Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Rheumatic Heart Disease: Disease of the heart resulting from rheumatic fever and characterized by inflammatory changes in the myocardium or scarring of the valves. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivation: 1. The secretion of saliva. 2. Ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). [EU] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins
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have been removed. [NIH] Ships: Large vessels propelled by power or sail used for transportation on rivers, seas, oceans, or other navigable waters. Boats are smaller vessels propelled by oars, paddles, sail, or power; they may or may not have a deck. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spiramycin: A macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. The drug is effective against gram-positive aerobic pathogens, N. gonorrhoeae, and staphylococci. It is used to treat infections caused by bacteria and Toxoplasma gondii. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH]
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Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]
Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submandibular: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects
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similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tenosynovitis: Inflammation of a tendon sheath. [EU] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Titre: The quantity of a substance required to produce a reaction with a given volume of another substance, or the amount of one substance required to correspond with a given amount of another substance. [EU] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for
Dictionary 123
increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonsil: A round-to-oval mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in the lateral wall of the pharynx situated on each side of the fauces, between the anterior and posterior pillars of the soft palate. [NIH] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]
Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheoesophageal Fistula: Abnormal communication between the esophagus and the trachea, acquired or congenital, often associated with esophageal atresia. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH]
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Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes and the genital tract in the male. It includes the specialty of andrology which addresses both male genital diseases and male infertility. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle
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and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH]
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INDEX A Ablation, 14, 93 Abscess, 4, 9, 58, 59, 93, 119 Acantholysis, 93, 115 Acetaminophen, 37, 93 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 11, 93 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 93 Acute renal, 93, 108 Adenopathy, 38, 93 Adrenal Cortex, 93, 101 Adrenal Medulla, 93, 104 Adrenergic, 93, 104, 121 Adverse Effect, 93, 120 Aerobic, 10, 20, 28, 43, 93, 120 Airway, 19, 29, 44, 93, 120 Algorithms, 93, 96 Alkaloid, 5, 93 Alternative medicine, 53, 55, 64, 93 Alveoli, 93, 124 Amino acid, 94, 104, 112, 115, 116, 117, 121, 123 Amoxicillin, 6, 43, 94 Ampicillin, 94 Anaerobic, 6, 10, 13, 20, 28, 43, 44, 94 Analgesic, 93, 94, 108, 114 Analog, 94, 99 Anaplasia, 94 Anatomical, 48, 94, 96, 109 Androgens, 93, 94, 101 Anesthesia, 93, 94 Anesthetics, 94, 104 Angina, 59, 94 Anionic, 5, 94 Anions, 5, 94 Anode, 94 Antibacterial, 94, 99, 120 Antibiotic, 18, 43, 44, 48, 81, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 104, 110, 115, 120 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 44, 94 Antibodies, 94, 96, 111 Antibody, 18, 94, 95, 99, 109 Antifungal, 5, 95 Antigen, 94, 95, 100, 106, 108, 109 Anti-inflammatory, 93, 95, 101, 107, 108, 114 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 95, 101 Antimicrobial, 5, 13, 16, 24, 26, 32, 35, 43, 45, 95, 98, 102
Antineoplastic, 95, 101 Antioxidant, 17, 50, 95 Antipyretic, 93, 95 Antiviral, 6, 95 Antiviral Agents, 6, 95 Anus, 95, 96, 97 Apnea, 59, 78, 95 Apoptosis, 29, 50, 95 Appendicitis, 62, 95 Arachidonic Acid, 95, 103, 110, 117 Arterial, 95, 101, 107, 117 Arteries, 95, 97, 101, 112, 118, 122 Artery, 36, 95, 101, 112, 115, 124 Aspiration, 23, 95 Atopic, 33, 96 Atresia, 4, 59, 96 Atrial, 96, 101, 123 Atrioventricular, 11, 96, 101 Atrium, 96, 101, 123, 124 Atypical, 11, 96, 109 Autoantibodies, 96, 102 Autonomic, 96, 101, 114, 116 Autonomic Nervous System, 96, 114, 116 Azithromycin, 12, 32, 44, 96 B Bacteria, 10, 11, 13, 21, 28, 33, 44, 45, 94, 95, 96, 99, 104, 105, 107, 112, 118, 120, 121, 123, 124 Bacteriostatic, 96, 104 Bacterium, 96, 108, 123 Base, 96, 105, 110 Benign, 96, 105, 110, 113, 114, 115, 119 Bilateral, 22, 96 Bile, 96, 106, 111 Bile Acids, 96, 106 Biotechnology, 6, 64, 73, 96 Bladder, 97, 100, 124 Blister, 97, 115 Blood vessel, 97, 101, 107, 108, 110, 111, 120, 122, 124 Bone Marrow, 45, 93, 97, 109, 111, 113 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 45, 97 Bowel, 62, 97, 110 Bowel Movement, 62, 97 Brain Stem, 97, 98 Branch, 89, 97, 106, 111, 112, 115, 118, 120, 122 Broad-spectrum, 94, 97, 98, 115
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Bronchi, 97, 104, 123 Bronchiseptica, 97, 116 Bronchitis, 7, 97 Buccal, 97, 121 Bullous, 97, 102 C Candidiasis, 58, 59, 97 Candidosis, 97 Capsules, 19, 97, 106 Carbohydrate, 97, 101, 107 Cardiac, 97, 101, 104, 113 Case report, 34, 97, 98, 99 Case series, 98, 99 Caudal, 98, 102, 116 Caustic, 4, 98, 120 Cefaclor, 14, 16, 98 Ceftriaxone, 40, 98 Cell, 4, 50 Cell Death, 95, 98, 106 Cell Division, 96, 98, 112, 116 Cell proliferation, 5, 98, 109 Cellulitis, 58, 98 Central Nervous System, 4, 96, 98, 106, 107, 110 Central Nervous System Diseases, 4, 98 Cephalexin, 42, 98 Cephaloridine, 98 Cephalothin, 98 Cerebellum, 98 Cerebral, 97, 98, 104, 105 Cerebral hemispheres, 97, 98 Cervical, 14, 22, 98, 119 Cervix, 98 Character, 99, 102, 107 Chemotaxis, 44, 99 Chickenpox, 62, 99 Child Care, 3, 62, 99 Choanal Atresia, 4, 59, 99 Chromatin, 95, 99 Chronic, 50, 51, 63 Clarithromycin, 9, 17, 21, 99 Clavulanic Acid, 20, 99 Cleft Lip, 4, 99 Cleft Palate, 4, 99 Clindamycin, 7, 27, 34, 99 Clinical study, 15, 16, 35, 37, 99 Clinical trial, 5, 14, 44, 73, 99, 101, 103, 113, 118 Cloning, 96, 99 Cochlea, 99, 109 Cofactor, 99, 117 Collapse, 99, 120
Complement, 99, 100 Complementary and alternative medicine, 53, 55, 100 Complementary medicine, 53, 100 Compliance, 43, 100 Computational Biology, 73, 100 Cone, 100, 121 Conjugated, 6, 100 Conjunctiva, 100 Conjunctivitis, 29, 100 Connective Tissue, 97, 98, 100, 105, 106, 107, 111, 113, 119, 122 Constipation, 62, 100 Contraindications, ii, 100 Controlled study, 10, 101 Cor, 37, 101, 107 Cor pulmonale, 37, 101 Coronary, 101, 112 Coronary Thrombosis, 101, 112 Corticosteroid, 4, 101 Cranial, 98, 101, 114, 115, 116 Cranial Nerves, 101, 114 Croup, 62, 101 Cryptosporidiosis, 96, 101 Curative, 101, 122 Cutaneous, 97, 101 Cyanosis, 101, 104 Cyclic, 6, 102 Cyst, 59, 102 Cytokine, 20, 24, 48, 102 Cytoplasm, 95, 102, 113 D Databases, Bibliographic, 73, 102 Degenerative, 102, 108, 113 Deletion, 95, 102 Delusions, 102, 117 Depressive Disorder, 102, 110 Dermatitis, 16, 102 Dermatitis Herpetiformis, 16, 102 Dermatology, 58, 102 Detergents, 102, 105 Diagnostic procedure, 64, 102 Diarrhea, 62, 101, 102 Diencephalon, 98, 102 Digestion, 96, 97, 102, 110, 111, 121 Diphtheria, 4, 102 Direct, iii, 67, 102, 118, 122 Distal, 103, 106, 117 Dorsal, 103, 116 Double-blind, 7, 17, 19, 21, 37, 50, 103 Drug Interactions, 68, 103 Drug Tolerance, 103, 122
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Duodenum, 96, 103, 115, 121 Dysphagia, 4, 103 Dyspnea, 103, 104 E Edema, 59, 103, 113 Efficacy, 16, 19, 21, 50, 53, 103 Eicosanoids, 4, 103 Elastic, 103, 107 Electrolysis, 94, 103 Electrolyte, 101, 103, 112, 117 Empiric, 41, 103 Encephalitis, 33, 103 Encephalitis, Viral, 103 Endocarditis, 97, 103 Endocrinology, 104, 107 Endogenous, 103, 104 Environmental Health, 72, 74, 104 Enzyme, 7, 104, 116, 125 Enzymes, 17, 23, 50, 99, 115 Eosinophilia, 104, 105 Epidemiological, 25, 104 Epidermis, 93, 97, 104, 115, 118 Epiglottis, 4, 104 Epinephrine, 29, 93, 104, 123 Epithelial, 104, 108, 115 Epithelial Cells, 104, 108 Epithelium, 11, 21, 27, 104 ERV, 74, 104, 105 Erythrocytes, 97, 104, 118 Erythromycin, 7, 16, 25, 32, 33, 96, 99, 104 Erythroplakia, 58, 104 Esophageal, 4, 59, 104, 123 Esophageal Atresia, 4, 104, 123 Esophagitis, 4, 104 Esophagus, 59, 96, 104, 105, 106, 111, 116, 118, 121, 123 Evacuation, 100, 105 Expiratory, 104, 105 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 104, 105 Extensor, 105, 117 F Family Planning, 73, 105 Family Practice, 10, 18, 20, 37, 105 Fasciitis, 14, 105 Fat, 95, 97, 101, 105, 107, 119, 120, 124 Fatty acids, 103, 105, 117, 120, 122 Feces, 100, 105 Fibroblasts, 105 Fibroid, 105, 110 Fibrosarcoma, 105 Fibrosis, 105, 119 Fine-needle aspiration, 13, 23, 105, 113
Fish Oils, 4, 105 Fissure, 99, 105 Fistula, 4, 105 Fold, 58, 105 Forearm, 105 Free Radicals, 7, 40, 95, 106 Fungi, 95, 106, 112, 122 Fungus, 97, 106 G Ganglia, 106, 114, 116 Gas, 104, 106, 114, 124 Gas exchange, 106, 124 Gastric, 94, 106 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 4, 106 Gastrointestinal, 104, 105, 106, 110, 121 Gastrointestinal tract, 105, 106, 110 Gelatin, 106, 121 Gene, 96, 106 General practitioner, 28, 31, 106 Genital, 106, 107, 124 Giant Cells, 106, 119 Gingivitis, 8, 58, 106 Gland, 93, 106, 111, 115, 116, 119, 121, 122 Glomerular, 107 Glomeruli, 107 Glomerulonephritis, 36, 107 Glossalgia, 107 Glossitis, 58, 107 Glossodynia, 58, 107 Glottis, 107, 116 Glucocorticoids, 93, 101, 107 Gluten, 16, 107 Governing Board, 107, 117 Grade, 61, 107 Graft, 107, 108 Gram-negative, 97, 98, 107 Gram-positive, 98, 107, 115, 120, 121 Growth, 38, 43, 94, 95, 96, 98, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 116, 122 Gynecology, 58, 107 H Habitual, 30, 99, 107 Haematoma, 107 Haemorrhage, 41, 107 Half-Life, 98, 107 Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced, 59, 108 Heart failure, 101, 108 Hematuria, 4, 108 Hemolytic, 6, 7, 8, 9, 21, 22, 24, 28, 105, 108 Hepatitis, 33, 108, 109 Hepatocytes, 108 Hepatomegaly, 108, 109
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Heredity, 106, 108 Histology, 17, 108 Hoarseness, 101, 108, 110 Homeopathic remedies, 17, 50, 53, 108 Hormonal, 101, 108 Hormone, 101, 103, 104, 108, 119, 122 Host, 4, 97, 108, 109, 110, 124 Hyperplasia, 13, 26, 45, 108, 113 Hyperreflexia, 108, 122 Hypersensitivity, 108, 110, 119 Hypertrophy, 7, 13, 16, 17, 24, 29, 31, 32, 36, 45, 48, 50, 59, 101, 108, 123 I Ibuprofen, 37, 108 Id, 52, 54, 78, 80, 81, 82, 88, 90, 108 Idiopathic, 108, 119 Immune response, 26, 43, 95, 101, 108, 109, 121, 124, 125 Immune system, 108, 110, 111, 124, 125 Immunity, 42, 108 Immunization, 109, 117 Immunoglobulin, 26, 40, 94, 109 Immunologic, 15, 109 Impairment, 109, 112, 117 Incompetence, 106, 109 Incubation, 109, 116 Incubation period, 109, 116 Indicative, 57, 109, 115, 124 Infarction, 101, 109, 112 Infection, 3, 4, 58, 61 Infectious Mononucleosis, 8, 19, 44, 59, 109, 113 Infertility, 109, 124 Infiltration, 107, 109 Inflammation, 58, 80 Ingestion, 4, 109 Inner ear, 59, 98, 109, 110 Interleukins, 20, 109 Intestine, 97, 103, 108, 109, 118, 121 Intracellular, 109, 110, 117 Invasive, 108, 110 K Kb, 72, 110 L Labyrinth, 99, 109, 110, 114, 119, 124 Labyrinthitis, 58, 110 Laceration, 110, 122 Laryngeal, 4, 58, 110 Laryngitis, 58, 110 Larynx, 30, 104, 107, 110, 121, 123, 125 Laser therapy, 27, 110 Leiomyoma, 4, 105, 110
Leukemia, 11, 110 Leukocytes, 97, 109, 110, 113 Leukoplakia, 58, 110 Leukotriene Antagonists, 4, 110 Leukotrienes, 95, 103, 110 Library Services, 88, 110 Lincomycin, 99, 110 Lip, 4, 99, 110 Lithium, 5, 110 Liver, 93, 95, 96, 105, 107, 108, 111, 119 Localization, 27, 111 Localized, 93, 102, 107, 109, 111, 113, 116, 119, 122, 123 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 106, 111 Lumen, 104, 111 Lymph, 61, 93, 98, 109, 111, 119, 121 Lymph node, 98, 111, 119 Lymphadenopathy, 109, 111 Lymphatic, 109, 111, 119, 121 Lymphatic system, 111, 119, 121 Lymphoblastic, 111 Lymphoblasts, 93, 111 Lymphocyte, 31, 45, 51, 95, 111 Lymphocyte Subsets, 45, 111 Lymphoid, 29, 50, 94, 111, 123 Lymphoma, 11, 45, 78, 111 Lymphoproliferative, 9, 111 M Malignant, 95, 105, 111, 113 Manic, 110, 111, 117 Manic-depressive psychosis, 111, 117 Maxillary, 34, 99, 111, 112, 115 Maxillary Sinus, 34, 111, 112 Maxillary Sinusitis, 34, 112 Meatus, 111, 112 Medial, 99, 112 Medicament, 112, 121 MEDLINE, 73, 112 Melanin, 112, 116, 123 Membrane, 99, 100, 104, 107, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 119 Meninges, 98, 112 Mental, iv, 5, 72, 74, 109, 112, 117, 118 Mental Disorders, 112, 117 Mental Health, iv, 5, 72, 74, 112, 117, 118 Mesoderm, 99, 112 Metastasis, 112 Methionine, 112, 121 MI, 92, 112 Microorganism, 99, 112, 125 Microscopy, 34, 112 Migration, 99, 112
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Mineralocorticoids, 93, 101, 112 Mitosis, 95, 112 Molecular, 25, 73, 75, 94, 96, 100, 112, 123 Molecule, 95, 96, 100, 102, 112, 114, 118 Monocytes, 110, 113 Mononuclear, 105, 109, 113 Mononucleosis, 27, 30, 59, 113 Morphology, 23, 113 Motion Sickness, 58, 113 Mouth Ulcer, 38, 113 Mucociliary, 113, 120 Mucosa, 113, 121 Multicenter study, 43, 113 Myocarditis, 22, 24, 102, 113 Myocardium, 112, 113, 119 N Nasal Cavity, 111, 113, 115 Nasal Mucosa, 113 Nasal Obstruction, 4, 113 Nasal Polyps, 58, 113 Nasopharyngitis, 59, 113 Nasopharynx, 113 Need, 3, 57, 61, 83, 93, 113, 122 Needle biopsy, 105, 113 Neoplasia, 113 Neoplasm, 101, 113, 115 Neoplastic, 4, 94, 111, 113 Nephropathy, 4, 15, 16, 20, 113 Nerve, 93, 94, 113, 114, 115, 122 Nervous System, 4, 14, 96, 98, 113, 114, 116, 121 Nervous System Diseases, 4, 114 Neurofibroma, 4, 114 Neurologic, 4, 114 Neurology, 58, 114 Neuromuscular, 4, 114 Neuromuscular Junction, 4, 114 Neutrophil, 14, 32, 44, 114 Niflumic Acid, 19, 114 Nitrogen, 93, 94, 114 Nuclei, 112, 114, 119 Nucleus, 95, 96, 99, 102, 113, 114 O Obstetrics, 58, 114 Office Visits, 3, 114 Ophthalmology, 58, 114 Ossicles, 114 Otitis, 3, 7, 9, 14, 33, 114 Otitis Media, 3, 7, 9, 14, 114 Otolaryngology, 51, 58, 59, 78, 79, 80 Otosclerosis, 58, 114 Oxidation, 95, 114
P Paediatric, 12, 32, 81, 114 Palate, 4, 99, 113, 115, 121, 123 Palliative, 115, 122 Pancreatic, 106, 115 Pancreatic Juice, 106, 115 Papilloma, 4, 115 Paralysis, 4, 59, 115 Paranasal Sinuses, 111, 115, 120 Parotid, 115, 119 Paroxysmal, 115, 116, 125 Parturition, 114, 115 Patch, 104, 110, 115 Pathogenesis, 13, 28, 29, 32, 50, 115 Pathologic, 95, 97, 101, 108, 115, 117, 124 Pathologic Processes, 95, 115 Pathophysiology, 4, 115 Patient Education, 79, 86, 88, 92, 115 Pemphigus, 59, 93, 115 Penicillin, 6, 12, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 41, 42, 50, 94, 115 Penicillin V, 35, 115 Peptide, 94, 99, 115, 117 Peptide Chain Elongation, 99, 115 Perforation, 58, 115 Pericoronitis, 12, 34, 35, 115 Periodontitis, 6, 106, 115 Peripheral blood, 15, 20, 33, 115 Peripheral Nervous System, 114, 116, 121 Pertussis, 4, 116, 125 Petechiae, 107, 116 Pharmacologic, 94, 107, 116, 123 Pharyngitis, 4, 50, 58, 59, 80, 81 Pharynx, 58, 59, 106, 113, 116, 123 Phenylalanine, 116, 123 Pheromone, 5, 116 Physical Examination, 4, 59, 116 Physiologic, 107, 116, 118 Physiology, 18, 104, 107, 116 Pituitary Gland, 101, 116 Plants, 93, 113, 116, 123 Pneumonia, 101, 116 Polymerase, 95, 116 Polyneuritis, 102, 116 Posterior, 4, 98, 103, 115, 116, 123 Postoperative, 30, 117 Potassium, 17, 50, 112, 117, 120 Practice Guidelines, 74, 80, 117 Precursor, 95, 116, 117, 123 Primary Prevention, 4, 48, 117 Progressive, 103, 107, 117 Prophylaxis, 35, 51, 95, 117, 124
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Prostaglandins, 95, 103, 117 Protein S, 95, 96, 99, 104, 117 Proteins, 94, 95, 99, 104, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119 Proximal, 103, 113, 117, 119 Pruritic, 102, 117 Psoriasis, 42, 46, 81, 117 Psychiatry, 33, 58, 117, 124 Psychosis, 33, 117 Public Health, 3, 7, 33, 74, 118 Public Policy, 73, 118 Puerperium, 114, 118 Pulmonary, 101, 110, 118, 124 Pulmonary hypertension, 101, 118 Purpura, 107, 118 Purulent, 32, 118, 124 R Race, 112, 118 Radiation, 106, 118 Randomized, 7, 10, 16, 17, 21, 33, 35, 37, 103, 118 Reactive Oxygen Species, 4, 118 Reality Testing, 117, 118 Receptor, 39, 95, 100, 110, 118 Rectum, 95, 97, 106, 118, 121 Red blood cells, 104, 108, 118 Refer, 1, 97, 99, 106, 111, 113, 117, 118, 119, 123 Reflux, 4, 106, 118 Regimen, 103, 118 Regurgitation, 106, 118 Reliability, 37, 39, 118 Respiration, 95, 119 Respiratory Physiology, 119, 124 Rheumatic Heart Disease, 6, 119 Rheumatism, 40, 108, 119 Rheumatoid, 5, 40, 114, 119 Rheumatoid arthritis, 5, 40, 114, 119 Risk factor, 4, 119 Rubella, 4, 119 S Salivary, 119, 121 Salivation, 104, 119 Sarcoidosis, 9, 10, 119 Scleroderma, 105, 119 Screening, 99, 119 Secretion, 34, 101, 107, 109, 112, 119 Semicircular canal, 109, 119 Semisynthetic, 94, 98, 99, 119 Septal, 58, 119 Septum, 59, 113, 119 Septum Pellucidum, 119
Serum, 18, 20, 26, 40, 94, 99, 112, 119 Ships, 46, 120 Shock, 120, 123 Side effect, 67, 93, 120, 123 Signs and Symptoms, 59, 120 Sinusitis, 33, 44, 58, 120 Sleep apnea, 59, 120 Smooth muscle, 105, 110, 120, 121 Sneezing, 116, 120 Soaps, 105, 120 Soft tissue, 97, 105, 120 Spasmodic, 116, 120 Specialist, 82, 120 Species, 4, 15, 104, 112, 116, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123 Spectrum, 120 Spinal cord, 97, 98, 112, 114, 116, 120 Spiramycin, 16, 19, 41, 120 Spirochete, 120, 122 Spleen, 111, 119, 121 Splenomegaly, 109, 121 Steroids, 101, 121 Stomach, 4, 104, 105, 106, 108, 111, 116, 118, 121 Stomatitis, 58, 121 Streptococcal, 50, 78 Streptococci, 6, 10, 13, 16, 22, 24, 27, 28, 32, 34, 35, 121 Streptococcus, 24, 25, 27, 28, 40, 105, 112, 121 Stress, 96, 119, 121 Stridor, 101, 121 Subacute, 109, 120, 121 Subclinical, 109, 121 Subcutaneous, 98, 103, 110, 121 Submandibular, 59, 121 Subspecies, 120, 121 Substance P, 104, 119, 121 Sulfur, 8, 112, 121 Suppositories, 19, 50, 106, 121 Suppression, 101, 121 Sympathomimetic, 104, 121 Synapse, 93, 114, 122 Syphilis, 59, 122 Systemic, 4, 43, 58, 68, 97, 102, 104, 109, 119, 121, 122, 123 Systemic disease, 58, 122 T Tendon, 122 Tenosynovitis, 47, 122 Tetani, 122 Tetanic, 122
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Tetanus, 4, 122 Therapeutics, 7, 17, 21, 30, 33, 68, 122 Thrombosis, 117, 122 Thromboxanes, 95, 103, 122 Thrush, 58, 97, 122 Thyroid, 9, 122, 123 Tin, 5, 122 Tinnitus, 114, 122 Tissue, 59 Titre, 33, 122 Tolerance, 19, 34, 50, 122 Tonsil, 13, 14, 26, 39, 40, 44, 45, 79, 123 Tonsillitis, 3, 4, 5, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 61, 63, 78, 79, 80, 81, 91 Toxic, iv, 102, 108, 123 Toxicity, 103, 123 Toxicology, 74, 123 Toxin, 102, 122, 123 Toxoplasmosis, 96, 123 Trace element, 46, 51, 122, 123 Trachea, 97, 110, 116, 121, 122, 123 Tracheoesophageal Fistula, 4, 104, 123 Transfection, 96, 123 Translation, 94, 104, 123 Translocation, 99, 104, 123 Trauma, 4, 104, 122, 123 Treatment Failure, 21, 34, 123 Tricuspid Atresia, 101, 123 Tuberculosis, 47, 59, 123 Tyrosine, 32, 123 U Ulcer, 58, 98, 123 Unconscious, 94, 108, 124 Unsaturated Fats, 105, 124 Urethra, 124
Urinary, 98, 124 Urinary tract, 98, 124 Urine, 4, 25, 97, 108, 124 Urology, 58, 124 Uterus, 98, 105, 110, 124 V Vaccination, 4, 33, 124 Vaccine, 4, 124 Vagina, 97, 98, 124 Vaginitis, 97, 124 Valves, 119, 124 Vascular, 4, 109, 124 Vasoconstriction, 104, 124 Venereal, 122, 124 Venous, 117, 123, 124 Ventilation, 4, 124 Ventricle, 96, 101, 123, 124 Ventricular, 101, 123, 124 Vertigo, 114, 124 Vesicular, 102, 124 Vestibule, 99, 109, 113, 119, 124 Veterinary Medicine, 73, 125 Viral, 22, 48, 59, 78, 95, 103, 106, 125 Virus, 11, 18, 21, 33, 95, 99, 106, 109, 119, 125 Virus Diseases, 95, 125 Vitro, 15, 125 Vivo, 27, 122, 125 Vocal cord, 4, 59, 107, 125 W White blood cell, 93, 94, 109, 110, 111, 114, 125 Whooping Cough, 116, 125 Windpipe, 116, 122, 125
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