The Athenian Prytaneion Discovered?

HESPERIA Pages

ATHENIAN

THE

(2006)

75

33-81

PRYTANEION DISCOVERED?

ABSTRACT one of the city's most author proposes that the Athenian Prytaneion, was civic in located the peristyle complex beneath Agia important buildings, Aikaterini Square, near the ancient Street of the Tripods and theMonument The

of Lysikrates in the modern Plaka. This thesis, which is consistent with Pausa nias s topographical account of ancient Athens, is supported by archaeological and epigraphical evidence. The identification of the Prytaneion at the eastern foot of the Acropolis helps to reconstruct the map of Archaic and Classical and illuminates

Athens The

Prytaneion ancient Athens

the testimony

of Herodotos

and Thucydides.

is the oldest and most that have

Athenians

important of the civic buildings in lost to us until the present.1 For the or town hall, the office of the city's chief official, of Athens as a city-state, its construction form remained

the Prytaneion, symbolized the foundation ing an integral part of Theseus's

(Thuc. legendary synoecism of Attica Like Plut. Thes. other the Greek 2.15.2; world, 24.3). prytaneia throughout the Athenian Prytaneion represented what has been termed the very "life of the polis," housing the common hearth of the city, the "inextinguishable and immovable flame" of the goddess Hestia.2 As the ceremonial center of Athens, to the 1.1 am greatly indebted 1st Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classi cal Antiquities, under of the direction Theodora examine

Kyriakou, the site at and

for Agia

to

permission Aikaterini

to

the excavated

publish in the form of a state plan. to the director I am also very grateful of the Chara Museum, Epigraphical Square remains

lambos

Kritzas, several

for assistance

studying from the site and borhood.

?

The

inscriptions its immediate neigh

In addition,

American

in

of the

I would

School

like to

of Classical

the Prytaneion

was

the site of both public

thanks to a number express my heartfelt have given generously of scholars who of their time over the years, including Van Dam, and John Fine, at the of University Gagos at and Karvallis Michigan Anthony I State University. Ohio especially Raymond Traianos

thank

of the Uni John Papadopoulos at Los of California Angeles, own interest and on expertise I the topic is considerable. Finally, am very to the editors and grateful

versity whose

anonymous

Studies

Hesperia

at Athens

reviewers

for their

excellent

entertainment

for

suggestions

improving

article. All unless

are

translations otherwise

2. Hansen

by the author

noted. and Fischer-Hansen

1994, p. 31. For the sacred flame in see Suda, the Athenian Prytaneion, s.v. nponaveiov; and for this passage see Miller its sources, 1978, p. 182, no. 264. For Athens more generally, see Parker on the 1996, pp. 26-27; Athenian recently

Prytaneion Robertson

itself, 1998,

see most

pp. 298-299.

for

this

C.

GEOFFREY

34

SCHMALZ

and a law court for homicide

the trials.3 In providing in the Prytaneion the shrine of Hestia

citizens

honored

R.

sacred fire for all public sacrifices, served as the starting point for many

of the city's religious processions, initiated the City Dionysia.4 The the that eisagoge pompai, including state buildings of early Athens, stood with all of the together Prytaneion, next to the city's original civic center, the so-called Old or Archaic Agora, or

remained in use long after the foundation of the city's second agora, the Classical Agora of the Athenian democracy.5 At least for the poetically or the this was the Kekropian Agora, minded Athenian, aristocratically "sacrifice-celebrating omphalos of the city," and the site of the venerable

which

Altar As

of Pity.6 is the case with

the Prytaneion, the location of the city's original Because this site apparently never received any archi

agora is unknown.7 tectural or monumental

it will almost certainly remain embellishment, invisible.8 many of the most important Consequently, archaeologically as Solon's resolute or aspects of history?such early Athenian episodes of the Athe outcry against the loss of Salamis, Peisistratos's disarmament festival?unfold nian populace, and the original setting of the Panathenaic across a blank map of the of the precise where city.9An understanding abouts of the neighboring Prytaneion may, however, provide the best and itself, perhaps the only topographical clue. The discovery of the Prytaneion an a important through the identification of preserved site, would also be to the archaeological record of Greek prytaneia generally, as contribution Even only three of these buildings have been identified with certainty.10 more

(Ath. Pol. 3.5) refers to of the Prytaneion:

3. Aristotle the official

function

? ?? ocpxcov [eixe] to Tcpuxave?ov ("the For pub archon had the Prytaneion"). lic xenia and si tesis in the Prytaneion, Poll. 8.140 and 9.40. see, respectively, as a homicide court the Prytaneion

For

defendant

as such

to the

Prytaneion, Parker 1996,

nos.

166-174,

housed

pp. 26,170. the Dionysia

and

see most Bendis

from

Boege

541-571.

in an annex

from the religious processions see Arist. Pol. 1322b26-29;

4. For

The

Bekk.

1.19 (499). Pollux (8.111, cf. also 9.44) the Bou places alongside conv. 7.9 = Plutarch koleion. (Quaest. Mor. 714B) speaks of the Thesmothe cf. sion and the Prytaneion together; sources are collected 21.85. The Dem. the Basileion

[1891] 1977, p. box, s.v.

inMilchhoefer

(1978, pp. 18-19) suggests that

see

site.

taneion

in Anecd.

Shear 1994, pp. 226-228; Miller 1978, pp. 18-21,44-45; 1995, pp. 211-212;

somewhat

Agora XXVIII, for full testimonia

law court was

the

is recorded

Boukoleion

as "near" the Prytaneion

see

III, pp.

Miller

(and to a

in

pp. 96,148-150; Agora

available

The

Basileion.

its im

with

and p. xciii, s.v. Thesmoth Boukoleion, see also 1931, pp. 266 esion; Judeich see For recent analysis, 268, nn. 11,12. also 1986, pp. 159-168; esp. Robertson

discussion

hold's

was

corresponding coroner's court),

modern

no

in the case where

8.120)

(Poll. known

of the Prytaneion,

since the establishment

importantly,

recently Wilson procession

the Prytaneion;

the Pry

For

procession, p. 97. started

2000, also

see Schnurr

for the

ary evidence For Agora.

preserved the city's omphalos, fr. 75, fine 3 (Snell), aoxeo?

Theb.

For

12.481

3.5, where

the Pry

Boukoleion,

and

Archaic

see Pind.,

?uxpoc?ov 'E^?ou Bcou?c, see S tat.

and Lucian, 1960,

p. 24;

8. The that

the famed

1998, p. 297). This may with either the nearby confusion or the Theseion Anakeion (cf. Har

Demon.

57.

cf.Wycherley

painter

in Plut.

s.v. noMyvcoxo?).

pokration,

Pindar's

(fr.75, line 5 [Snell]) vision of a TTOcv?ai?oc^ov x' e\)K??'

?yop?v is prob ("well-adorned shining agora") a its rather evocation of ably poetic as hallowed atmosphere, primitively in Stat. Theb. 12.491-492: attested "a grove of gentle trees, marked by the cult of the venerable, wool-entwined laurel

and

the

olive." This

suppliant

Cim.

Polygnotos

in

III, p. 73.

Agora

9.As Wycherley notes,

"early

Athens

completely." 10. See the most

Hansen

(1966, p. 285) still eludes

us

4.6

recent

and Fischer-Hansen

list in 1994,

of D?los, Lato, p. 31. The prytaneia have been positively and Olympia six others have been identified; identified

statement

Cimon

(Robertson reflect some

almost

1966, p. 291.

taneion is described as being flanked by the Thesmothesion,

the

liter

Agora, in Plut. Cim.

4.6. On

On?evx'.

the

see

Melanthius,

7. Travlos Pol.

so-called

the Kekropian

it under

to be mistaken

passage is discussed byWycherley

1978,

Wycherley 6. See

1995b, p. 148. 5. See Ath.

pp. 45-46. 1995a on Schnurr

decorated

somehow appears

including,

"with most

some

probability," that of

importantly,

Ephesos (Miller 1978, pp. 98-109).

THE

PRYTANEION

ATHENIAN

DISCOVERED?

35

Hephaisteion

AGQfiA i )Tower

t

of the Winds

N

Eleusinion

Theseion Hill

Areopagos

PROPOSED ACROPOLIS

SITE OF THE PRYTANEION

Sanctuary and Theater of Dionysos

GCRS 2005

(Phaleron)

1. Proposed Figure southeastern Athens.

reconstruction

of

G. C. R. Schmalz

sacred hearth, would have occurred early in the initial formation state, its discovery would afford us the exciting possibility the earliest layers of the city and its history.11 The present of uncovering recover a (Fig. 1), significant part of the map of early Athens study aims to and lines of all evidence?historical, argument possible drawing together and epigraphical?in establishing the location antiquarian, archaeological,

movable

of the Athenian

of the Prytaneion. Given the detailed

monuments of ancient topographical account of the itmay seem surprising that that appears in the work of Pausanias, the location of the Prytaneion has never been securely identified. Depending on how Pausanias's text is read, the Prytaneion has been variably ascribed to sides of the Acropolis. The scholarly the northern or eastern/southeastern

Athens

consensus

of the last two centuries

favored a northern

location. This

view

has changed since the 1980s, however, when the shrine of Aglauros, which Pausanias placed directly above the Prytaneion, was discovered in a cave on the eastern slopes of the Acropolis just below the site (Fig. 2).12Moreover, 11.As Parker (1996, p. 27) has commented, 'the birth

of

"were

it useful

of the polis,'

to one

speak

might

identify as the birthday of the polis of Athens hearth king

a common that day on which over which no was consecrated

presided." 12. For the discovery

rion,

evidence

graphical in SEG XXXIII

1983; was

the new

115. For

epi treated

initially a convenient

of the scholarly response summary no means to this discov uniform) (by 137; see also Rob ery, see SEGXLMJ ertson

of the Aglau

see Dontas

1998,

pp. 283-288,298-299,

fig. 1;Harris-Cline

1999, pp. 312-313;

Papadopoulos

Boegehold

2003,

pp. 283-284.

(AgoraXXVIII)

speaks of

as "at the Prytaneion standing generally the eastern foot" (p. 96) or "on the east

slope" (pp. 11,148) of theAcropolis. This

is an opinion shared by European as well; see Schmitt Pantel

scholars

1992, p. 146;H?lscher

1991, p. 359.

GEOFFREY

C.

R.

SCHMALZ

^

of the Aglaurion, Service has partially uncovered the Greek Archaeological an extensive in the 5th century B.c., constructed building complex, initially a is shrine of the Dios that the Athenian likely candidate for the Anakeion, kouroi.13 The an

the

Prytaneion.

Photo

G. C. R. Schmalz

and possibly the Anakeion, of the Aglaurion now in close proximity to the Prytaneion, places

identification

two sites that Pausanias makes

Figure 2. The Cave of Aglauros, overlooking the site proposed for

or, more

eastern

specifically,

a southeastern

location

far more

probable.14 It is argued here onnaded distance

that the Prytaneion may be identified in the col a short Square, only preserved under Agia Aikaterini of Lysikrates and the ancient Street of the from the Monument remains

of Lysikrates Tripods (Figs. 3,4). Situated directly between theMonument and the Arch of Hadrian, and standing atwhat must have been one of the most

this site has periodically important intersections of Classical Athens, been reconstructed as one of the largest building complexes of the ancient Service, discussed city. Recent salvage work by the Greek Archaeological

that the site is older and more architecturally some of the remains than dating to significant previously thought, with the Late Archaic or Early Classical period. The adjacent area was embel ancient counterpart of the lished with an important public square?an featured prominent buildings, at least modern Lysikrates Square?which below,

has demonstrated

one cult center, and many monuments dating from the preserved choregic thesis of this study, the Most for the onward. importantly period site the of the reflects record many aspects of the consistently epigraphical

13. See Korres 1989a; 1989b, p. 13,

Classical

a to Hestia, the only large dedication Prytaneion's public life, including such votive preserved from ancient Athens. I begin my discussion of the Prytaneion problem with a detailed con sideration of Pausanias's description of Athenian topography, the conflicting interpretations cal discoveries archaeological antiquarian

of his account, and the implications of recent archaeologi of his itinerary. Next I examine the for the reconstruction

remains of the proposed Prytaneion site, drawing on early accounts and recent excavation reports published by the Greek

fig.

2.

two most recent suggestions location of the Pryta for the precise the same neion site within place the as the present general neighborhood of the southeast study, directly Acropo 14. The

lis; see Kalligas 1994, p. 30 (with the Odeion of Perikles); Lippolis 1995, esp. p. 65, fig. 26 structure recently Thespis

Street).

(with found

the ancient under

modern

THE

ATHENIAN

PRYTANEION

DISCOVERED?

37

. -JJ

/

Figure

3. View

southeast

from

HOI

the

Acropolis along Lysikrates Street, toward theArch of Hadrian and the Olympieion. The Monument of and the site of Lysikrates proposed the Prytaneion, inAgia Aikaterini are in the foreground. Square, Photo Slide Archives, University

of

Michigan

Figure 4. View of Agia Aikaterini Square, with the proposed site of the Prytaneion

among

Arch of Hadrian looking Schmalz

southeast.

the

trees

and

the

in the background, Photo G. C. R.

Service. This is followed by an analysis of the archaeological Archaeological context of those remains, taking into account the finds from the adjacent Street of the Tripods and the square inwhich theMonument of Lysikrates was located. I then discuss the evidence that supports the epigraphical identification of the Agia Aikaterini site with the Prytaneion. Finally, in I consider the implications of the Prytaneion's my conclusion, location for a broader understanding of early Athenian history.

proposed

GEOFFREY

38

THE

PAUSANIAS,

provides of ancient Athens.

R.

SCHMALZ

AND

PRYTANEION,

EVIDENCE

ARCHAEOLOGICAL Pausanias

C

the best and most

familiar testimony for the landmarks and buildings of ancient Lysikrates his description of the famous Street of the

In the monuments

it is easy to recognize and the Prytaneion. As noted above, the proposed location of Tripods the Prytaneion also accords below the southeast corner of the Acropolis well with his assertion that the site stood directly beneath the shrine of Square,

Aglauros.

Diverse

of early Athenian interpretations topography have arisen, on account the basis of Pausanias's and however, prevailing opinions about in the location of key monuments. The first mention of the Prytaneion is preceded by a description of several other Athenian sites including the Agora, which he introduces without any topographi tour of the Kerameikos cal word link to his preceding (Paus. 1.3.1). He or as "not far" then points to the Ptolemaion, of Gymnasium Ptolemy,

Pausanias's work

the Agora and "near" or "hard by" the Theseion.15 The venerable or "behind" Anakeion is introduced next; then the Aglaurion "beyond" from

is said to be "near" the latter shrine (Fig. 5).16 the Prytaneion it, while of the Prytaneion, Pausanias proceeds to the After his first mention the Sanctuary of Serapis and the Temple lower part of the city, mentioning From

of Eileithyia.

there he moves

on to the Temple of Olympian Zeus and Following his discussion of southeastern

the Ilissos valley (1.18.6,1.19.1). and the Ilissos, Pausanias returns once again to the Prytaneion, Athens there is the so-called Street of telling his readers, "From the Prytaneion found on the Street of the Tripods."17 He describes the choregic monuments the Tripods and recounts the famous story of one Athenian's obsession over a celebrated tale (1.20.2) of Dionysos Dionysos

satyr statue by Praxiteles that was located there. He ends this a satyr "is in the by remarking that another statue of Temple of hard by,"18 and he introduces the Sanctuary and Theater

immediately

thereafter

(1.20.3).

iep?v. 16. Paus.

of

the

Theseion

and

Archaic

position

Agora

of the Theseion

a clear syntactical break, with 19th-century topographers often observed, none of Pausanias's characteristic word links that would indicate that the Anakeion nevertheless,

was necessarily often

been

located near the Theseion.19

Their

proximity

is

Ptolemaion

See also Papado of for an account

18. Paus. va

x

recent fied

"Egxi ?? o??c

Tp?Tto?e?. Aiov?gco 8? ?v xco

1.20.2:

eGxi. One

7i?ir|G?ov Zaxupo? scholar

ano

KaXou|Li8vr|

has

accordingly as the temple

this nearby

identi Temple

of Dionysos itself (Kalligas 1994, p. 28; cf. also Judeich 1931, p. 274). For the conventional temple

view

is simply

that

this

so

a

neighboring see most recently choregic monument, Goette 2001, p. 98; also Wilson 2000,

has always been a critical element in any of because Pausanias appears to place reconstruction Athens topographical in his progress from one site to the next. it relatively close to the Prytaneion and the Anakeion the Theseion Between sequences there is, however, as

The

1.18.1-3.

Ton 7ipuxav8io\)

more

the

The

2003, p. 285, poulos Pausanias's itinerary. 17. Paus. 1.20.1:

called

Location

1.17.2.

15. Paus.

said to be xf)? ?yop?t? cc7i?%ovxi o? noXx> ... 7tp?? ?? xcp yu|jvocoi(p GrjGeco? ?oxiv

has,

assumed.

the Clas In turn, because the great Temple of Hephaistos overlooking until the latter part sical Agora was universally identified as the Theseion often of the 19th century, early antiquarians and topographers of Athens or northeastern foot of the at the northern the Acropo Prytaneion placed in mind, a scholarly lis.20 Furthermore, with the testimony of Pausanias conviction persisted that the agora visited and described by Pausanias was actually the commercial market of the Roman period. The Roman Market

p. 212. 19. See, p. 262. This

1841, vol. 1, e.g., Leake lacuna is also observed

by Lenormant (1857, p. 116). 20. For the so-called

of the early historiography seeWachsmuth Theseion,

1863, pp. 102-103; Dyer 1873, p. 231. The Hephaisteion was first identified as theTheseion in the 1670s by Father Babin, followed by Spon (1678, vol. 1, pp. 188-190) andWheler (1682, p. 385). This traditional identification was first challenged by Ross (1838), only

to be rejected

by such

leading

topographers as Curtius (1843) and Wachsmuth (1863). The Hephaisteion was

finally

correctly

byPervanoglu(1870).

identified

as such

THE

5. Reconstruction

Figure nias's Agora. of sites

of Pausa

around

itinerary Arrows visited,

direction

northwest

to

G. C. R. Schmalz

south.

PRYTANEION

DISCOVERED:

39

is located on the northern

side of the Acropolis and is sometimes referred to and Augustus. Thus William Leake, for example, ... referred to the of that "Pausanias the and sub argued Agora Augustan same The identification of Pausanias's agora reemerged in sequent ages."21 the late 1960s and early 1970s, when the Theseion and the Gymnasium as theMarket

the Archaic

indicate from

ATHENIAN

of Caesar

this of Ptolemy were briefly sought in the Classical Agora itself. Although identification with the Roman Market originated as a tentative suggestion (with its proponent open to the idea of an alternative site), it has since be come

the

This

canonical

view.22

identification

remains

a number of one despite and formal peristyle

a common

such as the fact that the extensive

weighty objections, construction of the Roman Market

to bears no recognizable relationship of the Archaic Agora. This agora featured only

Pausanias's bare description one salient monument, the venerable 21. Leake

vol.

1841,

1, p. 253.

Simi

larly,Clark (1816-1824, vol. 6, p. 271) identified occupying possible was still century; hammer then see

this

the contemporary bazaar as the the Roman Market site of Pausanias's

agora. This the prevailing view later in the see 1873, p. 251; Forch Dyer Yet even 1874, pp. 113-115. identification 1852,

had

its critics;

p. 102.

Cookesley 22. 1974, p. 309; also Vanderpool in Travlos, noted earlier Athens, p. 28. Most this conventional identi recently, fication

has been

supported

by Shear

(1994, pp. 227-228) p. 202); that he

andMiller

latter writes

the

(1995,

that "it is clear

to the is referring [Pausanias] of agora of his own day, the Agora Caesar and Augustus or, as it usually called today, the Roman Agora." 23. This rounded

monument, a modest

sur evidently arbor of shade

by in (see n. 8 above), was known terms as the literary "philanthropic to the Altar 28 references agora." The of Pity are conveniently collected trees

under nos.

"Eleos" 163-190.

in

III, pp. 67-74, Agora recent For the most

Bomos Eleou, discussion from

of the evidence,

a

topographical see Schnurr 1995a,

Robertson

1992,

p. 286. The evidence physical 1998,

of the altar

of Pity.23 It

the Altar

is

point pp.

especially of view, also

133-134;

pp. 46-47,

51-52;

only surviving for the existence

preserved

in a Claudian

era inscription (IG II2 4786), dedicated to Zeus

by "O highest rich-fruited Altar mides

an exiled Thracian on

family:

high, father of Eirene, we supplicate your in Oikono of Pity" (as translated 1964, p. 35, no. 36). ruling

C.

GEOFFREY

40

R.

SCHMALZ

is also unlikely that a staunch traditionalist such as Pausanias would ever refer to a commercial market of his own period as a true "agora."24Thus, a number of scholars now seek the city's original agora at the eastern foot site of the Prytaneion.25 of the Acropolis, close to the proposed Such a east the of the would have been location, against certainly slope Acropolis, more convenient for the residents of the early city, living (as they evidently the adjacent hillside would did) to the south and the southeast. Moreover, have offered

a natural

setting for the city's original theater and assembly the area, composing ?p%e?c. ?yopa before the theater was relocated near on the south the Sanctuary of Dionysos slope.26 the

of

Location

Aglaurion

and

the

Anakeion

For nearly two centuries, the Aglaurion was thought to have been located somewhere along the cavernous northern slope of the Acropolis. Through in the 1980s, however, the sanctuary of the the efforts of George Dontas mythical heroine Aglauros was finally identified below the great southeast an earlier ern cliff of the confirming interpretation of this very Acropolis,27 cave.While 17thand large 18th-century antiquarians generally viewed and the place of Creusas abduction and this site as a shrine of Apollo were some the there who 19th maintained that the rape, by century early a crows and daws," cave, then represented the site of the "roosting place of we know from Pausanias that the was situ Aglaurion Aglaurion.28 Since ated above the Anakeion, which in turn looked down over the Prytaneion, Dontas's discovery helps to establish the relative locations of the sites. As the excavator observes, it is "probable that the Aglaurion, and the Anakeion were not far from each other."29

the Prytaneion,

A close spatial relationship between the Aglaurion and the Prytaneion has long been recognized not only in light of Pausanias's testimony but also because the city's graduating ephebes took their customary oath of citizen in the Prytaneion.30 after having sacrificed toHestia ship at the Aglaurion, 24. Cf. Alcock 1995, pp. 337, 339; Habicht

1985,

25.

Schnurr

pp. 51-54;

pp.

Robertson

1992, Cf.

esp. pp. 299-301.

1998,

also Lippolis 1995, p. 51; Papadopoulos p. 285. is implied 26. This

2003,

in Schnurr's

(1995b, pp. 140-141) discussion of the ?pxeice ?yopa recorded by Apollodoros s.v. ?p%e?oc ?yopa

(in Harpokration,

=FGrH??B 244 F113). Whether Archaic

Agora

should

instead

be

Agora

is a contentious

iden

issue

(Papadopoulos 2003, pp. 280-281). For

the relocation

Photios, no. 525). 27.

s.v. ?Kpia

See Dontas

of the theater,

see

(Agora. Ill, p. 163, 1983

for the

and honoring

a

priestess

in situ

and topographical discovery signifi or cance of a decree to 247/6 dating

of

A conve

to of scholarly response is in provided publication 137. In addition, Robert GXLVI son (1998, p. 287) out that an points of Aglauros for a priestess earlier decree

nient

summary

Dontas's

(IG II2 948) was found reused nearby, between

the Odeion

Theater

of Dionysos.

this

tifiedwith the Peisistratid phase of the Classical

b.c.

Aglauros (SEGXXXIII115).

104-105,134-137.

1995a;

246/5

28.Wilkins tification

was

and

noted

1, pp. 264-265), it did not conform

(1841, by Leake who it, as rejected to his own recon

of Pausanias's

pre testimony, an identification with

instead ferring see also Lenor the City Eleusinion; mant 113. For the avian popu 1857, p. larity of the cave,

see Chandler

p. 61. For the Cave of Apollo sometimes

the

1816, p. 64. This iden

vol.

struction

of Perikles

also of Creusa),

1776,

(and

see Guillet

de Saint-Georges in the accompanying

p. 303 (no. 8 map of Athens;

1675,

1678, vol. 2, p. 168. Fig. 12 here); Spon Broneer excavated (1936) part of the cave itself; a well-cut stairway had been at its northern

recorded

years previously. 29. Dontas eastward

essary other monuments,

entrance

nec p. 60. For the of these and relocation

1983,

see

Papadopoulos

2003, pp. 282-285. 30. According toMartha

On

(also

cited

the ephebic

(1882,

"se trouvait

p. 145), the Aglaurion clav? dans l'enceinte n?e"

a few

en

du Pryta

g?n?rale in Dontas 1983, oath

and

p. 60). the Aglauri

on, see Philochorus inFGrH 328 F105. Poll.

8.105-106

with

its divine

of the oath,

records witnesses. see Merkelbach

the oath On

itself, the nature

1972.

THE

Figure 6.Archaeological graphical

reconstruction

DISCOVERED?

41

and topo of the east

slope and foot of theAcropolis: (1) 4th-century stoa; (2) 5th-century building; (3) choregic monuments; (4)Anakeion; (5) remains of walls recorded in the 19th century; (7) Classi (6) Lantern of Diogenes; cal building.

PRYTANEION

ATHENIAN

G. C. R. Schmalz

may also have been involved in the deipnophoria in honor of ancient ritual also indicate a close proximity of Aglauros.31 Accounts and the Anakeion; between the Prytaneion evidently the Anakeia festival included a primitive theoxenia, inwhich the Dioskouroi were hosted in the

The

Prytaneion

Prytaneion.32

itself, its remains may well have been discovered under the upper course of modern Thespis Street, directly below the In 1982 the Greek Archaeological Service uncovered shrine of Aglauros. the remains of two contiguous building terraces (Fig. 6, no. 4) that date as far back as the Classical period, with evidence for continuous use down times. The southern limit of the complex was found to through Roman extend for a total of more than 30 m, from the east side of Straton Street all for the Anakeion

As

Street to the corner of Rangavis Street (Figs. 6-8). the way down Thespis on the uppermost structure The principal (western) terrace, constructed with a complex series of north-south walls, features a spacious recessed room built with well-dressed and a deep well used orthogonal masonry over a number sizable

31. See Philochoros inFGrH 328 F183. 1.37. On

the theoxenia,

seeAth. 4.137e; Simon 1983, p. 68; Shapiro 1999, pp. 100-101 (with rele vant

iconographie

physical 1994,

evidence).

proximity implied, n. 20. It should p. 247,

For

the

see Shear be noted,

or

Fronting

"spurious"

for the literary evidence is considered the Anakes

by Robertson

(1999,

p. 180,

n.9). 33. For tion, vation

an account

see Korres plan

and

onto

space is a seemingly

this main

porch.33

that

however, celebrating

32. See Poll.

of centuries.

anteroom

well

the east

of the excava the exca

1989a, 1989b; cross section appear

to have been in use appears was sometime it before long deepened in the Roman Sited between period. the 100 and 90 m elevation marks of

The

in

Korres 1989b, p. 13, fig. 2 (Fig. 7 here).

slope the two main two

sections.

the each of Acropolis, terraces was into terraced

of

GEOFFREY

42

C.

R.

SCHMALZ

n

31.50 m

0.0 m

East Slope

Acropolis

EAST Figure raced After

7. Elevation

of ter

drawing

under complex Thespis Korres 1989b, p. 13, fig. 2

8. View

Figure

eastward

Street.

down

Thespis Street, with exposed section of the site located in the background, below Photo

balustrade

and

trees

(arrow).

G. C. R. Schmalz

remains are easily the grandest ever to have been discovered These and reported from the east slope of the Acropolis. They may be part of a site well known until the late 19th century, when substantial remains of a were still on either side of Straton Street large terraced structure preserved no. 5). As described by Dodwell, these under the Cave of Aglauros (Fig. 6, a direction from were the "remains of awall, in of blocks, composed large of Pericles."34 Fol north to south. Perhaps the little wreck of the Odeion as lowing the suggestion of Leake, Curtius tentatively identified this site no. the Eleusinion 19).35 The evident significance of the site has (Fig. 9, a recent even suggestion that it represents the Prytaneion.36 If prompted this ancient

site between Straton and Rangavis Streets should be identified monument in Pausanias's testimony, however, the most historical any of the Dioskouroi.37 likely would be the lost Anakeion

with

34. Dodwell 35. Curtius p. 324,

no.

1819,

vol.

1, p. 301.

and Milchhoefer

19, pi. IV; the walls

1891, them

over 10 m presumably measuring are in in length as preserved, pictured III. also Leake See vol. 1841, 1, pi. are also fea The walls pp. 264-265. selves,

tured

in the topographical

map

of

Judeich 1931, end plan 1. 36. See Lippolis 1995, esp. p. 65, no. 14, which shows the site par fig. 26, as a structure. tially restored peristyle 37. Built in the 460s

the time during the Anakeion

b.c.,

of Cimon is known

to have

a

sanctu relatively large a of large company or knights, occupied hippeis, in an emergency the sanctuary levy, a few years later, in 411 b.c., the while been

ary. In 415 Athenian

b.c.,

marched city's hoplites in a counterrevolutionary

on

the

shrine

coup;

see

THE

ATHENIAN

the

Tripods

PRYTANEION

DISCOVERED?

43

from the Ilissos valley, Pausanias (1.20.1) revisits the Prytaneion, to the the Street of the Tripods, and then turns his attention Theater of Dionysos It would be for the theater (Fig. 10). logical, therefore, to have been situated relatively close and the Prytaneion together. D?rpfeld Returning describes

on the south accordingly located the Prytaneion next to the theater slope of the Acropolis.38 For this reason, two new suggestions for the location and corner identification of the Prytaneion place the site at the southeastern of the Acropolis.39 a Pausanias's Nevertheless, testimony has often been interpreted in less than straightforward fashion. The beginning of the ancient Street of is located on the southeastern In his side of the Acropolis. name of the street, with its dense collection of of the explanation choregic Pausanias presumably describes the antiquities preserved in monuments, and around the modern Lysikrates Square. Yet because the Prytaneion and the Tripods

the Aglaurion were sought for so many years along the northern slope of a considerable distance needed to be introduced between the Acropolis, the Street of the Tripods at the Prytaneion and the choregic monuments that gave the road its name. Hence Pausanias's report has been interpreted some to mean that the by Prytaneion marked the beginning of the ancient In effect, Pausa Street of the Tripods somewhere north of the Acropolis.40 nias would then have taken his orientation from the Classical Agora (the universal modern

rather than from the street's actual point

perspective),

of origin. Thuc.

8.93.1-2

cf. Robertson in

question then we have building

and 6.61.2,

respectively; p. 296. If the site is indeed the Anakeion, 1998,

new

program

evidence

for Cimon's

on and around

the

Acropolis.

38. D?rpfeld 1895, pp. 188-189. 39. Perikles

In one

view,

is identified

the Odeion

of

as the Prytaneion:

Kalligas (1994, p. 30) states that it is at the beginning

situated

of the Street

of theTripods (cf. SEGXLVl

137; see

lying topographical logic should be viewed

also Lippolis 1995, esp. p. 65, fig. 26, east the ancient showing slope build

forcefully

ing under

the first

Although jected ertson

modern

Thespis

this

Street).

may suggestion as untenable intrinsically 1998,

p. 286,

n. 16),

be

re

(Rob its under

as correct.

40. This

has been most argument advanced by Choremi-Spet

sieri (1994, pp. 33, 35, 39-40, fig. 2) in comprehensive archaeological remains. See also study of the street's Schnurr 1995b, p. 147.

C.

GEOFFREY

44

XsanctuaryandTheaterJ^^^^ of \

Dionysos

\^

Such awkward

c?^

\

^V^

I

\\\\

R.

SCHMALZ

from

llissos valley

the

A

\) j

GCRS

M

a notably however, produces interpretation, topographical and circuitous itinerary for Pausanias after his tour of the Ilissos a

returned to the eastern city to survey the south slope of the valley. Having Pausanias would have had to have first walked north, without Acropolis,

of Pausa

10. Reconstruction

Figure

route

nias's

the

from

Ilissos

valley

to the south slope of theAcropolis, via

comment, past the choregic monuments along the Street of the Tripods, turn back to them immediately for to after reaching the Prytaneion only a second time. At this point, he would have been introducing the street at no evidence a location where there is, despite many recent investigations, now that the has been for any choregic monuments.41 Moreover, Aglaurion

Tripods.

the Street

and

the Prytaneion

of the

G. C. R. Schmalz

there is no longer a reason to see any great distance between discovered, and the choregic monuments the Street of the Tripods at the Prytaneion of Lysikrates

Square.42 the centuries

antiquarians and scholars have often related Through to modern of the ancient Street of the Tripods Pausanias's description one 19th-century of In the formulation antiquarian, the Lysikrates Square. 41. As choregic Tripods discussion

yet, the northernmost monument found along is at no. 28; for a brief Street

of Choremi-Spetsieri 1994, see SEGXLVl 137. As reconstructed

by Choremi-Spetsieri in Schnurr

1995b,

the ancient

northern

1994 (followed

p. 148, fig. 5, "G"), course of the

Street of theTripods is improbably reconstructed ward

turn onto

as

a taking sharp, the northeastern

up spur

of theAcropolis, linking therewith modern

Prytaneion is based struction

Street. on

that

This street's

recon

recently remains, of the Church Those

especially lost ruins of the Panagia Vlastiki as a monument. choregic in Breton ruins (as pictured

are p. 261), however, clearly of built from the church itself, carefully a ancient great deal of spolia. The 1868,

blocks the

street have

belonging see Makri,

figs.

now

been

to the medieval Tsakos,

Charitonidou 363,

as curb blocks

still visible

published

along as

Rizocastro;

and Vavylopoulou pp. 362

1987-1988, 57-58.

These

roadside

are more

likely the remains terrace work. 's Schnurr

however,

archaeological the identification

published

blocks,

of ancient

(1995b) view explicitly reflects one ex but now evidently no is Hans Goette (there by in Goette of these remains held,

initially cluded, mention

2001, pp. 54-55). 42. A 1994, with has

similar

improbable been dismissed

already the conventional

ward p. 225,

argument

an

Pausanias's n. 7).

view, phrase"

(in Kalligas conclusion) because,

in

it "turns back (Miller

1995,

THE

PRYTANEION

ATHENIAN

DISCOVERED?

45

return to the Prytaneion went "through the street of the theatre and choregic grotto."43 Yet, until recently, between the tripods, the same logic has rarely been applied to the location of the Prytaneion. most to one new analysis, modern Lysikrates Square "is the According ancient the of the Street of the comprising Tripods, probable beginning route of Pausanias's

evidence demon Prytaneion and the Odeion of Perikles."44 Archaeological strates that the ancient street began at the eastern entrance of the Sanctuary Korres's excavations of Dionysos and Theater (Fig. 10). Here, Manolis have revealed the initial course of the ancient street, flanked by some 15 built along the west and south sides of the Odeion of choregic monuments Perikles. These converge upon a large hall at the southwest corner, directly opposite the propylon.45 is now a growing consensus that the Prytaneion was indeed lo cated along the Street of the Tripods on the east side of the Acropolis below the Aglaurion.46 The location of the Prytaneion here makes topographical There

sense, for it is only here that the front or eastern slope of the Acropolis extensive building activity.47 levels off enough to permit any convenient, scholars from the 19th century onward often assumed that the Although one of the Prytaneion was terraced along slopes of the Acropolis, to the cave shrine of the Aglaurion, it is difficult to imagine why

adjacent the early Athenians would have elected to construct their first civic building on such a more accessible and an incline. they would have preferred Presumably centralized location, on the same relatively level ground occupied by their agora.

early

PROPOSED SITE OF THE PRYTANEION site of the Prytaneion is in the Plaka (Fig. 1), under the proposed serves as a modern plateia of Agia Aikaterini, which courtyard for the Middle Byzantine church of St. Catherine.48 The plateia itself is notable in the present context as the findspot for the only votive dedication to Hestia remains are situated preserved from ancient Athens.49 The archaeological The

directly between along Lysikrates

can now

43.Wilkinsl816,p.64.

44. Lippolis 1995, p. 48, fig. 4 under no. 7. See 213

(with the Street

2000, pp. 209 a consequent of shortening of the Tripods).

1988b.

1988a,

esp. p. 12, fig.

the early

1980s,

Korres's

investigations see in French reports

p. 5; Pariente

1990-1991,

p. 705. plan of the in Schnurr

1990,

new

archaeological is also reproduced

sanctuary

1; in

For Korres's

46. Harris-Cline

H?lscher

the ancient from

course

the sanctuary's

of the

grading,

street,

eastern

starting

propylon,

1998, also

1991, p. 359; Papadopoulos

p. 284. 47. There

dient that

is a moderate

opposed on terminates

11% gra steep 20% slope the other side of

to the

the Street of theTripods. For the 11%

site, 20%

to the around

seeWelter

southeast

of the monu

the proposed Prytaneion 1922, p. 75. For the

the Street of the slope between the top of the Theater and of Tripods

see

1994, Choremi-Spetsieri cf. also Robertson 1998, esp. pp. 32-33; p. 292, n. 49. The best topographical 1931, map of the area is in Judeich Dionysos,

end plan 1. 48. For the church, form

as

gradient

red stone

pp. 312-313;

pp. 43-45; fig. 1. See

2003,

ments,

to its new

1999, 1992,

pp. 283-288,298-299,

ture no. 7 as the aforementioned Thanks

by the modern

be experienced

after Robertson

1995b, pp. 147,151, fig. 2 (with fea hall).

of Lysikrates and the Arch of Hadrian significant street in antiquity (Figs. 3, 4).

tourist.

also Wilson

45. Korres

the Monument Street, a very

"has been

reconstruction," 1992, Megaw 49.

whose

original

distorted entirely by see briefly Mackenzie for its date, see also

p. 237; 1932-1933.

See below, pp. 71-72. Appar for this reason, the tourist litera

ently ture on modern

to Athens has begun an ancient sanc this site with identify see Time Out, p. 86, tuary of Hestia; under "Church of St. Catherine."

GEOFFREY

46

C.

R.

SCHMALZ

Figure 11. Exposed

remains inAgia

Aikaterini

looking Square, Photo G. C. R. Schmalz

southeast.

The preserved section of an Ionic colonnade, forming the southwest corner of a a landmark large peristyle complex, has served as well-known inAthens from the time of Stuart and Revett in the 18th century (Fig. 11). Over the centuries, the site has been variously regarded as the Athenian the Palladion, the Theseion, Panhellenion, most of the remains Yet because appear to be Serapeion. exposed in date, for the last hundred years the building complex has been to have or relatively little archaeological topographical significance.

Basileion,

Hadrian's

and the Roman thought

Today to be part of a neighboring it is generally considered balaneion, or bath building, of the Late Roman period.50 at the southwest corner of the modern Recent salvage excavations square have begun to change this view, however. An architecturally grander, and almost certainly earlier, section of the building, described by the Greek press as a propylon, has been discovered.51 Only a small section of the ancient complex has been excavated, but it is apparent that some of the remains date as far back as the Archaic period. The salvage archaeological in detail below, has demonstrated that the modern square of the dimensions of the the site, making original proposed preservesxmuch site one of the larger architectural spaces in ancient Athens. Prytaneion

work,

described

50. See Travlos, Athens, p. 181, H: "The hypo fig. 221, for Balaneion caust of a Roman bath under Lysikra tous

Street

probably

belongs

to the

large building in front of the church of St. Aikaterini; columns of either the or this stoa of this are peristyle building still standing."

51. See Catling 1982-1983, p. 8, summarizing ary 14,1983.

a

report

in Ta Nea,

Janu

THE

ATHENIAN

PRYTANEION

DISCOVERED?

in the

Interest

Antiquarian

47

Agia

Aikaterini

Site

was a the Ottoman period, the Plaka popular and prominent Throughout district of the city. It was the first platoma, or quarter of Athens, serving as the center of government under the rule of the Sardar, whose palace stood at the top of the northeast slope of the Acropolis. As in the Archaic period, the Plaka neighborhood marked the principal point of entrance into the some most notable Athenian of era's families resided there.52 and the city, across the street from the Perhaps most importantly, just proposed site of stood the famous hospice of the Capuchin order. At its the Prytaneion in the 17th century, this small monastic foundation community published remains of Athens, the first study and plan of the archaeological thereby era. Later itwould offer in the modern ushering antiquarian hospitality to and the influential artist such renowned antiquarians as Edward Dodwell Battista

Don

Lusieri.53 The

of the proposed Prytaneion neighborhhood to served as the starting point for all the early guidebooks and modern city.

site therefore the ancient

In the first of these, a highly influential work published in 1675 by Guil of Lysikrates let de Saint-Georges, theMonument (the so-called Lantern was of Demosthenes) first formally identified with Pausanias's description of the ancient

Street of the Tripods (Fig. 12).54 Guillet de Saint-Georges to claim that the Prytaneion must be located directly to the east of the Monument of Lysikrates.55 This suggestion was additionally was then known inspired by the fact that the Street of the Tripods locally as the Street of Hestia.56 even ventured

interest in the proposed site of the Prytaneion Antiquarian probably even further back into the 15th century. Cyriacus of Ancona goes appears to have been the first visitor to take notice of its remains, describing the site as a gymnasium.57 After mentioning the "marble throne" of theMonu of Lysikrates, whose dedicatory inscription he transcribed, Cyriacus

ment

was palace of the Sardar on the northeast slope next to the Jesuit Mis the Acropolis, sion and the of the Calogers Hospice 52. The

then

situated

Medelli.The

chief Christian

the Vecchiados Athens, lived across the street

official

and the Hospice of Lysikrates the which he supervised, Capuchins, and next door to the Greek Orthodox

54.

of the Calogeres. See Guillet monastery de Saint-Georges 1675, pp. 283-284,

esp. pp. 209-333. followed immediately

similarly

1854,

pp. 74-76.

The Capuchin Plan of Athens to ca. 1670)

is preserved in Paris; National th?que

(dating

in the Biblio it is conve

influential

55. Guillet

by

the visit

and

(1682).

the victory tripods the choregic monu lanterns. Yet lighted there may also have

know, faint memory of the past of a shrine to Hestia, perhaps of the by the preservation

some

inspired ancient Hestia

Lady 1675,

dedication

in the exte

worship

of the Lamp. If not, of the Hestia-like

the later figure

of

theAgia Kandili would make for a

56. Guillet de Saint-Georges 1675, In the 18th century it

pp. 209-211.

as the Kandila,

to be known

after

Kandili,

on

Lantern

ence

Dodwell

of Diogenes 1819, vol.

or

the establishment

"Lamp Street," of a church and convent

to the Holy

Lady of the Lamp, theAgia Kyra

ably

that

riorwall of the church of theHoly

of

p. 300.

came

for all we

existence was

publications

belief long-held once surmounting ments served as

been

de Saint-Georges

niently republished inOmont 1898, pi. XXXIX; see also Laborde 1854, p. 78, pi. I (with discussion of its influ on pp. 76-79). The many subse treatments of the plan include quent

1816

work

This

Spon (1678) andWheler

298-300,333. 53. See Laborde

see Clark residence, 6, p. 205. In Guillet de Saint-Georges

vol.

1824,

1675, of

and

417; Coronelli 1687, p. 197;Omont 1898, pp. 15-17, pis.XLII andXLI. For Lusieri's

of

Capitanakis, from the Monu

ment

pp. 416

vol. 2, between

1678,

Spon of

these

the

names

site of the so-called (as recorded by 1, p. 289). Presum were inspired by the

remarkable

historical

irony. text of reads: Cyriacus Ad aliam sedem exornatam gymnasii in Bodnar 1960, pp. 37-38; (excerpted see n. 3 for an of Cyriacus's explanation 57. The

The

only other choregic in medieval standing was that of and early modern Athens which afterward Thrasyllus, Cyriacus terminology). monument

visited.

still

GEOFFREY

48

C.

R.

SCHMALZ

immediately noted another such choregic seat in the gymnasium.58 This second choregic monument was almost certainly the Lantern of Diogenes, which once stood across the street from theMonument of Lysikrates and immediately adjacent to the site under investigation. later an anonymous Greek visitor to the city took simi of Lysikrates and alluded, more fancifully (but to "the great agora of the city" nearby.59 He described perhaps presciently), an ancient site situated and directly between the Lantern of Demosthenes A few decades

lar note of theMonument

Figure 12. Detail of the Capuchin Plan as annotated by Guillet de Saint-Georges: (8) Cave of Apollo; (12) church of Agia Aikaterini; (13) Lantern of Demosthenes (Monument of Lysikrates); (16) Lantern of Diogenes and After Guillet

Analogeion.

1675, plan following

Georges

de Saint p. 338.

recording what he took to be the remains of the city's hall. This site, which can only be that under discussion, Basileion, royal featured a "great bath-building," which he imaginatively identified as the a bath com for the archon basileus. Although written with royal disarming the Arch

of Hadrian, or

bination

of fact and fancy, this anonymous in the

consideration

account has been given

serious

past.60

By the mid-18th into an olive-oil mill. Stuart and Revett

site had been turned century, the Agia Aikaterini was at It this time that the indomitable antiquarians first measured and recorded the standing remains of the

site (Figs. 13,14). At that time, three columns stood in place, with two sup an still Ionic architrave. Stuart and Revett particularly porting (as today) 58. Bodnar gymnasium area" (1960,

suggests "may refer

that Cyriacus's to the theater

p. 162), but the Theater was of Dionysos and deeply buried remained until the 19th unknown century. 59. Laborde 60. This

Laborde Lantern ve?ov

1854,

passage

p. 18. is transcribed

?v x x?v u?yav ?aoi XiK?v XouTp?v, ?i? rcaxaycov (po?fjaai fiGe^naav ?v0a Kai ? xou javnox?pxou o?koc.

taiov

The

visit

mediately 5e Kax?

1854, p. 18, section 5 (near the of Demosthenes): Kai ?atax ji?yioTov ?ice? tmripxe Kai x? ?aai

follows ?vaxo?,?? the house

of Hadrian

im "Iaxaxai

(section

6):

xo?xod

kxX. In this

of the Mn?starchos, or bride-official, should nuptialalmost be in understood certainly context,

in

to the Arch

the

connection that

with

took place

the ritual between

hieros gamos the basilinna

of the archon

(the wife

in the Basileion

Dionysos last day of the Anthesteria (contra

and basileus) on the festival

Laborde

the word

1854, p. 25, where is taken as a name). personal

Laborde (1854, p. 28) places the site far outside with

the

of

its

suggestion

context topographical that "the small

Panagia Vlastiki perhaps marks (its) location."

THE

Figure 13.Measured drawing (left) and detail (right) of the standing section After

of the west

colonnade.

Stuart and Revett

[1762-1794] vol. 3, ch. XI, pis. 1:1 and II

1968,

Figure 14. Study of the Ionic capitals from

the west

and Revett

colonnade.

[1762-1794] ch. XI, pi. 1:3

After

1968, vol. 3,

Stuart

ATHENIAN

PRYTANEION

DISCOVERED?

49

GEOFFREY

5?

R.

C

SCHMALZ

the elegant classicizing style of the Ionic capitals, which they com Ilissos Temple pared closely and favorably with those of the 5th-century on the south bank of the Ilissos River. not offer any could Although they for the building, Stuart thought that itwas "undoubtedly a identification part of a considerable edifice."61 admired

In 1835, the epigraphist Kyriakos Pittakis numerous Ionic capitals preserved in the walls

recorded

the existence

of

of the adjacent church of the Agia Kyra Kandili, the Holy Lady of the Lamp.62 There were so many that he believed a temple must once have stood upon the site.Most signifi

a to Hestia. Consequently, large dedication cantly, Pittakis also discovered in church marked the proximity, he believed that this now-demolished ancient

times, of the shrine of Hestia. As for the proposed site of the Pry taneion, Pittakis noted its "numerous ruins," supposing them to represent the remains of an ancient temple, perhaps the Theseion.63 were on the site. similarly drawn to comment European topographers tenta In his early 19th-century Ferdinand Stademann plan of Athens, as the Palladion, an architectural of identified it because tively presumably to Athena

and convent

into the church

of Agia an Kyra Kandili.64 Leake believed that the exposed represented a time in the important public building of the Hellenistic period.65 For as was site the of and Zeus the identified Hera mid-19th century Temple dedication

Pallas

built

remains

Panhellenios.66 As depicted in the 1860s, the preserved colonnade of the site was partly buried, and the third standing column had just begun to collapse (Fig. 15). An archaeological from the 1870s depicts the site with a plan of Athens fourth column preserved two intercolumniations away.67Toward the end of the structure as a very the 19th century, Curtius tentatively reconstructed Soon Walter afterward, Judeich included the site large peristyle complex.68 von Athen, where the structure is in his monumental regarded Topographie as a "colonnaded building of the Roman period."69 Judeich nonetheless that the location of the site was significant, pointing to the nearby and Classical date, partially of a substantial building of Archaic

believed remains

some

excavated

earlier.70

years

61. Stuart and Revett [1762-1794] 1968,

vol.

3, p. 64. The

comparison

with the IlissosTemple was followed in 1827 by Inwood's ([1827] 1972, p. 137, pis. 24,25) architectural studies of the city's

classical

Athens,

pp.

remains. 112-120,

See figs.

also Travlos, 154-163.

62. Pittakis 1835, pp. 171-172; see also Mommsen

1868,

p. 60, under

65. Leake 273, with columns,

of an olive-mill, and two of an architrave, which support belonged to the of their probably temple Sarapis; not that of an early age, nor style being so late as Roman times." See also formed

part

Milchhoefer

[1891] 1977, p. 189.

et the "Temple de Junion accurate Panhell?nien" with

no. 52.

66. See

63. Pittakis 1835, p. 173; Pittakis locates

(1841, vol. 1, pp. 272 "the three Ionic pi. II) writes: in the time of Stuart which

it as follows:

ce

temple d'Adrien."

on voit

"Vis-?-vis

de

l'arc de triomphe

64. See Stademann [1841] 1977, end plan.

Jupiter measurements

in Breton

1868,

p. 217.

The site is also identified as such by Wordsworth 1853, plan facing p. 190. 67. SeeWachsmuth 1874-1890, vol.

1, end plan.

1881 and Kaupert recon 5, pi. La; as tentively measure the complex would

68. See Curtius 1903,

fase.

structed,

some 70 m long (east-west) by 40 m wide

(north-south). 69.Judeichl931,p.339. to the northwest 70. Located it was

the

Olympieion, the Greek Archaeological

Service

1888 (brieflymentioned 1889, walls wall

p. 414). Two are described: of limestone

by in

inD?rpfeld

large and an older and

of

excavated

successive

polygonal an ashlar wall

of conglomerate, which reinforced modified the earlier one.

or

THE

ATHENIAN

PRYTANEION

DISCOVERED?

51

Figure 15. Standing section of the west

as it looked

colonnade

1860s.

After

Breton

in the

1868, p. 217

Standing

in Agia

Architecture

Aikaterini

Square

in Agia Aikaterini of the standing architecture to continues be the studies made Stuart and Revett more than Square by two centuries ago. The twin Ionic architrave, and columns, surviving west are of the colonnade 11, (see 16) capitals Figs. precisely drawn, and can be scaled from the measurements the drawings; preserved colonnade, for example, stands over 5 m in height from column base to architrave, while the interaxial spacing of the columns is a standard 2.5 m (Figs. 13,14).71

The

best documentation

elements, from column base to architrave, are full and well In these characteristics, the Agia Aika notably proportioned. terini remains contrast with those from Roman buildings inAthens, which leafed typically have "pancaked" capitals with narrow volutes, pinched bolsters, and neck moldings with lean and compacted profiles.72 Moreover, All

of the architectural

virtually all the preserved Ionic capitals from Roman Athens favor a central motif on the echinus, but the ovolo echinus on the Agia egg-and-dart Aikaterini columns is plain. This is reminiscent of the early Attic Ionic on which the central motif was the echinus capital, painted. Furthermore, volute angle is ornamented not only with a conventional palmette leaf, but 71. As vett's

derived

([1762-1794] I, II) measured

from

Stuart

1968,

vol.

and Re 3, ch. XI,

the eleva drawings, pis. tion of the surviving colonnade is 5.36 m; is the interaxial 2.50 the m; spacing is 1.72 m.The

intercolumniation bases measure

0.783

m

Ionic at

in diameter

bottom (0.575 m at top) and 0.206 m in

height;

the

architrave-epistyle

block

is 0.587 m in height and 0.53 m in

width. Keramopoulos (1911, p. 260) the height

gives 4.35 m, column

rising base.

72. Cf. Late

of the columns to 4.55 m with

the

the examples of reportedly and Roman Imperial

Hellenistic

date inMeritt nos.

as

22-24,

and

1996, pp. 169-172, the Ionic

from

the Roman

1967,

p. 19, fig. 23.

Market

capitals in Orlandos

In these

the overall

ratio

length-height pared with

profile of those erini site, which The

Ionic

in date, flattened

Roman

as com

bases,

Classical, high from the Agia Aikat have a ratio of 1:1.7.

less diagnostic the typically from Roman buildings

also differ bases

in Athens; are 1:4.7

is 1:2.4,

the more

their as

though from

ratios diameter-height with 1:4 in the compared

examples.

C

GEOFFREY

52

R.

SCHMALZ

Ill

'.-?

also with

an unusual

flMlllfl

volutes

fillet above.73 The

of the capital are they feature a large,

flanking in relation to the necking element; nicely proportioned raised boss for the eye of the volute, while the side bolsters are ornamented in classical fashion with four bands of round astragals at the center. The

Figure 16. Standing section of the west

exterior

colonnade, west.

Photo

of these

capitals

ing

look

view,

G. C. R. Schmalz

form and style of the Ionic capitals from Agia Aikaterini Square indicate as if were a studied and classicism, closely styled they carefully particular in their classicizing after earlier models on site.While typically Augustan a close affinity with Classical style and general craftsmanship, they share in their sculpted details and generous proportions. prototypes in Roman Athens, the only close parallels for these archi Elsewhere are to be found in the Ionic capitals from the City tectural characteristics which probably belong to the rebuilding of the late-4th-cen Asklepieion, is very similar tury east stoa (Fig. 17).74 There the sculpted ornamentation to that on the capitals from Agia Aikaterini Square, although the volute a more is the decorated with typical triple-leafed palmette and lacks angle fillet above. The surface of this capital is also less well finished, having been out with a toothed chisel. The capitals of the Asklepieion simply roughed were

as clearly created replicas of their 4th-century

b.c. 5th-century for the single comparison, particularly been pub leaf, has recently palmette of the British lished from the collection 73. An

excellent

of Athens; seeTomlinson 2000, p. 474, no. 22 (without provenance). unusual The fillet, mean surmounting School

while, finds a parallel with the Ionic capitals Athena

from

the Periklean

at Sounion;

Temple see the figure

of in

predecessors.

p. 48. For two repre of the more examples typical Ionic capital of the Roman era, see Tom nos. 23,24. linson 2000, pp. 474-475,

Dinsmoor

1971,

sentative

74. See 1944-1945,

"Chapiteaux pp. 343-345,

II" inMartin 3-5,

figs. is capital pi. 27; the best-preserved as "aux meil characterized belonging de l'architecture ath? leures ?poques nienne."

For

an alternative

attribution

Augustan pp. 243-244.

stoa,

to the

sanctuary's

seeWalker

Tomlinson

1979, (2000,

no. 23) compares pp. 474-475, c. a.d." with of "lst-2nd capital example, Asklepieion carved ornamentation rate, with central

although is more

the triple-leafed motif egg-and-dart

the Roman

period.

an Ionic the the elabo

palmette favored

and in

THE

ATHENIAN

PRYTANEION

DISCOVERED?

53

Figure 17. Ionic capital from the City Asklepieion.

Photo G. C. R. Schmalz

proportions of the standing architrave, which is roughly slotted at the back to receive wooden beams, are also unusual for the Roman period. As a combined epistyle block, with a frieze over an architrave having triple fasciae, it is typical of the Late Hellenistic through Julio-Claudian periods.75 It is distinct from the form of epistyle that became popular inAthens in The

the 2nd century A.D., when the profile of the architrave course assumed a sinuous form. It also has a rather old-fashioned ratio between proportional the frieze and architrave courses, one more typical of the Late Classical it periods.76 Here again may be suggested that the in still visible Aikaterini partially preserved building Agia Square may have been copied from an earlier phase of the complex. andMiddle

The

Hellenistic

West

Colonnade

exposed southwest corner of the site (see above, Fig. 11) was first iden tified as a large peristyle complex in 1911 when the western corner of the a brief southern colonnade was cleared by Antonios Keramopoulos during

The

salvage operation (Fig. 18). The sounded under the modemplateia,

ancient courtyard of the complex was also where awell and later cistern were discov

length of the standing (west) colonnade was exposed down to the level of its stylobate, where it was found to have been partially building in the Late Roman period. The colonnade walled in, probably sometime was cleared to an extent of just over 14.5 m from the southwest corner of ered.77The

the complex to the northern balk of the excavation, under which the colon nade presumably continues roughly to the modern intersection of Chaire Street (Fig. 22, below). phon Street and the southern end of Hadrian 75. For period, Roman fig. 22)

from the examples Augustan see the blocks from the epistyle Market 1967, p. 18, (Orlandos and

the so-called

in the City Asklepieion

Augustan

Stoa

(Versakis 1908,

p. 278, pi. 9, no. 24; 1913, p. 69, fig. 25). 76. As with earlier epistyle blocks

(e.g., troon

those

from

the 2nd-century

in the Classical

Agora;

Me

Thomp

son 1937, p. 184, fig. 110), the blocks from

the

proposed

an

approximately their two courses. 77. Keramopoulos

site have

Prytaneion 1:1 ratio between

1911,

p. 260,

as feature

5. The well is numbered fig. the mouth covered Y,with wellhead; found

a by large feature 8, was

the cistern, a mortared

to have

earthen waterproofed are now vations briefly

mouth

and

sides. The

exca

reviewed

Lippolis 1995, p. 62, fig. 18.

in

GEOFFREY

54

C.

R.

SCHMALZ

(BACKFILLEDAREA)

WELL ANCIENT

NORTH

oCD i_ CO CO O c J5 co O

Figure 18. State plan of the exposed trench was

excavated

Keramopoulos's able sections of an earlier foundation

just deeply enough to reveal prob course of conglomerate. As partially

at the southern and northern ends of the west colonnade, this exposed still relative to the surviving wall was laid along a slightly different orientation the wall would appear to be significant colonnade (Figs. 18,19). Although evidence for an earlier phase of the complex, excavation is required to be

southwest

corner

of the proposed

Prytaneion site inAgia Aikaterini Square, as excavated in 1911 (gray area)

and

1982.

G. C. R. Schmalz

certain.

of the west colonnade was also discovered (Fig. 20), site in the Breton's of column the (Fig. 15, above). leaning portrait probably This column is particularly noteworthy because it features cuttings typically indicative of the display of votive plaques. Perhaps significantly, Keramo A fallen column

an enthroned female a votive plaque depicting poulos's excavation uncovered a small torch or a of the cornucopia (the attributes deity receiving offering ac and Eirene, respectively) from a maiden or young woman of Hestia an hall important companied by three men.78 Such evidence suggests that was once situated behind the west colonnade. or cult room, facing east, reconstruction of this west hall comes from a finely for the support

Further

recovered by Keramopoulos colonnade from the partial walling-in (Fig. 21). Like other aspects of the architectural remains, the coloring of the west colonnade, with its combined use of Pentelic and Hymettian marbles in the

molded

cornice block of white

Pentelic marble

78. This

of the west

mopoulos

in Kera is pictured p. 261, fig. 8.1 thank this for discussing

plaque 1911,

Evelyn Harrison evidence with me.

THE

ATHENIAN

PRYTANEION

DISCOVERED?

55

ww '

'+$-f$S

-

'?

4:

t.."^IBK

Figure 19 (left). View of the west col with

onnade,

lier construction ing northwest.

of ear

remains

possible in

look

foreground, Photo G. C. R. Schmalz

Figure 20 (right). View of the west colonnade looking votive placed

and south.

plaques column.

aisle Traces

the

of

site,

of fixtures

are visible

on

for

the dis

Photo G. C. R. Schmalz

Ionic order, ismost typical of Hellenistic and Early Roman construction in use Athens. The first attested of the twin marbles dates to the beginning of the 4th century b.c. in the east stoa of the In terms of work Asklepieion.79 are the blocks stylobate manship, irregularly hewn, measured, and finished. have been thus converted from a prior use on the site, perhaps They may cut down from wider step blocks of an earlier stylobate.80 having been believed that the section of the west colonnade Keramopoulos extending northward from the standing architrave, where the stylobate blocks take on

an

even

more

The most

irregular

appearance,

direct evidence

a second

represents

for an ancient

restoration

rebuilding.81

of the west

colon nade is provided by the existence of mason's marks on the top surface of its two northernmost column bases (Fig. 18). Here the architectural members of the colonnade seem to have been carefully reassembled after its repair or remodeling. Both column bases were carved with a lunate epsilon, while the southern column base is additionally marked by the Greek letter nu, which could stand for voxio? (south).82 The epsilon probably represents 79. For

this and

the Roman

re

building, seeAllen and Caskey 1911, For the original use, which pp. 34-39. B.c. and is in the 5th century begins well known from the 4th-century Theater

of Dionysos,

see

Thompson

for the employment 1937, pp. 46-47; of Hymettian steps in the Hellenistic see also Metroon, 1937, Thompson

p. 181, fig. 108. 80. Such east

a reuse

and Caskey 1911, pp. 34, 36. 81. Keramopoulos 82. On

is evident

stoa of the Asklepieion;

in the Allen

1911,

pp. 259

260.

Martin

such mason's

1965,

in cardinal

pp. 225-231;

orientation,

marks,

see

for their use see esp. p. 230.

GEOFFREY

56

C.

R.

SCHMALZ

Figure 21. Cornice block from the

"west

hall"

of the

site.

Photo

G. C. R. Schmalz

a numerical stood fifth

mark for five, which would then indicate that these columns in line from the north and south ends of the colonnade. As it

happens, the column base marked "e-v" stands fifth from the south end of so the twin marks could stand for "fifth from the south." the colonnade, If this interpretation is correct, the west colonnade would have extended m. The north-south just over 25 interior aisles or rooms, would ca. 45 m. of length

for a length of 10 columns, the complex, restored with an estimated

The

Northern

6th-5th

Per?bolos

Wall

dimension

of

then have had

and

Finds

Century

scholars theorized

that the plateia of the Agia Aika the of our site, approximately original dimensions itwas not until the 1960s that salvage excavations succeeded in determin ameter inwidth ing its extent.83 Sections of heavy ashlar walls measuring

19th-century Although terini church preserved

were unearthed

precisely where the north and east flanks of the complex's outer wall, or per?bolos, had earlier been east projected. A section of the was wall discovered just outside the northeast corner of the plateia (Fig. 22, no. 1). a sizable ancient structure, the Reported as the remains of per?bolos wall was excavated along its outer face for a distance of more than 3 m and it appeared to continue past the limit of the excavation trench.84 An evidently significant section of the northern per?bolos wall was found just outside of the northwest corner of the square, under the south ernmost block of Hadrian reflects

no. 2). The latter road (Fig. 22, probably and orientation of the site's northern colonnade. Street

the placement the excavators brought

a substantial to Here complex of rooms built light an on with foundations, impressive quantity of architectural deep along and sculptural debris.85 Although the cross walls had been largely robbed away, apparently in the Byzantine period, the large outer wall was found well preserved, running Aikaterini Square. The

east to west,

to the northern

flank of Agia parallel robbed cross walls appear to represent a series of

83. See los, Athens,

the reconstruction p. 171,

fig. 221;

inTrav ?so

Agora

pi. 2.

XXIV,

84. Briefly published mArchDelt 17, BT (1961-1962 [1963]), p. 28, no. 12, as "i|xf|(ia

to?%ox> ?? ?pxaiov Kirip?oD." of the walls, surviving height excavated for a distance of 3.14 m,

The

was

0.68 m.

85.ArchDelt 17, BT (1961-1962 [1963]), mains

no. 11; these re pp. 27-28, were excavated under the houses

of Hadrian

Street

146,148,

and

150.

THE

ATHENIAN

? . Ar?ji?cV } P\

?; #' ?,

--""'

GCRS 2003

// /

'

wall of the Prytaneion(?); over

(2) build

6th-century

b.c.

deposit; (3) north wall of 2nd-cen tury a.D. building; (4) Classical building

G. C. R. Schmalz

remains.

H

1

,

\\

/ '

^\

/.

57

^^T /

^^\'^\

'

v-

/

Figure 22. Topographical plan of the proposed site of the Prytaneion and related areas: (1) east per?bolos ing remains

\[-

\y
? DIOGENES)

Archaic

DISCOVERED?

Agora

? N

MONUMEN OF Lysikrates

^^

h^^c

&&'? ' * \r \ -i'. ?.--*

A?

?_l^f-.?V_^

.7* fcTkt? BUILDING.

Archaic Cemetery

Figure

of ancient

26. Reconstruction Square.

Lysikrates

G. C. R. Schmalz

of the area (e.g., Fig. 27).101 Like reconstructions 19th-century the Phaleron road, ancient Lysikrates Street must have formed a cardinal

confirmed

line within the southeastern quarter of Athens, taking its orientation from the visually dominant Cave of Aglauros, which overlooked the early shrines still expresses the of the Ilissos river valley. Today the Arch of Hadrian fashion as "an urbanistic importance of this line, standing inmonumental hinge."102

In the early 1980s the Greek Archaeological Service, under the di rection of Korres, excavated in Lysikrates Square and established that the upper course of the Street of the Tripods had been repeatedly repaved from the 4th century B.c. to the 1st century A.D.103The substantial remains of B.c. building just to the south of Korres's excavation had a 5th-century in 1955. Although been already partially excavated by Ioannis Miliades as a was this ancient structure private house, its walls, initially regarded were remarkably substantial more than 6 m in (Fig. 26).104 length, extending 101. For

the ancient

Street

of the

see

1994,

Choremi-Spetsieri 2. Following of the work fig. the course of ancient Hadrian Korres,

Tripods, p. 33,

Street has been fully plotted in this from

neighborhood to Street Aphrodite

the corner Street;

of Flessa

see Korres

and Skilardi 1989, fig.A (end plan). Running

southward, westward

steadily course of the modern 1989a;

French

the street veers m

1.5-3

street;

1990-1991,

from

the

see Korres p. 6. For

the

1891, p. 105,

and Kaupert 5, pi. La.

18; Curtius

fig. 1903,

fase.

see

reconstructions,

19th-century

Curtius andMilchhoefer

1881?

"dem

isolierten

niers'

eines

Bauwerk

kam

urbanistischen

also die 'Schar

zu."

103. French to Korres

See Korres 1989-1990, (1988c,

never

published,

0.5 m. depth of was excavation

a total

although

it was

briefly reported by Vanderpool (1957,

102. Post (1998-1999, pp. 173-174; see also S?GXLVIII 238) writes, Funktion

have pavements 104. Miliades'

1988c, p. 6, fig. 1; p. 5. According p. 5), the successive

p. 281). See n. 3; Athens, no.

also Travlos

pp. 566-567, 10; also Kazamiakes

n. 4; Choremi-Spetsieri citing the "remains

1960,

p. 81,

fig. 710, 1994,

p. 43,

p. 32, of a monument." 1994,

Schnurr (1995b, pp. 146-147) still regards

it as a

"private

house."

GEOFFREY

64

C.

R.

SCHMALZ

Figure 27. Detail of Curtius's plan of ancient Athens, depicting the proposed roadways. 1881-1903,

Korres's

investigations revealed that subsequent, of the 4th century b.c. was carried out in away

extensive building activity that did not interfere with

this building, which must therefore have remained in use at the time and may well have been something more than a private residence. next to Korres has further demonstrated thatMiliades' building stood a B.c. Under the 4th-century stoa, significant cult site in the 5th century a large Classical ritual deposit (apothetes) of leky or All libation of the lekythoi were decorated with Dionysian thoi, jars. ivy leaves. Next to this apothetes a formal space was found, featuring a ritual

the excavator discovered

and surrounding floor area, around which were strewn more cult ves sels dating to the 5th century, including both lekythoi and kyathoi, or spe cial cups. Korres suggested that these and other finds were indicative of

well

cult

use.105

Yet

another

large and relatively early building had previously been across the street from Korres's excavation. At the corner of just Street and Service Street, the Greek Archaeological Lysikrates Tripods excavated the remains of a substantial ancient wall running parallel to discovered

Street for a length of 7 m.106This wall, constructed on a deep of red conglomerate, may represent the north end of the build as a terracotta was found ing, drainage pipe along the north side of the structure. As it extended to the northwest, this structure may nearly have adjoined the building excavated by Miliades.

Lysikrates foundation

In the 5th century B.c., Lysikrates Square thus featured a significant an important cult space. These would complex of public buildings including have faced

the west

side of the proposed

105. This deposit was initially reported by theGreek press in 1982 and

1983;

see the notice

and quotation

inCatling 1982-1983, p. 8;Touchais 1983,

see the apothetes, p. 750. On November 27,1982.

Mesemvrini, On see

the floor with Vradyni,

well

February

and

cult

18,1983.

deposit, the On

significance Papadopoulos 106. At

of the cult 2003,

dating

[1977]), found

sites,

p. 284,

7 Lysikrates

briefly mentioned (1973 vators

10-15 m

site, only

Prytaneion

see also n. 81.

Street,

p. 34, no. 16. The insufficient evidence

the remains

and

inArchDelt 28, B' 1

precisely.

exca for

site and ancient Prytaneion After Curtius and Kaupert fase. 5, pi. La

THE

ATHENIAN

PRYTANEION

DISCOVERED?

65

away. It may be tentatively suggested, therefore, that these structures were of the Prytaneion. With the Sanctuary civic offices in the neighborhood area would to close the this and Theater of Dionysos ancient very square, have been an eminently basileus.The Boukoleion

of the archon logical location for the Boukoleion also served as the headquarters of the four phylo tribal kings, who supervised the court in the basileis, or early Athenian If the ritual vessels excavated by Korres are in fact Dionysian Prytaneion. in character, then the festivals of the City Dionysia and the Anthesteria, and the wife of the archon including the sacred marriage between Dionysos basileus (basilinna), may

The

also have taken place here.107 of

Rebuilding

Lysikrates

Square

excavations have further revealed that the whole of ancient Lysi a dramatic in the 4th century b.c. krates Square underwent remodeling to It is quite likely that this program belongs the wide-scale building of between 338 and 326 when b.c., program Lykourgos virtually all the

Korres's

major public spaces of Athens were rebuilt, often with stoas and colonnaded of Lysikrates Square principally entailed enclosures.108 The embellishment of a relatively long and narrow stoa facing east onto the the construction ancient square and the Prytaneion site (Figs. 28,29).109 To judge from the its construction of material and building quality technique, the stoa must a

fairly lavish public work. Its back wall stood along the east side of the Street of the Tripods, which was over 8 m broad at this point. Itwas carefully constructed of limestone, with well-dressed toichobate and orthostate courses, resting on a solid foundation of conglomerate blocks

have been

are the (Fig. 29). Two of the limestone blocks exposed in situ. Against excavated section of this back wall, cuttings in the 4th-century pavement indicate the presence of a small monument that once faced the street. A a colonnade was discovered east of and deep foundation wall for parallel to the back wall. a breadth of ca. 4 m for the stoa, its With single aisle is notably shallow in depth (just over 3 m). Yet given the scale of the remains and itsmaterials, Korres

has suggested that the building's other dimension, running along stoa could the length of the road, must have been large. The 4th-century have extended some 10-20 m north along the Street of the Tripods, thus the west side of the ancient square. delimiting of the ancient square involved a great deal of redevelopment some demolition, with many of the earlier, 5th-century landscaping and features being filled in. Additionally, the steep slope along the west side The

of the Street of the Tripods was radically cut back, at least in parts, and terraced with a retaining wall, while a new road surface was laid out over a relatively deep fill. The water runoff along the west side of the road was 107. This previously

evidence noted

evokes

imaginings

anonymous 15th-century see p. 48 and nn. 59-60,

the of the

visitor; above.

108. For the Lykourgan building

program

in general,

see most

recently

Camp 2001, pp. 144-154; Mitchel 1973, pp. 196-197,203-204. 109. Korres

1988c,

p. 6, fig. 1.

66

GEOFFREY

C

. SCHMALZ

Figure 28. The Street of the Tripods. View ument

to the north, of

toward with

Lysikrates, stoa in the

4th-century Photo G. C. R. Schmalz

drained modest

southward

through

commemorative

a

terracotta

installed, U-shaped

newly

monument,

the

against

placed

excavated

the Mon remains

of

foreground.

pipe. A section

of retaining wall, was discovered south of theMonument of Lysikrates.110 to The larger choregic monument the south of the monument immediately was found, meanwhile, to rest on the remains of an earlier monument of the 5th century. In addition, excavations just to the north, closer to the a rectangular structure built of large plateia, revealed to also the 4th century.111 blocks, conglomerate dating stoa would help to The presence of the 4th-century explain the great monuments. the In of order for their com contemporary height choregic seen to memorative be from the would have to square, they superstructures center of the modern

have been raised above the level of the stoa's roof. The for theMonument

top of the pedestal have been nearly level with the stoa's is correct, the stoa would then have to

of Lysikrates would

roofline (Fig. 29). If this reasoning have been built before 335/4 B.c., when

theMonument

of Lysikrates was

dedicated. In antiquity, Lysikrates Square was clearly an important locus within the city of Athens. It remained so for the rest of antiquity, as the 4th-cen B.c. stoa was over built tury only in the 5th century A.D., when much of this neighborhood another period of major rede apparently underwent In this later period, much formal or perhaps even ritual dining velopment. appears to have gone on nearby; a deep rubbish pit, filled with a consider B.c. able quantity of animal remains, was found behind the 4th-century retaining wall.112 As for the newly discovered

to as T 1 and

110. The

retaining wall the monument

as bathro VI

in Korres

is referred plinth

1988c, pp. 5-6, was cut back to a east fig. 1. The slope of almost 2.5 m, with the retain height on the ex wall built ing newly directly at an absolute bedrock elevation posed

stoa, the fact that it is one of

of 80.43

m. The

road, meanwhile,

was

leveledwith a deep fill of 0.5 m above bedrock

(at an elevation

of 80.80

m).

111. See Catling 1982-1983, p. 8; Touchais

res 1988c,

p. 750. the rubbish

of the

stoa at a

also Touchais contraction

1983,

112. For

built wall (unnumbered), 4th-century the back wall between and colonnade

see Kor

pit, p. 7; see p. 7, fig. 1, for the

early 1959,

5th

slightly

1983, of Athens

a.D.,

century esp. pp. 66-67.

different

p. 750. On

angle; the

in the beginning see Thompson

THE

ATHENIAN

PRYTANEION

DISCOVERED?

6j

Monument of Lysikrates Roofline

4th-c. retainingwall (withreused 5th-c. base)

01 2

5

10

(locationof 5th-c. feature) 15meters

GCRS 2003

4th-c. Stoa

East cross Figure 29. Archaeological section of the Street of the Tripods at Lysikrates stoa. After

Square, with 4th-century Korres 1988c, p. 6, fig. 1

inAthens during the 4th century b.c. further under only two completed scores the significance of this area of the city.113 stoa may well have been as a its modest With depth the designed decorative backdrop for the square. It would have provided shelter not only for passersby, but also for the statues and other public monuments a that undoubtedly crowded the square. Korres's excavations uncovered statue of a draped male figure.114 The stoa also would life-sized, Hellenistic have been an appropriate setting for the famous statue of Agatha Tyche set up to mark his creation of a civic that Lykourgos by the Prytaneion toAgathe Tyche has indeed been cult of good fortune. A votive dedication found nearby.115 The stoa also served to terrace the gently sloping ground here, so that the Street of the Tripods, running behind the stoa, could be leveled more easily. Korres's excavations have revealed that the natural slope of the area increases dramatically on the east side of the stoa, dropping 10 cm over a distance of 1 m.116 only This reconstruction of ancient Lysikrates Square, bounded to the east site the of the by Prytaneion, would explain the remarkable concentration of monuments large choregic along this short section of the avenue. In antiq uity, these monumental trophies would have been clustered in prominent and possibly related locations, around the entrance to the Theater of Dio nysos and in the nearby square, where the city's Dionysian processions may have taken place. Against this background, it is easy to picture Demetrios of an old anecdote the late-4th-century tyrant of Athens, taking (as his afternoon stroll down the Street of the records) customary Tripods, beset one to crowds of ambitious become his of favorites.117 by boys

Phaleron,

stoa only other completed b.c. was the so-called century east stoa of the see nearby Asklepieion; Coulton 46. 1976, p. 113. The

in the 4th

114. This

was

reported

by the Greek

115. See ArchDelt 21, BT (1966 [1968]),

p. 39, pi. 61:a. The

standing HN36.23.

npbq On

tco rcp-DToeveico; cf. Plin. this statue and its rela

tionship

p. 8; Touchais

1849;Tracy 1994.

p. 742.

is

described byAelianus (VH9.39) as

press in 1983; see Catling 1982-1983, 1984,

statue

to the Prytaneion,

see Gerhard

116. The from

See Korres

1988c,

in absolute

rapid drop 80.8 m to 80.7 m.

p. 6, fig. 1. is elevation

117. Ath. 543a. A similar image first struckWelter (1922, p. 75); more recently,

see Schnurr

1995b,

p. 146.

68

GEOFFREY

C.

R.

SCHMALZ

THE EPIGRAPHIC RECORD Much

of the epigraphic

reflects directly

record from the vicinity of the Agia Aikaterini the Prytaneion and its long and diverse public

site

life. upon on the Arch of Hadrian to the II2 (IG 5185) inscription alluding is just one of a suggestive corpus of epigraphic material. "City of Theseus" more than 30 cen inscriptions, ranging in date from the 5th Altogether, The

tury b.c. to the late 4th century a.D., have been found in the immediate neighborhood. To judge from their excellent state of preservation, most of seem to have been moved a short distance these inscriptions would only contexts. The earliest epigraphical finds include choregic from their original dedications and, most significantly, inscriptions concerned with the civic life of the Prytaneion. The later material includes a series of archon lists that in have the may originated Prytaneion and a number of statue dedications, to Hestia. The Late is a dedication the most important of which Antique in the corpus clearly indicate the public significance of this inscriptions one of five contemporary is which locations inAthens where there is area, evidence for intensive dedicatory and building activity.118 Indeed, with the destruction and demise of the Classical Agora in the late 3rd century A.D., it is likely that the political and administrative back to this part of the city.

and

Classical

Hellenistic

activity of Athens

from

Inscriptions

reverted

the

Prytaneion are from ancient Lysikrates Square choregic inscriptions have been found here, both dating Two such dedications to the later 5th century B.c. One of these, built into the foundations of a on once to the philhellene George house lower Hadrian Street belonging as part of the has been Finlay, epigraphical collection recently republished of the British School at Athens.119 earliest

The

monuments.

other extant, early inscriptions from around modern Lysikrates to the civic and ritual life of the Prytaneion. Significantly Square pertain one in intact first modern discovered the enough, 4th-century inscription, to excavation of the Monument of Lysikrates, deal with public appears The

in the Prytaneion.120 Even more compelling is the so-called the holder of a new the of 2nd century b.c., honoring Prytaneion is praised for having given proper office for the Prytaneion. This magistrate

maintenance

Decree

sacrifices to Eirene, the Goddess of Peace, whose cult image was located in aswell as the Prytaneion, offerings for "the health and safety of the council women and children [of the city], the allied Romans, and and the people, the friends and benefactors."121 The Prytaneion was the traditional location for 118. The the area

is

corpus conveniently

of inscriptions summarized

from

by H. Riemann inRE Suppl. VIII, 1956, For

cols.

882-887

the Late Antique

(a-t),

s.v.

examples,

tr?podes. see

Sironen 1994, with ?g. 2:b (end plate). 119. IG I3 959 (= IG I2 771), mis

leadingly identified as adLysicratis monumentum. choregic

The

monument

other

5th-century is IG I3 961

(= IG I2 669) (baudprocul a Lysicratis

was

19th-century Monument 1878,

discovered French

the during restoration of the

of Lysikrates; p. 415, no. 1.

see Pottier

121. See IG II21000 and analysis in

monumento).

120. See IG II2 608, with analysis in Osborne

inscription

1981,

p. 154, n. 4. This

Osborne

1981.

PRYTANEION

ATHENIAN

THE

DISCOVERED?

69

such public observances relating to the city's allies, benefactors, and general on behalf of the Romans was external well-being. Similarly, public sacrifice also a regular rite during the 2nd century b.c. in the prytaneion at Delphi; as one to him to go into the pryta inscription reads, "They granted it is also evidence that dur of the Romans."122 There neion for the sacrifice a to b.c. Athens new office in the Prytaneion created ing the 2nd century supervise the public reception of the city's friends and allies.123

The

Roman

Lists

Archon

and

Related

Inscriptions archon lists the course of the past century, a series of well-preserved During at or near and Julio-Claudian of the Augustan periods have been found of Lysikrates, and scholars have speculated that the corpus theMonument may have originated in a neighboring public building.124 The most logical source would be the Prytaneion, in its venerable function as the office of the

excavation

Korres's

archon.

eponymous

of

the

turned

square

up

another

an intact list dating to the 2nd century A.D.125 example, in date. They of the archon lists are early to mid-Augustan Most the appointed members of consist of small marble stelai commemorating the city's annual board of nine archons and their functionaries. Given the their the office of archon and the Prytaneion, long association between come to have six lists that is obvious.126 Of the archon light significance some were found at the in the immediate vicinity of Lysikrates Square, of Lysikrates, others along Lysikrates Street by the proposed Monument another list (IG II2 1717) was found on the site it site of the Prytaneion; self127 Evidently, these inscriptions were not moved far from their original so commemorative setting, for only this particular group of archon lists is from the other major findspot of archon lists, the preserved. Those were are probably broken up and extremely fragmentary. They Acropolis, a as at much later date.128 ready building material transported there

well

122. Miller

1978,

nos. p. 188,

293,

296. evidence

is

epigraphic in 1971, p. 441; Vanderpool presented see also Miller 1978, p. 170, n. 203. "the For the new office, charged with see friends and of allies," reception Miller

p. 21,

1978,

1981,

and esp. Osborne

p. 156.

124. /GIF Dragoumis

1717-1719,1723,1727. 1915, p. 6;Dow 1934,

183-184.

125.The discovery in 1983 of this of the cemetery and Turkish periods

list within

archon

is the Byzantine in Touchais 525. 1987, p. reported 126. As noted above (n. 3), "the archon 3.5).

1994,

IG II21723 and 1727; for the latter,

and Robertson

p. 228;

pp. 298-299. list found 127. The

1998, 123. The

pp.

Shear

had See

the Prytaneion" also Miller 1978,

(Ath. Pol. pp. 44-45;

exca

in Korres's

(n. 125, above) has been dated to ca. a.D. 125-150: Touchais 1987, 1990, p. 706. For the p. 525; Pariente

vations

lists known of the previously see esp. Dow 1934. (n. 124, above), include found ad viam Lysikratis Those findspots

IG II21717 (on the north side of the see

street;

1905;

Dragoumis

1915,

p. 6)

see 1921, Philadelpheus further to the southeast 1721, which National 128.

was

found

Cemetery Six archon

preserved

from

the

p. 90. From comes IG II2 in the First

(Fimmen lists are Acropolis:

1914). poorly IG

II2

1720 and 1724 (Dow 1934, p. 159), /Gil21730 and 1731 (Graindor 1927b, p. 292, no. 68), and IG II21735 and 1736.

For

their

state of preservation,

and IG II21718; IG II21719 was found

seeDow 1934, pp. 154,162,171,

ubi olim odeum Peri Lysikratis, cas erat (on the slope above the Odeion

of two figs. 4, 8, 9,13. The fragments near the other lists were uncovered

ad viam

of Perikles,

where

it

fell

presumably

while being carted off to theAcropolis from

the

southeast;

see Kastriotis

1914,

pp. 165-166, fig. 22). Those found prope

monumentum

Lysikratis

include

Tower of theWinds; Dow 1934, p. 184. The beautifully preserved list IG II2 to Paris, via Istan 1722 was removed bul, at an early date and is now lost; see Dow 1934, pp. 158-159, fig. 7.

GEOFFREY

7?

C.

R.

SCHMALZ

local archon lists (IG II2 1717 and 1727) are so wear close inworkmanship, patterns, and provenance (by the Monument that Sterling Dow suggested that "they were set up, as they of Lysikrates) of the relevant

Two

were found, near together, in the Street of the Tripods"; he also argued that, in view of their lack of explanatory headings, "we must infer that [their] purpose was universally understood, or perhaps was clear from their being or monument."129 set up in some obvious location near a public building An earlier scholar had already argued from this and other epigraphical that an important public building once stood on the ancient course of in size, these stelai were Lysikrates Street.130 Thin and diminutive on awall, and as a were for clearly designed display they probably set up series of such inscriptions. At least one (IG II2 1721), like amodest votive

evidence

was

offering,

"cut

to be

set

some

in

given

Dow

aperture."131

was

the

last

scholar towonder why these archon lists were displayed in this locale. The answer now seems to be that as late as the Roman most probable period, the board of archons shared an official or commemorative space in this itself. area, presumably centered in the Prytaneion Individual members of the Athenian board of archons

are also com

in the neighborhood's epigraphical record. Found together with one of the archon lists {IG II21727) was a commemorative herm, erected at the beginning of the 3rd century A.D. by the archon Claudius Phocas

memorated

It was dedicated to Agathe Tyche, whose famous image by stood by the Prytaneion the base for an itself.132 Additionally, to the archon thesmothetes M. statue dedicated Ulpius Flavius

of Marathon. Praxiteles honorific Teisamenos

was recovered from the church of the Agia Kyra Kandili, which of Lysikrates and the proposed the Monument

stood between

formerly

site.

Prytaneion

inscribed base is especially significant, for itwould appear to be the in the Prytaneion. remains of the bronze statue once awarded toTeisamenos This

statue was part of the package of honors decreed for his father, the consular M. Ulpius Eubiotos Leuros of Gargettos, the great 3rd-century remained Athenian benefactor.133 Interestingly, the statue of Teisamenos The

in place during the following centuries, being reused twice in contexts the Itwas first reinscribed to honor a 4th-cen for Prytaneion. appropriate also held "the office of the president of the [Eleusinian] archon who tury to the sanctuary and panegyris festival" and probably enjoyed family ties priesthoods 129. Dow

at Eleusis.134Two 1934,

p. 183; cf. p. 149. 130. Dragoumis

p. 184,

1915,

other monuments

n. 1, and

esp. p. 6 (the

Sanctuary of Pythian Apollo). 131. Dow tion

1934,

commemorates

p. 142; the inscrip the archonship of

of Sounion b.c.). Two (14/13 Polyainos or were ob distinct methods phases in the fashion of their served by Dow display:

the earlier

1717,1718,1720) clamps

set low on

stelai

(e.g., IG

II2

sloping

see

132.

See

the

dedication,prope

monu

mentum Lysicratis, in IG II2 3681; it was excavated by Philadelpheus (1921, p. 91). 133.

See

the dedication

their

cf.Miller decrees

statue

see Miller

statue M.

bases

original decrees, no. A.2,

for Teisamenos's Maximus,

of these analysis see Oliver 1951 for the bronze

134. IG date

and

1978, p. 17. On the duplicate

in Sironen

229-231,

nos.

176-177,

236,

brother, are also

preserved (IG II2 3702, 3703). For the

connection,

a.d.

pp.

Pupienus

Ulpius

in the Prytaneion,

for Eubiotos,

1978,

237; see also IG II2 3697-3700. The

to Teisa

menos in IG II2 3701 (EM 10512); for Eubiotos's

IG II21721 had clamps set into the

roof of its crown molding;

Dow 1934,pp. 150 (/Gil21717), 157 (/Gil21718), 158 (/Gil21720,1721), and 183 (generally).

were placed with sides, while

relating to the priesthoods

no.

11.

II2 3692.

honorific (esp. p. 353, statues).

For

the corrected

for the Eleusinian

especially see the excellent 1994,

pp. 26-28,

discussion under

THE

ATHENIAN

of Eleusis were

PRYTANEION

found

a dedication

these was

Roman Athens, commemorative

DISCOVERED?

a block away, around the Arch of Hadrian. a late member of the great dadouchic by

the Lysiades/Leonides herm

Jl

an

for

of

clan of the other was a

family of Melite; dadouchos.135

early-3rd-century

second reuse of the statue for Ulpius Eubiotos important document for Late Roman Athens.

The

One

represents a par It commemorates

ticularly neo-Platonist who became Plutarchos, perhaps the famous 5th-century scholarch of the Academy. The city awarded this statue to honor his pa festival, noting that he "rode the sacred ship tronage of the Panathenaic and brought it near to the Temple of Athena three times, thus spending his

entire

fortune."136

Certain

Eleusinian

were

officials

and the chief officers of the Panathenaia

in the Prytaneion. traditionally privileges of maintenance If nothing else, these dedications demonstrate that the immediate area a of Lysikrates monumental space into prominent Square remained allowed

is further attested by the base of another important late antiquity. This statue in the nearby church of Agia Aikaterini. 4th-century preserved was on statue dedicated behalf of the city to Theodoros, the popular The an I under Theodosios (a.D. 379-395). governor provincial Replacing earlier marble statue for the official, the base reads, "You see the leader who saved all the Greeks and their cities with [his] law, well Theodoros, dedication and gently administered."137 The Theodoros suggests that center of Late this quarter of the city served as the political Antique the chief Athens, with the site of the Prytaneion possibly representing civic building.

to

Dedications

the

Gods:

and

Hestia

Other

Deities The most suggestive inscription from the site proposed for the Prytaneion is a dedication toHestia, originally found in the now-demolished church of the Agia Kyra Kandili and later moved to theMiddle church of Byzantine a Aikaterini The Agia (Fig. 30). inscription records the dedication of large bronze votive statue erected by a late Julio-Claudian it family.138 Although was a private was it the sanctioned of offering, officially city epimeletes by the chief civic official in charge of the general use of sacred spaces Athens, in the 1st century A.D. The involvement of this magistrate would there fore seem to indicate that the statue was erected in an important public itself.139The monument sanctuary, most logically the Prytaneion evidently a as a votive, for the base of the statue preserves an earlier life enjoyed long 135. See /Gil2 3613 and 3684, respectively. of Hadrian IG

II2 2042,

Also

found

near

the Arch

is the ephebic catalogue to ca. a.d. 135. dating

136. See/Gil2

3818, shown in

Agora XXIV, pi. 47:e. For this inscrip tion as important late evidence for the Panathenaia and the course of the Panathenaic

Ship,

see

Agora

XXIV,

1980, esp. pp. 109-111; p. 63; Nagy also Thompson 1959, p. 65. For a full see of the historical discussion context, Sironen

1994,

no.

pp. 26-28,

11, and

pp. 46-48, no. 29 (IG II2 3818). 137. IG II2 4223; seePLRE I, p. 898, Theodoros the church, where support;

Sironen

16. It remains it serves 1994,

15; also Keramopoulos n. 1.

138./Gil2

1911,

were

century pp.

b.c.

185-187,

p. 259,

3185 (EM 10613).

In the prytaneion for example, dedications 139.

Hestia in

as an altar

pp. 31-32,

no.

common

on Delos,

of images of from the 4th

see Miller onward; nos. 286,287.

1978,

GEOFFREY

R . SCHMALZ

C

Figure 30. Statue base for a dedi cation

naming

Hestia,

the

Apollo,

Theoi Sebastoi, and the Athenian state, IG Schmalz

II2 3185.

Photo

G. C. R.

a dedication of the 4th century b.c. in honor of a certain inscription, Epi kleides of Acharnai, perhaps an agonistic victor ofthat period.140 The statue was dedicated not only to Hestia, but also to Apollo, the inclusion of imperial house, and the governing bodies of Athens. The was is since his of the too, part Apollo directly relevant, religious worship, life of the Prytaneion.141 The statue base, along with its inscription, was first recorded by Jacob Spon in the 1670s, who found it built into the church of Lantern of Agia Kyra Kandili, constructed over the recently demolished In the 19th in Pittakis recorded the dedication century, early Diogenes.142 the same location. Given the nature of the dedication, together with the fact that the church

itself celebrated

the Holy Lady of the Lamp, Pittakis a shrine to Hestia was located in that ingeniously antiquity a shrine would Such nearby.143 necessarily have been situated in the Pry taneion. In the early 20th century, the same dedication and its findspot concluded

to suggest that the prompted another scholar Sanctuary of Pythian Apollo was to be found somewhere modern along Lysikrates Street.144 Pittakis also saw an inscribed architrave block built into the same to "the of an image of Pallas Athena gods and the city."145This statue, which probably dated to the 2nd century a.D., was supervised by the ancient "Bouzyges and Priest of Zeus in the Pal at ladion" and installed with formal permission from the oracle of Apollo church that records a dedication

140. See /Gil2 3833 (EM 10613); this

individual

Athenian text

is otherwise

Such

earlier

civic hero. The

its athletes,

of Acharnai as well

e.g., Pind. Nem.

was

notable

as its hoplites

no.

for (see,

2).

141.This is attested in IG V 137

in the Prytaneion). 1678, vol. 3, pp. 205-207,

for Apollo

142. 153,

Spon

"proche

l'Eglise

d'Agia

Kyra."

143. Pittakis 1835, p. 172; the find

foot

that appear to indicate cuttings would some movement. the statue exhibited deme

throne

a

prosopography. simple commemora well imply the

might tion of some

The

(= IG I2 78), lines 5-6 (a ceremonial to

unknown

spot

is given

as the church

Aikaterini byMommsen p. 60, under no. 52; perhaps tion had been moved there decade. vening 144. Dragoumis

1915,

of Agia

[1868 [1977, the in the

p. 6.

inscrip inter

145. IG II2 3177; the block was out of context

noted

slightly

(1835,

p. 169), with

given inMommsen

precise

by Pittakis provenance

[1868] 1977, p. 60,

no. 52. The

date (in Graindor Augustan incor 1927a, p. 140) is almost certainly of Marathon) rect; the priest (Polyainos

is mistakenly the archon identified with of 14/13 of Sounion, b.c., Polyainos and the lettering later. appears much

THE

PRYTANEION

ATHENIAN

DISCOVERED?

73

the new statue may have replaced the original cult image, Delphi.146 Hence was in the Palladion Sanctuary of Zeus. Yet which traditionally worshipped one would imagine that such a heavy architectural member would not have been removed very far from its original setting. It is probably more likely took place in the Prytaneion, also "a place sacred to Pallas."147 The

that the dedication hearth was

could then represent in the Prytaneion.

The

the architectural

remains of a 2nd-century

of Theophilos

Dedication

since the city's common inscribed epistyle block A.D. shrine

of Halai

A final noteworthy inscription from the vicinity of the proposed Pryta neion site is the well-known dedication of an Augustan epimeletes of the of Halai Until 31).148 Prytaneion, Theophilos (Fig. recently stored in the Roman Market, on the porch of the Fethiye Tzami, theMosque of Mehmet II the Conqueror, the dedication had been built into a neoclassical house at 20 Tripods

Street.

0?O(plAO? ?lO?C?pOl) A?aoue'?? ?mji?[Ar|]Tn[?] yevojievo?

TcpmocveioM

son of Diodoros, Theophilos, of Halai, the epimeletes of the Prytaneion [dedicated

it].

The votive was offered to commemorate

or benefac Theophilos's euergesia, as at service the conclusion of his tion, special project supervisor. Recent as an studies have consistently regarded this findspot approximate marker for the location of the Prytaneion, and in one instance, the Prytaneion is claimed to have been located precisely at this spot along the Street of the

turns out, however, this provenience merely represents Tripods.149 As it the inscription's final reuse in the modern period. The dedication was first seen and transcribed by the site of the Prytaneion proposed here. In 1678, the inscription was published by Spon, who found it next to the house of the French consul and pioneering residence antiquarian Giraud, whose stood near Agia Aikaterini is That the modern therefore square Square.150 two for dedications from the votive and findspot Prytaneion: Theophilos's to Hestia. offering every study of the Prytaneion Although Athens has invariably cited the Theophilos the late Julio-Claudian

to be said about

mains 146. The

priesthood

in the Delphic

(= /Gil21096). 147. SeeMiller nos.

257,258

mon

is recorded

letter SEGXXX 85

image

1978, pp. 180-181,

(= scholion

on Aelius

Aris

tides 103.16 [A226]); the relationship derives colonists, taking

from as their

hearth

connection

the tradition

of Ionian

of Athena, suppliants sacred fire from the com

Agora of a great deal re inscription, was simple offering likely to have been in

it.The

in the For Prytaneion. the Palladion

the

between

and

the genos Bouzygai, 1972, cols. 171-189,

XVIII, dion (L. Ziehen),

esp. col.

see RE s.v. Palla

176, where

the dedication IG II2 3177 is cited. 148. IG 1122877 (=Agora III, p. 173, no. 571). 149. Robertson

and the Archaic

299, fig. 1; this is cited in SEGXLVU1 195, 1998.

notice of Schmalz along with See also Dow 1937, p. 192,

no. 117; Robertson 1986, p. 160;Miller 1978,

pp. 45,171,

150. le Consul

1998,

esp. pp. 298

no. 209;

Shear

1994,

p. 227; Schnurr 1995b, p. 147.

pp. 86-87.

It is described Giraud"

in

as Spon

"pr?s de chez 1678, vol. 3,

GEOFFREY

74

aioa

/5S5$E\c?

C.

R.

SCHMALZ

?To Figure 31. The Prytaneion dedica tion by Theophilos of Halai, IG II2

^AAIIYKKniMiEiill'" IrENO?ENOinFY ^r^^c^ffig; IANE? the form of a statuette

or

Photo G. C. R. Schmalz; drawing after K. S. Pittakis, ArchEph 1839, p. 170, no. 141

2877.

torch, the latter being a common type in Greek prytaneia.151 Theophilos of dedication himself was amember of one of the most families of Augustan Athens. A_fter traveling prominent as an envoy to for the he served genos, or clan, of the Gephyraioi, Delphi as both eponymous archon and chief magistrate (the hoplite general) in same at the mid-20s b.c.152 Probably about this the time, he undertook symbolic

and has epimeleteia of the Prytaneion. This office is otherwise unattested as unusual. as a been often characterized permanent regarded long Although custodial position for the maintenance of the Prytaneion,153 itmore likely represents the sponsorship and supervision of a restoration program there. an was In Roman Athens generally related to the euergesia of a epimeleteia civic The Market of Caesar and Augustus and the Neronian specific project. are two such restoration of the Metroon Like the Augustan examples.154 151. A torch is suggested by the small

relatively existence

size of the base

and

152. On Theophilos the

of only a small dowel hole at exam the center of its top. For a good a of torch ple comparable offering from an ephebic lamp-racing victory see Pantos of the Roman 1973, period, no. 2, 1. A much fig. of such dedications larger example is that of the Syracusan prytaneia pp.

176-180,

the Younger Dionysios at Taranto, neion which lighted year"

lamps (Ath.

as there

15.700d).

in tyrant

in the pryta held "as many are

days

in the

see most

recently

pp. 330-337;

and his family,

Lazzarini

Geagan

1992,

1984, esp. pp. 40

in general

correct, Woodhead's lived

terms,

is A. G.

of "a short interpretation ad hoc or ad hominem,"

office

42 (though with some prosopographical

noted inTraill 1978, p. 297, under

as archon, On Theophilos confusion). see FdD III.2, no. 62, lines 2-3, and

lines 46-48.

154. See/Gil2

possibly IG II21713, Une 30, ascribed

Market's

to 11/10

Marathon

dedication, as the

Metroon,

with

B.c.

that traditional (although seem too late). On Theo date would as see SEG philos hoplite general,

XXVIII 94, Unes 44-48. On the Delphic mission, see SEG XXX 85, a new

edition

153.Miller

of IG

1121096.

1978, pp. 36,45. More

3175 for the with

Eukles

epimeletes. For Tib. Cl. Diotimos

of the of

Besa, see SEG XXIII12 (= IG IP 3580); see also the dedication IG II2 4174

in honor

Claudius.

of the emperor

THE

PRYTANEION

ATHENIAN

DISCOVERED?

75

of the who supervised the construction epimeletes Eukles of Marathon, of Halai almost certainly helped to initiate Roman Market, Theophilos and oversee some major remodeling or restoration of the Prytaneion. The nature of the dedicatory base itself indicates such amajor reconstruction. Itwas clearly made from a recycled stylobate block (a common practice in this period),155 and it could well represent an earlier architectural element restoration program. displaced by the Augustan to the genos Gephyraioi advertised connection Finally, Theophilos's context in the be of his of might significant epimeleteia, for the members of the Prytaneion,

this clan included

the famous

and Aristogeiton.

tyrant slayers Harmodios received permanent maintenance

in the Prytaneion, was act at of in part, to pro least intended, euergetism perhaps Theophilos's mote his claim of celebrated descent. Such claims were quite characteristic of the revival of Attic gene during the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman brother Diotimus served simultaneously nearby as the periods. Theophilos's of and the Priest Palladian Zeus."This "Bouzyges distinguished priesthood a sacred of the Palladion oversaw the annual plowing of the Bouzygion, to field that may well have been close the Prytaneion.156 Since their descendents

CONCLUSIONS AND HISTORICAL IMPLICATIONS The grand architectural scale and prominent location of the Agia Aikaterini site were recognized by many antiquarians of centuries past, including the great 19th-century topographer Ernst Curtius. Even so, attempts to relate the site to the Prytaneion long sidelined because

were

and other

landmarks

discussed

by Pausanias that the Aglaurion was last, however, with the dis

notion

of the mistaken

located on the north

slope of the Acropolis. At on the east side of the of the the archaeological covery Aglaurion Acropolis, remains from Agia Aikaterini and epigraphical Square may be plausibly reconsidered as evidence for the location of the Prytaneion.

a Square clearly represents significant and, indeed, one of the city's largest one section of the site building complexes. The archaeological finds from further suggest that it is one of the earliest civic buildings yet discovered in Athens, it remained in use going back to the 6th century b.c. That The

site under Agia Aikaterini civic building of ancient Athens

well

into the Roman

period, with evidence of periodic rebuilding, is also of its public importance. The surrounding neighborhood, with stoa that its dense collection of choregic monuments and a contemporary remained in use for almost a thousand years, was also a center of civic and indicative

ritual activity. Korres's 155.The height of the block, the only

original

dimension

salvage practice, architrave blocks

is

preserved,

0.2 m. This is a fairly standard height for a stylobate on preserved

the anathyrosis block; the left side. Its present

width and depth (0.53 m and 0.5 m) represent

its phase

of reuse. For

this

for is

(inter

alia)

excavations

the reuse of compare from the Erechtheion

the base

of a statue

hon

of Mauretania, oring Queen Glaphyra ca. a.D. 4; see IG II2 3437/38, newly

edited in SEG XXXVII148. 156. Plut. Mor.

144b

records

the

have demonstrated existence See

of the field

also n. 146

hood.

above

the revival

of the Bouzygion. for the priest

and problematic see Parker Gephyraioi, for the 1996, pp. 288-289; Tyranni 5.57.61. cides, Hdt. status

On

that the remains

of the

in

GEOFFREY

76

C

R.

SCHMALZ

that area date back to the 5th century b.c. or earlier.We should therefore was the the possibility that ancient Lysikrates Square the Basileion, location of such early public offices as the Boukoleion, the of and and Theater the Dionysos. Prytaneion, neighboring Sanctuary site and its immediate of the Agia Aikaterini The public prominence at least entertain

iswell attested by epigraphical finds dating from the 4th neighborhood b.c. to the 4th century A.D. Preserved from around the site are century as in decrees directly related to the civic functioning of the Prytaneion, b.c. maintenance decree and the so-called Prytaneion the 4th-century role of the 2nd century b.c. From a later period, the Prytaneion's as the official archon is in of the reflected city's eponymous headquarters stature ritual civic of this archon lists. The and locality is fully preserved

Decree

further demonstrated the only including Hestia herself.

for public officials by statue dedications ancient Athens from example preserved

and gods, honoring

on the southeastern of the Prytaneion identification proposed has important implications for our understanding of side of the Acropolis in Unlike other and Athenian history general (Fig. 32). early topography ancient Greek city-states, which had a single pole or axis between agora The

and civic sanctuary, Athens had two such axes, one represented by the Ar chaic Agora, the other by the Agora of the Classical Athenian democracy, the location of the later axis has Pausanias's "Kerameikos" Agora. While than 70 years, the original one has only recently been recognized and understood. The discovery of the Aglaurion in 1980 revealed an important eastward emphasis in the city's early settle ment pattern. The proposed Prytaneion site and adjacent Lysikrates Square, been known

precisely

for more

located at the intersection

of a number

of the city's earliest streets, mark one end of the critical route leading east from the heart of the ancient city to the shrines and sanctuaries of the Ilissos valley and south toward the harbor at Phaleron. to establish a more location of the Prytaneion helps proposed coherent account of Pausanias's itinerary, moving back and forth between It clarifies the and southern parts of Athens. the eastern, southeastern, to all of the historical and spatial relationship public spaces Prytaneion's and shrines noted by Pausanias: the Archaic Agora, the venerable shrines The

of the Aglaurion and the Anakeion the lower city around the Olympieion, Sanctuary and Theater of Dionysos.

on the east slope of the Acropolis, the Street of the Tripods, and the

new a insights into other topographical study also offers number of references known from the ancient literary record, most importantly those describes the Persian assault of Herodotos and Thucydides. of Herodotos This

480 b.c. as taking place on the "front of the Acropolis," the Gates (pylai) and the way up (?nodos)."157 According

situated

"behind

to Dontas,

the

front of the Acropolis would have overlooked the city center, so Herodo tos must have been standing at the Prytaneion and looking toward the it now makes much From this its perspective "facing gods."158 Acropolis, as not more sense to understand Herodotos's the famous Propylaia, pylai structure. This was probably the enigmatic but rather as a contemporary Archaic gateway, known from other sources, that stood below the Acropolis

?VrcpoaOe cov 7tp6 xfjc; ?tKpo ?? TC?V 7luX8COVKOClTT\?, O711G08 7COA-10?, see also Paus. ocvo?ou (Hdt. 8.53.1); 157.

1.18.2. 158. Dontas

1983,

pp. 60-61.

Leake

(1841, vol. 1, p. 264) had previously noted fronted

that

"the two

temples

the east." This

of Minerva

particular was prevalent ing of Herodotos the early 19th century, inspiring accurate location of the Aglaurion

Wilkins

(1816, pp. 61-64).

read in the by

THE

32. View

Figure Acropolis.

from

southeast

ATHENIAN

PRYTANEION

DISCOVERED?

77

the

Photo G. C. R. Schmalz

and the Aglaurion

and symbolically marked the front of the citadel and its temples.159 Thus, in reference to thepylai and the ?nodos, two adjoining landmarks on the have been describing

eastward-looking Herodotos would

east slope of the Acropolis.160 From this perspective, Thucydides'famous of Athens

account (2.15.3) of the early to Thucydides, also be clarified. may According of Theseus, "the polis was in essence the Acropolis

development before the synoecism can now and the part below it facing rather to the south."161 Thucydides to have referred to the be understood southeastern quarter, with city's 159. These

are Philochorus's

S trat.

in Polyaenus "propylon" ertson 1998, vant

or

1.21.2.

"propylaia,"

For

p. 272, n. 16. 160. Such

this

see esp. Rob for the rele

pp. 292-295; see also Judeich

sources,

or less on (Hdt. 8.53.1), more an axis with the Acropolis, may have a block to the north of the existed

in use this route continued Lysikrates; until the redevelopment of the area the Greek War of Indepen following

?nodos

upropylaiaof thepolis" inFGrH328 FI 05, implicitly above theAnakeion

1931,

Monument a series

of Lysikrates, of broad, rock-cut

the modern meets

Thespis Street Tripods

Street

in preserved steps under where

(see Korres

it 1989a,

p. 10; 1989b, p. 13, fig. 2; French 1990 an

has the interpretation virtue of saving Herodotos from an otherwise awkward form of topograph see Miller ical expression; 1995, p. 236,

be identified with the broad pathway

n. 83. The

on

lower

course

of Herodotos's

1991, early 1876,

p. 6). Alternatively, view antiquarian p. 168),

the north

following

the

(e.g., Roque the ancient ?nodos could

side of the Monument

of

If the orientation of Thespis is any guide, these two courses could well have converged farther up on the east slope of the where Acropolis, the proposed site stands. Anakeion

dence. Street

to ?e Tipo xou 2.15.3: OUOOC V?V T] f| ?CKp?7tOAAC 7tO?l? f|V, Kai to \)7t' auxfiv rcpo? v?tov ua?aoTa 161. Thuc.

T?Tpau|i?vov.

GEOFFREY

7?

R.

C

SCHMALZ

"below the Acropolis" meaning below the "front" or east of the Acropolis and "rather to the south" meaning the southeast. The

topographical orientation of the growth of Athens of Aglauros down the line of ancient Lysikrates

the Cave

stretched from

Street, with its to the site of the the sacred square and Prytaneion, region of the and the Ilissos river valley.162 Clearly, the visually dominant Olympieion a southeastern fine of orientation between cave above the inspired Aglaurion the Acropolis and the Ilissos river valley (see Fig. 32). This important topo both ancient and modern Lysikrates Streets graphical axis, encompassing ancient

in Roman and the site of the Prytaneion, was clearly marked times by the monumental toward Arch of Hadrian, which looks directly westward to in its the Aglaurion. famous backward reference the Indeed, city of seems to commemorate

the Arch

the very locus of Thucydides' If in fact represent the remains the site under discussion does early city.163 of the ancient Prytaneion, then that commemoration would have had the

Theseus,

utmost

immediacy, for the Prytaneion of Theseus's embodiment city.

was

the architectural

and ritual

ican School

and

ad.

Wycherley,

Literary 1957.

Testimonia,

Frantz, Late Antiq 1988.

267-700,

Buildings, Alcock, Polis:

at Athens:

Equipment, 1995.

Testimonia, S. E.

1995.

Use

and Abuse,"

the Ancient

in Sources

Greek

and L. D. Stoa

at Athens,"

AJA 1960.

Bodnar,

E. W.

and Athens

and

and

"Pausanias

"The East

Sites,

Procedures,

City-State the Copenhagen Polis Centre ?d. M. H. Hansen, Copenhagen, pp. 326-344. G.,

the for of

(Acts 2),

Cyriacus

E.

dessin?e:

1868. Ath?nes, Suivie 2nd

"The Cave

on

voyage ed., Paris.

E. D.

Various

the

of the Acropolis," Hespe Slope ria 5, pp. 247-253. 2001. The J.M. Camp, Archaeology of New Haven. Athens, 1982-1983.

Countries 11 vols.,

"H O?o?

W.

G.

to the Map

of Europe, Asia, 4th ed., London.

and

1852. Explanatory Ancient Athens, of

P. M.

"Archaeol

1687. An Historical

and

Account

of theMorea, theMaritime Places,

and Negropont, as Far as Thessalonica,

Coulson, le

East

H. W.

1994.

Koci xa xopriynca

in ocp%cx?aA0r|va," et al. 1994, pp. 31-42. Travels 1816-1824. in

Geographical

et

dans

A.

at the

ofDilettanti,

Eton.

ofAncona

d?crite

a Tour Made

oTnv

uvnjieia Coulson

Coronelli,

43),

d'un

in Greece:

Travels

of of the Society

Choremi-Spetsieri, tcov Tputo?cov

trans. R. W.

London.

Gent,

P?lopon?se, 0.1936. Broneer,

Catling,

R. 1776. Chandler, Or an Account

Clark,

in

"Archaeology AR 34,

1-85.

pp.

Cookesley, Index

1911. Caskey. in the Asclepieum 15, pp. 32-43.

(CollLatomus

1987-1988,"

Africa,

Brussels. Breton,

pp. 3-62. 1987-1988.

Expense Oxford.

XXVIII =A. L. Boegehold

et al., The Lawcourts

Allen,

-.

Greece,

Epigraphical = A. XXIV

uity,

ogy inGreece, 1982-1983," AR 29,

of

Amer by the Studies at

of Classical

Princeton III = R. E.

Athens,

Results

W.

Shear

D.

E., O.

Jr., H. A.

Palagia, T. L. and Shapiro,

F. J. Frost, eds. 1994. The Archaeol and Attica under the ogy ofAthens

Democracy (OxbowMonograph Oxford. Coulton,J.

J. 1976.

Development Oxford.

of

The Architectural the Greek

Stoa,

37),

See H?lscher

pp. 358 pp. 127-128.

1991, 1996,

163. Papadopoulos (2003, p. 284) a signifi topographical to the Theseus See inscription. The also Post 1998-1999. arch rests

also

attributes

cance

over

the remains

dating

of a small

to the Late

Bronze

cemetery see

Age;

locations 9 and 10 inMountjoy

1995,

pp. 17-18,33-34,35-36,48,53-54. This burial ground and, presumably, date to the its associated settlement 15th-12th

REFERENCES = The Athenian Agora Agora. Excavations Conducted

162.

361; Papadopoulos

centuries

b.c.

THE

E.

Curtius,

1843.

zu

"?ber Theseion

de travaux (Recueil Facult? des Lettres

6, pp. 97-106. eds. Curtius, E., and J. A. Kaupert, 1881-1903. Karten vonAttika, 9 fascicles, Curtius,

1891.

and A. Milchhoefer

E.,

von Athen,

Stadtgeschichte einer ?bersicht der Schriftquellen von Athen, Berlin. Topographie W. Dinsmoor, B., Jr. 1971. Sounion (Keramos Dodwell,

Tour

graphical the Years

through

1801,1805,

and

during and 1806, 2

Hansen,

G. S. 1983. "The True Aglau 52, pp. 48-63. rion," Hesperia 1889. "Miscellen: W. Funde," D?rpfeld, AM 14, pp. 413-415. -.

1895.

Das

Lenaion

dem

Limnai,"_4M20,

pp. 161-206. of Athenian

"The Lists

S. 1934.

Dow,

Archontes," 1937.

Pry

S. 1905.

"Arenen

?mYpoccpfi

K. Raaflaub,

1905,

pp. 355-379.

pcojia?Kcov xp?vcov," ArchEph pp. 181-186. -.

1915.

ajiaxa," T. H.

History, London.

inAttica,

and Remains,

Topography, "Eine

neue

Archontatsliste,"_4M39, 137. P.W.

Forchhammer,

attische pp.

1874.

Athen,

130

Kalligas,

Topographie

Kastriotis, 1989-1990. AR

in Greece," -.

1990-1991.

1992.

DJ.

thon and SocialMobility

1914, Kazamiakes,

inAthens

English

1931.

An

trans.,

Guide, Archaeological rev. ed., London.

Topographie ed., Munich.

2nd

von

C.

mani?re

de

2nd

1857.

ed., London. sur la "M?moire ? propos

lire Pausanias,

de

du v?ritable

emplacement M?mAcInscr

21,

l'Agora d'Ath?nes," pp. 95-164.

Lippolis, E. 1995. "Tra il ginnasio di ed il Serapeion: La rico di un quartiere topogr?fica monumentale Ostraka 4, di Atene," Tolomeo

pp. 43-67. M. Mackenzie,

1992.

Turkish

Centuries

Athens:

1456-1832,

Reading. and A. Vavylo 1987-1988.

E., K. Tsakos,

poulou-Charitonidou. "To Pl?OKOCOTpO, GC??OfXEVa \)7t0^8?|I kou IXoctoc:N?e? 7taparr|pr|0?i? As?riov

87iavaxpovo?i?Yr|ar|,"

rr\?

1994.

in Coulson

P. 1914.

et al. 1994,

"To 'Q?e?ov to?

'EmYpa?pa?," ArchEph 165-166.

pp.

K. N.

1994.

"H O?o?

uma,"ArchEph 1988a. Korres, M.

tcov

pp. 257-261. "?iovuoiaK? O?aTpo," 1911,

Ta 7i^na?ov

"nepiK?eio xopnyiKa

J. 1882.

Q?eio

Kai

uvr|u??a,"

ArchDelt 35, B'1 (1980), pp. 14-18.

Les

sacerdoces ath?niens,

Paris. R.

Martin,

1944-1945.

"Chapiteaux de l'Ascl?pieion d'Ath? ioniques nes," BCH 68-69, pp. 340-374. -. 1965. Manuel d'architecture

grecque, Paris. H. 1932-1933. Megaw, the Hagioi

of

"The Date of Athens,"

Theodoroi

BSA 33, pp. 163-169. Meritt,

L.

Antique "AOrjvcov euprj

ArchDelt 35, B'1 (1980), pp. 9-14. 1988b.

Apxaio?oyiicri? 4:14, pp. 329-366.

Eraipeia?

"H rcepioxri tod Kai tod Oe?rpou tou Aiovdgou

P. G.

pp. 43-44. A. 1911. Keramopoulos,

-.

1841. The Topography of

2 vols.,

Martha,

1994,

of the First

the Megarid:

repr.

Kai KaTaoKerja Tputo?cov?TexviKa et al. GTiKa OTOi%eioc," in Coulson

of Mara

b.c.," Phoenix Century 46, pp. 29-44. " E. 1849. Gerhard, AyaGfic Tvxqc, 4, pp. 380-384. veco?," Philologus and H. R. 2001. Athens, Attica, Goette,

and Epirus,

RivFil

Xpi<jTiaviKT?c

nepiK^?ou?:

"Archaeology 36, pp. 3-82. in "Archaeology

37, pp. 3-78. "A Family

Greece,"^ Geagan,

Megara,

lepo? OTnv A0r|va," pp. 25-30.

vonAthen (PhilologusSuppl. ULI), G?ttingen. E. B. French,

ofAthe Remains

London. Judeich, W.

1914.

[1827] 1972. TheErech

nian Architecture

onoma

"Note

prosopografiche," pp. 327-337.

The Forgotten

Stuttgart,

Fragments and a Few

1984.

L.

e

Lenormant,

Makri,

at Athens:

theion

(ppovx?

si?cles, Paris.

struzione

Structure,"

Italy, and J. Emlen,

aux XVe,

1854. Ath?nes

M.

Athens,

ed. A. Molho,

Inwood, H. W.

1915, pp. 5-8. ArchEph 1873. Ancient Athens:Its

D.

Fimmen,

"'EmYpaqnK?

Evidence

Symbol,

Space,

and Medieval

Dragoumis,

Poleis:

1989.

Skilardi.

etXVIIe

112,

in City States in ClassicalAntiquity

Athens.

L.

XVIe,

Leake,W. M.

and

94, pp. 309-320. 1991. "The City of

Athens:

1),

Suppl.

in Archaic

BSA

H?lscher,T.

Study of the Athenian

(Hesperia

Politi

"Monumental

"O?o? Q?xsnxSoq," Arcb

and D.

M.,

stiche

and theTopography of the Kylon

ta??is: A

Honoring

Inscriptions Councillors

1989b.

Lazzarini,

Berkeley. and T. Fischer-Han

Greek

Affair,"

-.

to

Guide

pp. 23-90. Stuttgart, D. 1999. "Archaic Athens Harris-Cline,

190.

Dyer,

1994.

Kai "O?o? 0?om8o? ArchDelt 37, B'l

"O?o?Aopiavo?," ArchDelt 37, BT (1982), p. 11.

head,

140

3, pp.

Hesperia

Korres,

in From Political and Significance," to Architecture Byzantius: Stephanas Greek Polis Sources (Historia for the Einzelschriften 87), ed. D. White

in

oder Dionysion

H.,

Classical

der Akropolis II:

Westabhange

-.

Pausanias

cal Architecture

am

"Die Ausgrabungen

M.

sen,

Dontas,

pp. 5-7. 1989a.

Laborde,

C. 1985. Habicht, Ancient Greece,

AuaiKp?

Delt 38, BT (1983), pp. 10-13.

IV, Paris.

Topo

"TlXaxeia

(1982), pp. 9-10.

BCH51,

de des Turcs, l'empire Festatpr?sent contenant la vie du sultan Mahomet

Greece

1988c.

tod?,"ArchDelt 36, BT (1981),

Eni\ievi8ox),"

attiques

G. 1675. de Saint-Georges, et nouvelle, et ancienne Ath?nes

London.

vols.,

"Inscriptions

79

-.

-.

Guillet

Athens.

Guides),

1819. A Classical

E.

zur

Auguste

par la publi?s de l'Universit?

romaine," d'?poque pp. 247-328.

mit

sous

DISCOVERED?

1), Cairo.

Egyptienne -. 1927b.

Berlin.

Die

PRYTANEION

P. 1927'a. Ath?nes

Graindor,

AZ

Athen,"

ATHENIAN

S. 1966.

"An Imitation

in Architectural

of the

Mould

35, pp. 141-149. ings," Hesperia -. 1996. "Athenian Ionic Capitals from the Athenian Agora," Hesperia 65, pp. Merkelbach,

121-174. R.

1972.

"Aglauros

(Die Religion der Epheben)," ZPE 9, pp. 277-283.

GEOFFREY

8o

Milchhoefer, A. [1891] 1977. Schrift quellen

Topographie in Ancient Athens,

repr. Phaleron:

-.

von Athen,

zur

Princeton. Pariente,

ed. A. N. Oikonomides,

Chicago. S. G.

"Old Discoveries

39, Athens," Hesperia pp. 223-231. -. 1978. The Its Prytaneion: and Architectural Function Form,

A

as Evi

"Architecture

2), ?d. M.

of Louise series, 1966-1970

Memory

Cincinnati

Classical Okla., A.

pp.

P. A.

tindale,

2nd

Empire I,Cambridge 1971.

of

Post, A.

2),

1980.

B.

1977.Athenae

"A Late

Panathenaic pp. 107-111. 1964. The Two

inAncient

Agoras

-.

Orlandos,

K.

1967.

A?piavo?

Kai PcoumKfic

ArchEph 1964, pp. 6-20. M. J. 1981. "Entertainment at Athens," the Prytaneion ZPE pp. 153-170. P. A.

Tr|v Ayop?v 1973,

pp.

1973.

in

tc?v AOnvcov," ArchEph K.

1996.

"The Orig and

of Athens

of the Classical

GRBS 37, pp. 107-128.

41,

Ttap?

175-188.

J. Papadopoulos, inal Kerameikos the Siting

"'Emypaipai

Agora,"

mis

of

67,

'ETrir?yio?," ZPE le colonel d'apr?s au courant des

Paris. plus r?centes, T? Qnoe?ov Kai ? vao? as ro? 'Apeco?, Athens (republished Das Theseion und der des Tempel

Ross,

Ayopa?,"

Legends: Cities in the

Hesperia

""Hpco?

Ouvrage d?couvertes les

Osborne,

Pantos,

Athens,"

Leake:

Bi?^io0r|Kr|c

and

of Greek

127, pp. 179-181. P. 1876. Ath?nes Roque,

""EKGeoi?

Tiepi tcov ?vaoKatpcov

Axones

of Public Ritual, Toronto. 1998. "The City Center

pp. 283-302. -. 1999.

non, Paris. A.

1992. Festivals

Archaic

du Parthe

sculptures

"Solon's

the Sixth-Century Historia 35, pp. 147

The Formation Light

des

171

pp.

and

Background," 176.

1951. "On the Athenian Oliver, J. H. for Ulpius Hes Decrees Eubiotus," 350-354. peria 20, pp. au XVIIe H. 1898. Ath?nes Omont, si?cle: Dessins

1986.

and Kyrbeis,

-.

Development, ments, Chicago.

N.

Robertson,

on Their and History and Monu Topography

Commentary

21-22,

au monu Pottier, E. 1878. "Fouilles ment de BCH 2, Lysicrate," pp. 412-418.

A New

Athens:

"Zum Hadrianstor

Boreas

183.

AncW3, A. N.

Oikonomides,

1998-1999.

in Athen,"

163-214.

repr. Chicago. 1995. Mycenaean

Document,"

jivrifxe?ov,"

Jones, J. R. Mar and J.Morris, eds., The Later Roman of the Prosopography

in

Athens (SIMA-PB 127), Jonsered. Nagy,

" AvaoKacpfi

= A. H. M.

PLREl

Semple,

(University Studies

[1868]

christianae, Mountjoy,

Taft

27,

Philologus

K. S. 1835. L'ancienne Ath?nes, Pittakis, ou la des description antiquit?s et de ses environs, Athens. d'Ath?nes

H. Hansen,

pp. 201-244. 1973. "Lykourgan in Lectures 338-322,"

Norman,

"Das Hephaes

ArchEph 1921, pp. 83-97.

Ancient Greek for the (Acts of the Copenhagen

Copenhagen, F.W.

Athens:

Religion:

A. 1921. Philadelpheus, to AuaiKpareiov 7iap?

in Sources

City-State Polis Centre

BCH

Oxford.

History,

P. 1870. Pervanoglu, teion in Athen,"

dence for the Identity of the Early

Mitchel,

en 1989,"

pp. 660-672.

Berkeley. -. 1995.

Mommsen,

en Gr?ce

114, pp. 703-850. Parker, R. 1996. Athenian

from Old

Polis,"

1990. des "Chronique et d?couvertes arch?olo

A.

fouilles giques

1970.

Miller,

Redivivus:

Potters' Field Age Classical Athenian the of

Agora (Hesperia Suppl. 31),

Literary Epigraphi on Their cal Testimonia Topography, andEkistic Cults, Monuments,

History,

SCHMALZ

Iron

Early in the Area

and

Piraeus,

R.

Cer?micas

2003. The

and

C.

1838.

L.

Ares inAthen, Halle 1852). G. C. R.

1998. "A New Pryta Athens?" AJA Augustan 102, p. 408 (abstract). P. 1992. La cit? au ban Schmitt Pantel, Schmalz,

neion

for

quet: Histoire

des repas publics

dans

cit?sgrecques (CEFR 157), Rome. Schnurr,

C.

Athens,"

1995a. ZPE

"Die

alte Agora 131-138.

105, pp.

les

THE

-.

1995b.

"Zur

der Topographie und der Tripoden in Athen," ZPE 105,

Theaterst?tten strasse

139-153.

pp.

Shapiro, H. A. 1999. "Cult Warfare: The Dioskouroi between Sparta in Ancient

and Athens," Cult.

ed. R. H?gg, pp. 99-107. Shear, T. L., Jr. 1994. Cult,

Inter

E.

Sironen, tration

of Late

in the

Attica

of A.D. 267

inAthens,

and Monographs

of

pp. 15

Helsinki,

62. de Dal Voyage d'Italie, de Gr?ce, et du Levant, fait

1678.

Spon,J. matie,

aux

ann?es 1675 et 1676, 3 vols., Lyon. F. [1841] 1977. Panorama Stademann, von Athen, repr. Mainz. Stuart, J., and N. Revett. [1762-1794] 1968.

3 vols., Antiquities ofAthens, New York. repr. H. A. 1937. "Buildings Thompson, on theWest Side of the Agora," Hesperia

6, pp. 1-226.

Geoffrey C. R. Schmalz of

University department io29 435 ann

tisch south arbor,

-.

of

Michigan history

hall state michigan

[email protected]

street 48109-ioo3

tod

1908, pp. 254-282. me?oD,"ArchEph 1913. "Toi) A0r|vr|Giv AaK?r| 7ci8?orj oiKTiiiaTa," ArchEph

des

fouilles

Athen," -.

des

fouilles

Walker,

in Attica," Tyche Hesperia 241-244. 63, pp. Traill, J. S. 1978. "Greek Inscriptions from the Athenian Agora," Hesperia 47, pp. 269-331.

Wheler,

21, pp. 98-103. 1874-1890. Die Stadt Athen

tcov npo?oTOpiKcov tcov Xp?vcov ?l?xpi ?pxcov ro? 19ov a? vo?, Athens. = Pictorial Travlos, Athens J. Travlos, Ancient Athens, Lon Dictionary of don 1971.

Greece," AJA 61, pp. 281-285. -. 1971. "An Athenian Decree

Leipzig. "A Sanctuary

S. 1979.

G.

Remarks

ano

"Newsletter

im

2 vols.,

of Isis

1682. A Journey

into Greece

in by George Wheler, Esq., Company Dr. London. of Spon of Lyons, 1816. Atheniensia, W. or, Wilkins,

Travlos, J. 1960. IIoAeooo?iicr] ????i?i?

1957.

in

"Das Theseion

AZ

BSA 74, pp. 243-257. Acropolis," G. 1922. "Die Tripodenstrasse Welter, in Athen," AM 47, pp. 72-77.

Tracy, S.V 1994. "IG II21195 and

E.

1913,

on the South Slope of theAthenian

en arch?ologiques en 1986," BCH 111, pp. 519

583.

Vanderpool,

1863.

C.

Wachsmuth,

en

et d?couvertes

tcov A6r?v?)v,

"ApxvceKTOviKa ?v A0r|vai? Aok?t|

pp. 52-74.

Agatha

the Finnish Institute atAthens 1),

F. 1908.

Alterthum,

Gr?ce

Inscriptions," Athens: Aspects

"ITtaxTeia Ayia? 37, B'l

(1982), p. 20. Versakis,

BCH

arch?ologiques

"Chronique

43,

A\KaT?pivT\