NA RAZMEĐU ISTOKA I ZAPADA STARIJE ZELJ EZNO DO~A U KONT INENTALNOJ H RVATSKOJ
WARR rORS ATTH~ CROSSROADS or- EAST AND...
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NA RAZMEĐU ISTOKA I ZAPADA STARIJE ZELJ EZNO DO~A U KONT INENTALNOJ H RVATSKOJ
WARR rORS ATTH~ CROSSROADS or- EAST AND W~ST
KRlEGER AM SCJ-IEIDEWEG ZWISCIIEN OST UND WEST
ARH EOLOŠKI :\I UZEJ u ZAGREHU
2004•
Katalog
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Exhibition
l :lo:: ba Exhibition
cm(l/ogue
Nakladnik l Pubfi,her Arheološki mutcj u Zagrebu
o.gauizalor l Orgnnizer Arh
kao južnom. Zapadnu joj granicu određuju vrhovi Ž umberačke gore i rijeka Sutla, a istočna dopire do zapadne Slavonije. tj. do gramca s lstočom Hrvatskom. Južno od rijeke Kupe obuhvaća porječja rijeka Korane, Mrežnice i Dobre (Banovina i Kordun). Gorska Hrvatska. koja obuhvaća Gorski kotar, Liku i Ogulinsko-plaščansku udolinu. većim je dijelom omedena rijekom Kupom na sjeveru, Zrmanjom na jugu i Unom na istoku, a :capadna granica pruža se istočnim padinama Velebita. Istočna i središnja Hrvatska pretežito su nizinske regije, mjestimično s brdskim područjima, kojima su visine gora do l 000 m. Njeznim ravnicama protječu velike rijeke: Mura, Dntva, Dunav, Kupa i Sava, uz koje su se i nekad i danas, pntžale glavne prometnice u pravcu istok - zapad. Velika područja nizinskoga dijela u prošlost• su prekrivale tt·ujnc i povremene močvare, kojih su ostatci Kopački rit u Baranji tc Lonjsko polje i Cma mlaka u juLnom dijelu središnje Hrvatske. Gorska Hrvatska pretežito je planinska regija s pojedinim 'rho' ima planina iznad 1500 m. Veća 1 manja krška polja plodne su oaze unutar slabo obradiva krškoga prostora. a najplodnija su Ličko i Gacko polje. kojima protječu rijeke Ltka i Gacka, najvažnije i najveće rijeke u toj regiji. Na sjeveroistočnome dijelu Like smješten je nacionalni park Plitvička jezera, čuven po neobičnoj ljepoti. To je 7bog svojih zemljopisnih odlika samo prividna zatv01·ena cjelina. ali preko nje prolazi glavni i najkraći pravac koji pove7uje Panoniju s Jadranom i Mediteranom. Otvorenost i prohodnost Panonske ravnice pogodovala je brzom protoku dobura i inovacija s istoka, koje su već potkraj 9. st. pr. Kr. pristizale i na područja kasne kulture polja sa :amma. Ti kontakti, s pontsko-kavkaskim i donjopodunavskim prostorima, koji zacijelo nisu samo trgovački, postajali su tijekom 8. st. pr. Kr. sve češći i direktniji. Otuda pristi~ll nova tehnološka dostignuća u metalurgiji željeza, novoj i savr~cnijoj proizvodnji različitih predmeta, posebice opreme La spreLanje jahaćih konja. To je omogućavalo i nov način ratovanja, s brLim i iznenadnim napadima usmjerettim i na udalJenija područja . Tadašnji asirski pisani izvori, a poslije 1 grčki povjesničar Herodot, spominju Skite. koji iz pomskih stepa potiskuju Kimcrane. a oni potom svoje prodore usmjeravaju prema jugu u Aziju. Drži se pou7danim da ti događaj t nisu zall\ atili O\'C prostore. Međutim. nestabilne prilike i stalne opasnosti utisnute u svijest ljudi pokrenule su velik dio pučanstva prema Lapadu u sigumije alpske prostore. Tu se na temeljima kasnobrončanodobne kulture polja sa :arama, zahvaljujući bogatoj ekonomskoj bazi i lcžištima željezne rude, ra7vijala nova kultura. koja se prema glasovitom nalazištu Hallstarr u gomjoj Austriji naziva halštatskom. Ona je ubrzo svoje utjecaje proširila daleko izvan ishodišnog područja. ujedinivši unutar svoga kulturnoga kruga gotovo č i tuvu srednju Europu. pa i pojedine, osobito zemljopisno bliske dijelove Hrvatske. Zajednice kasnoga brončanog doba na tim prostorima suočene s promjenama tražile su i pronalazi lc svoje
24
the il ~, 11r .:s. Large areas of the lowlands were covered in the pasi b\ p.:11nanent and temporaty swamps. Kopački Rit in BamnJ 1 and Lonjsko Polje and Crna Mlaka in the southern part of ct. nlral Croatia are their remains. The mountain region of Croatla mostly consists of mountains, with some peaks reaching over 1500 m in height. Larger and smaller karst plains MC fertile oases within the karst area, poor in terms of po1en11nl for cu ltivation. The most fe1tile plains arc the Ličko and the Cincko Pia ins, through which pass the largest and most impot tnnt rivers in that region- the Lika and the Gneka. ln the northenslern patt of Lika lies the Plitvice Lakes National Purk. renowm:d for its exceptional beauty. Owing to its geographical features. the Lakes appear to bc a closed unit, but actually, the main route and the shortest one, connecting Pannonia with the Adnat n. and the Mediterranean passes through there. The op~nness and acccssibility of the Pannonian Plain tacilitated th rapid u·ansfcr of goods and inno' ations from the east. such a!> :Hl t\'ed rothe areas of the late Urnfield culture from the end of the 9'" century BC. These contacts with the areas of Pontu nnd Caucasus and the basin of the Lower Danube, undoubtt'llly not limited only to trade. were becoming ever more f'n•quenr and direct in the course of the 8'" cennuy BC. From there nrnve new technological innovations in the metallurgy of iron. new and improved production of various objects borse harnesses in particular. This also enabled a new kind of wntlan.::. with rapid and sudden attacks directed at more distnnt regtons as welL The Assyriau written sources of the rime. and latet also the Greek historian H~.:rodotus, mention the Scythians, who drive the Cinuuerians out of the Pontic steppcs. The latter then direct their incursions toward the south ini o Asia. It is taken for certain that these events did not spread to these areas. llowevcr, the precarious circumstances and permanent d ra:met1u Istoka i 7.apuda
Kriege1· am Scheideweg :ll'tsclum Ost und IVesr
kao južnom. Zapadnu joj granicu određuju vrhovi Ž umberačke gore i rijeka Sutla, a istočna dopire do zapadne Slavonije. tj. do gramca s lstočom Hrvatskom. Južno od rijeke Kupe obuhvaća porječja rijeka Korane, Mrežnice i Dobre (Banovina i Kordun). Gorska Hrvatska. koja obuhvaća Gorski kotar, Liku i Ogulinsko-plaščansku udolinu. većim je dijelom omedena rijekom Kupom na sjeveru, Zrmanjom na jugu i Unom na istoku, a :capadna granica pruža se istočnim padinama Velebita. Istočna i središnja Hrvatska pretežito su nizinske regije, mjestimično s brdskim područjima, kojima su visine gora do l 000 m. Njeznim ravnicama protječu velike rijeke: Mura, Dntva, Dunav, Kupa i Sava, uz koje su se i nekad i danas, pntžale glavne prometnice u pravcu istok - zapad. Velika područja nizinskoga dijela u prošlost• su prekrivale tt·ujnc i povremene močvare, kojih su ostatci Kopački rit u Baranji tc Lonjsko polje i Cma mlaka u juLnom dijelu središnje Hrvatske. Gorska Hrvatska pretežito je planinska regija s pojedinim 'rho' ima planina iznad 1500 m. Veća 1 manja krška polja plodne su oaze unutar slabo obradiva krškoga prostora. a najplodnija su Ličko i Gacko polje. kojima protječu rijeke Ltka i Gacka, najvažnije i najveće rijeke u toj regiji. Na sjeveroistočnome dijelu Like smješten je nacionalni park Plitvička jezera, čuven po neobičnoj ljepoti. To je 7bog svojih zemljopisnih odlika samo prividna zatv01·ena cjelina. ali preko nje prolazi glavni i najkraći pravac koji pove7uje Panoniju s Jadranom i Mediteranom. Otvorenost i prohodnost Panonske ravnice pogodovala je brzom protoku dobura i inovacija s istoka, koje su već potkraj 9. st. pr. Kr. pristizale i na područja kasne kulture polja sa :amma. Ti kontakti, s pontsko-kavkaskim i donjopodunavskim prostorima, koji zacijelo nisu samo trgovački, postajali su tijekom 8. st. pr. Kr. sve češći i direktniji. Otuda pristi~ll nova tehnološka dostignuća u metalurgiji željeza, novoj i savr~cnijoj proizvodnji različitih predmeta, posebice opreme La spreLanje jahaćih konja. To je omogućavalo i nov način ratovanja, s brLim i iznenadnim napadima usmjerettim i na udalJenija područja . Tadašnji asirski pisani izvori, a poslije 1 grčki povjesničar Herodot, spominju Skite. koji iz pomskih stepa potiskuju Kimcrane. a oni potom svoje prodore usmjeravaju prema jugu u Aziju. Drži se pou7danim da ti događaj t nisu zall\ atili O\'C prostore. Međutim. nestabilne prilike i stalne opasnosti utisnute u svijest ljudi pokrenule su velik dio pučanstva prema Lapadu u sigumije alpske prostore. Tu se na temeljima kasnobrončanodobne kulture polja sa :arama, zahvaljujući bogatoj ekonomskoj bazi i lcžištima željezne rude, ra7vijala nova kultura. koja se prema glasovitom nalazištu Hallstarr u gomjoj Austriji naziva halštatskom. Ona je ubrzo svoje utjecaje proširila daleko izvan ishodišnog područja. ujedinivši unutar svoga kulturnoga kruga gotovo č i tuvu srednju Europu. pa i pojedine, osobito zemljopisno bliske dijelove Hrvatske. Zajednice kasnoga brončanog doba na tim prostorima suočene s promjenama tražile su i pronalazi lc svoje
24
the il ~, 11r .:s. Large areas of the lowlands were covered in the pasi b\ p.:11nanent and temporaty swamps. Kopački Rit in BamnJ 1 and Lonjsko Polje and Crna Mlaka in the southern part of ct. nlral Croatia are their remains. The mountain region of Croatla mostly consists of mountains, with some peaks reaching over 1500 m in height. Larger and smaller karst plains MC fertile oases within the karst area, poor in terms of po1en11nl for cu ltivation. The most fe1tile plains arc the Ličko and the Cincko Pia ins, through which pass the largest and most impot tnnt rivers in that region- the Lika and the Gneka. ln the northenslern patt of Lika lies the Plitvice Lakes National Purk. renowm:d for its exceptional beauty. Owing to its geographical features. the Lakes appear to bc a closed unit, but actually, the main route and the shortest one, connecting Pannonia with the Adnat n. and the Mediterranean passes through there. The op~nness and acccssibility of the Pannonian Plain tacilitated th rapid u·ansfcr of goods and inno' ations from the east. such a!> :Hl t\'ed rothe areas of the late Urnfield culture from the end of the 9'" century BC. These contacts with the areas of Pontu nnd Caucasus and the basin of the Lower Danube, undoubtt'llly not limited only to trade. were becoming ever more f'n•quenr and direct in the course of the 8'" cennuy BC. From there nrnve new technological innovations in the metallurgy of iron. new and improved production of various objects borse harnesses in particular. This also enabled a new kind of wntlan.::. with rapid and sudden attacks directed at more distnnt regtons as welL The Assyriau written sources of the rime. and latet also the Greek historian H~.:rodotus, mention the Scythians, who drive the Cinuuerians out of the Pontic steppcs. The latter then direct their incursions toward the south ini o Asia. It is taken for certain that these events did not spread to these areas. llowevcr, the precarious circumstances and permanent ded< urram., ft'll FmulIII'UI!f\~1!1 /'(11'11/('i
./ l/cwjiw11 the Grndac .C1-tum~ ucpo:11mo nala:i\11! (kar. 5:!.) 5 Si/1·er fibula of 1he S!rpekmmle Fmuls1ii11e (Kal 52.)
Dobra je okolnost to što u daJjskoga stanovništva postoji izrazit kontinuitet kulturne tradicije. a naj uoč lji v iji je u oblicima posuda, pa se s velikom vjerojatnošću može pretpostaviti da su svakodnevne gospodarske djelatnosti lne
5. Srt'bma fibula tipa S111>C1-tum~ ucpo:11mo nala:i\11! (kar. 5:!.) 5 Si/1·er fibula of 1he S!rpekmmle Fmuls1ii11e (Kal 52.)
Dobra je okolnost to što u daJjskoga stanovništva postoji izrazit kontinuitet kulturne tradicije. a naj uoč lji v iji je u oblicima posuda, pa se s velikom vjerojatnošću može pretpostaviti da su svakodnevne gospodarske djelatnosti l in Central Pannonia and those in the Western and the Central Balkans.
Ober die Metallverarbeitung und die Produkt ion von Mctallartefakten aus Bronze und Eisen - in der alteren eiscnzeitlichen Dalj-Gruppe bestehen keine Angaben. ln Bentg auf die sonst geringe Zahl der gefundcnen Metallgcgenstandc lal3t sich vennuten, dal3 kaum Mctallverarbeirung betrieben wurde; die meisten Metallmtefakte sind mit der neuangesiedcltcn Bcvolkemng vom SLiden und O~ten verbundcn, oder es handel! sich wie bcim si lbernen Ohrring von Erdut oder bei den friihlatenczcitlichen Fibulae mit Anhangern von Bogdanovci -um Tmporte. Auf dem gesamten Territorium der Dalj -Gruppe in der altercn Eisenzeit gibt es keine Zeugnisse von der Metallverarbeitung. Weit von Erzbergwerken entfernt. hatte sich die Dalj-Bevolkerung zwcifciJos auf den Handel. d.b. auf den Import von Rohstoften, vcrlassen, was auch nicht belcgt ist. Allein der Fund von Oberresten einer Wcrkstatte, d.h. Schmelzofen, Gckr~it7.. Gul3formcn, Halbprodukte oder Rohsrotle. 'viit·de mit Zuverlassigkcit das Bestehcn dieser Tatigkeit im Ralunen der jiingeren Dalj-Gruppe bcstiitigen.
zaključiti
L 6. Srelmw 1/anthim s kmjt>•·ima u obhlm :miin. RoJ.!danmv (kat. 53 2.) 6. Silrer llt'cklcwe "111t ctulings m '"" sltnpe of .makes. BoKdamwci (cm. 53 ~.) 6. Silbcmes .Armbtmd. schlangen[ormig nuslm!ft!nd. Rogdm111w:i (Klif 53 2.)
7. Nau.\·nic:a od elekm)lla, Erdut (kaJ. 46.) l Eleumm em·ring. Erdut leut. 46.) 7 Elektron-Ohrring. Erdm (Kw. .J6.J
44
O naseljima koja su podi7.ali stanovnici daljske grupe, njihovoj organizaciji. izgledu kuća i ostalih objekata. o fortifikacijama kojima su mogla biti zaštićena, znamo vrlo malo. i jedno naselje ove grupe do sada nije bilo sustavno istraživano, a nekoliko zaštitnih iskopavanja maloga opsega u Batim i Aljmašu ni izdaleka nije dovoljno za koliko-toliko cjelovit uvid u organizaciju naselja, pa čak ni izgled pojedinačnog objekta. Za željezno doba općenito je karakterističan poseban tip naselja koja nazivamo gradinama. To su utvrđena naselja podignuta ua uzvisinama, a obično imaju začetak već u kasnom brončanom dobu. S obzirom na konfiguraciju terena. manje su tipična za ravničarski prostor. Podizana su nu pogodnim položajima. na prirodnim u7višenjima i riječnim terasama, a takve uvjete pružaju desna obala donjega toka Drave i desna obala Duna' a nizvodno od Aljmaša. U Baranji takvih pogodnih mjesta ima na Banovu brdu. Kuće su u takvim naseljima gra đene na tradicionalan način vezan uz prirodne uvjete. kakav je u ovim nizinskim krajevima s puno zemlje i tada s puno šuma trajao kroz veći dio pretpovijesti, pa i daleko u po\ ijesno doba. Gradene su od drveta ili. najčešće. od osnovne drvene konstrukcije sa zidovima od pletera oblijepljena ilovačom i s podom od nabijene zemlje. Krov jl: bio dvoslivan. prekriven trskom ili nekim drugim biljnim materijalom. a području daljske grupe do sada nije u cijelosti
The products of the Eastern AJ pine cultural circle, such as the bow tihu lac of the Vače type. or the navi cella and the spectacle-libu lac. can almost certainly bc regarded as impo11ed goods, allhough we cannot entirely discard the slight possibility that certai n specimens of local origin were made on the model of tbc imported items. The artefacts cotmectcd with the cultural circles of the Balkans. primarily the Glasinac circle. and the Lastcrn and Southeastern cultural circle, such as bow fibulae of certain Glasinac types, silver tibulae of the ŠtrpciČurug type, silver bracelets wi th ends in the shape of snakes' heads. stl\er and elcctmm filigrcc eanings etc., arc evidence of ethnic movements and the appearance of new populations who \\ote those items. Still, at least in part. this can be the result of trade. All the existing knowledge about the Dalj culture allows us to conclude that its population generally relied on traditional economtc w·tn tties. such as agriculture and. to a lesser degree, cattle brcedmg. The production of bronzc and iron items may have e\.isted on a small scale, but tl1is has not been proven yet. Trade ccttainly existed, although, among the relatively numcrous artef;~cts from outside the culrural circle of the Dalj group, with the 1. \ception of those found in the skeletal graves, it is often dttlicult to distinguish those obtained through trade from those that came with the newly settled population. We know very little about the settlements of the Dalj population. theu· organi7.ation. the appearance of houses and other strucnu·~s or the fortifications that may have defended them. Not a smgle seulement of this group has been systematically excavatcd so far and the fcw small-scale salvage excavations io Batina and Aljmaš are not even remotely sufficient for any fuller insight into the organization of settlements, or even the
Die cinzelnen Gegenstande in den Gr~ihern der ausgegrabcnen Nckropolen in Vukovar - Lijeva bara - und in Daljska planina - Busija - , einige Artefakte aus der zerstorten Nekropole in Batina sowie einigc Ein7.elti.mdc sprcchen zugunstcn des Bcstchens von Randclsbe7iehungcn mit entfemtcn Gcbieten wahrend der gesamtcn iilteren Eiscnzcit. Das Gebiet der DaljGruppe lag am K.rcuzungspuukt der llandelswege, auf wclchen der Transport verschiedener Luxusartikel aus den Wcrkstiitten in Griechcnland und dem Schwarztneergcbiet in die Pannonische Ebenc und weiter nach Mitteleuropa stattfand. und entlang der Fliisse Drau und Sava sowie der inlandischcn Verkehrsstral3en des Zwischeustromgebiets k01mten die Produkte der Werkstatten der Slidosta lpcn betčrdert werden. Die Offenheit der Ebenc zum Nordcn hin und die zahlreichen natiirlichen \Vege in den Siideu bis hin 7Ur Achia schafften die Voraussetnmg ftir cine Komnmnikation mit den Gemeinschaftcn Mittelpannonicns sowie des wcstlichenund zentralen Balkans. Die Erzeugnisse des siidostalpinen Kulturkreises wie Bogenlibeln des Typus Vače und Kahn- oder Brillenfibcln konncn wir fast mit Sichcrheit als lmpm1gliter betrachten, obwohl wir nicht ganz die aul3erst geringc Moglichkeit aul3er Acht lassen di.irfen, dal3 manche Exemplare lokaler Herkunft sind und nach importiertcn Mustern angefertigt wurden. Die mit dem balkaniscben Kulturkrcis '"erbundenen Gcgenstiinde - v.a. Glasinci. aber auch der ostliche und sl.idostliche Kreis - wie ,.B. die Bogentibeln mancher Glasinci-Typen, silbcme fibeln des Typus Strpci-Čurug, silberne Annringe mit schlangenk()pfigcu Enden, Filigranohrringc aus Silber und Elekrrum u.ii. illustriercn die ethnischen Bcwegungen und Erscheinuugen der neuen
45
Dn(i Group
Grupa Dalj
Dulj-Gmppe
ravnice prema sjeveru i mnogobrojni prirodni putevi prema jugu sve do Jadranskoga mord, omogućavali su komunikaciju sa zajednicama u srednjoj Panoniji tc na zapadnom i središnjem Balkanu. Proizvode istočnoalpskoga kultumog kruga, kao što su lučne fibule tipa Vače i čunaste ili naočalaste fibule. gotovo sigumo možemo držati uvoznom robom, iako ne možemo potpuno odbaciti i vrlo malu mogućnost da su poneki primjerci domaćega podrijetla rađeni prema uvezenim predlošcima. Predmeti vezani uz balkanski. ponajprije glasinački te istočni 1 jugoistočni kulmmi kmg. kao što su npr: lučne fibule nekih glasinačkih tipova, srebrne libulc tipa SttJ)Ci-Čurug, srebmc narukvice s krajevima u obliku zmijskih glavica, srebrne i elcktrumskc filigranske naušnice itd., odraz su etničkih kretanja i pojave novoga stanovništva, koje ih je nosilo, ali bi. barem djelomice mogli biti i rezultat trgovine. Na temelju svega poznatoga o daljskoj kulntri može se da se njezino stanovništvo uglavnom oslanja lo na tradicionalne gospodarske djelatnosti. kao što su zemljoradnja i u manjoj mjeri stočarstvo. Proizvodnja brončanih i željeznih predmeta možda je postojala u malom opsegu. ali to nije dokazano. Trgovina je sigurno postojala, iako je među relativno mnogobrojnim predmetima podrijetlom izvan kulturnoga kruga daljske grupe. osim onih pronađenih u kos111mim grobovima, često teško razlučiti koji su prispjeli trgovinom, a koji su pristigli s novodoscljcnim stanovništvom.
ex iste 1CC of this kind of activity within the later phase of the DalJ J:.roup.
ditionellcn wit1schaftlichcn Aktivitatcn der Bcvolkerung der Dalj-Gruppe nicht wescntlich beeinnul3te.
Some rwds in the burials of the cxcavated nccropolises in Vuko\"ar-Lijeva Bara and in Da ljska Planina-Busija, as well as some .utefac ts from the destroyed necropolis in Batina, in additton to several individual finds. indicate the existence of trade connections with distant territories during the entire Early Iron Age. The territory of the Dalj group was located at a crossroads of trade routes that brought luxury products from workshops in Greece and the Black Sea to the Pannonia n Plain and further towards Central Europe. The products of the Eastern Alpine workshops could have reached their territ01y via the Drava and the Sava river:-., or the continental routes of the areu between the two rivers. The openness of the plain to the nonh and the numerous natural routes to the south all the way to the Adriatic Sea enabled communication with the communitk:> in Central Pannonia and those in the Western and the Central Balkans.
Ober die Metallverarbeitung und die Produkt ion von Mctallartefakten aus Bronze und Eisen - in der alteren eiscnzeitlichen Dalj-Gruppe bestehen keine Angaben. ln Bentg auf die sonst geringe Zahl der gefundcnen Metallgcgenstandc lal3t sich vennuten, dal3 kaum Mctallverarbeirung betrieben wurde; die meisten Metallmtefakte sind mit der neuangesiedcltcn Bcvolkemng vom SLiden und O~ten verbundcn, oder es handel! sich wie bcim si lbernen Ohrring von Erdut oder bei den friihlatenczcitlichen Fibulae mit Anhangern von Bogdanovci -um Tmporte. Auf dem gesamten Territorium der Dalj -Gruppe in der altercn Eisenzeit gibt es keine Zeugnisse von der Metallverarbeitung. Weit von Erzbergwerken entfernt. hatte sich die Dalj-Bevolkerung zwcifciJos auf den Handel. d.b. auf den Import von Rohstoften, vcrlassen, was auch nicht belcgt ist. Allein der Fund von Oberresten einer Wcrkstatte, d.h. Schmelzofen, Gckr~it7.. Gul3formcn, Halbprodukte oder Rohsrotle. 'viit·de mit Zuverlassigkcit das Bestehcn dieser Tatigkeit im Ralunen der jiingeren Dalj-Gruppe bcstiitigen.
zaključiti
L 6. Srelmw 1/anthim s kmjt>•·ima u obhlm :miin. RoJ.!danmv (kat. 53 2.) 6. Silrer llt'cklcwe "111t ctulings m '"" sltnpe of .makes. BoKdamwci (cm. 53 ~.) 6. Silbcmes .Armbtmd. schlangen[ormig nuslm!ft!nd. Rogdm111w:i (Klif 53 2.)
7. Nau.\·nic:a od elekm)lla, Erdut (kaJ. 46.) l Eleumm em·ring. Erdut leut. 46.) 7 Elektron-Ohrring. Erdm (Kw. .J6.J
44
O naseljima koja su podi7.ali stanovnici daljske grupe, njihovoj organizaciji. izgledu kuća i ostalih objekata. o fortifikacijama kojima su mogla biti zaštićena, znamo vrlo malo. i jedno naselje ove grupe do sada nije bilo sustavno istraživano, a nekoliko zaštitnih iskopavanja maloga opsega u Batim i Aljmašu ni izdaleka nije dovoljno za koliko-toliko cjelovit uvid u organizaciju naselja, pa čak ni izgled pojedinačnog objekta. Za željezno doba općenito je karakterističan poseban tip naselja koja nazivamo gradinama. To su utvrđena naselja podignuta ua uzvisinama, a obično imaju začetak već u kasnom brončanom dobu. S obzirom na konfiguraciju terena. manje su tipična za ravničarski prostor. Podizana su nu pogodnim položajima. na prirodnim u7višenjima i riječnim terasama, a takve uvjete pružaju desna obala donjega toka Drave i desna obala Duna' a nizvodno od Aljmaša. U Baranji takvih pogodnih mjesta ima na Banovu brdu. Kuće su u takvim naseljima gra đene na tradicionalan način vezan uz prirodne uvjete. kakav je u ovim nizinskim krajevima s puno zemlje i tada s puno šuma trajao kroz veći dio pretpovijesti, pa i daleko u po\ ijesno doba. Gradene su od drveta ili. najčešće. od osnovne drvene konstrukcije sa zidovima od pletera oblijepljena ilovačom i s podom od nabijene zemlje. Krov jl: bio dvoslivan. prekriven trskom ili nekim drugim biljnim materijalom. a području daljske grupe do sada nije u cijelosti
The products of the Eastern AJ pine cultural circle, such as the bow tihu lac of the Vače type. or the navi cella and the spectacle-libu lac. can almost certainly bc regarded as impo11ed goods, allhough we cannot entirely discard the slight possibility that certai n specimens of local origin were made on the model of tbc imported items. The artefacts cotmectcd with the cultural circles of the Balkans. primarily the Glasinac circle. and the Lastcrn and Southeastern cultural circle, such as bow fibulae of certain Glasinac types, silver tibulae of the ŠtrpciČurug type, silver bracelets wi th ends in the shape of snakes' heads. stl\er and elcctmm filigrcc eanings etc., arc evidence of ethnic movements and the appearance of new populations who \\ote those items. Still, at least in part. this can be the result of trade. All the existing knowledge about the Dalj culture allows us to conclude that its population generally relied on traditional economtc w·tn tties. such as agriculture and. to a lesser degree, cattle brcedmg. The production of bronzc and iron items may have e\.isted on a small scale, but tl1is has not been proven yet. Trade ccttainly existed, although, among the relatively numcrous artef;~cts from outside the culrural circle of the Dalj group, with the 1. \ception of those found in the skeletal graves, it is often dttlicult to distinguish those obtained through trade from those that came with the newly settled population. We know very little about the settlements of the Dalj population. theu· organi7.ation. the appearance of houses and other strucnu·~s or the fortifications that may have defended them. Not a smgle seulement of this group has been systematically excavatcd so far and the fcw small-scale salvage excavations io Batina and Aljmaš are not even remotely sufficient for any fuller insight into the organization of settlements, or even the
Die cinzelnen Gegenstande in den Gr~ihern der ausgegrabcnen Nckropolen in Vukovar - Lijeva bara - und in Daljska planina - Busija - , einige Artefakte aus der zerstorten Nekropole in Batina sowie einigc Ein7.elti.mdc sprcchen zugunstcn des Bcstchens von Randclsbe7iehungcn mit entfemtcn Gcbieten wahrend der gesamtcn iilteren Eiscnzcit. Das Gebiet der DaljGruppe lag am K.rcuzungspuukt der llandelswege, auf wclchen der Transport verschiedener Luxusartikel aus den Wcrkstiitten in Griechcnland und dem Schwarztneergcbiet in die Pannonische Ebenc und weiter nach Mitteleuropa stattfand. und entlang der Fliisse Drau und Sava sowie der inlandischcn Verkehrsstral3en des Zwischeustromgebiets k01mten die Produkte der Werkstatten der Slidosta lpcn betčrdert werden. Die Offenheit der Ebenc zum Nordcn hin und die zahlreichen natiirlichen \Vege in den Siideu bis hin 7Ur Achia schafften die Voraussetnmg ftir cine Komnmnikation mit den Gemeinschaftcn Mittelpannonicns sowie des wcstlichenund zentralen Balkans. Die Erzeugnisse des siidostalpinen Kulturkreises wie Bogenlibeln des Typus Vače und Kahn- oder Brillenfibcln konncn wir fast mit Sichcrheit als lmpm1gliter betrachten, obwohl wir nicht ganz die aul3erst geringc Moglichkeit aul3er Acht lassen di.irfen, dal3 manche Exemplare lokaler Herkunft sind und nach importiertcn Mustern angefertigt wurden. Die mit dem balkaniscben Kulturkrcis '"erbundenen Gcgenstiinde - v.a. Glasinci. aber auch der ostliche und sl.idostliche Kreis - wie ,.B. die Bogentibeln mancher Glasinci-Typen, silbcme fibeln des Typus Strpci-Čurug, silberne Annringe mit schlangenk()pfigcu Enden, Filigranohrringc aus Silber und Elekrrum u.ii. illustriercn die ethnischen Bcwegungen und Erscheinuugen der neuen
45
Dali Group
Grupa Da(J
Da/j-(ll'ltppe
iskopana i istražena ni jedna kuća iz srarijega željeznog doba, pa tako nije poznat ni njihov tlocrt, hroj i raspored prostorija, orijentacija. položaj ognjišta, mjesto La ulažcnje i sl. Iz dosadašnjih fragmentarnih primjera samo se moze zaključiti da su bile pravokutnoga tlocrta.
8. 1\'a.\e/i'' Gm dac, Ra1111a 8 Groduc S('/1/emelll. /Jmmo 8 Sie(ll/lllg Gradac. Boliua
Naselja koja se mogu obuhvatiti zajedničkim nazivom gradine imala su obrambeni sustav, koji su činili zemljani bedemi s palisadom na vrhu. a ispred njih sc nalazio rov, nastao iskopom 7emlje za bedem. Kod ponekih naselja daljske grupe još je i danas u konfiguraciji terena moguće uočiti ostatke nekadašnjih fon i tikacija, npr. na Kraljevcu u Daljskoj planini, a možda i na Gradcu u Solinu. Promotrimo li položaj daljskih naselja iz starijega željeLnog doba, uočit ćemo da su podignuta upravo na povišenim položajima, kao što su npr. naselja u Bat ini. u Osijeku. u Daljskoj planini, Vukovaru, Vinkovcima (tel "Tr7nica''), Sotinu i dr. Ta nam činjenica govori o nemirnim i opasnim vremenima. u kojima sc stalno moralo biti spremnim za obranu. a naselja su podizana upravo na mjestima koja su to najbolje omogućavala. Očito je da se Lbivanja koja su prouzroč ila znatne promjene u životu stanovnika daljske grupe nisu uvijek odvijala mirno, bez sukoba i krvoprolića.
appem nee of individual structures. The Jron Age is charactcrized b) a specific type of settlement, called hillforts. These arc fort ified settlements raised on elevatious. whose origins generally date fi·om the Late Bronze Age. With regard to the configuration of the terrain, they are less typical for flat, lowland areHs. lJUt were mostly crectcd on favourable positions. on natural eiL\ ations and ti ver terraces. Such conditions arc offered by the ttght bank of the lower course of the Drava and the right bank of the Danube river downstream from Aljmaš. ln I3aranja. such favourable locations can be found at Bano' o Brdo. The houses in such settlements were built in the traditional way. which took into account the natural conditions. This mode oJ building was prescnt in these lowland territories that abounded m soil and forests throughout the major part of prehistory nnd even later deep in tbc historical periods. The houscs were made of wood or, most often, of a basic wooden construci ton. the walls ofwaulc and daub, and tbc floor ofbeatcn earth. The roof was gab led, covered with that ch or some other plant nwerial. Not a single house from the Early Iron Age in the arca of the Dalj group has been entirely excavated and studied as yet, so wc do not lu1ow anything about their plan, the number and layout of rooms, orientation, positiun of the hearth, entrance and so on. The fragmcntary cxamplcs discovered so f:tr allow only the conclusion that they were of a rcctangulat plan. The settlements which can bear the common name ofhilltorts had a tk fe nsive system made of earthen rmnparts with a palisade on top and a ditch in front, created by digging out the earth for the rampart. Several settlements or the Dalj group still c'\hthll !he remains of fonner fortificatious in the configuration ot the terrain. for example Kraljevac in Daljska Planina ami pl.' rbaps Gradac in Sotin. l f vve take a look at the position ot the Dalj settlements from the Early Iron Age, we will see tl1at these were invariably raised on elevated positions, sucb as the sett lements in Batina, Osijek. Daljska Planina, VukO\ ar Vinkovci (the "Tržnica" tell), Sotin etc. This fact speaks llf turbulcnt and dangerous times when one always had to be ready to defend oneself, and the settlements were raised exactly on spots that offered the best defense. Obviously. the even~ that caused considerable changes in the life of the population of the Dalj group were not always of a peaceful nature, without l'Onflicts and bloodshed. No sysh.:matic excavations have been carried out so ntr ou any senlcment of the Dalj group. The prcvious ones were mainly small-surface sal vage excavations, but the sites were damagcd and destroyed. This is what happened to the sites at Banovo ~rdo above Batina. where in tb.e late l9•hcentury several posihons ''ere discovered, with settlements and a necropolis (Gradac Parlog, Sredno). The archaeological finds collected mostly dllling tbc planting and working of vineyards and orcbanls and later also during the building of numero us week-
46
Einwohner, die sic trugcn. sic diirften aber zumindest zum Teti auch cin Ergcbnis des Handels sein. Aus allen bisher bekanntcn Tatsachen i.iber die Dalj-KultU! JaGr sich schl icGen. dal3 ihre Bcvčlkcrung sich iiberwiegend auf traditionellc wirtschaftlicbe Tatigkeit verlčlssen bat. wie die Landwirtschati, und in geringerem Ma13e auf Viehzuchr. Die Produktion von hronzenen und cisemcn Gegcnstkindcn mag in einem kleincrcn Um fa ug bestanden haben. was jcdoch nicht nachge\\ iesen wurde. Der Handel existiertc mit Sicherbeir, obwohl cs unter den relativ 7.ah lrcichcn Altefakten mit Ursprung aul3crhalb des Kulturkrcises der Dalj-Gruppe - mit Ausnahmc der in den Skelettgrabcrn entdecktcn Gcgenstanden - oft schwer ist, 7wischen den auf Handc.:lswcgen tnmsportiertcn oder von der neuangesicdelten I3evolkenmg mitgebracbten Artefaktcn 7U unterschciden. Unscre Kcnntn.issc von den Sicdlungcn, die von der Bcvčlke rung der Dalj-Gruppe crricbtct wurden, von ihrer Organisation, dem Aussehcn der Hauser und sonstiger Objekte sowic von etwaigcn Befcstigungen sind aul3erst mager. Keine Siedlung dieser Gruppe wurde bisher systematisch ausgegraben. und cirrigc Notgrabungcn geringeren Umfangs in Oatina und Aljmaš sind bei weirem nicht genug, um einen mehr oder wcniger vollstiindigen Einblick iu die Organisation der Siedlungen. oder mindestens das Aussehcn der cinzelnen Objekte, zu gewinncn. Allgemei.n charakterisrisch fiir die Eisenzcit ist der besondcre Typus von Siedlungcn, die wir als Wallburgen bezciclmcn. Dies sind befestigte, auf Htigcln etTichtete Sicdlungen, und meistcns wurde mit ilm::m Bau noch zur Spiitbronzezcit begonnen. lm Bczug auf die Bodenkon!iguration sind sic wenigcr charakteristisch Ilir das Flachland. Sie wurden auf gccignetcm GeHinde - natiirliehen Erhohungen und Fluf31errassen - crrichtet. und solche Gcgebcnheitcn bieten das rechte Ufcr des unteren Drauflul31aufs sowic das rechte Donauufer, OuGabwiirts von Aljmaš. ln der Baranya gibt es solch gceignetes Gelandc auf dem Bano\o brdo. Die Hauser in solchen Sicdlungcn wurdcn im traditionellcn Landschaftlichcn, fiir diese Tiefcbene mit viel Land und damals noch zahlrcichen Waldem charaktcristiscbcn Stil gebaut. der sich wahrcnd der Vorgeschichte iibcrwiegend erbiclt und auch in der neucrcn Geschichte beibehalten wurde. Sie wurden aus llol7 errichtcl oder hatten cine hol?eme Grundkonstruktion mit Mauem aus Flechtwerk mit Lehmvetput7 und mit einem Lehmboden. Das Sattcldach war mit Scbilf oder sonst igem Pflanzcnmuterial gedcckt. Auf dem Gcbiet der Dalj-Gruppe wurde bishcr kein l laus aus der altercn Eisenzeit vollstandig ausgegraben und crtorscht, so daB u.a. auch der Grundril3, die ZalJI und die Anordnung der Raumlicb.keiten, die Orienticrung. die Lage des Herdes und der Eingang unbekannt sind. Aus bishcrigcn fragmentarischcn Beispielen laBt sich nur schliel.\en, dal3 die Hiiuser einen rcchteckigcn Gn.mdri3 hatten.
47
Dali Group
Grupa Da(J
Da/j-(ll'ltppe
iskopana i istražena ni jedna kuća iz srarijega željeznog doba, pa tako nije poznat ni njihov tlocrt, hroj i raspored prostorija, orijentacija. položaj ognjišta, mjesto La ulažcnje i sl. Iz dosadašnjih fragmentarnih primjera samo se moze zaključiti da su bile pravokutnoga tlocrta.
8. 1\'a.\e/i'' Gm dac, Ra1111a 8 Groduc S('/1/emelll. /Jmmo 8 Sie(ll/lllg Gradac. Boliua
Naselja koja se mogu obuhvatiti zajedničkim nazivom gradine imala su obrambeni sustav, koji su činili zemljani bedemi s palisadom na vrhu. a ispred njih sc nalazio rov, nastao iskopom 7emlje za bedem. Kod ponekih naselja daljske grupe još je i danas u konfiguraciji terena moguće uočiti ostatke nekadašnjih fon i tikacija, npr. na Kraljevcu u Daljskoj planini, a možda i na Gradcu u Solinu. Promotrimo li položaj daljskih naselja iz starijega željeLnog doba, uočit ćemo da su podignuta upravo na povišenim položajima, kao što su npr. naselja u Bat ini. u Osijeku. u Daljskoj planini, Vukovaru, Vinkovcima (tel "Tr7nica''), Sotinu i dr. Ta nam činjenica govori o nemirnim i opasnim vremenima. u kojima sc stalno moralo biti spremnim za obranu. a naselja su podizana upravo na mjestima koja su to najbolje omogućavala. Očito je da se Lbivanja koja su prouzroč ila znatne promjene u životu stanovnika daljske grupe nisu uvijek odvijala mirno, bez sukoba i krvoprolića.
appem nee of individual structures. The Jron Age is charactcrized b) a specific type of settlement, called hillforts. These arc fort ified settlements raised on elevatious. whose origins generally date fi·om the Late Bronze Age. With regard to the configuration of the terrain, they are less typical for flat, lowland areHs. lJUt were mostly crectcd on favourable positions. on natural eiL\ ations and ti ver terraces. Such conditions arc offered by the ttght bank of the lower course of the Drava and the right bank of the Danube river downstream from Aljmaš. ln I3aranja. such favourable locations can be found at Bano' o Brdo. The houses in such settlements were built in the traditional way. which took into account the natural conditions. This mode oJ building was prescnt in these lowland territories that abounded m soil and forests throughout the major part of prehistory nnd even later deep in tbc historical periods. The houscs were made of wood or, most often, of a basic wooden construci ton. the walls ofwaulc and daub, and tbc floor ofbeatcn earth. The roof was gab led, covered with that ch or some other plant nwerial. Not a single house from the Early Iron Age in the arca of the Dalj group has been entirely excavated and studied as yet, so wc do not lu1ow anything about their plan, the number and layout of rooms, orientation, positiun of the hearth, entrance and so on. The fragmcntary cxamplcs discovered so f:tr allow only the conclusion that they were of a rcctangulat plan. The settlements which can bear the common name ofhilltorts had a tk fe nsive system made of earthen rmnparts with a palisade on top and a ditch in front, created by digging out the earth for the rampart. Several settlements or the Dalj group still c'\hthll !he remains of fonner fortificatious in the configuration ot the terrain. for example Kraljevac in Daljska Planina ami pl.' rbaps Gradac in Sotin. l f vve take a look at the position ot the Dalj settlements from the Early Iron Age, we will see tl1at these were invariably raised on elevated positions, sucb as the sett lements in Batina, Osijek. Daljska Planina, VukO\ ar Vinkovci (the "Tržnica" tell), Sotin etc. This fact speaks llf turbulcnt and dangerous times when one always had to be ready to defend oneself, and the settlements were raised exactly on spots that offered the best defense. Obviously. the even~ that caused considerable changes in the life of the population of the Dalj group were not always of a peaceful nature, without l'Onflicts and bloodshed. No sysh.:matic excavations have been carried out so ntr ou any senlcment of the Dalj group. The prcvious ones were mainly small-surface sal vage excavations, but the sites were damagcd and destroyed. This is what happened to the sites at Banovo ~rdo above Batina. where in tb.e late l9•hcentury several posihons ''ere discovered, with settlements and a necropolis (Gradac Parlog, Sredno). The archaeological finds collected mostly dllling tbc planting and working of vineyards and orcbanls and later also during the building of numero us week-
46
Einwohner, die sic trugcn. sic diirften aber zumindest zum Teti auch cin Ergcbnis des Handels sein. Aus allen bisher bekanntcn Tatsachen i.iber die Dalj-KultU! JaGr sich schl icGen. dal3 ihre Bcvčlkcrung sich iiberwiegend auf traditionellc wirtschaftlicbe Tatigkeit verlčlssen bat. wie die Landwirtschati, und in geringerem Ma13e auf Viehzuchr. Die Produktion von hronzenen und cisemcn Gegcnstkindcn mag in einem kleincrcn Um fa ug bestanden haben. was jcdoch nicht nachge\\ iesen wurde. Der Handel existiertc mit Sicherbeir, obwohl cs unter den relativ 7.ah lrcichcn Altefakten mit Ursprung aul3crhalb des Kulturkrcises der Dalj-Gruppe - mit Ausnahmc der in den Skelettgrabcrn entdecktcn Gcgenstanden - oft schwer ist, 7wischen den auf Handc.:lswcgen tnmsportiertcn oder von der neuangesicdelten I3evolkenmg mitgebracbten Artefaktcn 7U unterschciden. Unscre Kcnntn.issc von den Sicdlungcn, die von der Bcvčlke rung der Dalj-Gruppe crricbtct wurden, von ihrer Organisation, dem Aussehcn der Hauser und sonstiger Objekte sowic von etwaigcn Befcstigungen sind aul3erst mager. Keine Siedlung dieser Gruppe wurde bisher systematisch ausgegraben. und cirrigc Notgrabungcn geringeren Umfangs in Oatina und Aljmaš sind bei weirem nicht genug, um einen mehr oder wcniger vollstiindigen Einblick iu die Organisation der Siedlungen. oder mindestens das Aussehcn der cinzelnen Objekte, zu gewinncn. Allgemei.n charakterisrisch fiir die Eisenzcit ist der besondcre Typus von Siedlungcn, die wir als Wallburgen bezciclmcn. Dies sind befestigte, auf Htigcln etTichtete Sicdlungen, und meistcns wurde mit ilm::m Bau noch zur Spiitbronzezcit begonnen. lm Bczug auf die Bodenkon!iguration sind sic wenigcr charakteristisch Ilir das Flachland. Sie wurden auf gccignetcm GeHinde - natiirliehen Erhohungen und Fluf31errassen - crrichtet. und solche Gcgebcnheitcn bieten das rechte Ufcr des unteren Drauflul31aufs sowic das rechte Donauufer, OuGabwiirts von Aljmaš. ln der Baranya gibt es solch gceignetes Gelandc auf dem Bano\o brdo. Die Hauser in solchen Sicdlungcn wurdcn im traditionellcn Landschaftlichcn, fiir diese Tiefcbene mit viel Land und damals noch zahlrcichen Waldem charaktcristiscbcn Stil gebaut. der sich wahrcnd der Vorgeschichte iibcrwiegend erbiclt und auch in der neucrcn Geschichte beibehalten wurde. Sie wurden aus llol7 errichtcl oder hatten cine hol?eme Grundkonstruktion mit Mauem aus Flechtwerk mit Lehmvetput7 und mit einem Lehmboden. Das Sattcldach war mit Scbilf oder sonst igem Pflanzcnmuterial gedcckt. Auf dem Gcbiet der Dalj-Gruppe wurde bishcr kein l laus aus der altercn Eisenzeit vollstandig ausgegraben und crtorscht, so daB u.a. auch der Grundril3, die ZalJI und die Anordnung der Raumlicb.keiten, die Orienticrung. die Lage des Herdes und der Eingang unbekannt sind. Aus bishcrigcn fragmentarischcn Beispielen laBt sich nur schliel.\en, dal3 die Hiiuser einen rcchteckigcn Gn.mdri3 hatten.
47
Grupa Du/j
Dalj Gmup Oa(i-Gmflfle
9 Pur a.lkMcl .~ drškama 11 oblikr1 srili=imuilr =n oriuju. Da/1 - Rus1ja (km :!:!.J
·
9 Pcrir ot uskai 11'i1h haud/es ill rht• s/wp.: of sn·l11cd '"""''"'· Du"
B11siju (mr :!! .J
9 A.lko.;-Paar 11111 Grij{en ill Form Dalj - 8uSIJfl (Kar. !!.J
1'011 sulish'rtolje (car. 5/.J
ll. Ge(tiP (Kallllwrosi. OsijeJ. Zeleno f!O(ie (Km. 51.)
48
Ciglann.
49
Grupa Du/j
Dalj Gmup Oa(i-Gmflfle
9 Pur a.lkMcl .~ drškama 11 oblikr1 srili=imuilr =n oriuju. Da/1 - Rus1ja (km :!:!.J
·
9 Pcrir ot uskai 11'i1h haud/es ill rht• s/wp.: of sn·l11cd '"""''"'· Du"
B11siju (mr :!! .J
9 A.lko.;-Paar 11111 Grij{en ill Form Dalj - 8uSIJfl (Kar. !!.J
1'011 sulish'rtolje (car. 5/.J
ll. Ge(tiP (Kallllwrosi. OsijeJ. Zeleno f!O(ie (Km. 51.)
48
Ciglann.
49
Gmpa Da(;
Dali Group f>ali-Gruppt!
l J DC'Ifl/j !1!11~kogn gmlw 102 l J IJt:tml of a .female grm·c 101 /3. Detmltlngrad - Rell(ll'o
()well Bnii!II·Lellmil lOO-/J
54
konjske opreme i oružja. Groblje je bilo u upotrebi za čitava trajanj. lnciscd or stamped motifs \\ Cl•' often filled with white incrustation, which contributed to the aesthetic effect (cat. 6., cat. l 0., cat. 29.). The Dal.l p(lpulation was uot particularly rich in metal items during the Late 13ronze Age, but in the Early Iron Age the scm·city of these items became pcrhaps even more pronounced. This does not mean that there were no metal products at all , but that thcll' were relatively fc\\ that could bc attrihurcd to the Dalj group. J'hc majority or iron and bronLe arte facts, and particularly thu~~. made of precious metals, is connected with the new popul t mn from the east or south, and with the influences from the southeastern Alpine area. We should not neglect the products that arrived tln:ough trade, which must have existed and which \\e have already mentioned. At least some of these may haw hdonged to certain members of the Dalj population. those wllll w~rc rich enough to acquire them. ln general, the metal objects can be divided into three groups: jcwellety and costume p1cces, weapons and thirdly, borse equipment, irrespective of\\ hic h population and cultural circle they belonged lo. Tbc cm llesl metal artcfacts. which appear in eastem Slavonija a. endy as the 8'" century BC. include the bronze aud iron m1efac1, trom the hoards in Da ljska Planina (cat. 7.). Ilok (cat. 9.2. 3.) and Sarengrad (cat. 3.). as well as grave goods from som\! 'kelctal gra,~es from the necropolise: of Lijeva Bara in Vul uvar (cat. 4 .. cat. 14.), Busija in Daljska Planina (cat. 1., cat )., cat. 5.) and in Batina, in addition to a pair of bracelets !i·mn Sotin (cat. J 1.). The honrds contain jewellery and borse lwnwsscs in the Thraco-Cimmcrian style, whereas the graves )' ielded jewellery (spectacle Cibulac, fibu lae of the Balkan Gla muc types and the Vače type, bracelets with anthropomolph lc pcndants). and iron weaponry, such as leafshaped spears. horse harnessc~ and wbetstonc handles. One grave in Vul..m ar contained a sil"er diadem. made of plaques connected \\n h bronzc rings. similar ro the one in the Šarengrad hourd. CertaiJl a11efacts from the graves at the Busija nccropolis m Daljska Planina date from rhe 7'h and the 6'bccnntrics BC ~uch ~s a bron7:e decorativc pin with several heads ~Cat. 24.) OI il fibu la with a foot plate in the shape of "Bocotlan shield" (cat. 27.).
Osijek- Zeleno polje, das eine Swastika. d.h. ein Hakenkreuz, im Hals cingeritn hat. was ihm cine besondcre, ungewolmltche Bedcutung \ crleiht. denn da:- Swastikamotiv ist mit Solaroder Sonnensymbolik verbunden (Kat. 51.). Aul3er solchen gewollJllichcn, alltaglichen Gcflil3cn erzeugten die Angehorigen der Dalj-Gruppe gelegentlich auch Gef313e, die sich zu kciuer der crwahnten KJassen Luordnen fassen. Dies sind: Doppelgefaf3c. Gcflif3e mit langem Ausguf3, ova le Gcfal3e mit horntormigcn Henkeln. die sogenannten Salznapfcbcn ldi. Zu den ungewohnlichen Keramikformcn gehoreu auch Deckel. die meistcns vcrzic11 sind. Eine ganz auf3ergewohnliche und Ciir die Dalj-Gruppe aul3erst uniibliche Gefal3form sind auch LWCl Askoi, besonderc Trinkgcfcif\e mit zwei cntsprechenden Tassen, gefunden in Dalj (Kat. 22 .. Kat. 23.). Sic sind rot bemalt, die Heukel der Askoi stellen stilisiertc Ticrc dar. und die Tassenhenkel haben die Form von Wasserviigcln. GeHi13hcnkel oder Apptikationcn in Tierform sind im Si.idostalpengcbict und im nordwcstlichen Kroatien iiblich. aber auf dem Territorium der Dalj-Gruppe sind die Askoi frcmde und in jedcr llinsicht aul3erordcntliche Gegenstande. Auf dem Gebi et der Dalj-Gruppe wurdc cin we iteres Askos in Sotin (Kat. 20.) gcfunden. seine Form ist jedoch etwas anders, und es hat einen gewohnlichen Hcnkcl. Zwei Artefakte. die Ciir die Dalj-Gruppe ungewobnlich sind, da ihre Angehorigcn nicht hi:iutig Kcramikfigurinen produzicrten, stanunen vom Graberfeld Busija in Daljska planina. Dies sind eine zoomorphc Rassel (Kat. l R.) und ein kleiner Korb (Kat. 19.). und sic waren wahrschcinlich Kindergrabcrn bcigcgeben. Vom GrHberfeld in Batina stammen auch cinigc hoch stilisiertc rigurinen von Vogcln und Rinderkopfcn. Die 8osut-Kulturgruppc. d.h. die Kcramik des Basarab-Stils, gchon nicht zum Dalj -Kulrurkreis. sondcrn sie ist ihrer Entstehung nach ausdri.icklich mit dem Osten verbunden. lhr Vorkommen in den ost liehsten Teilen Slawoniens (Vukovar. Dalj) im 7. und 6. Jahrhundert v. Chr. ist mit dem Eindringen der morgcnlandiscben kulturellen EinOiissc und Volker auts engste vcrbunden. Geft'il3c im Basarab-Stil sind von hoher Qual ital lind wcisen eine eigcnartige geomctrisehe Ornamentik auf: Oicl3ende Spiralen. Girlanden, Dreieckc, Malteserkreuze. SMotive. gelegentlich auch mit einigcn schematisierten Figuraldarstcllungen. Einritzungen oder Stcmpclungen waren oft mil weil3er lnkmstation ausgetlillt, was die asthetisehc Wirkung zus~itzlich inrensivicrtc (Kat. 6.. Kat. l 0., Kat. 29.). Noch zur Spatbronze7.eit war die Dalj-Bevolkenmg nicht bcsonders reich an Metullgegenstandcn, und in der Eisem~eit kum diese Annu! vielleicht noch mehr zum Ausdruck. Dies bcdcutet nicht. daf3 cs damals keine Mctallcrzeugnisse gab. allerdings gibt es nur wenige. die man der Dalj-Gruppe zuschreiben kann. Die grof.\e Mehrnhl der Eisen- und Bronzcurtcfakte, vor alJem aber der Edclmctallgcgenstande ist mit
67
Dalj Group
Grupa Dalj
{)a/j-Gruppe
L
nije bilo kovinskih proizvoda, ali je vrlo malo onih koje možemo pripisati daljskoj grupi. Velika većina željeznih i brončanih, a pogoto\ o predmeta od plemenitih kovina, povezana je s novim stanovništvom s istoka ili juga te s u~ecajima iz jugoistočnoga alpskog područja. e smijemo zanemariti ni proizvode prispjele trgovinom. kojih je gotovo sigurno bilo i o čemu je već bilo riječi. a od kojih su barem neki mogli pripadati pojedinim pripadnicima daljskoga pučanstva, dovoljno imućnima da ib nabave. Općenito , kovinski se predmeti mogu svrstati u tri glavne skupine: nakit i dijelovi nošnje, oružje tc konjska oprema. neovisno o tome kojoj populaciji i kojem kulturnom krugu pripadaju. Najstarijim kovinskim predmetima što se u istočnoj Slavoniji pojavljuju već u 8. st. pr. Kr. pripadaju brončani i željezni predmeti iz ostava u Daljskoj planini (kat. 7.). Iloku (kat. 9.2.- 3.) i Šarengradu (kat. 3.), te prilozi pojedinih kosturnih grobova iz nekropola Lijeva bara u Vukovaru (kat. 4., kat. 14.), Busija u Daljskoj planini (kat. l.. kat. 2.. kat. 5.) i u Batini le par nantkvica iz Sotina (kat. J l .). Ostave sadrže konjsku opremu tračko-kimcrijskoga stila i nakit, dok se u grobovima uz nakit (naočalastc fibulc, fibule balkanskih g l asinačkib tipova i tipa Vače, narukvice s antropomorfnim privjescima) pojavljuje i željezno oružje, kao npr. listolika koplja, konjska oprema te drške za brus. U jednome od vukovarskih grobova nalazio se i dijadem, načinjen od pločica povezanih brončanim karičicama, poput onoga u šarcngradskoj ostavi. Pojedini predmeti iz grobova nekropole Busija u Daljskoj planini potječu iz 7. i 6. st. pr. Kr., kao što su npr. bronča na ukrasna igla s više glavica (kat. 24.) ili fibula s nožnom pločicom u obliku '·beotskog štita" (kat. 27.). Najpoznatiji nalaz s ove nekropole jest skupina od deset komada zlatnoga nakita pronađena u jednome od kosturnih grobova. što je elnički opredjeljuje kao vlasništvo jednoga od pripadnika populacije pridošle s istoka. Skupinu su či nila dva ukrasna predmeta možda apllkacije na pojasu, narukvica s otvorenim polumjesečastim krajevima, dio dijadema, prsten otvorenih suženih krajeva, dvije perle, dvije stožaste pl očice i najzanimljiviji predmet - pločica u obliku stiliziranoga vuka načinjena od bron ča nog lima obložena zlatnim limom. Grob je sadržavao i željezni vrh koplja položen na pokojnikova prsa. Ovaj je dragocjeni nalaz nestao iz muzeja u Berlinu, kojemu je bio prodan. l neki pojedinačni nalazi pripadaju istom vremenu, npr. brončana dvopetljasta fibula glasinačkoga tipa iz Borova.
Bronćmw Zl'ečlin 11 oblikll bobw tpnjenih ptica. IICpo=nato nn/a::t.\ te (kat. 34) 15. Bnm=e rau/e in the shttpe o/Mo binJ., joined atthe sides. site unknown (cnt. 34.) 15. Bron:eue Rasst'l iu Form •·ou W'ltltclt •·erbundene11 Vogeln. unbekmmte Fmulstlifle (Kat. 34.)
15.
66
Tijekom 6. i 5. st. pr. Kr. među kovinskim predmetima pojavljuju se i brončane zoomorfne figurice. kao što su konjići iz Batine, Daljske planine- Busija (kat. 43.) ili jelen iz Sotina (kat. 33.). Takve su figurice mogle biti aplicirune na ueiscllfrrs. P./i!rdegm/12. Vink•'L'i. Numa {nach Majuarić-Pandtit' IW!Jl200UJ
72
O duhovnoj sc kulntri pripadnika daljske grupe ili bilo koje druge etn i čke i kulturne grupe starijega želje:.:::nog doba na podntčju istočne Slavonije ne zna puno. Gotovo sve spoznaje o tom dijelu njihova života rezultat su istraživanja grobalja i velika vccina onoga što se zna povezana je upravo s odnosom
The mentioned metal items, as well as those that have not been mentiOned here. reflect a mLxrure of several culntres, se\'eral cthntl groups, se\ era l civilizations, and reflect very complex events Juring the Early Iron Age. Therefore. when we speak and '''tile about these attefacts, wc cannot stop with the Dalj group. since this group is just one among the numerous ele111ents that made up and created what wc refer to as the Early lron t\gc of Eastern Slavonija. We ran only speculate about the other segments of the material culture that are prone to decay, i.e. clothing. items made of textile, wool, leather. wood. wicker and other plant materials. Still "e can bc fairly sure that the Early lron Age population made textiles, spinned wool and tanned leather for clothes and foot\\'l'ar. They used leather to produce various other artefacts, such as bags. belts or horse hamcsscs. They \vove nets. ropes. ba:-.~ cts and mats. A large port ion of various tools and equipment used in agriculmre, numerous crafts and other activities was made of wood or had wooden parts. Some weapon types also had wooden elements or those made of leather. Wood was
Fuktorcn, die der iilteren Eiscnzcit im ostlichen Slawonien 1-orm vcrleihen. Ober die andcrcn. dem Zerfall ausgcscrzren Elemente der matericllcn Kultur, wie Kleidung oder Gegenstande aus Stoff, Wolle, Lcder, Holz, Weiden und sonstigem Pflanzenmaterial, kann man nur spekulieren. Doch liil3t sich mit ziemlicb grol3er Sichcrhcit vermuten, daU die Bcvi)lkcrung der iilteren Eisen~eit Stoffc anfcrtigte, Wolle spann, Lcder fur Kleiclttng und Schuhc gcrbtc. Aus leder fenigtc sie verschiedeue andere J::r,wugnissc wie Taschen, Gline! oder Pferdegeschin an. Sie flocht Nctzc, Sei le, Korbe und Mattcn; zah lreiche tmterschiedliche Werkzeuge und Zubehortcile fiir den Ackerbau, fiir viele Handwcrkszweige tmd sonstige Tiitigkeiten waren aus Holz oder bcstanden aus Holzteilen. Auch die einzelnen Waffenarten hatten llolz- oder ledertcilc. llolz wurde auch beim l lausbau sowic in der Produktion von Mobeln und Beforderungsmitlcln (Wagen, Boote, Rudcr) beniitzt, und in diesen damals nul3cr~t waldreichen Gebietcn war llolz. sicherlicb der am hiiuligstcn cingesetz;te Rohstoff. lnfolge der Kurzlebigkeit dieser Stoftc hat man heute keinen Einblick mehr in einen Grol3teil der matcriellen Kulnu·. weder der iilteren Eisenzeit, noch der gcsamtcn Vorgeschichte. Von der geistigen Kultur der Angeh61igcn der Dalj-Kultur oder der anderen cthnischcn und kullurellen Gmppen der iii teren Eisenzeit auf dem Tcrritorium Ostslawoniens weiB man nicht viel. Fast alle Erkenntnisse Uber diesen Aspekt ihrcs Lebens sind eitl Ergcbnis der Griiiberforschung, tmd die meisten Kenntnisse hiingcn gerade mit dem Verhiiltnis der Lebenden zu den Toteu zusammen. Dies umfal3t auch cinige Funeralritcn, in welchen sich die Weltanschauung derjenigcn. die
73
Dalj Group
(irup(l Dalj
Dnlj-Gmppe
typt with small chains and rod-pendants (cat. 53.1.), silver braceltts with tenninals in the shape of two snakes · heads (cat .., \ J .) and silver tibulae of the Štrpci-Curug type with a foot 111 the shape of a stylized dragon's head (cat. 52.). These item-; 111 addition to those discovered in the early La Tene graw of the necropolis in Zeleno Poljc-Brick Factory in Osijek (cg. tibulac of the Dux type with small chains and triangular pcndnnts). point to the proximity of the Celts and the cultural relations between the two civi lizations and two eras, one of whtch that of the Early lron Age- was rapidly nearing its end. velikom sigumošcu možemo pretpostaviti da su ljudi starijega željeznog doba izntdivali tkanine, preli vunu, i štavili kožu za odjeću i obuću. Od kože su izrađivali i razne druge predmete, kao što su npr. torbe, opasači ili konjska onna. Pleli su mreže. konope. košare i prostirke. a velik dio raznovrsnih alatki i ptibora upotrebljavanih pri obradi zemlje. u mnogobrojnim obttima i drugim djelatnostima, bio je načinjen od drveta ili imao drvene djelove. 1 pojedine vrste oru7ja imale su drvene ili kožne elemente. Drvo je upotrebljavano i za gradnju kuća , izradu namještaja. prijevoznih sredstava (kola, čamci, vesla) i sigurno je. u ovim krajevima koji tada njsu oskudijevali šumama. bilo najviše korištena sirovina. Zbog k.ratkovjcčnosti ovih materijala danas nije moguć uvid u najveci dio materijalne kulture ne samo starijega ?eljeznog doba već čitave pretpovijesti. 18 Fa/ere s konjske orme. kour~kl gro/J 1. linko•-ci. \'umu (prema Ma}llflrii:-Pmul:.il· I!JIJWJUOO.) JS. !'ha/era!! .froma horse hamroup's extension to the cast of Kaptol has not hecn determined, but in eastem Slavonija its neigbbour is the Dalj group. To the north, the group has contact with the cognate Kalenderberg group, which occupies the territories of Lower Austria. the westem pa11 of Hungary and southwcstem Slovakia. The common features of these two groups arc recognizable above all in the decoration of portety with identical decorative moti ts. but also in the mode of burial. Tbc ea stem area, around the Po:l:cga Basin. although it appears rather ~~olared was neve11heless connected tlu·ough communication routes with the somheru. Balkan tetTitory. These contacts nre ret1ectcd in certain goods found in the richest Kaptol graves.
geographische Einheiten in Nordkroaticn: das Drautal, das Zwischeustromgcbiet von Drau und Mur im • orden sowie Zcntralslawonicn im Osten. Obwohl jede dieser Mikroregioncn ihre Besondcrheiten hat, haben sic alle aber auch einige wesentlicbe natiirlich-geographische Eigcnschaften gemeinsam: offene. sich von Westcnnach Osten hin erstreckcnde Nicdcntngen. mcistens von Hligcln geschiitzt, die oft in Bergkcttcn von bis zu 600 und 1.000 111 Ho he iibcrgehen. Dieser Raum ist ein Teil Slidostpmmonicns, eines von natiirlichcn Wegen und Passen durchschnittencn Gebiets, wo auch schon scit altcrcn Zeiten Menschen verkchrten. Handel betrieben und verschiedenste Waren- aber auch Ideen - ausgctauscht wurden. ln diesem Landschaftsbild spiclten die Flul31aufe eine bcsonders wichtige Rollc (Drau. Mur, Bednja, Orljava). weil gerade die Wasserwege oder die Flul3- bzw. Bachtiilcr oft die kiirzesteu und die besten natiirlichen Wege bildctcn. Dank dieser guten Konummikationsmoglichkciten zu Land und zu Wasser war der Raum von Podravina (Drautal) und Međimllljc (M ur tal) verschicdensteu Einfliissen gegeniibcr offen, wahrend der Talkessel von Požega, von der Gcbirgskctte von Psunj, Papu~ Krndija und Dilj umgebcn, eine im Prinzip geschlosscne Einheit im ostlichen Teil des Kerngebicts der Gmppe bildere. Die kartographische Verteilung der erforschten Fundo1tc 7eigt ganz dcutlich einen Bntch 7wischcn wcstlichen (Podravina) und ostlichen (Zentralslawonieu) Fundgruppen. Der Gnmd daflir licgt sicher da1in, daO dieser Raum nicht ausrcichend erforscht ist: man solltc keinesfalb behaupten, dal3 cs hier keine Funde und keine Fundstiitten giibe. Die AusdchnungsgrenL:c der Gruppe ostlich von Kaptol ist nicht detinic11; auf dem Gebi ct Ostslawonicns liegt allerding:; die Dalj-Gruppe in ihrer unmittelbaren Nachbarschaft. Tm Norden schliel3t sich die Gruppe an die ihr eng verwandtc Ktdenderberggruppe an. die in Niederosterrcich, Burgenland,
Westungarn und im Siidwcstcn der Slowakci belegt ist. Den beiden Gruppcn gemeinsam sind vor allcm dieselben Motive der Keramikvcrziemng, aber auch die Bcstattungssitten. Weiter ostlich. um den Talkessel von Požega, war dieses Gebi et- obwobl anscheinend zicmlieh isoliert - auch mit dem siidlichcn Teil des Balkans verbundcn; diese Vcrbindungcn sind durch Beigabcn in reich ausgcstarteten Kaptol-Grabfundcn bclegt. Dank einem optimalen natlirlichen Relief bor der oben beschriebenc geographische Raum in allen urgeschichtlichcn Zeitsnlfen gute Lcbensbedingungcn, was auch durch archaologische Funde nachgewiesen werden konnte. Dieses nordk.roatische Gebiet ist von zahh·eichcn Flul311iufen durchzogen, mit einem frucbtbarcn Boden gesegnct und war tiiiher gro/3tenteils mit dichtem Wald bcwachsen. Das lcicht wellige Gelandc mit Flul3tiilern und erhohten Terrassen sowic einigc von hOberen Gebirgcn geschiirzte Gcbicte boten eine Auswahl an glinstig
83
Gmpn A!arlitanec:-Knptol
Jllartiia11ec-Kaptol Group Murtijnru?c:·Knptoi-Gruppe
gelegenen Siedluugsorten und Schutz vor allcrlei Gefahren. Das 7.wischenstromgebiet von Sava und Drau, diese nafurliche Verbindung zwischen deo slidostlicben Yoralpengcbieten tmd dem si.idwestlicben panom1ischeu Raum. fungicrtc immer als ein natiirlicher Korridor fiir VolkeJwanderungen, Ausbreinmg und Dbennittlung von Eint1iisseo tmd Ideen, fiir die Handelswege. jedoch auch fiir Kriegszilge. Die Offenhcit dieses Raums gegeniiber verschieclensten Einfliissen aus allen Richnmgen pragte somit die Entstelmng, aber at1eh den Untcrgang von vielen urgeschichtlichen Kulturen.
6. Bn/di predjeli {ugotstob1og podmčja grupe ,\/ortijanec-Kaprnl tl. Hillt !tmtl,·f·ape 1'1 Ben!~ent in the territory inhabited by our group. from its vety beginnmg, as corroborated by the moulds for casting bron;:;:e pieces of horse equipment found within the settlement of Sv. Petar Ludbreški. The moulds, however, arc proof of an impo1tant economic activity - metallurgy, of which we shall speak later on. When ~t comes to the breeding of domestic animals and game huntIng, wc have to mention that animal hides and furs were widely used, but artefacts made of these raw materials have not been fOtmd in the group 's selllcments. The situation is iden ti-
kleinen Wcrkzeugen: Abschroter fi.ir Metallwcrkzeuge, Schmuck. Kultgcgenstaude. Als Rohstoff dienten auch Homer tmd Zalme der Tiere. ln der Sicdlung Sv. l)etar Ludbreški (SL Peter von Ludbreg) unwcit von Varaždin wurden in den Abfallgruben mitsamt Tierknochen und Abfallmaterial auch Nalnungsmittclrcste der einma l hier lebenden Bevolkcrung freige legt. Die Analyse ergab, daB es sich um Knocheu von Scbafen. Zicgcn, Schweincn, Wildschweinen, Rindern und Hirscben handclte. Die Zuchtticre wurden in der Siedlung vielleicht auf besonderen. dazu geeignclcn, umzihmtcn FUichen - gczi.ichtet, wabrcnd d ie Wildtiere- der l Tirsch, aber sicher auch andere Wildtiere - in den umlicgcnden Waldcrn von den .liigcrn erlegt wurdcn. Das Pferd spielle cine besonders wichtige Rolle. h1 der voransgehenden Epochc noch von zweitrangiger Bedeutung, wurde das Pferd wahrcnd der altereu Eiscnzeit zum Statussymbol, das mit der herrschenden Gesellschaftsschicht eng vcrbunden war: als Zeichen eler Macht des l(ricgcrs war dieses Tier bei Kriegsuntemehmungen unersetzlich und begleitete scincn Reiter auf symbolischc Art und Weise auch ins Grab. Das Pfcrd "vurde auch auf Kunstgegenstaudcn aus verschiedenen Matcrialien dargestellt: aus Keramik, Bronze oder Bemstcin; diese Funde sranm1cn zwar nicht aus unscrcm Gebiet, waren aber ftir die benacbbarten zeitgenossischen Kulntrgruppen charaktcristisch. Allerdings war das Pferd auch bei unserer Kullurgruppe von /\nfang an schr wohl vertrcten; diese Tatsache ist mit GuBtom1en flir bronzene Teile des Pferdegeschirrs - gefundcn in der Siedlung Sv. Petar Ludbreški - bclegt. Die Gufifonnen zeugen allerd ings auch von einer wichtigen Wirtschaftstatigkeit - der tvlctallurgie. lm Hinblick auf die Zucht der Nutztiere und die Jagd auf Wildtiere mu13 man anmerken, da/3 Ledcr und Fell breite Verwcndung fanden. in den Fundstellen der Sicdlungsanlagen dieser Gruppe jedoch keine aus cliesen Rohstoffen gefertigten Fundstlicke 7.\ltage gcbraeht worden sind. Dasselbe gilt fiir Gcgenstiinde aus Hol7., die genauso wie Ledcr und Fell bekanntlich leicht zerfallen und nur unter bestimmtcn Bedingungen crhalten werden konncn. Jedoch waren die wciten, waldreichen Gebiete bestimmt cine reiche Quelle dieses am hiiutigsten vcrwcndeten Rohstoffcs; mit Rolz wurden die H~iuser sowie verschiedene andere Bautcn in der Siedltmg (Z~iune , Oberdachungcn, uJi.) gcbaut, aus Holz wurden TeiJe der Jagd- und Kampfausrustung gcfertigt. gcnauso wie verschicdcne Werkzeuge, Gcg around Ivanec and Varaždin. in McdimutJC, around Ludbreg, Koprivnica and the Kaptol centre most likely "covered" all tbe needs of the population. The tradition of domestic nt.tnufacntre of quality cera mk vessels is still alive in some villages around Ivanec. Yet another useful mineral used in the wcstc1n areas by the local population from the Middle Ages until rt:ccut times may have been exploited during the Early Tron AL'c as well. When it comes to the exploitation of salt (the villages of Slanje and Salinovec) from salt sources thHt still exist today. we draw information from wrillcn sources and the oral tradition. lt is possible that these salt sources were known in am ICtll times and that by cooking food in sally water people \\ne able to overcome the lack of rock salt. Salt is irreplaCl.ible in tbe life of people and in callie breeding. ~md ir is acqut l·d tlnough trade even from far-away lands. lt b therefore ,, real treasurc, and a colllJ11unity that controls such resolllc.:es becomes independent from other communities and trade cm·avans. ln addition to tbc assumption about the explott:llion of salt sources, we mention the possibility that the Maii i]Jnec-Kaptol group was familiar with the existence of rwo sources of rock salt in their area: one in the hilly region to the sourheast of Varaždin, and one in Central Slavonija. on the Psun.t mountain. Wc mention tbjs information only ns possibilitics which should not be overlookcd in the analysis or the economy of the group.
The raptd development of metallurgy and the trade connected with it marks the beginning of the Early iron Age. These two activlt tcs certainly represent the most important lmmchcs of the economy. The production of various metal artefaers and trade " ith these valued and expensive products galvanizcd the development of certain cultural centres: enabled the distribution oi metal products throughout large areas, sometimes quite distant enlivened contacts between conummitics; enabled the spread of influences from various tetTitorics and in various dircctwns. Trade routes connected the western with the eastern regions. usually tollowing the courses of the Drava, Sava and Danub" rivcrs, as well as the northern regions with the south, tlu·oueh mountain passes. The controlled and defendcd trade route-; were used by well-organized earavaus carrying valuable goods. IJOt·scs and freight wagons were used for tra' cl and the transport of goods. In addition to the main roads, there existed a network of side roads, less important conumiUications used in local traffic. Archaeological finds - luxury items produccd in dista111 centres- bear testimony to the dynamic trade into whidt the area of our group was also included. The wanior's equipment from the Kaptol graves, such as a Greek-IIlyrian helmet (cat. 12 .2.), a Corinthian helmet, u bronze leg guards grea\'es (cat. 12.6. ), a bronze chest plate - pcctoral (cat. 12.3.), as well as some other grave fmnishings. arc an example of rhe
chen Dorfem in der Umgcbung von Ivanec weiter. Es gibt hicr aber noch einen Mineralstotl~ den die lokale Bevolkcrung in den westlichen Gebietcn vom Mittelalter bis Lur jiingstcn Zeit nutzte und der vielleicht auch in der alteren Eiscn7eit abgcbaur wurde: Daten uber die Salztorderung (Oorfcr Slanje und Sal inovec) aus den auch heute noch bestehenden Salzquellen sind uns sowohl sclu·iftl ieh al$ auch milndlich iibcrlicfert wordcn. Es ist durchaus mogl ich, daB diese Saltqucllcn auch in den alteren Epochen bcstandcn, so daB der Mangcl an Steinsa lz durch das Koehen der Nahrung in SaiLwasscr ausgeglichcn werden kom1te. Salz war unersetzlich im Leben der Menschen und in der Yiehzucht und wurde auch im 1-landclsvcrkehr aus weit entferntcn Uindern gelietert. SaiL war bcsondcrs kostbar. so dal3 jede Gcmeinschaft, die ilber diese Ressource verfiigte, von den andcrcn Gcmeinschaften und 1-landclskarawanen unabbangig war. .lcdoch liegl auf3er der wahrschcinlichen Nutzung von Salzquellcn auch die Vennutung na hc, da(\ auch zwei SteinsaiLlagcr auf dem Gebiet der Martijanec-Kaptol-Gruppe bekannt waren: das Sal7.lager im Gcbirgsland siidostlich von Varaždin und cin zwcites in Zeutralslawonicn, mn Psunj-Berg. Diese Daten sind hier nur als Vemllltung angcmerkt, die man allerdings bei der Analyse des Wirtschaftslcbcns der Gruppe auch bcriicksichtigen sollte. Mit dem betracbllichcn Aufschwung der Metallurgic und des damit verbundenen Handcls setzte der Beginn der altcrcn Eisenzeit ein. Diese zwei Wi1tschaftszweige waren gcwil3 die wichtigsren Wi.rtschaflszwcigc iiberhm1pt. Die Erzcugung von verschiedenen Metallprodukten und der Handel mit dieser kostbaren und tetu·en Ware bcwirkten die Entwicklung und die Bliitezeit einiger Kulturzcntren. sie ennoglicbten die Yerbrcinmg von Metallproduktcn auf grol3e Entfemungcn, bclcbtcn die Kontakte Lwischcn den Gemeinscbaften und die gcgcnscitige Beeinllussung viclcr Gebiete i.n allen Richtungcn. Die Haudelsstra13en vcrbandcn den Westen mil dem Osten - meistens den FluOUiufcn von Drau, Sava und Donau folgcnd sowie den Norden mit dem Siiden. wo sic durch Bcrgsattcl fiiluten. Auf kontrollicttcn und geschiitLtcn Handclsstraf3en verkehnen gut organisic1tc Karawanen. die kostbarc Waren transportierten. fiir Handclsrcisen und Wareutransportc waren Reitpferde und Gcspannwagen im EinsatL. Auf3cr den Hauptstral3en bestand ein ganzcs ctz Yon Nebenstraf3cn. die Ilir den Lokalverkehr genutLt wurdcn. Von den intensiven Handelsaktivitaten, an deuen auch die Gruppe unseres Gebicts beteiligr war, 7eugen arcbaologischc Funde - Luxusgiiter, die in entfernten Orten bergestellt wurdcn. Die Kriegeraustiisntng aus den Kaptoi-Griibem, z.B. der griechisch-illyrische llclm (Kat. 12.2.), der Heim des Korinth-Typs, bron7ene Ocinsdliencn - Knieschi.itzer (Kat. 12.6. ), cine bron7ene Brustplatte Pcktoral (Kat. 12.3.) sowie auch cinige andere Beigaben 7ettgen von Handelsbe7.iehungen dieses Gcbicts mit den andcrcn Kulturen. Glcich7.eitig liHH sich anhand dieser Fundc auch die Macht der Kricgerschicht erkennen.
93
Murtijanec-1\.np!o/ Group
Grup{l Marlijanec-Kap!vl
tl lari iicm ec- Kaptoi-Gmppt?
životu ljudi i u7goju stoke nezamjenjiva, a nabavljala se trgovinom i i7 vrlo udaljenih krajeva. Stoga je bila pra\ a dragocjenost, a zajednica koja je raspolagala takvim resursima nije ovisila o drugim zajednicama i trgovačkim karavanama. No, moguća je i pretpostavka o poznavanju dvaju ležišta kamene soli na prostoru grupe Martjjauec - Kaptol: u brdovitim predjelima ju goistočno od Vara~dina i u središnjoj Slavoniji na Psunju. Ovi su podatci tek mogućnosti koje u anu lizi ekonomike grupe ne bi trebalo zanemariti. Metalurgija i s njom povezana trgovina najvažnije su gospodarske grane, a njihov nagao procvat obilježio je početak starijeg željeLnog doba. Proizvodnja različitih metalnih predmeta i trgovina tim cijenjenim i skupim izrađcvinama potakli su procvat pojedinih kulmrnih centara. omogućili rasprostiranje kovinskih proizvoda na šira pa i vrlo udaljena područja, oživjeli kontakte među društvenim zajednicama, te širenje utjecaja s ra.dičitih prostora i u različitim smjerovima. Trgovački putovi poveLi' ali su zapadne i istočne kraje" e prateći najčešće tiječne tokove Drave, Save i Dunava tc sjeverne s južnim krajevima. koristeći brdske prolaLe. Nadgledanim i branjenim trgovačkim putovima kretale su sc dobro organiLiranc karavane s dragocjenom robom. Za putovanja i prijevoz roba koristili su se jahaćim konjima i Lapre2nim kolima. UL glavne putove postojao je i splet sporednih. manje važnih komunikacija. namijenjenih loka lnom prometu. O intcnzivuoj trgovini, u koju je bilo uključeno i područje naše grupe, svjedoče arheološki nala.d luksu:!ni predmeti proizvedeni u udaljenim centrima. Ratnička oprema iz kaptolsk ih grobova, npr. grčko-ilirska kaciga (kat. 12.2.), kaciga korintskoga tipa, brončani štitnici za noge - kncmidc (kat. 12.6.), brončana prsua ploća - pcktoral (kat. 12.3.). a i neki drugi grobni prilozi primjer su trgovačkih veza tog područja s prostorima drugačijih kulturnih strujanja. Jstodobno oni ilustriraju i moć vladajućega ratničkog sloja.
ll
Polo•·inl kalupa :11 ll)e l'flllil! sup(jih sjekira s tlliema u.urnption is that bouses were located on the tenaccs. which arc still clearly discemable today. The settlement was protectcd by a rampart and a ditch. Near the settlement there was also a stream. which means that the position at Gradac offered al l the essential living conditions. As illustrated best by the example of Sv. Petar Ludbreški and Sigetec. sligblly elevatcd positions above the plains were chosen tor lowland settlements. A particularly attractive position was that of a settlement in Sigetcc - on a large terrace above
Art sowie vcrschiedenc Metallgcgenstiinde -, aber die Griiber stel len lecliglich ein einziges Lebenssegment dar. Das allttigliche Leben der Gemeinscbaft, blw. das Leben in der Sicdlung. hietet sicher das beste Bild illl·er Physiognomie. Aus allen hier ctw~ihnten Tatsachen ergibt sich, daf3 sich aufgrund der bisherigen F01:sehungen nur schwer erkel1Jlen liiBt. wie cine Siedlung aussab und welche Struk! ur sic hattc, sowic wie groB und von welchem Bautyp die Wobn- und Hilf.bauten waren. Datiiber liegen nur fragmemarische Erkcnntnisse vor. Das Gebiet der Martijanec-Kaptol-Gruppe isl griiBtenteils ein tlaehcs oder leicht weJiiges Gelaude, so auch durch Untersucbungen im .Jahr 1989 belegt wurde der Gruppe dar. A uBer Grabanlagen ohne jcgl iche Grabkonstruktion gibt es auf dem Gebiet der Gruppe auch andere Grabvarianten: Trockcnmauer-8auten. die das Grab oder mehrere Griibcr umschlieBen, Graber. die mit Kieselstein bedcckt sind. rechtcckigc Grabkammem aus Stcinplattcn. grol3e Grabkammcrn
109
i\lm·fijanec-Kaptol Group
Gmpa Mtll'lijnnec-Knt!lol
\Ja,·ttjtlllec-f..'aptni-Grtippe
der an der Bestattungszeremonie betciligten Personen verbunden waren. Die Horntrager wurdeu als GcniBdekor oft nur mit Darstellungeu des Kopfes ge7eigt. die antlmgs realistisch modell ierr (Kat. 18.), in der spateren. Phase der ~iltercn Eisenzeit aber stilisiert (Kat. 23.) w1.1rden. Auch dieses Mot iv und seine auf dem S01menkult bembende. ticfc Symbol ik Leugen davon. dal3 die Grabkeramik einen wichtigcn Platz in den hatte. Glaubensvorstellungcn der Gcmeinschaft Aufschlul3reich ist vielleicht auch die Totsachc. daf.\ das Motiv der Sumpfvogel im Flachland zwischen Druu und Mur vorkommt. wiibrencl die Darstelltmgen der Bovidcn- Rinder und llirsche eber in den Berggebieten um den Talkessel von Po7ega erscheincn.
lJ (,,.,,J, l. tumu/11. Guru'cm !3. G,,,., l 1111111111/s 1'1. Gnrit'cm lJ (,,,,,. l /umu/u, 1'1, Gorića11
ln the investigated tumuti in ivlcdimmje there were no :;tone constructions. such as arc known ti·om Martijnncc nnd Kaptol. for instance. On the contrary. the grave mounds !l rc simple made of earth. Wc know almost nothing about the order and duration of cullic activities. the participants of the funcrary cercmony and the phases of building the gr!lve mound. or. in fact. about the entire spiritual sphere. Probably the \1 hote community took part in the ceremony of the funeral, 01 at least its larger part. because the erection of large and demanding gntve constmctions such as the great tumulu:. in Mat11_1anee prcsupposes a numcrous and organized group. 'aturali} not all the turnuti bad such impressi,·e dimensions. Whtk it is true that we do not know their original dimensions. the majority mus't have been significantly- reduced in the cour .~: of the time. Their presenl diameters measure mostly between l O and 30 m. and their height ranges from less than l m to 2 m. There is still uo explanation of th l.! symbol is m and imp(ltlance of the gigantic tumuli in ivl
:!2. Ask1n.
(iorićflll (JII'I!IIUI Mt!illlll'iĆ'·Ptmtbc: IIJ98.)
22. Asko.\. Ciorićflll (t(/il'r Mttjnaric'-Pcmdf:ić 1998.)
12. Askos. Cioric'ml (nach Mojuarić-Pcuu6ć /998)
108
ln den crforschten Grabbiigcln 'on Međimtn:je wurdcn keine Grabkonstruktrionen aus Stein cntdeckt. wie sie L.B. aus Martijanec und Kaptol beka1mt sind. sondern uber diese Griiber wurdcn einfache Erdbi.igcl angcschiittet. Ober die Reihcnfolge und Dauer der rintellen Handlungen im Rahmcn dc!. Bestattungskultes. uber die Betciligtcn an der Bestallungszeremonie und liber die Phasen. in dcncn der Grabbilgel erric.:htct wurde. d.h. iibcr die religios-gcistigcn Vorstellungen. wissen wir so gut wie nichts. An der Bcstattung war wahrschcinlich die ganze Gemeinscbaft oder zumindest der Grol3tcil der Gemeinschaft beteilit,rt. weil die Errichrung von gr613crcn und komplexen Grabkonstruktionen- wie z. B. dem Gro13tumulus in Martijanec - die Arbeit einer gr613ercn und gut organisicrten Gruppc von Menschen erfordertc. Natiirl ich waren nicht alle Grabhiigel so riesengrol3. ihre ursprlingliche Gro13c ist uns zwar nicht bckannt, weil die mcistcn im Laufe der Zeit dcutlich nicdriger geworden sind. Ihre Durchmesscr bewcgcn sich heute zwischen etwa l O bis 30 m. und ilu·e Hohc betriigt heute von unter l m bis zu 2 m. Die Symbolik und Bcdeutung der ricsigen Grabhiigel in Martijanec und Jal2abct sind noc.:ht nicht Idar. weil bisher keiner von ihnen erforscht ist. Ist ihre Grof.\e auf die Wichtigkeit und Position des Toten - des Anfiihrers. cincs Flirsten oder eines wic.:htigen Kriegers - LUrLickzufiihren oder bleibt uns in solchcn monumentalen Objekten cine unbckannte Symbol ik verbo rgen? Der Grol3tumulu), 'on Jalžabet schcim in der Landscbaft isolie11 zu sein. aber in seiner unmittclbm·en 'Jiihe betl.nden sich be:.timmt noch weiterc Grabanlagcn. die in urgeschichtlichcr Zeit klar erketutbar waren. heute aber nicht mehr siebtbar sind. Diese \loglichkcil wird dm·eh den in der Niihe liegenden eingcebneten Tumulus ll bekraftigt; dieses hcrvorragende Beispicl stellt die jiingste Grabanlage "a!> auch durch Untersucbungen im .Jahr 1989 belegt wurde der Gruppe dar. A uBer Grabanlagen ohne jcgl iche Grabkonstruktion gibt es auf dem Gebiet der Gruppe auch andere Grabvarianten: Trockcnmauer-8auten. die das Grab oder mehrere Griibcr umschlieBen, Graber. die mit Kieselstein bedcckt sind. rechtcckigc Grabkammem aus Stcinplattcn. grol3e Grabkammcrn
109
1\ lurtijnnec-Knpto/ Group
Grupa Martijanec-Kaptol
Martilanec-Kctptoi-Gmppe
15 Keramika i= gmhm·u 11 Gont'mm J5 /'ouen (tvm tite Gonćan grm e.• J5. Keramik aus Grcibem in Gom'm1
_L
_ l_ konstntkcija, kakva je npr. veliki tumul u Manijancu, pretpostavlja veću i organiziranu skupinu. Naravno, svi tumuli nisu bili tako respektabilnih dimenzija. Doduše, njihove prvobitne veličine nisu poznate, ali ih je većina tijekom vremena vrlo snižena. Današnji im se promjeri uglavnom kreću od desetak do tridesetak metara, a visina od manje od J m do 2 m. Do sada nije objašnjena simbolika i wačenje divovskih tumula u M<mijancu i Jalžabetu. jer ni jedan nije istraživan. Ističu li oni svojom veličinom \a7nost i položaJ pokojnika - plemenskoga vođe, kneza, istaknutoga ratnika ili se u tako monumentalnim objektima krije neka nama nepoznata simbolika? Veliki jalžabelski tumul djeluje u krajoliku izolirano, međutim u njegovoj neposrednoj blizini nalaze sc slgumo i drugi grobovi, u pretpovijesti raspoznatljivi, a danas nevidljivi. Na ovakvu mogućnost upućuje i potpuno razvučeni tumul TT u blizini, izuzetan i najmlađi grob unutar grupe. što je pokazalo istraživanje provedeno 1989. godine.
14 Slu?matski prikazi grobnih l.tlmcwa 11) twmd l (komom i p/mo). Kaptol Gmdca bJ llmutl/1 (komora s tfmmosom t p/mo) . .Jul:ctbet e) nmwl (komora). .1/amtallet l .J Schematic ntpresematioll\ uf grm·e chambers: a) tumul11s l (d1c1111ber and plmeau). KfTptol - Gruclca h) tumulus ll (chamber u i th the thriiii(JS aud the platem1), Jal:abet e) tumulus (c/wmbsen. konntcn zwar eine Doppclfunk'tion haben und sowohl als Werkzeugc, als auch als Waffcn genutzt werden. ln der GicBerei wmclen auch lorbeerblattfOrmige Lanzenspitzcn hcrgcstcllt, die in der letztcn Phase der Umel!{elderlwltur h~iu fig gcnutzt \vttrden; dieser Fund weis t aber da~·auf hi n, dal3 diese Lanzenspitzen offcn~ichtlich auch am Ant~mg der iillercn .Eiscnzcit im Einsatz wHrcn. Langtlugligc Pfei lspitzcn Jnit Auf.-;ctzdorn sind aufgrund der gefundcncn Gul3formen auf dem Gcbict der Gruppe eben fall s belegt. Es ist intcressaut, daO PfeilspitLcn desselben Typs - Jedocb aus Eiscn gefertigt - in einem Pfcrdcgrab viel jungercr Darierung in Jalžabet entdeckt \vttrden. Es gibt noch ein Produkt dieser \Verkstatte, das gewissennaBen auch als Watfe bctrachtct werden kann. Es handelt sich mn ein Ti.illenmesser. Ein Messer dieses Typs wurde auch in ei nem Kricgcrgrab in Villach, auf die zweite Halfte des 8. .lahrhunderls v. Chr datiert, gefunden. Ein vollstandigcrcs Bild Liber Kriegswaffcn und -ausrlisnmgen in einer spiiteren Zeit
121
Jllarlijtmec-Kaplol Group
Grupa J'v!urt{ia"ec-Kapruf
M(fr/(iaiii!C·Kaptoi-GI·uppe
de>no- right recht> 36 l'rii')C'.tci slntskoga tipa. flllllltlll. Jal::obet rkat. 26. 7.) 36. Pendmll~ uf the Scytlrimr f)'l'e, twlwlus ll. Jat::abet (cut 26.7.} 36 Anlrćinger sA1'1hisclren Typs. 7immlus ll. Ja/::abet (Kat. 16. 7.)
brusevi umetnuti u raskošne usadnike ili okove. Žvale, psa lije, razvodnici za remenje, ukrasni privjesci , prstenovi i zatYarači remenja dijelovi su konjske opreme pretežito trakokimcrijskoga stila. Svi su ovi elementi dokumentirani u kaptolskim ratničkim grobovima horizonra 2 grupe lj. razdoblja njezina najvećeg procvata. Sam početak razvoja grupe označavaju kalupi za lijevanje razvodnika trakokimerijskih karakteristika iz Sv. Petra Ludbreškog, a kraj grupe obilježen je trokrilnom strjelicom i dijelovima brončanoga i željeznoga ljuskastog oklopa skitskih oznaka iz Jalžabeta (kat. 26.8.).
35.
Pločice
/juskastogo oklopu. na podlogu (rekmr.urukciia) 35 Plale.r.fi'Om a .rt·ale amrow; method o/'seu·lng ro 1/re lining (reconstrw.:timr) 35. Pililichen eincs Sdwppenpwr::er.f. Art eles Anniil11m.r mif the Umerlage (Rekonstruktion) twčinnutdwmju
122
Širok pojam materijalne kulture krije u mnogim svojim i:.aažajima refleksije kulta , magije, vjerovanja, duboko ukorijenjenih običaja, ideja, kanona ponašanja ili jednostavno rečeno - duhovnoga. Jz tc veze predmeta i ideje ili predodžbe proizlazi i "čitanje'' prastarih poruka, duhovnih aspekata iivota željeznodobne zajednice. Dobar primjer pružaju nam grobne posude s prikazima ptica ili bovida, jer se analizom keramike i njezinih dekorativno-simboličkih motiva, u usporedbi s drugim kulturama, dotiče solami kult, štovanje Sunca kao pokretačke snage u prirodi, koja će nakon umiranja omogućiti ponovo rađanje, dakle plodnost. Štovanje prirode, pojava i sila o kojima je ovisio opstanak zajednice iskonski je bilo usađeno u vjerovanje i kult još u starijim razdobljima civilizacijskoga razvoja. Ovi simboli, močvame ptice. bikovi i jeleni sjedinjuju ideju plodnosti i rađanja, tj. obnove života: Vjerovanje u snagu Sunca izravno je naslijeđeno u kulrun starijega željeznog doba iz prethodne kulture polja sa =arama. S vjerovanjem su naslijeđeni i motivi na umjemičk.i oblikovanim predmetima. pa tako i motiv sunčanoga kruga. Nala7imo ga ua grobnoj keramici tc na rijetkim očuvanim predmetima izrađenim od brončanoga lima, na kojima je motiv izveden iskucavanjem. Jedan takav predmet s islmcavanom točkasrom i kružnom dekoracijom potječe iz tumula u Ma11ijancu, pa iako je fi·agmentamo očuvan predstavlja vrlo vrijedan i ua našem području rijedak nalaz. To su ulomci sin1le tipa Kurd, posude u obliku vedra, kakve su bile u uporabi od kulture polja sa :arama do u razvijeno željezno doba. Simbol Sunca i njegove snage nalazi se na grobnoj keramici Kaptola.
vet \ beginning of the group's development is marked by tbc moulds for casting strap separators with Thraco-Cimmcrian features from Sv. Petar Ludbreški, while the end of the group is marked by the tlu·ec-barbed alTO\\ -head and pieces of the bronzc and iron scale armour with Scythian traits from Jalžabet (olt. 26.8.). ln many of its manifestations, the broad term uf material cultme tudes ce11ain reflexes of cult, magic, belief and deeply root ed customs, and mate1ial goods are often čl reflection of an idea mode of behaviour . in other words, of the spirin1al. Out of tlu s bond between an object and an idea or čl notion deri ves the "reading" of ancient messages, the spiritual aspects of the life o! an Iron Age community. A good example are the grave vessels with representations of birds or bovines. because the analysis of the pottery and its decorativc-symbolical motifs leads. through a comparison with other cultures, to the sun cult. the worshipping of the Sun as the driving force of nature. which . after death. will bring about new birth. or tertility. From carly on in the development of civilization, the worship of mmue of phenomena and forces on which the survival of the community depended, was rooted in belief.-> and cults. These symbols. the swamp birds, bulls and deer, merge the idea:. of fe111h ty and birth, the renewal of life. The belief in the force of the Sun in the culture of the Early Iron Age was inheritcd directly from the preccding Urnfield culture. Along with this belief motifs that appear on artisticaUy modelled objects were also mheritcd, such as the sun disc motif. Wc tind it on gra\'c ceram1cs and on d1e rare preserved items made of sheet bron ~ , where rhe motif is punctated. One such object with puncmted decoration consisting of dots a11d ci rel es comes from the tumulus in Martijanec. Ev;n though it is prcserved in fragments 1t represents a very valuable and rare find in our area. ThcsP fragments belonged to a si tula of the Kurd type, a vessel in the shape of a buckct, such as had been in use from the Urnfwld culture until the developed Iron Age. Yet another symbol of the Sun and its powcr appears in the grave ceramics at Kaptol - a grooved swastika of a rather ti·ee con cepti on. in colllbmatic)n with tinely modellcd animal heads (cat. 9.1.). The Spirnl and the meandcr, as the most frcquently used decorativc
bictcn die Graban1agcn in Kaptol. Die Waffen bestehen jctzt aus mchreren Lanzen. Mcssern und Kriegsbeilen aus Eisen. Zur Ausriisnmg der Krieger gehorte auch der ffelm, die Knic wurdcn mit metallencn Beinschienen (Knieschiitzer) geschlitzt, wahrend eine grof.le viereckige Platte, die an der Lcdcrklcidung befestigt war, die Brust des Kriegers schlit7te. Sic fungierte eigentlich als Pam:er. Als funktionale Gegcnstande mit statusbezeichncnđcr Symbolik dicntcn die Sch lcif. and cults. These symbols. the swamp birds, bulls and deer, merge the idea:. of fe111h ty and birth, the renewal of life. The belief in the force of the Sun in the culture of the Early Iron Age was inheritcd directly from the preccding Urnfield culture. Along with this belief motifs that appear on artisticaUy modelled objects were also mheritcd, such as the sun disc motif. Wc tind it on gra\'c ceram1cs and on d1e rare preserved items made of sheet bron ~ , where rhe motif is punctated. One such object with puncmted decoration consisting of dots a11d ci rel es comes from the tumulus in Martijanec. Ev;n though it is prcserved in fragments 1t represents a very valuable and rare find in our area. ThcsP fragments belonged to a si tula of the Kurd type, a vessel in the shape of a buckct, such as had been in use from the Urnfwld culture until the developed Iron Age. Yet another symbol of the Sun and its powcr appears in the grave ceramics at Kaptol - a grooved swastika of a rather ti·ee con cepti on. in colllbmatic)n with tinely modellcd animal heads (cat. 9.1.). The Spirnl and the meandcr, as the most frcquently used decorativc
bictcn die Graban1agcn in Kaptol. Die Waffen bestehen jctzt aus mchreren Lanzen. Mcssern und Kriegsbeilen aus Eisen. Zur Ausriisnmg der Krieger gehorte auch der ffelm, die Knic wurdcn mit metallencn Beinschienen (Knieschiitzer) geschlitzt, wahrend eine grof.le viereckige Platte, die an der Lcdcrklcidung befestigt war, die Brust des Kriegers schlit7te. Sic fungierte eigentlich als Pam:er. Als funktionale Gegcnstande mit statusbezeichncnđcr Symbolik dicntcn die Sch lcif.loj, razvijen uglavnom ua tektonski veoma razdrobljcnoj i karbonatnoj. vapneuoj iJj dolomituoj, trošnoj podlozi. Izražena morfologija i razvedena topografija strmih pad ina i dubokih jaraka. posebice dolouutue stijene, podložne su intenzivnoj i razmjerno brzoj eroziji. Izuzetak su samo postojane krške zaravni , gdje se akumulira nešto deblji pedološki supstrat podesan za zemljoradnju ili ratarstvo. U tome krajoliku, na rubovima prostranijih polja, ali i pri grebenima g01ja razvijale su sc ljudske naseobi11e. Klimatska obilježja i geološki sastav gotja odredili su svojstva tla i sastav biljnoga pokrova. Šume i proplanci Žumberka imaju bogatu tlom, koja uključuje i pojedine endemske vrste, a od faune najbrojtuji su fazani i zečevi, te osobito visoka divljač: srndaći, jeleni i divlje svinje. Na tom se podmčju izmjenjuju i prepliću utjecaji jadrauske morske klime ::> jugozapada i kopnene klime sa sjeveroistoka. Stoga se tu oblikuje klima karakteristična za toplo-umjereno-vlažni klimatski tip. Kulturno razdoblje bronča11oga doba obilježeno je, s antropološkog gledišta, nizom velikih klimatskih oscilacija. Te oscilacije, približno od početaka drugog tisućljeća pa sve do 4. st. pr. Kr., gcološki pripadaju tzv. mlađem subborealu. Početk,e toga klin1atskog razdoblja obilježila je izrazito blaga
132
The culrural group singled out in this publication under the name of Budinjak has for the first time been defined as an Emly Iron Age cultural phenomenon in Croatia, owing to the size o f the eponymous site and importance of the finds , which unti l now have been published only to a limited extent. Due to the insufficient research of the stmoundin!! areas, it is con. fi ned. in tetms of territory, to Ž'ttmberak pr;per. It can, therefo re, not be presented in the same way as tbe majority of other cu ltural groups, whose cultural traits and distribution were observed much carlier, and were researcbed in greater extent and more frequcntly. For tl1e final territorial definition of this cultural phenomcnon it is necessaty to investigate the newlydocumented sites in Žumberak as the original core area, as well as in the wider region of central and northwestem Croatia, i.e. the entire tcrrito•y of central Croatia north of tbe Kupa and the Sava rivcrs, east oftb.e Sutla river aud in the tenitory between the /vf(lrtijcmec-Kaptol cullural group and the uewlydefmcd Co/apiani group in the Kupa basin. This is because the firsr grave from the Hallstatt period in this entire tenitory was discovered only two years ago, whereas minor test excavations were catl'iccl out on only five settlement sites of the HaUstatt period. Žumberak, a mountain range oriented northeast-southwest, is situated west of Zagreb in the direction of Karlovac. lts northeastern side is usually called Samoborsko Gorje, and the solllhwcstern Uskočka Gora, Žumberačka Gora ~r simply Žumberak. This territory is situated on the soutbwestern edge of the Pannonian Plain and encompasses most of the territory between the Sava, Krka and Kupa rivers. ln geo-political tetm s, it belongs to northwestem Croatia and, to a smaller extent, to southeastern Slovenia. The Žumberak soil consists of a relatively thin pedological layer, developed mostly on a tectonically very fragmented and crumbling carbonate, limestone or dolomite base. The distinct morphology and developed topography of steep slopes and deep ditches, pat1iculady the dolomite rocks, arc subject to intensive and rather rapid erosion. The only exceptions are the solid karst plateaus, where a somewhat thicker pedological substrate accumulates, suitable for cultivation or farming. ll is in this landscape, at the edges oflarger fields, but also near the crcsts of hills, that the human senlements developed. The e limatic feahtres and the geological composition of mountains detem1incd the soil properties and the composition of the flora. The forests and plains of Žumberak have a rich flora, includ ing cet1ain endemic species. As for the fauna, the most numerous arc pheasants and hares, and particularly large game: roe deer, deer and wild pig. This is an area where the Adriatic sea climate from the southwest and the continental climate from the not1hcast alternate and merge, leading to the emergence of features charactcristic of the warm-modcratebtunid type of cljmate. From an anthropological perspective, the Bronzc Age cultural
Die Kulturgruppc, die in dieser Publikation unter dem Namcn Budiujak besclu·ieben wird, wurde dank der Gr()J3e der cponymischeu Fuudstattc und der Wichtigkeit der Fundc - bi sher nur in geringem Umfang verOffcntlicht- zum ersten Mal als cine Knlhtrerscbeinung der iilteren Eisenzeit in Kroatien definiet1. Da die umliegenden Gcbictc nicht gcnugend erforscht sind, wird sie iu raumlichcr Hinsicht auf das engere Gebiet von Žumberak begrenzl. Dcmzufolgc kann sie nicht auf dicselbe Art tUld Weise wie die mcistcn andcrcn Kulturgruppen vorgestellt werden, da die lc!ztcrcn hinsichtlich ihrer Kulmreigenschaften und Ausdchnung viel ft·iiher entdeckt und viel umfangreicher und haufigcr crforscht wurden. Zur endgi.iltigcn raumlicheu Definition dieser Kulturgruppe bedarf es der Erforschung neu vcrzcichnetcr Fundstatten im Kemgebiet Žumberak und im weitcrcn Raum von Mittel- und Nordwestla'oatien, d.h. im ganzcn Gcbiet MittelkroatiellS nordlich von Kupa und Save, ostlich der Sutla und im Gebiet mtischen den Gruppen lvlanijanec-Kapw/ sowie den neu festgesreUten Kolapitmen, enllang des Kupa-Fiusses. Tn diesem gm12en Raum wurde namJich crst vor zwei Jahrcn das erste Hallstattgrab freigelegl , wahrend in nur fiinf hallstattzeltlichen Siedlungsfundstatten Sondienmgcn kleinercn Umfangs durchgellllu·t werden sind. Das Bergmassiv von Žumbcrak, das sich von Nordosten nach Slidwesten erstreckt, licgt wcstlich von Zagreb, Richtung Karlovac. Seine nordostlichc Scite heil3t iiblicherweise Samoborsko g01je (Samobor-Gcbirgc), wiihrend die siidwestliche Seitc Uskočka gora, bzw. Žumbcračka gora oder einfach Žumbcrak genannt wird. Dieses Gcbict bcfindet sich ~un siidwcstlichcn Rand der Pam10nischcn Tiefebene und umfal3t den Grol3tcil des Zwischcnstromgcbicts von Save, Krka und Kupa. Gcopoli tisch ist es Nordwcstkroatien sowie zum kleineren Teil auch SLidostslowenjcn zuzuordnen. Der Boden von Žumberak besteht pedologisch aus einer Telati v diitmen Schichr, die sich grol3tenteils auf der tcktonisch slark zcrbrockcltcnund karbon ischen, kalkhaltigen oder dolomilartigen, ml'trbcn Grundlage herausbildete. Morphologisch ausgepri.igte tmd topographisch gegl iedette steile Abhange und tiefe Scbluchtcn, bcsondcrs die Dolomitfelsen, sind einer int ensi.ven und rela tiv schncllcn Eros ion ausgesetzt. Eine Ausnahme bilden nur die bcstandigcn Karstterrassen, in denen sich ein etwas dickeres, tur den Ackerbau geeignetcs pedologisches Substrat ansammeltc. ln die1.'er Landschaft, am Rand der ausgedehuten Felder, aber auch auf den Bergkammen, cn·icbteten die Menschen ilu·e Sicdlungcn. Die klimatischen Eigenschaftcn und die geologischc ZusammensetZlmg des Gebirges waren die entscheidendcn Faktoren bei der Herausbildung der Bodeneigenschaften und Zusammensetzung der Vegetation. Die Wiilder und Waldlichtungen von Žumberak haben eine reiche Flora, in der auch einige endem ische Pflanzen zu tinden sind; in der Fauna sind Pasane und Hascn am zahlreichsten vertTeten, aber auch Hochwild
133
... Budinj(lk Group
Bttdill}ak-Gntppe
Kultuma grupa izdvojena u ovoj publikaciji pod imenom Budinjak prvi je pul definirana kao stariježeljeznodobna kultuma pojava u Hrvatskoj, zahvaljujući veličini eponimnoga nalazišta i važnosti nalaza, koji su dosad samo u manjoj mjeri objavljeni. Zbog nedovoljne istraženosti okolnih terena, teritorijalno se ograničava na uži Žumberak. Stoga je nije moguće predstaviti na isti način kao većinu drugih kulturnih grupa, kojih su kulturna obilježja i rasprostranjenost uočeni mnogo prije, a istražene su više i učestalije. Za konačno prostomo definiranje ove kulturne pojave potrebno je istražiti novozabilježena nalazišta na Žumberku kao ishodišnom prostoru i u širem prostoru središnje i sjeverozapadne Hrvatske, tj. na cijelom području središnje Hrvatske sjevemo od Kupe i Save, istočno od Sutle tc 11a području između kulturne gmpe Martijanec-Kaprol i novoizdvojene grupe Ko/apijcma, uz rijeku Kupu. Naime, na čitavom tom prostoru tek je prije dvije godine otkopan prvi halštatski grob, a manja sondažna istraživanja napravljena su samo na pet halštatskili naseobinskili nalazišta. Žumberak, planinski masiv orijentacije sjeveroistok-jugozapad, nalazi se zapadno od Zagreba u smjeru Karlovca. Njegovu sjeveroistočnu stranu običava sc zvati Samoborskin1 g01jem, a jugozapadnu Uskočkom gorom, odnosno Žumberačkom gorom lli jednostavno Žumbcrkom. To područje smješteno je na jugozapadnom rubu Panonske nizine i obuhvaća veći dio prostora međurUečja Save, Krke i Kupe. Geopolitički pripada sjeverozapadnoj H rvatskoj tc manj im dijelom jugoistočnoj Sloveniji. T lo Žumberka čini razmjerno tanak pcdološki :>loj, razvijen uglavnom ua tektonski veoma razdrobljcnoj i karbonatnoj. vapneuoj iJj dolomituoj, trošnoj podlozi. Izražena morfologija i razvedena topografija strmih pad ina i dubokih jaraka. posebice dolouutue stijene, podložne su intenzivnoj i razmjerno brzoj eroziji. Izuzetak su samo postojane krške zaravni , gdje se akumulira nešto deblji pedološki supstrat podesan za zemljoradnju ili ratarstvo. U tome krajoliku, na rubovima prostranijih polja, ali i pri grebenima g01ja razvijale su sc ljudske naseobi11e. Klimatska obilježja i geološki sastav gotja odredili su svojstva tla i sastav biljnoga pokrova. Šume i proplanci Žumberka imaju bogatu tlom, koja uključuje i pojedine endemske vrste, a od faune najbrojtuji su fazani i zečevi, te osobito visoka divljač: srndaći, jeleni i divlje svinje. Na tom se podmčju izmjenjuju i prepliću utjecaji jadrauske morske klime ::> jugozapada i kopnene klime sa sjeveroistoka. Stoga se tu oblikuje klima karakteristična za toplo-umjereno-vlažni klimatski tip. Kulturno razdoblje bronča11oga doba obilježeno je, s antropološkog gledišta, nizom velikih klimatskih oscilacija. Te oscilacije, približno od početaka drugog tisućljeća pa sve do 4. st. pr. Kr., gcološki pripadaju tzv. mlađem subborealu. Početk,e toga klin1atskog razdoblja obilježila je izrazito blaga
132
The culrural group singled out in this publication under the name of Budinjak has for the first time been defined as an Emly Iron Age cultural phenomenon in Croatia, owing to the size o f the eponymous site and importance of the finds , which unti l now have been published only to a limited extent. Due to the insufficient research of the stmoundin!! areas, it is con. fi ned. in tetms of territory, to Ž'ttmberak pr;per. It can, therefo re, not be presented in the same way as tbe majority of other cu ltural groups, whose cultural traits and distribution were observed much carlier, and were researcbed in greater extent and more frequcntly. For tl1e final territorial definition of this cultural phenomcnon it is necessaty to investigate the newlydocumented sites in Žumberak as the original core area, as well as in the wider region of central and northwestem Croatia, i.e. the entire tcrrito•y of central Croatia north of tbe Kupa and the Sava rivcrs, east oftb.e Sutla river aud in the tenitory between the /vf(lrtijcmec-Kaptol cullural group and the uewlydefmcd Co/apiani group in the Kupa basin. This is because the firsr grave from the Hallstatt period in this entire tenitory was discovered only two years ago, whereas minor test excavations were catl'iccl out on only five settlement sites of the HaUstatt period. Žumberak, a mountain range oriented northeast-southwest, is situated west of Zagreb in the direction of Karlovac. lts northeastern side is usually called Samoborsko Gorje, and the solllhwcstern Uskočka Gora, Žumberačka Gora ~r simply Žumberak. This territory is situated on the soutbwestern edge of the Pannonian Plain and encompasses most of the territory between the Sava, Krka and Kupa rivers. ln geo-political tetm s, it belongs to northwestem Croatia and, to a smaller extent, to southeastern Slovenia. The Žumberak soil consists of a relatively thin pedological layer, developed mostly on a tectonically very fragmented and crumbling carbonate, limestone or dolomite base. The distinct morphology and developed topography of steep slopes and deep ditches, pat1iculady the dolomite rocks, arc subject to intensive and rather rapid erosion. The only exceptions are the solid karst plateaus, where a somewhat thicker pedological substrate accumulates, suitable for cultivation or farming. ll is in this landscape, at the edges oflarger fields, but also near the crcsts of hills, that the human senlements developed. The e limatic feahtres and the geological composition of mountains detem1incd the soil properties and the composition of the flora. The forests and plains of Žumberak have a rich flora, includ ing cet1ain endemic species. As for the fauna, the most numerous arc pheasants and hares, and particularly large game: roe deer, deer and wild pig. This is an area where the Adriatic sea climate from the southwest and the continental climate from the not1hcast alternate and merge, leading to the emergence of features charactcristic of the warm-modcratebtunid type of cljmate. From an anthropological perspective, the Bronzc Age cultural
Die Kulturgruppc, die in dieser Publikation unter dem Namcn Budiujak besclu·ieben wird, wurde dank der Gr()J3e der cponymischeu Fuudstattc und der Wichtigkeit der Fundc - bi sher nur in geringem Umfang verOffcntlicht- zum ersten Mal als cine Knlhtrerscbeinung der iilteren Eisenzeit in Kroatien definiet1. Da die umliegenden Gcbictc nicht gcnugend erforscht sind, wird sie iu raumlichcr Hinsicht auf das engere Gebiet von Žumberak begrenzl. Dcmzufolgc kann sie nicht auf dicselbe Art tUld Weise wie die mcistcn andcrcn Kulturgruppen vorgestellt werden, da die lc!ztcrcn hinsichtlich ihrer Kulmreigenschaften und Ausdchnung viel ft·iiher entdeckt und viel umfangreicher und haufigcr crforscht wurden. Zur endgi.iltigcn raumlicheu Definition dieser Kulturgruppe bedarf es der Erforschung neu vcrzcichnetcr Fundstatten im Kemgebiet Žumberak und im weitcrcn Raum von Mittel- und Nordwestla'oatien, d.h. im ganzcn Gcbiet MittelkroatiellS nordlich von Kupa und Save, ostlich der Sutla und im Gebiet mtischen den Gruppen lvlanijanec-Kapw/ sowie den neu festgesreUten Kolapitmen, enllang des Kupa-Fiusses. Tn diesem gm12en Raum wurde namJich crst vor zwei Jahrcn das erste Hallstattgrab freigelegl , wahrend in nur fiinf hallstattzeltlichen Siedlungsfundstatten Sondienmgcn kleinercn Umfangs durchgellllu·t werden sind. Das Bergmassiv von Žumbcrak, das sich von Nordosten nach Slidwesten erstreckt, licgt wcstlich von Zagreb, Richtung Karlovac. Seine nordostlichc Scite heil3t iiblicherweise Samoborsko g01je (Samobor-Gcbirgc), wiihrend die siidwestliche Seitc Uskočka gora, bzw. Žumbcračka gora oder einfach Žumbcrak genannt wird. Dieses Gcbict bcfindet sich ~un siidwcstlichcn Rand der Pam10nischcn Tiefebene und umfal3t den Grol3tcil des Zwischcnstromgcbicts von Save, Krka und Kupa. Gcopoli tisch ist es Nordwcstkroatien sowie zum kleineren Teil auch SLidostslowenjcn zuzuordnen. Der Boden von Žumberak besteht pedologisch aus einer Telati v diitmen Schichr, die sich grol3tenteils auf der tcktonisch slark zcrbrockcltcnund karbon ischen, kalkhaltigen oder dolomilartigen, ml'trbcn Grundlage herausbildete. Morphologisch ausgepri.igte tmd topographisch gegl iedette steile Abhange und tiefe Scbluchtcn, bcsondcrs die Dolomitfelsen, sind einer int ensi.ven und rela tiv schncllcn Eros ion ausgesetzt. Eine Ausnahme bilden nur die bcstandigcn Karstterrassen, in denen sich ein etwas dickeres, tur den Ackerbau geeignetcs pedologisches Substrat ansammeltc. ln die1.'er Landschaft, am Rand der ausgedehuten Felder, aber auch auf den Bergkammen, cn·icbteten die Menschen ilu·e Sicdlungcn. Die klimatischen Eigenschaftcn und die geologischc ZusammensetZlmg des Gebirges waren die entscheidendcn Faktoren bei der Herausbildung der Bodeneigenschaften und Zusammensetzung der Vegetation. Die Wiilder und Waldlichtungen von Žumberak haben eine reiche Flora, in der auch einige endem ische Pflanzen zu tinden sind; in der Fauna sind Pasane und Hascn am zahlreichsten vertTeten, aber auch Hochwild
133
Gmpa Budinjak
Budil!iak Group !Judmiak-Gruppe
desno right 1·echts 1. Poglt?d 11a smliš11ji Zumberak; 11 pred11)cmje p/mm gmdi1111 ?:uhw.1·ke lwh! i IJudin;at'lw polje ,. 11ekropolom 1. llrw 0/CC'IIfr(r/ Zumbcrok: 111 titi! {1'0111 is tite /ulrm,ke Kll('e lull(iwt mul1he 8ucli11jok plain with the llttcmpoll\ 1. Blick auf das mlllll't'l' L:umlm·ak: im T'ordergmnd: die ll'nllburg J.u/o1 ~ke kut'e mul Budinjacko polje mit Vekropole l l.umberak: 11 prl!lluwm plm111 selo Sjećcmc uoči oiUJIIoga 111!\'t'eii/C'IIa l Zumberak iu tht?.frol//1' tire •·il/age ofSjde•·ac before a storm l. lumberak. 1111 l'onlergnmt!· Dor(Sjec'e'·ac \'or dem Gewiller~turm
134
klima. Prvih njegovih pet stoljeća. čak i u područjuna Skandinavije. vladali su takvi klimatski uvjeri koji su i ondje omogućili uzgoj vinove lo7e. Potom je sredinom drugoga tisućljeća pr. Kr. oper nastupilo malo ledeno doba, a nakon toga, UL manje oscilacije od 14. pa sve do sredine 5. st. pr. Kr., vladali su razmjerno topli klimatski uvjeti. Unutar kasnoga brončanog i starijega ?.eljeznog doba najtoplije je bilo upravo na prijclaw tih razdoblja, a pretpostavlja se da je porast prosječne temperature bio 3°C (na oko I5°C). pa je prosj ečna temperatura prema današnjim temperaturnim prosjecima u L:umberku bilu pro!->ječno veća za punih 7°C. Mo:lda je i to jedan od razloga. uz već poznate strateško-sigurnosne, za nastanak visinskih naselja i gradina iznad 600 m nadmorske visine. Sigumo je da je Zum berak, po prirodnom okviru, oduvijek bio ponajprije kraj stočarskoga gospodarstva, ali su njegove zemljopisne oznake bile temeljem i za druge načine :livljenja. Blizina gla' ni h komunikacijskih pravaca i trgovišta sigumo je utjecala da sc uz pastire i poljodjelce pojave i mnoga druga zanimanja. npr. različit i zanatlije, vinogradari. trgovci, rudali
period , charactcriscd by a ~ucccssion of major climatic ose i1lation~ t hese oscillations, occuring approximately from the bcgin11111g of the second millennium until the 4•• cenntry BC. fall. ill t!eOiogicaltcrms, into the so-called late sub-Borenl. The beginnings of this climatic period arc characterised by a particularlv mild climate. During its first fi ve centuries the climatic condttions were such that viniculturc was possible even in the ScnHdinavian arcas.This was followed, in the mid second millenntum BC, by a minor ice age~ af1er this, with minor oscillatluns from the 14'b until the mid 5'h century BC, relatively warlll climatic conditions prcvailcd. Within the Late Bron7.e and the Larly Iron Ages the climate was warmest at the u·ansition of those periods. The increase in average temperature is thought to have been 3°C (to approximatcly I5°C), so that the avera g~.- tl!mpcraturc in Zum berak "as on average a tit ll 7°C highe1 111 comparison with the prcscnt-day temperature. This is pcrhup: one of the reasons, besides the already known reasons related rn strategic position and sccurity, for the emergence of clevuted settlements and hillforb at O\ cr 600 m above sea level.
wie Rch und Hirsch und Niedcrwild wie das Wildschwein. ln diescm Gcbict sind abwechselucl miteinander vcrtlochtenc Eintllisse des adriatischen MeereskJimas von Stidwcstcn und des kontincntalen K.Jimas von Nordosten anZtllTefTen. Deswegcn cntspricht das bjer vorhetTscheude Klima einem miiBigwannfeuchtcn klimatischen Typ. Die Kulturpcriocle eler Bromezeit ist vom anthropologischcn Standpunkt her durch eine Reihe von grol3en klimatischen Oszillationen gepragt. Diese Klimaschwankungen - ungefatu· vom Anfang des zweiteu Jahrtausends bis zum 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr.- sind in geologischer Hinsicht in das sog. jUngere Subboreal einzuorclnen. Zu Beginn dieser Klimaperiode herrscbte cin ausgcsprochcn mildes KJima. Die klimatischen 13edinguugen der ersten Hin.f Jahrhuudene em1oglichten sogar in Skandinavicn den Weiubau. Mitte des zweiten Jahrtausends v. Chr. trat wicdcr cine kw-ze EisLeit ein, auf die dann vom 14. bis hin zur Mirte des 5. Jalu·hunderts v. Cllr. bis auf klei nere Schwankun gen vcrhaltnismaf3ig warme klimatische 13edingungen folgten. ln der Spatbronzezeit sowie der alteren Eisenzeit war e~ genau am Obergang zwischen diesen 7wei Zeitstufen am
135
Gmpa Budinjak
Budil!iak Group !Judmiak-Gruppe
desno right 1·echts 1. Poglt?d 11a smliš11ji Zumberak; 11 pred11)cmje p/mm gmdi1111 ?:uhw.1·ke lwh! i IJudin;at'lw polje ,. 11ekropolom 1. llrw 0/CC'IIfr(r/ Zumbcrok: 111 titi! {1'0111 is tite /ulrm,ke Kll('e lull(iwt mul1he 8ucli11jok plain with the llttcmpoll\ 1. Blick auf das mlllll't'l' L:umlm·ak: im T'ordergmnd: die ll'nllburg J.u/o1 ~ke kut'e mul Budinjacko polje mit Vekropole l l.umberak: 11 prl!lluwm plm111 selo Sjećcmc uoči oiUJIIoga 111!\'t'eii/C'IIa l Zumberak iu tht?.frol//1' tire •·il/age ofSjde•·ac before a storm l. lumberak. 1111 l'onlergnmt!· Dor(Sjec'e'·ac \'or dem Gewiller~turm
134
klima. Prvih njegovih pet stoljeća. čak i u područjuna Skandinavije. vladali su takvi klimatski uvjeri koji su i ondje omogućili uzgoj vinove lo7e. Potom je sredinom drugoga tisućljeća pr. Kr. oper nastupilo malo ledeno doba, a nakon toga, UL manje oscilacije od 14. pa sve do sredine 5. st. pr. Kr., vladali su razmjerno topli klimatski uvjeti. Unutar kasnoga brončanog i starijega ?.eljeznog doba najtoplije je bilo upravo na prijclaw tih razdoblja, a pretpostavlja se da je porast prosječne temperature bio 3°C (na oko I5°C). pa je prosj ečna temperatura prema današnjim temperaturnim prosjecima u L:umberku bilu pro!->ječno veća za punih 7°C. Mo:lda je i to jedan od razloga. uz već poznate strateško-sigurnosne, za nastanak visinskih naselja i gradina iznad 600 m nadmorske visine. Sigumo je da je Zum berak, po prirodnom okviru, oduvijek bio ponajprije kraj stočarskoga gospodarstva, ali su njegove zemljopisne oznake bile temeljem i za druge načine :livljenja. Blizina gla' ni h komunikacijskih pravaca i trgovišta sigumo je utjecala da sc uz pastire i poljodjelce pojave i mnoga druga zanimanja. npr. različit i zanatlije, vinogradari. trgovci, rudali
period , charactcriscd by a ~ucccssion of major climatic ose i1lation~ t hese oscillations, occuring approximately from the bcgin11111g of the second millennium until the 4•• cenntry BC. fall. ill t!eOiogicaltcrms, into the so-called late sub-Borenl. The beginnings of this climatic period arc characterised by a particularlv mild climate. During its first fi ve centuries the climatic condttions were such that viniculturc was possible even in the ScnHdinavian arcas.This was followed, in the mid second millenntum BC, by a minor ice age~ af1er this, with minor oscillatluns from the 14'b until the mid 5'h century BC, relatively warlll climatic conditions prcvailcd. Within the Late Bron7.e and the Larly Iron Ages the climate was warmest at the u·ansition of those periods. The increase in average temperature is thought to have been 3°C (to approximatcly I5°C), so that the avera g~.- tl!mpcraturc in Zum berak "as on average a tit ll 7°C highe1 111 comparison with the prcscnt-day temperature. This is pcrhup: one of the reasons, besides the already known reasons related rn strategic position and sccurity, for the emergence of clevuted settlements and hillforb at O\ cr 600 m above sea level.
wie Rch und Hirsch und Niedcrwild wie das Wildschwein. ln diescm Gcbict sind abwechselucl miteinander vcrtlochtenc Eintllisse des adriatischen MeereskJimas von Stidwcstcn und des kontincntalen K.Jimas von Nordosten anZtllTefTen. Deswegcn cntspricht das bjer vorhetTscheude Klima einem miiBigwannfeuchtcn klimatischen Typ. Die Kulturpcriocle eler Bromezeit ist vom anthropologischcn Standpunkt her durch eine Reihe von grol3en klimatischen Oszillationen gepragt. Diese Klimaschwankungen - ungefatu· vom Anfang des zweiteu Jahrtausends bis zum 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr.- sind in geologischer Hinsicht in das sog. jUngere Subboreal einzuorclnen. Zu Beginn dieser Klimaperiode herrscbte cin ausgcsprochcn mildes KJima. Die klimatischen 13edinguugen der ersten Hin.f Jahrhuudene em1oglichten sogar in Skandinavicn den Weiubau. Mitte des zweiten Jahrtausends v. Chr. trat wicdcr cine kw-ze EisLeit ein, auf die dann vom 14. bis hin zur Mirte des 5. Jalu·hunderts v. Cllr. bis auf klei nere Schwankun gen vcrhaltnismaf3ig warme klimatische 13edingungen folgten. ln der Spatbronzezeit sowie der alteren Eisenzeit war e~ genau am Obergang zwischen diesen 7wei Zeitstufen am
135
-
·~· Bndi11jak Group
Grupa Buclil!iak
Buclinjtt!.-Gmppe
itd. To je doba obilježeno i jednim novim zanatom staklarstvom. a trgovačkim putovima prispijevali su i novi materijali. od kojih je najuočljiviji jantar. Najstarije stijene Žumbcračke gore i Samoborskoga go1ja, iz. kojih se iščitavaju prapočctci postanka žumberačkoga krajolika. či ne taložine nastale u geološkom razdoblju palcozoika: srednjeg i gornjeg perma. Za arheologiju žumberačkc pretpovijesti. odnosno za arheologiju bakrenog. brončanog i Zeljcznog doba posebice su značajna orudnjcnja, kojll su povezana s geološki naj~tarijim stijenama ovih prostora. Tc najstarije stijene su klastiti: pješčenjaci, kvarcni konglomerati i brcče. koje su često impregnirane željezovitim hcmatitnolimonitnim mineralima. Unutar tih taložina nalaze se veće ili manje leće ili pak proslojci rudnih tijela s rudamčl siderita. hematita. halkopirita, pirita, galenita. sfalerita, barita tc gipsanhidrita. Od bakrenih ruda nastale su različito isprepletene tanje ili deblje sulfidne žice. mjestimice i izninmo široke - od l do 3 metra. L: ice su imale do 50 m dubine. a podatci iz l X. stoljeća pokazuju kako su pojedine leće ili lećaste žice bile 5-30 cm. Najrasprostranjenije su bakame rude pirit i halkopirit. Prema povijesnim iLvorima u Samoborskomc go1ju željezna 1 bakrena ruda vađena je sve od 1210. godine do sredine 19. stoljeća. Tako je samo u Rudama u razdoblju od 1850. do 1859. iskopano 26.000 tona željeza i 20 do 25 tona bakame rude. Kvarc ili IO'emcnc sirovine, proistekli iz istih paleozoiskih hidrotenualnih vrclišta, bili su temelj za proizvodnju stakla. Željezovito, sideritno mdno tijelo u Rudama kraj Samobora bilo je 180 m dugo, 80 m široko. prosječne debljine 3-4. pa čak i do 8 m, dok je hematitno rudno tijelo bilo mnogo manj ih dimenzija. Povijesni izvori govore i o ozbilj nom nastojanju iskorištavanja '"izvrsne i iskušane željezne rudače'' na početku 17. stoljeća na položaju Goljak kraj sela Pećno. Sjeveroistočno od mjesta Pribićke Rude i podntčja Rudaricc, na stijenama gomjotrijaskc starosti. a ispod razmjerno recentnih geoloških naplavina nalazi se taložno ležište željezne rude u formi limonita i limonitnih glina. Tu su sc nekoć dobivale sirovine s visokim postotkom sastojaka željezne rudače . U pisanim sc vrelima spominju tragovi nekadašnjeg ruder Zeit fiillt in die Spatbronzezeit, gcpriigt liberwicgend durch die cinzigartigc Umet!(e/derku/11/r. Die 6konomi$chen Ver~inderungcn. die in unscrcm Gebict gcgcn Ende des 9. und Anfang des 8. .Jahrhunderts cinsctztcn, waren von der Verwendung des neucn Metalis -des Eiscns - gepriigl. Die Eisenproduktion war im La ufe des 8. Jahrhundcrts hcimisch gcwordcn und wurdc neben Vichwcht und Ackerbau zu einem der fiihrcndcn Wirtschaftszweige. Som it pr~igte sic den Grol3teil des L Jahrtauscnds v. Chr.. eines Zeitraums, der in einem Grol3teil Europas Eisenzeit genannt wird und die niichstcn acht .lahrhunderlc daucrte. Die soziale Diffcrcnzicrung wurde komplcxcr. Es cntstand eine neue soziale Struktur, die zum Trager der Entwicklung und des Fortschritts wurde. ln den Yordcrgrund trat cine neue fiilu·ende Gescllschaftsschicht, die sowohl die wirtschaftl ichc als auch die militlirisch-politischc Macht in s ich vcrcintc und sich in den sogenanntcn Hit~ Tm11ulus ill Budm;ttčko poljt•
142
6. G'rodt!C' pod Okićem. gradi11a 110 2umberku 6. (mulec pod Okil:emlllfl{orl in 2umberak 6. If allhwv. Gradec pod Okićem ill l:umberak
143
Gmpa Bmliniak
Budittj(lk Group
Budinj(I!.-Gmppe
,t Gtr 11 lwmak (llmmJJ 139. priJ< 111/'f/::tmn;o. Budittjak
s. Gra .~
najstarijom halštatskom populacijom. To su žarni grobovi u tumulima i izvan njih te najraniji inhumacijski grobO\ 1 u tumulima. Apsolutnokronološki ovaj podstupanj 07načio bi većinu 8. st. pr. Kr.. točnije vrijeme 800- 730/720. god. pr. Kr. Budinjak Ub. puna razvojna faza budinjačkoga grobišta, bimetalno je razdoblje, tijekom kojeg nestaju žami ukopi i u tumulima i izvan njih. Prevladavaju skeletni ukopi u tumulima. ali već tijekom toga podstupnja mo7emo uočiti i pojedinačne inhumacijske grobove u ravnom terenu. Taj podstupanj vremenski određujemo posljednjim decenijama X. stoljeća i većim dijelom 7. st. pr. Kr., točnije izmedu 730/720. i 620. god. pr. Kr. Budi njak Ill (620 - 550/530) posljednji je razvojn i sntpanj koji je.: moguće razlučiti na temelju dosadašnja iskopavanja na nekropoli. a oznat:uje kraj ukopavanja i života starije7eljcznodobnoga pučanstava na Budinjaku oko 550. god. pr. Kr. Riječ je o isključivo inhumacijskim ukopima u tumulu i izvan njega u ravnome terenu. Konačno. većina dosad pronađenih grobo\'a bez ob7ira je li riječ o incineracijskim ili inhumacijskim ukopima moći će se pripisati stupnju ll (podsn1pnjevima 11a i llb). To se odnosi na više od 80% iskopane građe, što samo potvrđuje važnost tog nalazišta za proučavanje početka starijega žclje7nog doba na žumbcračkom području.
7. Gmilol•i t11m11/u 13 (priie i unAnu rm·anmja). Budiujuk
7 (,'raves /i"<JIII 1111111tlus J3 (/Jejnre amltt{ier opeuiug). Budityok 7 (jriiber des Tumu/us JJ (l'llr lllllllluch tier FreiJegu11g1. Budi11jak
144
Radi ilustracije bogatstva materijalne kulture starijcželjczodobne populaciJe Budinjaka. na izložbi su predstavljeni nalazi iz lmežcvskoga groba 6 tumula 139 (kat. 3.l. - 24.). UL njega je iLio2cna i zdjelasta kaciga i7 kneževskoga tumula 3 (kar. 2.) te grob sa željeznom čvorastom ogrlicom- grob 3 iz tumula 27 (kat. 1.1. - 6.). a to su nala7i koji su također već Sll1tčno i 7nanstvcno obracteni i objavljeni. Zdjelasta kaciga najtipičniji je predstavnik obrambenoga naon12.11nja toga tipa s početka starijega željeznog dobn. Pronalažcna je unutar rasprostiranja različitih kulntmih grupn halštatske kulture. a njezino je.: ishodište istočni, posebice jugoistočni alpski i predalpski prostor. gdje je pronađena n11
m11uJ1d (11111/ltlus) /39,
Jlrtc" o 1.'\('1/nt/itm . Budittjak Htlgl'igmh ( TtllllltliiS) J39. \'Ur dot .-lusgrabtlltgen, Hudutja~
lis\\ tthm and outside the nunuli. As lill bulk of tbe material is still being sntdied, wc will not mah my final conclusions regarding the necropolis. Wc shall do that once the material has been entirely sntdicd and the scen~· 1s set for ti.nther detailed analyses and comparisons within the eemetery and also with similar material from other sites. l herefore. we cannot offer any conclusive chronological relations either relative or absolute- of the turnuli and the grave" within them, but we can establish the basic chronological div1sion of the necropolis that is not likely to undergo sign ifi eanl modi tications in tl1e future. Budin,1ak l is the first devclopmental phase of the Budinjak necropnlis, documented with the earliest graves that belong to the LHIC Orom>:e Age. Chronologically, we date it to the end or the l O'" and to the 9'hcentury BC. This is the only dcvelopmental phase within the Budi njak neeropolis that consists of exclusively one type of burial - cinerary graves in tla t terrain. The sub-phase Budinjak Ila comprises burials connected with the eat licst llallstatt population. These are cinerary graves in and outstdc nunuli, as well as the earliest inhumation graves in the tumu li. ln terms of absolute chronology. this sub-phase mark. thc greater pa1t of the s·• cenntry BC or, more prec1sely. ROO - 730/720 BC. Budi nJU!-.. !lb. the phase of the full development of the Budinjak Cl netcry, is a bimetallie period, in the course of which cincwrv burials both in and outside the tumuli disappear. Skeletal burials inside !Umuli dominate, but already during this sub-phase wc can notice individual inhumation graves in flat tcrram as \veli. This sub-phase is chronologically determined to the last decades of the 811' eenmry and the major part of the 7•• ccntllly BC, more precisely between 730/720 and 620 BC. BudinJ (c.g. Gemeiulcbarn, Rabensburg, Sopron, Nove Ko .ariska, Vukovar etc.). The exception are the finds from Bat ina and Vučedol, which were discovered in the context of sett lements. The remaining European specimens from Spain, SwtLLerland and Gennany also come from settlements. The oni) so far known specimen of a kernos from Europe (with the cxct·plion ofltaly and Greece) that is identical in sbape to the one from Pavlovčan i , with a closed base, was discovered at the site of Maiersch in Lower Austria. The kernos cup from Pavlovčani is dated according to the only analogy from Central Europe, i.e. the specimen from Maierseh . and is cb.ronologically determined between the s·· century und the end of the 7'" century BC (Budinjak rib). ln the village of Malunje, northeast of Jastrebarsko, graves wer~ discovered along the road Jastrebarsko - ivanić on land belonging to Franjo Budiščak in 1882 and again in 1900. The gra\ ·s were dug into a Hallstatt-pcriod tumulus. That the Ccll 1c finds that arrived in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb had indeed been dug into a Hallstatt-period tumulus could flll1her be con·oborated by a small pottery sherd (an ent ue pro file of a small vessel), which arrived to the Museum toward the end of the 19đa cenntry together with the La TEme finds from Malunje. TI1c vessel in question has small dimensions. lt has a bieonical shape, a red-brown colour with a black slip, and rcminds one of large bowls of vc1y similar shape from the Martijanec-Kaptol group. A novelty that appeared in the .l far/ijanec-Kaptol group is the painting of ceramics, generally with black motifs on a red surface. Painting vessels and ornaments, as well as graphiting, is a typical phcnomcnon in the nrea between the eastem Alps and western Pannonia during the Early Hallstatt period. The vessels of this shape derive
Ivanić auf dem Besi tz von Franjo Budinšćak, im Jahr 1882 und dann wieder im Jahr L900 Griiber geflmden. die in einem l Tallstatttumulus vergraben waren. Die Tatsachc, daf3 die in das Archi:iologische Museum in Zagreb gebrachten keltischen Fundc tatsi:ich lich aus dem Hallstattllnnulus stammcn, komllc durch cin kleineres Kcramikfra[:;,'111ent (das ganze Proti! des GcfliOchens) belegt werden, das mjtsamt den lat~nezeitlichen Fundcn aus Malunje gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts ins Mu~cum gelangte. Es handelt sich um den Fund eines kleinen Schusselchens. Es hat cine bikonische Form, rotbraune Farbe mit schwarzer Bemalung und eriuuerl an grof.lere Schiisseln ahnlicher Fom1 aus der Martijanec-Kaptol-Gruppe. Als Ncuheit in der Martijanec-Kaptol-Gruppe kommt auch diese A11 eler Keramikbemalung vor. meistens mit schwarzen Motivcn auf rotem Hintergnmd. Die Bemalung und Ver7.ienmg von Gcfiif3en und die Graphitbemalung sind fiir die Hl tere Hallstattzeir von den Ostalpcn bis hin nach Westpannonien eine Lypischc Erscheinung. Die Geflil3e der bikonischcn Fom1 leitcn sich ab von grol3en Topfen mit bohem Hals. die noch gegcn Ende der Umenfelderkulwr haufig verwendet wurden. Die besten Vergleiche mit dicsen kleinen Schusseln sind in den randpannonischeu und pannonischen Gruppen zu finden. Wir nchmen an, dal3 dieser Fund zweifellos den Funden aus den fruhcren Zeitsntfen der Hallstattkultur zugcrcchnet werden kann. Tm Rahmen unserer neu bezeichncten Gruppe sind sie den Unterstufen Budinjak Ha - IIb. bzw. zeitlich dem 8. und 7. Jahrhundert v. Cbr. zuzuordnen. lm Zuge der Rekognoszierung haben wir noch einige vermutliche Grabanlagen gco1tct. die wir mit dem crsten Jalu·tausend v. Chr. verbinden. Es handelt sich um Grab-e the Mvrigcm l) pe sworrlwasfound. Mark(lva Glm•ica in lJmgcmići 21. Fundort des Schwenes 1·om T)p Morigen, Mm·kav11 glal'ica in Dragiluići
20. Mač tipa Morigen. Oraganići 20. Swm·d of the lvlorigen type. Dragouic'i 20. Scltu·ert ''om Typ lv/origen. Dr(Jgrmići
Žumberka. Činjenica da su i u pretpovijesti, kao i danas. lj udske zajednice na širem području jedne regije živjele u međusobnoj komunjkaciji i tako stvarale zajednički kultumi identitet, omogućuje nam zaključak o postojanju određenoga sh1pnja kulturnoga zajedništva i na području Žw11berka u starijem željeznom dobu. Trenutačno stanje istraženosti, kao što je prije istaknuto, ne dozvoljava prcciZtlije tvrdnje o pojedinim elementima, koji, poput ostataka materijalne kulture, čine jednu od glavnih odrednica pri definiranju fizionomije neke kulhune gtupe. Budućim će istraživanjima biti prikupljeni podatci koji će možda pokazati drugačiju vremensku ili kulturnu sliku ponekog od nalazišta, spomenutih pod zajedničkim nazivom grupa Budinjak. S druge pak strane. predloženi popis nalazišta nadopunjavat će se novootlo'ivenim naseljima, grobištuua ili slučajn i m nalazima istih kulturnih oznaka. No, Lo je pitanje stanja istraženosti, odnosno znanstvene obrađeuosti arheološke baštine, a revizije dosadašnjih spoznaja uobičajena su pojava i u slučaju onill kulturnih grupa čije je postojanje uočeno puno prije. Ono šio sc s velikim stupnjem sigumosti već pri današnjem stanju istražcnosti može ustvrditi jest važnost i uloga nalazišta po kojem je cijela grupa dobila ime. Bogatstvo do sada pronađenih nalaza na nekropoli u Bud injaku, svjedoči o ekonomskoj snazi stariježeljeznodobne populacije koja j e živjela na budinjačkoj gradini . Ta je ekonomska snaga usporediva s onom najbogatijih željeznodobuih nalazišta s jugoisločnoalpskoga prostora. Nesumnjivo je, da je na području Žumberka u starijem željeznom dobu Budinjak bio veliko regionalno središte, koje je odigralo važnu. a vrlo vjerojatno i dominantnu ulogu u formiranju kulturnog identiteta cijeloga kraja.
158
the Gradna stream valley (Lipovec or Rude?). "ln the Gradna
ralley two ums and iro11 objects were .found, but l saved just one knife.", Bošnjak stated in 1943, in his article "Predpoviestni nalazi u okolini Samobora " ("Prchistoric finds in the sur-
roundings of Samobor"). The definition oflhe Budinjak group as an Early Iron Age cultural phenomenon in central Croatia resulted from the need to unify a large number of documented and assumed sites from the same chronological period in the Žumberak area proper. During prehistory. as today. human communities in the wider area of a certain region communicated with each otl1er. creating thus a common cultural identity. This fact enables us to reach conclusions about the ex is tence of a certain level of cultural unity in the Žumbcrak area in the EMly Iron Age. As stated earlier, the prescnt-day state of research does not allow any precise claims about individual elements that, like the remains ofmatetial culture, are among the main factors in defining the physiognomy of a ce1tain cultural group. Future investigations will providc data that may perhaps reveal a different chronological or cultural image of some of the sites mentioned under the common denomination of the Bud injak group. On the other hand, tbc proposcd list of sites will be complemented with newly-discovered settlements, cemeteries or accidental finds exhibiting the same cultura l n·aits. This, however, is a question of the stale of research and the scientific analysis of archaeological heritage, while the revisions ofprevious knowledge arc a usual phenomenon even in the case of cultural groups whose existence had been noted long before. Something that can bc claimed with a fair degree of ccttainty, even in the prcscnt-day state of research, is tbc importance and the role of the site after which the entire group was named. The wealth of the finds d iscovered so far at the uecropotis in Budinjak bears testimony to the economic power of the Early Lron Age population that inl1abited the Budiujak hillfort. This economic power is comparable to that of the ricb.est Iron Age sites of t be southeastern Alpine area. Tt is beyond doubllb.at in the .Early Iron Age Budinja k was a large regional centre of the Žumberak area that played an important, and quite possibJy the dominant, role in the formation of the cultural identity of the entire region.
Žwnberak zu vereinigen. Die Tatsache, dal3 die Mcnschengemeiuschaften auf dem weiteren Gebiet einer Region sowohl in der Vorgeschichte, als auch heute miteinander kommunizieren und so eine gemeinsame Kultul'idenlitat bilden. gibt Aufschlu13 datii.ber, daB auch in Žumberak eine beslimmte Stufc kulturelIer Gemeinsamkeit in der alteren Eisenzeit existiertc. Der derzeitige Forscbuugsstand la/3L, wie schon oben erwahnt, keine genaueren Feststellungen im Hi11blick auf die einzelncn Elemente zu, die - wie die Reste der materi ellen Kultur - zu den Hauptgestaltungme1·lanalen bei der Herausbildung der Physiognomie eu1er Kulrurgruppe gehbren. Zukiinftige Forschungcn werden uns Daten liefem, aus denen sich fUr manche Funds talten, die unter der gemeinsamen Bezeichnung Budinjak-Gruppe zusannuengefaf31 sind. vielleicht auch ein anderes Zeit- oder Kulturbild ergeben wird. Andererseits wird das vorgelegte Fundstattenverzeiclmis mil neu entdecklen Siedlungen, Grabanlagen oder Zufallsfunden derselben Kullurauspragung erganzt werden. Allerdings hangt das vom Forschungsstand, bzw. vom Stand der wissenschaftlichen Bearbeitung der archaologischen Hinlerlassenschaft ab, wobei Revisionen bisheriger Erkelliltnisse auch bei schon liingsl aufgezeichneten Kulturgruppen ublich sind. Jedoch konnen auch beim beutigen Forscbungsstancl die Bedeulung und die Wichtigkeit der Fundstatte, nach der die ganze Gruppe benawll ist, mit groBer Sicherbeit festgehalten werden. Die bisher entdeckten reichhaltigen Fuode in der Nekropole von Budinjak zeugen von der Wirtschaftskraft der in der alleren .Eisenzeit lebenden BevOlkcrung, die damals d ie Wallburg von Budinjak bewohnte. Sic ist mit detjenigen aus den reichsten eisenzeitlicheo Fundstiilleo im siidostalpinen Raum vergleichbar. Es steht eindeutig fest, daB Budinjak auf dem Gebiet von Žumberak in der alteren Eisenzeit ei11 grof3es RegionaLzentrum war, das e ine wichtige, wahrscheinlich sogar die wicbtigste Rolle in der Herausbildung der Kulturidentitat der gauzen Gegeod spielte.
159
Budil!fak Orollp 8tJdi1ljak-Gruppe
21. Mjes/O pronala.vka 11wća tipa Morigen. Markova glavica u Draganibma 21. Spot whe>-e the Mvrigcm l) pe sworrlwasfound. Mark(lva Glm•ica in lJmgcmići 21. Fundort des Schwenes 1·om T)p Morigen, Mm·kav11 glal'ica in Dragiluići
20. Mač tipa Morigen. Oraganići 20. Swm·d of the lvlorigen type. Dragouic'i 20. Scltu·ert ''om Typ lv/origen. Dr(Jgrmići
Žumberka. Činjenica da su i u pretpovijesti, kao i danas. lj udske zajednice na širem području jedne regije živjele u međusobnoj komunjkaciji i tako stvarale zajednički kultumi identitet, omogućuje nam zaključak o postojanju određenoga sh1pnja kulturnoga zajedništva i na području Žw11berka u starijem željeznom dobu. Trenutačno stanje istraženosti, kao što je prije istaknuto, ne dozvoljava prcciZtlije tvrdnje o pojedinim elementima, koji, poput ostataka materijalne kulture, čine jednu od glavnih odrednica pri definiranju fizionomije neke kulhune gtupe. Budućim će istraživanjima biti prikupljeni podatci koji će možda pokazati drugačiju vremensku ili kulturnu sliku ponekog od nalazišta, spomenutih pod zajedničkim nazivom grupa Budinjak. S druge pak strane. predloženi popis nalazišta nadopunjavat će se novootlo'ivenim naseljima, grobištuua ili slučajn i m nalazima istih kulturnih oznaka. No, Lo je pitanje stanja istraženosti, odnosno znanstvene obrađeuosti arheološke baštine, a revizije dosadašnjih spoznaja uobičajena su pojava i u slučaju onill kulturnih grupa čije je postojanje uočeno puno prije. Ono šio sc s velikim stupnjem sigumosti već pri današnjem stanju istražcnosti može ustvrditi jest važnost i uloga nalazišta po kojem je cijela grupa dobila ime. Bogatstvo do sada pronađenih nalaza na nekropoli u Bud injaku, svjedoči o ekonomskoj snazi stariježeljeznodobne populacije koja j e živjela na budinjačkoj gradini . Ta je ekonomska snaga usporediva s onom najbogatijih željeznodobuih nalazišta s jugoisločnoalpskoga prostora. Nesumnjivo je, da je na području Žumberka u starijem željeznom dobu Budinjak bio veliko regionalno središte, koje je odigralo važnu. a vrlo vjerojatno i dominantnu ulogu u formiranju kulturnog identiteta cijeloga kraja.
158
the Gradna stream valley (Lipovec or Rude?). "ln the Gradna
ralley two ums and iro11 objects were .found, but l saved just one knife.", Bošnjak stated in 1943, in his article "Predpoviestni nalazi u okolini Samobora " ("Prchistoric finds in the sur-
roundings of Samobor"). The definition oflhe Budinjak group as an Early Iron Age cultural phenomenon in central Croatia resulted from the need to unify a large number of documented and assumed sites from the same chronological period in the Žumberak area proper. During prehistory. as today. human communities in the wider area of a certain region communicated with each otl1er. creating thus a common cultural identity. This fact enables us to reach conclusions about the ex is tence of a certain level of cultural unity in the Žumbcrak area in the EMly Iron Age. As stated earlier, the prescnt-day state of research does not allow any precise claims about individual elements that, like the remains ofmatetial culture, are among the main factors in defining the physiognomy of a ce1tain cultural group. Future investigations will providc data that may perhaps reveal a different chronological or cultural image of some of the sites mentioned under the common denomination of the Bud injak group. On the other hand, tbc proposcd list of sites will be complemented with newly-discovered settlements, cemeteries or accidental finds exhibiting the same cultura l n·aits. This, however, is a question of the stale of research and the scientific analysis of archaeological heritage, while the revisions ofprevious knowledge arc a usual phenomenon even in the case of cultural groups whose existence had been noted long before. Something that can bc claimed with a fair degree of ccttainty, even in the prcscnt-day state of research, is tbc importance and the role of the site after which the entire group was named. The wealth of the finds d iscovered so far at the uecropotis in Budinjak bears testimony to the economic power of the Early Lron Age population that inl1abited the Budiujak hillfort. This economic power is comparable to that of the ricb.est Iron Age sites of t be southeastern Alpine area. Tt is beyond doubllb.at in the .Early Iron Age Budinja k was a large regional centre of the Žumberak area that played an important, and quite possibJy the dominant, role in the formation of the cultural identity of the entire region.
Žwnberak zu vereinigen. Die Tatsache, dal3 die Mcnschengemeiuschaften auf dem weiteren Gebiet einer Region sowohl in der Vorgeschichte, als auch heute miteinander kommunizieren und so eine gemeinsame Kultul'idenlitat bilden. gibt Aufschlu13 datii.ber, daB auch in Žumberak eine beslimmte Stufc kulturelIer Gemeinsamkeit in der alteren Eisenzeit existiertc. Der derzeitige Forscbuugsstand la/3L, wie schon oben erwahnt, keine genaueren Feststellungen im Hi11blick auf die einzelncn Elemente zu, die - wie die Reste der materi ellen Kultur - zu den Hauptgestaltungme1·lanalen bei der Herausbildung der Physiognomie eu1er Kulrurgruppe gehbren. Zukiinftige Forschungcn werden uns Daten liefem, aus denen sich fUr manche Funds talten, die unter der gemeinsamen Bezeichnung Budinjak-Gruppe zusannuengefaf31 sind. vielleicht auch ein anderes Zeit- oder Kulturbild ergeben wird. Andererseits wird das vorgelegte Fundstattenverzeiclmis mil neu entdecklen Siedlungen, Grabanlagen oder Zufallsfunden derselben Kullurauspragung erganzt werden. Allerdings hangt das vom Forschungsstand, bzw. vom Stand der wissenschaftlichen Bearbeitung der archaologischen Hinlerlassenschaft ab, wobei Revisionen bisheriger Erkelliltnisse auch bei schon liingsl aufgezeichneten Kulturgruppen ublich sind. Jedoch konnen auch beim beutigen Forscbungsstancl die Bedeulung und die Wichtigkeit der Fundstatte, nach der die ganze Gruppe benawll ist, mit groBer Sicherbeit festgehalten werden. Die bisher entdeckten reichhaltigen Fuode in der Nekropole von Budinjak zeugen von der Wirtschaftskraft der in der alleren .Eisenzeit lebenden BevOlkcrung, die damals d ie Wallburg von Budinjak bewohnte. Sic ist mit detjenigen aus den reichsten eisenzeitlicheo Fundstiilleo im siidostalpinen Raum vergleichbar. Es steht eindeutig fest, daB Budinjak auf dem Gebiet von Žumberak in der alteren Eisenzeit ei11 grof3es RegionaLzentrum war, das e ine wichtige, wahrscheinlich sogar die wicbtigste Rolle in der Herausbildung der Kulturidentitat der gauzen Gegeod spielte.
159
Traf!,OI'i starijega =e/je-:~wg daha središnje Hn·at:,ke u pro.~/01'11
i:među
definiranih l•ulwmih skupi1w
Traces of Ear(r iron .lge 111 cemra/ Cmutia in riJe area berH·ee11 clefi11ed cu/tum/ groups .\jJuren der cilteren Ei.fen:eu in ,\finelkToarien auf dem Rartm ::~nschen definierren Kulrurgruppen
Jedno od rijetkih nalazišta na kojemu je utvrđen i 2eljeznodobni kulrumi sloj jest Marić gradina pokraj sela Mikleuška. Ta je gradina smještena na južnim obroncima srectišnjega dijela Moslavačke gore (dvadesetak kilometara od Kutine). Na nalazišt11 su napra\'ljena prva probna istraživanja 1964. godine tc nakon toga u dva navrata 1990. i 1995. godine. Pokretni materijal pronađen tijekom spomenutih kampanja svjedoči o životu na gradini od kasnoga neolitika do u starije željezno doba. Bil,iežimo je u prvome redu zbog toga što uz nekoliko zagrebačkih hal štatskih nalazišta i Sv. Križa Brdovečkog. o:t.načava jedine sigurno poznate tragove starijega žcljc:t.nog doba u još kulturno nedcfiniranomc prostoru središnje Hrvatske, među definiranim kulrumim skupinama: Manijlmec-Kaptol na sjeveroistoku i sj e\ crozapadu. skupine Donja Dolina - Sanski Most na jugu, dolenjske skupine na zapadu te kolapijonske i budinjalke na jugozapadu.
11. Pogled na i~kOJilll'llll}tlll pmlr11mskim prostorijama .\lu:f!Ja ~~·ada Zagri'ba 12. 11ell' ofrllf! excm•mian in rhe ct?ll(ll·s o.! rhe Zagreb Ciry Museum 12. BlicA m!f die AusgrabwJgt?n lu Kellerriiumen des Z(lgreher Suultmusl!wus
160
Premda sustavno istra7.ivanih naselja iz željeznoga doba na podmčju Zagreba nema. probna su iskopavanja, slučajn i uala7.i i rekognosciranja potvrdila njihovo postojanje. To je ponajprije Gradišće u Starome Čiču pokraj Velike Gorice, primjer nizinskoga naselja. Druga nizinska naselja na teritoriju Zagreba nisu nam poznata. Prema današnjem stanju istraženosri. to je Gradišće najzanimljiviji nascobinski lokalitet s područja grada. Višeslojno naselje smješteno je na uzvišenome platou. dobro štićenu polukružnim tokom potoka Sigeta te širokim prirodnim jarkom. Manja probna istraživanja na lokalite111 provedena su 1982 .. 1985. i 1986. godine. Pronađeni materijalni ostatci poka:>:uju da se na tome mjes111 živjelo u mlađem kamenom, bakrenom, brončanom i 2eljeznom dobu. Premda su kasnobrončanodobni i balštatski slojevi u priličnoj mjeri oštećeni i izmiješani tc bez tragova kuća ili nekih drugih zdanja, obilje keramike svjedoči o životu i u starijem željeznom dobu. O prijelazu brončanog u željezno doba na ovom nalazištu svjedoči i nala:t. igle sa stožastom glavicom. tipa Vadena. Najvažnije gradine le7e na juŽilim padinama Medvednice (Zagrebačke gore), prijevojima. odnosno najvažnijim strateškim točkama, s kojih je bilo moguće kontrolirati velik dio okolnoga prostora. Još 1909. godine radnici tadašnje tvornice cementa "Croatia'' u Podsusedu kopajući zemlju naišli su na ulomke keramike i komadiće kućnoga lijepa. preostala od prapovijesnih nastambi. Premda oskudan, pronađeni materijal doka7ao je život na položaju Goljak u 7. st. pr. Kr. Slični dokazi prikupljeni su i ua lokalitetu Dolje i7nad Stenjevca. Kratkotrajni halštatski sloj otkriven je i na višcslojnoj gradini Kuzelin. Rckognoseiranja i slučajni nalazi dopuštaju pretpostavku da bi sc mate1ijalni ostatci i:t. razdoblja halštatskc kuln1re mogli pronaći i na mnogobrojnim sljcmcns.k.im i podsljemenskim gradinama. Nabrojit ćemo samo neke: Gradeček - Gomji Markuševac. Gradina - Laz, Gradina - Čuče1je , Gradina ·Šimtmčevec (Markuševec), Gradišće - Remete, Gradišće kraj
ne of the few sites ou which an Early Iron Age culmral layer as documented is Marić Grad ma near the village of Mi kJeušl 1. This hillfort is si111ated on the southcm slopes of the central part of Moslavačka Gora (twenty km from Kurina). TI1e fi rst test excavations were carried out at the site in 1964, and agnin on two occasions in 1990 and in 1995. The movable material discovered in the mentioned campaigns bears testi'''ony to life on the llillfort from the late Neolithic up to the Enrly Iron Age. We mention the hillfon primarily because, h~s idcs several Hallstatt sites in Zagreb and the sire of Sv. Križ Brdovečki, it represents the only cena in trace of the Early Iron Age in the culturaJy undetined arca of central Croatia, situated m the midst of the defmed culnu·al groups of Martiitmec-Kaptol in the northeast and nonhwest. the Donja Dolina - SansAi .\lJst group in the south, the Dolenjska (Lower Carniola) gnJup in the west and the Colopiani und Budil!iak groups in tit southwest. lthough there are 110 systematically cxcavated Iron Age sites in the Zagreb area, the test excavations, accidental finds and surveying have continued their existence. One such site, lo bl:'gm with, is Gradišće in Staro Čiče near Velika Gorica- an e' unple of a lowland settlement. Wc know of no other lowlantl settlements in the territory of Zagreb. On the basis of the p il sent-day stale of research. Gradišće is the most interesting seulement site in the city area. The rnulti-layered settlement is stlllm the eqll. and for trade. The conerwecn those tribes are often difticult to pinpoint. River tra ft li.· and trade is a logical outcome of their geographic pos ition. \\e can discem these activities in their choice for the foundati•)ll of the seulemcnts on locations important for ri' cr traftic. t•·loading good!>. and for trade. The conY to defend. The hillfott is interesting because it had an C\trcmely rich layer of the to··- s•h e. BC. unlike those of a s11ni lar type located further away from Karlovac, with more strongly pronounced later cultural layers. The Belaj find once agam confirms the thesis about the cconomically strong and dt:n~loped Late Bronze Age community around Karlovac, \Yh teh may have been the nucleus of the future Pannonian111} m l n commlmjty of the Colapiani. K.mngrad is an isola red steep hill between the streams of Mala anu Velika Trepča , some tlu·ee kilometres to the south of the Kupa. It was therctore a naturally well-protected location, like the previously described hillfort in Belaj, whose defense \vas remforced by a wooden fence . Namely. visible are numcrous round holes dug in the natural rock, which may bave served to hold vertical logs, designed to carry the rest of the defensive structure. including a massive door. Considering that life at the hill "'t continued without intemtption through several thousand years. the time of their building cannot be detennined with certainty. Nevertheless, we mention them because the most numerous tinds are those ti·orn the period that interests us - tiH Ha llstall- and there is a serious possibility that the men-
tung gcgeniibcr den amleren Kulturgruppen im Tal der Kupa wurde immer st~irker, aber das Gcmeinsamkeitsgeflihl und die Scbuelligkeit, mit der in den Hillen der Gefahr vou Aul3en ei.n starkcs Biindnis geformt wurde. bildeten auch weilerhin cine Konstante, die in den darauiTolgenden Entwicklungsphasen noch starker Lum Ausdruck krun. Die secbste und sicbente Stufe, in etwa in den Zeitraum 3.-1. Jahrhtmdcrt v. Chr. datiert, waren vom starken Druck einer ncuen fremden Gro13macht - den Kclten - gcpragt. Die Kolapianen, wahrscheinlich wicder durch die Japoden von Suden gcstarkt und unterstlitzt, konnten den keltischen Drang abwehrcn. In den Siedlungen der l'a bei Topu,ko
196
Slijede slojevi kvm·cnoga pijeska, u kojima je sve manje životinjskih kosti, ali se pojavljuje velika količina raznih keramičkih predmeta, među kojima sc ističu mnogobrojni nalazi figurica od pečene zemlje. Neke su figurice životinja vjerojatno zamijenile žrtvene darove iz prethodne faze. Općenito je zavladao svijet keramičkih minijatura iz života, kojima su se uvelike koristili u obredu. Tako su pronađene: minijaturne posude, mali utezi, kalemovi, pršljcnei, pogačice često gusto izbodene kao što se to radilo i na pravim pogačama, mali čamčići , ljudske i životinjske figurice i razni drugi predmeti. Daleko najmnogobrojuiji predmeti jesu ulomci namjemo razbijenih keramičkih posuda. Lako se može uočiti da je keramika puno finija i bogatije ukrašena od one u nase lju ili u grobovima. Vel ika je zastupljenost šalica ukrašenih raznovrsnim urezanim motivima. Izgleda da su
mound was once much higher, but erosion and land cultivation to'" their tolJ. so that large quantities of material s lid down the stupe of the hill. The sanctuary precinct was bordercd by a d1tch of the near by stream and by a low eanhen rampa rt made of beaten clay and dug sl ightly into the ground. Tile long-term c.kposition of various materials created a high artificial mound 01 that spot. Deepcr. or earlier, layers (9' - 7" ccnruries BC) c~m s ist mostly of clayish soil, whereas the later on es (6'"- 3•J centuries BC) consist ahnost completely of qua117 sand that \1 as exposed to very high tcmperatures. The quartz sand a11d hwh temperature may have had something to do with the mctallmgy of iron. The finds of slag (tig. 15- 16) in that layer, as well as the numerous finds ofsho11 ceramic rubcs which may ha\·e served as the openings of bcllows also seem to point to tlu conclusion. Such a drastic change surely had something to do ,.,. ith the mastering of new technologies and. linked to this. wtth changes in cult activity as can be observed in the changes in the archaeological material , in this case in the ritual offcrinus at the sancn1ary. The earliest layers were created from a succcssion of minor fi1 eplaces, so it can be assumed that the bcgitlllings of the sanctuary were connected with the cremation of the deccased on that spot, or that perhaps it served as a specia l place for buml offerings, ritual and eternal fires. Following those layers is n substanstial layer of greasy grey soi l containing a lot of charcoal, but no constructed fireplaces could be detennined. An mtcresting thing about this layer is that it contained a number of animal bones, which arrived there as sacrificial gifts. The analysis of bones shows that the animals were in good he:llth (there were no deformations on the bones) and often young, and that only chosen body parts were represented. for instance, hip bones dominate among the bones of domestic ptg. lloms aud untlers ofroe deer, deer and bovioes had a symbolic significance, as indicated by the fact that they were obviou~ly sawn off deliberately while the head bones of those animah were almost completely absent. ln the case of sheep and goat head boncl> arc not rare. The ratio of domestic and wild antmnls is 2 : l in favour of domestic. Dominant among tbe domestic animals arc sheep and goat, tollowed by pig and cattle. Among game, the most frequent is deer. followed by roe dcc1 and wild pig. Among the ceramic finds there are many bowls with invct1ed rims, the kind we ti·cquently encounter as gra\ L furnishings in the neeropol ises of the Umfield culture, as well as in Turska Kosa. The realistic representations of a human foot (cat. 2.1.- 2.) similarly remind one of the grave f\n n1shings from the end of the 13ronze Age in the Pan non ian Plain. We may conclude that this location became a place of oflcTing, for the purposes of some ritual unknown to us. with clo..,L links 10 the cult of tbc dead and with the afterlifc. ~ rte r this come the layets of quartz sand containing a decrcaslllg number of animal bones. but large quantities of various
wicsen werden, weil elie Knocben der Toten nur fragmen ta risch erbalten sind. Es licgen nur Funde von Keramikbeigaben und stark beschadigtem Bronzeschmuck vor. lnnerhalb der Nekropole sind die Kultbauten, die Totenverbreru1UngssteUen sowie die Kultstatten in fi·cier Natur besonders interessant. Zwischen den Grabem befand sich eine Vcrbrenmmgsstelle (Kultstatte 111), auf der eine Schicht Asche und verbrannter Erde sowic einige Fragmente von Kcramikgcfal3en und cin lrape.loides Keramikamulctt erhalten geblieben sind. Es wurden bier keine Keramikbeigaben beigesetzt, wie das in den Gdibem und auf der umliegcnden Flacbe der Fall war. sondcrn die Gefiil3e wurden offensicllllich auf den Boden geworfen und absichtlich zerbrocben. Das ist nicht tmgewohnlich, weil das rituelle Darbringen des Trankopfers (Libation), oft von dem Zerbrechen der mit Fliissigkeit gefilllten Gefiille beglcitet, bei den Illyrern beliebL war. Der lnhalt der Gef.ille und s01nit auch die Art des dargebotenen Opfcrs zur Bcsiinftigung von bosen und guten Geistem konnen nicht festgcstellt werden. Die Libation konrne auch in den andcren Kullstiitten nachgewiesen werden. lm obcren Teil der Nekropole bcfand sich cine kleine Kultstatlc (Kultstatle IT) in Fonn eines tief eingegrabencn, trichterf0m1igen Lochs. Am Rand des Lochs wurdc ein kleines Kreuzidol (Kat. 16.) gefunden, im Loch !agen kleinere Mcngen von abs ichtlich zerbrochencm Geschirr. ln der Nahe lag eine ahnliche, aber noch groJ3cre Kultstatte (Kultstatte IV) aus der jiingercn Eisenzcit. Uns interessiert hier aber vor alJem die grolle Kultstatte neben der Nekropole (limbolično značenje, što se pretpostavlja na temelju toga što su očigledno namjemo otpiljeni, a s druge strane kosti glave tih životinja gotovo i nema. Medu kostima ovce i koze česti su nalazi glave. Och1os domaćih i divljih životinja je 2 : l u korist domaćih. Od domaćih životinja prevladavaju ovca i koza, potom svinja i govedo. Od di\ ljači je najčešći jelen, a zatim sma i divlja svinja. Među keramičkom nalazima ima dosta zdjela s uvučenim obodom, kakvi su često grobni prilozi u nekropolama kulture polja sa ':arama te na Turskoj kosi. Realistični prikazi ljudske noge (kat. 2.1. - 2.) također podsjećaju na grobne priloge s kraja brončanoga doba u Panonskoj nizini. Moglo bi se zaključiti da ovaj prostor prerasta u mjesto darivanja u svrhu nekog, nama danas nejasnog. obreda koji je najviše povezan s kultom pokojnika i zagrobnim životom.
14. iam s poklopcem. Turskfl kosa kmj Topuskogtl 14. Um witlt a/id. Turska Kosa utuw Topusko /4. Ume 11111 Dec-ke/. Turska kc>'a bei Topu,ko
196
Slijede slojevi kvm·cnoga pijeska, u kojima je sve manje životinjskih kosti, ali se pojavljuje velika količina raznih keramičkih predmeta, među kojima sc ističu mnogobrojni nalazi figurica od pečene zemlje. Neke su figurice životinja vjerojatno zamijenile žrtvene darove iz prethodne faze. Općenito je zavladao svijet keramičkih minijatura iz života, kojima su se uvelike koristili u obredu. Tako su pronađene: minijaturne posude, mali utezi, kalemovi, pršljcnei, pogačice često gusto izbodene kao što se to radilo i na pravim pogačama, mali čamčići , ljudske i životinjske figurice i razni drugi predmeti. Daleko najmnogobrojuiji predmeti jesu ulomci namjemo razbijenih keramičkih posuda. Lako se može uočiti da je keramika puno finija i bogatije ukrašena od one u nase lju ili u grobovima. Vel ika je zastupljenost šalica ukrašenih raznovrsnim urezanim motivima. Izgleda da su
mound was once much higher, but erosion and land cultivation to'" their tolJ. so that large quantities of material s lid down the stupe of the hill. The sanctuary precinct was bordercd by a d1tch of the near by stream and by a low eanhen rampa rt made of beaten clay and dug sl ightly into the ground. Tile long-term c.kposition of various materials created a high artificial mound 01 that spot. Deepcr. or earlier, layers (9' - 7" ccnruries BC) c~m s ist mostly of clayish soil, whereas the later on es (6'"- 3•J centuries BC) consist ahnost completely of qua117 sand that \1 as exposed to very high tcmperatures. The quartz sand a11d hwh temperature may have had something to do with the mctallmgy of iron. The finds of slag (tig. 15- 16) in that layer, as well as the numerous finds ofsho11 ceramic rubcs which may ha\·e served as the openings of bcllows also seem to point to tlu conclusion. Such a drastic change surely had something to do ,.,. ith the mastering of new technologies and. linked to this. wtth changes in cult activity as can be observed in the changes in the archaeological material , in this case in the ritual offcrinus at the sancn1ary. The earliest layers were created from a succcssion of minor fi1 eplaces, so it can be assumed that the bcgitlllings of the sanctuary were connected with the cremation of the deccased on that spot, or that perhaps it served as a specia l place for buml offerings, ritual and eternal fires. Following those layers is n substanstial layer of greasy grey soi l containing a lot of charcoal, but no constructed fireplaces could be detennined. An mtcresting thing about this layer is that it contained a number of animal bones, which arrived there as sacrificial gifts. The analysis of bones shows that the animals were in good he:llth (there were no deformations on the bones) and often young, and that only chosen body parts were represented. for instance, hip bones dominate among the bones of domestic ptg. lloms aud untlers ofroe deer, deer and bovioes had a symbolic significance, as indicated by the fact that they were obviou~ly sawn off deliberately while the head bones of those animah were almost completely absent. ln the case of sheep and goat head boncl> arc not rare. The ratio of domestic and wild antmnls is 2 : l in favour of domestic. Dominant among tbe domestic animals arc sheep and goat, tollowed by pig and cattle. Among game, the most frequent is deer. followed by roe dcc1 and wild pig. Among the ceramic finds there are many bowls with invct1ed rims, the kind we ti·cquently encounter as gra\ L furnishings in the neeropol ises of the Umfield culture, as well as in Turska Kosa. The realistic representations of a human foot (cat. 2.1.- 2.) similarly remind one of the grave f\n n1shings from the end of the 13ronze Age in the Pan non ian Plain. We may conclude that this location became a place of oflcTing, for the purposes of some ritual unknown to us. with clo..,L links 10 the cult of tbc dead and with the afterlifc. ~ rte r this come the layets of quartz sand containing a decrcaslllg number of animal bones. but large quantities of various
wicsen werden, weil elie Knocben der Toten nur fragmen ta risch erbalten sind. Es licgen nur Funde von Keramikbeigaben und stark beschadigtem Bronzeschmuck vor. lnnerhalb der Nekropole sind die Kultbauten, die Totenverbreru1UngssteUen sowie die Kultstatten in fi·cier Natur besonders interessant. Zwischen den Grabem befand sich eine Vcrbrenmmgsstelle (Kultstatte 111), auf der eine Schicht Asche und verbrannter Erde sowic einige Fragmente von Kcramikgcfal3en und cin lrape.loides Keramikamulctt erhalten geblieben sind. Es wurden bier keine Keramikbeigaben beigesetzt, wie das in den Gdibem und auf der umliegcnden Flacbe der Fall war. sondcrn die Gefiil3e wurden offensicllllich auf den Boden geworfen und absichtlich zerbrocben. Das ist nicht tmgewohnlich, weil das rituelle Darbringen des Trankopfers (Libation), oft von dem Zerbrechen der mit Fliissigkeit gefilllten Gefiille beglcitet, bei den Illyrern beliebL war. Der lnhalt der Gef.ille und s01nit auch die Art des dargebotenen Opfcrs zur Bcsiinftigung von bosen und guten Geistem konnen nicht festgcstellt werden. Die Libation konrne auch in den andcren Kullstiitten nachgewiesen werden. lm obcren Teil der Nekropole bcfand sich cine kleine Kultstatlc (Kultstatle IT) in Fonn eines tief eingegrabencn, trichterf0m1igen Lochs. Am Rand des Lochs wurdc ein kleines Kreuzidol (Kat. 16.) gefunden, im Loch !agen kleinere Mcngen von abs ichtlich zerbrochencm Geschirr. ln der Nahe lag eine ahnliche, aber noch groJ3cre Kultstatte (Kultstatte IV) aus der jiingercn Eisenzcit. Uns interessiert hier aber vor alJem die grolle Kultstatte neben der Nekropole (lei Topusko
betoni sind die anaromischen Eigenschaften des menschlichen Beins, auch die metallenen Schmuckstiicke, bzw. die Bcinschienen (Kat. 2.1. - 2.) sind priizise ausgearbeitct. Bei den Klcinfigurcn aus den ji.ingeren Schichten wird die Darstellung des Kiirperlichen vereinfacht, das ikonographischc Konzept wird aber in den prazisen Darstell ungen der meiAIIenen Schmuckstlickc weitergefi.ihrt. Ein schones Beispiel fUr die stark bctontc Darstellung des Schmucks ist die Kleinfigur aus Ki ri ngrad (Kat. 6.). Der Korper der Figur ist stark vereinfaeht und unpropottion iert, aus dem ei nfachen Gnmd: um mehr Platz fli r die Darstellung des Schmucks 7U schaffen. Deswcgen ist der llals der Figur besonders ausgepragt, damit der ganze hicr darzustcllcnde Schmuck geni.igend Plat7 finden kann. Andcrcrscits sind der Rumpf, die Anne und Beine kur.::. jedoch immer noch groB genug. um die darauf dargestellten Gi.inel, Armbander und Beinschienen zu u·agen. Die Geschlechtsmerkmale sind nur summarisch, mit zwei kleinen. die weiblichcn B1iiste darstellenden Auswolbungen angedeu tet. Am haufigsten konunen die Kleinfiguren mit vereinfachtem Korper und plastisch ausgefiilmer Darstellung des Schmucks - meistens nur Halsketten vor. Sie wurden in groBer Zahl am Turska kosa gefunden. aber auch in den anderen verwandten Fundstiirten der alreren Eisen7eit. etwa im schon erwahnten Ort Kiringrad (Kat. 6., 7.), in Pogorelec in Sisak (Kat. l 0.1. - 4.), in der Wall burg Marić gradina bei Kutina (Kat. 9.) und dann weiter nach Osten in Poljanac an der Save, bei Slavonski Brod. Das ikonographische Element des dcutlich hervorgehobcnen Metallschmucks wa r sicher mi t den Eigcnarten ei Topusko
betoni sind die anaromischen Eigenschaften des menschlichen Beins, auch die metallenen Schmuckstiicke, bzw. die Bcinschienen (Kat. 2.1. - 2.) sind priizise ausgearbeitct. Bei den Klcinfigurcn aus den ji.ingeren Schichten wird die Darstellung des Kiirperlichen vereinfacht, das ikonographischc Konzept wird aber in den prazisen Darstell ungen der meiAIIenen Schmuckstlickc weitergefi.ihrt. Ein schones Beispiel fUr die stark bctontc Darstellung des Schmucks ist die Kleinfigur aus Ki ri ngrad (Kat. 6.). Der Korper der Figur ist stark vereinfaeht und unpropottion iert, aus dem ei nfachen Gnmd: um mehr Platz fli r die Darstellung des Schmucks 7U schaffen. Deswcgen ist der llals der Figur besonders ausgepragt, damit der ganze hicr darzustcllcnde Schmuck geni.igend Plat7 finden kann. Andcrcrscits sind der Rumpf, die Anne und Beine kur.::. jedoch immer noch groB genug. um die darauf dargestellten Gi.inel, Armbander und Beinschienen zu u·agen. Die Geschlechtsmerkmale sind nur summarisch, mit zwei kleinen. die weiblichcn B1iiste darstellenden Auswolbungen angedeu tet. Am haufigsten konunen die Kleinfiguren mit vereinfachtem Korper und plastisch ausgefiilmer Darstellung des Schmucks - meistens nur Halsketten vor. Sie wurden in groBer Zahl am Turska kosa gefunden. aber auch in den anderen verwandten Fundstiirten der alreren Eisen7eit. etwa im schon erwahnten Ort Kiringrad (Kat. 6., 7.), in Pogorelec in Sisak (Kat. l 0.1. - 4.), in der Wall burg Marić gradina bei Kutina (Kat. 9.) und dann weiter nach Osten in Poljanac an der Save, bei Slavonski Brod. Das ikonographische Element des dcutlich hervorgehobcnen Metallschmucks wa r sicher mi t den Eigcnarten lapodes Die Japoden
1\1 tong the numcrous cmlllllunitics that inhabited continental CH 1tia during tbc l " milletmium BC. only in the case of the Japodes have the main areas of residence been known from an carl v period. Until recently, they were known exclusively fi·om the classical wriacn sources. and only after numcrous archaeological excavations, beginning in the 19'hcentury and continuing to this day, have these areas become almost completely dd 111ed. They produced a wealth of objects of specific shapes that separate their material culture from those of neighbouring cu llllral groups. This particu larly applies to jewellery anci m\.la l parts of the costume. which makes them recognizable at ti t sl sight. There is no doubt that their core arca was Lika. that i:-,. live areas within Lika: Central Lika. Gacka, Krbava, South Lika and the Una river valley), and that they inhabited also a pa11 of the sub-Velebit littoral: fmther, the Ogulin-Plaški valle\ wtlh a part of Gorski Kotar and Kordun. a:-, well as outside Crnattan borders, in northwest Bosnia at the middle course of tht lina river (tbc Bihać aud the Cazin Krajinčl). Each of those rcewns is a separate geomorphologicaltmit. completely closed 111 tppcarance due to the mountain ranges. As impassable as tiK' may seem. the mountain ranges are intersectcd by passes. through which mcrchandize, various ideas and innovmions pa~scd from an carly period, not only from the vicinity, but li·om the farrher areas as well. Some forty pr~sses over the Velebit, Velika and Mala Kapela, and the Pljcšcvica mountains. connected the tribesmcn from the Iapodic linoral with then core area, Lika, as weU as with the Ogulin-Plaški valley, wlw.:h opened toward the north and the Pam10nian Plain. Rich in wa ter, soil and forests, these areas were inhabited. to o grcmer or a lesser degree, also throughout the older prehistoric periods. Only since tite last centuries of the second and during thl' entire first millennium BC does the Iapodic culture form and develop in this area. particularly in Lika. lt came into bemg through the clash of two strong ethnic communities. čin indt:_>enous and the Umfleld culture. newly arrivcd ti·om the Pannonian area. The laner name hides a series of Ime BronLC Agl regionol groups. whose common feattu·e is incineration of thr ueceased and burial in ums. Details about the process of its fonnat1on and the decisi\·e moment it took plr~cc cannot be established with any precision. What is certain and corroboratcd b\ archaeological finds is tbat the indigenous population rcmmned in majority, while the newcomcrs. whose role was impottant but not decisive in the fonnation of thi!> culmre. brought novelties and freshness into various eran activities. This is panicularly evident in metallurgy, i.e. in casting :~nel the wm kmanship of artifacts made of bron:.:c, the first artificial mct~,·mo H H U Smith/l /1)8,~.) ! /',·d,•Htd for n per.wm(/ied t'!'fll'l!sl!lllatiou n.f tlu! lttpotliml ct/m, u/lit tlu! rmwd Greek iuscripriou EĐNOl'!: IAnOJD.V (tile lapodicm ~:t/mos), fmm ,lugust~ cemp/e 111 ..lplmuli~wv 111 , hw llmor la{rer R R. R. Smith 1988.) ! Sot Ad Iiir tlil' per~ouiti:u!l'fe Darstel/uu~ der jnpodtsc lteu ft/11/1( mir ei11gemeifJdrer griedli.w·her lllvt'hri/i /-'(-),..,1())1 l ~flO. l OX (l 'otk tier Japodeu} o11s dem Augu.tllls-Tempd /11 IJ>Imu/i,;," lu Kh•iuaslC'tll·l!ell tite f1illc1r.v r!f'rl•~: lug",·teum (.'iel>l/\tl!/1111) 111 ·lpl11ndisla., ru/tC'r R.R.R. Smith )988.) l ltil!ufl,;.·,·rc• {if:iirliche Darstel/u ug derjapotb\·dwu J·:rlml/' Oil/
t!t·m \oc!.cl ~··iscltC'II den SiiiiiC'u des Augt/Sleums
fS"h"'rc·fmiJ tn .iplum/i,·iax (twf'lt R R.R Smirit IYI:i8J
archiiologische Fundc bclegt - dal3 die einheimische Bevtilkenmg auch weiterhiJl die Mehrhcit stdlte, wiihrend die ncucn Ansiedler- deren Rollc zwar wichttg, bei der Bildung diesct Ku ll ur jedoch nicht cntschcidend gewesen war - neue Trends uud frisches Blut in vcrschiedenc HandwcrksLweige einbracbten. Hesonders stark da von gepriigt war die Metallurgie, be7iehungsweise die Gielkrcikunst und die Verarbeitung von OronLegegenstiinden, des crstcn kiinstlich crzeugtcn Metalis, das durch Mischen von Kupfer und Zinn gcwom1en wurde. Die Zeit vom 8. bis Lum Ende des 4. .lahrhunde1ts v. Chr. ist die Zeil der Entstchung der wichtigstcn Mcrkmale dil!scr Kutnu· uud die Zeit des Aufschwungs in der cinlu.:imischen Produktion von Gegcnstiindcn aus Bronzc, Bernstein und Glas. Zu jener Zeit entstanden auch zahlreichc, fi.ir die .lupodenkulntr typisclll! fonncn von Schmuck und mctallcncn Trachtteilen, die in eigcncn Wcrkss@tcn nicht m1r hcrgcstcllt, sondern auch k.rcicrt \\urdcn. Einen dcrartig starkcn Aufschwung ihrer matcricllen Kultur hattc cs noch nic 7uvor - auch spiitcr nicht mehr - gcgcbcn, und in der jiingeren Eisen7eit kam es zur Stagnation. Jedoch weiscn die meisten von ihnen gcfct1igtcn Gcgenstandc auch weitcrh in die Gcstaltungsmcrkm~,·mo H H U Smith/l /1)8,~.) ! /',·d,•Htd for n per.wm(/ied t'!'fll'l!sl!lllatiou n.f tlu! lttpotliml ct/m, u/lit tlu! rmwd Greek iuscripriou EĐNOl'!: IAnOJD.V (tile lapodicm ~:t/mos), fmm ,lugust~ cemp/e 111 ..lplmuli~wv 111 , hw llmor la{rer R R. R. Smith 1988.) ! Sot Ad Iiir tlil' per~ouiti:u!l'fe Darstel/uu~ der jnpodtsc lteu ft/11/1( mir ei11gemeifJdrer griedli.w·her lllvt'hri/i /-'(-),..,1())1 l ~flO. l OX (l 'otk tier Japodeu} o11s dem Augu.tllls-Tempd /11 IJ>Imu/i,;," lu Kh•iuaslC'tll·l!ell tite f1illc1r.v r!f'rl•~: lug",·teum (.'iel>l/\tl!/1111) 111 ·lpl11ndisla., ru/tC'r R.R.R. Smith )988.) l ltil!ufl,;.·,·rc• {if:iirliche Darstel/u ug derjapotb\·dwu J·:rlml/' Oil/
t!t·m \oc!.cl ~··iscltC'II den SiiiiiC'u des Augt/Sleums
fS"h"'rc·fmiJ tn .iplum/i,·iax (twf'lt R R.R Smirit IYI:i8J
archiiologische Fundc bclegt - dal3 die einheimische Bevtilkenmg auch weiterhiJl die Mehrhcit stdlte, wiihrend die ncucn Ansiedler- deren Rollc zwar wichttg, bei der Bildung diesct Ku ll ur jedoch nicht cntschcidend gewesen war - neue Trends uud frisches Blut in vcrschiedenc HandwcrksLweige einbracbten. Hesonders stark da von gepriigt war die Metallurgie, be7iehungsweise die Gielkrcikunst und die Verarbeitung von OronLegegenstiinden, des crstcn kiinstlich crzeugtcn Metalis, das durch Mischen von Kupfer und Zinn gcwom1en wurde. Die Zeit vom 8. bis Lum Ende des 4. .lahrhunde1ts v. Chr. ist die Zeil der Entstchung der wichtigstcn Mcrkmale dil!scr Kutnu· uud die Zeit des Aufschwungs in der cinlu.:imischen Produktion von Gegcnstiindcn aus Bronzc, Bernstein und Glas. Zu jener Zeit entstanden auch zahlreichc, fi.ir die .lupodenkulntr typisclll! fonncn von Schmuck und mctallcncn Trachtteilen, die in eigcncn Wcrkss@tcn nicht m1r hcrgcstcllt, sondern auch k.rcicrt \\urdcn. Einen dcrartig starkcn Aufschwung ihrer matcricllen Kultur hattc cs noch nic 7uvor - auch spiitcr nicht mehr - gcgcbcn, und in der jiingeren Eisen7eit kam es zur Stagnation. Jedoch weiscn die meisten von ihnen gcfct1igtcn Gcgenstandc auch weitcrh in die Gcstaltungsmcrkm
ra\\ 1nat ·na ls. particularly brouze and amber. as "eli as the appl··u.mce of di\·erse jewellery suggest a Lively couunercinl acm JI\ not only with the neighbouring areas. but also with distant tvlediten·aneau regions. Neither before nor after that pelJod in their material culture can one observe such euthusiasm even though in the later periods the majority of their artefnct ~ prc~erved the lapodic lraits, which cau be seen in their matt't ia l and spiritual culture even after the Roman conquesl. Thl' cnnquest started in the year 35 BC by Octavianus (later to bennnc Roman Emperor August), who crushed the lapodian re~iswnce and established the Roman Peace ("Pax Romtllut"). whilh gradually roruanized the region aud incorporated it into thl· lustoncal and culttu'al ctuTents of the Roman Empire. ('ta .••tea l uuthors, mainly those deuling with Ronum history. mutt1on the lapodes (lapodes. lapudes) almost exclust,·cly 111 th'" L hap te rs that refer to conflicts with the Roma ns. These reports -und wc shall mention only a few- vary a great deul. S0111l ure ~pat·se, but not without importance. such as those b} J Jtu. Livius, a Roman historian, relating the carly contacts of th~ l.tpodcs \\it h the Roman world. Others arc extensive. such as those by the Greek historian Appianus (Appianos) from Ak \and ria. The l 0'" Book of his Roman history (Romaika) wut.uns dcscripttons of the land and the wars in Ill yricum, and therefore dubbcd the lllyrian history (ll~l'f'ike). Apptanus dc\l'l lbcd the conqucst of lapodian lands in detail, especially the foli of Metu lum (Meroulon). Hc believes it to bc their capital located in the land of the "transalpinc" lupod~..:s. For the Romans. looking thlln the coast, where their conque:;ts stm1cd. l 1ka is located on "this side" of the Alps (th~..: ir name for the mountain ranges of Velika and Mala Kapela) and of Velebit. Conversely, the Ogulin-Plaški Plain, where Mctulum was situatl·d. lay on the "other side" of that range. ln the numerm1s descri ptions of warfare and the conqucst of !apod ian lan ds one C\111 barcly disccrn anything more informative about the lapodes. their land or 1hc1r customs. Among the fcw authors of tht classical world that -albcit sparscly- offer such informaIJOn one can name Strabon (Stmho). a gcographcr and the author of the famous work - Geography (Geogl"((/ia. GeogmJJhia). Beside stating that the lapodes arc a bclligcrenltnbc anncd \\ ith Ga Ilic wcaponry. hc mcntioncs thai they pructice tattooing. \\hic h, according to him, was a custom common among all lllyrians and Thracians. He further ment tons SC\ cral or their towns. and states that their land strelched from the 1\driatic all the "ay lo the Danube. He insists that the land is poor. which is why they mostly live ou barley. lf one neglects 1hc inaccuraeies regarding the extent of the land and !lS borders. there is still the problematic statement regarding the poverty of the Tapodes. lt seem s that this view deri ves from the :-.ubjective reasoning of a man originating from a completely dllferent cu ltural millieu. who is used to different values and wny of life. lt is therefore necessary to mention some intormation that could -along with the material culture of the lapodes-
''a"
der sich die Stadt Menti befand. aus ihrer Sic hl ·•jcnseits"" dieser Gebirgskene lag. In den zahlreichcn Schilderungen der Kriege und Eroberungen in den Landern der Japoden sind kamu Nachrichten zu tinden. die \iber diese~ Volk, uber sein Land oder seine Sitten und Brauche beriehten wiirden. Einer der wenigen Autoren der /\utike, der zwar keine ausfiihrlichen, doch auch solche Daten lieferte, war Strabon (Strabo), Geograph und Autor des betiilunten Werkes "Geographika" ( Geof:r(!f/a. Geographia). Er bericbtete, dal3 die Japoden ein angritlslustiger, mit gallisehen Wa1Ten ausgerUstcter Volkerstamm seien und daB sie sich zu tiitowieren pOegten, :;o wie dies. so Strabo. bei allen lllyrern und Tbrakeru iiblich sei. i\ul3erdem erwahnte er eiuige Japodenstiidte und behauptete, daB das Land der Japodeu so atru sei. dal3 sich die Menschen hauptsiichlich von Gerste emahrten. Er schrieb auch, clal3 sich das Japodenland von der Adria bis zur Donau erstrecktc. Uil3t man die Ungenauigkeiten im Hinblick auf die Ausbrcitung und die Grenzen des Landes beiseite, so mu13 man auch die Behaupntng. die Bevolkenmg sei arm gewesen. mit Vorsicht behandeln. Es scheint. daB es sich luer um das subjektive Utteil eines Menschen handelte. der aus einem ganz anderen Kulturumfeld kam, vollig andere Wertvorstellungen hane und an eine andere Lebensarr gewohnt war. Deswegen sind hier einige Tatsachen hervorzuheben, die neben der materiellen Kutnu· dieses Vol kes auch Argumente lielern werden, die diese Behauptungen Strabos wenn nicht zur Ganze widerlegen, dann aber :wmindest in einen realistischen Rahmen zuri.ickfiihren konnen. Von der Dichte ihrer Siedlungsanlagen ausgehend, von denen etwa zwei hundert registrien worden sind - diese Zah l ist ilbrigens noch nicht endgiUtig laf3t sich schlie13cn, dafl die Japoden ein zabl.reiches Volk waren, in ilu·em Land aber ausreichend Ressomcen halten, um dort jahrhundcJtclang leben 7U konnen. Die Ertorschungen ihrer Siedlungsanlagen haben zahlreiche Knochen von Haus und Wildtieren sowie Schalen und Gehause von Meeresmuscheln und - schnccken 7utage gebracht, was gewif3 von einer abwechslungsreichen Ernahrungsweise 7eugt. Die Behauptungen Strabos, daB die Bevolkerung der .lapoden ann gewesen sei. konnen allerdings am besten am 13eispiel der TraciH widerlegt werden. Ihre schmiickende Ausarbeinmg war von zahlreichcn Details aus 13ron7e gepragt: z.l3. Kalonen-Kappen. eine konische Kopfbcdeckung; breitc Gi.irtel aus 13ronzeblech sowie 'erschiedenartige Schmuckstiicke, die iiberwiegend aus BronLe und Semstein gcfcttigt wurden. Es muB hier angemcrkt werden, daB die .lapodcn wcder liber Bron7e. noch i.iber Bernstein vcrftigten, diese aber in zu jener Zeit betrachtlichen Meugen nuwen. Es stclll sich da her die Frage, welche Ressourcen e:; ihnen ennoglichten. dieses Material wiihrcnd der ganzen Dauer ihrer Kultur durch Handclsverkchr anzuschaffen. Die Ausfuhr der fiir diese Gegcnd charakteristischcn Rohstoffe - Lcder, Fellc, Wollc, Flci;ch. Milchprodukte und llonig war sicher die Quelle ihres Woh lstands. .ledoch haben auch
217
p .lapodi
11te lapodes Ote )((pOdl'll
stagnira. o većina njiho\·ih predmeta i dalje Ladržava japodska obiljc7ja. kOJa se naziru i nakon rimskih OS\ ajanja. Započeo ih je 35. god. pr. Kr. Oktavijan (poslije rimski car August). koji je skršio otpor Japoda i uspostavio rimski mir (pax romana), što je 7naćilo postupnu romanizaciju i uklapanje tog prostora u povijesna i kulturna zbivanja Rimskoga Carstva.
3. Jantama ogrltctt. 1\'mnpoli•' krat O!t>
ra\\ 1nat ·na ls. particularly brouze and amber. as "eli as the appl··u.mce of di\·erse jewellery suggest a Lively couunercinl acm JI\ not only with the neighbouring areas. but also with distant tvlediten·aneau regions. Neither before nor after that pelJod in their material culture can one observe such euthusiasm even though in the later periods the majority of their artefnct ~ prc~erved the lapodic lraits, which cau be seen in their matt't ia l and spiritual culture even after the Roman conquesl. Thl' cnnquest started in the year 35 BC by Octavianus (later to bennnc Roman Emperor August), who crushed the lapodian re~iswnce and established the Roman Peace ("Pax Romtllut"). whilh gradually roruanized the region aud incorporated it into thl· lustoncal and culttu'al ctuTents of the Roman Empire. ('ta .••tea l uuthors, mainly those deuling with Ronum history. mutt1on the lapodes (lapodes. lapudes) almost exclust,·cly 111 th'" L hap te rs that refer to conflicts with the Roma ns. These reports -und wc shall mention only a few- vary a great deul. S0111l ure ~pat·se, but not without importance. such as those b} J Jtu. Livius, a Roman historian, relating the carly contacts of th~ l.tpodcs \\it h the Roman world. Others arc extensive. such as those by the Greek historian Appianus (Appianos) from Ak \and ria. The l 0'" Book of his Roman history (Romaika) wut.uns dcscripttons of the land and the wars in Ill yricum, and therefore dubbcd the lllyrian history (ll~l'f'ike). Apptanus dc\l'l lbcd the conqucst of lapodian lands in detail, especially the foli of Metu lum (Meroulon). Hc believes it to bc their capital located in the land of the "transalpinc" lupod~..:s. For the Romans. looking thlln the coast, where their conque:;ts stm1cd. l 1ka is located on "this side" of the Alps (th~..: ir name for the mountain ranges of Velika and Mala Kapela) and of Velebit. Conversely, the Ogulin-Plaški Plain, where Mctulum was situatl·d. lay on the "other side" of that range. ln the numerm1s descri ptions of warfare and the conqucst of !apod ian lan ds one C\111 barcly disccrn anything more informative about the lapodes. their land or 1hc1r customs. Among the fcw authors of tht classical world that -albcit sparscly- offer such informaIJOn one can name Strabon (Stmho). a gcographcr and the author of the famous work - Geography (Geogl"((/ia. GeogmJJhia). Beside stating that the lapodes arc a bclligcrenltnbc anncd \\ ith Ga Ilic wcaponry. hc mcntioncs thai they pructice tattooing. \\hic h, according to him, was a custom common among all lllyrians and Thracians. He further ment tons SC\ cral or their towns. and states that their land strelched from the 1\driatic all the "ay lo the Danube. He insists that the land is poor. which is why they mostly live ou barley. lf one neglects 1hc inaccuraeies regarding the extent of the land and !lS borders. there is still the problematic statement regarding the poverty of the Tapodes. lt seem s that this view deri ves from the :-.ubjective reasoning of a man originating from a completely dllferent cu ltural millieu. who is used to different values and wny of life. lt is therefore necessary to mention some intormation that could -along with the material culture of the lapodes-
''a"
der sich die Stadt Menti befand. aus ihrer Sic hl ·•jcnseits"" dieser Gebirgskene lag. In den zahlreichcn Schilderungen der Kriege und Eroberungen in den Landern der Japoden sind kamu Nachrichten zu tinden. die \iber diese~ Volk, uber sein Land oder seine Sitten und Brauche beriehten wiirden. Einer der wenigen Autoren der /\utike, der zwar keine ausfiihrlichen, doch auch solche Daten lieferte, war Strabon (Strabo), Geograph und Autor des betiilunten Werkes "Geographika" ( Geof:r(!f/a. Geographia). Er bericbtete, dal3 die Japoden ein angritlslustiger, mit gallisehen Wa1Ten ausgerUstcter Volkerstamm seien und daB sie sich zu tiitowieren pOegten, :;o wie dies. so Strabo. bei allen lllyrern und Tbrakeru iiblich sei. i\ul3erdem erwahnte er eiuige Japodenstiidte und behauptete, daB das Land der Japodeu so atru sei. dal3 sich die Menschen hauptsiichlich von Gerste emahrten. Er schrieb auch, clal3 sich das Japodenland von der Adria bis zur Donau erstrecktc. Uil3t man die Ungenauigkeiten im Hinblick auf die Ausbrcitung und die Grenzen des Landes beiseite, so mu13 man auch die Behaupntng. die Bevolkenmg sei arm gewesen. mit Vorsicht behandeln. Es scheint. daB es sich luer um das subjektive Utteil eines Menschen handelte. der aus einem ganz anderen Kulturumfeld kam, vollig andere Wertvorstellungen hane und an eine andere Lebensarr gewohnt war. Deswegen sind hier einige Tatsachen hervorzuheben, die neben der materiellen Kutnu· dieses Vol kes auch Argumente lielern werden, die diese Behauptungen Strabos wenn nicht zur Ganze widerlegen, dann aber :wmindest in einen realistischen Rahmen zuri.ickfiihren konnen. Von der Dichte ihrer Siedlungsanlagen ausgehend, von denen etwa zwei hundert registrien worden sind - diese Zah l ist ilbrigens noch nicht endgiUtig laf3t sich schlie13cn, dafl die Japoden ein zabl.reiches Volk waren, in ilu·em Land aber ausreichend Ressomcen halten, um dort jahrhundcJtclang leben 7U konnen. Die Ertorschungen ihrer Siedlungsanlagen haben zahlreiche Knochen von Haus und Wildtieren sowie Schalen und Gehause von Meeresmuscheln und - schnccken 7utage gebracht, was gewif3 von einer abwechslungsreichen Ernahrungsweise 7eugt. Die Behauptungen Strabos, daB die Bevolkerung der .lapoden ann gewesen sei. konnen allerdings am besten am 13eispiel der TraciH widerlegt werden. Ihre schmiickende Ausarbeinmg war von zahlreichcn Details aus 13ron7e gepragt: z.l3. Kalonen-Kappen. eine konische Kopfbcdeckung; breitc Gi.irtel aus 13ronzeblech sowie 'erschiedenartige Schmuckstiicke, die iiberwiegend aus BronLe und Semstein gcfcttigt wurden. Es muB hier angemcrkt werden, daB die .lapodcn wcder liber Bron7e. noch i.iber Bernstein vcrftigten, diese aber in zu jener Zeit betrachtlichen Meugen nuwen. Es stclll sich da her die Frage, welche Ressourcen e:; ihnen ennoglichten. dieses Material wiihrcnd der ganzen Dauer ihrer Kultur durch Handclsverkchr anzuschaffen. Die Ausfuhr der fiir diese Gegcnd charakteristischcn Rohstoffe - Lcder, Fellc, Wollc, Flci;ch. Milchprodukte und llonig war sicher die Quelle ihres Woh lstands. .ledoch haben auch
217
.. ./(lpodi
"f7te lapodes
Die Japoden
nošnja. Slikovitost joj daju mnogobrojni detalji od bronce, primjerice kape, oglavlja, široki pojasevi od brončanoga lima te raznorodan nakit, među kojim uz broncu dominira jantar. Treba naglasiti da Japodi ni broncu ni jantar nisu imali, a koristili su ih, za ono vrijeme, u zavidnim količinama. Nameće se stoga pitanje kakvim su to resursima raspolagali kad su za cjelokupna trajanja svoje kulture te materijale n bet Orot'ac
123
Titi! lupodl!.\' /)if! ./opor/en
5. PQg/t?d s l 'debira prlllllil ./(ldrrmskumu 11wru 5. l'le1r {1~1111 1lt1' l i:h•llilllltllllllttin ro rl1e Adriarit' Sea 5. 8/icJ. 1/)/1/ f'elvhti·Gehirge 1111(du.~ Adria/ise/ur lleer
212
6. Grt~dma Crk'l'/ua u Kompoliu kmi Orot'rn 6 Ct/, 111111 Iti/Itim in Kompolie new· Ot''''ac fl. ll itllblll'g Crk'l'i11a in Kompolic> bet Orot'ac
123
r
Japotii
Tite lapodc>s Die Japodc:u
8 Aw11e11t leme/j k11će " illjema prostnrijtlll/11, t:1 adimt l'elikt Vila/ 11 Pm:om kmj 010čt::a S S11111e /'ormda1io11s o/(t lto11se willt
111'11 mom.,,
liu.' l 'eliki l'italltillfill·t i11 Pm:or 11ear Omćac
S..\'1e11t/it11dame111 eml!s llnll.ti!S mit ::ll'ei fliiume11. ll allbw'R li!liki l/ut! i11 Pro:or bet Otnc'uc
7 l),·ojlln grudiua li•hkt t Mn/i l'i1nl 11 Pm:om kmi 11 predtyem Ji' pla1111 ro!lic:{lll pn ka: Mitre i.•klem/1 11 : ii'IJ)
Oločca:
''lJ""' 11 sdu C:o,·ićimil
l. f)ouble ltil(fortu/ l'i!liki wul Muli l'iutl iu Prv::m· 11ear OIOčtu·:
i11 1lu•.fim11 is lll'l!lit:/t·vprl!~l'tlltllil>ll '!~'''~''''"'a cw'l't'd i ll a IY>t·k 111 liti! \'illage 11/ Cm·iN 7. 'ZII'eitl!ilige 11(,1/hut~C!. l l!li!.i 111111 11111/ Mali f'/f(t/ /11 Pro:or lu• i 010ćoc: im l'onlergnmd: die Neliefifm·sleiiiiiiJ!. 1'1111 Milm. /e hill(o rr of Veliki ami Mall Viwl 9. Blick 1'1111 der Wallburg Rudine in Sinac m!f Gacko polje und die :wc>irei/ige ll'ctllb11rg Veliki l•italwul Mali 111111
22()
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Obljaj u Vrhovinama. Neke od njih spominju se i u pisanim antičkim izvorima: dvojna gradina Velil/ OtriĆ/IC (Kut 18.1.) 12. Rroncnni pm')e'ak sa :enskim .wili:imnim jiguram11. Kompolje /.mj Otočca (kill. 29.1 .) J1. Bnmze pendnm ll'itlr strli:ed /'emole jigurines. Kompolit! ucw Otm'oc (cat. 29 /.) 12. flron:I!IIC'I' Anltiinge•·mit stilisiel'len ll'eib/iriiC'/1 Figure11. Komp11/je lwi Otočac (Kut 29.1.)
230
Svoje mnve Japodi su za "drugi svijet" odijevali u nošnju i kiti li ih nakitom koji su nosili za života. O cjelokupnom izgledu njihove nošnje i promjenama nastalim na njoj tijekom sw ljeća, može se tek nagađati. Naime, osim nakita osrali su sačuvani samo neki njezini dijelovi, napravljeni od otporn ijih mi Om{:(IC (Kat. 46.2.)
\
.....
religijskom tradicijom kojoj je teško nazreti prave razloge. Moguće je, premda ne i rosve sigurno, da je izostavljanje oru:!.ja i7 grobnog inventara bio običaj nametnut životnim potrebama, pa je u pitanju svojevrsna odredba koju je trebalo poštovmi. Za potrebe sigurnosti i očuvanja relativno velika 7ivotnog prostora nije bila dostatna samo hrabrost, već i velik broj oru7jem opremljenill stanovnika vič nih ratovanju. Budući da je riječ o zemlji rela1ivno skromnih rudnih bogatstava 7a proi..::vodnju oru7ja bio je nuždan stalan dotok met;la, koji su međusobne nesuglasice i ratovi često ometali. Moguće je pretpostaviti du oružje kao prava dragocjenost nije bilo svojina ruJedinaca, već je pripadalo određenoj ..::ajednici. a možda je bilo i nasljedivano. BeL obzira na to koja je pretpostavka točna. va7no JC istaknuti da su ti običaji bili srrikmo poštivani tijekom či tava starijega željeznog doba. Njegove početke nije moguće odrediti. jer za oružje i7 ranijih ra7doblja nema podataka o okolnostima nalaza, tj. ne zna se potječu li iz grobova, naselja ili s kultnih mjesta. Tek od razdoblja mlađega .lclje7nog doba. potkraj 4. do l. st. pr. Kr. (faza o-7), u grobove sc ratnika, i tada vrlo rijetko. pri laže oru7je. Zelja za isticanjem pripadnosti ratničko m sloju određen je nadomjestak našla u njihovoj likovnoj umjetnosti. Naime, dijelovi njihove nošnje, primjerice pojasne kopče (sl. 24), ZJ1l in place of anus (l;at. 27.). Numerous experts inteqJret such representations co1nbin ing a female figure and animals as the artistic rendering of the mythical image of the Mistress of the wild animals (polniatlleron). i.e. tl1e godess of life and death. who was worShlpped by numerous peoples of the Aegean and the wider t\h:dite1Tanean area. She is often accompanied by a dog or by bu ls of prey, themselves symbols of death. but also by frogs in place of anus (l;at. 27.). Numerous experts inteqJret such representations co1nbin ing a female figure and animals as the artistic rendering of the mythical image of the Mistress of the wild animals (polniatlleron). i.e. tl1e godess of life and death. who was worShlpped by numerous peoples of the Aegean and the wider t\h:dite1Tanean area. She is often accompanied by a dog or by bu ls of prey, themselves symbols of death. but also by frogs w/.. s fJI'Iktcum ~ene u hit01111 .!6. Amhl'l' plct.llic.fmm grm·e 47. Kcmtpul;e near Omčal' (cal• .U.J. f>.J Jllmtliiiii'C' fi!mtde ltc•mf.~ mtd pendam u·iilt (l
/'i?jll'r!.\1!1/lclliiJit t~f'll c/IIIUII·c/m/
li'Q/11(11/
Grah -17. Kompolje bei Owc'ac· (Kal. 35 J.- 6.) wildge Frtmen/..rlnfi! tmd AnhiiiiJ::i?l'mil
.!f>. llrmHJeinp/mli/..
Uli\'
Om·srelluug eiuer fit Chiron gekleicleteu f"mu
252
253
r
11"• lapoclt•\· Ote Japode11
.!6. Jamnma p/Mrika i: gmlw 4 7. Kompolje km; 010ćca !kat 35.3.- lU mmijaii!I'IW !enske glm·t• 1 pril:it>w/.. s fJI'Iktcum ~ene u hit01111 .!6. Amhl'l' plct.llic.fmm grm·e 47. Kcmtpul;e near Omčal' (cal• .U.J. f>.J Jllmtliiiii'C' fi!mtde ltc•mf.~ mtd pendam u·iilt (l
/'i?jll'r!.\1!1/lclliiJit t~f'll c/IIIUII·c/m/
li'Q/11(11/
Grah -17. Kompolje bei Owc'ac· (Kal. 35 J.- 6.) wildge Frtmen/..rlnfi! tmd AnhiiiiJ::i?l'mil
.!f>. llrmHJeinp/mli/..
Uli\'
Om·srelluug eiuer fit Chiron gekleicleteu f"mu
252
253
Ja podi
The lapodes Die .!apoden
vrhovnika japodskoga pantcomt, što je rezultiralo množinom i dugotrajnošču prikaza na qjihovu nakitu. Takva bi se interpretacija ukrasa teško mogla primijeniti na privjcske od bronce i jantara koji prikazuju dupille (sl. 27), bića koja prate boga mora, a isto su tako i pratnja umrlih u pod:t.emno carstvo snuti. Oni su najvjerojatnije nabavljeni trgovinom i bili su ula-as bez određene simbolike. koji izgkda začudno u zemlji koja je gotovo pola godine bila okovana snijegom. Cijelom nizu privjesaka, poput posudica, zvončića. kami pužića, bula, h·okuta, kuglica ili štap i ća, s velikom sc vjerojatnošću pridaje apotropejsko značenje, tj. nosili su se kao zaštita od uroka i nedaća. Većina tog nakita bila je pomična. pa je stoga proizvodila i zvučni efekt, koji je dodatno apotropejski djelovao rastjerujući demone i čuvajući vlasnika. Luksuzniji nakit i oglavlja obntbljena štapičastim privjescima nosili su u posebnim, svečanim prilikama u kojima je ples bio uobičajen dio svečanosti ili obreda, pa su zvukovi koje su pri pohetu proizvodili takvi ukrasi bili i ritmička pratnja njihovih plesova.
J l i.
Brončani prit:Je.l·ci 11 obliku dupina.
Pro: ar kraj Otočca
2 7 Hron:e penclmus in the s/tape of dolphins. Prozor near Otočac
.lapodi su vjerojatno, kao i mnogi tadašnji narodi, svoja božanstva darivali ostavljajući im različite dragocjenosti (oružje, nakit i predmete svakodnevne uporabe) na za tu svrhu izabrana i posvećena mjesta: svetišta. pećine, korita rijeka, jezera, a možda i bezdane ponora. Skronme naznake o takvim mjestima kod Japoda, pružaju predmeti s kraja kasnoga brončanog ili s početka starijega željeznog doba iz Gajine pećina kraj Drežnika. Većina istraživača pripisuje im votivni (zavjetni) karakter, djelomice zbog mjesta nalaza, a to je pećina iznad rijeke Korane, a djelomice zbog karaktera predmeta koje je sadržavala. Među njima se ističe izrazito velika fibula, koja potječe iz radionica sjcvcrozapadnoga Balkana (tip Golinjevo), na čijoj je u·okutnoj nozi urezan ljudski lik uzdignutih ruku (kat. l. l.). Prema jednoj interpretaciji bio bi to prikaz plesa, a prema drugoj prikaz čovjeka uzdignutih ruku pri molitvi (orant). Ritualni karakter pripisuje se i nalazu većega broja oružja, željeznih kopalja i kratkih mačeva iz korita rijeke Klokot u Bihaćkome polju, koji su bacani u vodu rijcčnomu božanstvu, a to je ua japodskome prostoru neosporno Bindu. Međutim predmeti. koji su bili bacani u vodu ili odložcni u pećine, sami po sebi ne mogu otktiti tijek obreda, ~jcgove sudionike ni oblike rituala- molitvu, ples ili svirku. Japodi su zacijelo imali, kao i njibovi suvremenici niz više ili manje važnih božanstava, ali o tome za sada ne znamo ništa. Novi~n istraživanjima svaki će nalaz, poput kockica u mozaiku, nadopuniti sliku o materijalnoj i duhovnoj kulturi toga dugovjekega, vitalnog i osebujnog naroda, što su Japodi nedvojbeno bili.
wliat peculiar in a land locked in snow for half a year. Numerous pendants. in the shape of small vessels, small bells, kaurishd ls. bullae, triangles. lances. small balls and rods, probably haJ apotrophic use, i.e. they were worn as protection from spclls and misfortune. The majority of these pieces were movable and therefore produced sounds, which contributed to the apotrophic sense in chasing away demons and protccting the owner. The more luxutious jewellery and head coverings with rod pendants were wom in special, solenm occasions. when dance was a customary part of the ceremony or ritc, and when the SOtlnds produced by such pieces when a person moved acted as the rhytlu11ical accompan.iment to the dancers. Similar to many peoples of the time, the Tapodes probably offered gifts to their divinities by leaving them various valuabies (weapons, jewellery, objects of evetyday use) in places chosen and consecrated specifically for the plll·pose: sanctuaries, cavcs, river beds, lakes, probably abysses as well. The artefacts dating from the Late Bronze Age and the begi1ming of the Early Iron Age found in Gajina Pećina near Drežnik offer modest indications of such places for the Iapodes. Most archaeologists think that they represented a votive deposit, pnrlly because of the location of the find (a cave above the course of the Korana ri ver), and pattly because of the diversity of finds . A prominent piece is an exceptional ly large tibula, originating from the workshops of the northwestern Balkans (the Golinjevo type), on whose triangular foot there was an incised human fil:,rure with raised arms (cat. 1.1.). According to one interpretation this would represent a dancer, whereas another one sces a man with arms raised in prayer (an orant). Ritual character is also attributed to the find of a large number of weapons, iton spears and short swords from the bed of the Klokot river in the Bihać Plain. These were thrown into the water as a gift to tn e river divinity. As this was the land of the lapodes, the divinity was undeniably Bindus. However. the fi nds !brown into the water or deposited within caves, cannot on their own offer an answer as to how the ritc went, who the participants were or what it contained - prayers. dance or music. Like other peoples of the time, the lapodcs certainly had several divinitics with more or less important roles, but we do not know anything about them at preseut. Every new fmd, like pieces in a mosaic, is a step towards completing the picture we have about the material aud spiritual culture of this long-living, vigorous and idiosyncraric people. which the lapodes certainly were.
cine zusiit.t.liche apotropiiischc Wirkung halle. die Diimonen vertrieb tmd der den Schmuck tragcndcn Person Schutz gewiihrte. Die Luxusvariantcn von Schmuck m1d lr as a rm1 malt>rfal u·/uch Ihe\' 1mr!.et! mt 1/um· ou fl. mos1~1· info bead.~ .for necld{lce., and/ibu leJe, or as /inislrC'd wvt!ucts. mainh· JI!We!leJ:•· mnmt}aclwl!d 111 fiweigu 1mrA ,/wp., J'lte b.mcl., 111 rfle shnpe oj female heads· found''' Kompolie. 1'0/uab/e work.~ 0.1 lwlian wor~.~!rop.1. Ct'l!atecl int/u: ,,pirit ofthe rire/wie nrt. CC'I'Iain(l' beloug to the /alter group.
}fl
81!1'11.1'/eiu fGriel"''"· he upprvudtC'clthC' :swrs. 1!.\tillgmshmg tlreir shine. aud later the earth, bumiug 11. Mum sour< es dnecl 0111. !he sens shrmrk. cmd Ifre mlwbitoms of .Ati·ico tumed b/ad; lu cmle1 111 ,,m·e the u·orld. %el/\ llit Plwetou u·rth ou armu: upon u•hid1 1he Illi/er fell 111t11 tiR· f:mlmms m•et: The god:; 111metf lu~ mow·uiug mother Cll'llleiiC' our/ /tit .fi.tt ručkom
koja nc7.natno preieueath the rim and al the /l'tlll.~itiou to tite bell)• there is a rrmniug ~pira/. bordered by tu·o wnken lines: the middle of the bel~\' IS tlecm·med l~r a band of fil·e parallel garlands. The handie is omamentnl with \'ertica/ groo1·e.s.
S. M.
265
Grupa {)alL_ __ ___ _ _ _
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7. FICU RICA Z.Ml.JE Dalj - Dnljska planina, Osij el< (7). s lučajni nalaz, d io ostave; b ronca: duž. 3,9 cm, 0 0,6 cm; resta urirano, MSO, in v. 12106
9.2
7. SNAKE FIGURINE Da(i- Da(islw P/rmiua, Osijef, (7), accidental find, pm·t uf 11 ltofll·d; bran-;,e: L. 3,9 cm. 0 0,11 cm,· restaumted, MSO, ilm 121(16
J.
' 7.
Mala figunca zmije. prikazana vrlo realistično. savijena u obliku slova S.
Small figurine uf a .snake. portmyed \'eJ~ ' reu/istica/~\', bent in shape ofthe /euer 'S'
Dat.: 8. - 7. st. pr. Kr. Lit.: Neobjavljeno.
Dat.: If - 7' cenfiiiJ' BC Bib/.: Uupublished
(J
4)
Da!i Group
·
2. Razvodnici remenja s !tl i11 1907 from Ge011: lla11pt; hrouze: eJ/ller 0 9, 7 cm. iuuer 0 6,1 cm; AJ/Z, ilm 5798, 5957
Par lijevanih nantkvica s priljubljenim krajevima. Čitava pO\' r· šina, osim na unutarnjem dijelu obruča. ukrašena je nizovima od po sed111n okomito urc7.anih tankih paralelnih linija, oivičenih sitnim vodoravn im urc7.ima.
Pair ujc ast brace/en 1ri1h abmting t>11tls Tire e111ire swfctcl!. excepl n11 the inner side uf the hnop. is t!ecorated with ba;uls CJ( Sl'\'en l'el'lically incised thin /}(/1:. alle/line.~. burdered by 1iny lml'i::ontal incisinns.
Dat.: S. - 7. st. pr. Kr. Lit.: Neobjavljeno.
Dat.: lJ••- 7,. cen1un BC Bih/.: Unpublishecl.'
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l. Dijadem. s rebro, bronca: AMZ, im. J 7695.
1-'.l· - 2.
Dijadem sastavljen od koll\·cksnih limeni h pločica tc kari čica od brončane žice. 2. Fibula, bronca: AMZ, in v. 17693. Naoča l a~ta fibula s osmičastom petljom. izrađena od ~pira lno 11tl ll'itlt ou(r a sliglll~l' S11nke11 li111!. The base ufthe um has the s!tape of a low rou11ded .foot. The u111l· decomtion consi:us of /wu series oj jo11r lugs, placed symmerrical/y ahol'e a11d helow the n·ide~t portiou o( the bel~\', forming a sq11are.
16. ŠALICA Dalj . Erdut (7), slu čajn i nalaz. vjerojatno ciglana Banjkas, kuJlljeno 1931.; keramika: vis. 5.2 cm (7,8 rm s ručlwm ), 0 dna 5,6 cm, 0 otvora 9,9 cm; AMZ, ill\. 7 130
16.
16. CUP Dalj, Erdut (7}, accidemal ji11d, probab~l' tite Baujkas brick j'actor:l', purc/l(l:;etl i u 19J l; pol/e1:1': ll. 5,2 cm (7,8 cm with haud/e), 0CJjbase 5,6 cm, 0ofmnuth 9,9 cm; rl.l!Z, illi'. 7130
Šalica s jednom ručkom. na čl jem sc gornjem dijelu nastavlja čepoliki produžetak.
Single-lumcfecl cup. with a but/on-like prolrusicm on 1he upper part.
Dat.: 8. - 5. ARINJ 1973. Pl. 120: 7.
S. M. 28. 1/.ROR JZ G RO BA Vuko\·ar- Lijeva bara (5), snstn' 1111 iskopa vanje 1953., grob 86 Dat 7.- 6. st. pr. 1- - Gradac/Parlog, Beli i\lanasti r (15), poktbllO iskopava nje 1970.; keramika: vis. 4 cm, 0trbuha 9,6 cm, 0 oiYOra 8,5 cm: restaurirano, :\ISO, in v. l 070~
26.
Niska bi kon ična šalica s v1solom loja je na nilU oblikovana u (J\ a roščića. Rub otvora malo zadebljan. a vrat od trbuha odvojen je tankim urezom. mčkom
Dat.: 7. - 6. st. pr. Kr. Lit.: SIMIĆ: 1995,45.
_ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ __
Dali Groue
26. CUP Batina - Gratlflc/Parlog, Beli Manastir (l 5), trial excamtion in 1970; poffetJ•: H . .J cm, 0 nf bel/y 9,6 cm, 0 of m out/t 8,5 cm; re.~taumted, J/SO, ifm 10704
Short b/Conical cup ll'ilh fl rmsed hand/e ll'hose Top mkes rhe forms v( 111 o mw/l homs. The rim is .~ome~rlwt lhickened. A tWtTOil' incision sepamle.~ The neck (rom 1/Je be/~1 ·. · Dat. : 7'' - 6'~ ceJ/11111' BC Bi!tl.: ŠIMIĆ' 1995.' 45.
.J.$.
D.B.-L. 24. PAR UKRASNIH IGALA Dalj - Busija, Erdu t (7), slu čajn i nalaz, lmpljcno 1911.; bro nca: duž. 30.3 cm, 27,8 cm; restauri rano, AI\T Z, inv. 7402. 7403
24.
Par ukrasnih igala s više gla\'ica. Duža igla ima tri glavice, raščJa. njene s po dva. odnosno t1i prstena. a na njih se nadovezuje trubasti nastavak. Sritnik za iglu. također prstenasto raščlanjen, srastao je s vrhom igle. Kraća igla je gotovo posve jednaka. ali ima četiri glavice.
Dat.: 7. st. pr. Kr. Lit.: VINSKI V INSKI -GASPARINI 1962. T. VII: S2: VINSKI-GASPARINI 1973, T. 120:7.
14. PA1R OF DECORATIVE PINS Dalj - Busija, Erdut (7), oC'C'ideuta/.fintl, pnrdwself in 1911; brou-;.e: L. 30,3 cm, 2 7,8 cm: restaurmed, AMZ, itm 7402, 7403
sl u čaj n i
nalat; l<era milm: vis. 4 ,9 cm, 0 trb uha 9,2 cm, 0 OI\ ora ~.S cm; resta urirano, i\ISO, inv. 3 155
25.
27.
Double-loop h01r fibula. The boli' is mttssil·e and has m·o ringlike lwols ubon' each loop. The catch-p/aJe in the form of a Boentian .~hie/d is dec:orated 11'itlt a sequence of indented concenrric circles.
Lučna dvopetljasta fibula. masi' nog luka s dvjema prstenastnn zadebljanjuna poviše petlji. 'oLila ploča u obliku beot~koga Stila ukra~ena je nizom udubljenih koncentričnih krui1ća .
Dat.: 7. - 6. st. pr. Kr. Lit.: VINSKI VTNSKJ-GASPAR INI 1962, T. VII: 79; VINSKI-GASPARINI 1973. T. 120: S.
Dm.: 1· - 6' cetlllll')' BC Bibi.: VINSKI-
1'/NSK/-GASPARINI/962. Pl. VII: 79: VINSKI-GASPriRINI 1973. Pl. 120:5.
D(/(.,' 7"' Cl!l/1111'1' BC IIib/.: VINSKJ 1'/NSK!-GASPARJNJ/962, N . Jill: 82: VINSKJ-GASJ>ARINJ 1973. Pl. 120: 7.
S. M. 28. 1/.ROR JZ G RO BA Vuko\·ar- Lijeva bara (5), snstn' 1111 iskopa vanje 1953., grob 86 Dat 7.- 6. st. pr. 1nvaoje J9S3.. grob 73 Oat.: 7. - 6. st. pr. Kr. Lit.: BALEI\-LETUNIĆ 1996. 92 (kat. 56.2).
29.
Posuda. keramika: \'is. (s ručkama) 14,7 cm, 0 trbuha 18,3 cm, 0 otvora 14,8 cm; dj elom ično rekonstruirano, AMZ, inv. 17583 ručkama
koje nadvisuju obod. Na prijelazu gotovo ci lindrična vr;,ta prema zaobljenu trbuhu smještena je i7mcđu 1učki na svakoj strani po j edna grbica. Ukras od tekuće spirale. oivičcn ravnim linijama. teče u trima nizovima. Prvi niz urezan je odmah ispod oboda po~udc. dok ostala dva teku između obje ručke. ispod i IZnad grbica. I'osuda s dvjema
/. 111 ·,
po11 :r: H. J./, 7 cm , (2} Of bel~r l 7, 9 cm, f2J of m our/t 111. cm; AMZ. ilm 176././ Prntnrm jug ll'itlt a strap-lumtlle tita 1.'.\·tellds ~/ig!ttzr abOI'C! the m11 Below the rim. tite top ofthe /111111 l shaped neck is hordered br 11 ,·.·quence of incised hatcfled
res.'iel. puuetJ': H. (u•irlt lumdles) 14,7 cm, 0 of belly 18,3 cm, 0 of momh 14,8 cm ; partially recollstmcted, Ati/Z, ilm 17583
/l'l r/11 1~/e~.
Dalj Group
1.1. ~ 1. Cups, pottetJ': H. 7 cm, 6 cm, 0 of bel~r 7 cm, 6 cm, 0 of m outh 6 cm, 5 cm; AMZ, ilm 17M6, J 7647 Cups (1) ll'ltlt a slight~\" t!l"l!l'lecl rim, tTiiutlrica/ neck um/ /'OI/llded se~uisplterical he/~1 ·. A lumdle extending 11'1!11 aho1·e tite rim comtects the rim with the beiZ1· o.f each cup.
J. Cup, pot1e1y: ll. 4, J cm, 0 of belly 6 cm, 0 ofm out/t .J,5 cm; pm·tial/y l't!COIISI/"1/Cied, AMZ. im·. 176./5
4. Bmcelel, brou:;e: 0 4 cm; AMZ, ilm 176./9 Penamwlar brace/et clecorared ~rith knot-Itke tluckening.~ nu the emire outer surface
Semi:.pherica/ cup wiclt a si11gle hane/le thar extends abo1•e tite rim .
S.M.
Vessel ll'itlr Mo !tand/es tlwt extel/(/ abot•e tite rim. At the trans i! ion of r!te alt11ost complete~\' cyliutlric:al neck ro tl11• rounded bell1·. between tite lwndles on ecu·h side there 1:~ a small lug. Tite omt/1/U!IIf of success in! ~pi rais. borderec/ by straight line~. run.1 in ilu"t?e ro11·s. The first one is iucised immediatelr belo11' the mu, u·ltile the l"t?llltlil;ing nro are placed ben•·een bot/t ham/les. abo1·e ane/ be/011 tite lugs.
3t. IZBOR IZ GROBA Vulwr:w- Lijeva hara (S), sustavno iskopavanje 1953., grob 63 l)nt 7. - 6. st. pr. Kr. l ir.: VINSKll955, sl. 4: VfNSKI 1959, T. XXXIV: 4: VINSK I VINSK.I-GASPAR1Nll 962, T. 111: 42-·H: VlNSKJ-GASPARI NI 1973. T. 125· 11-12.
31.1
31. SELECTION FROII-1 A GRAVE Jlnkow11·- Lijeva Bara (5), systematic exww1tion in 1953, gmve 63 Dat.: l'"- 6•• centun• BC Bih/.: J!JNSKJ /95S. Fig. 4; VINSKI J959, Pl. XXXJV: 4; VINSKII'JNSKJ-GASPARINI /962. Pl. 111: 42-47: V/NSKJ-GASPARINI 1973, Pl. 125: 11-11.
l. Zdjela na nozi, kera mika: vis. 1,..,8 cm, 0 trbuha 39 cm, 0 otvora 3S,3 cm; restaurirano. 1\i\IZ, ill\. 17543
l. Bowl ou foot, potreiJ'." H. /.J,8 Cl/l, 0 ofbe!IJ' 39 cm, 0 ofmolilh 35,3 cm; resllmmted, AMZ, im•. 17543
Velika zdjda na mskoj ljevkastoj nozi. Obod posude ukrašen Je utiskivanjem prstom tako da tvori 11akošen. 'turbanasti', motiv. Na donjem dijelu trbuhu nalaLi sc jedna ušica.
Large bowl 011 a short fimuefslwpedfoot. The rim is decomted JI"/ th jingertip impressions so thm it .forms an oblique 'rurbmt-like' 11/0l{f. the lower par( of the be/h• there is u pierced lug.
2. Žara, l<eramilca: vis. 22 eni, 0 trbuha 3!l cm, 0 otvura 22,5 cm; AI\IZ, inv. 17542
polfet:v: H. 22 cm, 0 of!Jelly 38 cm, 0 of mouth 22,5 cm: AMZ, iuv. l 7541
S. A/. 30. IZBOR JZ GROBA Vulwvar- Lijeva bara (S), sust:tvnn islwpavanje 1953., grob 89
Dat.: 7.- 6. st. pr. Kr. Li t.: VINSKl-GASPARil 11 973, T. 122: 9-13.
30. SELECTION FROM A GRAVE Vukn••t1r- Lije11a Bam {5), systematic e.\·ca••"tion in 19.'i3, grao•e 89 Dm : r - 6"' centutT BC Hihi.: 1'/NSKI-GASPARIN//973. Pl. 122: 9-13.
o"
JCI. J. - 4.
31.2.
Velika duboka 7ara loptasta trbuba, ljevkasta vrata s jednom ručkom koja spaja rame i trbuh. Obod je rdzgmut. IZJlutro foccuran, a na rubu ukrašen llliskivanjem (prstom). Trbuh je ukrašen širokim okom11irn žljebo' ima.
l.
Vrč,
ke•·amilordered by two eanna/ures.
.!.S. 35. ŠALICA Sotin, Vulwvar (3), sl uč:tj ni n alaz; keramil\a: Yis. 3,8 cm, 0 trbuha 6 cm, 0ot\ OnJ6, 1 cm; MSO, in v. 2862
35. CUP
35.
čen .
Small cup trit!t a rounded be/~1: and a raised hane/le connecting the rim with tite tnmsition of tite neck into tire be/Ir. Tite neck is !tig/t and ilte rim i~ evarted.
Dat.: 6. - 5. st. pr. Kr. Lir.: Neobjavljeno.
Bih/. : Unpublislted.
Sotin, Vu/rQI'{/1' (3), accirlaut(l/./iml; potfety: ll. 3,8 cm, f2J ofbef(t• 6 cm, f2J of mouth 6, 1 cm; MSO, im•. 2862
or
Mala šal ica zaobljemt trbuha, s visokom ručkom koja spaja mb otvora s prijcla7.0m vra ta u trbuh. Vrat je visok, a ntb otvora izvu-
Dat.: 6"'- 5'' Cl?//[ ll/)' BC
.J..~·.
S. M. 33. FIGURICA .JELENA Sotin, Vukovar (3), slu čaj ni nalaz; bronca: vis. 6,6 cm, duž. 8,4 cm; resta 11rirano, MSO, inv. 1164
33. FIGURINE OF A STAG Sotin, Vukovar (3}, accidenwl find; bmu za: H. 6, 6 cm, L. 8,4 cm; resraurated, MSO. ilm 1164
33.
Stilizirana figt•rica jelena s odlomljcnim rogov ima.
Stylised figurine of a slag u•ith bmken oj)'antlers.
Dat.: 6. st. pr. Kr. Li r.: ŠIMlC 1995, 4&.
Dat.: 6'' ce11tury BC Bib/.: Sli\ti!Ć IY95. 48.
J.S.
274
36. POSUDA S RUČKAMA Solin, Vukovar (3), s l učajni na laz; l<eramikfl: vis. 6 cm, 0 t rbuh a 8,2 cm , 0 ntmra 6,8 cm; MSO, in v. 2866
36. VESSEL WITH lfANDLES Sotin, Vuliol'llr (3). ucddantal.fiud; poltetJ•: H. 6 cm, J2J of belly ll, l cm, 0ofmoutfl 6,8 cm; J11SO, ilr v. 2866
36.
Mala bikonična posuda s ručka ma koje uadvist~ju rub otvora. Gornji dio trbuha ukrašen JC okomitim snopovima kanelura. odvojenih 5 po jednim oktuglim udubljenjem.
Small bicouica/ t'essel trirh Ilondies exftmdirtg abm·e tite rim. Tha upper part oftite bel~" i.~ t!ewrated with Fertica/ bands of C(/11· ue/ures. separated wit!t a mund indematiou.
Dar.: 6. - 5. st. pr. Kr. Lit.: ŠIM IĆ 1995.60.
Dal.: 6•• - 5'•' cenili/T BC Bibi.: Š/Ml( 1995.'60.
J .Š.
275
Gru a Dalj
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ --..!l!!..(i Groue
32. IZBOR I Z G ROBA Dalj - Busija, Erdu t (7), sustavno iskopavanje 1909., grob 85 Dat.: 7.- 5. st. pr. Kr. Lit.: HOFFILER 1938, T. 3: 6.
32. SELECTION FROM A GRAVE Dalj- Busij(l, EN/ut (7), systematic excavation iu J 909, grm•e 85 Dat.: 7•• - 5'A centwy BC Bibi.: HOFFILER 1938, Pl. J: 6.
32.1.
1. Posuda, keramika: vis. 42,3 cm , 0 trbuha 41 cm, 0 otvora 27,5 cm; djelomično restaurirano, AMZ, inv. 6830
!. Vessel, pottery: H. 42,3 cm, 0 nf bally 4 1 cm, 0 of IllOL/th 27,5 Cl/lj partiallyrastaumted, AMZ, ilm 6830
Velika posuda ljevkastoga vrata. Na prijelazu vrata u rame nal azi sc ukras ud triju horizontalnih kanclura. Trbuh posude ukrašen je ši rokim kanelurama koje u okomitomc nizu tekli cijelom širinom trbuha. Na prijelazu ramena u trbuh nalaze sc četi ri simetrično postavljena roščića.
Lmge vessel with tl .fwwelshaped neck. On tl1e transition ji"Om the uack to the shoulder there is a decoration ofthree horizama/ emme/ures. The belly is decorated witlt wide cm/lie/ures that ru11 iu a wrtical seque11ce along the entire width of the
32.2.
3~. -:\'EČKA
nc(HJLJH!to nalazište, bronca: vis. 7, 7 cm, duž. 4,7 crn: šir. 6 cm: rl'staurii·ano, i\ISO, inv. 1616
34.
Zvečka u obliku dviju bočno spojenih ptica ( vjeroj~llnu pou·k) s dugim vra to\'ima i nogama le kratkim kljunovima. Svaka ptica ima po jednu nogu. Tijela su perforirana, a u unutrašnjosti je sYake ptice po j edna kltglica.
Dat.: 6. st. pr. Kr. Lit.: ŠIM!C 1995, 49.
3.J. RATTT.E unknouw sire, br1m~e: H. 7, 7 cm, L 4,7 cm,· restaumter" MSO, iuv. 1616
11~
6 cm;
.-1 raft/e ill the shape of Mo birds (JJrolwbly a stone curlew) joined at tlu? sides, u·itlt long necks cmd legs. mul ~hort beaks. The birds ltm·e one leg eaclt. Tite bodie~· are peiforated. anci in tite imerior of eadt bird t!tere is a S/11(11/ ball.
Dat.: 6'' cenlttn· BC Bibi.: SIMIĆ t9!J5. 49.
bel~)'.
2. Stalalordered by two eanna/ures.
.!.S. 35. ŠALICA Sotin, Vulwvar (3), sl uč:tj ni n alaz; keramil\a: Yis. 3,8 cm, 0 trbuha 6 cm, 0ot\ OnJ6, 1 cm; MSO, in v. 2862
35. CUP
35.
čen .
Small cup trit!t a rounded be/~1: and a raised hane/le connecting the rim with tite tnmsition of tite neck into tire be/Ir. Tite neck is !tig/t and ilte rim i~ evarted.
Dat.: 6. - 5. st. pr. Kr. Lir.: Neobjavljeno.
Bih/. : Unpublislted.
Sotin, Vu/rQI'{/1' (3), accirlaut(l/./iml; potfety: ll. 3,8 cm, f2J ofbef(t• 6 cm, f2J of mouth 6, 1 cm; MSO, im•. 2862
or
Mala šal ica zaobljemt trbuha, s visokom ručkom koja spaja mb otvora s prijcla7.0m vra ta u trbuh. Vrat je visok, a ntb otvora izvu-
Dat.: 6"'- 5'' Cl?//[ ll/)' BC
.J..~·.
S. M. 33. FIGURICA .JELENA Sotin, Vukovar (3), slu čaj ni nalaz; bronca: vis. 6,6 cm, duž. 8,4 cm; resta 11rirano, MSO, inv. 1164
33. FIGURINE OF A STAG Sotin, Vukovar (3}, accidenwl find; bmu za: H. 6, 6 cm, L. 8,4 cm; resraurated, MSO. ilm 1164
33.
Stilizirana figt•rica jelena s odlomljcnim rogov ima.
Stylised figurine of a slag u•ith bmken oj)'antlers.
Dat.: 6. st. pr. Kr. Li r.: ŠIMlC 1995, 4&.
Dat.: 6'' ce11tury BC Bib/.: Sli\ti!Ć IY95. 48.
J.S.
274
36. POSUDA S RUČKAMA Solin, Vukovar (3), s l učajni na laz; l<eramikfl: vis. 6 cm, 0 t rbuh a 8,2 cm , 0 ntmra 6,8 cm; MSO, in v. 2866
36. VESSEL WITH lfANDLES Sotin, Vuliol'llr (3). ucddantal.fiud; poltetJ•: H. 6 cm, J2J of belly ll, l cm, 0ofmoutfl 6,8 cm; J11SO, ilr v. 2866
36.
Mala bikonična posuda s ručka ma koje uadvist~ju rub otvora. Gornji dio trbuha ukrašen JC okomitim snopovima kanelura. odvojenih 5 po jednim oktuglim udubljenjem.
Small bicouica/ t'essel trirh Ilondies exftmdirtg abm·e tite rim. Tha upper part oftite bel~" i.~ t!ewrated with Fertica/ bands of C(/11· ue/ures. separated wit!t a mund indematiou.
Dar.: 6. - 5. st. pr. Kr. Lit.: ŠIM IĆ 1995.60.
Dal.: 6•• - 5'•' cenili/T BC Bibi.: Š/Ml( 1995.'60.
J .Š.
275
Dalj Group
Grupa Dalj
3 7. SELECTION FROM GRAVE Osijek- Hospital/Surgery Ward (!O), su/vage excavatiou in 1988, iuciuemtion g mve Dat.: 6'b - s·~ Cell/lilJI BC Bibi.: ŠIMIĆ 2001, 36.
37. (ZBOR lZ GROBA Osij ek - Boluica/Kirurgija (tO), zaštitno iskopavanje 1988., žarni grob Dat.: 6. - 5. st pr. Kr.
Lit.: ŠIM I Ć 2001, 36.
37.1.
resta tlrirano, MSO, inv. P-1897
l. Cup, potte1y: H. 5,9 cm, 0 ofbelly 9,5 cm , 0 of moutlt 7, 7 cm; restaurated, MSO, inv. P-1897
Mala šalica zaobljena n·buha i izražena vrata, s ručkom što malo nadvisuje rub otvora. Rub otvora je izvučen.
Small cup with a rounded belly, tl prominellf neck and a hand/e extending slightly ahave tlu: everted rim.
Li!.: ŠIMIĆ 200 1, 36.
Bibi. : ŠIMIĆ 200/, 36.
l. Šalica, keramika : vis. 5,9 cm,
0 t r buha 9,5 c m, 0 otvora 7,7 cm;
37.2.
kera mika: vis. 14,5 cm , 0 trbuha 2 1 cm, 0 otvora 14,6 cm; restau rira no, MSO, inv. P-1898
2. Ve~>selwit/1 haud/es, potte1y: H. 14,5 cm, 0 of bel~)' 21 cm, 0 ofmoufh 14,6 cm; restaurated, i\1/SO, i u v. P-1898
Bikon ična posuda s dvjema profiliranim ručkama što malo nadvisuju rub otvora. Trbuh je ukrašen rijetkim i vTIO blagim okomitim rebrima
Biconical vessel ll'itll flVO proji/ec/ handles extending slightZr above the rim. The be/ly is decorated with tlliu~y scallered vertical ribs in low reli1~_(
Lit: ŠIMIĆ 1995, 45; ŠIM1Ć 200 l, 34-35.
Bib/. : ŠIMIĆ /995, 45; ŠIMIĆ 2001. 34-35.
2. Posuda s
ručkama,
39. POSUDA S RUČKOM Oaljslselwit/1 haud/es, potte1y: H. 14,5 cm, 0 of bel~)' 21 cm, 0 ofmoufh 14,6 cm; restaurated, i\1/SO, i u v. P-1898
Bikon ična posuda s dvjema profiliranim ručkama što malo nadvisuju rub otvora. Trbuh je ukrašen rijetkim i vTIO blagim okomitim rebrima
Biconical vessel ll'itll flVO proji/ec/ handles extending slightZr above the rim. The be/ly is decorated with tlliu~y scallered vertical ribs in low reli1~_(
Lit: ŠIMIĆ 1995, 45; ŠIM1Ć 200 l, 34-35.
Bib/. : ŠIMIĆ /995, 45; ŠIMIĆ 2001. 34-35.
2. Posuda s
ručkama,
39. POSUDA S RUČKOM Oaljsl markers 11'rtical ribs tmclerneath rhe opening for lwfiing. On tire rig/11 side ~·w:face tlrere are Mo market:~ .for precision fiuing o( tire mould hah•es.
l O. Polovica kalupa, lu1me n p.ieščenjak: duž. 8 cm, šit·. 5,6 cm, deb. 3,6 cm ; G MV ž, inv. A 6548
l O. Half nf a m ou/t!, SallrfSI{)IIe: L. 8 C/111 fV. 5,6 cm, 1: 3,6 cm; GMVž, itm A 6548
U kalupu su sc lijevali mali čeki kakvi su sc u metalurgiji upotreblja,·alt za finu obradu bronča noga lima. Na desnoj su bočnoj ploh1 marke .c:a poklapanje dviJu polovica kalupa. Na radnoj površini vide se tragovi nasta li djelovanjem vruće slitine.
The mould wa~ used for castin.~ small hammt>rs tlwt were used in merul/urgy .for rhe preds1011 ~t·nrking of sheet bron:e. Ou the right sidt> .~w.face there are markers for /iuing the Mo ha/res of the mould. The working smjhce hears traces produced by /rot mo/ten liquid.
ći
289
Grupa A!artijnnec=---'~.::.:n::.rtical ribs tmclerneath rhe opening for lwfiing. On tire rig/11 side ~·w:face tlrere are Mo market:~ .for precision fiuing o( tire mould hah•es.
l O. Polovica kalupa, lu1me n p.ieščenjak: duž. 8 cm, šit·. 5,6 cm, deb. 3,6 cm ; G MV ž, inv. A 6548
l O. Half nf a m ou/t!, SallrfSI{)IIe: L. 8 C/111 fV. 5,6 cm, 1: 3,6 cm; GMVž, itm A 6548
U kalupu su sc lijevali mali čeki kakvi su sc u metalurgiji upotreblja,·alt za finu obradu bronča noga lima. Na desnoj su bočnoj ploh1 marke .c:a poklapanje dviJu polovica kalupa. Na radnoj površini vide se tragovi nasta li djelovanjem vruće slitine.
The mould wa~ used for castin.~ small hammt>rs tlwt were used in merul/urgy .for rhe preds1011 ~t·nrking of sheet bron:e. Ou the right sidt> .~w.face there are markers for /iuing the Mo ha/res of the mould. The working smjhce hears traces produced by /rot mo/ten liquid.
ći
289
Gmpa Martij(lllf!c-Kaptol
___ -- -- - - __ _ _ _,- - -- - - - - - --
1.11.
1.12.
1.1 3.
1.14.
~ , , ,, 'l~
'-
290
ll. Polovica kalupa, l>ameo pješčenjak: duž. 10,6 cm, šir. 5 cm, dcb. 3 cm; oštećeni negativ, GMVž, inv. A 6547
JI. lin If of a m ou/tl, .'inlldSIOI/e: L. 10.6 cm, H~ 5 cm, T. 3 cm ,· damaged ueg(l/h•e, GMVž, ilm A 6547
Jez&'l·enik j e sastavni d1o kalupa za lijevanje brončanih dlijeta s tuljccm za nasad. Na desnoj su boćnoj plohi dvije marke 7.a precizno poklapanje obiju polovica kalupa.
The mould half i~ a11 imegral part of a muuld for casting bro11:e chisel:. 1rifh a ~lw{t for /uiftiug. 011 the right side swj"ace there are two markers for precision .fiuiug of the two mould hah•e.'i.
t2. PokJopac kalu pa, keramilm: duž. 12,3 cm, šir. 6,5 cm, deb. 3 cm; GMVž, iov. A 4727
J2. Mould /itl, poltery: L. 12,3 c:m, H~ 6,5 cm, T. 3 cm; GMJil, iu1•. A 4727
Cetvrtasti poklopac za prekrivanje jednodjjelnoga kalupa. Donja ploha pažljivo zaglađena. Bridovi su gomje plohe faeetirani. Poklopac vjerojamo nije bio upotrijebljen. jer nema tragova djelovanja slitine.
Rectangular lid for cuveri11g a une-p1ece mould. The lower surfllce i.s care.fill(l' smuothed. The rm1s of the upper 'iwface are joceted. The lid was probably uot used, because there are 110 traces o/the actwu of ca.'it metal.
13. PokJopae kalupa ili j ednodijelnj ll - Čemern ica (21), sust.l\110 istražhanje 1971., grob l. tumul X li Dat 7 st. pr. Kr.
"·:l
(2 5), ~ptenwtic e.\·ca••atiou iu 1975, destmyed grm•e, tumul11s ll Dat. 7 ceulmT BC Bll>l.. Uupuhli.~lted. Goričan
8.1 6.
Zdjela, kera mika: \iS. 9,6 cm, 0 trbuJ1 a 24 cm. 0 otvora 27 cm; AMZ, im·. 19912
Bnil'/, ptJtlet:r: 11. 9,6 cm, 0 of bel~t· 2./ cm, 0 ofmtmt!J 27 cm; AMZ, im~ 19912
Zdjela 'S' profilacije na niskoj prstenastoj nozi. Obod je laeetiran s unu trašnje strane i ho1i 1.ontalno 7ara vnjcn na rubu. na kojemu su si metrično postavlje11a četiri roščićl.. Uupuhli.~lted. Goričan
8.1 6.
Zdjela, kera mika: \iS. 9,6 cm, 0 trbuJ1 a 24 cm. 0 otvora 27 cm; AMZ, im·. 19912
Bnil'/, ptJtlet:r: 11. 9,6 cm, 0 of bel~t· 2./ cm, 0 ofmtmt!J 27 cm; AMZ, im~ 19912
Zdjela 'S' profilacije na niskoj prstenastoj nozi. Obod je laeetiran s unu trašnje strane i ho1i 1.ontalno 7ara vnjcn na rubu. na kojemu su si metrično postavlje11a četiri roščićutml decomfioli c:o11sists of a groo1·ed spiral.
Lar?.e gmpltire-coated um with protome.t o(hu1'i11es on the 1·/wuldet: The e;·erted rim is flallened. Tite neck u'ident 10 o l;i,f!,h !Jelly.
){l.
• ••
2. Privjesci,
o
•
o
o
bronca: 0 1 cm; restaurirano, AMZ, im•. 11380 Lit.: VEJVODA- MIRNIK 1971. T. Vl: ll; VENO DA MIRNfK. 1973, T. 3: 9.
2. Pent!tmt~, lwnu:.c: 01 cm; rcsuwmtetl. AMZ. itm 11380 Bibi.: 1'1:.:/I'ODA- \1/RV/K /971. Pl. 1'1: ll : I'E.II'ODA- i\1/RN/K 1973. Pl 3: 9.
Mali brončani košarasti privjesci ili okovi ( ll ). Dio koji je dolazio do izražaja na opremi košarasto je zadebljan.
Small ha:Jt..er-slwped pem/aws or jiflings (ll). Tl11: pm·r that u·as ••isible on the hm·11es.~ is thickent:d.
Ovalni privjesak s konjske opreme po či tavu rubu ukrašen krestastim izbočenjima. Cetiri lije-
vana ra7.\'0dnika remenja s konJske opreme u obliku rozet~ s ažumanim središnjim dijelom te s laticama po 111bu.
2. Pendant and .stmp :;·epamtors from ltorse lwmess, bronze: 0 rosette 6,8- 7,1 cm, pem/ant L. 6,3 cm, pendant IV. 5, l cm; AMZ. itt v. 11532, 11531 (4x)
Bib/.. I'EJI'ODA - .11/R.NJK 1971. Pl X/11: 3-4: VEII'ODA ,\JJR/1./K 1973. Pl 7· 6-7.
0l'CI! pendam (rom horse flarne.u. clt•(·ormeti along the emire edge ll'illt crest-like IJIVfl'll.tions. Four cast ~trap .tep(lra/urs (rom ft horse hamess in l he shape o/Cl rowlfe ll'it!t the cemml lun·r m npemt·ork and pnal.~ ctlong the rim.
S. M. lJ. IZ BOR rz GROBA l(aptol - Cemcrnica (21 ), sustavno iskopavanje 1970., grob 2, tumul IX Dat . 7. Sl. pr. Kr. Lli Vf.JVOD/\- MIRNTK 1971, 198; VE.IVODA- MIRt-;![( 1973. T. 7: l.
IL 9.2.
2. Pri vj esak i ra7.\'0dnici remenja s konjske opreme, bronca: 0 •·ozeta 6.8 - 7,1 cm, dužina pri,·jeska 6,3 cm, ~irina prhjeslndJ i:; decorated ll'ith plastic lugs. The s hears are decorated in opemmrk u·ith j i1·e .teries of tricmgles.
,.;;,g
S.M.
10. IZBOR JZ G ROB A ly nm groo1·ed lines. The decnrmion is posirioned in the middle o/ tite bel~l' in meropes separated ll'ith plastic ribs. /11 the CP/I fre uf the mel011e.\ arc prutom es· ofb<wine.~. u·lu'ch rise ahot'e th e grnn 1•ed spira/mot{/.~. ln the melopc.t ll'ithour l he protumes. the cc>utml decomfioli c:o11sists of a groo1·ed spiral.
Lar?.e gmpltire-coated um with protome.t o(hu1'i11es on the 1·/wuldet: The e;·erted rim is flallened. Tite neck u'ident 10 o l;i,f!,h !Jelly.
){l.
• ••
2. Privjesci,
o
•
o
o
bronca: 0 1 cm; restaurirano, AMZ, im•. 11380 Lit.: VEJVODA- MIRNIK 1971. T. Vl: ll; VENO DA MIRNfK. 1973, T. 3: 9.
2. Pent!tmt~, lwnu:.c: 01 cm; rcsuwmtetl. AMZ. itm 11380 Bibi.: 1'1:.:/I'ODA- \1/RV/K /971. Pl. 1'1: ll : I'E.II'ODA- i\1/RN/K 1973. Pl 3: 9.
Mali brončani košarasti privjesci ili okovi ( ll ). Dio koji je dolazio do izražaja na opremi košarasto je zadebljan.
Small ha:Jt..er-slwped pem/aws or jiflings (ll). Tl11: pm·r that u·as ••isible on the hm·11es.~ is thickent:d.
Ovalni privjesak s konjske opreme po či tavu rubu ukrašen krestastim izbočenjima. Cetiri lije-
vana ra7.\'0dnika remenja s konJske opreme u obliku rozet~ s ažumanim središnjim dijelom te s laticama po 111bu.
2. Pendant and .stmp :;·epamtors from ltorse lwmess, bronze: 0 rosette 6,8- 7,1 cm, pem/ant L. 6,3 cm, pendant IV. 5, l cm; AMZ. itt v. 11532, 11531 (4x)
Bib/.. I'EJI'ODA - .11/R.NJK 1971. Pl X/11: 3-4: VEII'ODA ,\JJR/1./K 1973. Pl 7· 6-7.
0l'CI! pendam (rom horse flarne.u. clt•(·ormeti along the emire edge ll'illt crest-like IJIVfl'll.tions. Four cast ~trap .tep(lra/urs (rom ft horse hamess in l he shape o/Cl rowlfe ll'it!t the cemml lun·r m npemt·ork and pnal.~ ctlong the rim.
S. M. lJ. IZ BOR rz GROBA l(aptol - Cemcrnica (21 ), sustavno iskopavanje 1970., grob 2, tumul IX Dat . 7. Sl. pr. Kr. Lli Vf.JVOD/\- MIRNTK 1971, 198; VE.IVODA- MIRt-;![( 1973. T. 7: l.
IL 9.2.
2. Pri vj esak i ra7.\'0dnici remenja s konjske opreme, bronca: 0 •·ozeta 6.8 - 7,1 cm, dužina pri,·jeska 6,3 cm, ~irina prhjeslndJ i:; decorated ll'ith plastic lugs. The s hears are decorated in opemmrk u·ith j i1·e .teries of tricmgles.
,.;;,g
S.M.
10. IZBOR JZ G ROB A l ben1·een rhe 1rarr-/ike thickenings. The ll'orkmtmsllip is}ine. rhe lm/ls III'C' thin and coated in gmphite
19. I'O SUDICA Svett Petar Ludbrešlcting both parts.
Dut.: 7.- 6. st. pr. Kr. Lit.: VINSK I-GASPARINI 19R7,
Dat.: 7''- 6'' centmJ' BC Bibi.: VINSKI-GASPARINI 1987. Pl. XXITI: 9.
Dat.: 7"' centun· BC Bib/. : Unpuhli.~hed
T. XXIII: 9. M. S.
17. APLIKAC IJ A Sigetcc - Lol ben1·een rhe 1rarr-/ike thickenings. The ll'orkmtmsllip is}ine. rhe lm/ls III'C' thin and coated in gmphite
19. I'O SUDICA Svett Petar Ludbrešlcting both parts.
Dut.: 7.- 6. st. pr. Kr. Lit.: VINSK I-GASPARINI 19R7,
Dat.: 7''- 6'' centmJ' BC Bibi.: VINSKI-GASPARINI 1987. Pl. XXITI: 9.
Dat.: 7"' centun· BC Bib/. : Unpuhli.~hed
T. XXIII: 9. M. S.
17. APLIKAC IJ A Sigetcc - Loln grm•c of a borse Dat.: 6"" centun· BC Bib/.: $/AIEK j998: SllvfEK 2001.
l. Arrmv-l!eads, boue: L. 4 - 5 cm, ll~ 1,3- 2, 7 cm,
T. 0,2 - 0,3 011 1' two completely preservetl specimens (A 5701, A 5702). the reuwinder dtmwged, GMVž, im•. A 5701 -A 5705, A 5 70 7, A 5709 Cult tl!ree-harhed ta11ged arroll'heads (7), decm·oted ill I'(JI'ious combiuatious of large and small cmtcentric circles. The decoration is incisetl aud jilled ll'irlt hlack incmsratiOII. ft cowtrs tite entire ji·o111 .H l/face. Tite back s111jiu.:es are 1101 decorated.
305
Grupa Martijanec-Kaptol
26.2.
2. Ko lut, bronca: 0 4,4 cm. deb. 0,6 eru; GMVž, inv. A 6564
2. Honp
Masivni. lijevani kolut na vanjskoj strani profilu'3n i ukrc1šen gustim zupčastim urezima. Ovak\ i kolutovi često su pripadali konjskoj opremi.
Solid cast hoop. profi/ed 011 the outer sule mul decormed with dfmse serrated i11cisio11s. Similar hoops fi"equeiiiZr helnngetl tn a hone hamess.
3. Kolutovi, bronca: 0 2,3- 2,7 cm, deb. 0,4 - 0,6 cm ; dva pl"imjerl{a :tnat no oštećena (A 6562 f, A 6563 a), GMVi, in v. A 6562 a-r, A 6563
3. /loops,
hron~e:
26.(1
0 4,-1 cm, T. 0.6 cm;
GM l ':., ilm A 656J
26.7.
26.3.
26.4.
26.5.
...
306
_ __ _ __1\t/artijanec-Kaptol Gnnp_
- - - - -- - - - - - -
bm me: 0 2,3 - 2, 7 cm, T. ().4- 0,6 Cl/lj
•
two specimens hm•e s·ig nifiwnt damttges (A 6562 j ; A 6563 a), GM~. iul'. A 6562 a-f, A 6563
Lijevani kolutovi (7) gotovo istih dimenzija. ukrašeni na isti način. Vanjska profilirana strana ukrašena je rebrom sa sitnim zupča stim urezima. Jedino se 11a oštećenome prim;erku A 6562 a ne vidi proftlacija. Kolutovi su mo7da dijelovi konj~ke opreme.
Castltoops (7) o/'11enr~r identicftl dimensio11s. dccm·med in an iclettltcal fasltioll. The outer profiled side is clecorated with a rib carryin~ tin.l' $l'rrated incisions·. The projila1tnn it not l"isihle o1111' 011 thl' damaged .tpecimen A 6562 tt. The lumps may hm·e belonged to a horse ltamess.
4. Dugmad - privj esci, bronca: vjs. 1,8 cm, 0 1,5 cm, 0 donjega dijela l cm; neki primjerci ošteće ni gurtmjcm, GMVž, inv. A 6549 a-o
.J. Buttn11s- pe11dtmts, hto11~e: H. l ,IJ cm, 01,5 cm, 0 of tite lm l'er part l cm; seveta/ spedmeu.~ damaged by bumiug, GNfl'ž. ill l'. A 6549 n-n
Lijevana ukrasna dugmad (J 5) l l obliku vaze bikonična probušena tijela. Donji je dio prstenaslo i7vučen. Trakasta alka za provlačcnjc uzice ili remena uglato je oblikovana. Dugmad je vjerojatno pripadala konjskoj opremi.
Cast dectwatil •e bu/Ions ( 15) in the shape o( a biconi edges are decomted with lill)" ublique incisions. Similar pc'IJdmus u·ere .fi-equem~r finmtl in the gru1·e:; uf Scythia11 II'Orrinr.~. They hung 011 the haud.~ used to(asten the u arrior ~Ilin - ormow; and they ore most~~ .fowul with parts of the .~cale an nour.~.
plučica sa zall-slwped penda11/.\ {3) Tlu: crlill(/rical bodt· is ho/Inu· mul :;:otm!wlwt ll·ir/~11ed 111 the mititi/e Next w the upper mtd lower rwts there are ring-like tltickl?ning.~ dec01·ated with short t•ertical mul oblique i11cision.~.
7. Privj csci,
7. /'e/1//IIIIIS, H. 1,3- 1,5 cm, 0 of rire upper part O, 7 cm. 0oftl!e lowerpurt 1,4 -1,5 c:m; CIMVf., ilm A 6555, A 6556, A 6557
h ronen : vis. l ,3 - 1,5 cm, 0 gornjega dijela 0,7 cm, 0 donjega dijela 1.4- 1,5 cm; GMVž, in v. A 6555, 1\ 6556, A6557 Lijevani pnvjeSCI (3) konična oblika. okomito prošupf;enn tijda. Jedan je primjcraJ.. gladak {A 6557). dok druga dva ima;u tijelo prekrh eno gustim horizontalnnn urc/11\la. Rubo' i Ml ukrašen• vrlo sitnun kosim urez111111. Ovakvi privjesci če5t su nalat u grobo\ima sk11sk1h ratnika. Vtsjeli :.u na trukama kojima sc 7atvarala 'ojmčka košul;a - ukloJl. tc sc uglavnom nalaze uz dijelovc ljuskastih oklopa.
8.
Pločice
ljusl edges are decomted with lill)" ublique incisions. Similar pc'IJdmus u·ere .fi-equem~r finmtl in the gru1·e:; uf Scythia11 II'Orrinr.~. They hung 011 the haud.~ used to(asten the u arrior ~Ilin - ormow; and they ore most~~ .fowul with parts of the .~cale an nour.~.
plučica sa zal
četvrtastom
pločicom ,
bronca: d už. 0,5- l ,7 cm, duž. pločice l - 1,3 cm, š ir. p ločice 0,7 - l ,S cm; Gi\'IVž, inv. A 6S76 a-c, A 6584 Zakovice (4) s četvrtastim nepravilnim pločicama. tijelo okrugla presjeka. Na donjem dijelu p l oči ce jt!dnoga pri mjerka očuvani su tragovi drveta.
Elongated plmes (4) o{an identical rype: each has jour small Cll'cular holes in the comers. Onl! plate is damaged. mul another one hus a jlaw: a ho/e pe1jorated 011 the vel)' rim.
Large rivet ll'ith u conicul head under which there is u rectangular plate. The bo1~1' i.1 long um/ oi a circular section. There is a large jlm piece of imn swck 011 Ille river.
ln·nn~e:
plučicom,
bronca: d už. 5,7 cm, 0 glavice l ,J cm, 0 tijela 0,5 cm; GMVž in v. A 6580
a. ll Uls~·ive rh•et, bron:e: L 5.7 cm, 0 of lu.wd 1,3 cm, 0 ofbody 0,5 cm; GM V: ilm A 6580
and a rive!,
li vu plmes ( 19). identical ro the hronze ones in shape and dimensions. Three small circular holes are placed next 10 the upper rim. and one next to the right .~ide rim
a. masivna zakovica,
9. Rh·ets,
e. recuwgular p/mes, brou:.e: L 1. 7 cm. lE 2,2 - 3 cm, T. 0,05 cm ; GMVf., inv. A. 6570 a-d
sh eet metal band
L. 3 cm , H