Nearsightedness - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

NEARSIGHTEDNESS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Nearsightedness: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84526-3 1. Nearsightedness-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on nearsightedness. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON NEARSIGHTEDNESS ................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Nearsightedness ............................................................................ 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 8 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND NEARSIGHTEDNESS ......................................................................... 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Finding Nutrition Studies on Nearsightedness ........................................................................... 25 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 30 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND NEARSIGHTEDNESS................................................... 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 33 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 40 General References ....................................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND NEARSIGHTEDNESS ............................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Recent Trials on Nearsightedness ................................................................................................ 41 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 43 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON NEARSIGHTEDNESS ............................................................................... 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Patents on Nearsightedness ......................................................................................................... 45 Patent Applications on Nearsightedness ..................................................................................... 61 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON NEARSIGHTEDNESS ................................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 67 Chapters on Nearsightedness ....................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON NEARSIGHTEDNESS ..................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 71 Academic Periodicals covering Nearsightedness ......................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 75 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 76 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 79 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 81 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 83 The Genome Project and Nearsightedness ................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 89 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 96 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 99

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Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 99 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 99 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 105 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 106 NEARSIGHTEDNESS DICTIONARY ...................................................................................... 107 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 141

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with nearsightedness is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about nearsightedness, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to nearsightedness, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on nearsightedness. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to nearsightedness, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on nearsightedness. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON NEARSIGHTEDNESS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on nearsightedness.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and nearsightedness, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “nearsightedness” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Surgery to Correct Nearsightedness Still Experimental Source: Diabetes in the News. 10(6): 41. December 1991. Contact: Available from Ames Center for Diabetes Education. Ames Division, Miles Laboratories, P.O. Box 3115, Elkhart, IN 46515. (312) 664-9782 or (800) 324-8100. Summary: This brief article presents information on a new surgical technique used to correct nearsightedness, called radial keratotomy (RK). Although not really new (the procedure has been around for over 20 years), RK is undergoing a resurgence of interest. The author reviews the requirements for patient selection for RK; notes the expected results of the surgery; how RK affects contact lens wear; and explains the newer procedure of RK with the excimer laser beam.

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Federally Funded Research on Nearsightedness The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to nearsightedness. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to nearsightedness. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore nearsightedness. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for nearsightedness: •

Project Title: ACCOMODATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF REFRACTIVE STATE Principal Investigator & Institution: Troilo, David B.; Associate Professor; Biosciences and Disease; New England College of Optometry 424 Beacon St Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): Myopia (nearsightedness) is on the rise around the world and in the United States. It affects tens of millions of Americans and, in progressive forms, is a leading cause of blindness. Earlier research with humans and experimental animal models has made it clear that the postnatal development of the eye and refractive state involves a combination of genetic and visual factors. The rise in incidence of human myopia has been associated with increases in literacy and levels of education, although the nature of the relationship is unclear. Research using animal models has established that visual stimuli related to retinal defocus regulate eye growth and refractive state. The studies described in this proposal use various visual manipulations to explore the temporal integration of visual stimuli that affect eye growth and the biochemical mechanisms that may underlie these changes. The following questions are asked: (1) How does the eye temporally integrate different visual stimuli for the regulation of eye growth? To answer this, the investigators will contrast the effects of different states of defocus or deprivation with corrected or clear vision and examine the stimulus durations necessary to elicit different ocular growth responses. (2) Do ocular circadian rhythms in IOP, axial length and choroid thickness play a role in the regulation of ocular growth? Specifically, the investigators will examine the phase relationships between these different rhythms during induced changes in ocular growth rate. (3) How do the temporal pattern and accuracy of accommodation affect the degree of blur experienced during near work tasks and when viewing through negative power spectacle lenses? These measures of accommodative behavior will then be correlated with the degree of experimental myopia induced. (4) What are the changes in scleral extracellular matrix during experimentally induced changes in ocular growth, and how are they controlled? Using ocular tissues from the

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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other experiments, the investigators will quantify changes in scleral extracellular components and correlate them with visually induced increases and decreases in ocular growth rate. In addition, the possibility that retinoic acid synthesis by the choroids/RPE plays a role in the signal cascade from retina to sclera will be explored. This project will bring together several lines of investigation to help answer important questions relating to how myopia develops in response to altered visual experience. These studies will provide new information for understanding the association of near work, such as reading, and the development of myopia in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETICS OF MYOPIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Young, Terri L.; Associate Professor; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: Dr. Terri Young is a pediatric ophthalmologist and Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Minnesota. This award will enhance the candidate's potential for success by providing support for investigations into the molecular genetics of exaggerate eye growth, or myopia. Myopia, or nearsightedness is a refractive condition of the eyes with high incidence in the United States and one of the leading causes of blindness. Severe myopia predisposes the eye to glaucoma, macular degeneration, and retinal detachment. Genetic and environmental influences have been implicated, but specific factors responsible for myopia in humans have not bee identified. Several studies support the hypothesis that heredity is a major factor. In order to better understand the molecular genetics of myopia, we propose to characterize potential genetic factors of myopia through family studies with genome screening and linkage analysis. The overall goal of this proposal is to map genes responsible for familial severe myopia. Currently, 51 families have been recruited with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance of severe myopia (refractive error less than or equal to 6.00 diopters). Highly informative short tandem repeat polymorphisms have been utilized to confirm linkage and subsequently narrow the chromosomal region of interest. Significant linkage (Lod score= 6.24) has been identified at a locus on chromosome 18 in 8 families. Recently, significant linkage has been identified at a second locus on chromosome 12 (Lod score = 3.01) in one large multigeneration family. These potential candidate regions for myopia, as well as others that may be identified with the genome screen will be examined for mutations. This project is important to further our understanding of the molecular genetics of myopia, and may be generalized to enhance out understanding of the mechanisms of eye growth, whether normal, diminished, or excessive. Dr. Young's career goal is to flourish as a clinical scientist, with an established independent laboratory program in ophthalmic genetics. Dr. Richard king, the proposed sponsor, has extensive experience in the genetic analysis of complex diseases. The co-sponsors in this proposal will provide expertise in molecular genetics, ophthalmic genetics, and statistical analysis and epidemiology. With the support of the Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award, the candidate will obtain a solid foundation in molecular genetics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MYOPIA AND OCULAR GROWTH--NEURAL MECHANISMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stone, Richard A.; Professor; Ophthalmology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1990; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's abstract): The proposed research seeks further clarification of neural and/or pharmacological mechanisms regulating postnatal ocular growth and influencing the development of refractive errors, particularly myopia (nearsightedness). In chick and mammals including man, vision-dependent feedback mechanisms influence postnatal ocular growth, hence implicating neural mechanisms in the control of refraction. Much evidence identifies the retina itself as exerting the dominant influence on eye growth and refraction, with perhaps some modulation from other components of the nervous system. We seek enhanced understanding of the nature and interaction of the neural mechanisms influencing postnatal eye growth and refractive status. Using the chick as a model, studies will be directed to the following specific aims: 1) define further the cholinergic mechanisms modulating eye growth and refraction; 2) understand the role of light and dark in influencing postnatal eye development; 3) further clarify retinal mechanisms modulating eye growth, emphasizing the role of GABA; 4) establish interactions of the multiple neuroreceptor systems that modulate eye growth; and 5) identify neural mechanisms controlling the shape of the eye and its components, as distinct from axial length and refraction alone. Past research conducted under this grant has impacted significantly in this field: stimulating other research programs; opening possibilities for clinical drug therapies, one of which is now under active study in children; and suggesting novel directions to seek potential risk factors for clinical myopia. We hope that our studies will continue to lead to improved understanding of ocular growth and ultimately towards rational approaches to prevent refractive errors in children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PATHOBIOLOGY OF CORNEAL DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Farthing-Nayak, Pamela J.; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Keratoconus, an inherited corneal dystrophy which is characterized by progressive stromal thinning, severe nearsightedness, irregular astigmatism and scarring in the visual axes, is a leading cause of corneal transplantation in the US. Despite years of investigation into the genetics and biochemistry of keratoconus, we are only beginning to understand the primary causes and secondary pathobiology of this complex disease. Current investigations have targeted specific groups of molecules, and several labs have recently initiated studies to examine diseasespecific changes in gene expression at the RNA level. However RNA and protein expression levels rarely correlate because of differences in synthesis and degradation rates, especially in a transcriptionally static tissue such as cornea. The ultimate function of the gene resides in the protein, and this function can be modulated by posttranslational modifications such as alternative glycosylation and phosphorylation. Recent advances in 2D gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and proteomic bioinformatics have made it feasible for small academics labs to utilize proteomic technology. In addition to comparing relative expression levels of proteins in a mixed population, 2D gel electrophoresis also provides insight into the post-translational modifications of these proteins. The specific goal of this pilot and feasibility RO3 grant application is to use modern proteomic techniques to elucidate novel proteins whose expression is altered relative to controls in keratoconus. These proteins will be Identified using mass spectrometry, amino acid sequencing and proteomic database comparisons. Proteins which are not represented in public sequence databases will be further

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characterized by cDNA cloning. Identified proteins will be grouped into expression profiles according to possible roles in the pathobiology of this disease. It is expected that this pilot project will lead to the acquisition of a body of data which will significantly enhance our understanding of the pathobiology of corneal disease. This body of data will be made accessible to the community using a web-based interactive 2D database of corneal proteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VISION RESEARCH--BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY MODULE Principal Investigator & Institution: Zadnik, Karla S.; Glenn A. Fry Professor of Optometry And; None; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 25-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This grant proposal is designed to further the development of our Optometry Coordinating Center. This Center began with 4+ years of funding from Clinical Vision Research Development Award (R21) in 1998. Since then, our clinical vision research program has expanded to include eight eligible awards and seven principal investigators who could benefit from an established core module in the area of biostatistics/epidemiology. We have recruited a epidemiologist and two biostatisticians who provide ongoing support for the following NEI-funded studies: the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study (U10-EY10419, funded 1991-2006, Pl=Zadnik); the Berkeley Infant Biometry Study (R01-EY11801, funded 1997-2004, PI=Mutti); the Study of Progression of Adult Nearsightedness (R01-EY12952, funded 2001-2006, PI=Bullimore); the Contact Lens and Myopia Progression (CLAMP) Study (K23-EY00383, funded 1997-2003, PI=Walline); a study of dry eye in menopausal women conducted in conjunction with the Women's Health Initiative at Ohio State (K23-EY00393, funded 2001-2004, PI=Nichols, K.), a study of contact lens-related dry eye (K23-EY13766, funded 2002-2007, PI=Nichols, J), and the CLEK Photography Reading Center (U10-EY10069, funded 1994-2004, PI=Barr), as well as providing consultant support for faculty members developing research ideas for possible funding and assisting Master's and doctoral level graduate students in vision science with study design and data analysis. The Optometry Coordinating Center is funded on these various grants with partial effort allocated to our epidemiologists and biostatisticians, in addition, the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial, funded initially through an NEI planning grant with OSU as the coordinating center, was submitted as a full-scale study June 1, 2002, and the Low Vision Intervention Study, also funded with an NEI planning grant, is regrouping for its next grant submission. The funding of this core module in epidemiology/ biostatistics would enable us to provide ongoing support for a team of an epidemiologist and 2.5 biostatisticians to continue to support these studies, future clinical research grant submissions, graduate students' work, and pilot studies conducted by unfunded faculty to facilitate grant proposals to NIH, NSF and the ophthalmic industry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “nearsightedness” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for nearsightedness in the PubMed Central database: •

Retinal dopamine and form-deprivation myopia. by Stone RA, Lin T, Laties AM, Iuvone PM.; 1989 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=286542

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with nearsightedness, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “nearsightedness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for nearsightedness (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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A look at slowing progression of myopia. Author(s): Choo V. Source: Lancet. 2003 May 10; 361(9369): 1622-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12747886

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A randomized clinical trial of progressive addition lenses versus single vision lenses on the progression of myopia in children. Author(s): Gwiazda J, Hyman L, Hussein M, Everett D, Norton TT, Kurtz D, Leske MC, Manny R, Marsh-Tootle W, Scheiman M. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 April; 44(4): 1492-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12657584

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A randomized trial of rigid gas permeable contact lenses to reduce progression of children's myopia. Author(s): Katz J, Schein OD, Levy B, Cruiscullo T, Saw SM, Rajan U, Chan TK, Yew Khoo C, Chew SJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 July; 136(1): 82-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12834674

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A synopsis of the prevalence rates and environmental risk factors for myopia. Author(s): Saw SM. Source: Clinical & Experimental Optometry : Journal of the Australian Optometrical Association. 2003 September; 86(5): 289-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14558850

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Acute myopia and angle-closure glaucoma induced by topiramate. Author(s): Boentert M, Aretz H, Ludemann P. Source: Neurology. 2003 November 11; 61(9): 1306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14610152

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An unusual macular involvement in pathological myopia. Author(s): Batioglu F, Ozdek S, Hasanreisoglu B. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 July; 17(5): 654-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12855979

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Angle-supported phakic intraocular lenses followed by laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis for the correction of high myopia. Author(s): Munoz G, Alio JL, Montes-Mico R, Belda JI. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 September; 136(3): 490-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12967803

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Angle-supported phakic intraocular lenses in eyes with keratoconus and myopia. Author(s): Leccisotti A, Fields SV. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 August; 29(8): 1530-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12954300

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Are we nearsighted when it comes to myopia treatment? Author(s): Walline JJ. Source: Eye & Contact Lens. 2003 January; 29(1 Suppl): S139-42; Discussion S143-4, S1924. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12772751

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Asian Americans: myopia and refractive surgery. Author(s): Yo C. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2003 Fall; 43(4): 173-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14574209

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Asymmetric myopia developing after optic neuritis. Author(s): Rotberg M, Rotberg E. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 2003 June; 23(2): 181-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12782935

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Cataract after minor trauma in a young patient with an iris-fixated intraocular lens for high myopia. Author(s): Munoz G, Montes-Mico R, Belda JI, Alio JL. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 June; 135(6): 890-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12788133

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Central corneal thickness in Indian patients undergoing LASIK for myopia. Author(s): Kunert KS, Bhartiya P, Tandon R, Dada T, Christian H, Vajpayee RB. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2003 May-June; 19(3): 3789. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12777037

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Choroidal neovascularization in phakic eyes with anterior chamber intraocular lenses to correct high myopia. Author(s): Ruiz-Moreno JM, de la Vega C, Ruiz-Moreno O, Alio JL. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 February; 29(2): 270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12648636

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Clear lens extraction for the correction of high myopia. Author(s): Fernandez-Vega L, Alfonso JF, Villacampa T. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 December; 110(12): 2349-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14644717

Studies

11

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Clinical outcome of clear lens extraction in high myopia after epikeratoplasty lenticule removal. Author(s): Shin YJ, Lee JH. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2003 May-June; 19(3): 3834. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12777040

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Combined laser in situ keratomileusis and radial keratotomy for the treatment of moderate to high myopia. Author(s): Damiano RE, Kouyoumdjian GA, Forstot SL, Kasen WB, Moore CR. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 May; 29(5): 908-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12781274

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Comments on myopia in secondary school students in Tanzania. Author(s): Tong L. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 May; 87(5): 660. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12714430

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Community-based study of the association of high myopia in children with ocular and systemic disease. Author(s): Logan NS, Gilmartin B, Marr JE, Stevenson MR, Ainsworth JR. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2004 January; 81(1): 11-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14747755

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Comparison of implantable contact lens and laser assisted in situ keratomileusis for moderate to high myopia. Author(s): Sanders DR, Vukich JA. Source: Cornea. 2003 May; 22(4): 324-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12792475

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Comparison of LADARVision and Visx Star S3 laser in situ keratomileusis outcomes in myopia and hyperopia. Author(s): Seward MS, Oral D, Bowman RW, El-Agha MS, Cavanagh HD, McCulley JP. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 December; 29(12): 2351-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14709296

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Comparison of ocular higher-order aberrations and visual performance between photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia. Author(s): Ninomiya S, Maeda N, Kuroda T, Fujikado T, Tano Y. Source: Seminars in Ophthalmology. 2003 March; 18(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12759858

12

Nearsightedness

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Corneal ectasia detected 32 months after LASIK for correction of myopia and asymmetric astigmatism. Author(s): Piccoli PM, Gomes AA, Piccoli FV. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 June; 29(6): 1222-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12842694

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Corneal haze after photorefractive keratectomy for myopia: role of collagen IV mRNA typing as a predictor of haze. Author(s): Winkler von Mohrenfels C, Reischl U, Lohmann CP. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 August; 28(8): 1446-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12160818

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Darkness and myopia progression. Author(s): Gordonson LC. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 June; 110(6): 1071; Author Reply 1071-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12812190

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Darkness and myopia progression. Author(s): Iribarren R. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 June; 110(6): 1070-1; Author Reply 1071-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12812188

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Darkness and myopia progression. Author(s): Zadnik K, Mutti DO. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 June; 110(6): 1069-70; Author Reply 1071-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12799221

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Decompensation of exodeviation after corneal refractive surgery for moderate to high myopia. Author(s): Snir M, Kremer I, Weinberger D, Sherf I, Axer-Siegel R. Source: Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers & Imaging : the Official Journal of the International Society for Imaging in the Eye. 2003 September-October; 34(5): 363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14509458

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Diameters of topographic optical zone and programmed ablation zone for laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia. Author(s): Partal AE, Manche EE. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2003 September-October; 19(5): 528-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14518741

Studies

13

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Drug-induced bilateral transient myopia with the sulphonamide sulphasalazine. Author(s): Santodomingo-Rubido J, Gilmartin B, Wolffsohn JS. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 2003 November; 23(6): 567-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14622362

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Effect of methods of myopia correction on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and depth of focus. Author(s): Nio YK, Jansonius NM, Wijdh RH, Beekhuis WH, Worst JG, Norrby S, Kooijman AC. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 November; 29(11): 2082-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14670416

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Effect of photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis in high myopia on logMAR visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. Author(s): Langrova H, Derse M, Hejcmanova D, Feuermannova A, Rozsival P, Hejcmanova M. Source: Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 2003; 46(1): 15-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12747534

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Epi-LASEK for the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism. Author(s): Anderson NJ, Beran RF, Schneider TL. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 August; 28(8): 1343- 7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12160802

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Evaluation of the effectiveness of laser in situ keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy for myopia: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Yang XJ, Yan HT, Nakahori Y. Source: J Med Invest. 2003 August; 50(3-4): 180-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13678388

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Family history and reading habits in adult-onset myopia. Author(s): Iribarren R, Iribarren G, Castagnola MM, Balsa A, Cerrella MR, Armesto A, Fornaciari A, Pfortner T. Source: Current Eye Research. 2002 November; 25(5): 309-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12658550

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Implantable contact lens for moderate to high myopia: relationship of vaulting to cataract formation. Author(s): Gonvers M, Bornet C, Othenin-Girard P. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 May; 29(5): 918-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12781276

14

Nearsightedness

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Increase in corneal asphericity after standard laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia is not inherent to the Munnerlyn algorithm. Author(s): Marcos S, Cano D, Barbero S. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2003 September-October; 19(5): S592-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14518750

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Influence of intraoperative epithelial defects on outcomes in LASIK for myopia. Author(s): Oliva MS, Ambrosio Junior R, Wilson SE. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 February; 137(2): 244-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14962412

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Interactions of genes and environment in myopia. Author(s): Feldkamper M, Schaeffel F. Source: Dev Ophthalmol. 2003; 37: 34-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12876828

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Interventions to retard myopia progression. Author(s): Gordonson LC. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 July; 110(7): 1287; Author Reply 1287-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12867375

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Intraocular lens power calculation after photorefractive keratectomy for myopia. Author(s): Rosa N, Capasso L. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2003 April; 121(4): 584. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12695264

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Intrastromal corneal ring implantation for the correction of myopia: 12-month followup. Author(s): Rau M, Dausch D. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 February; 29(2): 322-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12648644

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Is esophoria a factor in slowing of myopia by progressive lenses? Author(s): Fulk GW. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2003 March; 80(3): 198-9; Author Reply 199. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12637830

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Keratoconus, myopia, and personality. Author(s): Cooke CA, Cooper C, Dowds E, Frazer DG, Jackson AJ. Source: Cornea. 2003 April; 22(3): 239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12658090

Studies

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Laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) for myopia in patients with a thin cornea. Author(s): Hashemi H, Fotouhi A, Sadeghi N, Payvar S, Foudazi H. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2004 January-February; 20(1): 90-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14763482

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Laser epithelial keratomileusis for myopia. Author(s): Camellin M. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2003 November-December; 19(6): 666-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14640432

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Laser in situ keratomileusis and intrastromal corneal ring segments for high myopia. Three-step procedure. Author(s): Primack JD, Azar DT. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 May; 29(5): 869-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12781268

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Laser in situ keratomileusis to correct myopia after scleral buckling for retinal detachment. Author(s): Belda JI, Ruiz-Moreno JM, Perez-Santonja JJ, Alio JL. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 June; 29(6): 1231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12842697

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Laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy for myopia: two-year follow-up. Author(s): Autrata R, Rehurek J. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 April; 29(4): 661-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12686232

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Magnetic resonance imaging measurements of extraocular muscle path shift and posterior eyeball prolapse from the muscle cone in acquired esotropia with high myopia. Author(s): Aoki Y, Nishida Y, Hayashi O, Nakamura J, Oda S, Yamade S, Kani K. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 September; 136(3): 482-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12967802

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Mechanism of topiramate-induced acute-onset myopia and angle closure glaucoma. Author(s): Craig JE, Ong TJ, Louis DL, Wells JM. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 January; 137(1): 193-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14700673

16

Nearsightedness

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Molecular biology of myopia. Author(s): Schaeffel F, Simon P, Feldkaemper M, Ohngemach S, Williams RW. Source: Clinical & Experimental Optometry : Journal of the Australian Optometrical Association. 2003 September; 86(5): 295-307. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14558851

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Multisensory enhancement of localization under conditions of induced myopia. Author(s): Hairston WD, Laurienti PJ, Mishra G, Burdette JH, Wallace MT. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 2003 October; 152(3): 404-8. Epub 2003 August 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14504674

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Myopia and natural lighting extremes: risk factors in Finnish army conscripts. Author(s): Vannas AE, Ying GS, Stone RA, Maguire MG, Jormanainen V, Tervo T. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2003 December; 81(6): 588-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641259

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Myopia, genetics, and ambient lighting at night in a UK sample. Author(s): Guggenheim JA, Hill C, Yam TF. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 May; 87(5): 580-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12714399

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Myopia: pathways to therapy. Author(s): Gilmartin B. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2004 January; 81(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14747753

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Nearwork-induced transient myopia in preadolescent Hong Kong Chinese. Author(s): Wolffsohn JS, Gilmartin B, Li RW, Edwards MH, Chat SW, Lew JK, Yu BS. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 May; 44(5): 2284-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12714672

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New locus for autosomal dominant high myopia maps to the long arm of chromosome 17. Author(s): Paluru P, Ronan SM, Heon E, Devoto M, Wildenberg SC, Scavello G, Holleschau A, Makitie O, Cole WG, King RA, Young TL. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 May; 44(5): 1830-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12714612

Studies

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Nomogram considerations with the Technolas 217A for treatment of myopia. Author(s): Anderson NJ, Hardten DR, Davis EA, Schneider TL, Samuelson TW, Lindstrom RL. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2003 November-December; 19(6): 654-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14640430

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On the structural origin of refractive instability and corneal haze after excimer laser keratectomy for myopia. Author(s): Moller-Pedersen T. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. Supplement. 2003; (237): 6-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12708993

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Optical biometry before and after excimer laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) for myopia. Author(s): Winkler von Mohrenfels C, Gabler B, Lohmann CP. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2003 April; 13(3): 257-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12747646

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Patchy atrophy and lacquer cracks predispose to the development of choroidal neovascularisation in pathological myopia. Author(s): Ohno-Matsui K, Yoshida T, Futagami S, Yasuzumi K, Shimada N, Kojima A, Tokoro T, Mochizuki M. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 May; 87(5): 570-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12714395

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Phacoemulsification without intraocular lens implantation in patients with high myopia: long-term results. Author(s): Tosi GM, Casprini F, Malandrini A, Balestrazzi A, Quercioli PP, Caporossi A. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 June; 29(6): 1127-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12842679

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Phakic intraocular lenses to correct high myopia: Adatomed, Staar, and Artisan. Author(s): Menezo JL, Peris-Martinez C, Cisneros AL, Martinez-Costa R. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2004 January; 30(1): 33-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14967266

18

Nearsightedness

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Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal recurrences after laser photocoagulation of extrafoveal choroidal neovascularization in pathologic myopia. Author(s): Bandello F, Lanzetta P, Battaglia Parodi M, Roman-Pognuz D, Saviano S, Ravalico G. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2003 July; 241(7): 567-70. Epub 2003 June 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12819976

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Phototherapeutic keratectomy combined with photorefractive keratectomy for treatment of myopia with corneal scars. Author(s): Zhang M, Mai C, Nie S. Source: J Tongji Med Univ. 2000; 20(4): 347-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12840934

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Posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation for high myopia. Author(s): Shen Y, Du C, Gu Y, Wang J. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2003 October; 116(10): 1523-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14570615

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Prevalence and characteristics of foveal retinal detachment without macular hole in high myopia. Author(s): Baba T, Ohno-Matsui K, Futagami S, Yoshida T, Yasuzumi K, Kojima A, Tokoro T, Mochizuki M. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 March; 135(3): 338-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12614751

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Prevalence of myopia among 12- to 13-year-old schoolchildren in northern Mexico. Author(s): Villarreal GM, Ohlsson J, Cavazos H, Abrahamsson M, Mohamed JH. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2003 May; 80(5): 369-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12771662

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Prevalence of myopia among primary school children in eastern Sydney. Author(s): Junghans BM, Crewther SG. Source: Clinical & Experimental Optometry : Journal of the Australian Optometrical Association. 2003 September; 86(5): 339-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14558856

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Quantification of recti eye muscle paths in high myopia. Author(s): Krzizok T, Schroeder B. Source: Strabismus. 2003 December; 11(4): 213-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14730458

Studies

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Refining the aetiology of myopia through negative results. Author(s): McCarty CA. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 January; 88(1): 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14693757

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Refractive error, cognitive demand and nearwork-induced transient myopia. Author(s): Wolffsohn JS, Gilmartin B, Thomas R, Mallen EA. Source: Current Eye Research. 2003 December; 27(6): 363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14704920

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Risk factors for night vision complaints after LASIK for myopia. Author(s): Pop M, Payette Y. Source: Ophthalmology. 2004 January; 111(1): 3-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14711706

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Role of the sclera in the development and pathological complications of myopia. Author(s): McBrien NA, Gentle A. Source: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2003 May; 22(3): 307-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12852489

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Scraping and mitomycin C to treat haze and regression after photorefractive keratectomy for myopia. Author(s): Vigo L, Scandola E, Carones F. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2003 July-August; 19(4): 449-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12899477

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Selective occlusion of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in pathologic myopia using a new technique of ingrowth site treatment. Author(s): Liu DT, Lam DS, Chan WM. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 February; 137(2): 383; Author Reply 383-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14962448

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Selective occlusion of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in pathologic myopia using a new technique of ingrowth site treatment. Author(s): Costa RA, Calucci D, Teixeira LF, Cardillo JA, Bonomo PP. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 June; 135(6): 857-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12788127

20

Nearsightedness

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Six-year follow-up of laser in situ keratomileusis for moderate and extreme myopia using a first-generation excimer laser and microkeratome. Author(s): Sekundo W, Bonicke K, Mattausch P, Wiegand W. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 June; 29(6): 1152-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12842683

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Spontaneous suprachoroidal haemorrhage associated with high myopia and aspirin. Author(s): Chak M, Williamson TH. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 May; 17(4): 525-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12802356

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Surgical technique for control of postkeratoplasty myopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia. Author(s): Dursun D, Forster RK, Feuer WJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 June; 135(6): 807-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12788120

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Technical improvements in photorefractive keratectomy for correction of high myopia. Author(s): Cennamo G, Rosa N, Breve MA, di Grazia M. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2003 July-August; 19(4): 438-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12899475

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Ten-year follow-up of epikeratophakia for the correction of high myopia. Author(s): Kaminski SL, Biowski R, Koyuncu D, Lukas JR, Grabner G. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 November; 110(11): 2147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14597522

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The autonomic control of accommodation and implications for human myopia development: a review. Author(s): Chen JC, Schmid KL, Brown B. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 2003 September; 23(5): 401-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12950887

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The expandability of the eye in childhood myopia. Author(s): Schmid KL, Li RW, Edwards MH, Lew JK. Source: Current Eye Research. 2003 February; 26(2): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12815524

Studies

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The mystery of myopia. Author(s): Goldschmidt E. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2003 October; 81(5): 431-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14510788

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The natural history of juxtafoveal and subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in high myopia. Author(s): Bottoni F, Tilanus M. Source: International Ophthalmology. 2001; 24(5): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14531625

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The Nepal longitudinal study: predicting myopia from the rate of increase in vitreous chamber depth. Author(s): Garner LF, Stewart AW, Kinnear RF, Frith MJ. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2004 January; 81(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14747760

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The relationship between the Stiles-Crawford effect of the first kind (SCE-I) and myopia. Author(s): Choi SS, Garner LF, Enoch JM. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 2003 September; 23(5): 465-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12950893

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Therapeutic effects of undercorrection by LASIK following RK and PRK for correction of high myopia. Author(s): Liu L. Source: J Tongji Med Univ. 2000; 20(4): 349-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12840935

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Topographical thickness of the epithelium and total cornea after overnight wear of reverse-geometry rigid contact lenses for myopia reduction. Author(s): Wang J, Fonn D, Simpson TL, Sorbara L, Kort R, Jones L. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 November; 44(11): 4742-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14578394

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Transient myopia after trauma. Author(s): Kuchle M, Naumann GO. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 July; 110(7): 1285; Author Reply 1285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12867372

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Ultrasound biomicroscopy and Scheimpflug photography of angle-supported phakic intraocular lens for high myopia. Author(s): de Souza RF, Allemann N, Forseto A, Barros PS, Chamon W, Nose W. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 June; 29(6): 1159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12842684

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Ultrasound biomicroscopy of silicone posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens for myopia. Author(s): Garcia-Feijoo J, Hernandez-Matamoros JL, Mendez-Hernandez C, CastilloGomez A, Lazaro C, Martin T, Cuina-Sardina R, Garcia-Sanchez J. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 October; 29(10): 1932-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14604713

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Unilateral high myopia: optical components, associated factors, and visual outcomes. Author(s): Weiss AH. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 August; 87(8): 1025-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12881349

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Use of large optical zones with the LADARVision laser for myopia and myopic astigmatism. Author(s): Nepomuceno RL, Boxer Wachler BS, Sato M, Scruggs R. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 July; 110(7): 1384-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12867396

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Utilization of eye-movement phosphenes to help understand transient strains at the optic disc and nerve in myopia. Author(s): Enoch JM, Choi SS, Kono M, Schwartz D, Bearse M. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 2003 July; 23(4): 377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12828628

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Verteporfin therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in pathologic myopia: 2-year results of a randomized clinical trial--VIP report no. 3. Author(s): Blinder KJ, Blumenkranz MS, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Donato G, Lewis H, Lim JI, Menchini U, Miller JW, Mones JM, Potter MJ, Pournaras C, Reaves A, Rosenfeld P, Schachat AP, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Sickenberg M, Singerman LJ, Slakter JS, Strong HA, Virgili G, Williams GA. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 April; 110(4): 667-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12689884

Studies

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Visual performance with night vision goggles after photorefractive keratectomy for myopia. Author(s): Subramanian PS, O'Kane B, Stefanik R, Stevens J, Rabin J, Bauer RM, Bower KS. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 March; 110(3): 525-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12623815

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Why is there an epidemic of myopia? Author(s): Grosvenor T. Source: Clinical & Experimental Optometry : Journal of the Australian Optometrical Association. 2003 September; 86(5): 273-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14558848

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND NEARSIGHTEDNESS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and nearsightedness.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Nearsightedness The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “nearsightedness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

26

Nearsightedness

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “nearsightedness” (or a synonym): •

112 cases of juvenile myopia treated by auricular acupressure. Source: Chen, M C J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1989 September; 9(3): 173 0254-6272

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268 cases of myopia treated with injection and pellet pressure at auriculoacupoints. Author(s): Clinic of Ningxia Military Region, PLA, Yinchuan. Source: Yang, C Hu, L Zhu, F Li, L J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1993 September; 13(3): 196-8 0254-6272

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A study on the prevention and treatment of myopia with nacre on chicks. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China. [email protected] Source: Xu, H Huang, K Gao, Q Gao, Z Han, X Pharmacol-Res. 2001 July; 44(1): 1-6 10436618

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An evolutionary analysis of the aetiology and pathogenesis of juvenile-onset myopia. Author(s): Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. [email protected] Source: Cordain, Loren Eaton, S Boyd Brand Miller, Jennie Lindeberg, Staffan Jensen, Clark Acta-Ophthalmol-Scand. 2002 April; 80(2): 125-35 1395-3907

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Approaching myopia holistically: a case study and theoretical exploration. Author(s): Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, United Kingdom. [email protected] Source: Bambridge, A J-Altern-Complement-Med. 2002 June; 8(3): 371-7 1075-5535

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Atropine and bifocals can slow the progression of myopia in children. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, U.CLA. School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. Source: Syniuta, L A Isenberg, S J Binocul-Vis-Strabismus-Q. 2001; 16(3): 203-8 1088-6281

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Atropine effect on school myopia. A preliminary report. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Source: Kao, S C Lu, H Y Liu, J H Acta-Ophthalmol-Suppl. 1988; 185132-3

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Atropine reduces experimental myopia and eye enlargement via a nonaccommodative mechanism. Author(s): Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences, University of Wales, College of Cardiff, United Kingdom. Source: McBrien, N A Moghaddam, H O Reeder, A P Invest-Ophthalmol-Vis-Sci. 1993 January; 34(1): 205-15 0146-0404

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Avian models of experimental myopia: environmental factors in the regulation of eye growth. Author(s): Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742-4411. Source: Hodos, W Ciba-Found-Sympage 1990; 155149-56; discussion 156-9 0300-5208

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Cholinergic amacrine cells are not required for the progression and atropinemediated suppression of form-deprivation myopia. Author(s): Department of Anatomy and Lions' Sight Centre, The University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, 3330 Hospital Dr. N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada. [email protected] Source: Fischer, A J Miethke, P Morgan, I G Stell, W K Brain-Res. 1998 May 25; 794(1): 48-60 0006-8993

Nutrition

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Colchicine causes excessive ocular growth and myopia in chicks. Author(s): Department of Anatomy, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Alberta, Canada. [email protected] Source: Fischer, A J Morgan, I G Stell, W K Vision-Res. 1999 February; 39(4): 685-97 00426989

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Comparison of the effect of atropine and cyclopentolate on myopia. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Veterans General Hospital, Yang-Ming Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. Source: Yen, M Y Liu, J H Kao, S C Shiao, C H Ann-Ophthalmol. 1989 May; 21(5): 180-2, 187 0003-4886

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Decreased proteoglycan synthesis associated with form deprivation myopia in mature primate eyes. Author(s): Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks 58202-9037, USA. [email protected] Source: Rada, J A Nickla, D L Troilo, D Invest-Ophthalmol-Vis-Sci. 2000 July; 41(8): 2050-8 0146-0404

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Do variations in normal nutrition play a role in the development of myopia? Author(s): Department of Optometry and Radiography, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong. Source: Edwards, M H Optom-Vis-Sci. 1996 October; 73(10): 638-43 1040-5488

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Effects of apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, on ocular refraction and axial elongation in a primate model of myopia. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322. Source: Iuvone, P M Tigges, M Stone, R A Lambert, S Laties, A M Invest-OphthalmolVis-Sci. 1991 April; 32(5): 1674-7 0146-0404

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Effects of different concentrations of atropine on controlling myopia in myopic children. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Republic of China. Source: Shih, Y F Chen, C H Chou, A C Ho, T C Lin, L L Hung, P T J-Ocul-PharmacolTher. 1999 February; 15(1): 85-90 1080-7683

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Effects of nitric oxide donors and nitric oxide synthase substrates on ciliary muscle contracted by carbachol and endothelin for possible use in myopia prevention. Author(s): Institute of Ocular Pharmacology and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station 77843-1114, USA. Source: Beauregard, C Liu, Q Chiou, G C J-Ocul-Pharmacol-Ther. 2001 February; 17(1): 1-9 1080-7683

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Effects of prostaglandins on form deprivation myopia in the chick. Author(s): Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Sweden. Source: Jin, N Stjernschantz, J Acta-Ophthalmol-Scand. 2000 October; 78(5): 495-500 1395-3907

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Excimer laser for various degrees of myopia. A new model estimating the immediate response, the regression, the final response and the time relationship. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Source: Edmund, C Acta-Ophthalmol-Scand. 1998 April; 76(2): 131-7 1395-3907

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Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy for myopia: two-year follow-up. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University Medical College, Seoul, Korea. Source: Kim, J H Hahn, T W Lee, Y C Sah, W J J-Cataract-Refract-Surg. 1994 March; 20 Suppl229-33 0886-3350

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In vivo and in vitro association of retinoic acid with form-deprivation myopia in the chick. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan. Source: Seko, Y Shimokawa, H Tokoro, T Exp-Eye-Res. 1996 October; 63(4): 443-52 00144835

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Inhibition of myopia development in chicks using himbacine: a role for M(4) receptors? Author(s): Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. Source: Cottriall, C L Truong, H T McBrien, N A Neuroreport. 2001 August 8; 12(11): 2453-6 0959-4965

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Interventions to retard myopia progression in children: an evidence-based update. Author(s): Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore. [email protected] Source: Saw, Seang Mei Shih Yen, Edwin Chan Koh, Adrian Tan, Donald Ophthalmology. 2002 March; 109(3): 415-21; discussion 422-4; quiz 425-6, 443 0161-6420

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Long-term changes in retinal contrast sensitivity in chicks from frosted occluders and drugs: relations to myopia? Author(s): Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany. Source: Diether, S Schaeffel, F Vision-Res. 1999 July; 39(15): 2499-510 0042-6989

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Management of progressive school myopia with topical atropine eyedrops and photochromic bifocal spectacles. Author(s): [email protected] Source: Romano, P E Donovan, J P Binocul-Vis-Strabismus-Q. 2000 Fall; 15(3): 257-60 1088-6281

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Multicenter study of photorefractive keratectomy for myopia of 6.00 to 8.00 diopters. VISX Moderate Myopia Study Group. Author(s): Keratorefractive Surgery Unit, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, 02114, USA. Source: Talamo, J H Siebert, K Wagoner, M D Yeh, E Telfair, W J-Refract-Surg. 1995 JulAugust; 11(4): 238-47 1081-597X

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Myopia associated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): College of Optometry, Pacific University, Forest Grove, Oregon, USA. Source: Ross, M E Yolton, D P Yolton, R L Hyde, K D Optom-Vis-Sci. 1996 July; 73(7): 487-94 1040-5488

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Myopia, hypotony, and lenticular shift following strabismus surgery. Author(s): University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA. Source: Brodsky, M C Ophthalmic-Surg-Lasers. 1998 May; 29(5): 426-7 1082-3069

Nutrition

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Myopia: attempts to arrest progression. Author(s): Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore. [email protected] Source: Saw, S M Gazzard, G Au Eong, K G Tan, D T Br-J-Ophthalmol. 2002 November; 86(11): 1306-11 0007-1161

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Necrotizing scleritis and transient myopia following strabismus surgery. Author(s): Cullen Eye Institute, Houston, Tex. Source: Gross, S A von Noorden, G K Jones, D B Ophthalmic-Surg. 1993 December; 24(12): 839-41 0022-023X

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N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced excitotoxicity causes myopia in hatched chicks. Author(s): Department of Anatomy, Lions' Sight Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alta. [email protected] Source: Fischer, A J Seltner, R L Stell, W K Can-J-Ophthalmol. 1997 October; 32(6): 373-7 0008-4182

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Opiate and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in form-deprivation myopia. Author(s): Lions Sight Centre/Department of Anatomy/Neuroscience Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Source: Fischer, A J Seltner, R L Stell, W K Vis-Neurosci. 1998 Nov-December; 15(6): 1089-96 0952-5238

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Pharmaceutical agents and the prevention or reduction of progressive myopia. Author(s): Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Lab., West Point, PA 19486. Source: Vogel, R Acta-Ophthalmol-Suppl. 1988; 185134-8

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Prevention of axial elongation in myopia by the trace element zinc. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. Source: Huibi, X Kaixun, H Qiuhua, G Yushan, Z Xiuxian, H Biol-Trace-Elem-Res. 2001 January; 79(1): 39-47 0163-4984

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Progression of myopia. Source: Kennedy, R H Trans-Am-Ophthalmol-Soc. 1995; 93755-800 0065-9533

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Reduced cyclic myopia with pilocarpine gel. Author(s): Mid-South Glaucoma and Cataract Foundation, Memphis, Tennessee 38119. Source: Mandell, A I Bruce, L A Khalifa, M A Ann-Ophthalmol. 1988 April; 20(4): 133-5 0003-4886

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Reducing the progression of myopia with atropine: a long term cohort study of Olmsted County students. Source: Kennedy, R H Dyer, J A Kennedy, M A Parulkar, S Kurland, L T Herman, D C McIntire, D Jacobs, D Luepker, R V Binocul-Vis-Strabismus-Q. 2000 Fall; 15(3): 281-304 1088-6281

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Retinoic acid increases in the retina of the chick with form deprivation myopia. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Seko, Y Shimizu, M Tokoro, T Ophthalmic-Res. 1998; 30(6): 361-7 0030-3747

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Reversal of tropicamide mydriasis with single instillations of pilocarpine can induce substantial pseudo-myopia in young adults. Author(s): Department of Vision Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.

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Source: Gilmartin, B Amer, A C Ingleby, S Ophthalmic-Physiol-Opt. 1995 September; 15(5): 475-9 0275-5408 •

Treatment of 1040 cases of myopia with auriculotherapy using medicated pellets. Source: Yang, C L J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1987 December; 7(4): 273-8 0254-6272

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Treatment of adolescent myopia by pressure plaster of semen impatientis on otoacupoints. Author(s): Yanshan Hospital, Fangshan District, Beijing. Source: Liu, H Lu, Y Dong, Q Zhong, X J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1994 December; 14(4): 283-6 0254-6272

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Treatment of childhood myopia with atropine eyedrops and bifocal spectacles. Author(s): The Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-9028, USA. Source: Chiang, M F Kouzis, A Pointer, R W Repka, M X Binocul-Vis-Strabismus-Q. 2001; 16(3): 209-15 1088-6281

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

Nutrition

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE NEARSIGHTEDNESS

MEDICINE

AND

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to nearsightedness. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to nearsightedness and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “nearsightedness” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to nearsightedness: •

A study on the prevention and treatment of myopia with nacre on chicks. Author(s): Xu H, Huang K, Gao Q, Gao Z, Han X. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 2001 July; 44(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11428903

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Anatomical correlates of experimentally induced myopia. Author(s): Beresford JA, Crewther SG, Crewther DP. Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998 May; 26 Suppl 1: S84-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9685033

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Approaching myopia holistically: a case study and theoretical exploration. Author(s): Bambridge A. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002 June; 8(3): 371-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12165195

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Cone receptor sensitivity is altered in form deprivation myopia in the chicken. Author(s): Westbrook AM, Crewther DP, Crewther SG. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1999 May; 76(5): 326-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10375250

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Corneal endothelial response to induced myopia in the chicken. Author(s): Hirst LW, Bancroft J, Bi JQ, Ohirich S. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2001 August; 29(4): 244-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11545424

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Decreased proteoglycan synthesis associated with form deprivation myopia in mature primate eyes. Author(s): Rada JA, Nickla DL, Troilo D. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2000 July; 41(8): 2050-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10892842

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Effects of brief periods of unrestricted vision on the development of form-deprivation myopia in monkeys. Author(s): Smith EL 3rd, Hung LF, Kee CS, Qiao Y. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2002 February; 43(2): 291-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11818369

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Effects of nicotinic antagonists on ocular growth and experimental myopia. Author(s): Stone RA, Sugimoto R, Gill AS, Liu J, Capehart C, Lindstrom JM. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2001 March; 42(3): 557-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11222511

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Effects of prostaglandins on form deprivation myopia in the chick. Author(s): Jin N, Stjernschantz J. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2000 October; 78(5): 495-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11037901

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Endogenous opiates in the chick retina and their role in form-deprivation myopia. Author(s): Seltner RL, Rohrer B, Grant V, Stell WK.

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Source: Visual Neuroscience. 1997 September-October; 14(5): 801-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9364719 •

Experimental animal myopia models are applicable to human juvenile-onset myopia. Author(s): Meyer C, Mueller MF, Duncker GI, Meyer HJ. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 1999 October; 44 Suppl 1: S93-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10548121

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Flicker parameters are different for suppression of myopia and hyperopia. Author(s): Schwahn HN, Schaeffel F. Source: Vision Research. 1997 October; 37(19): 2661-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9373666

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Form deprivation myopia in adolescent monkeys. Author(s): Smith EL 3rd, Bradley DV, Fernandes A, Boothe RG. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1999 June; 76(6): 428-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10416938

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Form deprivation myopia in mature common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Author(s): Troilo D, Nickla DL, Wildsoet CF. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2000 July; 41(8): 2043-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10892841

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Formation of a unilateral form deprivation myopia (FDM) due to a congenital eyelid entropium with a consecutive corneal ulcer: an illustrated case report. Author(s): Schellenbeck M, Hartmann C, Schwarz EC. Source: Strabismus. 2002 June; 10(2): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12221488

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GABA, experimental myopia, and ocular growth in chick. Author(s): Stone RA, Liu J, Sugimoto R, Capehart C, Zhu X, Pendrak K. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 September; 44(9): 3933-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12939312

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Induced myopia associated with increased scleral creep in chick and tree shrew eyes. Author(s): Phillips JR, Khalaj M, McBrien NA. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2000 July; 41(8): 2028-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10892839

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Inhibition of myopia development in chicks using himbacine: a role for M(4) receptors? Author(s): Cottriall CL, Truong HT, McBrien NA. Source: Neuroreport. 2001 August 8; 12(11): 2453-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11496128

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Lacquer crack lesions in experimental chick myopia. Author(s): Hirata A, Negi A. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 1998 February; 236(2): 138-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9498125

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Long-term changes in retinal contrast sensitivity in chicks from frosted occluders and drugs: relations to myopia? Author(s): Diether S, Schaeffel F. Source: Vision Research. 1999 July; 39(15): 2499-510. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10396619

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Modulation of scleral DNA synthesis in development of and recovery from induced axial myopia in the tree shrew. Author(s): Gentle A, McBrien NA. Source: Experimental Eye Research. 1999 February; 68(2): 155-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10068481

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Morphological changes of choriocapillaris in experimentally induced chick myopia. Author(s): Hirata A, Negi A. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 1998 February; 236(2): 132-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9498124

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Multisensory enhancement of localization under conditions of induced myopia. Author(s): Hairston WD, Laurienti PJ, Mishra G, Burdette JH, Wallace MT. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 2003 October; 152(3): 404-8. Epub 2003 August 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14504674

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Myopia: attempts to arrest progression. Author(s): Saw SM, Gazzard G, Au Eong KG, Tan DT. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 November; 86(11): 1306-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12386095

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New approach in strabismus surgery in high myopia. Author(s): Krzizok TH, Kaufmann H, Traupe H. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1997 August; 81(8): 625-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9349146

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N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced excitotoxicity causes myopia in hatched chicks. Author(s): Fischer AJ, Seltner RL, Stell WK. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 1997 October; 32(6): 373-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9363340

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Opiate and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in form-deprivation myopia. Author(s): Fischer AJ, Seltner RL, Stell WK. Source: Visual Neuroscience. 1998 November-December; 15(6): 1089-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9839973

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Optical correction of induced axial myopia in the tree shrew: implications for emmetropization. Author(s): McBrien NA, Gentle A, Cottriall C. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1999 June; 76(6): 419-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10416937

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Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous with myopia: a case study. Author(s): Steele G, Peters R. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1999 September; 70(9): 593-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10547975

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Pirenzepine affects scleral metabolic changes in myopia through a non-toxic mechanism. Author(s): Truong HT, Cottriall CL, Gentle A, McBrien NA. Source: Experimental Eye Research. 2002 January; 74(1): 103-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11878823

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Prevention of form-deprivation myopia with pirenzepine: a study of drug delivery and distribution. Author(s): Cottriall CL, McBrien NA, Annies R, Leech EM. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 1999 July; 19(4): 327-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10645389

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Refractive changes in chicks with form-deprivation myopia. Author(s): Wang F, Chu T, Zhang W.

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Source: Yan Ke Xue Bao. 1996 September; 12(3): 138-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9639839 •

Retinoic acid increases in the retina of the chick with form deprivation myopia. Author(s): Seko Y, Shimizu M, Tokoro T. Source: Ophthalmic Research. 1998; 30(6): 361-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9731117

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Scleral remodeling during the development of and recovery from axial myopia in the tree shrew. Author(s): McBrien NA, Lawlor P, Gentle A. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2000 November; 41(12): 3713-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11053267

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Similar genetic susceptibility to form-deprivation myopia in three strains of chicken. Author(s): Guggenheim JA, Erichsen JT, Hocking PM, Wright NF, Black R. Source: Vision Research. 2002 November; 42(25): 2747-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12450494

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Steady state mRNA levels in tree shrew sclera with form-deprivation myopia and during recovery. Author(s): Siegwart JT Jr, Norton TT. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2001 May; 42(6): 1153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11328721

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Stimulus deprivation myopia in human congenital ptosis: a preliminary report of 50 unilateral cases. Author(s): Gusek-Schneider GC, Martus P. Source: Strabismus. 2000 September; 8(3): 169-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11035559

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Stimulus deprivation myopia in human congenital ptosis: a study of 95 patients. Author(s): Gusek-Schneider GC, Martus P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2001 November-December; 38(6): 340-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11759772

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Structural and ultrastructural changes to the sclera in a mammalian model of high myopia. Author(s): McBrien NA, Cornell LM, Gentle A.

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Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2001 September; 42(10): 2179-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11527928 •

Temporal relationship of choroidal blood flow and thickness changes during recovery from form deprivation myopia in chicks. Author(s): Fitzgerald ME, Wildsoet CF, Reiner A. Source: Experimental Eye Research. 2002 May; 74(5): 561-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12076077

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The organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos affects form deprivation myopia. Author(s): Geller AM, Abdel-Rahman AA, Peiffer RL, Abou-Donia MB, Boyes WK. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 1998 June; 39(7): 1290-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9620094

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The susceptible period for deprivation-induced myopia in tree shrew. Author(s): Siegwart JT Jr, Norton TT. Source: Vision Research. 1998 November; 38(22): 3505-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9893785

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The time course of changes in mRNA levels in tree shrew sclera during induced myopia and recovery. Author(s): Siegwart JT Jr, Norton TT. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2002 July; 43(7): 2067-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12091398

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Topographical thickness of the epithelium and total cornea after overnight wear of reverse-geometry rigid contact lenses for myopia reduction. Author(s): Wang J, Fonn D, Simpson TL, Sorbara L, Kort R, Jones L. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 November; 44(11): 4742-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14578394

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Variable effects of previously untested muscarinic receptor antagonists on experimental myopia. Author(s): Luft WA, Ming Y, Stell WK. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 March; 44(3): 1330-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12601066

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to nearsightedness; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Cataracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND NEARSIGHTEDNESS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning nearsightedness.

Recent Trials on Nearsightedness The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to nearsightedness.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

The Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study Condition(s): Myopia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI) Purpose - Excerpt: To compare and contrast normal eye growth, ocular component development, and refractive error development in Hispanic, African-American, and Asian schoolchildren with what happens in Caucasian children from the Orinda Longitudinal Study of Myopia. To investigate risk factors for the development of myopia. To conduct DNA-based studies on nearsighted children and their families. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): Lisa A. Jones, Ph.D. 1-614-292-7097 [email protected] Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000169

•

A Trial of Bifocals in Myopic Children With Esophoria Condition(s): Myopia; Strabismus; Esophoria Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI)

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Purpose - Excerpt: To test the hypothesis that correction with bifocal spectacle lenses rather than single-vision lenses will slow the progression of myopia in children with near-point esophoria. The primary outcome variable is cycloplegic refraction as measured with an automated refractor. Axial length is measured with ultrasound in order to test the corollary hypothesis that use of bifocals will slow ocular growth in these myopic children. We will also examine the amount of close work performed by subjects and the degree of parental myopia as factors that may influence myopia progression. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000128 •

Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) Condition(s): Myopia Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI) Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate whether progressive addition lenses (PALs) slow the rate of progression of juvenile-onset myopia (nearsightedness) when compared with single vision lenses, as measured by cycloplegic autorefraction. An additional outcome measure is axial length, as measured by A-scan ultrasonography. To describe the natural history of juvenile-onset myopia in a group of children receiving conventional treatment (single vision lenses). Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000113

•

The Contact Lens and Myopia Progression (CLAMP) Study Condition(s): Myopia Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI) Purpose - Excerpt: To examine the effects of rigid gas permeable contact lenses on the progression of myopia (nearsightedness) in children To determine what changes in the eyes cause certain eyes to progress in nearsightedness more slowly Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00009529

•

Prospective Evaluation of Radial Keratotomy (PERK) Study Condition(s): Myopia Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI)

Clinical Trials 43

Purpose - Excerpt: To determine whether radial keratotomy is effective in reducing myopia. To detect complications of the surgery. To discover patient characteristics and surgical factors affecting the results. To determine the long-term safety and efficacy of the procedure. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000129 •

The Berkeley Orthokeratology Study Condition(s): Astigmatism; Myopia Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI) Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate the relative efficacy of orthokeratology, primarily by assessment of changes in central corneal thickness, astigmatism, visual acuity, endothelial cell density, and corneal curvature. To evaluate the relative safety of orthokeratology, primarily by assessment of changes in central corneal thickness, astigmatism, visual acuity, endothelial cell density, induced corneal edema, and epithelial staining. To assess the duration of any orthokeratology treatment effect. To study the mechanisms by which refractive error and visual acuity changes occur, in particular the contribution that comes from changes in corneal curvature and shape. To determine whether there were any predisposing ocular factors that could be used to predict which subjects will experience changes or complications. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000123

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “nearsightedness” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials:

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•

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON NEARSIGHTEDNESS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “nearsightedness” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on nearsightedness, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Nearsightedness By performing a patent search focusing on nearsightedness, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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Nearsightedness

The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on nearsightedness: •

Apparatus and method for screening individuals for ametropic conditions Inventor(s): Michaels; Brian A. (2129 Golflinks Rd., Sierra Vista, AZ 85635) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,436,681 Date filed: April 12, 1994 Abstract: A vision screening apparatus and screening method that includes a myopic screening test image and a hyperopic screening test image. In one embodiment, each screening test image includes a test letter member superimposed on a colored background member that, in combination, form the myopic screening test image portion and the hyperopic screening test image portion. In a preferred embodiment, the myopic test image is formed by a test image member, such as a letter, superimposed on a red colored background. The hyperopic screening test image is formed by a test image, such as a letter, superimposed on a green colored background. Alternatively, the test images may be colored, while the background remains a neutral color. The vision screening apparatus has applications in clinical, theater, home and office environment for methods of screening individuals to indicate whether ametropic conditions exists, such as myopia (nearsightedness), or hyperopia (farsightedness), or presbyopia (age related inability to focus at near task). The method includes determining the patient's visual acuity of the displayed myopic and hyperopic test images, and then determining which, if any, of the ametropic conditions exists. Good visual acuity of the myopic test image indicates myopia in an individual, while good visual acuity of the hyperopic test image indicates hyperopia. Good visual acuity of both test images indicates no ametropia. Use of the apparatus at less than one meter distance results in a method of screening for inability to focus at near task (presbyopia). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to apparatus and methods used for ascertaining nearsighted and farsighted vision problems in individuals. More particularly, the present invention relates to apparatus and method used for examining individuals to determine whether corrective lenses are needed for nearsighted and farsighted vision problems. Even more particularly, the present invention relates to apparatus and method for screening individuals for ametropic conditions including myopia, hyperopia and presbyopia type defects. The traditional methods of screening for nearsighted and farsighted vision defects typically involve a series of tests on an individuals utilizing instrumentation, eye test charts, etc., to determine the individual's ability to establish visual acuity of objects at near or far distances. To applicant's knowledge specially selected colored test images have not been used to screen for nearsighted and farsighted vision defects. Although the prior art teaches that red and green filters have been used for endpoint spherical refraction and for screening persons with color vision problems, the prior art does not teach method or apparatus for screening persons for nearsightedness or farsightedness using color as an indication of the type of visual problem of an individual. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05436681__

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Apparatus for cornea reshaping Inventor(s): Berry; Michael J. (The Woodlands, TX) Assignee(s): Laser Biotech, Inc. (fremont, Ca) Patent Number: 6,342,053 Date filed: February 8, 1994 Abstract: An apparatus is described for use in combination with a noninvasive ophthalmological method for cornea reshaping in order to correct ocular refractive errors such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism. This apparatus is called a coupler and it is made of a material which is substantially transparent to the light energy used to reshape the cornea. The coupler conducts heat from the anterior portion of the cornea during the heating of the stroma by the light energy. The reshaping is enhanced by the coupler as it has a corneal engaging surface with a radius of curvature which approximates the desired emmetropic shape of the cornea. In addition to being a heat sink and template for the eye, the coupler also acts as a positioner and restrainer of the eye by attaching itself to the eye via an annular suction ring. Finally, the coupler also acts as a mask to prevent accidental exposure of the central optic zone to any light energy during the cornea reshaping procedure. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a coupler apparatus for use in combination with a noninvasive ophthalmological method for reshaping the anterior surface of the cornea in order to achieve emmetropia (i.e., normal vision characterized by the absence of ocular refractive error; the emmetropic eye focuses parallel rays of light onto the retina to produce a clear image). The method of the invention uses light energy to induce thermal changes to the collagen in the stromal portion of the cornea in order to physically reorganize the stromal collagen to produce the desired reshaping of the cornea. The method is described in commonly-assigned, copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 556,886 filed Jul. 23, 1990 which is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. The apparatus of this invention is referred to as a coupler based on its utility, which is to couple a heat and light energy source to the cornea surface. It is made of a material which is substantially transparent to the light energy used to reshape the cornea. In this fashion the coupler acts as a heat sink. The coupler conducts heat from the anterior portion of the cornea during the heating of the stroma. The coupler has a corneal engaging surface so that the coupler is positioned on the anterior surface of the cornea. This corneal engaging surface has a radius of curvature which approximates the desired emmetropic shape of the cornea following the heating of the stroma and rearrangement of the collagen. Today there are over 100 million people in the United States alone who wear eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct ocular refractive errors. The most common ocular refractive errors include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism. In myopia, the refractive power of the eye is excessive meaning that parallel rays of light are focused in front of the retina producing a blurred image. Myopic vision can be modified, reduced or corrected by adding a spherical concave lens of the correct spherical curvature in front of the eye or by flattening the cornea axisymmetrically around the visual axis to reduce its refractive power. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06342053__

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Apparatus illustrating vision disorders and conditions Inventor(s): Rubin; Bruce (120 Lucerne Blvd., Cherry Hill, NJ 08003) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,234,805 Date filed: May 24, 2000 Abstract: An improved ocular device used to illustrate common ocular disorders such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism and presbyopia. The device includes a light source that forms an optical axis across the length of the device and is subjected to a slide holder and a focusing mechanism. The slide holder exposes an inverted image to the light source, which is then exposed to a corneal lens and vernier lens. Both the slide holder and focusing mechanism can be moved in different positions along the optical axis to focus and clarify the image exposed to the light that is shown on the retinal screen of the device. A vernier lens is also included as part of the focusing mechanism to simulate accommodation as needed. The device can also be used to simulate ocular pathology. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improved ocular apparatus used to illustrate common ocular disorders such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism and presbyopia. Optical and ophthalmological models are often used to depict the various workings of the eye. The science of ophthalmology extends back to the early twentieth century, when the earliest models of the eye were developed. These early models of the eye, as well as more recent and sophisticated models are outlined in the related art. U.S. Pat. No. 1,476,621 issued to Kintner outlines an optical demonstrating apparatus for demonstrating the movements of the human eye. The apparatus makes a provision for the simulation of the action of the principal cords or muscles whereby the eyeballs are rotated on their optical axes. It is possible to ocularly demonstrate muscular imbalances such as diplopia and other conditions using this apparatus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06234805__

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Composition for treatment of progressive myopia Inventor(s): Andreeva; Ljudmila D. (Nagatinskaya naberezhnaya, 34, kv. I89, Moscow, SU), Avetisov; Eduard S. (ulitsa Ramenki, II, korpus 3, kv. 629, Moscow, SU), Boltaeva; Zulfia K. (ulitsa Druzhby narodov, 8a, kv. 27, Tashkent, SU), Davydov; Anatoly B. (ulitsa Krasny Kazanets, I9, korpus I, kv. 283, Moscow, SU), Dolgopyatova; Antonina A. (ulitsa Karla Marxa, 20, kv. I78, Moscow, SU), Iomdina; Elena N. (I Parkovaya ulitsa, I/5I, kv. 34, Moscow, SU), Khromov; Gennady L. (2-aya Frunzenskaya ulitsa, I0, kv. I00, Moscow, SU), Tarutta; Elena P. (ulitsa Volgina, I9, kv. 28, Moscow, SU), Vinetskaya; Maya I. (I6 Parkovaya ulitsa, 49, korpus I, kv. 8, Moscow, SU) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,075,105 Date filed: April 23, 1991 Abstract: The invention relates to medicine.A composition for treatment of progressive myopia is composed of the following constituents, taken in mass percent: Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to medicine and more specifically a composition for treatment of progressive myopia. At present a complex of therapeutic

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measures applied against progressive myopia involves various methods aimed at reinforcing the posterior pole of the eyeball. Alongside with conventional surgical methods search for new methods and means for operationless effects upon the sclera aimed at directional correction of the myopic process proves to be the currently central problem. One state-of-the-art medicinal agent for treatment of progressive myopia (SU, A, 1,156,680; Ophthalmological Herald, 1985, Moscow, Meditsina Publishers, vol. 101, No. 2, pp. 31-36) is known to appear as a foaming gel-like composition, incorporating a dry mixture of polyvinylpyrrolidone, acrylamide-hydrazide, and ethylacrylate, and a dissolving mixture, consisting of ferrous chloride, cupric citrate, boric acid, hydrochloric acid, and distilled water, as well as an activator, i.e., a 3-percent hydrogen peroxide that promotes foaming of the composition. The aforesaid composition is injected under the Tenon's capsule to establish an elastic foamed gel on the scleral surface, which while being gradually replaced by the freshly formed connective tissue, adds to the strength characteristics of the sclera. However, the studies performed have demonstrated that formation of a connective capsule on the scleral surface and a process of its reinforcing occur at a relative slow rate, which is accounted for by a definite formulation of said composition, whose active components stimulate the synthesis of collagen and provide for its structural stability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05075105__ •

Correction of the optical focusing system of the eye using laser thermal keratoplasty Inventor(s): Horn; Gerald (Golf, IL), Spears; Kenneth G. (Skokie, IL) Assignee(s): Kerus Medical Systems (san Francisco, Ca) Patent Number: 5,263,951 Date filed: April 16, 1990 Abstract: A laser system applies energy of the proper wavelength to the cornea of the eye and the stroma of the cornea is thereby heated and changes permanently, causing the shape of the cornea to change. Laser treatment patterns are disclosed for correcting nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatisms. Excerpt(s): The field of the invention is the correction of nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), and astigmatism by changing the shape of the cornea. Refractive corneal surgery which alters the shape of the cornea can be performed using a number of techniques. Lamellar refractive keratoplasty involves the placement of material in, or on the cornea to change its shape. For example, a disk of cornea material from a donor is sutured to the anterior surface of the cornea, or a synthetic material is implanted within the corneal stroma. Keratotomy changes the shape of the cornea by making a pattern of incisions in the cornea's anterior surface. Keratectomy involves the removal of a piece of the cornea in order to change the contour of its anterior surface, and thermokeratoplasty involves the application of heat. The heat is applied in a pattern which brings about the desired change in corneal shape and the heat may be produced by a thermal probe, a laser, or a radio frequency current. All of the above techniques for altering the shape of the cornea, except for the last one, thermokeratoplasty, involves physical penetration of the anterior layers of the cornea. A well known way of practicing keratotomy, for example, involves the making of a series of incisions in the cornea in a radial pattern at a depth ranging from 80% to 95% of the cornea thickness. These incisions may be made with cutting instruments or with lasers, and they create lines of weakness around the periphery of the cornea which cause slight peripheral bulging and consequent central flattening of the cornea. This slight central flattening decreases the

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focusing power of the optic system to provide the desired correction for myopia. Keratotomy has the disadvantages associated with surgical incisions into the cornea, including risk of infection, risk of perforation of the cornea, loss of the eye, double vision and glare. In addition, there is difficulty in accurately controlling the amount of correction in the focusing power. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05263951__ •

Device used to change corneal curvature Inventor(s): Siepser; Steven B. (866 Downingtown Pike, West Chester, PA 19380) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,976,719 Date filed: November 21, 1988 Abstract: This invention relates to a method for reducing all of the common refractive errors, myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism in a reversible fashion and to a device for achieving same. More particularly, this invention relates to a method for reducing or eliminating nearsightedness by flattening the curvature of the cornea and to a method for reducing or eliminating corneal astigmatism by changing the out-of-round shape of the cornea to a round shape. All of the methods utilize a retainer ring permanently placed in the stroma of the cornea, the tensioning of the ring being controlled by a turnbuckle arrangement. Excerpt(s): The eye is an organ that focuses incoming light waves onto sensitive nerves. These nerves transmit this information to certain parts of the brain, which in turn interprets them to give the sensation of sight. The act of "seeing" is truly a complex process. Basically, light waves coming into the eye must be bent, i.e. refracted in such a way that they come to a point that focuses on the nerves (retina) at the back of the eye. The two main tissues that bend incoming light are the cornea and the lens. Depending on the length of the eye, the cornea and lens may need to supply different amounts of focusing power. The total amount of power needed for the eye to focus light may be provided in different ratios. If the power of the cornea and the lens is not exactly correlated to the length of the eye, one is said to have a refractive error. The "big three" refractive errors are myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. Myopia (from the Greek "shut eyes", referring to the squinting of nearsighted people to see better for distance) is the most common refractive error. In the United States, about seventy million people have myopia and on a worldwide basis myopia affects about one quarter of the total population. Unaided by glasses or contacts, myopic or nearsighted people can see near but not far, since the nearsighted eye is naturally focused at close range. Myopia seems to be on the rise, though it is a mystery why. It is believed to be a result of heredity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04976719__

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High myopia anterior chamber lens with anti-glare mask Inventor(s): Kelman; Charles D. (721 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10022) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,769,889 Date filed: September 5, 1996

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Abstract: A two piece anterior chamber artificial intraocular lens for treating high myopia conditions by implantation in an eye after extracapsular removal of the natural eye lens is disclosed. The two-piece assembly is inserted through a minimum size incision in the eye. The lens includes a lens body or optic and a separate ring-shaped tension frame therefor containing light masking means for inhibiting light rays directed toward the outer edge portions of the lens body from being scattered thereby toward the retina after the assembled lens has been inserted into the eye. The lens body or optic is generally circular and conveniently made of shape retaining plastic. The optic is generally smaller than the diameter of a pupil dilated for night vision, and is surrounded by a snugly fitting annular opaque or semi-opaque ring or frame having a C-shaped cross section and a peripherally extending fin of the same material. The fin is preferably formed of flexible material which is bent during insertion to allow insertion of the two-piece assembly through a minimal size corneal incision. The lens is also provided with position fixation means, such as haptics, which are integrally formed with the lens body and extend outward in the generally horizontal plane of the lens body for seating the lens in the eye. The ring-shaped frame is preferably mated with the lens during manufacturing. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to the field of intraocular lenses. More specifically, the present invention is for an anterior chamber intraocular lens which is capable of being inserted through a small incision in the eye and which does not cause any appreciable glare. For treating conditions such as natural eye lens cataracts, a known eye surgery procedure is to remove the cataracted lens through a minimum size incision in the wall of the cornea of the eye, and replace it with an implanted artificial intraocular lens. The implantation of an intraocular lens is a well known and widely used technique for restoring vision after cataract surgery. The natural structure of the eye furnishes a variety of locations for fixing the position of the intraocular lens in the eye. For example, the intraocular lens can be supported anteriorly of the iris, between the scleral spur and the iris. Alternatively, an intraocular lens can be supported posteriorly of the iris. In practice, anterior chamber lenses are simpler to implant because the anterior chamber angle can be viewed by the surgeon while he seats the lens within the eye. Conversely, posterior chamber lenses are more difficult to implant, since they are seated behind the iris. To minimize the possibility of injury to the eye, it is important that the incision be made as small as possible. However, the size of the incision is generally dictated by the size of the artificial lens which is to be implanted. To allow for proper nighttime vision, the artificial lens must be sufficiently large to cover the pupil when it is dilated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05769889__ •

Intraocular implant for correction of myopia Inventor(s): Baikoff; Georges (Marseille, FR), Subrin; Philippe (Domarin, FR) Assignee(s): Laboratories Domilens (lyons, Fr) Patent Number: 5,300,117 Date filed: August 23, 1991 Abstract: An intraocular implant includes an optic part consisting of a central diverging lens of minus optical power, whose thickness increases radially from its optical center, and a peripheral edge shaped in the manner of a converging lens, and a haptic part for supporting the optic part, on each side of the latter, wherein the implant has the function of correcting myopia and is designed to be arranged in the anterior chamber of

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the eye, without ablation of the crystalline lens, the central diverging lens being a corrective lens, and the peripheral converging lens being a lens for focusing the peripheral light in front of the retina. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an intraocular implant intended to be inserted in the anterior chamber of the eye, by ophthalmic surgery, in order to correct the patient's myopia without ablation of the crystalline lens. and of a haptic part comprising, for example, two support loops arranged opposite each other, for supporting the optic part, on both sides of the latter, in the anterior chamber of the corrected eye. In accordance with the established terminology in the technical field of the present invention, the expression "optic" or "optic part" designates in a general manner that part of the implant penetrated by the light rays passing through the pupil, whatever the degree of dilation of the latter. All or part of this optic part can be occupied by the actual corrective lens itself, of an optical power appropriate to the desired correction. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05300117__ •

Medical treatment glasses Inventor(s): Nomura; Haruo (9-14, Kumata 8-chome, Higashi-sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,331,163 Date filed: August 11, 1980 Abstract: Glasses for providing an effective medical treatment for false nearsightedness by giving an electric stimulation to effective locations on the face for stimulation therapy through plural electrodes attached to conductors laid on the rim and bows of the glasses. Each of the electrodes flexibly protrudes inwards from the rim and bows of glasses and movably supports an almost spherical piece thereon. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to medical treatment glasses. More particularly, the invention is directed to glasses for treating false nearsightedness with electric stimulation. A conventional stimulation therapy for false nearsightedness exists whereby electric conductors or electrodes such as small pieces of metal foil or small spherical metal units are attached, by adhesives, to prescribed effective locations on the body for stimulation therapy. Then, low-frequency electric current is carried from an oscillator to those locations through the small electric conductors, thereby giving an electric stimulation to those locations. The conventional stimulation therapy is disadvantageous in that a search for the effective locations for the therapy is required and the conductors must be attached to each of the locations every time the therapy is applied. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04331163__

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Method and apparatus for a therapeutic treatment of nearsightedness Inventor(s): Tsuruta; Haruo (704-2, Oaza-Nuki, Kokura-Minami Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, JA) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 3,986,500 Date filed: July 7, 1975 Abstract: A method for therapeutic treatment of nearsightedness by a repetition of focusing and staring alternatively at a distant object and a nearby object and a visual acuity chart used therefor of which sizes and locations of the break of the Landolt's ring can be made selectively changeable. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for the therapeutic treatment of nearsightedness and a visual acuity chart used therefor, and more particulary to a method for therapeutic treatment of nearsightedness by relaxing the abnormal tension of the ciliary muscle of the eye which causes the nearsightedness as well as to a visual acuity table which is specifically employed in the above method. The general structure of the eye which occupies an essential part in the description of this invention is explained before the method of this invention is described in detail. It is well known that the eye mainly comprises a cornea 1 which is the forwardmost surface of the eyeball, an iris 2 which is located in back of the cornea, a lens which is shaped like a concave artificial lens 3, a ciliary body 4 which includes the ciliary muscle, vitreous body 5 which is transparent and the retina 6. The cornea maintains the fixed shape of the eyeball and focuses light rays onto the fundus by reflecting them; the iris works like an adjustable diaphragm in a camera to increase and decrease the amount of light reflected into the eye from the object which is seen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03986500__

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Method and apparatus for performing corneal reshaping to correct ocular refractive errors Inventor(s): Berry; Michael J. (Carmel, CA), Hennings; David R. (New Castle, CA), Vassiliadis; Arthur V. (Los Altos, CA) Assignee(s): Sunrise Technologies International, Inc. (fremont, Ca) Patent Number: 5,779,696 Date filed: April 26, 1995 Abstract: A noninvasive method is described for performing accurate and controlled reshaping of the anterior surface of the cornea in order to correct ocular refractive errors such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism. The invention uses a light source emitting a wavelength or wavelengths with correct optical penetration depth(s) to induce changes in corneal stromal collagen without damaging the corneal endothelium, together with a light delivery and control means for producing the required irradiance, exposure time, and geometric pattern, in order to achieve the desired change in corneal shape. Corneal shape is monitored before, during, and after the procedure by a corneal topography system. Anterior corneal surface cooling by a transparent heat sink is used to prevent damage to the epithelium and to Bowman's layer.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a noninvasive ophthalmological method and related apparatus for reshaping the anterior surface of the cornea in order to achieve emmetropia (i.e., normal vision characterized by the absence of ocular refractive error; the emmetropic eye focuses parallel rays of light onto the retina to produce a clear image). It further relates to the use of light to induce thermal changes in the stromal collagen of the cornea to shrink the stromal collagen to produce the desired reshaping of the cornea. In hyperopia (also termed hypermetropia), the refractive power of the eye is deficient meaning that parallel rays of light are focused behind the retina producing a blurred image. Hyperopic vision can be corrected by adding a spherical convex lens of the correct spherical curvature in front of the eye or by steepening the cornea axisymmetrically around the visual axis to increase its refractive power. In astigmatism, the refractive power of the eye is unequal in all meridians meaning that parallel rays of light are focused differently along different meridians producing a blurred image. Astigmatic vision can be corrected by adding a non-spherical lens of the correct cylindrical curvatures along various meridians in front of the eye or by flattening and/or steepening the cornea with the correct cylindrical curvatures to compensate for refractive errors along various meridians. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05779696__ •

Method and artificial intraocular lens device for the phakic treatment of myopia Inventor(s): Praeger; Donald (41 Yates Blvd., Poughkeepsie, NY 12601) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,676,792 Date filed: November 10, 1986 Abstract: The placing of an artificial intraocular lens device (IOL) in the anterior chamber of the eye (in front of the iris) for treating myopia. The intraocular lens device includes a meniscus style lens which has a plano anterior surface and a concave posterior surface. The edges of the lens are rounded off and the peripheral portion of the lens is considerably thicker than the central portion of the lens. The lens is a minus (negative) refracting lens. The lens is suspended in the anterior chamber by three or four carrying angles or haptics having solid footplates at their ends for anchoring the device in the anatomic angle of the eye. The solid footplates are sized to prevent tissue overgrowth and resulting synechia after placement, additionally facilitating subsequent removal of the lens device from the anterior chamber if necessary. A ridges lens glide is also provided to facilitate insertion of the lens device into the anterior chamber during implantation. This lens device is utilized in the phakic state (the state of the natural lens being retained). With the patient's natural crystalline lens being retained, the natural crystalline lens is located in the posterior chamber behind the iris and the artificial intraocular lens of negative power is located in the anterior chamber in front of the iris. The presence of the phakic state allows for accommodation to occur. The intended age range for applicability of the device is approximately from age 20-50. Excerpt(s): Presently, the standard technique for the surgical treatment of myopia is a keratorefractive procedure wherein either the shape of the cornea is altered or the refractive index of the cornea is surgically altered. There are many problems associated with this procedure. While many physicians are trained in keratorefaction, relatively few ever perform them and then not often. It thus becomes an intimidating procedure when performed. There are technical difficulties resulting from the microkeratome, the computer and the cryolathe, and many problems in learning to use the cryolathe.

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Additionally, there are possible complications such as infection, loss of endothelial cells, penetration and perforation. Moreover, in the best of hands, the predictability rate is only about 55 to 65 percent to plus or minus 2 diopters. Generally, keratorefractive procedures encompass any surgical procedure performed on the cornea, be it with a knife or with laser, which in effect attempts to induce a refractive change. It thereby encompasses radial keratotomy, keratomileusis, keratophakia, epikeratophakia, and polysulfone corneal inlays. It also encompasses the Ruiz procedure for astigmatism or any other type of procedure. All of the refractive surgical procedures share common optical problems: glare and photophobia, over-correction, under-correction, regular astigmatism, irregular astigmatism, loss of best corrected acuity, fluctuation in visual acuity, loss of progression of effect, and monocular diplopia. These are well known, as reported by Perry Binder in "Optical Problems Following Refractive Surgery", OPTHALMOLOGY (June 1986, v. 93, no. 6). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04676792__ •

Method for determining the power of an intraocular lens used for the treatment of myopia Inventor(s): Arrowsmith; Peter N. (210 25th Ave. North, Suite 900, Nashville, TN 37203) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,626,538 Date filed: July 11, 2001 Abstract: A method of deriving a prediction model and calculating a predicted lens power to provide a desired post-operative spherical equivalent to correct myopia in a phakic eye of a patient using an intraocular lens includes measuring and determining the predictive significance of certain pre-operative characteristics of the eye, including cycloplegic and manifest spherical equivalent, vertex distance, anterior chamber depth, and keratometry. The prediction model is derived using multiple regression analysis on the pre-operative and post operative data. Measured data corresponding to a particular patient is used in the lens power prediction model to calculate the predicted lens power for implantation in the patient. Excerpt(s): A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. The present invention relates generally to intraocular lenses used for the treatment of myopia. More particularly, this invention pertains to methods of determining the power of a phakic intraocular lens based on the needs of a specific patient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06626538__

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Method for treating myopia with an aspheric corneal contact lens Inventor(s): Stoyan; Nick (3841 Diamante Pl., Encino, CA 91436) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,428,412 Date filed: August 17, 1993 Abstract: Aspheric corneal contact lenses are used to treat myopia by controlled corneal molding. In one embodiment of the method, the lens includes an asymmetric central zone which provides multiple focusing capability to correct both near and far vision. A tear zone is located concentrically around the central zone. The tear zone is integral with the central zone and has a radius of curvature which is smaller than the central zone. The lens also includes a peripheral zone located concentrically around the tear zone wherein the peripheral zone has a radius of curvature equal to or greater than the central zone. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to corneal contact lenses and their use in treating myopia. More particularly, the present invention is directed to corneal contact lenses which are shaped to provide gradual altering of the patient's cornea during continued wear to reshape the cornea to reduce the myopic condition. Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is a condition where the radius of curvature of the cornea is smaller than normal. Individuals with this condition have difficulty in focusing on distant objects because the cornea the curved too sharply to provide adequate focusing. Myopia is a common condition for which no entirely suitable permanent treatment has been developed. One approach to correcting myopia is through surgical reshaping of the cornea. However, such surgical procedures have not been entirely proven and there is some question as to the permanency of the surgically altered lens shape. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05428412__

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Method of altering the shape of the cornea Inventor(s): Medina; Antonio (P.O. Box 2355, Costa Mesa, CA 92628) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,690,123 Date filed: July 15, 1996 Abstract: A device is provided to plastically change the shape of the cornea by application of a vacuum. The device has elongated openings that are connected to a vacuum pump. By placing the device on the surface of the cornea and then applying a vacuum, a plastic deformation of the area of the cornea below the openings is achieved. The resulting effect is that the curvature and the refractive power of the cornea and the eye are changed. A flatter cornea reduces or corrects myopia or nearsightedness. Applications extend to correction of all refractive errors: myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improved means to correct refractive errors of the eye: myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. Several attempts have been made to correct refractive errors by altering the shape of the cornea of the eye. A procedure called "orthokeratology" has been used for several decades with limited results. The procedure consists in prescribing a series of hard contact lenses over an extended period of time

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when the curvature of the lenses is progressively changed. The lenses in turn mold and change the curvature of the cornea. Orthokeratology is a painful procedure because the lenses worn are a poor fit to the shape of the cornea since they must necessarily be of a curvature different than the cornea. Another problem encountered with this procedure is that unless lenses are worn regularly the curvature of the cornea reverts to its original value. Surgical methods to alter the shape of the cornea have been proposed. Significantly two are currently in use: "radial keratotomy" and "photo-refractive keratectomy". Radial keratotomy is a procedure by which the cornea is cut in almost its full depth in a radial pattern. The cuts cause the cornea to flatten. Myopia is corrected with some success by radial keratotomy. Hyperopia cannot be corrected. Problems encountered with this procedure are related to the fact that the cornea is permanently and irreversibly damaged. A few of the problems reported are glare, overcorrection, cornea rupture and low vision. Photo-refractive keratectomy is the most recent procedure. This method uses an excimer laser to burn part of the exterior of the central cornea, and therefore flattens it in a more uniform manner than radial keratotomy. The damage to the cornea is reduced and the image quality is improved. This surgical procedure is still experimental, the long term consequences of burning the cornea are unknown and the procedure requires very costly and cumbersome electro-optical apparatus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05690123__ •

Muscarine antagonists Inventor(s): Bell; Ian M. (Harleysville, PA), Mallorga; Pierre J. (Lansdale, PA), Ransom; Richard W. (New Britian, PA), Smith; Anthony M. (Green Lane, PA), Sugrue; Michael F. (Blue Bell, PA), Thompson; Wayne J. (Lansdale, PA) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (rahway, Nj) Patent Number: 5,691,323 Date filed: May 12, 1995 Abstract: Compounds, 1,3-dihydro-1-{1-›piperidin-4-yl!piperidin-4-yl}-2Hbenzimidazol-2-ones and 1,3-dihydro-1-{4-amino-1-cyclohexyl}-2H-benzimidazol-2-ones and derivatives thereof, their preparation, method of use and pharmaceutical compositions are described. These compounds are endowed with antimuscarinic activity and are useful in the treatment and/or prevention of myopia (commonly known as nearsightedness). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to control of ocular development in general and, more particularly, to the treatment of the eye to prevent and/or arrest the development of myopia (nearsightedness). Approximately one of every four persons suffer from myopia, i.e., an elongation of the eye along the visual axis. In particular, myopia afflicts 10% to 75% of the youth of the world, depending upon race, geographic distribution and level of education. Myopia is not a trivial maldevelopment of the eye. In its pathologic form, the sclera continues to grow and as result the retina stretches and degenerates resulting in permanent blindness. Inheritance, environmental forces such as diet, sun intake, and substantial eye use, etc., are but a few theories that have been postulated to explain the on-set of myopia. In that regard, preventive measures such as eye rest, eye exercise, eye glasses, contact lens and drug and surgical therapies have been proposed. However, these measures are neither ideal nor risk-free. The surgical therapies (e.g. corneal surgery using excimer lasers or conventional knives) attempted for this condition are drastic and often unsuccessful. Moreover, neither of the therapies (excimer

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lasers or conventional knives) are easily reversed or sufficiently predictable in their results. Complications from contact lens wear range from allergic reactions to permanent loss of vision due to corneal ulceration. Even with the complications associated with contact lens wear, there are roughly 24 million wearers in the United States, with the number expected to double in the next 3 years. While eyeglasses eliminate most of the medical risks listed above, they are not an acceptable option as evidenced by the contact lens wearers who tolerate the frustration of contact lens wear. One particular drug therapy utilized in the treatment of myopia involves the use of cycloplegics. Cycloplegics are topically administered drugs that relax the ciliary muscle of the eye, which is the muscle that focuses the eye by controlling lens dimensions. The classic cycloplegic drug is the belladonna alkaloid atropine, available for over a century. Atropine is a long-acting non-specific antimuscarinic agent that antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at autonomic effector cells innervated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system. However, use of atropine, is impractical in that it causes mydriasis (increase of pupil size) and its action on the ciliary muscle to inhibit ocular focusing impairs near visual work like reading. There is strong evidence that the receptors in the iris and ciliary muscle responsible for the side effects of atropine are of the M3 subtype. Additionally, studies have shown that muscarinic receptors in the retina of a variety of non-human species are comprised of m1, m2 and m4 subtypes. Accordingly, a muscarinic antagonist with low m3 activity would be efficacious in prevention of the development of myopia without the undesirable side effects associated with the use of atropine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05691323__ •

Myopia lens Inventor(s): Edwards; Simon John (South Australia, AU), Fisher; Scott Warren (South Australia, AU), Kris; Dimitrios Jack (South Autralia, AU), Pavy; Simon John (South Australia, AU), Varnas; Saulius Raymond (South Australia, AU) Assignee(s): Sola International Holdings, Ltd. (lonsdale, Au) Patent Number: 6,343,861 Date filed: February 26, 2001 Abstract: A progressive ophthalmic lens element including a lens surface having an upper viewing zone having a surface to achieve a refracting power corresponding to distance vision, a lower viewing zone having a greater surface power than the upper viewing zone to achieve a refracting power corresponding to near vision, and an intermediate zon extending across the lens element having a surface power varying from that of the upper viewing zone to that of the lower viewing zone and including a corridor of relatively low surface astigmatism, the progressive ophthalmic lens element including progressive design elements selected to reduce myopia progression. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a progressive ophthalmic lens and in particular to a progressive ophthalmic lens designed to reduce the rate of juvenile myopia progression, and to a process for producing such lenses. Myopia, or shortsightedness, is a condition of the eye in which parallel rays of light come to a focus in front of the retina. The condition is generally corrected utilising a diverging lens. In many countries, particularly those in the Asian region, the rate of myopia progression is significant, particularly in children, with a rate between -1.25 Dioptre (D)/yr to -2.00 D/yr. This results in a very high proportion of the population with high levels of myopia. Many countries have accordingly embarked on research programs to determine

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suitable methods of reducing the rate of myopia progression, but with limited success. Numerous progressive lenses are known in the prior art. Progressive lenses have heretofore been designed on the basis that they have distance, near and intermediate viewing zones. The intermediate zone joins the near and distance zones in a cosmetically acceptable way, in the sense that no discontinuities in the lens should be visible to people observing the lens of the wearer. The design of the intermediate zone is based on a line called the "eye path" along which the optical power of the lens increases more or less uniformly. However, progressive lens designs, whilst in certain cases tailored for wearers suffering from myopia (see International Patent Application PCT/EP97/00105 to Applicants) have heretofore not been applied to juvenile wearers, nor to the problem of juvenile myopia progression. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06343861__ •

Ophthalmic formulation for treating myopia comprising dopamine agonist and cyclodextrin Inventor(s): Choi; Yun-Jeong (Daejeon, KR), Kim; In-Chull (Daejeon, KR), Lee; ChangHo (Daejeon, KR), Lee; Yong-Hee (Daejeon, KR), Seo; Mi-Kyeong (Daejeon, KR) Assignee(s): LG Chemical Ltd. (seoul, Kr) Patent Number: 5,814,638 Date filed: October 2, 1996 Abstract: An ophthalmic formulation for treating myopia, which comprises a dopamine agonist and cyclodextrin or its derivative in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an ophthalmic formulation for treating myopia, which comprises a dopamine agonist and cyclodextrin or its derivative in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. It has been estimated that about every fourth person on earth suffers from myopia and that about one-half or more of those are axial myopia caused by elongation of the eye along the visual axis. At birth, the human eye is about two-thirds the adult size and is relatively short in the axial direction. As a consequence, young children tend to be farsighted. As the eye grows during childhood, there occurs compensatory fine tuning of the optical properties of the cornea and lens to the increasing ocular length. Often the entire process takes place virtually flawlessly and the eye becomes emmetropic. When this fine tuning process fails, it usually brings about a lengthened eye. As a result, distant images get focused in front of the plane of the retina and axial myopia results(Josh Wallman, Retinal Control of Eye Growth and Refraction, Progress in Retinal Research, 12, 133-153(1993); and R. A. Stone et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,284,843, filed on Apr. 10, 1991). Hitherto, many theories have been put forth to explain the development of myopia. There is now a substantial evidence to link the function of the posterior part of the eye, especially image quality at the retina and hence the nervous system, to the postnatal regulation of ocular growth(R. A. Stone et al., Postnatal Control of Ocular Growth: Dopaminergic Mechanisms, Ciba Foundation Symposium 155, 45-62(1990)). For example, there is an evidence that myopia develops in an eye when it is subjected to retinal image degradation; Josh Wallman has reported that axial myopia can be experimentally induced in either birds or primates, when the retina is deprived of formed images, e.g., by suturing eyelids(Progress in Retinal Research, 12, 133-153(1993)). The experimental myopia induced in primates such as monkeys precisely mimics human axial myopia. Thus, the

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vision process is apparently involved in the feedback mechanism which regulates the postnatal ocular growth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05814638__ •

Tricurve optical metal master mold and method of making Inventor(s): Haardt; Henry (Henryville, PA), Magdon; John (Phillipsburg, NJ) Assignee(s): International Hydron Corporation (woodbury, Ny) Patent Number: 4,681,295 Date filed: July 29, 1985 Abstract: Spherical hydrophilic contact lenses having a characteristic tricurve configuration designed to correct myopia (nearsightedness) are described. The center zone (A1) of the lens is substantially thinner than the periphery (A3) allowing enhanced oxygen transmission and comfortable, increased wearing times while the thicker midperiphery (A2) imparts necessary integrity and handling characteristics for convenience in manual manipulation. Lenses are molded or cast directly in the desired tricurve configuration using specially designed replica molds made from metal master molds. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to contact lenses and specifically to spherical hydrophilic contact lenses having a unique tricurve configuration designed to correct myopia (nearsightedness). The lenses are conveniently molded or cast directly in the desired configuration using specially prepared replica molds; procedures for molding lenses are also described. In a preferred aspect of the invention a hydrophilic contact lens is cast having three distinct zones or curves, the center zone being substantially thinner than the periphery of the lens. Contact lenses designed to correct myopia, in order to refract light and provide the proper optical correction, must be thinner in the center than the periphery of the lens. The thickness differential increases as the dioptric power of the lens increases. Diopters may vary from 0 to -20.0 but are typically in the 0 to -6 range for a large portion of the myopic population; center thicknesses may range accordingly from 0.03 to 0.55 mm. Additionally, it is desirable to design a hydrophilic contact lens as thin as possible, i.e., to have a center thickness of, say, 0.04 mm so that transmission of oxygen through the lens to the wearer's cornea is maximized thus promoting the patient's corneal health during the time the contact lenses are worn. Thin contact lenses may be comfortably worn by the patient for a longer period of time than conventional thickness lenses. Hydrophilic contact lenses are not rigid but rather are typically a three-dimensional network of one or more polymers in which a substantial quantity, i.e. one-third or more, of water is entrapped. Given the above requirements for center thickness it was found that conventional designs and methods of manufacture were unsuccessful--an ultra-thin hydrophilic contact lens so produced was found to be so thin and flacid that it was extremely difficult to insert and remove, especially as the diopters became lower. Integrity and at least partial stability are required for patient convenience and acceptance of hydrophilic contact lenses, particularly in the lower powers where the lens surfaces are by necessity nearly parallel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04681295__

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•

Use of beta blockers for the treatment of the progression of infantile axial myopia Inventor(s): Tiburtius; Heinfried (Breitenbachplatz 21, 1000 Berlin 33, DE) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,942,161 Date filed: February 24, 1989 Abstract: The invention relates to the use of beta blockers for the treatment of the progression of infantile axial myopia. Excerpt(s): Myopia or shortsightedness is a disease of the eye in which parallel entering rays of light converge in front of the retina. It is possible for this disease to have two entirely different causes, namely either that the refraction of the rays in the eye is too strong, such as occasionally occurs in diabetics as well as during the onset of certain types of gray cataracts, which is then called curvature myopia, or because the eyeball is too long, resulting in so-called axial myopia, which is partially hereditary. The only therapy known up to now in the case of axial myopia is the use of concave spectacle lenses, which shift the focus back onto the retina, or of contact lenses, which are intended to slow the increase in length mechanically, by exerting pressure on the eye. Infantile axial myopia arises in most cases at school age between nine and eleven years of age, seldom earlier than that, and as a rule increases until approximately sixteen years of age. The causes of the disease are not definitely known, although an increase in shortsightedness has been noted. With the end of the period of growth of children, i.e. around the age of sixteen, the covers of the bulbus oculi, which were soft up to that time, have strengthened to a degree that further longitudinal increase of the eyeball, which would be equivalent to an increase in shortsightedness, is as a rule not expected. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04942161__

Patent Applications on Nearsightedness As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to nearsightedness: •

Contact lens for correcting myopia and/or astigmatism Inventor(s): Mitsui, Iwane; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: Edward G. Greive; Renner, Kenner, Greive, Bobak, Taylor & Weber; Fourth Floor; First National Tower; Akron; OH; 44308-1456; US Patent Application Number: 20030095232 Date filed: February 12, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a myopia and/or astigmatism-correcting contact lens for correcting myopia and/or astigmatism based on the alteration in the shape of a patient's cornea. The myopia and/or astigmatism-correcting contact lens comprises a pressure zone having a first surface defined by the inner surface of the contact lens located on the side of the patient's cornea and positioned at the center of the

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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contact lens. The first surface is formed in a concave shape having a curvature less than that of the central surface of the patient's cornea. The contact lens further includes a relief zone having a concave-shaped second surface defined by the inner surface of the contact lens located on the side of the patient's cornea and positioned at the periphery of the pressure zone, and an anchor zone having a concave-shaped third surface defined by the inner surface of the contact lens on the side of the patient's cornea and positioned at the periphery of the relief zone. The first surface has a curvature determined based on the shape of the patient's cornea to induce a specific desired alteration in the shape of the patient's cornea. Further, each of the curvatures of the first, second and third surfaces is arranged to satisfy the following formulas,RC=BC+7.0.about.9.0 D (diopter), andAC=BC+2.0.about.4.0Dwhere BC is the curvature of the first surface, RC is the curvature of the second surface, and AC is the curvature of the third surface. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a contact lens for correcting myopia and/or astigmatism. More specifically, the present invention relates to a myopia and/or astigmatism-correcting contact lens for reshaping the cornea based upon corneal topography to effect correction of visual defects. Visual or optical defects which prevent parallel light rays entering the eye from focusing clearly on the retina exist in several varieties. In hyperopia (farsightedness), the point of focus lies behind the retina, generally because the axis of the eyeball is too short. In myopia (nearsightedness), the image is focused in front of the retina, generally because the axis of the eyeball is too long. In astigmatism, refraction is unequal on the different meridians of the eyeball, generally due to asymmetry in the shape of the eye. Corrective glasses or contact lenses have been used to correct these defects, including convex (plus) lenses for hyperopia, concave (minus) lenses in myopia, and cylindrical lenses in astigmatism. More recently, a surgical technique, myopic or hyperopic keratomileusis has been used to alter cornea curvature and thereby improve refractive error. This method cuts and removes a predicted thickness of the corneal disk with a microkeratome. Additional surgical procedures such as radial keratotomy use microincisions in the cornea to surgically modify the curvature of the cornea and thereby reduce or eliminate myopia or astigmatism. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

LENS FOR EYESIGHT CORRECTION GLASSES Inventor(s): Ono, Minoru; (Fukui-shi, JP) Correspondence: Jordan And Hamburg Llp; 122 East 42nd Street; New York; NY; 10168; US Patent Application Number: 20030156250 Date filed: April 5, 2000 Abstract: ProblemTo provide a lens for eyesight correction glasses that allows the user to see a nearby viewing object in a naked eye state.Means for ResolutionAn upper portion A of a lens to be mounted on glasses that is made an eyesight correction portion for far-viewing and its lower portion B that is made a portion for near-viewing that has no eyesight correction ability or has small eyesight correction ability are integrated with each other. The eyesight correction portion for far-viewing corrects farsightedness, nearsightedness, astigmatism, etc. The lower portion having no eyesight correction ability includes no correction diopter and provides the same effect as viewing with the naked eye. The reason why this portion is used to perform small eyesight correction is to minimize an undue load on the ciliary muscles in view of the facts that the effectuation

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of "adjustment" that is a function of stressing the ciliary muscles to increase the thickness of the crystalline lenses to thereby increase the refractive power varies from one person to another and that there are persons with astigmatism. It is preferable that the correction ability be as small as 0.00-1.00 diopter. In particular, the lens for eyesight correction glasses contributes to acceleration of natural recovery of infants from temporary nearsightedness. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a lens for eyesight correction glasses. Lenses for eyesight correction glasses are classified into lenses for the farsighted, lenses for the nearsighted, lenses for persons with astigmatism, lenses for persons with farsightedness due to old age, etc. Whereas lenses of those types may be incorporated in glasses individually, there exist a double focus lens and a progressive multi-focus lens that incorporate a lens for a person with farsightedness due to old age in a near-viewing portion. This position is favorable in clearly viewing an object at hand because in such a case the user turns his eyes downward. In contrast, a lens that integrally incorporates a lens for a person with farsightedness due to old age in a far-viewing portion is employed for a case where the user needs to view an object with his eyes turned upward, an example of which case is such that the pilot in the pilot's seat of an airplane manipulates instruments. This is a special case in which a lens for a person with farsightedness due to old age is also needed in a near-viewing portion because instruments are provided above and below the pilot's seat. In glasses for the above purposes, a basic correction lens is integrated with a lens for a person with farsightedness due to old age. As exemplified above, it is common to use a lens for glasses in which a single correction lens integrally incorporates a lens having a different property from the former. On the other hand, there frequently occur cases where school students consult with opticians because they have difficulty viewing characters on the blackboard during a class. This is called temporary (or false) nearsightedness and is caused by long-hour studying or enjoying video games or a personal computer for a long time. Opticians recommend a lens suitable for the degree of nearsightedness. However, this type of nearsightedness is one caused by external factors in eyes that were normal in themselves and, in addition, children in their period of growth have sufficient ability to recover. Therefore, it is better to avoid eyesight correction for a portion that can be seen with the naked eye. In general, persons can clearly view far and near objects when they are young. This is because their eyes focus on the object in accordance with its distance. Persons having good sight clearly see a distant object in a natural state. In looking at a nearby object, focusing is performed in such a manner that the ciliary muscles are strained to make the crystalline lenses thicker, to thereby increase the refractive power. Increasing the refractive power by making the crystalline lenses thicker is called "adjustment," and a state that the ciliary muscles are relaxed and the crystalline lenses have their natural thickness is called an "unadjusted state." When the crystalline lenses have become hard with age, even if the ciliary muscles are stressed in any degree the crystalline lenses do not bulge and hence do not increase in thickness, becoming incapable of focusing on a nearby object. This state is called farsightedness due to old age. Even with farsightedness, young persons can clearly see both distant and nearby objects through adjustment if the degree of farsightedness is low. However, they tend to be tired because the ciliary muscles need to be strained all the time. There are persons with a high degree of farsightedness who cannot clearly see distant nor nearby objects. This is a case where the adjustment is insufficient. In contrast, although persons with nearsightedness cannot clearly see distant objects, they can clearly see objects that are closer to them than a certain position. In the case of children, the above-mentioned "adjustment" takes effect very easily. And there may occur a case that due to excessive work on nearby objects adjustment remains effective even in an ordinary state. In this

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case, even a person with good sight or farsightedness may be judged nearsighted when only a simple test is made. This is called temporary (or false) nearsightedness. In particular, infants have great adjustment ability. It is not rare that junior high school students and children younger than those are judged nearsighted when an ordinary test is performed even though they actually have good sight or far sight. To judge whether a person is in temporary nearsightedness or in true nearsightedness, static refractive power is measured by dropping an adjustment-disabling anesthetic. The present invention proposes a lens for glasses that is useful for relaxing an over-adjusted state. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for preventing myopia progression through identification and correction of optical aberrations Inventor(s): Gwiazda, Jane E; (Brookline, MA), He, Ji C; (Somerville, MA), Held, Richard; (Cambridge, MA), Thorn, Frank; (Newton, MA) Correspondence: Bromberg & Sunstein Llp; 125 Summer Street; Boston; MA; 02110-1618; US Patent Application Number: 20030058404 Date filed: October 2, 2002 Abstract: A method for at least one of preventing myopia and retarding the progression of myopia is provided. The method includes measuring optical aberrations in a human eye (42, 43, 44) and correcting the optical aberrations (46). Measuring optical aberrations (42, 43, 44) may include measuring wavefront aberrations (45) of parallel light rays entering the eye. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to measuring optical aberrations in the human eye and, more particularly, to preventing myopia and retarding the progression of myopia by correcting the aberrations. Myopia (or near-sightedness) has become the most pervasive visual disorder in the world. About twenty-five percent of people in industrialized countries in the Western world, and more than fifty percent of people in industrialized Asian countries require optical correction for myopia. With increasing educational demands, the prevalence of myopia is increasing steadily. Extensive reading by children and adolescents appears to cause progressive myopia. Since increasing educational demands have increased the prevalence of myopia, optical correction, such as eyeglasses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery for myopia is a major health care expense. Myopia is due primarily to an elongation of the posterior pole of the eye during the school age years. Structures in this region of the eye tend to be stretched during development, and their integrity is compromised. This causes greater risk to the effects of ocular trauma, diabetes, macular degeneration, and other diseases. This means that myopia is also a major contributor to irreversible blindness. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Myopia progression control using bifocal contact lenses Inventor(s): Aller, Thomas A.; (Albany, CA) Correspondence: Townsend And Townsend And Crew, Llp; Two Embarcadero Center; Eighth Floor; San Francisco; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20030058407 Date filed: May 23, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides new methods and systems for treating myopia progression in myopic patients who also exhibit near point esophoria, esophoria at near, eso fixation disparity, or eso associated phoria by selectively prescribing bifocal contact lenses to such patients. Near point eso fixation disparity may include esophores, low exophores, and orthophores. One method for controlling myopia progression comprises identifying a near point esophoric myopic patient, measuring an amount of fixation disparity, and prescribing a bifocal contact lens add power prescription. The bifocal add power prescription is based on the fixation disparity measurement and a distance prescription for the patient's eye. Excerpt(s): The present application is a non-provisional patent application and claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/304,912, filed Jul. 11, 2001, the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates generally to methods and systems for the treatment of myopia progression. In particular, the present invention relates to methods and systems for treating myopia progression in myopic patients who also exhibit near point esophoria, esophoria at near, eso fixation disparity, and/or eso associated phoria. Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is a visual defect in which distant objects appear blurred because their images are focused in front of the retina rather than on it causing a retinal blur. Myopia is one of the more prevalent human visual disorders, affecting up to 25% of American adults, with associated cost of correction and management having been estimated at several billion dollars per year. In some regions of the world, up to 75% of people may have myopia. Moreover, the prevalence of myopia may even be increasing. In some instances, high levels of myopia may result in grave consequences, such as, blindness from retinal detachment, myopic macular degeneration, cataract, glaucoma, or severe side effects or complications from myopia correction. Thus, treatments which control, reduce, inhibit, or even reverse myopia progression would have a widespread benefit. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with nearsightedness, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “nearsightedness” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on nearsightedness.

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You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning nearsightedness. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON NEARSIGHTEDNESS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to nearsightedness. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on nearsightedness include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “nearsightedness” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “nearsightedness” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “nearsightedness” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

18 Steps to Myopia Control by Tony Ho M.D.; ISBN: 9810094205; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9810094205/icongroupinterna

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A Guide to the Optometric Training of Myopia Control by Sonja Collier-Vanhimbeeck; ISBN: 0943599946; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943599946/icongroupinterna

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Accommodation, Nearwork, and Myopia by Editha Ong, Kenneth J. Ciuffreda; ISBN: 0943599881; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943599881/icongroupinterna

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Food: Need, Greed & Myopia by Geoffrey Yates; ISBN: 0907367046; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0907367046/icongroupinterna

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How to avoid nearsightedness : a scientific study of the normal eye's behavior by Otis S. Brown; ISBN: 091788230X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/091788230X/icongroupinterna

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Myopia Control Vol. 39-3: Behavioral Aspects of Vision Care by Anne Barber; ISBN: 0943599253; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943599253/icongroupinterna

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Myopia Surgery by Frank B. Thompson; ISBN: 0071053182; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0071053182/icongroupinterna

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Myopia Updates II: Proceedings of the 7th Ineternational Conference on Myopia, 1998 (International Conference on Myopia, 7th) by Taiwan)/ Shih, Y.-F International Conference on Myopia 1998 Taipei (Editor), et al; ISBN: 443170275X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/443170275X/icongroupinterna

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Refractive Keratotomy for Myopia and Astigmatism by George O. Waring; ISBN: 0801653495; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801653495/icongroupinterna

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Sudden Vision: The "Rk" Procedure for Nearsightedness and Other Wonders Ophthalmology by John Crater, Herb King (Illustrator); ISBN: 1556421230; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556421230/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Guide to Refractive Surgery: Nearsightedness, Farsightedness, and Astigmatism by Stanley C. Grandon, Susan Giffin; ISBN: 0962888621; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962888621/icongroupinterna

•

The Myopia Myth: The Truth About Nearsightedness and How to Prevent It by Donald S. Rehm; ISBN: 096084760X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096084760X/icongroupinterna

•

The Myopias: Basic Science and Clinical Management by Brian J. Curtin; ISBN: 0061406724; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0061406724/icongroupinterna

•

Ufos the Case for Scientific Myopia by Stan Seers; ISBN: 0533052718; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0533052718/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Nearsightedness In order to find chapters that specifically relate to nearsightedness, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and nearsightedness using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “nearsightedness” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on nearsightedness: •

Common Refractive Errors (Ametropias) and Deafness Source: in Johnson, D.D. Deafness and Vision Disorders: Anatomy and Physiology, Assessment Procedures, Ocular Anomalies, and Educational Implications. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd. 1999. p. 224-264.

Books

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Contact: Available from Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (800) 258-8980 or (217) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $74.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 039806945X. Summary: Refractive errors are functional optical (eye) defects in which the parallel light rays from the environment, after passing through the eye's transparent substances, are not brought to a sharp focus precisely on the retina when the eye is unaccommodated; hence, the retinal images are blurred. This chapter on refractive errors (ametropias) is from a textbook written to help students preparing for work in the field of deafness to understand and incorporate an awareness of vision disorders in the deaf population. The information concerning the congenital anomalies, functional defects, and pathologic ocular conditions most often found within a deaf student population was obtained from eleven years of research unobtrusively conducted within the NTID Eye and Ear Clinic between August 1984 and May 1995 (at the National Technical Institute for the Deaf, one of the eight colleges of the Rochester Institute of Technology). This chapter deals specifically with those refractive errors common in this population: myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, or a combination thereof. For each condition, the author provides definitions and general comments, classification issues, etiology, and the statistics for the condition in the NTID population. Refractive errors were by far the most common ocular disorders found among NTID deaf students, ranging from approximately 40 percent of the total population of students (n = 3190) entering NTID to about 85 percent of those 756 students seen in the NTID Eye and Ear Clinic. 12 tables. 57 references.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS NEARSIGHTEDNESS

AND

NEWS

ON

Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover nearsightedness.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on nearsightedness is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “nearsightedness” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to nearsightedness. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “nearsightedness” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for nearsightedness: •

Nightlights do not cause nearsightedness Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 08, 2000

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•

FDA approves LASIK laser for nearsightedness Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 22, 1999

•

Night-time light in infancy linked to nearsightedness Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 12, 1999

•

FDA approves implant for nearsightedness Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 09, 1999

•

Nearsightedness Op: Good Long-Term Results Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 11, 1998

•

Novartis licenses myopia drug from Valley Forge Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 08, 2003

•

Voracious reading linked to early nearsightedness Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 20, 2002

•

Reading linked to risk of higher myopia in schoolchildren Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 20, 2002

•

FDA panel backs lenses for overnight correction of nearsightedness Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 18, 2002

•

Higher education level tied to nearsightedness Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 26, 2001 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

Periodicals and News

73

Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “nearsightedness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “nearsightedness” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to nearsightedness, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “nearsightedness” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Nearsightedness Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to nearsightedness. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering nearsightedness that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for nearsightedness. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with nearsightedness. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).

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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to nearsightedness: Vitamin D and Related Compounds •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Calciferol; Calciferol Drops; Calcijex; Calderol; DHT; DHT Intensol; Drisdol; Drisdol Drops; Hectorol; Hytakerol; Rocaltrol; Zemplar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202597.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

79

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources 81

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “nearsightedness” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 7744 112 91 7 2 7956

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “nearsightedness” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources 83

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Nearsightedness In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and nearsightedness. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).22 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 22 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “nearsightedness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for nearsightedness: •

Aplasia Cutis Congenita, High Myopia, and Cone-rod Dysfunction Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=601075

•

Blepharoptosis, Myopia, and Ectopia Lentis Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=110150

•

Camptodactyly, Myopia, and Fibrosis of the Medial Rectus Muscle of Eye Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=602612

•

Dandy-walker Malformation with Mental Retardation, Macrocephaly, Myopia, and Brachytelephalangy Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=220219

•

Deafness, Cochlear, with Myopia and Intellectual Impairment Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=221200

•

Epiphyseal Dysplasia of Femoral Head, Myopia, and Deafness Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=226950

•

Epiphyseal Dysplasia, Multiple, with Myopia and Conductive Deafness Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=132450

•

Microphthalmos with Myopia and Corectopia Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=156900

•

Myopia 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=310460

•

Myopia 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=160700

•

Myopia 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=603221

•

Myopia 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=608367

•

Myopia 5 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=608474

•

Myopia, Infantile Severe Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=255500

•

Night Blindness with High-grade Myopia Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=257270

•

Ophthalmoplegia, External, and Myopia Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=311000

•

Polydactyly, Postaxial, with Progressive Myopia Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=174310

Physician Resources 85

•

Sinus Node Disease and Myopia Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=182190

•

Spinocerebellar Degeneration with Macular Corneal Dystrophy, Cataracts, and Myopia Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=271320

•

Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia, Myopia, and Sensorineural Deafness Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=184000

Congenital

Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map) The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

•

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

•

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

•

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

•

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

•

Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner

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syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html •

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

•

Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

•

NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

•

PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “nearsightedness” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.”

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Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database23 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database24 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “nearsightedness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

23

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 24 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on nearsightedness can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to nearsightedness. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to nearsightedness. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “nearsightedness”:

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Other guides Cataract http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cataract.html Eye Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyediseases.html Eye Wear http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyewear.html Laser Eye Surgery http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lasereyesurgery.html Refractive Errors http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/refractiveerrors.html Vision Disorders and Blindness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/visiondisordersandblindness.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to nearsightedness, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews 20/20 Vision Source: American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?site=AOAstage&WebCode=2020Vi sion What Are Refractive Errors? Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZYXB80Z9C& sub_cat=38

•

Treatment Automated Lamellar Keratoplasty (ALK) Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ1A4IOH4C& sub_cat=38 Corneal Modifications Source: American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?site=AOAstage&WebCode=Corne alModifications MedlinePlus: Laser Eye Surgery Source: National Library of Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lasereyesurgery.html Vision Correction: Taking a Look at What's New Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2001/501_eyes.html

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•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Astigmatism Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00230 Eye Coordination Problems Source: American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?site=AOAstage&WebCode=EyeCo ordination Hyperopia Source: American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?site=AOAstage&WebCode=Hyper opia Keratoconus Source: American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?site=AOAstage&WebCode=Kerato conus Myopia Source: American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?site=AOAstage&WebCode=Myopi a Nearsightedness Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00528 Selecting a Refractive Eye Surgeon Source: LASIK Institute http://www.lasikinstitute.org/Selecting_Surgeon.html Sports & Vision Source: American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?site=AOAstage&WebCode=Sports Vision

•

Children Children's Eye Problems Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/children/ch_eye_problems.html Eye Tests For Children Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/children/children_eye_tests.html Taking a Good Look at Glasses Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/stay_healthy/body/glasses.html Your Child's Vision Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/eyes/vision.html

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From the National Institutes of Health Cornea and Corneal Disease Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cornealdisease/index.htm

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Organizations American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.aao.org/ American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org/ ASCRS/ASOA Online Source: American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, American Society of Ophthalmic Administrators http://www.ascrs.org/ National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/ Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/

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Pictures/Diagrams Eye Disease Simulations Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/photo/sims/sims.htm Eye Examinations Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/photo/eye_exam/eye_exam.htm

•

Prevention/Screening Distance Vision Test For Adults Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/eye_tests/dist_adult_test.html Great American Eye Test http://www.aoa.org/eweb/Documents/EyeTest.pdf How Often to Have an Eye Exam Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZAKCLP3SC& sub_cat=113 Near Vision Test For Adults Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/eye_tests/near_vision_test.html

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•

Research Corneal Ring Segments Improve Vision for Patients with Keratoconus Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ3A81DIGD& sub_cat=2 Ethnic Background Affects a Child's Risk of Certain Eye Problems Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/research/refractive.html Statement on the Use of Progressive Addition Lenses vs. Single Vision Lenses to Treat Myopia in Children Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/news/statements/comet.htm

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “nearsightedness” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

ACR Appropriateness Criteriatm for orbits, vision and visual loss Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1999; 9 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2450&nbr=1676&a mp;string=myopia

•

Care of the contact lens patient Source: American Optometric Association - Professional Association; 2000; 77 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2603&nbr=1829&a mp;string=nearsightedness

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Care of the patient with myopia Source: American Optometric Association - Professional Association; 1997 (reviewed 2001); 75 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1998&nbr=1224&a mp;string=nearsightedness

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Care of the patient with retinal detachment and related peripheral vitreoretinal disease Source: American Optometric Association - Professional Association; 1995 (reviewed 1998); 79 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1996&nbr=1222&a mp;string=myopia

•

Cataract in the adult eye Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 September (updated 2001 Oct); 62 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3087&nbr=2313&a mp;string=myopia

•

Clinical practice guideline for the management of cataract among adults Source: Family Medicine Research Group, UP-PGH - Academic Institution; 2001; 27 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2963&nbr=2189&a mp;string=nearsightedness

•

Comprehensive adult eye and vision examination Source: American Optometric Association - Professional Association; 1994 (reviewed September 1997); 16 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1984&nbr=1210&a mp;string=nearsightedness

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Contact lens care Source: National Committee on Ophthalmology (Singapore) - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2001 January; 33 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2835&nbr=2061&a mp;string=nearsightedness

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Laser refractive surgery Source: National Committee on Ophthalmology (Singapore) - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2001 July; 32 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2890&nbr=2116&a mp;string=nearsightedness

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Pediatric eye and vision examination Source: American Optometric Association - Professional Association; 1994 (revised 2002); 57 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3548&nbr=2774&a mp;string=nearsightedness

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Pediatric eye evaluations Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology - Medical Specialty Society; 1992 June (revised 2002 Oct); 22 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3543&nbr=2769&a mp;string=myopia

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Refractive errors Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology - Medical Specialty Society; 1997 September (revised 2002); 53 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3545&nbr=2771&a mp;string=nearsightedness Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Eye Care Links Summary: This page links to general eye care information and glossaries as well as to information on amblyopia, astigmatism/myopia, cataracts, conjunctivitis, enucleation, glaucoma, low vision, macular Source: Surgical Eye Expeditions International http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7703 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to nearsightedness. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to nearsightedness. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with nearsightedness. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about nearsightedness. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “nearsightedness” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received

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your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “nearsightedness”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “nearsightedness” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “nearsightedness” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.25

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

25

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)26: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

26

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 101

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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on nearsightedness: •

Basic Guidelines for Nearsightedness Nearsightedness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001023.htm

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Signs & Symptoms for Nearsightedness Blindness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003040.htm Headaches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm

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Diagnostics and Tests for Nearsightedness Refraction test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003844.htm Slit-lamp exam Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003880.htm

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Standard ophthalmic exam Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003434.htm Test of color vision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003387.htm •

Surgery and Procedures for Nearsightedness Radial keratotomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002959.htm

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Background Topics for Nearsightedness Retina Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002291.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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NEARSIGHTEDNESS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abducens: A striated, extrinsic muscle of the eyeball that originates from the annulus of Zinn. [NIH] Abducens Nerve: The 6th cranial nerve. The abducens nerve originates in the abducens nucleus of the pons and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the eye. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control. [NIH] Abducens Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the sixth cranial (abducens) nerve or its nucleus in the pons. The nerve may be injured along its course in the pons, intracranially as it travels along the base of the brain, in the cavernous sinus, or at the level of superior orbital fissure or orbit. Dysfunction of the nerve causes lateral rectus muscle weakness, resulting in horizontal diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is abducted and esotropia. Common conditions associated with nerve injury include intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; ischemia; and infratentorial neoplasms. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Ablation zone: The area of tissue that is removed during laser surgery. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acrylamide: A colorless, odorless, highly water soluble vinyl monomer formed from the hydration of acrylonitrile. It is primarily used in research laboratories for electrophoresis, chromatography, and electron microscopy and in the sewage and wastewater treatment industries. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU]

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Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amblyopia: A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivationinduced amblopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. Strabismus and refractive errors may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the optic nerve which is associated with alcoholism, tobacco smoking, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anisometropia: A condition of an inequality of refractive power of the two eyes. [NIH]

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Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anterior chamber: The space in front of the iris and behind the cornea. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Aphakia: Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of lens dislocation and subluxation. [NIH] Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous fluid: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied

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in cancer prevention. [NIH] Astigmatism: A condition in which the surface of the cornea is not spherical; causes a blurred image to be received at the retina. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Auricular: Pertaining to an auricle or to the ear, and, formerly, to an atrium of the heart. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Belladonna: A species of very poisonous Solanaceous plants yielding atropine (hyoscyamine), scopolamine, and other belladonna alkaloids, used to block the muscarinic autonomic nervous system. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.

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[NIH]

Beta blocker: A drug used to slow the heart rate and reduce pressure inside blood vessels. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biometry: The use of statistical methods to analyze biological observations and phenomena. [NIH]

Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed cholinergic agonist that acts at both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both

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genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Choriocapillaris: A layer of the choroid between the lamina vitrea and Sattler's layer, consisting of a network of capillaries which supplies the outer 5 layers of the retina; the network is densest at the macula. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Choroidal Neovascularization: A pathological process consisting of the formation of new blood vessels in the choroid. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or

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transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Ciliary muscles: The muscles that relax the zonules to enable the lens to change shape for focusing. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the

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classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Constrict: Tighten; narrow. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight

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changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneal Diseases: Diseases of the cornea. [NIH] Corneal Edema: An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity. [NIH] Corneal Stroma: The lamellated connective tissue constituting the thickest layer of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes. [NIH] Corneal Topography: Measurement of the anterior surface of the cornea, its curvature and shape. It is used often to diagnose keratoconus and other corneal diseases, and corneal changes after keratotomy and keratoplasty. A significant application is in the fitting of contact lenses. In performing corneal topography, many different techniques can be employed: keratometry, keratoscopy, photokeratoscopy, profile photography, computerassisted image processing, videokeratography, etc. [NIH] Corneal Transplantation: Partial or total replacement of the cornea from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Corneal Ulcer: Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclopentolate: A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia. [NIH] Cycloplegia: Paralysis of the ciliary muscle; paralysis of accommodation. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks.

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The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diopter: The measurement of refractive error. A negative diopter value signifies an eye with myopia and positive diopter value signifies an eye with hyperopia. [NIH] Diplopia: A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include refractive errors; strabismus; oculomotor nerve diseases; trochlear nerve diseases; abducens nerve diseases; and diseases of the brain stem and occipital lobe. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disparity: Failure of the two retinal images of an object to fall on corresponding retinal points. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH]

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Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]

Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH]

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Enucleation: Removal of the nucleus from an eucaryiotic cell. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epikeratophakia: A procedure that modifies the refractive error of the lens by the transplantation of a donor cornea to the anterior surface of the patient's cornea. The basic indication for epikeratophakia is the incapability of correcting refractive errors with conservative methods, such as glasses, contact lenses, or intraocular lenses. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Episcleritis: Inflammation of the episclera and/or the outer layers of the sclera itself. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Esotropia: A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze. [NIH] Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excimer laser: An ultraviolet laser used in refractive surgery to remove corneal tissue. [NIH] Excitotoxicity: Excessive exposure to glutamate or related compounds can kill brain neurons, presumably by overstimulating them. [NIH] Exotropia: A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction. [NIH]

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Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extraocular: External to or outside of the eye. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Farsightedness: The common term for hyperopia. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH]

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Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glare: Scatter from bright light that decreases vision. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of

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glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterotropia: One in which the angle of squint remains relatively unaltered on conjugate movement of the eyes. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypermetropia: Visual disorder caused by an insufficient refractive power of the eye; only objects far from the eyes appear to be in focus. [NIH]

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Hyperopia: Farsightedness; ability to see distant objects more clearly than close objects; may be corrected with glasses or contact lenses. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inlays: Restorations of metal, porcelain, or plastic made to fit a cavity preparation, then cemented into the tooth. Onlays are restorations which fit into cavity preparations and overlay the occlusal surface of a tooth or teeth. Onlays are retained by frictional or

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mechanical factors. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irradiance: At a point of a surface, the quotient of the radiant flux incident on an element of the surface containing the point, by the area of that element. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratectomy: The surgical removal of corneal tissue. [NIH] Kerato: Prefix indicating relationship to the cornea. [NIH] Keratoconus: A disorder characterized by an irregular corneal surface (cone-shaped) resulting in blurred and distorted images. [NIH] Keratomileusis: Carving of the cornea to reshape it. [NIH] Keratotomy: A surgical incision (cut) of the cornea. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laser Surgery: The use of a laser either to vaporize surface lesions or to make bloodless cuts in tissue. It does not include the coagulation of tissue by laser. [NIH] Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH]

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Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lenticular: 1. Pertaining to or shaped like a lens. 2. Pertaining to the crystalline lens. 3. Pertaining to the lenticular nucleus. [EU] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Low vision: Visual loss that cannot be corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses and interferes with daily living activities. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH]

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Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Meniscus: A fibro-cartilage within a joint, especially of the knee. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microkeratome: A surgical device that is affixed to the eye by use of a vacuum ring. When secured, a very sharp blade cuts a layer of the cornea at a predetermined depth. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Miotic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing miosis : contraction of the pupil. 2. An agent that causes the pupil to contract. 3. Meiotic: characterized by cell division. [EU] Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It acts as a bi- or trifunctional alkylating agent causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA

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synthesis. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monocular: Diplopia identified with one eye only; it may be induced with a double prism, or it may occur either as a result of double imagery due to an optical defect in the eye, or as a result of simultaneous use of normal and anomalous retinal correspondence. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mydriasis: Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in Adie syndrome. [NIH]

Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH]

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Nearsightedness: The common term for myopia. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Nicotinic Antagonists: Drugs that bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors (receptors, nicotinic) and block the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists. Nicotinic antagonists block synaptic transmission at autonomic ganglia, the skeletal neuromuscular junction, and at central nervous system nicotinic synapses. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the

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chromosomes. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oculi: Globe or ball of the eye. [NIH] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Oculomotor Nerve: The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmologist: A medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis and medical or surgical treatment of visual disorders and eye disease. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic disc: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic Neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis). [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Overcorrection: A complication of refractive surgery where the achieved amount of correction is more than desired. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH]

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Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasympathetic Nervous System: The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phosphenes: Visual sensations arising from mechanical or electrical stimulation of the eyeball. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photokeratoscopy: Determination of corneal curvatines and topography by observing or photographing the corneal image of the target of a photokeratoscope. [NIH] Photophobia: Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of eye diseases; migraine; subarachnoid hemorrhage; meningitis; and other disorders. Photophobia

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may also occur in association with depression and other mental disorders. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [NIH] Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as cimetidine and ranitidine. It is generally well tolerated by patients. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Posterior chamber: The space between the back of the iris and the front face of the vitreous; filled with aqueous fluid. [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH]

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Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Presbyopia: The normal decreasing elasticity of the crystalline lens that leads to loss of accommodation. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolapse: The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice. [NIH]

Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycan: A molecule that contains both protein and glycosaminoglycans, which are a type of polysaccharide. Proteoglycans are found in cartilage and other connective tissues. [NIH]

Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus

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of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Ptosis: 1. Prolapse of an organ or part. 2. Drooping of the upper eyelid from paralysis of the third nerve or from sympathetic innervation. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radial Keratotomy: Commonly referred to as RK; a surgical procedure designed to correct myopia (nearsightedness) by flattening the cornea using radial cuts. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Nicotinic: One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic

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receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for nicotine over muscarine. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, molecular biology, and biophysical properties of the channels. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractive Errors: Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus. [NIH] Refractive Power: The ability of an object, such as the eye, to bend light as light passes through it. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]

Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous

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membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrobulbar: Behind the pons. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleral Buckling: An operation for retinal detachment which reduces the size of the globe by indenting the sclera so that it approximates the retina. [NIH] Scleritis: Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH]

Dictionary 135

Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shortsightedness: Visual disorder which occurs when the refractive power of the eyes is too strong, with the result that the focal plane of the image is in front of the retina and that only objects close to the eyes appear to be in focus. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strabismus: Deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome. The visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological conditions. The various forms of strabismus are spoken of as tropias, their direction being indicated by the appropriate prefix, as cyclo tropia, esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia. Called also cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation, and squint. [EU] Strained: A stretched condition of a ligament. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU]

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Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synechia: Adhesion of the iris to the cornea or to the capsule of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH]

Dictionary 137

Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trochlear Nerve: The 4th cranial nerve. The trochlear nerve carries the motor innervation of the superior oblique muscles of the eye. [NIH] Trochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the fourth cranial (trochlear) nerve or its nucleus in the midbrain. The nerve crosses as it exits the midbrain dorsally and may be injured along

138

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its course through the intracranial space, cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, or orbit. Clinical manifestations include weakness of the superior oblique muscle which causes vertical diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is adducted and directed inferiorly. Head tilt may be seen as a compensatory mechanism for diplopia and rotation of the visual axis. Common etiologies include craniocerebral trauma and infratentorial neoplasms. [NIH] Tropicamide: A muscarinic antagonist with pharmacologic action similar to atropine and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic. It may cause closed-angle glaucoma. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Undercorrection: A complication of refractive surgery where the achieved amount of correction is less than desired. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Vitreoretinal: A rare familial condition characterized by a clear vitreous, except for preretinal filaments and veils which have been loosened from the retina, a dense hyaloid membrane which is perforated and detached, and masses of peripheral retinal pigmentation inters. [NIH] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the

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crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Humor: The transparent, colorless mass of gel that lies behind the lens and in front of the retina and fills the center of the eyeball. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Zonules: The fibers that hold the lens suspended in position and enable it to change shape during accommodation. [NIH]

141

INDEX A Abdominal, 107, 116, 128 Abducens, 107, 116 Abducens Nerve, 107, 116 Abducens Nerve Diseases, 107, 116 Ablation, 12, 52, 107 Ablation zone, 12, 107 Accommodation, 4, 20, 48, 54, 67, 107, 115, 126, 128, 131, 139 Acetylcholine, 58, 107, 112, 127 Acrylamide, 49, 107 Acrylonitrile, 107 Acuity, 43, 46, 53, 55, 107 Adhesives, 52, 107 Adjustment, 63, 107 Adrenergic, 107, 116, 118, 136 Adverse Effect, 107, 108, 109, 135 Aetiology, 19, 26, 107 Afferent, 108, 128 Affinity, 108 Agonist, 27, 59, 108, 109, 111, 116, 130 Algorithms, 108, 111 Alkaloid, 58, 108, 110, 126, 134 Alternative medicine, 73, 108 Amblyopia, 95, 108 Amino Acids, 108, 129, 130, 131 Anal, 108, 119, 124 Anatomical, 33, 108, 110, 122, 134 Anemia, 86, 108 Animal model, 4, 108 Anisometropia, 20, 108 Anomalies, 68, 69, 109 Anterior chamber, 10, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 109, 123 Antibiotic, 109, 125 Antibody, 108, 109, 113, 122, 132 Anticholinergic, 109, 115 Antigen, 108, 109, 114, 122 Anti-infective, 109, 121 Anti-inflammatory, 109, 134 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 109 Antineoplastic, 109, 125 Aperture, 109, 132 Aphakia, 109, 133 Apomorphine, 27, 109 Applicability, 54, 109 Aqueous, 109, 110, 113, 117, 121, 124, 130 Aqueous fluid, 109, 130

Arachidonic Acid, 109, 131 Arginine, 109, 127 Arterial, 109, 131 Arteries, 109, 111, 115, 125 Aspartate, 29, 37, 109 Aspirin, 20, 109 Ataxia, 85, 110, 137 Atmospheric Pressure, 110, 121 Atrium, 110 Atrophy, 17, 85, 110 Atropine, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 58, 110, 134, 138 Auricular, 26, 110 Autonomic, 20, 58, 107, 110, 127, 129, 136 Autonomic Nervous System, 110, 129, 136 B Basal Ganglia, 110 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 110 Base, 107, 110, 116, 123, 136 Basement Membrane, 110, 119 Belladonna, 58, 110 Benign, 110, 134 Beta blocker, 61, 111 Bilateral, 13, 111 Biochemical, 4, 111, 120 Biometry, 7, 17, 111 Biotechnology, 8, 73, 81, 83, 85, 86, 111 Bladder, 111, 119, 126, 131, 138 Blood vessel, 111, 112, 117, 120, 123, 129, 135, 136, 137, 138 Bone Marrow, 111, 124, 135 Bowel, 108, 111, 116 Bowel Movement, 111, 116 Bradykinin, 111, 127 Brain Stem, 111, 116, 129 Branch, 103, 111, 129, 135, 137 Breakdown, 111, 119, 128 C Carbachol, 27, 111 Carbohydrate, 111, 120, 130 Carbon Dioxide, 111, 119 Carcinogens, 111, 128 Cardiovascular, 112, 130 Carotene, 112, 133 Case report, 35, 112 Cataract, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 22, 28, 29, 51, 65, 90, 92, 94, 109, 112, 133 Catecholamine, 112, 116

Nearsightedness

Caudal, 112, 130 Cell Division, 85, 112, 125, 130 Central Nervous System, 107, 110, 112, 119, 126, 127, 128, 130, 134 Cerebellar, 110, 112, 133 Cerebral, 110, 111, 112, 118, 128 Cerebrum, 112, 138 Chlorpyrifos, 39, 112 Cholinergic, 6, 26, 58, 111, 112, 127, 132 Choriocapillaris, 36, 112 Choroid, 4, 112, 133 Choroidal Neovascularization, 18, 19, 21, 22, 112 Chromosomal, 5, 112 Chromosome, 5, 16, 112, 124 Chronic, 85, 112, 113, 117, 122, 123, 130, 135 Chronic renal, 112, 130 Ciliary, 27, 53, 58, 62, 63, 109, 113, 115, 128, 134 Ciliary Body, 53, 113, 134 Ciliary muscles, 62, 63, 113 Ciliary processes, 109, 113 Cimetidine, 113, 130 Circadian, 4, 113 Circadian Rhythm, 4, 113 CIS, 113, 133 Clinical trial, 4, 41, 43, 81, 113, 129, 132 Cloning, 7, 111, 113 Cofactor, 113, 131 Collagen, 12, 47, 49, 53, 54, 107, 110, 113, 130, 131, 134 Collagen disease, 113, 134 Colloidal, 113, 117 Complement, 26, 113, 114, 120 Complementary and alternative medicine, 33, 40, 114 Complementary medicine, 33, 114 Computational Biology, 81, 83, 114 Cone, 15, 34, 84, 114, 123 Conjunctiva, 114, 134 Conjunctivitis, 95, 114 Connective Tissue, 49, 111, 113, 114, 115, 119, 131 Connective Tissue Cells, 114 Constrict, 114, 126 Contraindications, ii, 114 Contrast Sensitivity, 13, 28, 36, 114, 128 Conventional therapy, 115 Conventional treatment, 42, 115

142

Cornea, 6, 11, 14, 15, 21, 39, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 92, 109, 110, 115, 118, 123, 125, 132, 134, 135, 136 Corneal Diseases, 115 Corneal Edema, 43, 115 Corneal Stroma, 49, 53, 115 Corneal Topography, 53, 62, 115 Corneal Transplantation, 6, 115 Corneal Ulcer, 35, 58, 115 Coronary, 115, 125 Coronary Thrombosis, 115, 125 Cortex, 108, 110, 115, 118, 133 Cortical, 108, 115, 134, 137 Corticosteroids, 115, 134 Cranial, 107, 115, 127, 128, 129, 137 Curative, 115, 137 Cyclic, 29, 115, 120, 127 Cyclopentolate, 27, 115 Cycloplegia, 115 D Databases, Bibliographic, 81, 115 Degenerative, 116, 125, 133 Density, 43, 116, 128 Deprivation, 4, 8, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 108, 116 Deuterium, 116, 121 Diabetic Retinopathy, 116, 129 Diagnostic procedure, 45, 73, 116 Diaphragm, 53, 116 Digestive system, 44, 116 Dilatation, 116, 131 Dilation, 52, 111, 116, 126 Diopter, 62, 116 Diplopia, 48, 55, 107, 116, 126, 138 Direct, iii, 75, 116, 133, 136 Disparity, 65, 116 Dopamine, 8, 27, 59, 109, 116 Dorsal, 116, 130 Drug Interactions, 76, 116 Duodenal Ulcer, 117, 130 Dysplasia, 84, 85, 86, 117 Dystrophy, 6, 85, 117 E Effector, 58, 107, 113, 117 Effector cell, 58, 117 Efficacy, 43, 117 Ejaculation, 117, 134 Elasticity, 117, 131 Elastin, 113, 117 Elective, 19, 117 Electrophoresis, 6, 107, 117 Emetic, 109, 117

143

Emulsion, 117, 119 Endothelial cell, 43, 55, 117 Endothelium, 53, 115, 117, 127 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 117 Endothelium, Vascular, 117 Endothelium-derived, 117, 127 End-stage renal, 112, 117, 130 Enucleation, 95, 118 Environmental Exposure, 118, 128 Environmental Health, 80, 82, 118 Enzymatic, 112, 114, 118, 133 Enzyme, 117, 118, 120, 137, 139 Epidemic, 23, 118, 135 Epikeratophakia, 20, 55, 118 Epinephrine, 107, 116, 118, 127, 138 Episcleritis, 118, 134 Epithelial, 14, 15, 17, 43, 113, 115, 118 Epithelial Cells, 118 Epithelium, 21, 39, 53, 110, 115, 117, 118, 123, 133 Erythrocytes, 108, 111, 118 Esophagus, 116, 118, 135 Esotropia, 15, 107, 118, 135 Essential Tremor, 85, 118 Evoke, 118, 135 Excimer laser, 3, 17, 20, 27, 28, 57, 118 Excitotoxicity, 29, 37, 118 Exotropia, 118, 135 Extracellular, 4, 114, 119 Extracellular Matrix, 4, 114, 119 Extracellular Space, 119 Extraction, 10, 11, 109, 119, 133 Extraocular, 15, 119 Extrapyramidal, 116, 119 F Family Planning, 81, 119 Farsightedness, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53, 62, 63, 68, 69, 119, 122 Fatty acids, 119, 131 Fibrosis, 84, 86, 119, 134 Fixation, 51, 65, 119 Flatus, 119 Forearm, 119, 132 Fovea, 119 Fundus, 53, 119 G Gallbladder, 107, 116, 119 Ganglia, 107, 110, 119, 127, 129, 136 Gas, 9, 42, 111, 119, 121, 127, 136 Gastric, 113, 119, 121, 130, 132 Gastrointestinal, 111, 118, 119, 130, 132 Gene, 6, 86, 87, 111, 120, 128

Gene Expression, 6, 86, 120 Genetic Engineering, 111, 113, 120 Genetics, 5, 6, 16, 120 Gland, 120, 128, 129, 131, 134, 135 Glare, 50, 51, 55, 57, 120 Glucose, 85, 120 Glutamate, 118, 120 Glycosaminoglycans, 120, 131 Glycosylation, 6, 120 Governing Board, 120, 131 Grade, 84, 120 Grafting, 120, 122 Growth, 4, 5, 6, 26, 27, 34, 35, 41, 42, 59, 61, 63, 85, 120, 125, 127, 128, 130, 138 Guanylate Cyclase, 120, 127 H Haematoma, 120 Haemorrhage, 20, 120 Hemoglobin, 108, 118, 120, 121 Hemoglobinuria, 85, 121 Hemorrhage, 116, 121, 129, 132, 135 Hereditary, 61, 121, 133 Heredity, 5, 50, 120, 121 Heterotropia, 121, 135 Homeostasis, 121, 129 Hormonal, 110, 121 Hormone, 113, 115, 118, 121 Hydration, 107, 121 Hydrochloric Acid, 49, 121 Hydrogen, 49, 110, 111, 116, 121, 126, 132 Hydrogen Peroxide, 49, 121 Hydrophilic, 60, 121 Hydroxylysine, 113, 121 Hydroxyproline, 113, 121 Hyperaemia, 114, 121 Hyperbaric, 28, 121 Hyperbaric oxygen, 28, 121 Hypermetropia, 54, 121 Hyperopia, 11, 35, 46, 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, 56, 62, 69, 91, 116, 119, 122, 133 I Id, 30, 40, 84, 85, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 102, 104, 122 Immune response, 109, 122, 134 Immune system, 117, 122, 126 Immunodeficiency, 85, 122 Immunosuppressive, 122, 134 Immunosuppressive Agents, 122, 134 Impairment, 84, 110, 122, 125 Implantation, 14, 17, 18, 51, 54, 55, 122 In situ, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 122 In vitro, 28, 122

Nearsightedness

In vivo, 28, 122 Incision, 51, 122, 123 Indicative, 67, 122, 129, 138 Infancy, 72, 122 Infantile, 61, 84, 122 Infarction, 115, 122, 125 Infection, 50, 55, 113, 115, 122, 124, 136 Inflammation, 109, 113, 114, 118, 119, 122, 125, 127, 128, 134 Inlays, 55, 122 Innervation, 123, 132, 137 Inotropic, 116, 123 Insight, 6, 123 Intestinal, 112, 123, 125 Intracellular, 122, 123, 127 Intraocular, 9, 10, 14, 17, 18, 22, 51, 52, 54, 55, 118, 123 Involuntary, 110, 118, 123, 126 Ions, 110, 121, 123 Iris, 10, 51, 53, 54, 58, 109, 115, 123, 130, 132, 136 Irradiance, 53, 123 Ischemia, 107, 110, 123 J Joint, 123, 125, 136 K Kb, 80, 123 Keratectomy, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 28, 49, 57, 123 Kerato, 54, 123 Keratoconus, 6, 9, 14, 91, 93, 115, 123 Keratomileusis, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 55, 62, 123 Keratotomy, 49, 57, 68, 106, 115, 123 Kidney Disease, 44, 80, 86, 123 L Large Intestine, 116, 123, 133 Laser Surgery, 107, 123 Least-Squares Analysis, 123, 133 Lenticular, 28, 124 Lesion, 124 Leukemia, 85, 124 Library Services, 102, 124 Ligament, 124, 131, 135 Likelihood Functions, 124, 133 Linear Models, 124, 133 Linkage, 5, 124 Liver, 107, 109, 116, 117, 119, 124 Localization, 16, 36, 124 Localized, 119, 120, 122, 124, 130 Logistic Models, 124, 133 Longitudinal study, 21, 124

144

Low vision, 57, 95, 124 Lymph, 117, 124 Lymphatic, 117, 122, 124 Lymphoid, 115, 124, 125 Lymphoma, 85, 125 M Macula, 112, 119, 125 Macula Lutea, 125 Macular Degeneration, 5, 64, 65, 125 Malabsorption, 85, 125 Malignant, 85, 109, 125 Malnutrition, 110, 125, 126 Manifest, 55, 125, 135 Mediate, 116, 125, 132 MEDLINE, 81, 83, 86, 125 Melanin, 123, 125, 138 Melanocytes, 125 Melanoma, 85, 125 Membrane, 112, 114, 125, 130, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139 Meningitis, 125, 129 Meniscus, 54, 125 Mental Disorders, 44, 125, 130, 132 Meta-Analysis, 13, 125 MI, 106, 125 Microkeratome, 20, 54, 62, 125 Microscopy, 107, 110, 125 Miotic, 125, 130 Mitomycin, 19, 125 Molecular, 5, 16, 81, 83, 111, 114, 126, 133 Molecule, 109, 110, 114, 117, 126, 131, 132 Monocular, 55, 126 Morphine, 109, 126 Morphology, 112, 126 Motility, 126, 130 Multiple sclerosis, 126, 128 Muscle Fibers, 126 Muscular Atrophy, 85, 126 Muscular Dystrophies, 117, 126 Mydriasis, 29, 58, 115, 126 Mydriatic, 116, 126, 134, 138 Myocardium, 125, 126 Myotonic Dystrophy, 85, 126 N NCI, 1, 44, 79, 113, 126 Necrosis, 115, 122, 125, 127 Need, 3, 50, 63, 67, 68, 97, 112, 127 Neoplasia, 85, 127 Neoplastic, 125, 127 Nephropathy, 123, 127 Nerve, 22, 107, 110, 123, 126, 127, 128, 132, 134, 135, 137

145

Nervous System, 6, 59, 85, 108, 110, 112, 127, 129, 136 Neural, 6, 108, 127, 133 Neuritis, 127, 128 Neuromuscular, 107, 127 Neuromuscular Junction, 107, 127 Neurons, 118, 119, 127, 136 Nicotinic Antagonists, 34, 127 Nitric Oxide, 27, 127 Nitrogen, 108, 119, 127, 138 Norepinephrine, 107, 116, 127 Nuclei, 120, 127, 128, 129, 131 Nucleus, 107, 110, 115, 116, 118, 124, 127, 131, 137 O Occipital Lobe, 116, 128, 138 Ocular, 4, 6, 11, 27, 34, 35, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48, 53, 54, 57, 59, 64, 68, 69, 118, 128, 130 Oculi, 61, 128 Oculomotor, 116, 126, 128 Oculomotor Nerve, 116, 126, 128 Oncogene, 85, 128 Opacity, 112, 116, 128 Ophthalmic, 5, 7, 12, 13, 20, 21, 22, 28, 29, 30, 37, 38, 52, 58, 59, 92, 106, 128, 138 Ophthalmologist, 5, 128 Opsin, 128, 133 Optic disc, 22, 128 Optic Nerve, 108, 128, 133, 134 Optic Neuritis, 10, 128 Orbital, 107, 128, 138 Overcorrection, 57, 128 P Palliative, 128, 137 Pancreas, 107, 116, 128, 129 Pancreatic, 85, 128, 129 Pancreatic cancer, 85, 129 Paralysis, 115, 118, 129, 132 Parasympathetic Nervous System, 58, 129 Parkinsonism, 109, 129 Paroxysmal, 85, 129 Pathogenesis, 26, 129 Pathologic, 18, 19, 22, 57, 69, 115, 129 Patient Selection, 3, 129 Pelvic, 129, 131 Peptide, 129, 130, 131 Perception, 114, 129 Perforation, 50, 55, 109, 129 Petechiae, 120, 129 Phallic, 119, 129 Pharmacologic, 129, 137, 138 Phosphenes, 22, 129

Phosphorus, 129 Phosphorylation, 6, 129 Photocoagulation, 18, 129 Photokeratoscopy, 115, 129 Photophobia, 55, 129 Physiologic, 108, 130, 132 Pigment, 125, 130, 133 Pigmentation, 130, 138 Pilocarpine, 29, 130 Pirenzepine, 37, 130 Plants, 108, 110, 111, 120, 126, 127, 130, 137 Plasma, 117, 120, 130, 134 Platelet Aggregation, 127, 130 Platelets, 127, 130 Poisoning, 109, 130 Polycystic, 86, 130 Polymers, 60, 130, 131 Polypeptide, 113, 130 Polysaccharide, 109, 130, 131 Posterior, 15, 18, 22, 49, 51, 54, 59, 64, 108, 110, 112, 116, 123, 128, 130, 134 Posterior chamber, 18, 22, 51, 54, 130 Postnatal, 4, 6, 59, 130 Post-translational, 6, 130 Potentiates, 130, 131 Practice Guidelines, 82, 93, 131 Precursor, 109, 116, 117, 118, 127, 131, 138 Presbyopia, 46, 48, 131 Prevalence, 9, 18, 64, 65, 131 Probe, 49, 131 Progression, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14, 26, 28, 29, 36, 42, 55, 58, 61, 64, 65, 108, 131 Progressive, 4, 6, 9, 14, 28, 29, 42, 48, 58, 63, 64, 84, 93, 112, 115, 120, 126, 127, 131 Prolapse, 15, 131, 132 Proline, 113, 121, 131 Prospective study, 124, 131 Prostaglandins, 27, 34, 109, 131 Prostate, 85, 131 Protein S, 86, 111, 131 Proteins, 6, 108, 109, 113, 117, 120, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 137 Proteoglycan, 27, 34, 131 Protons, 121, 131, 132 Psychiatry, 119, 132 Ptosis, 38, 132 Public Policy, 81, 132 Publishing, 8, 132 Pupil, 51, 52, 58, 115, 116, 125, 126, 128, 132 Purpura, 120, 132

Nearsightedness

R Race, 57, 132 Radial Keratotomy, 3, 11, 42, 43, 55, 57, 62, 132 Radiation, 118, 121, 132 Radiation therapy, 121, 132 Radioactive, 121, 122, 132 Radius, 47, 56, 132 Randomized, 9, 22, 117, 132 Randomized clinical trial, 9, 22, 132 Ranitidine, 130, 132 Reagent, 121, 132 Receptor, 27, 34, 39, 109, 114, 116, 132 Receptors, Nicotinic, 127, 132 Rectum, 111, 116, 119, 123, 131, 133 Recurrence, 113, 130, 133 Red Nucleus, 110, 133 Refer, 1, 113, 119, 124, 125, 133 Refraction, 6, 27, 42, 46, 59, 61, 62, 105, 126, 133 Refractive Errors, 6, 47, 50, 53, 54, 56, 68, 69, 90, 108, 116, 118, 133 Refractive Power, 47, 54, 56, 63, 108, 121, 126, 133, 135 Regimen, 117, 133 Regression Analysis, 55, 133 Retina, 5, 6, 29, 34, 38, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 65, 69, 106, 110, 112, 113, 116, 124, 125, 126, 128, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139 Retinal, 4, 5, 6, 8, 15, 18, 19, 28, 36, 48, 59, 65, 69, 94, 114, 116, 126, 128, 133, 134, 138 Retinal Detachment, 5, 15, 18, 65, 94, 116, 133, 134 Retinoblastoma, 85, 133 Retinol, 133 Retrobulbar, 128, 134 Risk factor, 6, 9, 16, 19, 41, 124, 131, 134 Rod, 84, 134 S Salivary, 116, 129, 130, 134 Salivary glands, 116, 134 Sclera, 5, 19, 38, 39, 49, 57, 112, 114, 118, 134 Scleral Buckling, 15, 134 Scleritis, 29, 134 Sclerosis, 85, 113, 126, 134 Scopolamine, 110, 134 Screening, 5, 46, 92, 113, 134 Secretion, 113, 130, 132, 134 Seizures, 129, 134

146

Semen, 30, 117, 131, 134 Sequencing, 6, 134 Serous, 117, 134 Serrata, 113, 134 Sex Determination, 85, 134 Sharpness, 135, 138 Shock, 135, 137 Shortsightedness, 61, 135 Side effect, 58, 65, 75, 107, 135, 137 Skeletal, 126, 127, 135 Skull, 135, 136 Specialist, 96, 116, 135 Species, 58, 110, 118, 132, 135, 136, 137, 139 Sperm, 112, 135 Spermatozoa, 134, 135 Spinal cord, 111, 112, 127, 129, 135, 136 Sporadic, 133, 135 Stimulus, 4, 38, 108, 117, 123, 135 Stomach, 107, 116, 118, 119, 121, 135 Strabismus, 18, 26, 28, 29, 30, 35, 37, 38, 41, 108, 116, 135 Strained, 63, 135 Stroke, 44, 80, 135 Stroma, 47, 49, 50, 123, 135 Stromal, 6, 47, 54, 135 Subacute, 122, 135 Subarachnoid, 129, 135 Subclinical, 122, 134, 136 Subspecies, 135, 136 Suction, 47, 136 Suppression, 26, 35, 136 Sympathetic Nervous System, 110, 129, 136 Sympathomimetic, 116, 118, 127, 136 Symphysis, 131, 136 Synapses, 127, 136 Synaptic, 127, 136 Synaptic Transmission, 127, 136 Synechia, 54, 136 Systemic, 11, 76, 113, 118, 122, 132, 134, 136 Systemic disease, 11, 136 T Telangiectasia, 85, 136 Temporal, 4, 39, 125, 136 Thalamic, 110, 137 Thalamic Diseases, 110, 137 Therapeutics, 76, 137 Thermal, 47, 49, 54, 137 Thoracic, 116, 137 Thrombosis, 131, 135, 137

147

Topical, 28, 121, 137 Toxic, iv, 37, 108, 110, 118, 137 Toxicity, 116, 137 Toxicology, 27, 82, 137 Toxins, 108, 109, 122, 137 Trace element, 29, 137 Transfection, 111, 137 Transferases, 120, 137 Translational, 6, 137 Transmitter, 107, 116, 127, 136, 137 Transplantation, 113, 118, 137 Trauma, 10, 21, 64, 107, 110, 127, 137, 138 Trochlear Nerve, 116, 137 Trochlear Nerve Diseases, 116, 137 Tropicamide, 29, 138 Tryptophan, 113, 138 Tuberous Sclerosis, 85, 138 Tyrosine, 116, 138 U Ultrasonography, 42, 138 Unconscious, 122, 138 Undercorrection, 21, 138

Urethra, 131, 138 Urinary, 130, 134, 138 Urine, 111, 121, 138 Uterus, 119, 138 V Vascular, 112, 117, 122, 127, 138 Vasodilator, 111, 116, 138 Venous, 131, 138 Veterinary Medicine, 81, 138 Viral, 115, 138 Visual Acuity, 13, 43, 46, 53, 55, 115, 134, 138 Visual Cortex, 108, 116, 138 Vitreoretinal, 94, 138 Vitreous Body, 53, 133, 138 Vitreous Humor, 133, 139 Vitro, 139 Vivo, 139 X Xenograft, 108, 139 Z Zonules, 113, 139

Nearsightedness

148