HANTAVIRUS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Hantavirus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84444-5 1. Hantavirus-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on hantavirus. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HANTAVIRUS ............................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Hantavirus .................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 19 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 24 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HANTAVIRUS .................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Finding Nutrition Studies on Hantavirus................................................................................... 71 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 72 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON HANTAVIRUS .............................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Dissertations on Hantavirus........................................................................................................ 75 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND HANTAVIRUS......................................................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Recent Trials on Hantavirus........................................................................................................ 77 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 77 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON HANTAVIRUS ......................................................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Patents on Hantavirus................................................................................................................. 79 Patent Applications on Hantavirus ............................................................................................. 83 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON HANTAVIRUS ............................................................................................ 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 87 Chapters on Hantavirus............................................................................................................... 88 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HANTAVIRUS............................................................... 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 89 Academic Periodicals covering Hantavirus ................................................................................. 92 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 93 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 94 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 97 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 99 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 101 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 103 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 107 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 109 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 109 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 109
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 115 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 115 HANTAVIRUS DICTIONARY................................................................................................... 117 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 151
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with hantavirus is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about hantavirus, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to hantavirus, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on hantavirus. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to hantavirus, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on hantavirus. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
3
CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HANTAVIRUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on hantavirus.
Federally Funded Research on Hantavirus The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to hantavirus. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to hantavirus. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore hantavirus. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for hantavirus: •
Project Title: BIOCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES IN ENCAPSIDATION PATHWAYS OF HUMAN VIRAL PATHOGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Linial, Maxine L.; Member; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 12-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
4
Hantavirus
Summary: Specific Aims: Dr. Jonsson and Linial propose collaborative experiments to analyze the RNA: protein interactions leading to genomic RNA encapsidation for two different classes of viruses, hantaviruses and retroviruses. The Jonsson lab brings to the proposal expertise in hantavirology and biochemistry and chemistry of RNA-protein interactions. The Linial lab provides the expertise in retrovirology and molecular genetic analysis of RNA-protein interactions using yeast. For retroviruses, we have chosen the avail or alpharetroviruses, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). Work on the packaging signal of these viruses has pin pointed a small, contiguous RNA sequence that interacts specifically with residues in the nucleocapsid (NC) domain of the viral structure protein precursor Gag. For the hantaviruses, we will use the Hantaan virus (HTNV). A putative packaging signal has been identified in the S- segment of the HTNV to interact with the nucleoprotein (N). The two specific aims of this pilot project are: Aim 1). To identify the domain/amino acids in the HTNV N protein responsible for interaction with viral genomic and anti-genomic RNA using the yeast three-hybrid assay (YTHA), and Aim 2). To characterize the chemistry of the interaction of the RSV NC with its packaging signal, psi. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CARBOCYCLIC NUCLEOSIDES FOR EMERGING VIRAL DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Chu, David C.; University Research Professor; Auburn University at Auburn Auburn University, Al 36849 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: The need for safe and effective therapeutic agents for highly pathogenic agents is a key to the national biodefense. On the top of these pathogenic agents is Orthopoxvirus, including smallpox, monkeypox, cowpox and vaccinia virus. As smallpox virus is highly contagious by aerosol and the fatality is high, using these viruses for bioterrorism is highly probable. Particularly, the young generation is vulnerable as the virus has been officially eradicated in 1977 and no vaccination has been performed since then. Thus, in this application the major focus will be directed toward the discovery of antivirai agents for Orthopoxvirus based on our preliminary findings. In this regard, we recently discovered interesting carbocyclic nucleosides with potent anti-Orthopox virus activity in collaboration with investigators at the US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases. Although these carbocyclic nucleosides are not the clinical candidates, they can serve as lead compounds for future chemical synthesis and biological evaluation. Additionally, Filoviruses, Category A agents (Ebola and Warburg virus) are highly contagious and create serious health crisis around the wodd, and therefore, their therapeutic intervention is part of the national biodefense plans. As the same carbocyclic nucleosides demonstrated interesting antiviral activity against Ebola virus, we will submit our proposed compounds to screen in our core laboratory (US Army Medical Research). Additionally, West Nile virus appears to have spread rapidly throughout the nation since it arrived in the US in 1999 and is has begun creating serious health problems in the US, and we definitely need safe and effective therapeutic agents. Again, series of carbocyclic nucleosides demonstrated interesting antiviral activity against West Nile virus, and therefore, we will continue to synthesize carbocyclic nucleosides for biological evaluation in collaboration with Dr. Robert Sidwell of Utah State University. We will also send the proposed compounds for antiviral evaluation against Hanta virus and other emerging virus if the screening systems become available in our collaborator's laboratories. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies
•
Project Title: DEVELOPMENT HANTAVIRUSES
OF
RAPID
DIAGNOSTIC
TESTS
5
FOR
Principal Investigator & Institution: Pichuantes, Sergio; Chiron Corporation 4560 Horton St, M/S 4.3 Emeryville, Ca 94608 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objectives of this research proposal are (1) to develop a rapid and easy-to-use nucleic acid diagnostic test to detect hantaviruses in blood, plasma, or serum of infected individuals and carrier rodents, (2) to develop a rapid diagnostic test to detect hantavirus antibodies in blood, plasma, or serum of infected individuals, (3) to develop a hantavirus nucleic acid discriminatory test, (4) to develop TaqMan-based quantitative assays to estimate hantavirus load in virus infected samples, (5) to develop a flow cytometry assay to detect Sin Nombre virus (SNV) antigen in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), (6) to develop inbred sublines of fully homozygous deer mice, and (7) to establish tools to dissect deer mouse cellular immune responses to hantavirus infection. The hantavirus nucleic acid and antibody diagnostic tests should be able to yield results in less than one hour, and will assist in the early detection and follow up of hantavirus infections. The availability of the hantavirus nucleic acid discriminatory assay will allow identification of specific viral isolates involved in hantavirus outbreaks and their possible origins. Methods to accurately quantitate hantavirus load in human patients or in animal models, along with the availability of a flow cytometry-based SNV assay, inbred homozygous deer mice, and methodologies to dissect the deer mouse cellular immune responses to hantavirus will facilitate better understanding, prevention, and treatment of hantavirus infections. This research involves collaborative efforts between Chiron Corporation and the School of Medicine, University of New Mexico. A previous collaboration between the two organizations was initiated in 1994 but discontinued in 1997 when Chiron Corporation withdrew funding for hantavirus diagnostic research, as there was no strategic fit at that time. The information generated from the studies proposed in this task will be crucial for the rapid identification of possible bioterrorism attacks involving hantavirus agents and will be vital to assist the medical and public health organizations to efficiently respond to hantavirus outbreaks and/or threats. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ECOLOGY HANTAVIRUS IN CHILE
FACTORS
REGULATING
OUTBREAKS
OF
Principal Investigator & Institution: Yates, Terry; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This project will develop a spatially explicit model using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to predict environmental correlates of high human hantaviral risk in Chile. A combination of descriptive and analytical techniques will be used in the study both in the field and the laboratory. The major hypotheses to be tested are that; 1) surges in rodent populations can be predicted using satellite-derived climate and environmental data from a GIS, 2) fluctuations in human hantavirus infection can be predicted from fluctuations in rodent populations derived from rodent surveillance and data from hypothesis one, 3) GIS data combined with generalized models can be developed to provide techniques to predict environmental change and many human infections transmitted by animals and, 4) virus titers in blood and excretions are higher
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Hantavirus
during the spring breeding pulse of reservoir rodents when young of the year are dispersing. Results from these studies will provide information on the degree of human risk associated with this virus and allow predictions regarding future outbreaks. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF ANDROGENS ON HANTAVIRUS INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Klein, Sabra L.; Molecular Microbiol and Immun; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-FEB-2002 Summary: Males are more susceptible to many parasite infections than females. The goal of this research proposal is to determine whether males are more susceptible to viruses, specifically hantaviruses, because androgens suppress immune function or because males engage in more androgen- dependent behaviors (e.g., aggression) that influence susceptibility to hantavirus. These studies are based on field observations of many species that report a high proportion of males being infected with hantavirus. The goal of this proposal will be met by examining: the role of sex steroid hormones in sex differences in immune responses to hantavirus infection; 2) how androgen metabolites influence the course of hantavirus infection; 3) when during ontogeny hormones influence adult susceptibility to infection; 4) whether aggressive males are more susceptible to hantavirus infection than less aggressive males. These studies represent a thorough examination of potential mechanisms that underlie population variation in hantavirus infection and serve to expand our knowledge of disease processes in general and, specifically, factors that affect susceptibility to hantavirus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: GENERAL CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Roth, Paul B.; Clinical Research Center; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1976; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: This is the 21st year of the continuation grant of the General Clinical Research Center at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine with its unique multi-ethnic patient population. Major areas of investigation are: Neuroendocrinology/Psychiatry: Examination of the hypophyseal/pituitary/adrenal axis in neuropsychiatric and metabolically altered states, depression, and post traumatic stress. Endocrinology: Molecular biology of aldose-reductase modulation of the polyol pathway in patients with diabetic complications, including status of oxidative stress on the development of diabetic complications. Metabolism: Determination of brain glucose utilization during normal and hypoglycemic states and its relationship to energy expenditure in man. Ketone kinetic investigation in diabetes in relation to insulin regulation and counterregulatory hormone exposure. Investigation of glucose regulation in the elderly. Bioengineering: Development and evaluation of algorithms for the non- invasive infrared glucose sensor. Development and evaluation of the fetal monitor by infra-red technology for pH, p02, and pC02. Nutrition: Longitudinal studies of the nutritional status of healthy elderly persons, studies of their intake, absorption. Neonatology: Role of Human Epidermal Growth Factor on pulmonary maturation in the perinatal period and regulation by corticosteroids; investigations of red blood cell and leukocyte kinetics and molecular regulation in the neonate during expansion with growth factors. Neurology: Role of matrix metalloproteinases in maintenance of the blood- brain barrier in injury, stroke and multiple sclerosis. Infectious Disease: Investigation of emerging
Studies
7
pathogens, molecular biology of Hantavirus, Herpes Simplex Virus, and Human Papillomavirus. Pulmonary: Pathophysiology of functional pulmonary immunity in the human being. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETIC TOOLS FOR DETECTING VHF BIOWEAPONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hjelle, Brian L.; Professor; Pathology; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The recent deployment of a bioweapon in an attack on the citizens of the United States has moved bioterrorism from the realm of possible to actual threat. This new realization has brought the need for rapid, high-throughput diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination to the forefront. This application concentrates on development of high-throughput detection of live agents of viral hemorrhagic fever, using the highly lethal SNV (Bunyaviridae: Hantavirus) as the model organism. Furthermore, the technology we will develop under this funding will also be of considerable value as facilitating the advancement of treatments for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), the disease associated with SNV. This application will develop reverse genetics technology for hantaviruses with the initial intent of preparation of cellular reporters that produce a green signal when the cells are exposed to live, replication-competent SNV. This development would have considerable potential for expanding the technology to other agents of viral hemorrhagic fever. We have a specific plan to further develop and commercialize the product after the initial development phase funded by this application and will seek further funding to develop basic information on the replication of hantaviruses at the end of the two-year funding cycle. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: RESEARCH
HAMSTER
MODELS
AND
REAGENTS
FOR
BIODEFENSE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Soong, Lynn; Associate Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Syrian golden hamster is highly susceptible to a variety of intracellular pathogens, and serves as an excellent model for these pathogens' corresponding human diseases. At present, the hamster is the only practical animal model for human viral hemorrhagic fever syndrome caused by arenaviruses and phlebovirus, and for human hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Most of these viruses are highly infectious by aerosol, causing rapidly progressing symptoms with an extremely high case fatality. The potential use of these viruses as biological warfare agents is an increasing concern. Despite their severity and obvious public health importance, there is a paucity of information on the pathogenesis of these high-containment pathogens. This is in part due to the lack of adequate small animal models. Commonly used laboratory strains of mice can be persistently infected, without overt clinical and pathological changes. Recent studies have indicated that infected hamsters can closely resemble certain features of human diseases; however, their utility in disease research has been hampered because there are currently almost no hamster immunological reagents available commercially. In this application, we will take a genetic immunization
8
Hantavirus
approach to generate high titer rabbit antibodies specific to hamster cytokines and cell surface molecules that are known to play critical roles in innate and cell-mediated immunity. We will then apply these antibodies in hamster models of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and yellow fever virus infection, aimed at examining whether host immune responses contribute to disease pathogenesis. This proposal represents a distinct area of investigation and should open numerous avenues for the use of hamsters in the study of pathogens that represent important bioterrorism and emerging disease threats. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HANTAVIRUS CELL INTERACTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mackow, Erich R.; Associate Professor; Medicine; State University New York Stony Brook Stony Brook, Ny 11794 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's abstract) Hantaviruses are the cause of 2 highly lethal human diseases: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). However, mehanisms of hantavirus pathogenesis have not been defined and currently there is no animal model of hantavirus disease. We have recently determined that alphanubeta3 and alphaIIbbeta3 integrins are cellular receptors for pathogenic, but not non-pathogenic, hantaviruses and this finding directly relates hantavirus disease to the use of key adhesive integrins on platelet and endotheial cells. Further, human but not murine beta3 subunits render cells susceptible to infection by pathogenic hantaviruses. This permits us to define elements of beta3 integrins required for hantavirus interaction and to propose the development of human-beta3 transgenic mice for use as models of hantavirus infectivity and pathogenesis. beta3 integrin deficient knockout mice have recently been shown to mimic a human bleeding disorder, Glanzmanns thrombasthenia, and have marked vascular hemorrhage and defects in platelet aggregation. We have shown that cellular susceptibility to HPS- and HFRS-causing hantaviruses is confered by human beta3 integrins. Interestingly, human but not murine beta3 integrins permit hantavirus infection and this is consistent with the fact that laboratory mice (MUS musculis) are not hantavirus hosts. Although there is little known about beta3 integrins from their natural hosts, the findings demonstrate that beta3 subunits are sufficient to determine cellular susceptibility to pathogenic hantaviruses. The role of beta3 integrins in platelet and endothelial cell function, the nature of hantavirus disease and the use of beta3 integrins by only pathogenic hantaviruses, suggests that hantavirus-receptor interactions play a central role in hantavirus pathogenesis. We will investigate the interaction of pathogenic hantavirus with beta3 integrin receptors, and develop human beta3 integrin transgenic mice as potential models of hantavirus infectivity and pathogenesis. This proposal will define integrin specific requirements for hantavirus attachment and inhibitors of hantavirus infectivity with therapeutic and prophylactic uses. Development of an animal model of hantavirus pathogenesis within this proposal is broadly applicable to studies of hantavirus disease, therapeutics and protective immunity. Specific Aims: 1) beta3 Integrin Requirements for Hantavirus Infectivity; 2) Blocking beta3 Integrin-Hantavirus Interactions; 3) Transgenic Model of Hantavirus Infection and Pathogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies
•
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Project Title: HANTAVIRUS ECOLOGY AND DISEASE IN CHILE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mertz, Gregory J.; Professor & Chief; Internal Medicine; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is an acute viral infection with a 50% case-fatality that was first recognized in 1993 in New Mexico. Wild rodents transmit it to man. Both North and South America have experienced outbreaks and sporadic cases of HCPS, with 500 cases now recognized. University of New Mexico (UNM) faculty are leaders in the study of HCPS and its ecology, diagnosis, molecular biology, vaccine development, treatment, and pathogenesis. They have traveled to 5 countries in South America, Europe, Israel and Australia to teach courses and conduct workshops, and several have served on NIH and CDC committees on HCPS. UNM currently holds more than $1 million/year in direct costs in federal grants that are directed solely in hantavirus research, as well as other large grants with a hantavirus component. This application describes an International Collaboration in Infectious Diseases Research (ICIDR) program for hantavirus research that matches UNM expertise and resources with similar impressive expertise and resources in Chile. Chilean collaborators are in Santiago at the federal Ministry of Health, including its laboratory branch, the Institute of Public Health (ISP); at Catholic University and University of Chile; and at regional hospitals in Coyhaique and Temuco, two of the primary sites at which HCPS patients are treated. Highly qualified and well-trained collaborators have been identified at all sites. The Ministry of Health rapidly developed resources and manpower to address the HCPS outbreaks, which were first recognized only in August 1997. They have constructed a new laboratory for biological containment work involving the very dangerous Andes hantavirus strain at the ISP and have secured a steady funding stream of $600,000/year from the federal government solely for hantavirus prevention and treatment. Most of these monies can be considered matching funds for the present application. The application involves 4 very strongly linked projects on the ecology of hantaviruses in wild rodents, the interpersonal transmission of HCPS, the genetic basis for severe HCPS and the treatment of HCPS. Two other US universities also provide specific research expertise. Each project pairs strong US technology and experience with highly motivated and experienced Chilean collaborators. Each project has clear and achievable specific aims that will advance the field considerably. A major goal of each project is the rapid and early transfer of technology to Chile to advance scientific knowledge about HCPS for the mutual benefit of both Chilean and US public health. The projects will foster Chilean science well beyond the hantavirus research arena. This ICIDR application is uniquely situated to produce a tremendous return in scientific knowledge because of the substantial costmatching in Chile and the US and because there is currently relatively little knowledge regarding hantavirus ecology, transmission, disease causation, and treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: HANTAVIRUS INTERACTIONS
GENETICS
AND
RESPIRATORY
CELL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Pekosz, Andrew S.; Molecular Microbiology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004
10
Hantavirus
Summary: (provided by applicant): Hantavirus pulmonary distress syndrome (HPS) is a highly lethal disease caused by infection with one of a number of New World hantaviruses. Sin Nombre virus (SNV) has been associated with HPS cases in North America while Andes virus (ANDV) has been implicated in a number of HPS outbreaks in South America. Human infections are thought to result from inhalation of aerosolized rodent urine, but there is strong evidence suggesting human to human transmission with ANDV. The rapid disease progression, high mortality and morbidity, and potential for human to human transmission associated with the agents of HPS make them potential candidates for use as bioterrorism weapons. We intend to apply recent technological advances in viral genome manipulation tools and primary cell culture systems to the study of ANDV and SNV replication and virulence in the hopes of gaining more insight into the factors responsible for HPS. The proposed studies will serve to advance our knowledge of HPS pathogenesis as well as lay the groundwork for the rational design of HPS vaccines and therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HANTAVIRUS: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Libraty, Daniel H.; Assistant Professor; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-OCT-2003; Project End 30-SEP-2008 Summary: Hantaviruses are RNA viruses that cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). HPS and HFRS are characterized by fever, myalgia, rapid onset of a vascular leak syndrome, hemoconcentration, and thrombocytopenia. In HPS, the lung is the prominent target organ; while, in HFRS, the kidney is the prominent target organ. Hantaviruses are NIAID category A priority pathogens with regards to biodefense, as they can produce severe, potentially fatal, diseases, are transmitted by aerosol, and do not have effective vaccines or specific therapeutics. The goal of this project is to understand the immunologic mechanisms that lead to HFRS. Several lines of evidence suggest that HFRS is not caused by direct cytopathic effects of hantaviruses, but rather by exuberant host immunopathological responses. This project will rely on samples provided from a prospective cohort study of Puumala (PUU) virus infections, a HFRS-associated hantavirus in Finland. The first aim will be to characterize dendritic cell functions and humoral immune responses that affect the PUU virus burden, using flow cytometry, antibody detection assays, and quantitative viral RT-PCR. The second aim will be to analyze the patterns and temporal regulation of cellular immune responses throughout acute PUU virus infection. ELISAs, multiplex immunoassays, quantitative RT-PCR, and genomic screening techniques will be used to examine immune response mediators in a comprehensive fashion, along with virus levels and disease severity. The third aim will be to characterize the antigen specificity and behavior of T lymphocyte responses during and after PUU virus infection. CD8+ and CD4+ T cell epitopes from PUU virus proteins will be identified using cell cloning techniques, ELISPOTs, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assays, and mapping with overlapping synthetic peptides. Effector mechanisms of vascular leakage will be studied by examining interactions between endothelial cells and PUU virus-specific T cell clones. Peptide stimulation with intracellular cytokine staining and peptide-HLA Class I and II tetramers will be used to identify and quantify antigen-specific T cell responses across a spectrum of PUU virus disease. Elucidation of the immunopathogenetic mechanisms in PUU virus infection will contribute to the development of effective vaccine strategies and immune-based therapies of HFRS and HPS.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMMUNOGENETICS OF HANTAVIRAL CARDIOPULMONARY SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Kester, Frederick; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Hantavirus Cardio-Pulmonary Syndrome (HCPS) due to Sin Nombre Virus has a mortality rate of 45% while HCPS due to Andes virus is at least as severe, with death due to cardiogenic shock and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Current evidence indicates that the pathology of HCPS/SNV is mediated at least in part by an exuberant T cell-mediated immune response against HSV-infected endothelial cells. This notion is supported by recent evidence that patients with severe or fatal HCPS express a specific class I MHC allele, HLA-B*35. Since the GB35- restricted nucleocapsid protein epitope is conserved between SNV and Andes viruses, the same association between HCPS severity and B*35 allele may occur among hospitalized patients with HCPS in Chile. This proposal test the hypothesis that severe hantavirus disease (shock and pulmonary edema is directly related to one or more MHC alleles through their role regulating the intensity of the cytotoxic T cell response. One hundred fifty hospitalized patients with HCPS will be HLA-typed at class I (A, B and C loci) and class II will be compared. This study will also test the hypothesis that the intensity of cytokine gene transcription and subsequent organ damage is determined in lesser part by allelic polymorphisms in HLA-linked genes, particularly in the TNF complex linked to HLA-B loci. Finally, in contrast to susceptibility to severe disease, susceptibility to infection with Andes virus is not associated with allelic polymorphisms in the MHC complex, as tested in a field study of seropositive versus seronegative individuals. Detailed analysis will seek to identify individual contributions of one or multiple MHC alleles determining disease severity. Planned parallel studies in North and South America on the immunogenetics of hantavirus infection will enhance the insights from each syndrome. The strategy of 'reverse immunogenetics" of hantavirus infection will enhance the insights from each syndrome. The strategy of 'reverse immunogenetics' may identify specific cellular or cytokine targets for future therapeutic interventions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IMPACT OF LAND COVER CHANGE ON HANTAVIRUS ECOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Jonsson, Colleen B.; Senior Scientist; Southern Research Institute Birmingham, Al 35205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 12-MAR-2004; Project End 29-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Like most nations in South America, Paraguay is faced with a number of environmental challenges. Both of its major biomes (Chaco, Interior Atlantic Forest/lAF) are currently undergoing rapid anthropogenic land cover change. We hypothesize that the rapid anthropogenic land cover change occurring in Paraguay will have a direct impact on ecosystem viability as well as biodiversity and, therefore, will effect rodent-hantavirus ecology. We propose to test this hypothesis by longitudinal monitoring of anthropogenically disturbed and undisturbed sites in the Chaco and IAF. The data will be used to develop predictive models of the relationship between anthropogenic environmental changes and the dynamics of hantaviruses in rodent populations. Furthermore, the data collection and the model building efforts will concentrate on sigmodontine rodents of the three genera: Oligoryzomus, Akodon and
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Hantavirus
Calomys and the hantaviruses that have been identified from each (Chu, Jonsson and Owen, submitted). Our overarching objective requires a multidisciplinary, binational effort. Therefore, this proposal brings together scientists with strengths in mammalogy (Owen, Texas Tech University, TTU), landscape ecology and climatology (Goodin and Hutchinson, Kansas State University, KSU), mathematical modeling (Allen, TTU), human epidemiology (Almiron, Health Sciences Research Institute, IICS in Spanish), computer science (Ranjan, Pontelli, Tran, New Mexico State University, NMSU), and virology (Jonsson, Southern Research Institute). Our specific objectives are: (1) to longitudinally monitor, measure, and model how the distribution and population of rodents and hantaviruses change over time in each biome within disturbed (anthropogenic activity) and undisturbed study sites in the IAF and the Chaco; (2) to develop models of the temporal and spatial dynamics of rodent-virus ecology; and (3) to design and implement a database management system to integrate these types of data for hantaviruses. Results of prior NSF support (if applicable): The results of prior NSF support are not listed explicitly, although an NSF-sponsored project by Dr. Owens is mentioned in the preliminary studies section. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SYMPOSIUM
INFECTIOUS
DISEASES
FROM
NATURE:
MCLAUGHLIN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Peters, Clarence J.; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The meeting "Infectious Diseases From Nature: Mechanisms of Viral Emergence and Persistence" will bring together an international audience of basic virologists and other microbiologists, to focus on a discussion of emerging infectious diseases having non-human origins. We anticipate that this meeting, to be held March 19-21, 2004 in Galveston, Texas will result in a robust interdisciplinary discussion of the unique aspects of those emerging infectious diseases that are moving from non-human sources to humans. The overall goal of the 2.5-day conference, which will be dedicated to a pioneer in the emerging diseases field--Dr. Robert E. Shope, is to develop a heightened understanding of the ecology underlying these diseases, their pathogenicity, the means by which they persist and survive in humans, and how public health systems can cope with them. We anticipate that presentation of the recent progress in unraveling the genetic backgrounds and the means by which these diseases evolve and spread will be useful to individuals in several fields--those currently attempting to control emerging viruses in the general population, as well as scientists who are developing vaccines to prevent or allay the serious manifestations of these diseases. Thus, we believe that bringing investigators together to address recent developments in their specific areas may lead to new perspectives in the realm of infectious diseases. Accordingly, the meeting will seek to identify common themes that will allow a consensus to be developed concerning future directions for research. Four themed sessions are planned: (1) The contribution of quantitative ecological studies to our understanding of these diseases; (2) Pathogenesis of infections in vectors and reservoirs; (3) Mechanisms that enhance persistence of the agents in their vectors and reservoirs; and (4) The means by which agents assure their survival over long periods of time. In these sessions, there will be discussion of rodent-borne viruses, e.g., hantavirus; mosquito-borne viruses, e.g. West Nile; filoviruses (e.g. Ebola); alphaviruses (Rift Valley Fever Viruses) and others, including HIV and SARS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MULTIPLEX PCR DETECTION OF CDC 'A' BIOTERRORISM AGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Henrickson, Kelly J.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; Medical College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532260509 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Anthrax and other agents of biological warfare have recently received intense publicity. These weapons are an increasingly fearsome danger to our civilization. Agents identified by the CDC (category "A") to pose the greatest threat include Variola major (smallpox), Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), Yersinia pestis (plague), Clostridium botulinum toxin (botulism), Francisella tularensis (tularemia), and a group of RNA viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs, e.g., Ebola). Accurate and efficient techniques to identify and diagnose these agents are severely limited. This lack of good diagnostic tests hampers the majority of goals set forth by the NIAID and CDC to prepare the U.S. to counter future bioterrorism attacks. Available older techniques have proven unreliable. Modern molecular tests like individual PCR assays have been developed for some agents. These offer increased speed and sensitivity but because there are so many bioterrorism agents it is prohibitive to run dozens of "singleplex" arrays on each specimen. Similarly, recently reported microchip (MAGI Chip) arrays and other microarrays suffer from either needing PCR amplification first, or from the high cost to make the arrays, and the need for sophisticated equipment. A single assay (or two) that could detect a large number of bioterrorism agents rapidly, sensitively, specifically, and cheaply would greatly enhance antiterrorism planning and biodefense. Our laboratory has pioneered a method of multiplex PCR that can accomplish this goal. This proprietary method (two U.S. patents) has been used commercially in the Hexaplex(r) Assay, which can detect seven common respiratory viruses in a single test. The Specific Aims of this project are: 1) To determine if a multiplex PCR-enzyme hybridization assay (EHA) can be made using our unique technology that will identify all of the CDC Category "A" Bioterrorism agents that are DNA based; 2) RNA based; and finally 3) a single combined multiplex (RNA/DNA) PCR assay with an analytical sensitivity equal to "singleplex" real time assays as developed by the CDC. Specific Aim 4: To determine if this multiplex assay is equivalent to these "singleplex" assays in a clinical trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NEUTRALIZING COMPOUNDS FOR VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVER Principal Investigator & Institution: Larson, Richard S.; Pathology; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): In a bioterror attack, as in a natural outbreak of an infectious disease, cases can appear very quickly and incapacitate the health care system. The CDC has ranked viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) among the highest of the potential bioterror threats, in part because of their high case-fatality ratio, their relatively high infectiousness, and the general lack of effective or specific therapies (http://www.bt.cdc.gov/Agent/Agentlist.asp). Because VHF are almost all rare, at least in the West, there has been little impetus to develop and license new therapies or vaccines, so the health care system is virtually inelastic in its ability to accommodate a marked increase in cases such as might occur through a bioterror attack. The very rarity of VHF makes it extremely unlikely that private industry will have sufficient motivation
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Hantavirus
to develop anti-VHF treatments for the sake of profit. We see a critical need for a generic strategy to rapidly develop specific antivirals for known agents, a technology that will serve a dual purpose. The first purpose is to produce a library of lead antiviral compounds that can be moved as needed through a development pipeline toward practical small-molecule antiviral agents. The second purpose is to develop a highthroughput, robust, practical strategy that would enable investigators to reliably and quickly develop lead compounds against new agents, or agents that have been genetically manipulated by bioterrorists. We have chosen phage display technology as a platform that puts immense drug selection power in the hands of groups with modest resources, such as academic investigators. As a model VHF we have chosen Sin Nombre virus (SNV), a hantavirus member of the Group A list of candidate organisms of bioterror; a virus that causes a VHF with high mortality that is indigenous to the United States and for which current treatment is unsatisfactory. Our group has both considerable direct experiences with SNV as well as relevant preliminary data that suggest that a direct antiviral inhibitor would probably be effective in reducing mortality. Our goal is to (1) identify small molecule inhibitors that bind to and neutralize SNV, and (2) develop new technologies that will improve the ease of discovery and pace of discovery of small molecule inhibitors of other threat agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR HUMAN CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Stern, Lawrence J.; Associate Professor; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-OCT-2003; Project End 30-SEP-2008 Summary: The research resource technical development component (TDC) will develop novel technologies for the rapid identification of T cell epitopes derived from category A-C viruses and for the analysis of antigen-specific T cells in human peripheral blood samples. The specific aims of the proposed research are: to develop technology for simultaneous investigation of many T-cell epitopes based on solid-phase arrays of MHC-peptide complexes; to develop assays for T cell epitope identification and antigenspecific T cell detection based on arrays of antigen-presenting cells; to develop novel proteomics-based approaches to functional characterization of antigen-specific T cells; to develop microarray and proteomics approaches to facile identification of MHC-binding peptides derived from category A-C viruses; to evaluate the utility of these methods towards the identification of T-cell antigens and T cells specific for category A-C viruses, and to compare these methods to present technologies and validate their use for continuing studies. The methods developed by this component will be evaluated in well-defined test systems identified by the Research Projects, and validated methods will be used by the Research Projects in the analysis of the human cellular immune response to vaccinia virus, hantavirus, and flavivirus infection and vaccination. We anticipate that the methods developed by this component will be broadly useful in the study of the human immune response to biodefense-related pathogens, and we have included plans for the dissemination and commercialization of validated technologies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SYNDROME
NOVEL
ANTIRIVALS
FOR
HANTAVIRUS
PULMONARY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Arterburn, Jeffrey B.; Associate Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; New Mexico State University Las Cruces Las Cruces, Nm 880038001
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of this application is to develop effective new antiviral drugs for the treatment of Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) caused by the hantavirus. Viruses in the Hantavirus genus, family Bunyaviridae, are high priority Category A viral hemorrhagic fever agents that poses a risk to national security. To date, more than 20 hantaviruses have been described, half of which cause HFRS or HPS. Approximately 150,000 to 200,000 hospitalized cases of HFRS are reported each year throughout the world, with more than half typically occurring in China. The rest are found throughout other parts of Asia, Europe, Russia and Scandinavia. Mortality rates for HFRS vary from 1%-15%, depending in part on which hantavirus caused the infection. The prototype HFRS-hantavirus, Hantaan virus (HTNV), was isolated in 1976 from the lungs of an infected Korean field mouse (Apodemus agrarius). The Sin Nombre virus, the prototype HPS-hantavirus, was first isolated from New Mexico, and has mortality rates of approximately 40%. No licensed vaccines are available for the prevention of HFRS or HPS, and therapeutic efforts are generally limited to supportive care. Our approach for the development of new hantavirus antiviral drugs is guided by mechanistic biochemistry to design and synthesize a series of novel compounds that target the viral replication and transcription pathways. The Specific Aims of this project are 1) to synthesize combinatorial libraries of antiviral drug candidates; 2) to determine the compounds antiviral activity using cell culture and virion-based assays with SNV and HTNV; 3) to conduct systematic chemical modification and in vitro evaluation of resulting change in antiviral activity profile to develop a quantitative structure activity relationship model (QSAR), that will lead to the development of highly active analogs for therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NOVEL ASSAYS FOR DENGUE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Heng-Phon, Too; Novel Assays for Degue Differential Diag; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: The goal of this project is the development and application of novel multiplex quantitative real time PCR (MqrtPCR) assays for differential diagnosis inpatients who may be multiply infected with dengue and other hemorrhagic fever pathogens. The rapid and accurate diagnosis of the several possible hemorrhagic viruses in patients suspected of dengue infection is critical for the identification of a large cohort of patients whose peripheral blood sample will be examined in this program to assess the epitopebased dengue vaccine that is the primary goal of this multi-project program. These assays will also be beneficial in furthering the epidemiological surveillance of dengue infections in Brazil. A principal and unique feature of the proposed assay is its multiplex quantitative real-time PCR technology and its capacity for genotype-specific differential diagnosis of infectious agents currently endemic in Brazil: dengue viruses, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, hantavirus and leptospira species. A multiplex assay that will simultaneously detect conserved sequences of these infectious agents, all of which may have similar clinical symptoms, will allow the rapid diagnoses of patients at an early phase of infection, an important aspect in differential diagnosis. This assay technology will also be used in multiplex format to distinguish any combination of the four dengue serotype viruses in a single operation. This assay technology has already been developed for the quantitative real time PCR assay of replicating dengue serotype 2. The optimal conditions and parameters of these assays, with respect to their sensitivity and
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Hantavirus
specificity for multiplex differential diagnosis of other viruses and the four dengue serotypes will be determined in laboratory control studies. The validated protocols and reagents will then be made available to workers in Brazil for application to the field studies with patient cohorts. Accurate diagnoses of these patients are crucial if the blood samples are to be used for the ex vivo biological validation of the predicted peptide epitopes and response to the vaccine formulation described in Projects 1, 2 and 4. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF A NOVEL HANTAVIRUS FROM LABORATORY RATS Principal Investigator & Institution: Simmons, Joe H.; Laboratory Animal Medicine; University of Missouri Columbia 310 Jesse Hall Columbia, Mo 65211 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): Dr. Simmons, the candidate for this SERCA, is a highly qualified young investigator who has achieved a MS in chemistry, a DVM and residency certification in laboratory animal medicine. He is a candidate for a PhD in veterinary pathobiology with an expected graduation date of summer semester 2001. During the course of the SERCA, Dr. Simmons will obtain additional training that will allow him to develop into an independently funded research investigator. To develop his scientific skills, Dr. Simmons will participate in a variety of research training opportunities, including an in-depth research project, scientific meetings, seminars and journal clubs relevant to his area of research, and specialized topical courses at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Further, Dr. Simmons will receive additional training via collaboration with Dr. Connie Schmaljohn of the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. He will present his research findings at national scientific meetings, and he will publish his findings in peer reviewed journals. Preliminary results from this SERCA will be used to pursue additional extramural grant funding during year 5 of the granting period. The focus of Dr. Simmons' research project is a novel hantavirus that was recently isolated from laboratory rats with interstitial pneumonia. Preliminary serologic analysis indicates that this novel hantavirus is widespread in laboratory rodents in North America and Europe with approximately 8% of rats infected. Further study of this novel agent is warranted because hantaviruses are potentially zoonotic, subclinical viral infections of laboratory rodents can invalidate research data, and infected rats may represent a critically needed animal model of human hantavirus diseases. The short-term goals of this grant application are to characterize this novel rat hantavirus (RRV), to initiate studies to determine its pathogenesis in rats and to describe the rat's inflammatory cell and cytokine responses to RRV. The long term goal is to develop the RRV-infected rat into a rodent model of human hantavirus diseases. Dr. Riley's laboratory provides a unique environment for this project as it is the only laboratory that has isolated and cultured this novel hantavirus. Further, the UM Research Animal Diagnostic and Investigative Laboratory is an internationally respected rodent diagnostic laboratory with specialized handling facilities and expertise in the infectious diseases of rodents necessary to complete this project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF SOUTH AMERICAN HANTAVIRUSES Principal Investigator & Institution: St. Jeor, Stephen C.; Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Nevada Reno 204 Ross Hall Mailstop 325 Reno, Nv 89557 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-SEP-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004
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17
Summary: The University of Nevada, Reno and the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas (INEVH) have initiated a collaborative effort to investigate the pathogenesis, ecology and epidemiology of South American Hantaviruses. In our earlier studies we reported the presence of seven novel and phylogenetically distinct hantavirus linages in Argentina. These linages differ at the nucleotide level from 11-21 percent among themselves and 23-26 percent from North American hantaviruses. Three of the linages have been associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and the other with a hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. One of the linages (Andes virus) is known to be transmitted directly from humans to humans and a second virus (Oran) is widespread in rodent populations in northern Argentina and is present in 25-40 percent of the native population, as compared to a greater than 1 percent exposure rate throughout Argentina. We propose to determine if the variation in clinical syndromes observed is caused by genetic differences in virus strains or genetic differences in the host. This hypothesis will be tested with the following specific aims: 1) Hantavirus strains associated with a spectrum of clinical syndromes will be examined to identify genetic differences using archived tissue samples, from patients with clinical manifestations varying from a hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome to a disease resembling hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. 2) A comparison of the pathology of the disease in rodents infected with different hantavirus lineages will be done to determine if the epidemiologic and clinical differences associated with South American hantaviruses is caused by an altered pathogenesis of the viruses in rodents. 3. Identification of neutralizing epitopes in hantavirus glycoproteins: Human monoclonal antibody libraries will be used for the identification and mapping of neutralizing epitopes in both tissue culture and in the rodent reservoir. 4. The pattern of association and co-evolution of South American hantaviruses with their sigmodontine rodent hosts will be identified. 5. Differences in the susceptibility of different human haplotypes to infection with hantaviruses will be determined using archived tissue samples from INEVH. It is anticipated that a clearer understanding of the pathogenesis, ecology and epidemiology of South American hantaviruses will help in the prevention of outbreaks of disease caused by new world hantaviruses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATION OF ANTIGEN PRESENTATION BY APLP-2 Principal Investigator & Institution: Morris, Chantey R.; None; University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Ne 681987835 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presentation of peptides to cytotoxic T lymphocytes results in killing of infected cells. Thus assembly and peptide loading of MHC class I molecules is required to achieve cellular immune responses against infections. The binding of the MHC heavy chain to a peptide follows interactions with several endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins, such as calnexin, the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), calreticulin, tapasin, and ERp57. Recent studies have shown that amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP-2) also associates with MHC class I molecules. We have found that APLP-2 down regulates the quantity of MHC class I molecules at the cell surface. Based on these preliminary findings, we hypothesize that APLP-2 regulates MHC class I maturation and presentation of peptides, including known epitopes from NIAID priority pathogens (Hantaan virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, influenza A virus, dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Listeria monocytogenes). Results from these studies will clarify
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Hantavirus
the role of APLP-2 in the MHC class I assembly pathway and may result in new means to prevent or treat infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SEARCH FOR RESIDUAL DISEASE IN HANTAVIRUS SURVIVORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Goade, Diane; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VIRAL PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPEUTICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Garcia-Sastre, Adolfo; Associate Professor; Columbia University New York, Ny 10027 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 04-SEP-2003; Project End 29-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goals of this thematic area are to analyze the molecular mechanisms of replication and pathogenicity associated with selected NIAID category A viruses. Seven subprojects in this theme use multi-disciplinary approaches each focused on the PI's area of expertise. Several platforms are used to address issues from basic biology to the development of novel antiviral agents. Erich Mackow (subproject 1) will develop "reverse genetics" systems for hantaviruses, techniques critical for the study of hantavirus molecular biology and virulence, as well as for the rational development of attenuated vaccines and the characterization of potential antihantavirus agents. Subprojects 2, 3 and 4 will investigate the interactions between category A RNA viruses and the type I IFN response of the host, a first line of host defense against viral infection. Drs. Basler and Garcla-Sastre (subprojects 2 and 3) will focus on identification, characterization and inhibition of viral factors that counteract this important host defense system. Drs. Levy and Marie (subproject 4), will study the signaling determinants of mammalian innate immune responses in order to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying host defense. These studies will also explore antiviral strategies aimed towards inhibiting viral-encoded interferon antagonists. Since age is an important factor influencing morbidity and mortality associated with viral infection, Drs. Hornig and Lipkin (subproject 5) will assess the age-related endocrine and immune factors in viral encephalitis using a mouse model of West Nile virus. Understanding the age-related factors influencing virus pathogenicity will be critical for the rational design of antiviral therapies in young infants and the elderly. Subprojects 6 and 7 explore novel strategies aimed towards the development of new classes of antivirals. Drs. MacDonald and Rice will utilize a general approach to identify new potential antiviral targets for dengue (NIAID Category A Priority Pathogen), West Nile (Category B) and yellow fever (Category C) viruses. They will seek to identify functionally important protein:protein interactions and explore these as possible targets for the development of new and improved antivirals. Dr. David Ron (subproject 7), will explore whether the interactions of enveloped viruses with the host cell's ER machinery can be exploited to develop novel antiviral therapies against a broad class of viruses. He will target the signaling pathways that constitute an Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) that regulates the ER machinery. We expect this collaborative effort to lead to the development of a more complete picture on how highly pathogenic viruses induce disease, as well as to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and molecules. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: WORKSHOPS ON VIRAL PATHOGENESIS AND ONCOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fan, Hung Y.; Professor; Cancer Research Institute; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: A series of workshops on viral pathogenesis and oncogenesis will be organized. Viral infectious diseases continue to be major human health threats in both the developed and developing worlds. They can cause acute infections (both new [e.g. hantavirus] and established [e.g. influenza]) and also chronic diseases- notably cancers (e.g. cervical cancer, lymphomas and hepatocellular carcinoma) and neurodegenerative diseases. An important foundation for development of viral vaccines and anti-virals is establish the knowledge base for how a particular virus causes disease. Ultimately, experimentation in whole infected organisms must be carried out, and this often necessitates developing animal models. These workshops will temporally coincide with meetings of the NIH Virology and Experimental Virology study sections. The workshops will be 1 + days in length, featuring 12 plenary speakers. Approximately six speakers will be drawn from study section membership, and the other six will be invited on the basis of their recent groundbreaking discoveries. The workshops will be advertised through journals (e.g. ASM News, the Journal of Virology) as well as through relevant websites (NIH and otherwise). Attendance will be open to all interested investigators, and we anticipate an attendance of 75-150. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “hantavirus” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for hantavirus in the PubMed Central database: •
[beta]3 integrins mediate the cellular entry of hantaviruses that cause respiratory failure. by Gavrilovskaya IN, Shepley M, Shaw R, Ginsberg MH, Mackow ER.; 1998 Jun 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22743
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A newly recognized virus associated with a fatal case of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Louisiana. by Morzunov SP, Feldmann H, Spiropoulou CF, Semenova VA, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Peters CJ, Nichol ST.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=188821
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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A novel hantavirus associated with an outbreak of fatal respiratory disease in the southwestern United States: evolutionary relationships to known hantaviruses. by Hjelle B, Jenison S, Torrez-Martinez N, Yamada T, Nolte K, Zumwalt R, MacInnes K, Myers G.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=236491
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Adaptation of Puumala Hantavirus to Cell Culture Is Associated with Point Mutations in the Coding Region of the L Segment and in the Noncoding Regions of the S Segment. by Nemirov K, Lundkvist A, Vaheri A, Plyusnin A.; 2003 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=167242
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Analysis of Hantavirus Genetic Diversity in Argentina: S Segment-Derived Phylogeny. by Bohlman MC, Morzunov SP, Meissner J, Taylor MB, Ishibashi K, Rowe J, Levis S, Enria D, St. Jeor SC.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136083
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Antibody responses to Four Corners hantavirus infections in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus): identification of an immunodominant region of the viral nucleocapsid protein. by Yamada T, Hjelle B, Lanzi R, Morris C, Anderson B, Jenison S.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=188812
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Cell culture adaptation of Puumala hantavirus changes the infectivity for its natural reservoir, Clethrionomys glareolus, and leads to accumulation of mutants with altered genomic RNA S segment. by Lundkvist A, Cheng Y, Sjolander KB, Niklasson B, Vaheri A, Plyusnin A.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230258
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Cellular Entry of Hantaviruses Which Cause Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Is Mediated by [beta]3 Integrins. by Gavrilovskaya IN, Brown EJ, Ginsberg MH, Mackow ER.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104173
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Characterization of human antibody responses to four corners hantavirus infections among patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. by Jenison S, Yamada T, Morris C, Anderson B, Torrez-Martinez N, Keller N, Hjelle B.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=236790
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Cross-Protection against Challenge with Puumala Virus after Immunization with Nucleocapsid Proteins from Different Hantaviruses. by de Carvalho Nicacio C, Gonzalez Della Valle M, Padula P, Bjorling E, Plyusnin A, Lundkvist A.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136272
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Distribution of hantavirus serotypes Hantaan and Seoul causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and identification by hemagglutination inhibition assay. by Tang YW, Li YL, Ye KL, Xu ZY, Ruo SL, Fisher-Hoch SP, McCormick JB.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270236
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DNA Vaccination with the Hantaan Virus M Gene Protects Hamsters against Three of Four HFRS Hantaviruses and Elicits a High-Titer Neutralizing Antibody Response in Rhesus Monkeys. by Hooper JW, Custer DM, Thompson E, Schmaljohn CS.; 2001 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=115092
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Elevated Generation of Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species in Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome. by Davis IC, Zajac AJ, Nolte KB, Botten J, Hjelle B, Matalon S.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155134
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Evaluation of serological methods for diagnosis of Puumala hantavirus infection (nephropathia epidemica). by Sjolander KB, Elgh F, Kallio-Kokko H, Vapalahti O, Hagglund M, Palmcrantz V, Juto P, Vaheri A, Niklasson B, Lundkvist A.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230159
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Experimental infection model for Sin Nombre hantavirus in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). by Botten J, Mirowsky K, Kusewitt D, Bharadwaj M, Yee J, Ricci R, Feddersen RM, Hjelle B.; 2000 Sep 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27067
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Genetic Analysis of the Diversity and Origin of Hantaviruses in Peromyscus leucopus Mice in North America. by Morzunov SP, Rowe JE, Ksiazek TG, Peters CJ, St. Jeor SC, Nichol ST.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109349
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Genetic Diversity, Distribution, and Serological Features of Hantavirus Infection in Five Countries in South America. by Padula PJ, Colavecchia SB, Martinez VP, Gonzalez Della Valle MO, Edelstein A, Miguel SD, Russi J, Riquelme JM, Colucci N, Almiron M, Rabinovich RD.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87178
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Genetic identification of a novel hantavirus of the harvest mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis. by Hjelle B, Chavez-Giles F, Torrez-Martinez N, Yates T, Sarisky J, Webb J, Ascher M.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237096
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Genetic Interaction between Distinct Dobrava Hantavirus Subtypes in Apodemus agrarius and A. flavicollis in Nature. by Klempa B, Schmidt HA, Ulrich R, Kaluz S, Labuda M, Meisel H, Hjelle B, Kruger DH.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140611
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Genetic Interaction between Dobrava and Saaremaa Hantaviruses: Now or Millions of Years Ago? by Plyusnin A, Vaheri A.; 2003 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156165
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Hantavirus Infection Induces the Expression of RANTES and IP-10 without Causing Increased Permeability in Human Lung Microvascular Endothelial Cells. by Sundstrom JB, McMullan LK, Spiropoulou CF, Hooper WC, Ansari AA, Peters CJ, Rollin PE.; 2001 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114323
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Hantavirus Infection of Dendritic Cells. by Raftery MJ, Kraus AA, Ulrich R, Kruger DH, Schonrich G.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136604
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Hantavirus Nucleocapsid Protein Is Expressed as a Membrane-Associated Protein in the Perinuclear Region. by Ravkov EV, Compans RW.; 2001 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114090
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Hantavirus Nucleocapsid Protein Oligomerization. by Alfadhli A, Love Z, Arvidson B, Seeds J, Willey J, Barklis E.; 2001 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=115151
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Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome-Associated Hantaviruses Contain Conserved and Functional ITAM Signaling Elements. by Geimonen E, LaMonica R, Springer K, Farooqui Y, Gavrilovskaya IN, Mackow ER.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140783
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Hantavirus-Specific CD8 +-T-Cell Responses in Newborn Mice Persistently Infected with Hantaan Virus. by Araki K, Yoshimatsu K, Lee BH, Kariwa H, Takashima I, Arikawa J.; 2003 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=165253
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Inhibition of bunyaviruses, phleboviruses, and hantaviruses by human MxA protein. by Frese M, Kochs G, Feldmann H, Hertkorn C, Haller O.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189895
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Isolation and Characterization of a Hantavirus from Lemmus sibiricus: Evidence for Host Switch during Hantavirus Evolution. by Vapalahti O, Lundkvist A, Fedorov V, Conroy CJ, Hirvonen S, Plyusnina A, Nemirov K, Fredga K, Cook JA, Niemimaa J, Kaikusalo A, Henttonen H, Vaheri A, Plyusnin A.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112616
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Molecular Evolution of Puumala Hantavirus. by Sironen T, Vaheri A, Plyusnin A.; 2001 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114766
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Molecular linkage of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome to the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus: genetic characterization of the M genome of New York virus. by Hjelle B, Lee SW, Song W, Torrez-Martinez N, Song JW, Yanagihara R, Gavrilovskaya I, Mackow ER.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189769
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New York 1 and Sin Nombre Viruses Are Serotypically Distinct Viruses Associated with Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome. by Gavrilovskaya I, LaMonica R, Fay ME, Hjelle B, Schmaljohn C, Shaw R, Mackow ER.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84184
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Pathogenic and nonpathogenic hantaviruses differentially regulate endothelial cell responses. by Geimonen E, Neff S, Raymond T, Kocer SS, Gavrilovskaya IN, Mackow ER.; 2002 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129784
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Phage-displayed peptide targeting on the Puumala hantavirus neutralization site. by Heiskanen T, Lundkvist A, Vaheri A, Lankinen H.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191539
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Polarized entry and release in epithelial cells of Black Creek Canal virus, a New World hantavirus. by Ravkov EV, Nichol ST, Compans RW.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191167
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Puumala hantavirus genome in patients with nephropathia epidemica: correlation of PCR positivity with HLA haplotype and link to viral sequences in local rodents. by Plyusnin A, Horling J, Kanerva M, Mustonen J, Cheng Y, Partanen J, Vapalahti O, Kukkonen SK, Niemimaa J, Henttonen H, Niklasson B, Lundkvist A, Vaheri A.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=232708
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Quasispecies in wild-type tula hantavirus populations. by Plyusnin A, Cheng Y, Lehvaslaiho H, Vaheri A.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191012
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Rapid and specific detection of Sin Nombre virus antibodies in patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome by a strip immunoblot assay suitable for field diagnosis. by Hjelle B, Jenison S, Torrez-Martinez N, Herring B, Quan S, Polito A, Pichuantes S, Yamada T, Morris C, Elgh F, Lee HW, Artsob H, Dinello R.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229635
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Recombination in Tula Hantavirus Evolution: Analysis of Genetic Lineages from Slovakia. by Sibold C, Meisel H, Kruger DH, Labuda M, Lysy J, Kozuch O, Pejcoch M, Vaheri A, Plyusnin A.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=103873
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Risk factors for human hantavirus infection: Franco-Belgian collaborative casecontrol study during 1995-6 epidemic. by Crowcroft NS, Infuso A, Ilef D, Le Guenno B, Desenclos JC, Van Loock F, Clement J.; 1999 Jun 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=31102
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Serological diagnosis of hantavirus infections by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on detection of immunoglobulin G and M responses to recombinant nucleocapsid proteins of five viral serotypes. by Elgh F, Lundkvist A, Alexeyev OA, Stenlund H, Avsic-Zupanc T, Hjelle B, Lee HW, Smith KJ, Vainionpaa R, Wiger D, Wadell G, Juto P.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=232715
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Serotypic classification of hantaviruses by indirect immunofluorescent antibody and plaque reduction neutralization tests. by Lee PW, Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC, Yanagihara R.; 1985 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271855
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Shedding and Intracage Transmission of Sin Nombre Hantavirus in the Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) Model. by Botten J, Mirowsky K, Ye C, Gottlieb K, Saavedra M, Ponce L, Hjelle B.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136373
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The Multimerization of Hantavirus Nucleocapsid Protein Depends on Type-Specific Epitopes. by Yoshimatsu K, Lee BH, Araki K, Morimatsu M, Ogino M, Ebihara H, Arikawa J.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140797
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Transfection-mediated generation of functionally competent Tula hantavirus with recombinant S RNA segment. by Plyusnin A, Kukkonen SK, Plyusnina A, Vapalahti O, Vaheri A.; 2002 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=125929
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Truncated Hantavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins for Serotyping Hantaan, Seoul, and Dobrava Hantavirus Infections. by Araki K, Yoshimatsu K, Ogino M, Ebihara H, Lundkvist A, Kariwa H, Takashima I, Arikawa J.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88161
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Tula virus: a newly detected hantavirus carried by European common voles. by Plyusnin A, Vapalahti O, Lankinen H, Lehvaslaiho H, Apekina N, Myasnikov Y, KallioKokko H, Henttonen H, Lundkvist A, Brummer-Korvenkontio M, et al.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237245
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Wild-Type Puumala Hantavirus Infection Induces Cytokines, C-Reactive Protein, Creatinine, and Nitric Oxide in Cynomolgus Macaques. by Klingstrom J, Plyusnin A, Vaheri A, Lundkvist A.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135710
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with hantavirus, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “hantavirus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for hantavirus (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case-control study after a hantavirus infection outbreak in the south of Belgium: who is at risk? Author(s): Van Loock F, Thomas I, Clement J, Ghoos S, Colson P. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 April; 28(4): 834-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10825047
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A colorimetric PCR-enzyme immunoassay to identify hantaviruses. Author(s): Dekonenko A, Ibrahim MS, Schmaljohn CS. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Virology. 1997 August; 8(2): 113-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9316733
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A lethal disease model for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Hooper JW, Larsen T, Custer DM, Schmaljohn CS. Source: Virology. 2001 October 10; 289(1): 6-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11601912
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A major outbreak of hantavirus infection in Belgium in 1995 and 1996. Author(s): Heyman P, Vervoort T, Colson P, Chu YK, Avsic-Zupanc T, Lundkvist A. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1999 June; 122(3): 447-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10459649
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A midcourse assessment of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Shope RE. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 January-February; 5(1): 172-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10081689
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A neutralizing recombinant human antibody Fab fragment against Puumala hantavirus. Author(s): de Carvalho Nicacio C, Lundkvist A, Sjolander KB, Plyusnin A, Salonen EM, Bjorling E. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2000 April; 60(4): 446-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10686029
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A new Clethrionomys-derived hantavirus from Germany: evidence for distinct genetic sublineages of Puumala viruses in Western Europe. Author(s): Heiske A, Anheier B, Pilaski J, Volchkov VE, Feldmann H. Source: Virus Research. 1999 June; 61(2): 101-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10475080
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A newly discovered variant of a hantavirus in Apodemus peninsulae, far Eastern Russia. Author(s): Yashina L, Mishin V, Zdanovskaya N, Schmaljohn C, Ivanov L. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001 September-October; 7(5): 912-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11747715
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A rogues' gallery of hantaviruses. Author(s): Stone R. Source: Science. 1993 November 5; 262(5135): 835. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7901910
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Absence of infection in a neonate after possible exposure to sin nombre hantavirus in breast milk. Author(s): Pai RK, Bharadwaj M, Levy H, Overturf G, Goade D, Wortman IA, Nofchissey R, Hjelle B. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 December; 29(6): 1577-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10585821
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Absence of interhuman transmission of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Minas Gerais, Brazil: evidence from a serological survey. Author(s): Nunes-Araujo FR, Nishioka SD, Ferreira IB, Suzuki A, Bonito RF, Ferreira MS. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 December; 29(6): 1588-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10585829
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Active and passive vaccination against hantavirus pulmonary syndrome with Andes virus M genome segment-based DNA vaccine. Author(s): Custer DM, Thompson E, Schmaljohn CS, Ksiazek TG, Hooper JW. Source: Journal of Virology. 2003 September; 77(18): 9894-905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12941899
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Acute hantavirus infection. Author(s): Rice P, Kudesia G, Leach M. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1993 November; 27(3): 342-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7905899
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Acute infection with Sin Nombre hantavirus without pulmonary edema. Author(s): Zavasky DM, Hjelle B, Peterson MC, Denton RW, Reimer L. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 September; 29(3): 664-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10530462
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Acute polyarthritis associated with hantavirus infection. Author(s): Lee EY, Song CH, Choi SO. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1999 September; 14(9): 2204-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10489233
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Acute Sin Nombre hantavirus infection without pulmonary syndrome, United States. Author(s): Kitsutani PT, Denton RW, Fritz CL, Murray RA, Todd RL, Pape WJ, Wyatt Frampton J, Young JC, Khan AS, Peters CJ, Ksiazek TG. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 September-October; 5(5): 701-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10511527
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An outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in western Paraguay. Author(s): Williams RJ, Bryan RT, Mills JN, Palma RE, Vera I, De Velasquez F, Baez E, Schmidt WE, Figueroa RE, Peters CJ, Zaki SR, Khan AS, Ksiazek TG. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1997 September; 57(3): 274-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9311636
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An outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Chile, 1997. Author(s): Toro J, Vega JD, Khan AS, Mills JN, Padula P, Terry W, Yadon Z, Valderrama R, Ellis BA, Pavletic C, Cerda R, Zaki S, Shieh WJ, Meyer R, Tapia M, Mansilla C, Baro M, Vergara JA, Concha M, Calderon G, Enria D, Peters CJ, Ksiazek TG. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998 October-December; 4(4): 687-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9866751
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Analyses of gene flow among populations of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) at sites near hantavirus pulmonary syndrome case-patient residences. Author(s): Root JJ, Black WC 4th, Calisher CH, Wilson KR, Mackie RS, Schountz T, Mills JN, Beaty BJ. Source: J Wildl Dis. 2003 April; 39(2): 287-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12910755
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Analysis of hantavirus genetic diversity in Argentina: S segment-derived phylogeny. Author(s): Bohlman MC, Morzunov SP, Meissner J, Taylor MB, Ishibashi K, Rowe J, Levis S, Enria D, St Jeor SC. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 April; 76(8): 3765-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11907216
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Analysis of puumala hantavirus genome in patients with nephropathia epidemica and rodent carriers from the sites of infection. Author(s): Plyusnin A, Mustonen J, Asikainen K, Plyusnina A, Niemimaa J, Henttonen H, Vaheri A. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1999 November; 59(3): 397-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10502274
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Andes virus associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in northern Argentina and determination of the precise site of infection. Author(s): Gonzalez Della Valle M, Edelstein A, Miguel S, Martinez V, Cortez J, Cacace ML, Jurgelenas G, Estani SS, Padula P. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 June; 66(6): 71320. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12224579
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Anne Boleyn, the sweating sickness, and the hantavirus: a review of an old disease with a modern interpretation. Author(s): Holmes FF. Source: J Med Biogr. 1998 February; 6(1): 43-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11619876
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Antibodies anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae and anti-Mycoplasma pneumoniae in patients with negative serology for hantavirus. Retrospective study. Author(s): Wilson M, Otth L, Fernandez H, Hofmann I, Navarrete M. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2001 November; 96(8): 1135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11784935
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Antibody responses in humans to an inactivated hantavirus vaccine (Hantavax). Author(s): Cho HW, Howard CR. Source: Vaccine. 1999 June 4; 17(20-21): 2569-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10418904
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Assessment of ecologic and biologic factors leading to hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Colorado, U.S.A. Author(s): Calisher CH, Root JJ, Mills JN, Beaty BJ. Source: Croatian Medical Journal. 2002 June; 43(3): 330-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12035141
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Assessment of occupational risk for hantavirus infection in Arizona and New Mexico. Author(s): Zeitz PS, Graber JM, Voorhees RA, Kioski C, Shands LA, Ksiazek TG, Jenison S, Khabbaz RF. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1997 May; 39(5): 463-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9172092
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Assessment of person-to-person transmission of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in a Chilean hospital setting. Author(s): Chaparro J, Vega J, Terry W, Vera JL, Barra B, Meyer R, Peters CJ, Khan AS, Ksiazek TG. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1998 December; 40(4): 281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9868619
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Association of HLA B27 with benign clinical course of nephropathia epidemica caused by Puumala hantavirus. Author(s): Mustonen J, Partanen J, Kanerva M, Pietila K, Vapalahti O, Pasternack A, Vaheri A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 1998 March; 47(3): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9519867
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Association of the nucleocapsid protein of the Seoul and Hantaan hantaviruses with small ubiquitin-like modifier-1-related molecules. Author(s): Lee BH, Yoshimatsu K, Maeda A, Ochiai K, Morimatsu M, Araki K, Ogino M, Morikawa S, Arikawa J. Source: Virus Research. 2003 December; 98(1): 83-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609633
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Baculovirus expression of the nucleocapsid protein of a Puumala serotype Hantavirus. Author(s): Schuldt C, Zoller L, Bautz EK, Darai G. Source: Virus Genes. 1994 March; 8(2): 143-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8073635
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Bayou virus-associated hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Eastern Texas: identification of the rice rat, Oryzomys palustris, as reservoir host. Author(s): Torrez-Martinez N, Bharadwaj M, Goade D, Delury J, Moran P, Hicks B, Nix B, Davis JL, Hjelle B. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1998 January-March; 4(1): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9452404
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Belgrade and Hantaan hantaviruses--the causative agents of severe haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in children in Serbia. Author(s): Bogdanovic R, Gligic A, Nikolic V, Ognjanovic M, Markovic M, Sarjanovic L. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1994 June; 8(3): 299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7917855
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Belgrade virus: a new hantavirus causing severe hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Yugoslavia. Author(s): Gligic A, Dimkovic N, Xiao SY, Buckle GJ, Jovanovic D, Velimirovic D, Stojanovic R, Obradovic M, Diglisic G, Micic J, et al. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1992 July; 166(1): 113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1351508
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beta3 Integrins mediate the cellular entry of hantaviruses that cause respiratory failure. Author(s): Gavrilovskaya IN, Shepley M, Shaw R, Ginsberg MH, Mackow ER. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998 June 9; 95(12): 7074-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9618541
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Cardiopulmonary manifestations of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Hallin GW, Simpson SQ, Crowell RE, James DS, Koster FT, Mertz GJ, Levy H. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1996 February; 24(2): 252-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8605797
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Cellular entry of hantaviruses which cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is mediated by beta3 integrins. Author(s): Gavrilovskaya IN, Brown EJ, Ginsberg MH, Mackow ER. Source: Journal of Virology. 1999 May; 73(5): 3951-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10196290
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Characterization of human antibody responses to four corners hantavirus infections among patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Jenison S, Yamada T, Morris C, Anderson B, Torrez-Martinez N, Keller N, Hjelle B. Source: Journal of Virology. 1994 May; 68(5): 3000-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7512156
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Characterization of in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of lactoferrin and ribavirin upon hantavirus. Author(s): Murphy ME, Kariwa H, Mizutani T, Tanabe H, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J, Takashima I. Source: The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science. 2001 June; 63(6): 637-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11459009
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Chilean research throws light on hantavirus transmission. Author(s): Orellana C. Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2003 January; 3(1): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12505021
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Chronic renal dysfunction after Hantavirus infection. Author(s): Shutov AM, Lesnikov IR. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1999 April; 14(4): 1041. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10328510
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Class and subclass distribution of Hantavirus-specific serum antibodies at different times after the onset of nephropathia epidemica. Author(s): Groen J, Gerding M, Jordans JG, Clement JP, Osterhaus AD. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1994 May; 43(1): 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7916034
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Climatic and environmental patterns associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Four Corners region, United States. Author(s): Engelthaler DM, Mosley DG, Cheek JE, Levy CE, Komatsu KK, Ettestad P, Davis T, Tanda DT, Miller L, Frampton JW, Porter R, Bryan RT. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 January-February; 5(1): 87-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10081675
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Clinical characteristics of hantavirus infections on the Eurasian continent. Author(s): Linderholm M, Elgh F. Source: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2001; 256: 135-51. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11217401
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Clinical characterization of Dobrava hantavirus infections in Germany. Author(s): Schutt M, Gerke P, Meisel H, Ulrich R, Kruger DH. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2001 May; 55(5): 371-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11393382
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Clinical features that differentiate hantavirus pulmonary syndrome from three other acute respiratory illnesses. Author(s): Moolenaar RL, Dalton C, Lipman HB, Umland ET, Gallaher M, Duchin JS, Chapman L, Zaki SR, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, et al. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 September; 21(3): 643-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8527558
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Clinical manifestations of New World hantaviruses. Author(s): Enria DA, Briggiler AM, Pini N, Levis S. Source: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2001; 256: 117-34. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11217400
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Cocirculation of multiple hantaviruses in Texas, with characterization of the small (S) genome of a previously undescribed virus of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Author(s): Rawlings JA, Torrez-Martinez N, Neill SU, Moore GM, Hicks BN, Pichuantes S, Nguyen A, Bharadwaj M, Hjelle B. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1996 December; 55(6): 672-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9025697
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Common questions about hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Chisolm S. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1997 April; 97(4): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9103926
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Complement activation in nephropathia epidemica caused by Puumala hantavirus. Author(s): Paakkala A, Mustonen J, Viander M, Huhtala H, Pasternack A. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2000 June; 53(6): 424-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10879661
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Complete nucleotide sequence of a Chilean hantavirus. Author(s): Meissner JD, Rowe JE, Borucki MK, St Jeor SC. Source: Virus Research. 2002 October; 89(1): 131-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12367756
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Complete nucleotide sequences of the M and S segments of two hantavirus isolates from California: evidence for reassortment in nature among viruses related to hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Li D, Schmaljohn AL, Anderson K, Schmaljohn CS. Source: Virology. 1995 February 1; 206(2): 973-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7856108
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Completion of the Tula hantavirus genome sequence: properties of the L segment and heterogeneity found in the 3' termini of S and L genome RNAs. Author(s): Kukkonen SK, Vaheri A, Plyusnin A. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1998 November; 79 ( Pt 11): 2615-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9820136
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Control of Hantavirus in the west. Author(s): Kravitz JD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995 March 22-29; 273(12): 919-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7884947
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Cross-neutralization of hantaviruses with immune sera from experimentally infected animals and from hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome patients. Author(s): Chu YK, Jennings G, Schmaljohn A, Elgh F, Hjelle B, Lee HW, Jenison S, Ksiazek T, Peters CJ, Rollin P, et al. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 December; 172(6): 1581-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7594720
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Dengue versus hantavirus in CNS infections. Author(s): Clement J, Colson P, Van Ranst M. Source: Lancet. 2000 June 17; 355(9221): 2163-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10902650
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Detection of hantaviruses with RNA probes generated from recombinant DNA. Author(s): Schmaljohn CS, Lee HW, Dalrymple JM. Source: Archives of Virology. 1987; 95(3-4): 291-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2886113
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Detection of Muerto Canyon virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Hjelle B, Spiropoulou CF, Torrez-Martinez N, Morzunov S, Peters CJ, Nichol ST. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994 October; 170(4): 1013-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7930697
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Development and evaluation of a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay based on Andes hantavirus recombinant nucleoprotein. Author(s): Padula PJ, Rossi CM, Della Valle MO, Martinez PV, Colavecchia SB, Edelstein A, Miguel SD, Rabinovich RD, Segura EL. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2000 February; 49(2): 149-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10670565
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Development of humoral cross-reactivity to the nucleocapsid protein of heterologous hantaviruses in nephropathia epidemica. Author(s): Elgh F, Linderholm M, Wadell G, Tarnvik A, Juto P. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 1998 December; 22(4): 309-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9879922
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Diagnostic rapid tests for acute hantavirus infections: specific tests for Hantaan, Dobrava and Puumala viruses versus a hantavirus combination test. Author(s): Hujakka H, Koistinen V, Kuronen I, Eerikainen P, Parviainen M, Lundkvist A, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O, Narvanen A. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 2003 March; 108(1): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12565162
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Different hantavirus serotypes in western Europe. Author(s): Groen J, Osterhaus AD, Avsic-Zupanc T, van der Groen G, Clement JP, Lefevre A, Jordans JG. Source: Lancet. 1991 March 9; 337(8741): 621-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1671980
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Discriminators between hantavirus-infected and -uninfected persons enrolled in a trial of intravenous ribavirin for presumptive hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Chapman LE, Ellis BA, Koster FT, Sotir M, Ksiazek TG, Mertz GJ, Rollin PE, Baum KF, Pavia AT, Christenson JC, Rubin PJ, Jolson HM, Behrman RE, Khan AS, Bell LJ, Simpson GL, Hawk J, Holman RC, Peters CJ; Ribavirin Study Group. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 February 1; 34(3): 293-304. Epub 2001 December 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11774075
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Distinguishing hantavirus pulmonary syndrome from acute respiratory distress syndrome by chest radiography: are there different radiographic manifestations of increased alveolar permeability? Author(s): Ketai LH, Kelsey CA, Jordan K, Levin DL, Sullivan LM, Williamson MR, Wiest PW, Sell JJ. Source: Journal of Thoracic Imaging. 1998 July; 13(3): 172-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9671418
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Distribution of hantavirus serotypes Hantaan and Seoul causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and identification by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Author(s): Tang YW, Li YL, Ye KL, Xu ZY, Ruo SL, Fisher-Hoch SP, McCormick JB. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1991 September; 29(9): 1924-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1685497
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Dobrava hantavirus causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in central Europe and is carried by two different Apodemus mice species. Author(s): Sibold C, Ulrich R, Labuda M, Lundkvist A, Martens H, Schutt M, Gerke P, Leitmeyer K, Meisel H, Kruger DH. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2001 February; 63(2): 158-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11170053
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Dobrava hantavirus outbreak in Russia. Author(s): Lundkvist A, Apekina N, Myasnikov Y, Vapalahti O, Vaheri A, Plyusnin A. Source: Lancet. 1997 September 13; 350(9080): 781-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9298001
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Dominant glycoprotein epitope of four corners hantavirus is conserved across a wide geographical area. Author(s): Hjelle B, Chavez-Giles F, Torrez-Martinez N, Yamada T, Sarisky J, Ascher M, Jenison S. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1994 November; 75 ( Pt 11): 2881-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7525860
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Dual infection with leptospira and hantavirus. Author(s): Kudesia G, Christie P, Walker E, Pinkerton I, Lloyd G. Source: Lancet. 1988 June 18; 1(8599): 1397. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2898071
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Ebola and hantaviruses. Author(s): Peters CJ. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 1997 August; 18(4): 281-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9348164
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Effectiveness of recorded messages to communicate the risk of acquiring hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Predy G, Carney B, Edwards J. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1997 July-August; 88(4): 275-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9336097
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Elevated generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species in hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Davis IC, Zajac AJ, Nolte KB, Botten J, Hjelle B, Matalon S. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 August; 76(16): 8347-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12134039
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Emerging viruses: the case 'hantavirus'. Author(s): Ulrich R, Hjelle B, Pitra C, Kruger DH. Source: Intervirology. 2002; 45(4-6): 318-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12602350
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Encephalitis due to a hantavirus infection. Author(s): Bergmann F, Krone B, Bleich S, Prange H, Paulus W. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 July; 45(1): 58-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12217734
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Epidemiologic linkage of rodent and human hantavirus genomic sequences in case investigations of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Hjelle B, Torrez-Martinez N, Koster FT, Jay M, Ascher MS, Brown T, Reynolds P, Ettestad P, Voorhees RE, Sarisky J, Enscore RE, Sands L, Mosley DG, Kioski C, Bryan RT, Sewell CM. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 April; 173(4): 781-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8603954
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Epidemiology and epizootiology of hantavirus infection in Japan. Author(s): Arikawa J, Yoshimatsu K, Kariwa H. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 June; 54(3): 95-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11544398
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Epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of hantavirus (HTV) infections. Author(s): Clement J, McKenna P, Groen J, Osterhaus A, Colson P, Vervoort T, van der Groen G, Lee HW. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1995; 50(1): 9-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7725842
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Epidemiology of hantavirus infections in Europe. Author(s): Mustonen J, Vapalahti O, Henttonen H, Pasternack A, Vaheri A. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1998 November; 13(11): 2729-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9829467
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Epizootiological survey of hantavirus among rodent species in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Province, China. Author(s): Kariwa H, Zhong CB, Araki K, Yoshimatsu K, Lokugamage K, Lokugamage N, Murphy ME, Mizutani T, Arikawa J, Fukushima H, Xiong H, Jiehua C, Takashima I. Source: Jpn J Vet Res. 2001 August; 49(2): 105-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11590918
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Eradication of hantavirus infection among laboratory rats by application of caesarian section and a foster mother technique. Author(s): McKenna P, van der Groen G, Hoofd G, Beelaert G, Leirs H, Verhagen R, Kints JP, Cormont F, Nisol F, Bazin H. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1992 September; 25(2): 181-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1358976
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Evaluation of a pan-reactive hantavirus enzyme immunoassay and of a hantavirus immunoblot for the diagnosis of nephropathia epidemica. Author(s): Schubert J, Tollmann F, Weissbrich B. Source: Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology. 2001 April; 21(1): 63-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11255099
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Evaluation of serological methods for diagnosis of Puumala hantavirus infection (nephropathia epidemica). Author(s): Sjolander KB, Elgh F, Kallio-Kokko H, Vapalahti O, Hagglund M, Palmcrantz V, Juto P, Vaheri A, Niklasson B, Lundkvist A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 December; 35(12): 3264-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9399531
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Evaluation of the magnitude of the 1993 hantavirus outbreak in the southwestern United States. Author(s): Simonsen L, Dalton MJ, Breiman RF, Hennessy T, Umland ET, Sewell CM, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Peters CJ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 September; 172(3): 729-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7658065
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Evaluation of two commercially available immunoassays for the detection of hantavirus antibodies in serum samples. Author(s): Koraka P, Avsic-Zupanc T, Osterhaus AD, Groen J. Source: Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology. 2000 September 1; 17(3): 189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10996116
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Evidence against infection with hantaviruses among forest and park workers in the southwestern United States. Author(s): Vitek CR, Ksiazek TG, Peters CJ, Breiman RF. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 August; 23(2): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8842264
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Evidence against person-to-person transmission of hantavirus to health care workers. Author(s): Vitek CR, Breiman RF, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, McLaughlin JC, Umland ET, Nolte KB, Loera A, Sewell CM, Peters CJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 May; 22(5): 824-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8722939
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Evidence for Hantavirus disease in Slovenia, Yugoslavia. Author(s): Avsic-Zupanc T, Cizman B, Gligic A, Hoofd G, van der Groen G. Source: Acta Virol. 1989 August; 33(4): 327-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2574939
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Evidence of hantavirus infection in rodents and human beings from Connecticut and New York, USA. Author(s): Wilson ML, Tesh RB, Fish D, Gerber MA, Magnarelli LA, Feder HM Jr, Shapiro ED. Source: Lancet. 1995 March 18; 345(8951): 738. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7885165
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Evidence of human infection with a rat-associated Hantavirus in Baltimore, Maryland. Author(s): Childs JE, Glass GE, Korch GW, Arthur RR, Shah KV, Glasser D, Rossi C, Leduc JW. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1988 April; 127(4): 875-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3128102
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Experimental evaluation of rodent exclusion methods to reduce hantavirus transmission to humans in rural housing. Author(s): Glass GE, Johnson JS, Hodenbach GA, Disalvo CL, Peters CJ, Childs JE, Mills JN. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1997 April; 56(4): 35964. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9158040
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Experimental infection of human vascular endothelial cells by pathogenic and nonpathogenic hantaviruses. Author(s): Yanagihara R, Silverman DJ. Source: Archives of Virology. 1990; 111(3-4): 281-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2112908
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Expression of non-conserved regions of the S genome segments of three hantaviruses: evaluation of the expressed polypeptides for diagnosis of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Author(s): Wang M, Rossi C, Schmaljohn CS. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1993 June; 74 ( Pt 6): 1115-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8099603
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Fatal hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in an adolescent. Author(s): Khan AS, Ksiazek TG, Zaki SR, Nichol ST, Rollin PE, Peters CJ, Khabbaz RF, Cheek JE, Shireley LA, McDonough SL, et al. Source: Pediatrics. 1995 February; 95(2): 276-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7838649
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Fatal hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Indiana. Author(s): Slama TG, Zon R. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994 April 7; 330(14): 1010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8121443
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Fatal illness associated with a new hantavirus in Louisiana. Author(s): Khan AS, Spiropoulou CF, Morzunov S, Zaki SR, Kohn MA, Nawas SR, McFarland L, Nichol ST. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1995 July; 46(3): 281-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7561804
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First case of infection with hantavirus Dobrava in Germany. Author(s): Meisel H, Lundkvist A, Gantzer K, Bar W, Sibold C, Kruger DH. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 December; 17(12): 884-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10052557
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First human isolate of Hantavirus (Andes virus) in the Americas. Author(s): Galeno H, Mora J, Villagra E, Fernandez J, Hernandez J, Mertz GJ, Ramirez E. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 July; 8(7): 657-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12095430
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First molecular evidence for Puumala hantavirus in Slovakia. Author(s): Leitmeyer K, Sibold C, Meisel H, Ulrich R, Labuda M, Kruger DH. Source: Virus Genes. 2001; 23(2): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11724269
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First reported case of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Oklahoma. Author(s): Graves T, Crutcher JM. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 1998 September; 91(6): 327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9763765
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First reported case of imported hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in europe. Author(s): Murgue B, Domart Y, Coudrier D, Rollin PE, Darchis JP, Merrien D, Zeller HG. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 January; 8(1): 106-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11749764
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First reported cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Canada. Author(s): Stephen C, Johnson M, Bell A. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 1994 August 15; 20(15): 121-5. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7920363
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First sporadic case of Hantavirus nephropathy, recognised in The Netherlands. Author(s): Jordans JG, Osterhaus AD, Groen J. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1989 December; 35(5-6): 276. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2576828
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Further UK case of acute hantavirus infection. Author(s): Phillips MJ, Johnson SA, Thomson RK, Pether JV. Source: Lancet. 1991 December 14; 338(8781): 1530-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1683956
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Genetic analysis of sin nombre hantavirus in Iowa. Author(s): Lobas J, Smith JJ, Moore MD, Grose C, Rowe JE, St Jeor SC. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2000 April; 19(4): 355-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10783030
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Genetic and antigenic properties of Dobrava virus: a unique member of the Hantavirus genus, family Bunyaviridae. Author(s): Avsic-Zupanc T, Toney A, Anderson K, Chu YK, Schmaljohn C. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1995 November; 76 ( Pt 11): 2801-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7595387
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Genetic characterisation of a Hantavirus isolated from a laboratory-acquired infection. Author(s): Shi X, McCaughey C, Elliott RM. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2003 September; 71(1): 105-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12858415
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Genetic characterization of a human isolate of Puumala hantavirus from France. Author(s): Bowen MD, Kariwa H, Rollin PE, Peters CJ, Nichol ST. Source: Virus Research. 1995 October; 38(2-3): 279-89. Erratum In: Virus Res 2001 November 5; 79(1-2): 201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8578865
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Genetic characterization of hantaviruses transmitted by the Korean field mouse (Apodemus peninsulae), Far East Russia. Author(s): Lokugamage K, Kariwa H, Hayasaka D, Cui BZ, Iwasaki T, Lokugamage N, Ivanov LI, Volkov VI, Demenev VA, Slonova R, Kompanets G, Kushnaryova T, Kurata T, Maeda K, Araki K, Mizutani T, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J, Takashima I. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 August; 8(8): 768-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12141960
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Genetic diversity and distribution of Peromyscus-borne hantaviruses in North America. Author(s): Monroe MC, Morzunov SP, Johnson AM, Bowen MD, Artsob H, Yates T, Peters CJ, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Nichol ST. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 January-February; 5(1): 75-86. Erratum In: Emerg Infect Dis 1999 March-April; 5(2): 314. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10081674
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Genetic diversity and epidemiology of hantaviruses in Argentina. Author(s): Levis S, Morzunov SP, Rowe JE, Enria D, Pini N, Calderon G, Sabattini M, St Jeor SC. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998 March; 177(3): 529-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9498428
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Genetic diversity of hantaviruses associated with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the far east of Russia. Author(s): Yashina LN, Patrushev NA, Ivanov LI, Slonova RA, Mishin VP, Kompanez GG, Zdanovskaya NI, Kuzina II, Safronov PF, Chizhikov VE, Schmaljohn C, Netesov SV. Source: Virus Research. 2000 September; 70(1-2): 31-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11074123
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Genetic diversity of hantaviruses isolated in china and characterization of novel hantaviruses isolated from Niviventer confucianus and Rattus rattus. Author(s): Wang H, Yoshimatsu K, Ebihara H, Ogino M, Araki K, Kariwa H, Wang Z, Luo Z, Li D, Hang C, Arikawa J. Source: Virology. 2000 December 20; 278(2): 332-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11118357
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Genetic diversity, distribution, and serological features of hantavirus infection in five countries in South America. Author(s): Padula PJ, Colavecchia SB, Martinez VP, Gonzalez Della Valle MO, Edelstein A, Miguel SD, Russi J, Riquelme JM, Colucci N, Almiron M, Rabinovich RD. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 August; 38(8): 3029-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10921972
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Genetic identification of a hantavirus associated with an outbreak of acute respiratory illness. Author(s): Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF, Morzunov S, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Feldmann H, Sanchez A, Childs J, Zaki S, Peters CJ. Source: Science. 1993 November 5; 262(5135): 914-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8235615
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Genetic identification of a new hantavirus causing severe pulmonary syndrome in Argentina. Author(s): Lopez N, Padula P, Rossi C, Lazaro ME, Franze-Fernandez MT. Source: Virology. 1996 June 1; 220(1): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8659118
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Genetic investigation of novel hantaviruses causing fatal HPS in Brazil. Author(s): Johnson AM, de Souza LT, Ferreira IB, Pereira LE, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Peters CJ, Nichol ST. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1999 December; 59(4): 527-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10534737
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Genetic susceptibility to severe course of nephropathia epidemica caused by Puumala hantavirus. Author(s): Mustonen J, Partanen J, Kanerva M, Pietila K, Vapalahti O, Pasternack A, Vaheri A. Source: Kidney International. 1996 January; 49(1): 217-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8770970
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Genetically distinct hantavirus in deer mice. Author(s): Nerurkar VR, Song KJ, Gajdusek DC, Yanagihara R. Source: Lancet. 1993 October 23; 342(8878): 1058-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8105294
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Genome structure and variability of a virus causing hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Spiropoulou CF, Morzunov S, Feldmann H, Sanchez A, Peters CJ, Nichol ST. Source: Virology. 1994 May 1; 200(2): 715-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8178455
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Glomerular basement membrane antibodies in hantavirus disease (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome). Author(s): Billheden J, Boman J, Stegmayr B, Wieslander J, Settergren B. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1997 September; 48(3): 137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9342483
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Glomerular basement membrane antibodies in Hantavirus disease: any pathogenetic implication? Author(s): Yalcin S, Yalcin B, Demiroglu H. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1998 May; 49(5): 335. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9617503
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Grouping of hantaviruses by small (S) genome segment polymerase chain reaction and amplification of viral RNA from wild-caught rats. Author(s): Arthur RR, Lofts RS, Gomez J, Glass GE, Leduc JW, Childs JE. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1992 August; 47(2): 210-24. Erratum In: Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993 March; 48(3): V. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1354416
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Hantavirus antigen detection using human serum immunoglobulin M as the capturing antibody in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Author(s): Alexeyev OA, Elgh F, Ahlm C, Stigbrand T, Settergren B, Wadell G, Juto P. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1996 April; 54(4): 36771. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8615449
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Hantavirus infection in an active duty U.S. Army soldier stationed in Seoul, Korea. Author(s): Sachar DS, Narayan R, Song JW, Lee HC, Klein TA. Source: Military Medicine. 2003 March; 168(3): 231-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12685690
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Hantavirus infection in humans and rodents, northwestern Argentina. Author(s): Pini N, Levis S, Calderon G, Ramirez J, Bravo D, Lozano E, Ripoll C, St Jeor S, Ksiazek TG, Barquez RM, Enria D. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 September; 9(9): 1070-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14519242
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Hantavirus infection in people inhabiting a highly endemic region of the Gran Chaco territory, Paraguay: association with Trypanosoma cruzi infection, epidemiological features and haematological characteristics. Author(s): Ferrer JF, Galligan D, Esteban E, Rey V, Murua A, Gutierrez S, Gonzalez L, Thakuri M, Feldman L, Poiesz B, Jonsson C. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2003 April; 97(3): 269-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12803858
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Hantavirus infection in Taiwan. Author(s): Wu TN, Chin C, Shen CY, Chang PY. Source: Lancet. 1996 March 16; 347(9003): 770-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8602039
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Hantavirus infections in Europe. Author(s): Vapalahti O, Mustonen J, Lundkvist A, Henttonen H, Plyusnin A, Vaheri A. Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2003 October; 3(10): 653-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14522264
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Hantavirus infections in Spain: analysis of sera from the general population and from patients with pneumonia, renal disease and hepatitis. Author(s): Lledo L, Klingstrom J, Gegundez MI, Plyusnina A, Vapalahti O, Saz JV, Beltran M, Sjolander KB, Vaheri A, Plyusnin A, Lundkvist A. Source: Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology. 2003 August; 27(3): 296-307. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12878094
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Hantavirus prevalence in the IX Region of Chile. Author(s): Tager Frey M, Vial PC, Castillo CH, Godoy PM, Hjelle B, Ferres MG. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 July; 9(7): 827-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12890323
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Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1993-1998. Author(s): Katz G, Williams RJ, Burt MS, de Souza LT, Pereira LE, Mills JN, Suzuki A, Ferreira IB, Souza RP, Alves VA, Bravo JS, Yates TL, Meyer R, Shieh W, Ksiazek TG, Zaki SR, Khan AS, Peters CJ. Source: Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.). 2001 Fall; 1(3): 181-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12653146
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Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, southern Chile. Author(s): Riquelme R, Riquelme M, Torres A, Rioseco ML, Vergara JA, Scholz L, Carriel A. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 November; 9(11): 1438-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14718088
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Hantavirus: an old bug learns new tricks. Author(s): Sinnott JT 4th, Greene JN, Kim E, Gompf S. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 1993 November; 14(11): 661-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7907616
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Hantaviruses in the Czech Republic. Author(s): Pejcoch M, Kriz B. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 June; 9(6): 756-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12781027
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Hantaviruses induce cytopathic effects and apoptosis in continuous human embryonic kidney cells. Author(s): Markotic A, Hensley L, Geisbert T, Spik K, Schmaljohn C. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 2003 August; 84(Pt 8): 2197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12867652
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Hantavirus-specific CD8(+)-T-cell responses in newborn mice persistently infected with Hantaan virus. Author(s): Araki K, Yoshimatsu K, Lee BH, Kariwa H, Takashima I, Arikawa J. Source: Journal of Virology. 2003 August; 77(15): 8408-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12857910
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High levels of cytokine-producing cells in the lung tissues of patients with fatal hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Mori M, Rothman AL, Kurane I, Montoya JM, Nolte KB, Norman JE, Waite DC, Koster FT, Ennis FA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 February; 179(2): 295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9878011
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Human and rodent hantavirus infection in New York State: public health significance of an emerging infectious disease. Author(s): White DJ, Means RG, Birkhead GS, Bosler EM, Grady LJ, Chatterjee N, Woodall J, Hjelle B, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Morse DL. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1996 April 8; 156(7): 722-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8615704
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Identification of a new North American hantavirus that causes acute pulmonary insufficiency. Author(s): Ksiazek TG, Peters CJ, Rollin PE, Zaki S, Nichol S, Spiropoulou C, Morzunov S, Feldmann H, Sanchez A, Khan AS, et al. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1995 February; 52(2): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7872437
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Identification of Hantavirus serotypes by testing of post-infection sera in immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Author(s): Groen J, Jordans HG, Clement JP, Rooijakkers EJ, UytdeHaag FG, Dalrymple J, Van der Groen G, Osterhaus AD. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1991 January; 33(1): 26-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1901907
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Identifying a hantavirus associated with acute respiratory illness: a PCR victory? Author(s): Le Guenno B. Source: Lancet. 1993 December 11; 342(8885): 1438-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7902477
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Immune responses to inactivated vaccine in people naturally infected with hantaviruses. Author(s): Lu Q, Zhu Z, Weng J. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1996 August; 49(4): 333-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8877768
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Immunoglobulin A responses to Puumala hantavirus. Author(s): de Carvalho Nicacio C, Bjorling E, Lundkvist A. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 2000 June; 81(Pt 6): 1453-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10811929
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Implications of the analogy between recombinant cytokine toxicities and manifestations of hantavirus infections. Author(s): Wimer BM. Source: Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals. 1998 June; 13(3): 193-207. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10850356
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Incidence of hantavirus infections in Belgium. Author(s): Heyman P, Vervoort T, Escutenaire S, Degrave E, Konings J, Vandenvelde C, Verhagen R. Source: Virus Research. 2001 September; 77(1): 71-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11451489
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Increased glomerular permeability in patients with nephropathia epidemica caused by Puumala hantavirus. Author(s): Ala-Houhala I, Koskinen M, Ahola T, Harmoinen A, Kouri T, Laurila K, Mustonen J, Pasternack A. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2002 February; 17(2): 246-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11812874
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Increased production of nitric oxide in patients infected with the European variant of hantavirus. Author(s): Groeneveld PH, Colson P, Kwappenberg KM, Clement J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995; 27(5): 453-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8588134
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Infection with Sin Nombre hantavirus: clinical presentation and outcome in children and adolescents. Author(s): Ramos MM, Overturf GD, Crowley MR, Rosenberg RB, Hjelle B. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 August; 108(2): E27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11483837
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Infections in an Alpine environment: antibodies to hantaviruses, leptospira, rickettsiae, and Borrelia burgdorferi in defined Italian populations. Author(s): Nuti M, Amaddeo D, Crovatto M, Ghionni A, Polato D, Lillini E, Pitzus E, Santini GF. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1993 January; 48(1): 20-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8093990
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Inhibition of bunyaviruses, phleboviruses, and hantaviruses by human MxA protein. Author(s): Frese M, Kochs G, Feldmann H, Hertkorn C, Haller O. Source: Journal of Virology. 1996 February; 70(2): 915-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8551631
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Inhibition of puumala and tula hantaviruses in Vero cells by MxA protein. Author(s): Kanerva M, Melen K, Vaheri A, Julkunen I. Source: Virology. 1996 October 1; 224(1): 55-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8862399
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Intravenous ribavirin for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: safety and tolerance during 1 year of open-label experience. Ribavirin Study Group. Author(s): Chapman LE, Mertz GJ, Peters CJ, Jolson HM, Khan AS, Ksiazek TG, Koster FT, Baum KF, Rollin PE, Pavia AT, Holman RC, Christenson JC, Rubin PJ, Behrman RE, Bell LJ, Simpson GL, Sadek RF. Source: Antivir Ther. 1999; 4(4): 211-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10723500
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Is “south-west US mystery disease” caused by hantavirus? Author(s): Denetclaw WF Jr, Denetclaw TH. Source: Lancet. 1994 January 1; 343(8888): 53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7905062
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Isolation and characterization of Dobrava hantavirus carried by the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) in Estonia. Author(s): Nemirov K, Vapalahti O, Lundkvist A, Vasilenko V, Golovljova I, Plyusnina A, Niemimaa J, Laakkonen J, Henttonen H, Vaheri A, Plyusnin A. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1999 February; 80 ( Pt 2): 371-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10073697
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Isolation and characterization of Puumala hantavirus from Norway: evidence for a distinct phylogenetic sublineage. Author(s): Lundkvist A, Wiger D, Horling J, Sjolander KB, Plyusnina A, Mehl R, Vaheri A, Plyusnin A. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1998 November; 79 ( Pt 11): 2603-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9820135
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Isolation and initial characterization of a newfound hantavirus from California. Author(s): Schmaljohn AL, Li D, Negley DL, Bressler DS, Turell MJ, Korch GW, Ascher MS, Schmaljohn CS. Source: Virology. 1995 February 1; 206(2): 963-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7856107
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Isolation of pathogenic hantavirus from white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) Author(s): Song JW, Baek LJ, Gajdusek DC, Yanagihara R, Gavrilovskaya I, Luft BJ, Mackow ER, Hjelle B. Source: Lancet. 1994 December 10; 344(8937): 1637. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7984010
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Isolation of the causative agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Elliott LH, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Spiropoulou CF, Morzunov S, Monroe M, Goldsmith CS, Humphrey CD, Zaki SR, Krebs JW, et al. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1994 July; 51(1): 102-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8059907
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Lack of evidence for an association between hantavirus infections and Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome and giant cell arteritis. Author(s): Gerke P, Wichmann D, Schonermarck U, Schutt M, Feldmann H, Ksiazek TG, Rob PM, Gross WL. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2000 December; 39(12): 1424-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11136889
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Lack of serologic evidence for an association between Hantavirus infection and endstage renal disease. Author(s): Settergren B, Stegmayr BG, Elgh F. Source: Nephron. 1998 September; 80(1): 93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9730717
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Lessons learned from the hantaviruses and other hemorrhagic fever viruses. Author(s): Butler JC, Peters CJ. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1996 January; 311(1): 55-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8571987
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Long-lived memory T lymphocyte responses after hantavirus infection. Author(s): Van Epps HL, Terajima M, Mustonen J, Arstila TP, Corey EA, Vaheri A, Ennis FA. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2002 September 2; 196(5): 579-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12208874
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Long-term studies of hantavirus reservoir populations in the southwestern United States: a synthesis. Author(s): Mills JN, Ksiazek TG, Peters CJ, Childs JE. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 January-February; 5(1): 135-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10081681
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Long-term studies of hantavirus reservoir populations in the southwestern United States: rationale, potential, and methods. Author(s): Mills JN, Yates TL, Ksiazek TG, Peters CJ, Childs JE. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 January-February; 5(1): 95-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10081676
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Low pH-induced cytopathic effect--a survey of seven hantavirus strains. Author(s): McCaughey C, Shi X, Elliot RM, Wyatt DE, O'Neill HJ, Coyle PV. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 1999 August; 81(1-2): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10488778
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Low prevalence of antibodies against the zoonotic agents Brucella abortus, Leptospira spp., Streptococcus suis serotype II, hantavirus, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus among veterinarians and pig farmers in the southern part of The Netherlands. Author(s): Elbers AR, Vecht U, Osterhaus AD, Groen J, Wisselink HJ, Diepersloot RJ, Tielen MJ. Source: Vet Q. 1999 April; 21(2): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10321013
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Mechanisms of disease in Hantavirus infection: pathophysiology of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Author(s): Cosgriff TM. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1991 January-February; 13(1): 97-107. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1673261
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Meeting the public's need for information during the Arizona hantavirus outbreak. Author(s): Graham GJ. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1996 August; 86(8 Pt 1): 1167-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8712282
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Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis caused by Puumala hantavirus infection. Author(s): Mustonen J, Makela S, Helin H, Helantera A, Miettinen M, Partanen J, Pasternack A. Source: Nephron. 2001 December; 89(4): 402-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11721157
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Modifying the cellular transport of DNA-based vaccines alters the immune response to hantavirus nucleocapsid protein. Author(s): Bucht G, Sjolander KB, Eriksson S, Lindgren L, Lundkvist A, Elgh F. Source: Vaccine. 2001 July 16; 19(28-29): 3820-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11427253
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Molecular and antigenic characterization of HV114, a hantavirus isolated from a patient with haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China. Author(s): Xiao SY, Liang M, Schmaljohn CS. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1993 August; 74 ( Pt 8): 1657-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8102176
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Molecular epidemiology of viral pathogens and tracing of transmission routes: hepatitis-, calici- and hantaviruses. Author(s): Lappalainen M, Chen RW, Maunula L, von Bonsdorff C, Plyusnin A, Vaheri A. Source: Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology. 2001 June; 21(3): 177-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11397654
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Molecular linkage of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome to the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus: genetic characterization of the M genome of New York virus. Author(s): Hjelle B, Lee SW, Song W, Torrez-Martinez N, Song JW, Yanagihara R, Gavrilovskaya I, Mackow ER. Source: Journal of Virology. 1995 December; 69(12): 8137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7494337
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Monoclonal antibodies to three strains of hantaviruses: Hantaan, R22, and Puumala. Author(s): Ruo SL, Sanchez A, Elliott LH, Brammer LS, McCormick JB, Fisher-Hoch SP. Source: Archives of Virology. 1991; 119(1-2): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1907448
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More on hantavirus in New England and New York. Author(s): Mackow ER, Luft BJ, Bosler E, Goldgaber D. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995 February 2; 332(5): 337-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7816082
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More on hantavirus in New England and New York. Author(s): Telford SR 3rd, Song JW, Yanagihara R. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995 February 2; 332(5): 337. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7816081
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Morphology and morphogenesis of viruses of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. II. Inclusion bodies--ultrastructural markers of hantavirus-infected cells. Author(s): Tao H, Xia SM, Chan ZY, Song G, Yanagihara R. Source: Intervirology. 1987; 27(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3610571
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Neuropsychological impairments following hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Hopkins RO, Larson-Lohr V, Weaver LK, Bigler ED. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 1998 March; 4(2): 190-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9529829
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New chimaeric hepatitis B virus core particles carrying hantavirus (serotype Puumala) epitopes: immunogenicity and protection against virus challenge. Author(s): Ulrich R, Koletzki D, Lachmann S, Lundkvist A, Zankl A, Kazaks A, Kurth A, Gelderblom HR, Borisova G, Meisel H, Kruger DH. Source: Journal of Biotechnology. 1999 August 20; 73(2-3): 141-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10486924
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New hantaviruses causing hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in central Argentina. Author(s): Levis S, Rowe JE, Morzunov S, Enria DA, St Jeor S. Source: Lancet. 1997 April 5; 349(9057): 998-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9100632
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New World hantaviruses. Author(s): Young JC, Mills JN, Enria DA, Dolan NE, Khan AS, Ksiazek TG. Source: British Medical Bulletin. 1998; 54(3): 659-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10326292
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New York 1 and Sin Nombre viruses are serotypically distinct viruses associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Gavrilovskaya I, LaMonica R, Fay ME, Hjelle B, Schmaljohn C, Shaw R, Mackow ER. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 January; 37(1): 122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9854075
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Nucleotide sequence analysis of the M genomic segment of El Moro Canyon hantavirus: antigenic distinction from four corners hantavirus. Author(s): Torrez-Martinez N, Song W, Hjelle B. Source: Virology. 1995 August 1; 211(1): 336-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7544047
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Occupational exposure leading to hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in a utility company employee. Author(s): Jay M, Hjelle B, Davis R, Ascher M, Baylies HN, Reilly K, Vugia D. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 May; 22(5): 841-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8722943
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Occurrence of renal and pulmonary syndrome in a region of northeast Germany where Tula hantavirus circulates. Author(s): Klempa B, Meisel H, Rath S, Bartel J, Ulrich R, Kruger DH. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 October; 41(10): 4894-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14532254
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Of mice and mostly men--hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Werker DH, Artsob H. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1998 April 7; 158(7): 912-5. Review. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9559018
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Outbreak of hantavirus infection in the Four Corners region of the United States in the wake of the 1997-1998 El Nino-southern oscillation. Author(s): Hjelle B, Glass GE. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 May; 181(5): 1569-73. Epub 2000 May 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10823755
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Outbreak of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern United States. Response of pathologists and other laboratorians. Author(s): Foucar K, Nolte KB, Feddersen RM, Hjelle B, Jenison S, McLaughlin J, Madar DA, Young SA, Zaki SR, Hughes L, et al. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1994 April; 101(4 Suppl 1): S1-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8154449
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Pathogenic and nonpathogenic hantaviruses differentially regulate endothelial cell responses. Author(s): Geimonen E, Neff S, Raymond T, Kocer SS, Gavrilovskaya IN, Mackow ER. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 October 15; 99(21): 13837-42. Epub 2002 Oct 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12368479
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Pathogenic hantaviruses selectively inhibit beta3 integrin directed endothelial cell migration. Author(s): Gavrilovskaya IN, Peresleni T, Geimonen E, Mackow ER. Source: Archives of Virology. 2002 October; 147(10): 1913-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12376753
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PCR-generated linear DNA fragments utilized as a hantavirus DNA vaccine. Author(s): Johansson P, Lindgren T, Lundstrom M, Holmstrom A, Elgh F, Bucht G. Source: Vaccine. 2002 September 10; 20(27-28): 3379-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12213408
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Persistent hantavirus infections: characteristics and mechanisms. Author(s): Meyer BJ, Schmaljohn CS. Source: Trends in Microbiology. 2000 February; 8(2): 61-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10664598
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Phage-displayed peptides mimicking the discontinuous neutralization sites of puumala Hantavirus envelope glycoproteins. Author(s): Heiskanen T, Lundkvist A, Soliymani R, Koivunen E, Vaheri A, Lankinen H. Source: Virology. 1999 September 30; 262(2): 321-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10502511
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Phylogenetic analyses of virus isolates in the genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae. Author(s): Xiao SY, Leduc JW, Chu YK, Schmaljohn CS. Source: Virology. 1994 January; 198(1): 205-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8259656
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Phylogenetically distinct hantavirus implicated in a case of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the northeastern United States. Author(s): Hjelle B, Krolikowski J, Torrez-Martinez N, Chavez-Giles F, Vanner C, Laposata E. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1995 May; 46(1): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7623002
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Pleural fluid characteristics in hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Bustamante EA, Levy H, Simpson SQ. Source: Chest. 1997 October; 112(4): 1133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9377934
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Polymorphism of the cytokine genes in hospitalized patients with Puumala hantavirus infection. Author(s): Makela S, Hurme M, Ala-Houhala I, Mustonen J, Koivisto AM, Partanen J, Vapalahti O, Vaheri A, Pasternack A. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2001 July; 16(7): 1368-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11427627
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Predominant kidney involvement in a fatal case of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome caused by Sin Nombre virus. Author(s): Passaro DJ, Shieh WJ, Hacker JK, Fritz CL, Hogan SR, Fischer M, Hendry RM, Vugia DJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 July 15; 33(2): 263-4. Epub 2001 June 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11418889
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Prevalence of infection with hantavirus in rodent populations of central Argentina. Author(s): Suarez OV, Cueto GR, Cavia R, Gomez Villafane IE, Bilenca DN, Edelstein A, Martinez P, Miguel S, Bellomo C, Hodara K, Padula PJ, Busch M. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2003 September; 98(6): 727-32. Epub 2003 October 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14595446
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Prevalence of serum antibodies to hantaviruses in northern Sweden as measured by recombinant nucleocapsid proteins. Author(s): Ahlm C, Juto P, Stegmayr B, Settergren B, Wadell G, Tarnvik A, Elgh F. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997; 29(4): 349-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9360248
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Probable hantavirus pulmonary syndrome that occurred in New Mexico in 1975. Author(s): Wilson C, Hjelle B, Jenison S. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1994 May 1; 120(9): 813. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8147560
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Puumala and Dobrava hantaviruses causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Estonia. Author(s): Golovljova I, Vasilenko V, Prukk T, Brus Sjolander K, Plyusnin A, Lundkvist A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 December; 19(12): 968-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11205639
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Puumala hantavirus genome in patients with nephropathia epidemica: correlation of PCR positivity with HLA haplotype and link to viral sequences in local rodents. Author(s): Plyusnin A, Horling J, Kanerva M, Mustonen J, Cheng Y, Partanen J, Vapalahti O, Kukkonen SK, Niemimaa J, Henttonen H, Niklasson B, Lundkvist A, Vaheri A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 May; 35(5): 1090-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9114386
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Puumala hantavirus infection in humans and in the reservoir host, Ardennes region, France. Author(s): Sauvage F, Penalba C, Vuillaume P, Boue F, Coudrier D, Pontier D, Artois M. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 December; 8(12): 1509-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12498675
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Puumala type hantavirus infection with early choleriform syndrome and severe multiorgan failure. Author(s): Thomas C, Fourrier F, Guilbaut JC, Le Guenno B, Chopin C. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1997 June; 23(6): 708-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9255656
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Quality control measures for the serological diagnosis of hantavirus infections. Author(s): Biel SS, Mantke OD, Lemmer K, Vaheri A, Lundkvist A, Emmerich P, Hukic M, Niedrig M. Source: Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology. 2003 December; 28(3): 248-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14522063
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Quantitation of antibody-bound and unbound Sin Nombre virus in the plasma of patient with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Terajima M, Ennis FA. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 2003 June 30; 110(2): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12798243
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Race to grow hantavirus ends in tie. Author(s): Marshall E, Stone R. Source: Science. 1993 December 3; 262(5139): 1509. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8248797
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Radiographic findings in 20 patients with Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome correlated with clinical outcome. Author(s): Boroja M, Barrie JR, Raymond GS. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2002 January; 178(1): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11756112
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Radiologic findings of the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Peterson MC, Bastian BV, Tatton JA. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1996 January; 164(1): 76-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8779215
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Rapid and specific detection of Sin Nombre virus antibodies in patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome by a strip immunoblot assay suitable for field diagnosis. Author(s): Hjelle B, Jenison S, Torrez-Martinez N, Herring B, Quan S, Polito A, Pichuantes S, Yamada T, Morris C, Elgh F, Lee HW, Artsob H, Dinello R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 March; 35(3): 600-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9041397
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Rapid presumptive diagnosis of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome by peripheral blood smear review. Author(s): Koster F, Foucar K, Hjelle B, Scott A, Chong YY, Larson R, McCabe M. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2001 November; 116(5): 665-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11710682
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Rats and hantavirus disease. Author(s): Markotic A, Sarcevic A, Hlaca D, Barac V, LeDuc JW. Source: Nature Medicine. 1995 October; 1(10): 977. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7489373
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Rat-transmitted hantavirus disease in Sarajevo. Author(s): Clement J, McKenna P, Avsic-Zupanc T, Skinner CR. Source: Lancet. 1994 July 9; 344(8915): 131. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7912368
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Recognition of Hantavirus infection in the rural setting: report of first Colorado resident to survive. Author(s): Posson SC, Told TN, Hollar GF. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1993 October; 93(10): 1061-4. Erratum In: J Am Osteopath Assoc 1993 December; 93(12): 1320. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8117354
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Recognizing hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Moll M. Source: Pa Med. 1994 February; 97(2): 40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8170703
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Recommendations for hantavirus risk reduction. Author(s): Artsob H, Kennedy ME. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 1994 August 15; 20(15): 126-8. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7920364
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Renal failure and hantavirus infection in Europe. Author(s): Faulde M, Sobe D, Kimmig P, Scharninghausen J. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2000 June; 15(6): 7513. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10831620
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Replication of hantaviruses. Author(s): Jonsson CB, Schmaljohn CS. Source: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2001; 256: 15-32. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11217402
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Retrospective diagnosis of a 1983 case of fatal hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Zaki SR, Albers RC, Greer PW, Coffield LM, Armstrong LR, Khan AS, Khabbaz R, Peters CJ. Source: Lancet. 1994 April 23; 343(8904): 1037-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7909065
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Retrospective diagnosis of a fatal case of the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 1980. Author(s): Schwarcz SK, Shefer AM, Zaki SR. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1996 April; 164(4): 348-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8732742
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Retrospective diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 1978-1993: implications for emerging infectious diseases. Author(s): Zaki SR, Khan AS, Goodman RA, Armstrong LR, Greer PW, Coffield LM, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Peters CJ, Khabbaz RF. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1996 February; 120(2): 134-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8712893
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Retrospective serological and genetic study of the distribution of hantaviruses in Greece. Author(s): Papa A, Johnson AM, Stockton PC, Bowen MD, Spiropoulou CF, AlexiouDaniel S, Ksiazek TG, Nichol ST, Antoniadis A. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1998 August; 55(4): 321-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9661842
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Review of an inactivated vaccine against hantaviruses. Author(s): Cho HW, Howard CR, Lee HW. Source: Intervirology. 2002; 45(4-6): 328-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12602351
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Risk factors for human hantavirus infection: Franco-Belgian collaborative casecontrol study during 1995-6 epidemic. Author(s): Crowcroft NS, Infuso A, Ilef D, Le Guenno B, Desenclos JC, Van Loock F, Clement J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 June 26; 318(7200): 1737-8. Erratum In: Bmj 1999 August 7; 319(7206): 379. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10381709
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Rodent-borne emerging viral zoonosis. Hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus infections in South America. Author(s): Enria DA, Pinheiro F. Source: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 2000 March; 14(1): 167-84, X. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10738678
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Rodents, human remains, and North American hantaviruses: risk factors and prevention measures for forensic science personnel--a review. Author(s): Fink TM. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1996 November; 41(6): 1052-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8914295
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Seasonal variation in prevalence of antibody to hantaviruses in rodents from southern Argentina. Author(s): Cantoni G, Padula P, Calderon G, Mills J, Herrero E, Sandoval P, Martinez V, Pini N, Larrieu E. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2001 October; 6(10): 811-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11679129
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Seroepidemiology of Hantavirus in the Philippines. Author(s): Quelapio ID, Villa L, Clarin SM, Bacosa M, Tupasi TE. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2000; 4(2): 104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10737848
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Serologic survey for hantavirus infections among wild animals in rural areas of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Author(s): Romano-Lieber NS, Yee J, Hjelle B. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2001 NovemberDecember; 43(6): 325-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11781602
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Serological analysis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) patients in Far Eastern Russia and identification of the causative hantavirus genotype. Author(s): Miyamoto H, Kariwa H, Araki K, Lokugamage K, Hayasaka D, Cui BZ, Lokugamage N, Ivanov LI, Mizutani T, Iwasa MA, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J, Takashima I. Source: Archives of Virology. 2003 August; 148(8): 1543-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12898330
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Serological divergence of Dobrava and Saaremaa hantaviruses: evidence for two distinct serotypes. Author(s): Sjolander KB, Golovljova I, Vasilenko V, Plyusnin A, Lundkvist A. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 February; 128(1): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11895097
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Serological evidence for zoonotic hantaviruses in North Carolina rodents. Author(s): Weigler BJ, Ksiazek TG, Vandenbergh JG, Levin M, Sullivan WT. Source: J Wildl Dis. 1996 April; 32(2): 354-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8722278
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Serological evidence of hantavirus in humans and rodents in Barbados. Author(s): Groen J, Koraka P, Edwards CN, Branch SL, Douglas KO, Osterhaus AD, Levett PN. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 August; 45(2): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12217714
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Serological evidence of hantavirus infections in Malaysia. Author(s): Lam SK, Chua KB, Myshrall T, Devi S, Zainal D, Afifi SA, Nerome K, Chu YK, Lee HW. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001 December; 32(4): 809-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12041558
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Serological evidence of human hantavirus infections in Indonesia. Author(s): Groen J, Suharti C, Koraka P, van Gorp EC, Sutaryo J, Lundkvist A, Osterhaus AD. Source: Infection. 2002 October; 30(5): 326-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12382098
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Serological study of hantavirus in man in the Autonomous Community of Madrid, Spain. Author(s): Lledo L, Gegundez MI, Saz JV, Alves MJ, Beltran M. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2002 October; 51(10): 861-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12435066
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Serological survey of hantavirus in Jardinopolis County, Brazil. Author(s): Campos GM, Moro de Sousa RL, Badra SJ, Pane C, Gomes UA, Figueiredo LT. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2003 November; 71(3): 417-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12966548
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Seroprevalence of antibodies to hantavirus in health care workers and other residents of southern Argentina. Author(s): Wells RM, Estani SS, Yadon ZE, Enria D, Padula P, Pini N, Gonzalez Della Valle M, Mills JN, Peters CJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 October; 27(4): 895-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9798052
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Seroprevalence of human hantavirus infection in the Ribeirao Preto region of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Author(s): Holmes R, Boccanera R, Figueiredo LT, Mancano SR, Pane C. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2000 September-October; 6(5): 560-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10998393
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Setting a trap for hantavirus. Author(s): Jones A. Source: Nursing. 2000 September; 30(9): 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11022538
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Short report: simultaneous occurrence of Dobrava, Puumala, and Tula Hantaviruses in Slovakia. Author(s): Sibold C, Meisel H, Lundkvist A, Schulz A, Cifire F, Ulrich R, Kozuch O, Labuda M, Kruger DH. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1999 September; 61(3): 409-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10497981
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Sin nombre hantavirus disease in a ten-year-old boy and his mother. Author(s): Ramos MM, Hjelle B, Overturf GD. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2000 March; 19(3): 248-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10749469
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Sin nombre virus (SNV) Ig isotype antibody response during acute and convalescent phases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Bostik P, Winter J, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Villinger F, Zaki SR, Peters CJ, Ansari AA. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2000 March-April; 6(2): 184-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10756154
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Spatiotemporal patterns in the Hantavirus infection. Author(s): Abramson G, Kenkre VM. Source: Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics. 2002 July; 66(1 Pt 1): 011912. Epub 2002 July 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12241389
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The clinical spectrum of human hantavirus infection in Somerset, UK. Author(s): Pether JV, Lloyd G. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1993 August; 111(1): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8102335
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The complex ecology of hantavirus in Paraguay. Author(s): Chu YK, Owen RD, Gonzalez LM, Jonsson CB. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2003 September; 69(3): 263-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14628942
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The English 'sweate' (Sudor Anglicus) and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Bridson E. Source: British Journal of Biomedical Science. 2001; 58(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11284216
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The hantaviruses of Europe: from the bedside to the bench. Author(s): Clement J, Heyman P, McKenna P, Colson P, Avsic-Zupanc T. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1997 April-June; 3(2): 205-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9204306
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The Hantaviruses, etiologic agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: a possible cause of hypertension and chronic renal disease in the United States. Author(s): LeDuc JW, Childs JE, Glass GE. Source: Annual Review of Public Health. 1992; 13: 79-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1350911
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The incubation period of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Young JC, Hansen GR, Graves TK, Deasy MP, Humphreys JG, Fritz CL, Gorham KL, Khan AS, Ksiazek TG, Metzger KB, Peters CJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2000 June; 62(6): 714-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11304061
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The muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) as a new reservoir for puumala-like hantavirus strains in Europe. Author(s): Vahlenkamp M, Muller T, Tackmann K, Loschner U, Schmitz H, Schreiber M. Source: Virus Research. 1998 October; 57(2): 139-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9870582
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The seroprevalences of anti-hantavirus IgG antibodies among selected Venezuelan populations. Author(s): Rivas YJ, Moros Z, Moron D, Uzcategui MG, Duran Z, Pujol FH, Liprandi F, Ludert JE. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2003 January; 97(1): 61-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12662423
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Third International Conference on Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) and Hantaviruses. Author(s): Mustonen J, Vaheri A, Clement J. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1996 April; 11(4): 730-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8731183
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Tissue distribution of hantavirus antigen in naturally infected humans and deer mice. Author(s): Green W, Feddersen R, Yousef O, Behr M, Smith K, Nestler J, Jenison S, Yamada T, Hjelle B. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998 June; 177(6): 1696-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9607851
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Tracing Dobrava hantavirus infection. Author(s): Papa A, Spiropoulou C, Nichol S, Antoniadis A. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000 June; 181(6): 2116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10837207
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Truncated hantavirus nucleocapsid proteins for serotyping Hantaan, Seoul, and Dobrava hantavirus infections. Author(s): Araki K, Yoshimatsu K, Ogino M, Ebihara H, Lundkvist A, Kariwa H, Takashima I, Arikawa J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 July; 39(7): 2397-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11427545
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Type III mixed cryoglobulinaemia in the course of Hantavirus nephropathy. Author(s): Ducloux D, Bresson-Vautrin C, Chalopin JM. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1997 August; 12(8): 1721-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9269660
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Ultrastructural characteristics of Sin Nombre virus, causative agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Goldsmith CS, Elliott LH, Peters CJ, Zaki SR. Source: Archives of Virology. 1995; 140(12): 2107-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8572935
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Update on emerging infections from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome--Colorado and New Mexico, 1998. Author(s): Cheney PR. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1999 January; 33(1): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9867901
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Urban leptospirosis versus urban hantavirus infection in Brazil. Author(s): Clement J, Neild G, Hinrichsen SL, Crescente JA, Van Ranst M. Source: Lancet. 1999 December 4; 354(9194): 2003-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10622333
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Use of recombinant nucleocapsid proteins of the Hantaan and nephropathia epidemica serotypes of Hantaviruses as immunodiagnostic antigens. Author(s): Zoller L, Yang S, Gott P, Bautz EK, Darai G. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1993 March; 39(3): 200-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8096868
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Using remotely sensed data to identify areas at risk for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Glass GE, Cheek JE, Patz JA, Shields TM, Doyle TJ, Thoroughman DA, Hunt DK, Enscore RE, Gage KL, Irland C, Peters CJ, Bryan R. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2000 May-June; 6(3): 238-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10827113
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Utility of emergency, telephone-based national surveillance for Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Hantavirus Task Force. Author(s): Tappero JW, Khan AS, Pinner RW, Wenger JD, Graber JM, Armstrong LR, Holman RC, Ksiazek TG, Khabbaz RF. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996 February 7; 275(5): 398-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8569020
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Utilization of autopsy RNA for the synthesis of the nucleocapsid antigen of a newly recognized virus associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Author(s): Feldmann H, Sanchez A, Morzunov S, Spiropoulou CF, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Peters CJ, Nichol ST. Source: Virus Research. 1993 December; 30(3): 351-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8109165
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Vaccines against hantaviruses. Author(s): Hjelle B. Source: Expert Review of Vaccines. 2002 October; 1(3): 373-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12901576
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Vaccines against hantaviruses. Author(s): Hooper JW, Li D. Source: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2001; 256: 171-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11217404
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Viral hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus infections in the Americas. Author(s): Doyle TJ, Bryan RT, Peters CJ. Source: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 1998 March; 12(1): 95-110. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9494832
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Viral hemorrhagic fevers including hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Americas. Author(s): Bausch DG, Ksiazek TG. Source: Clin Lab Med. 2002 December; 22(4): 981-1020, Viii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12489291
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Virology. Finally, a handle on the hantaviruses. Author(s): Enserink M. Source: Science. 2001 August 24; 293(5534): 1414-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11520958
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Were hantaviruses eventually responsible for the lost Anasazi culture? Author(s): Chastel C. Source: Acta Virol. 1998 November; 42(5): 353. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10358738
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Western blotting using recombinant Hantaan virus nucleocapsid protein expressed in silkworm as a serological confirmation of hantavirus infection in human sera. Author(s): Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J, Li H, Kariwa H, Hashimoto N, Suzuki N. Source: The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science. 1996 January; 58(1): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8645761
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Yeast-expressed Puumala hantavirus nucleocapsid protein induces protection in a bank vole model. Author(s): Dargeviciute A, Brus Sjolander K, Sasnauskas K, Kruger DH, Meisel H, Ulrich R, Lundkvist A. Source: Vaccine. 2002 October 4; 20(29-30): 3523-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12297397
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Yellow pigmy rice rat (Oligoryzomys flavescens) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Uruguay. Author(s): Delfraro A, Clara M, Tome L, Achaval F, Levis S, Calderon G, Enria D, Lozano M, Russi J, Arbiza J. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 July; 9(7): 846-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12890326
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HANTAVIRUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and hantavirus.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Hantavirus The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “hantavirus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “hantavirus” (or a synonym): •
A minority of seropositive wild bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) show evidence of current Puumala virus infection. Author(s): Department of Virology, Umea University, S-90 185 Umea (Sweden) Source: Alexeyev, O.A. Ahlm, C. Elgh, F. Aava, B. Palo, T. Settergren, B. Tarnvik, A. Wadell, G. Juto, P. Epidemiology-and-Infection (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 121(2) page 419-425.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
Adjuvant activity of muramyl dipeptide derivatives to enhance immunogenicity of a hantavirus-inactivated vaccine. Author(s): Institute of Immunological Science, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. Source: Yoo, Y C Yoshimatsu, K Koike, Y Hatsuse, R Yamanishi, K Tanishita, O Arikawa, J Azuma, I Vaccine. 1998 Jan-February; 16(2-3): 216-24 0264-410X
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Coding strategy of the S and M genomic segments of a hantavirus representing a new subtype of the Puumala serotype. Source: Reip, A. Haring, B. Sibold, C. Stohwasser, R. Bautz, E.K.F. Darai, G. Meisel, H. Kruger, D.H. Arch-virol. Wien, Austria : Springer-Verlag. 1995. volume 140 (11) page 2011-2026. 0304-8608
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In vitro antiviral activity of lactoferrin and ribavirin upon hantavirus. Author(s): Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. Source: Murphy, M E Kariwa, H Mizutani, T Yoshimatsu, K Arikawa, J Takashima, I Arch-Virol. 2000; 145(8): 1571-82 0304-8608
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Interaction between molecules of hantavirus nucleocapsid protein. Author(s): Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, PO Box 21, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
[email protected] Source: Kaukinen, P Koistinen, V Vapalahti, O Vaheri, A Plyusnin, A J-Gen-Virol. 2001 August; 82(Pt 8): 1845-53 0022-1317
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON HANTAVIRUS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to hantavirus. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “hantavirus” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on hantavirus, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Hantavirus ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to hantavirus. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Biosynthesis and Maturation of 'New World' Hantavirus Glycoproteins by Fernando, Lisa Marie; MSC from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 2003, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ79951
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Molecular Characterization and Replication Strategy of Hantavirus by Yoo, Dongwan; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL46883
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND HANTAVIRUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning hantavirus.
Recent Trials on Hantavirus The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to hantavirus.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
A Collaborative Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Intravenous Ribavirin As a Treatment for Presumed Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Condition(s): Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose is to test the safety and effectiveness of intravenous ribavirin therapy in persons with suspected and subsequently proven hantavirus infection. The hantavirus is spread through the air into the lungs when dry rodent feces are moved or disturbed. It is characterized by fever and bleeding. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001123
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions.
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “hantavirus” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON HANTAVIRUS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “hantavirus” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on hantavirus, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Hantavirus By performing a patent search focusing on hantavirus, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on hantavirus: •
Black creek canal hantavirus and related methods Inventor(s): Elliott; Luanne (Atlanta, GA), Ksiazek; Thomas G. (Lilburn, GA), Morzunov; Sergey (Atlanta, GA), Nichol; Stuart T. (Atlanta, GA), Ravkov; Eugeny (Atlanta, GA), Rollin; Pierre E. (Lilburn, GA) Assignee(s): National Institutes of Health Office of Technology Transfer (bethesda, Md), The United States of America AS Represented by the Department of Health (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 5,853,980 Date filed: February 3, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates to the discovery and isolation of a novel hantavirus designated the Black Creek Canal hantavirus. In particular, the present invention relates to nucleic acids of the newly discovered virus and to nucleic acid reagents (primers and probes), purified polypeptides and antibodies for use in methods of detection and prevention of infection by the virus. A vaccine or purified immunogenic polypeptide of the Black Creek Canal hantavirus in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is provided. A vector comprising the nucleic acids of the invention is provided. A method of detecting the presence of a hantavirus in a subject comprising contacting an antibody-containing sample from the subject with a purified polypeptide of the invention and detecting the reaction of the polypeptide and the antibody is provided. A method of detecting the presence of the Black Creek Canal hantavirus is provided comprising reverse transcribing viral RNA to synthesize a complementary DNA sequence followed by amplifying the DNA using primers which are selective for the Black Creek Canal hantavirus and detecting the presence of amplification, thereby indicating presence of the Black Creek Canal hantavirus in the sample. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to discovery of a new hantavirus species. In particular, the present invention relates to the isolated Black Creek Canal hantavirus, to attenuated or inactivated derivatives of the Black Creek Canal hantavirus, to nucleic acids of the new hantavirus, and to nucleic acid reagents and antibodies for use in methods of detection and prevention of infection by the new virus. In general, hantaviruses are spherical 28-nm viruses that were initially identified from the feces of rodents. They have distinctive ultrastructural glycoprotein surfaces of 5-10 nm that are embedded in a lipid bi-layer envelope. The negative sense RNA of the viral genome consists of three segments, generally designated as S, M, and L for the small, medium, and large genome fragments, respectively. The S segment encodes a nucleocapsid protein (N) and the M segment encodes the surface glycoproteins G1 and G2. (Schmaljohn, C. S. et al., Fund. Virol. 545:545 (1991)). The S segment may additionally encode a 6.times.10.sup.3 -dalton protein. (Bishop, D. H. L. Bunyaviridae and their replication. In, Virology, 2nd ed. B. N. Fields and D. M. Knipe, Eds. Raven Press, Ltd. (1990)). The L segment encodes the viral polymerase gene. (Elliott, M. Molecular biology of the Bunyaviridae. J. Gen. Virol. 71:501-522 (1990)). Seven species of hantavirus are currently recognized and are designated Hantaan (HTN) virus species, Seoul (SEO) virus species, Puumala (PUU) virus species, Dobrava-Belgrade (DOB) virus species, Prospect Hill virus species (PH), Harvest Mouse (HM) virus species, and the Sin Nombre (SN) virus species. Infection with these viral agents is usually contracted through contact with the feces and urine of infected rodents, the primary reservoir of
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hantaviruses in nature. Until recently, hantaviruses were thought to be responsible for causing human diseases collectively called hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in southeast Asia (HTN, SEO) and in western Europe (PUU), or not associated with human disease (PH). In May and June, 1993, an outbreak of an unknown disease presenting the abrupt onset of fever, myalgia, headache, cough and finally respiratory failure in the southwestern United States led to the description of the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). A new hantavirus pathogenic for humans, the Sin Nombre (SN) virus was isolated and determined to be the causative agent of this disease. The primary reservoir for the Sin Nombre virus was found to be deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus. Through Dec. 31, 1993, this disease was confirmed in 53 persons with a 60% fatality ratio. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05853980__ •
Hantavirus vaccine Inventor(s): Dalrymple, deceased; Joel (late of Myersville, MD), McClain; David J. (Frederick, MD), Schmaljohn; Connie S. (Frederick, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America AS Represented by the Secretary of the Army (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 5,614,193 Date filed: March 28, 1994 Abstract: Vaccine formulations for inducing protective immune response to Hantaviruses in humans are disclosed. These formulations include an attenuated vaccinia virus vector containing cDNA's encoding Hantavirus nucleocapsid N protein, G1 and G2 glycoproteins. Methods for the use of these formulations also are disclosed. Excerpt(s): Infectious febrile diseases with hemorrhagic and renal manifestations have been recognized across the Eurasian land mass for more than 50 years. Seven thousand cases of a "war nephritis" clinically similar to nephorpathia epidemica (NE) were reported among British soldiers stationed in Flanders during World War I. Brown, Lancet i., 316-395 (1916). Nevertheless, these disorders were not given much attention by Western physicians until the early 1950's during the Korean conflict, when over 3000 cases were diagnosed among United Nations forces. Earle, Am. J. Med. 16: 617-709 (1954). Subsequently, it was recognized that Korean hemorrhagic fever and clinically similar diseases, collectively termed hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), pose a significant health threat in much of Asia and parts of Europe and Scandinavia. Non-pathogenic infection of rodent populations apparently provides a reservoir for the causative agent. Infection of humans occurs via aerosol of the agent, a Hantavirus of the family Bunyaviridae, from rodent urine, feces and saliva. Mortality rates have decreased from the 10 to 15% seen during the Korean conflict to 5% or less, if improved fluid and electrolyte management and/or renal dialysis are available. Currently, an estimated 50,000-100,00 case occur annually in the Peoples' Republic of China, with mortality rates ranging from 5 to 20%, in various provinces. A recent randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravenous ribavirin in HFRS patients presenting within the first six days of clinical symptoms demonstrated a significant reduction in mortality. Huggins et al., J. Infect. Dis. 164: 1119-1127 (1991); Lee and Ahn, J. Korean Soc. Virol. 18: 143-148 (1988). Otherwise, management of all HFRS patients is highly individualized and focused on supportive care. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05614193__
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Hantavirus-associated respiratory distress virus antigens Inventor(s): Hjelle; Brian (Albuquerque, NM), Jenison; Steve (Albuquerque, NM) Assignee(s): University of New Mexico (albuquerque, Nm) Patent Number: 5,837,441 Date filed: March 22, 1994 Abstract: The invention provides HARDS virus rDNA for expression in molecular clones. The expressed products are useful in immunodiagnostics, prophylactics, and therapeutics for the HARDS virus and related hantaviruses. Of particular interest are a type-specific epitope of the HARDS virus G1 protein, and dominant epitopes of the HARDS virus N protein cross-reactive with antibodies to the HARDS virus and the related hantavirus PHV, both expressed by cDNA clones according to the invention. Excerpt(s): The research leading to these inventions was supported by the United States Government, and the Government has certain rights in this Patent. The invention relates to the HARDS virus, the etiologic agent of Hantavirus-Associated Respiratory Distress Syndrome. An epidemic of unexplained adult respiratory distress syndrome, affecting primarily residents of the Four Corners region formed by the borders of New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Colorado, was recognized in May, 1993. The disease is characterized by a prodromal illness of fever, myalgias, and, in some cases, conjunctivitis, lasting 1-5 days, followed by a severe and acute illness characterized by pulmonary edema and shock. According to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), through Jul. 27, 1993, death from suffocation and/or shock had occurred in 14 (78%) of the 18 patients diagnosed with the illness since the epidemic was recognized. The syndrome was eventually determined to be caused by a viral infection of a newlyidentified hantavirus virus subsequently named the HARDS virus (also referred to as Sin Nombre Virus and Four Corner Virus, or FCV). According to the CDC, the predominant vector for this virus is the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus, which ranges throughout the southwest U.S. with the potential for spreading HARDS infection within this area. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05837441__
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Rio Mamore hantavirus nucleocapsid protein and diagnostic methods employing said protein Inventor(s): Hjelle; Brian L. (Albuquerque, NM), Torrez-Martinez; Norah (Albuquerque, NM) Assignee(s): Science & Technology Corporation @unm (albuquerque, Nm) Patent Number: 6,416,761 Date filed: June 8, 1999 Abstract: The Hantavirinae encompass a large number of species which are distributed worldwide. Although hantaviruses generally reside in murine hosts, they are also the causative agents of a number of human diseases including hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Tissue samples were obtained from hantavirus-infected rodents (e.g., Oligoryzomys microtis) and subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis to amplify hantaviral-specific nucleic acids. A molecular clone encoding the complete nucleocapsid (N) protein of the Rio Mamore Virus (RMV) was obtained and used to
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express high-levels of protein. The availability of the RMV N protein and its incorporation into immunodiagnostic assays will facilitate the detection of hantavirusspecific antibodies. Excerpt(s): Since there are so many distinct species of Hantaviruses, there is no single test or single reagent that allows the diagnosis of all hantavirus infection. In each case, the best reagents for detection of antibodies to a given hantavirus are those which are based upon the hantavirus species that actually caused the infection. The nucleocapsid (N) protein is the portion of each hantavirus that is most strongly immunogenic, and the standard for diagnosis of Hantaviruses has increasingly been to rely upon the expression of homologous N protein in bacteria or other microbial expression system to generate high concentrations of recombinant-expressed antigen. Classical methods of viral antibody detection have depended upon the growth of the virus in culture, with use of the viral antigens from infected cultures in immunologic detection, but these methods are increasingly falling out of favor for a variety of technical and practical reasons. Because none of the prototype Hantaviruses listed above occurs in rodents with distribution in South America, it is virtually certain that human Hantavirus disease in South America is due to novel virus(es) that will be detected in a less-than-optimal manner by tests that utilize antigens derived from prototype species. These virus(es) are almost certainly associated with indigenous rodents of the subfamily Sigmodontinae, family Muridae, because the clinical disease that has been noted in Brazilian, Argentinean, and Paraguayan patents is closely similar to those diseases caused by North American Hantaviruses of sigmodontine rodents. Detection of Hantavirus infection in South America has relied most heavily upon cross-reactivity between the prototypic sigmodontine rodent-borne Hantavirus Sin Nombre (Four Corners) virus (SNV) and the South American virus(es). The invention provides a molecular clone encoding and expressing the complete nucleotide protein of Rio Mamore virus. The RMV N protein includes antigenically active domains useful in immunoassays for detecting South American Hantavirus infection, and in vaccines. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06416761__
Patent Applications on Hantavirus As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to hantavirus: •
DNA Vaccines against hantavirus infections Inventor(s): Hooper, J. W.; (New Market, MD), Schmaljohn, Connie S.; (Frederick, MD) Correspondence: Attn Mcmr JA Elizabeth Arwine Patent Atty; U S Army Mrmc; 504 Scott Street; Fort Detrick; MD; 21702-5012; US Patent Application Number: 20020114818 Date filed: January 27, 2000 Abstract: Seoul virus (SEOV) is one of four known hantaviruses causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Candidate naked DNA vaccines for HFRS were
10
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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constructed by subcloning cDNA representing the medium (M) (encoding the G1 and G2 glycoproteins) or small (S) (encoding the nucleocapsid protein) genome segment of SEOV into the DNA expression vector pWRG7077. We vaccinated BALB/c mice with three doses of the M or S DNA vaccine at 4-week intervals by either gene gun inoculation of the epidermis, or needle inoculation into the gastrocnemius muscle. Both routes of vaccination resulted in antibody responses as measured by ELISA; however, gene gun inoculation elicited a higher frequency of seroconversion, and higher levels of antibodies in individual mice. We vaccinated Syrian hamsters with the M or S construct using the gene gun and found hantavirus-specific antibodies in 5/5 and 4/5 hamsters, respectively. Animals vaccinated with the M construct developed a neutralizing antibody response which was greatly enhanced in the presence of guinea pig complement. Immunized hamsters were challenged with SEOV and, after 28 days, were monitored for evidence of infection. Hamsters vaccinated with M were protected from infection, but hamsters vaccinated with S were not protected. Excerpt(s): Currently, there are four known hantaviruses associated with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS): Hantaan virus (HTNV), Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV), Puumala virus (PUUV), and Seoul virus (SEOV). Because distinct hantaviruses are usually carried by only one principal rodent host species, their distribution is generally limited to the range of that host (reviewed in Schmaljohn and Hjelle, 1997, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3, 95-104). HTNV, carried by Apodemus agrarius, is found in Asia; DOBV, carried by Apodemus flavicollis, and PUUV, carried by Clethrionomys glareolus, are found in Europe. SEOV is more widely disseminated than any other recognized hantavirus because its host, the common urban rat (Rattus norvegicus), is found throughout the world. Viruses in the Hantavirus genus (family Bunyaviridae) are enveloped and contain a genome comprised of three single-stranded RNA segments designated large (L), medium (M), and small (S) based on size (reviewed in Schmaljohn, 1996, In The Bunvaviridae Ed. R. M. Elliott. New York, Plenum Press p. 63-90). The hantavirus L segment encodes the RNA dependent RNA polymerase, M encodes two envelope glycoproteins (G1 and G2), and S encodes the nucleocapsid protein (N). A number of inactivated HFRS vaccines derived from cell culture or rodent brain were developed and tested in Asia (Lee et al., 1990, Arch. Virol., Suppl. 1, 35-47; Song et al., 1992, Vaccine 10, 214-216; Lu et al., 1996, J. Med. Virol. 49, 333-335). Other vaccine approaches involving recombinant DNA technology include: vaccinia-vectored vaccines (Schmaljohn et al. 1990, J. Virol. 64, 3162-3170; Schmaljohn et al. 1992, Vaccine 10, 10-13; Xu et al. 1992, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 47, 397-404), protein subunit vaccines expressed in bacteria or insect cells (Schmaljohn et al. 1990, supra; Yoshimatsu et al., 1993, Arch. Virol. 130, 365-376; Lundkvist et al., 1996, Virology 216, 397-406), and a hepatitis core antigen-based recombinant vaccine (Ulrich et al., 1998, Vaccine 16, 272-280). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with hantavirus, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “hantavirus” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on hantavirus.
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You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning hantavirus. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON HANTAVIRUS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to hantavirus. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on hantavirus include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “hantavirus” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “hantavirus” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “hantavirus” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
21st Century Collection Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) - Comprehensive Collection from 1995 to 2002 with Accurate and Detailed Information on Dozens of Serious Virus and Bacteria Illnesses - Hantavirus, Influenza, AIDS, Malaria, TB, Pox, Bioterrorism, Smallpox, Anthrax, Vaccines, Lyme Disease, Rabies, West Nile Virus, Hemorrhagic Fevers, Ebola, Encephalitis (Core Federal Information Series) by U.S. Government; ISBN: 1592480675; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592480675/icongroupinterna
•
21st Century Collection Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) - Comprehensive Collection from 1995 to 2004 with Accurate and Detailed Information on Dozens of Serious Virus and Bacteria Illnesses - SARS, Hantavirus, Influenza, AIDS, Malaria, TB, Pox, Bioterrorism, Smallpox, Anthrax, Vaccines, Lyme Disease, Rabies, West Nile Virus, Hemorrhagic Fevers, Ebola, Encephalitis by Centers for Disease Control; ISBN: 1592486126; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592486126/icongroupinterna
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•
Hantavirus in the Americas: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Control (Series TP 47); ISBN: 9275130477; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9275130477/icongroupinterna
•
Hantavirus plumonary syndrome : (or the "mystery illness") (SuDoc HE 20.7802:SY 7) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B00010JNQG; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010JNQG/icongroupinterna
•
Of Mice, Men, and Microbes: Hantavirus by David Harper (Author), Andrea Meyer (Author); ISBN: 012326460X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/012326460X/icongroupinterna
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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications; ISBN: 0597830541; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597830541/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Hantavirus In order to find chapters that specifically relate to hantavirus, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and hantavirus using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “hantavirus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HANTAVIRUS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover hantavirus.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on hantavirus is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “hantavirus” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to hantavirus. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “hantavirus” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for hantavirus: •
Hantavirus In New York State: Evidence Of Rodent Infection As Far Back As 1984 Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 15, 1996
•
Hantavirus Not So New After All Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 15, 1996
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•
Hantavirus Passive Surveillance System Highly Successful Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 07, 1996
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Bosnian Peacekeepers Risk Exposure To Hantavirus Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 02, 1996
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Hantavirus DNA vaccine raises neutralizing antibodies in monkey model Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 09, 2003
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Off-road vehicles may stir up hantavirus Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 26, 2001
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CDC used funds intended for hantavirus research for other projects Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 03, 2000
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Sin Nombre hantavirus not transmitted through placenta or breast milk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 06, 2000
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HLA-B35 associated with serious hantavirus infection Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 03, 1999
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Exposure to forest, household rodents increases risk of Puumala hantavirus infection Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 08, 1999
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Forestry among risk factors for acquisition of hantavirus infection in Europe Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 21, 1999
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Statistics on US incidence of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome updated Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 12, 1999
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Education programs cut hantavirus toll Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 22, 1999
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Mortality high in three recent hantavirus cases Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 12, 1998
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El Nino may boost hantavirus cases Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 12, 1998
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Argentine Children Found To Be Infected With Hantavirus Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 13, 1998
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Pan American Health Organization Urges Measures Against Hantavirus Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 08, 1997
Periodicals and News
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Two Cases Of Hantavirus Reported In Washington State Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 24, 1997
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Person-To-Person Hantavirus Transmission Suspected In Outbreak In Argentina Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 18, 1997
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Hantavirus: Infectious Among Humans? Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 18, 1997
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “hantavirus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “hantavirus” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to hantavirus, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “hantavirus” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Hantavirus Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to hantavirus. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering hantavirus that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for hantavirus. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with hantavirus. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to hantavirus: Epinephrine •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Epifrin; Epinal; Eppy/N; Glaucon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202213.html
Ribavirin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Virazole http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202509.html
Ribavirin and Interferon Alfa-2B, Recombinant •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Rebetron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500032.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “hantavirus” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 1892 19 112 1 1 2025
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “hantavirus” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on hantavirus can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to hantavirus. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to hantavirus. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “hantavirus”:
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Guides on hantavirus Hantavirus Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hantavirusinfections.html
•
Other guides Hemorrhagic Fevers http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hemorrhagicfevers.html Pets and Pet Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/petsandpethealth.html Respiratory Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/respiratorydiseases.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to hantavirus, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Source: American Lung Association http://www.lungusa.org/diseases/hantavirus_factsheet.html Hantaviruses Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/hanta.htm
•
Diagnosis/Symptoms What Are the Symptoms of HPS? Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/symptoms.htm
•
Treatment What Is the Treatment for HPS? Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/treating.htm
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (hantavirus) and Animals Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/hantavirus.htm
•
Organizations National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/index.htm National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/
Patient Resources
•
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Pictures/Diagrams Images Useful for Hantavirus Prevention Campaigns Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/images.htm
•
Prevention/Screening Precautions for Campers and Hikers in the Affected Areas Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/prevent6.htm Tips for Preventing HPS: Clean Up Infested Areas, Using Safety Precautions Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/prevent3.htm Tips for Preventing HPS: Prevention Indoors and Outdoors Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/prevent2.htm Who Is at Risk of Getting HPS, and Why? Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/at_risk.htm
•
Research How Is Hantavirus Transmitted? The Rodent Connection Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/transmit.htm Tracking a Mystery Disease: Highlights of the Discovery of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/history.htm
•
Statistics Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Case Count and Descriptive Statistics Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/caseinfo.htm
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site
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located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “hantavirus” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome - United States: updated recommendations for risk reduction Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1993 (revised 2002 July 26); 12 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3370&nbr=2596&a mp;string=hantavirus
•
Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons: medical and public health management Source: Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University - Academic Institution; 2002 May 8; 15 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3224&nbr=2450&a mp;string=hantavirus
•
Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults Source: Infectious Diseases Society of America - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 February; 36 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2665&nbr=1891&a mp;string=hantavirus The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to hantavirus. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
Patient Resources
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to hantavirus. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with hantavirus. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about hantavirus. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “hantavirus” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “hantavirus”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format
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option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “hantavirus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “hantavirus” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries 111
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries 113
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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HANTAVIRUS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]
Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allografts: A graft of tissue obtained from the body of another animal of the same species but with genotype differing from that of the recipient; tissue graft from a donor of one genotype to a host of another genotype with host and donor being members of the same species. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-
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COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Anthropogenic: Of human origin or influence. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH]
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Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arenavirus: The only genus in the family Arenaviridae. It contains two groups LCM-Lassa complex viruses and Tacaribe complex viruses, which are distinguished by antigenic relationships and geographic distribution. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the
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biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Warfare: Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic
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engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bioterrorism: The use of biological agents in terrorism. This includes the malevolent use of bacteria, viruses, or toxins against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bleeding Time: Duration of blood flow after skin puncture. This test is used as a measure of capillary and platelet function. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]
Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the
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pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiogenic: Originating in the heart; caused by abnormal function of the heart. [EU] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone
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proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Civilization: The distinctly human attributes and attainments of a particular society. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clot Retraction: Retraction of a clot resulting from contraction of platelet pseudopods attached to fibrin strands that is dependent on the contractile protein thrombosthenin. Used as a measure of platelet function. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable compounds at once. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin
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system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known conserved sequence set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (amino acid motifs) are often formed by conserved sequences. [NIH] Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a consensus sequence. Amino acid motifs are often composed of conserved sequences. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments,
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etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cowpox: A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal. [NIH] Cowpox Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiologic agent of cowpox. It is closely related to but antigenically different from vaccina virus. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH]
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Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Dengue Virus: A species of the genus Flavivirus which causes an acute febrile and sometimes hemorrhagic disease in man. Dengue is mosquito-borne and four serotypes are known. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Ecosystem: A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most
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commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU]
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Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]
Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Far East: A geographic area of east and southeast Asia encompassing China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Macao, Mongolia, and Taiwan. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Flavivirus: A genus of Flaviviridae, also known as Group B arbovirus, containing several subgroups and species. Most are arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks. The type species is yellow fever virus. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension.
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Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the
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result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]
Haematological: Relating to haematology, that is that branch of medical science which treats of the morphology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [EU] Haematology: The science of the blood, its nature, functions, and diseases. [NIH] Hantavirus: A genus of the family Bunyaviridae causing Hantavirus infections, first identified during the Korean war. Infection is found primarily in rodents and humans. Transmission does not appear to involve arthropods. The genus has one recognized group (Hantaan group) consisting of several species including Dobrava-Belgrade virus, Seoul virus, Prospect Hill virus, Puumala virus, Thottapalayam virus, and Hantaan virus, the type species. [NIH] Hantavirus Infections: Infections with viruses of the genus Hantavirus. This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by viruses of the Hantaan group; a milder form of HFRS caused by Seoul and related viruses; nephropathia epidemica caused by Puumala and related viruses; and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome caused by Muerto Canyon virus. [NIH] Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Acute respiratory illness in humans caused by the Muerto Canyon virus whose primary rodent reservoir is the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus. First identified in the southwestern United States, this syndrome is characterized most commonly by fever, myalgias, headache, cough, and rapid respiratory failure. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as
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those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by Hantaan virus whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. A milder form is caused by Seoul virus and related species and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis C: A form of hepatitis, similar to type B post-transfusion hepatitis, but caused by a virus which is serologically distinct from the agents of hepatitis A, B, and E, and which may persist in the blood of chronic asymptomatic carriers. Hepatitis C is parenterally transmitted and associated with transfusions and drug abuse. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Histocompatibility: The degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals, which determines the acceptance or rejection of allografts. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH]
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Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]
Hypophyseal: Hypophysial. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or
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immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic basis of the immune response. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH]
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Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix glycoproteins, complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors, the leukocyte adhesion receptors, and the very-late-antigen receptors. Each family contains a common beta-subunit combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits. These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development, hemostasis, thrombosis, wound healing, immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms, and oncogenic transformation. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invalidate: To weaken or make valueless : to discredit. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA
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fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leptospira: A genus of aerobic, helical spirochetes, some species of which are pathogenic, others free-living or saprophytic. [NIH] Leptospirosis: Infections with bacteria of the genus Leptospira. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
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Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus: The type species of arenavirus, part of the LCMLassa complex viruses, producing an inapparent infection in house and laboratory mice. In humans, infection with LCMV can be inapparent, or can present with an influenza-like illness, a benign aseptic meningitis, or a severe meningoencephalomyelitis. The virus can also infect monkeys, dogs, field mice, guinea pigs, and hamsters, the latter an epidemiologically important host. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed
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therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other
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forms of life). [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutralization Tests: Titration of an antiserum by testing a series of dilutions of virus or immune serum to a given end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50). [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as
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acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleocapsid: A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a capsid plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope. [NIH] Nucleocapsid Proteins: Viral proteins found in either the nucleocapsid or the viral core (viral core proteins). [NIH] Nucleoprotein: Chromosomes consist largely of nuclei acids and proteins, joined here as complexes called nucleoproteins. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at
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least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Peer Review: An organized procedure carried out by a select committee of professionals in evaluating the performance of other professionals in meeting the standards of their specialty. Review by peers is used by editors in the evaluation of articles and other papers submitted for publication. Peer review is used also in the evaluation of grant applications. It is applied also in evaluating the quality of health care provided to patients. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phlebovirus: A genus of the family Bunyaviridae comprising many viruses, most of which are transmitted by Phlebotomus flies and cause Phlebotomus fever. The type species is Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus, which is not part of the antigenic complex sandfly fever group viruses. [NIH] Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their evolutionary history. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other
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nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU]
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Presumptive: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal
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outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Renal Dialysis: Removal of certain elements from the blood based on the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribavirin: 1-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]
Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH]
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Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sandfly Fever Group Viruses: A group of viruses in the genus Phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae transmitted by the sandfly, Phlebotomus papatasii, and causing a short febrile illness in humans. The sandfly fever Sicilian virus, the type species of the Phlebovirus genus, is not part of this group. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Seroconversion: The change of a serologic test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to infection or immunization. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH]
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Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU]
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Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Supportive care: Treatment given to prevent, control, or relieve complications and side effects and to improve the comfort and quality of life of people who have cancer. [NIH] Sweating Sickness: A clinical condition characterized by fever and profuse sweating and associated with high mortality. It occurred in epidemic form five times in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in England, first in 1485 and last in 1551, specially during the summer and early autumn, attacking the relatively affluent adult male population. The etiology was unknown. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombasthenia: A congenital bleeding disorder with prolonged bleeding time, absence of aggregation of platelets in response to most agents, especially ADP, and impaired or absent clot retraction. Platelet membranes are deficient in or have a defect in the glycoprotein IIbIIIa complex (platelet glycoprotein GPIIB-IIIA complex). [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation.
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Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tularemia: A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by Francisella tularensis and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in
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the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinarians: Individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Core Proteins: Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the nucleocapsid. [NIH] Viral Vaccines: Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease. [NIH] Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH]
Dictionary 149
Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yellow Fever: An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. [NIH] Yellow Fever Virus: The type species of the Flavivirus genus. Principal vector transmission to humans is by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. [NIH] Zoonosis: Disease of animals, e. g. rabies, that can be transmitted to humans. A risk in major disasters; any disease and/or infection which is likely to be naturally transmitted from animals to man; disease caused by animal parasites. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
151
INDEX A ACE, 117 Adaptation, 20, 117 Adenocarcinoma, 117, 131 Adjustment, 117 Adverse Effect, 117, 145 Aerobic, 117, 135 Aerosol, 4, 7, 10, 81, 117 Agar, 117, 141 Algorithms, 6, 117, 121 Alleles, 11, 117 Allografts, 117, 131 Alternative medicine, 91, 117 Amino Acid Sequence, 117, 118, 124, 129 Amino Acids, 4, 117, 118, 124, 129, 140, 141, 142 Amplification, 13, 44, 80, 118 Amyloid, 17, 118 Anaphylatoxins, 118, 124 Androgens, 6, 118 Angiogenesis, 118, 136 Animal model, 5, 7, 8, 16, 19, 118 Annealing, 118, 141 Anthrax, 13, 87, 118 Anthropogenic, 11, 118 Antibacterial, 118, 145 Antibiotic, 118, 145 Antibody, 5, 10, 17, 20, 21, 23, 25, 28, 31, 45, 59, 63, 65, 80, 83, 84, 118, 119, 123, 127, 128, 131, 133, 137, 144, 145 Anticoagulant, 119, 142 Antigen, 5, 10, 14, 17, 45, 67, 69, 83, 84, 118, 119, 124, 126, 127, 131, 132, 133, 134, 144 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 119, 124 Antigen-presenting cell, 14, 119, 126 Antimetabolite, 119, 143 Antioxidant, 119, 139 Antiserum, 119, 138 Antiviral, 4, 14, 15, 18, 31, 72, 119, 134, 140, 143 Antiviral Agents, 14, 18, 119 Apoptosis, 48, 119 Aqueous, 119, 120, 125 Arenavirus, 119, 136 Arginine, 118, 119, 138 Arterial, 119, 132, 142, 146 Arteries, 119, 121, 125, 137
Arteritis, 52, 119 Aseptic, 119, 136, 139 Assay, 4, 5, 13, 15, 20, 23, 35, 60, 119, 132 Asymptomatic, 120, 131 Atrophy, 120, 138 Attenuated, 18, 80, 81, 120, 126, 148 Autoimmune disease, 120, 138 Autopsy, 69, 120 B Bacillus, 13, 118, 120 Bacteria, 83, 84, 87, 118, 119, 120, 121, 128, 135, 137, 143, 145, 148 Bacterial Physiology, 117, 120 Bacteriophage, 120, 141 Base, 19, 120, 126, 129, 134, 146 Basement Membrane, 44, 120, 128, 135 Benign, 29, 120, 131, 136, 138 Beta-pleated, 118, 120 Bile, 120, 129, 132, 135, 145 Biochemical, 117, 119, 120, 129 Biological response modifier, 120, 134 Biological therapy, 120, 130 Biological Warfare, 7, 13, 120 Biotechnology, 19, 24, 55, 91, 99, 120 Bioterrorism, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 87, 121 Bladder, 121, 138, 147, 148 Blastocyst, 121, 141 Bleeding Time, 121, 146 Blood Glucose, 121, 132, 134 Blood Platelets, 121, 146 Blood pressure, 121, 132, 137 Blood vessel, 117, 118, 121, 127, 130, 145, 146, 148 Bone Marrow, 121, 132, 136 Bowel, 121, 126 Bowel Movement, 121, 126 Bradykinin, 121, 139 Branch, 9, 64, 113, 121, 125, 130, 133, 140, 142, 145, 146 Breeding, 6, 121 C Calcium, 121, 123, 136 Capsid, 121, 139, 148 Carbohydrate, 121, 141, 144 Carbon Dioxide, 122, 129, 141, 143 Carcinogenic, 122, 139, 145 Carcinoma, 122 Cardiac, 122, 138, 145
152
Hantavirus
Cardiogenic, 11, 122 Cardiopulmonary, 5, 9, 21, 30, 36, 60, 122 Cell Adhesion, 122, 134 Cell Death, 119, 122, 138 Cell Division, 120, 122, 125, 130, 137, 141 Cell Size, 122, 129 Cell Survival, 122, 130 Central Nervous System, 122, 131, 138 Central Nervous System Infections, 122, 131 Cervical, 19, 122 Cervix, 122 Chemotactic Factors, 122, 124 Cholera, 122, 144 Cholesterol, 120, 122, 135, 145 Chromatin, 119, 122 Chromosomal, 118, 123, 144 Chromosome, 123, 135, 144 Chronic, 19, 31, 66, 123, 126, 127, 131, 133, 135, 145 Chronic Disease, 19, 123 Chronic renal, 31, 66, 123 Civilization, 13, 123 Clinical Medicine, 123, 141 Clinical study, 123, 124 Clinical trial, 3, 13, 77, 78, 99, 123, 143 Clone, 82, 83, 123 Cloning, 10, 121, 123 Clot Retraction, 123, 146 Cofactor, 123, 142, 146 Collagen, 120, 123, 128, 136, 141 Combinatorial, 15, 123 Complement, 33, 84, 118, 123, 129, 134, 136 Computational Biology, 99, 124 Conjunctiva, 124, 133 Conjunctivitis, 82, 124 Connective Tissue, 121, 123, 124, 135, 144 Consensus Sequence, 124 Conserved Sequence, 15, 124 Constriction, 124, 144 Consumption, 124, 139, 143 Contraindications, ii, 124 Controlled clinical trial, 81, 124 Coordination, 124, 138 Corneum, 124, 128 Coronary, 124, 125, 137 Coronary Thrombosis, 125, 137 Corticosteroids, 6, 125 Cowpox, 4, 125, 148 Cowpox Virus, 125, 148 Cranial, 125, 131, 140
Craniocerebral Trauma, 125, 131 Curative, 125, 146 Cutaneous, 118, 125, 148 Cyclic, 125, 130, 139 Cytogenetics, 125, 144 Cytokine, 10, 11, 16, 48, 49, 57, 125 Cytoplasm, 119, 125, 127 Cytoskeleton, 125, 134 Cytotoxic, 10, 11, 17, 125 D Data Collection, 11, 125 Databases, Bibliographic, 99, 125 Decidua, 125, 141 Defense Mechanisms, 125, 134 Degenerative, 126, 131 Deletion, 119, 126 Denaturation, 126, 141 Dendrites, 126 Dendritic, 10, 21, 126 Dendritic cell, 10, 126 Dengue Virus, 15, 17, 126 Density, 126, 129, 135 Diagnostic procedure, 79, 91, 126 Diastolic, 126, 132 Diffusion, 126, 133, 143 Digestive system, 78, 126 Dihydrotestosterone, 126, 143 Dilution, 126, 138 Direct, iii, 9, 10, 11, 14, 93, 123, 126, 143 Disease Progression, 10, 126 Drug Interactions, 94, 126 Drug Tolerance, 126, 147 Dyes, 118, 126, 129 E Ecosystem, 11, 126 Edema, 11, 126 Effector, 10, 123, 127 Electrolyte, 81, 127 Electrons, 119, 120, 127, 134, 139 Encephalitis, 17, 18, 36, 87, 127 Encephalitis, Viral, 127 Endemic, 15, 45, 122, 127, 145 Endothelial cell, 8, 10, 11, 22, 40, 56, 127, 146 Endothelium, 127, 138 Endothelium-derived, 127, 138 Endotoxins, 124, 127 End-stage renal, 52, 123, 127 Environmental Health, 98, 100, 127 Enzymatic, 121, 124, 127, 141 Enzyme, 13, 23, 25, 34, 38, 45, 49, 117, 127, 130, 132, 141, 142, 143, 146, 149
Index 153
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 23, 45, 49, 127 Epidemic, 23, 62, 82, 127, 145, 146 Epidemiological, 15, 45, 128 Epidermis, 84, 124, 128, 131 Epithelial, 23, 117, 125, 128, 131, 135 Epithelial Cells, 23, 128, 131, 135 Epithelium, 120, 127, 128 Epitope, 11, 14, 15, 36, 82, 128 Esophagus, 126, 128, 140, 145 Eukaryotic Cells, 128, 147 Excitation, 128, 129 Extracellular, 118, 124, 128, 134, 136 Extracellular Matrix, 124, 128, 134, 136 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 128, 136 F Family Planning, 99, 128 Far East, 42, 43, 63, 128 Fat, 121, 128, 135, 138 Febrile, 81, 126, 128, 131, 144 Feces, 77, 80, 81, 128 Fetus, 128, 140, 148 Flavivirus, 14, 126, 128, 149 Flow Cytometry, 5, 10, 128 Fluorescence, 129 Fluorescent Dyes, 129 G Gallbladder, 126, 129 Gangrenous, 129, 144 Gas, 122, 126, 129, 132, 138, 139, 143 Gas exchange, 129, 143 Gastrin, 129, 131 Gene, 11, 21, 27, 80, 84, 117, 121, 129 Genetic Code, 129, 139 Genetic Engineering, 121, 123, 129 Genetic testing, 129, 141 Genetics, 7, 18, 125, 129, 133 Genotype, 15, 63, 117, 129 Gestation, 129, 140, 141 Glomerular, 44, 50, 129, 143 Glomeruli, 129 Glomerulonephritis, 53, 129 Glomerulus, 129, 130, 138 Glucose, 6, 121, 130, 134, 144 Glycoprotein, 36, 80, 130, 135, 146 Gonadal, 130, 145 Governing Board, 130, 141 Gp120, 130, 140 Graft, 117, 130, 132 Growth, 6, 83, 118, 119, 122, 130, 134, 136, 138, 139, 141 Growth factors, 6, 130
Guanylate Cyclase, 130, 139 Guinea Pigs, 130, 136 H Haematological, 45, 130 Haematology, 130 Haplotypes, 17, 130 Headache, 81, 130, 131, 133, 147 Headache Disorders, 131 Hemorrhage, 8, 125, 131, 145 Hemostasis, 131, 134 Hepatitis, 46, 54, 55, 84, 131 Hepatitis C, 84, 131 Hepatocellular, 19, 131 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 19, 131 Hepatocytes, 131 Heredity, 129, 131 Heterodimers, 131, 134 Heterogeneity, 33, 131 Histocompatibility, 17, 131 Homologous, 83, 117, 131 Hormone, 6, 125, 129, 131, 134, 142, 146 Horny layer, 128, 131 Horseradish Peroxidase, 127, 132 Host, 8, 10, 17, 18, 22, 29, 59, 84, 117, 120, 131, 132, 136, 148 Humoral, 10, 34, 132 Humour, 132 Hybrid, 4, 123, 132 Hybridization, 13, 132 Hydrogen, 120, 122, 126, 128, 132, 135, 137, 139 Hydrolysis, 132, 141, 142 Hyperaemia, 124, 132 Hypertension, 66, 131, 132 Hypoglycemic, 6, 132 Hypophyseal, 6, 132 I Id, 73, 106, 112, 114, 132 Immune function, 6, 132 Immune response, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 17, 18, 49, 53, 81, 119, 120, 132, 133, 136, 148 Immune Sera, 33, 132 Immune system, 119, 120, 132, 136, 138, 148, 149 Immunity, 7, 8, 132, 133, 147 Immunization, 7, 20, 132, 144 Immunoassay, 25, 34, 38, 127, 132 Immunofluorescence, 49, 133 Immunogenetics, 11, 133 Immunogenic, 80, 83, 133 Immunoglobulin, 23, 45, 49, 118, 133, 137 Immunologic, 10, 83, 122, 132, 133
154
Hantavirus
Impairment, 133, 136 In vitro, 15, 31, 72, 133, 141, 144, 147 In vivo, 31, 133 Incision, 133, 134 Incubation, 38, 66, 133 Incubation period, 38, 66, 133 Indicative, 87, 133, 140, 148 Induction, 118, 133 Infarction, 125, 133, 137 Infiltration, 129, 133 Inflammation, 119, 124, 127, 129, 131, 133, 136, 138, 141, 143 Influenza, 17, 19, 87, 133, 136 Ingestion, 118, 133 Inhalation, 10, 117, 134 Inpatients, 15, 134 Insight, 10, 134 Insulator, 134, 138 Insulin, 6, 134 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 134 Integrins, 8, 19, 20, 30, 134 Interferon, 18, 94, 134 Interferon-alpha, 134 Interstitial, 16, 134, 138, 143 Intestines, 128, 134 Intracellular, 7, 10, 133, 134, 139, 143 Intravenous, 35, 51, 77, 81, 134 Intrinsic, 120, 134 Invalidate, 16, 134 Invasive, 6, 132, 134 Ions, 120, 127, 132, 134 K Kb, 98, 134 Kidney Failure, 127, 135 Kinetic, 6, 135 L Labile, 123, 135 Laminin, 120, 128, 135 Large Intestine, 126, 134, 135, 143, 145 Leptospira, 15, 36, 50, 53, 135 Leptospirosis, 68, 135 Lethal, 7, 8, 10, 25, 135 Libido, 118, 135 Library Services, 112, 135 Ligands, 134, 135 Linkage, 22, 37, 54, 135 Lipid, 80, 134, 135, 138, 139 Lipid Peroxidation, 135, 139 Lipoprotein, 135, 148 Liver, 120, 126, 128, 129, 131, 135 Localized, 133, 135, 141 Lymph, 122, 127, 132, 135, 136
Lymph node, 122, 135, 136 Lymphatic, 127, 133, 135, 136, 147 Lymphocyte, 10, 52, 119, 136 Lymphocytic, 53, 136 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus, 53, 136 Lymphoid, 118, 125, 136 Lytic, 136, 144 M Major Histocompatibility Complex, 131, 136 Malignant, 117, 136, 138, 144 Mastitis, 136, 144 Matrix metalloproteinase, 6, 136 Mediate, 19, 24, 30, 136 MEDLINE, 99, 136 Membrane, 22, 124, 128, 130, 135, 136, 138, 143 Memory, 52, 136 Meningitis, 136 Mental Disorders, 78, 136 Mental Health, iv, 3, 78, 98, 100, 136, 142 Mercury, 129, 136 Metastasis, 136, 137 MI, 46, 64, 115, 137 Microbiology, 7, 9, 12, 16, 34, 35, 36, 38, 41, 43, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 64, 67, 117, 137 Microorganism, 123, 137, 140, 149 Micro-organism, 126, 137, 144 Microscopy, 120, 132, 137 Migration, 56, 137 Mitosis, 119, 137 Modeling, 12, 137 Modification, 15, 129, 137, 142 Molecular, 4, 6, 9, 13, 18, 22, 41, 54, 75, 80, 82, 83, 99, 101, 120, 124, 125, 137 Molecule, 14, 119, 120, 124, 127, 128, 130, 132, 137, 139, 143, 148 Monitor, 6, 12, 137 Monoclonal, 17, 31, 54, 137 Monoclonal antibodies, 31, 54, 137 Mononuclear, 5, 34, 137 Morphogenesis, 54, 137 Morphology, 54, 130, 137 Mucins, 138, 143 Multiple sclerosis, 6, 138 Myalgia, 10, 81, 133, 138 Myelin, 138 Myocardium, 137, 138 N Nasal Mucosa, 133, 138 NCI, 1, 78, 97, 138
Index 155
Necrosis, 119, 133, 137, 138 Need, 4, 7, 13, 14, 53, 88, 107, 117, 123, 136, 138, 147 Neoplasm, 138, 144 Nephritis, 81, 138 Nephropathy, 41, 68, 138 Nerve, 126, 138, 144, 148 Nervous System, 122, 138, 140, 142 Neural, 118, 132, 138 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 19, 138 Neutralization, 22, 23, 33, 57, 138 Neutralization Tests, 23, 138 Nitric Oxide, 24, 50, 138 Nitrogen, 21, 36, 118, 128, 139 Nuclei, 127, 129, 137, 139 Nucleic acid, 5, 80, 82, 121, 129, 132, 139, 143, 148 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 132, 139 Nucleocapsid, 4, 11, 20, 22, 23, 24, 29, 34, 53, 58, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 139, 148 Nucleocapsid Proteins, 20, 23, 24, 58, 67, 68, 139 Nucleoprotein, 4, 34, 139 Nucleus, 119, 123, 125, 128, 137, 139, 145 Nutritional Status, 6, 139 O Oncogenic, 134, 139 Organ Culture, 139, 147 Oxidation, 119, 135, 139 Oxidative Stress, 6, 139 P Palliative, 139, 146 Pancreas, 126, 134, 139 Parasite, 6, 139, 140 Parasitic, 140, 143 Pathogen, 18, 133, 140 Pathogenesis, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16, 17, 19, 30, 140 Pathologic, 119, 125, 140 Pathologic Processes, 119, 140 Pathophysiology, 7, 53, 140 Peer Review, 16, 71, 140 Peptide, 10, 14, 16, 17, 22, 140, 141, 142 Peptide T, 22, 140 Perinatal, 6, 140 Peripheral blood, 5, 14, 15, 34, 60, 134, 140 Peripheral Nervous System, 138, 140 Pharmacologic, 140, 147 Pharynx, 133, 140 Phlebovirus, 7, 140, 144 Phylogeny, 20, 27, 140
Physiologic, 140, 143 Placenta, 90, 140, 142 Plague, 13, 141, 147 Plants, 120, 121, 122, 130, 137, 141, 144, 147 Plaque, 23, 141 Plasma, 5, 59, 118, 131, 135, 141 Plasma cells, 118, 141 Platelet Aggregation, 8, 118, 139, 141 Platelets, 139, 141, 146 Polyarthritis, 27, 141 Polymerase, 44, 80, 82, 84, 119, 141 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 44, 82, 141 Polypeptide, 80, 117, 123, 124, 132, 141, 149 Polysaccharide, 119, 141, 142 Practice Guidelines, 100, 105, 141 Precursor, 4, 17, 127, 141 Presumptive, 35, 60, 142 Prevalence, 46, 53, 58, 63, 142 Progesterone, 142, 145 Progression, 118, 142 Progressive, 123, 126, 130, 138, 142, 143 Prophylaxis, 119, 142, 148 Proportional, 127, 142 Protein C, 82, 117, 120, 135, 142, 148 Protein S, 84, 119, 121, 124, 129, 142 Proteoglycans, 120, 128, 142 Proteolytic, 124, 142 Public Health, 5, 7, 9, 12, 36, 48, 53, 58, 64, 66, 72, 100, 106, 142 Public Policy, 99, 142 Publishing, 19, 142 Pulmonary, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 77, 81, 82, 88, 90, 104, 105, 106, 121, 124, 130, 135, 142, 148 Pulmonary Edema, 11, 26, 82, 135, 142 Pulse, 6, 137, 142 Q Quality of Life, 142, 146 R Rabies, 87, 142, 149 Race, 60, 137, 143 Radioactive, 132, 137, 139, 143 Radiography, 35, 143 Randomized, 81, 143 Reagent, 83, 143 Receptor, 8, 117, 119, 130, 140, 143
156
Hantavirus
Recombinant, 23, 24, 25, 34, 49, 58, 68, 70, 83, 84, 94, 143, 148 Rectum, 121, 126, 129, 135, 143 Reductase, 6, 143 Refer, 1, 123, 143 Refraction, 143, 145 Renal Dialysis, 81, 143 Renal failure, 61, 131, 143 Respiration, 122, 137, 143 Respiratory distress syndrome, 35, 82, 143 Respiratory failure, 19, 30, 81, 130, 143 Rhinitis, 143, 144 Ribavirin, 31, 35, 51, 72, 77, 81, 94, 143 Rickettsiae, 50, 143 Risk factor, 23, 62, 90, 143 S Saliva, 81, 143, 144 Salivary, 126, 143, 144 Salivary glands, 126, 143, 144 Sandfly Fever Group Viruses, 140, 144 Saponins, 144, 145 Sarcoma, 4, 144 Satellite, 5, 144 Sclerosis, 138, 144 Screening, 4, 10, 105, 123, 144 Sensor, 6, 144 Septicaemia, 144 Sequence Analysis, 55, 144 Sequence Homology, 140, 144 Sequencing, 141, 144 Seroconversion, 84, 144 Serologic, 16, 52, 63, 132, 144 Serology, 28, 144 Serotypes, 16, 20, 23, 34, 35, 49, 63, 68, 126, 144 Serum, 5, 31, 39, 45, 58, 118, 119, 123, 132, 138, 144 Sex Characteristics, 118, 144, 146 Shock, 11, 82, 131, 145 Side effect, 93, 117, 120, 145, 146, 147 Skeletal, 118, 145 Skull, 125, 145, 146 Small intestine, 131, 134, 145 Smallpox, 4, 13, 87, 145, 148 Somatic, 132, 137, 140, 145 Specialist, 107, 145 Specificity, 10, 16, 145 Spectrum, 10, 17, 66, 145 Sperm, 118, 123, 145 Spinous, 128, 145 Sporadic, 9, 41, 138, 145 Steroid, 6, 144, 145
Stomach, 126, 128, 129, 131, 134, 140, 145 Strand, 141, 145 Stress, 6, 139, 145 Stroke, 6, 78, 98, 145 Subacute, 133, 145 Subarachnoid, 131, 146 Subclinical, 16, 133, 146 Subcutaneous, 127, 129, 146 Subspecies, 145, 146, 148 Substrate, 127, 146 Supportive care, 15, 81, 146 Sweating Sickness, 28, 146 Systemic, 94, 121, 133, 146, 147, 148 Systolic, 132, 146 T Temporal, 10, 12, 131, 146 Testosterone, 143, 146 Therapeutics, 8, 10, 82, 94, 146 Thermal, 141, 146 Threonine, 140, 146 Threshold, 132, 146 Thrombasthenia, 8, 146 Thrombin, 141, 142, 146 Thrombocytopenia, 10, 146 Thrombomodulin, 142, 146 Thrombosis, 134, 142, 145, 146 Thrombus, 125, 133, 141, 146 Thymus, 132, 136, 147 Ticks, 128, 147 Tissue, 17, 67, 82, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 143, 145, 147, 149 Tissue Culture, 17, 138, 147 Tolerance, 51, 147 Tooth Preparation, 117, 147 Topical, 16, 147 Toxic, iv, 132, 147 Toxicity, 126, 137, 147 Toxicology, 100, 147 Toxins, 119, 121, 127, 133, 137, 147 Transfection, 24, 121, 147 Transfer Factor, 132, 147 Transfusion, 131, 147 Transplantation, 27, 31, 37, 50, 57, 61, 67, 68, 123, 132, 136, 147 Tuberculosis, 17, 124, 147 Tularemia, 13, 147 U Ubiquitin, 29, 147 Unconscious, 125, 132, 147 Urethra, 147, 148 Urine, 10, 80, 81, 121, 147
Index 157
Uterus, 122, 125, 142, 148 V Vaccination, 4, 7, 14, 21, 26, 84, 148 Vaccine, 9, 10, 15, 26, 28, 49, 53, 56, 62, 70, 72, 80, 81, 84, 90, 148 Vaccinia, 4, 14, 81, 84, 148 Vaccinia Virus, 4, 14, 81, 148 Variola, 13, 148 Vascular, 8, 10, 40, 127, 131, 133, 138, 140, 146, 148 Vasodilators, 138, 148 Vector, 47, 80, 81, 82, 84, 148, 149 Vein, 134, 144, 148 Venous, 142, 148 Ventricle, 142, 146, 148 Vesicular, 145, 148 Veterinarians, 53, 148 Veterinary Medicine, 72, 99, 148 Viral Core Proteins, 139, 148
Viral Vaccines, 19, 148 Virion, 15, 139, 148 Virulence, 10, 18, 120, 147, 148 Virus Diseases, 119, 148 Vitro, 149 Vivo, 16, 149 W War, 81, 130, 149 White blood cell, 118, 136, 141, 149 Wound Healing, 134, 136, 149 X Xenograft, 118, 149 Y Yellow Fever, 8, 15, 18, 128, 149 Yellow Fever Virus, 8, 15, 128, 149 Z Zoonosis, 62, 149 Zymogen, 142, 149
158
Hantavirus
Index 159
160
Hantavirus
