Fibroadenoma: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

FIBROADENOMA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES ...

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FIBROADENOMA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Fibroadenoma: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00467-4 1. Fibroadenoma-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on fibroadenoma. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FIBROADENOMA ....................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Fibroadenoma ................................................................................ 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FIBROADENOMA ............................................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Finding Nutrition Studies on Fibroadenoma............................................................................... 37 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 38 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FIBROADENOMA ....................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 41 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 44 General References ....................................................................................................................... 44 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 47 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 49 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 53 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 55 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 57 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 57 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 63 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 65 FIBROADENOMA DICTIONARY .............................................................................................. 67 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 87

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with fibroadenoma is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about fibroadenoma, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to fibroadenoma, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on fibroadenoma. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to fibroadenoma, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on fibroadenoma. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FIBROADENOMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on fibroadenoma.

Federally Funded Research on Fibroadenoma The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to fibroadenoma. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to fibroadenoma. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore fibroadenoma. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for fibroadenoma: •

Project Title: CONTRAST ASSISTED ULTRASOUND IMAGING OF TUMORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ferrara, Katherine W.; Professor; Biomedical Engineering; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 956165200 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 11-DEC-1997; Project End 30-NOV-2002

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: Second and third generation ultrasonic contrast agents have created an exciting new opportunity to image local microvascular perfusion. Physicians and physiologists have long recognized the significance of tissue perfusion, however, important questions remain unanswered due to the lack of assessment tools. Our initial observations show promise for a new family of diagnostic tools that could be applied to assess cancer, cardiovascular disease, glaucoma and wound healing. The techniques described in this proposal could provide the opportunity to map microvascular density and heterogeneity at the correct scale for the detection of tumors and to assess the maximum local microvascular transit time. Using a unique new experimental system, we have established that a set of physical phenomena affect the scattered signal from ultrasound contrast agents, and provide significant opportunities for new tools for the assessment of vascular function as well as structure. In this application, we propose to extend these studies to evaluate these effects through intravital microscopy, and to take advantage of these phenomena to tailor a new imaging mode to assess vascular density and microvascular transit time. Due to our expertise in tumor vascularity, we propose to focus our investigations on applications in this area. However, the proposed techniques could have far wider clinical application. We propose to map vascular density and transit time. A new mode called recovery imaging will be employed in which microbubbles are destroyed in a local region and the timing for echo restoration determined. These new methods will be evaluated in phantoms, through intravital microscopy in an ischemic rat model, and in a final comparative study of four mouse tumor cell lines and a benign fibroadenoma model. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING OF BLOOD IN BREAST TUMOR ANGIOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Oraevsky, Alexander A.; Vice President of Reserch Develoment; Ophthalmology and Visual Scis; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 09-JUL-2002; Project End 31-OCT-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Laser Optoacoustic Imaging System (LOIS) is a novel highly sensitive high resolution digital imaging modality for breast cancer detection utilizing optical tissue contrast and ultrasonic detection of laser-induced acoustic waves. Noninvasive in vivo imaging modalities presently applied for breast cancer detection cannot differentiate benign from malignant lesions. The goal of this project is to develop diagnostic capability for optoacoustic imaging applied in breast cancer detection based on quantitative spectroscopic measurement of hemoglobin oxygenation in tumor angiogenesis. As the system enhancement needed for detection of early tumors with underdeveloped or tumors with suppressed angiogenesis, we propose utilization of nanoparticles absorbing near-infrared laser pulses and conjugated with antibodies that target specifically breast tumor angiogenesis. Our preliminary studies supported by NCI resulted in accomplishment of milestones that documented feasibility and the proof of concept. Optoacoustic contrast between normal tissues and cancerous tumors was shown to be significantly greater (2-6 fold) than contrast provided by conventional modalities. The primary source of this contrast and its variation comes from strong optical absorption in hemoglobin of blood in the tumor angiogenesis. In vivo data supported by medical literature suggest that concentration of oxyhemoglobin in angiogenesis of malignant tumors is substantially reduced relative to that in benign tumors. Pilot studies revealed optimal laser wavelengths in the nearinfrared spectral range that can preferentially induce acoustic sources either in

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malignant tumors (h=760-nm, deoxyhemoglobin) or in benign tumors (h=1064-nm, oxyhemoglobin). Combination of the two optoacoustic images and their ratio will provide differentiation of breast carcinoma from benign fibroadenoma with exceptional sensitivity (owed to high optical contrast) and superior resolution (owed to ultrawideband piezoelectric detection of resulting ultrasonic waves). Specific aims focus on (1) modification of LOIS to (I) incorporate Nd:YAG laser and Alexandrite lasers into one fiberoptic light delivery system and (ii) construct an advanced bifocal array of ulrawideband ultrasonic transducers for exceptional resolution of two-dimensional images, (2) initial tests using milk-gel phantoms with blood-colored "tumors" resembling optical and mechanical properties of malignant and benign masses, and cysts, (3) evaluation of the LOIS sensitivity and specificity in clinical trials on 24 patients, (4) evaluation of enhancement of sensitivity and specificity of LOIS in mouse model utilizing nanoparticulate contrast agent based on (I) two-orders of magnitude increase in detected signal from nanoparticles hated above the threshold of optoacoustic nonlinearity and (ii) selective accumulation of nanoparticles in breast cancer owed to their conjugation with antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MR GUIDED FOCUSED ULTRASOUND SURGERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hynynen, Kullervo H.; Associate Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: During the current phase of this grant, the feasibility of using single focused ultrasound transducer guided by MRI has been demonstrated in clinical treatments of fibroadenomas of the breast. In addition, several basic safety and monitoring issues related to the therapy were investigated in animal experiments and it was shown that MRI monitoring can be used not only to guide and monitor the location of the focal spot but also shown that MRI monitoring can be used not only to guide and monitor the location of the focal spot but also to detect the actual temperature elevation achieved. This result exceeded our expectations and will allow us to use MRI to provide online dosimetry. The overall objective of this proposal is to test the hypothesis that MRI guided and monitored focused ultrasound surgery can be effectively used in combination with radiation therapy to coagulate small malignant tumors of the breast. As was shown by our treatments of fibroadenoma of breast the small focal spot size of the clinical device makes the treatment of typical target volumes required for breast cancer impractical. To overcome this, we have developed phased array systems (under another grant) that can increase the focal volume and reduce the treatment time. The utilization of the phased arrays allow us to make the thermal exposure distribution uniform and use the minimum amount of power to reduce the total treatment time. However, previous experience with tissue coagulation has been primarily with single focused transducers that deliver very non-uniform and high thermal dose in the target volume. Thus, we plan to execute a series of rabbit VX2 carcinoma sonications to establish the dose. In addition the clinical treatments of the fibroadenomas will be continued to test the treatment procedures in clinical settings. Finally, we plan to execute a clinical phase I trial to test the feasibility of treating malignant breast tumors by using MRI guided focused ultrasound. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with fibroadenoma, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “fibroadenoma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for fibroadenoma (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

"Giant fibroadenoma in an adolescent Puerto Rican female". Author(s): Marquez-Sarraga RH, Menendez A, Figueroa I. Source: Bol Asoc Med P R. 1986 July; 78(7): 293-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3015162

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A 19 year old with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome and juvenile fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Davis SE, Wallace AM. Source: The Breast Journal. 2001 November-December; 7(6): 430-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11843857

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A cellular fibroadenoma resembling a benign phyllodes tumour in a young male with gynaecomastia. Author(s): Hilton DA, Jameson JS, Furness PN. Source: Histopathology. 1991 May; 18(5): 476-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1653183

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A cohort study of cigarette smoking and risk of fibroadenoma. Author(s): Rohan TE, Miller AB. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. 1999; 4(4): 297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10764243

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparison of the pattern of cathepsin-D expression in fibroadenoma, fibrocystic disease, preinvasive and invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Author(s): Zheng WQ, Looi LM, Cheah PL. Source: Pathology. 1999 August; 31(3): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10503271

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A comparison of the patterns of laminin expression in fibroadenoma, fibrocystic diseases, pre-invasive and invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Author(s): Zheng WQ, Looi LM, Cheah PL. Source: Pathology. 2001 August; 33(3): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11523929

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A fibroadenoma with a t(4;12) (q27;q15) affecting the HMGI-C gene, a member of the high mobility group protein gene family. Author(s): Staats B, Bonk U, Wanschura S, Hanisch P, Schoenmakers EF, Van de Ven WJ, Bartnitzke S, Bullerdiek J. Source: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 1996; 38(3): 299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8739083

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A radiodiagnostic study of breast fibroadenoma. Author(s): Rocek V, Holibkova D, Kocher M, Vojacek K. Source: Acta Univ Palacki Olomuc Fac Med. 1985; 111: 227-39. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2949499

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A rare case of fibroadenoma in a tubular adenoma of the breast. Author(s): Komaki K, Morimoto T, Mori T, Sasa M, Oshimo K, Monden Y, Hirose T, Hizawa K. Source: Surgery Today. 1992; 22(2): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1498497

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Age-stratified incidence of unsuspected mammary carcinoma in women with fibroadenoma. Author(s): Ricci A Jr, Kourea HP, Wortyla S. Source: Conn Med. 1996 October; 60(10): 587-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8952131

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An extraordinary breast giant fibroadenoma (cystosarcoma phyllodes) in a female adolescent. Author(s): Dong HJ, Ke RL. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1984 August; 97(8): 627-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6097413

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An incidental case of breast cysticercosis associated with fibroadenoma. Author(s): Sah SP, Jha PC, Gupta AK, Raj GA. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2001 January; 44(1): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562000

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Analysis of sonographic features in the differentiation of fibroadenoma and invasive ductal carcinoma. Author(s): Skaane P, Engedal K. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1998 January; 170(1): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9423610

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Antigenic profile of mammary fibroadenoma and cystosarcoma phyllodes. A study using antibodies to estrogen- and progesterone receptors and to a panel of cell surface molecules. Author(s): Mechtersheimer G, Kruger KH, Born IA, Moller P. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1990 August; 186(4): 427-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2174150

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Antioxidant profile in the circulation of patients with fibroadenoma and adenocarcinoma of the breast. Author(s): Kumaraguruparan R, Subapriya R, Kabalimoorthy J, Nagini S. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 2002 June; 35(4): 275-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12135688

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Aspiration cytology of breast fibroadenoma with atypia. Author(s): Chen KT. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1992; 8(3): 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1606889

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Assessment of the acceptability of conservative management of fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Dixon JM, Dobie V, Lamb J, Walsh JS, Chetty U. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1996 February; 83(2): 264-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8689184

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Association of microscopic gonadoblastoma and contralateral ovarian fibroadenoma in patients with gonadal dysgenesis and Turner phenotype. Author(s): de Sa MF, de Moura MD, Ferriani RA, Velludo MA, Soares LR, Cavalcanti DP. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1990; 30(3): 186-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2265807

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Benign osteoblastic lesion of breast--a metaplasia in fibroadenoma. Author(s): Hussain MA, Tyagi SP, Tyagi N, Maheshwari V. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1991 July; 34(3): 238. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1818863

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Benign phyllodes tumour vs fibroadenoma: FNA cytological differentiation. Author(s): Veneti S, Manek S. Source: Cytopathology : Official Journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology. 2001 October; 12(5): 321-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11722512

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Bilateral fibroadenoma in supernumerary breasts of the vulva. Author(s): Hassim AM. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1969 March; 76(3): 275-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5775152

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Blood flow in breast cancer and fibroadenoma estimated by colour Doppler ultrasonography. Author(s): Martin L, Green B. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1995 November; 82(11): 1576-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8535821

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Blood flow in breast cancer and fibroadenoma estimated by colour Doppler ultrasonography. Author(s): Holcombe C, Pugh N, Lyons K, Douglas-Jones A, Mansel RE, Horgan K. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1995 June; 82(6): 787-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7627511

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Breast carcinoma in a fibroadenoma: diagnosis by fine needle aspiration cytology. Author(s): Psarianos T, Kench JG, Ung OA, Bilous AM. Source: Pathology. 1998 November; 30(4): 419-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9839320

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Breast carcinoma simulating fibroadenoma or fibrocystic change by fine-needle aspiration. A study of 16 cases. Author(s): Rogers LA, Lee KR. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1992 August; 98(2): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1510030

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Breast fibroadenoma and cardiac anomaly associated with EMG (BeckwithWiedemann) syndrome. Author(s): Raine PA, Noblett HR, Houghton-Allen BW, Campbell PE. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1979 April; 94(4): 633-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=430311

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Breast fibroadenoma in a male-to-female transsexual patient after hormonal treatment. Author(s): Lemmo G, Garcea N, Corsello S, Tarquini E, Palladino T, Ardito G, Garcea R. Source: Eur J Surg Suppl. 2003 July; (588): 69-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15200048

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Breast fibroadenoma in teenage females. Author(s): Onuigbo W. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2003 October-December; 45(4): 326-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14768798

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Breast fibroadenoma with atypical features: a case report. Author(s): Kordek R, Biernat W, Kubiak R. Source: Acta Cytol. 1996 March-April; 40(2): 335-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8629423

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Breast fibroadenoma: mapping of pathophysiologic features with three-time-point, contrast-enhanced MR imaging--pilot study. Author(s): Weinstein D, Strano S, Cohen P, Fields S, Gomori JM, Degani H. Source: Radiology. 1999 January; 210(1): 233-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9885614

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Breast imaging case of the day. Fibroadenoma with microcalcification. Author(s): Nussbaum SA, Feig SA, Capuzzi DM. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 1998 January-February; 18(1): 243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9460129

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Breast imaging case of the day. Tubular carcinoma and fibroadenoma. Author(s): Cyrlak D, Carpenter PM, Rawal NB. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 1999 May-June; 19(3): 813-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10336205

Studies

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Breast lobular carcinoma in a fibroadenoma. Author(s): Betta PG, Cosimi MF. Source: European Journal of Surgical Oncology : the Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology. 1985 September; 11(3): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4029410

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Carcinoma arising in a fibroadenoma. A case report. Author(s): Durso EA. Source: Radiology. 1972 March; 102(3): 565. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5060160

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Carcinoma arising in fibroadenoma of the breast--a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Fukuda M, Nagao K, Nishimura R, Matsuda M, Baba K, Ueno Y, Morinaga H, Omachi H, Hamada T. Source: Jpn J Surg. 1989 September; 19(5): 593-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2593394

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Carcinoma arising in fibroadenoma: case report and review of the world literature. Author(s): Yoshida Y, Takaoka M, Fukumoto M. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1985 June; 29(2): 132-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4079388

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Carcinoma arising within fibroadenoma--a case report. Author(s): Vaideeswar P, Madiwale C, Sivaraman A. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2000 January; 43(1): 87-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12583428

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Carcinoma in a breast fibroadenoma. Author(s): Simpson RH, James KA, Holdstock JB, Kelly RM, Yankah DG. Source: Acta Cytol. 1987 May-June; 31(3): 313-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3473866

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Carcinoma in a fibroadenoma. Author(s): Sarela AI, Madvanur AA, Soonawala ZF, Shah HK, Pandit AA, Samsi AB. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1995 January-March; 41(1): 19-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10740697

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Fibroadenoma

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Carcinoma of the breast in a fibroadenoma: diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration cytology. Author(s): Gupta RK, Simpson J. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1991; 7(1): 60-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1709088

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Carcinomatous change in a fibroadenoma of the breast. A case report. Author(s): Unni PN, Kutty MK. Source: Indian Journal of Cancer. 1966 December; 3(4): 310-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5977885

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Circadian variation of serum prolactin and TSH of women in health or with mammary carcinoma, fibroadenoma or fibrocystic mastopathy. Author(s): Tarquini B, Gheri R, Romano S, Costa A, Cagnoni M, Lee JK, Halberg F. Source: Int J Chronobiol. 1980; 7(2): 101-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7450919

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Clonal analysis of fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor of the breast. Author(s): Noguchi S, Motomura K, Inaji H, Imaoka S, Koyama H. Source: Cancer Research. 1993 September 1; 53(17): 4071-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8395336

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Concentrations of estrone, estradiol and their sulfates, and evaluation of sulfatase and aromatase activities in patients with breast fibroadenoma. Author(s): Pasqualini JR, Cortes-Prieto J, Chetrite G, Talbi M, Ruiz A. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1997 March 17; 70(6): 639-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9096642

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Conservative management of fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Dixon JM. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1996 December; 83(12): 1798-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9038584

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Conservative management of fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Yelland A, Gazet JC, Coombes RC. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1996 November; 83(11): 1653. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9014692

Studies

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Conservative management of fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Alle KM, Moss J, Venegas RJ, Khalkhali I, Klein SR. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1996 July; 83(7): 992-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8813797

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Core needle biopsy as a diagnostic tool to differentiate phyllodes tumor from fibroadenoma. Author(s): Komenaka IK, El-Tamer M, Pile-Spellman E, Hibshoosh H. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2003 September; 138(9): 987-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12963656

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Cystic disease and fibroadenoma of the breast: natural history and relation to breast cancer risk. Author(s): Dixon JM. Source: British Medical Bulletin. 1991 April; 47(2): 258-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1933212

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Cystosarcoma phylloides (cellular intracanalicular fibroadenoma): clinicalpathological relationships. Author(s): Rix DB, Tredwell SJ, Forward AD. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1971 January; 14(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4322170

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Cytologic criteria for fibroadenoma. A step-wise logistic regression analysis. Author(s): Bottles K, Chan JS, Holly EA, Chiu SH, Miller TR. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1988 June; 89(6): 707-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2835896

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Cytologic features of a combined tubular adenoma and fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Liu K, Layfield LJ, Krigman HR. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1997 February; 16(2): 184-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9067116

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Demonstration of polyclonal origin of giant fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Noguchi S, Aihara T, Motomura K, Inaji H, Imaoka S, Koyama H, Tanaka H. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 1995; 427(3): 343-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7496605

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Fibroadenoma

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Detection of human placental lactogen in sera and tumours of patients with fibroadenoma of breast. Author(s): Sheth NA, Adil MA, Suraiya JN, Sheth AR. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1981 August; 44(2): 258-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7272191

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Diagnosis of fibroadenoma in breast fine needle aspirates devoid of typical stroma. Author(s): Malberger E, Yerushalmi R, Tamir A, Keren R. Source: Acta Cytol. 1997 September-October; 41(5): 1483-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9305388

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Diagnostic difficulties in spontaneous infarction of a fibroadenoma in an adolescent: case report. Author(s): Deshpande KM, Deshpande AH, Raut WK, Lele VR, Bobhate SK. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2002 January; 26(1): 26-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11782083

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Diagnostic value of fine needle aspiration biopsy for breast fibroadenoma diagnosis. Author(s): Szylberg T, Sygut J, Kulig A. Source: Pol J Pathol. 1997; 48(2): 79-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9278103

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Diffusion-weighted half-Fourier single-shot turbo spin echo imaging in breast tumors: differentiation of invasive ductal carcinoma from fibroadenoma. Author(s): Kinoshita T, Yashiro N, Ihara N, Funatu H, Fukuma E, Narita M. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2002 November-December; 26(6): 1042-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12488758

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Distinction of phyllodes tumor from fibroadenoma: a reappraisal of an old problem. Author(s): Krishnamurthy S, Ashfaq R, Shin HJ, Sneige N. Source: Cancer. 2000 December 25; 90(6): 342-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11156517

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Distribution of LDH isozymes in mastitis, fibroadenoma and carcinoma of the human mammary gland. Author(s): Stanislawski-Birencwajg M, Loisillier F. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1965 November; 1(3): 2214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5896133

Studies

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DNA content of human tumor cell nucleus: a study on fibroadenoma and carcinoma of the breast. Author(s): Inui N. Source: Gann. 1967 June; 58(3): 297-304. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6081232

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Echogenicity of fibroadenoma and carcinoma of the breast. Quantitative comparison using gain-assisted densitometric evaluation of sonograms. Author(s): Blickstein I, Goldchmit R, Strano SD, Goldman RD, Barzili N. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1995 September; 14(9): 661-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7500430

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Enlarging fibroadenoma in a postmenopausal woman: case report. Author(s): Swisher RC, Gade NR, Suk JJ, Fu YS, Bassett LW. Source: Radiology. 1992 August; 184(2): 425-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1620840

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Estrogen receptor in dissociated and cultured human breast fibroadenoma epithelial cells. Author(s): Balakrishnan A, Yang J, Beattie CW, Das Gupta TK, Nandi S. Source: Cancer Letters. 1987 March; 34(3): 233-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3828977

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Estrogen-metabolizing gene polymorphisms in the assessment of breast carcinoma risk and fibroadenoma risk in Caucasian women. Author(s): Hefler LA, Tempfer CB, Grimm C, Lebrecht A, Ulbrich E, Heinze G, Leodolter S, Schneeberger C, Mueller MW, Muendlein A, Koelbl H. Source: Cancer. 2004 July 15; 101(2): 264-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15241822

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Expression of beta 1 integrins in non-neoplastic mammary epithelium, fibroadenoma and carcinoma of the breast. Author(s): Mechtersheimer G, Munk M, Barth T, Koretz K, Moller P. Source: Virchows Arch a Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1993; 422(3): 203-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8493776

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Expression of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, -DP, -DQ, and of HLA-D-associated invariant chain (Ii) in non-neoplastic mammary epithelium, fibroadenoma, adenoma, and carcinoma of the breast. Author(s): Moller P, Mattfeldt T, Gross C, Schlosshauer P, Koch A, Koretz K, Moldenhauer G, Kaufmann M, Otto HF. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1989 July; 135(1): 73-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2549795

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Extramedullary haematopoiesis in a hyalinized mammary fibroadenoma. Author(s): Harbin LJ, Burnett S, Ghilchik M, Lee DM, Rajan P. Source: Histopathology. 2002 November; 41(5): 475-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12405919

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Fibroadenoma and cystosarcoma phyllodes of the male breast. Author(s): Ansah-Boateng Y, Tavassoli FA. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 1992 March; 5(2): 114-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1315437

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Fibroadenoma and the use of exogenous hormones. A case-control study. Author(s): Canny PF, Berkowitz GS, Kelsey JL, LiVolsi VA. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1988 March; 127(3): 454-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3341352

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Fibroadenoma associated with gynaecomastia in an adult man. Case report. Author(s): Uchida T, Ishii M, Motomiya Y. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery / Nordisk Plastikkirurgisk Forening [and] Nordisk Klubb for Handkirurgi. 1993 December; 27(4): 327-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8159950

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Fibroadenoma in oral contraceptive users: a histopathologic evaluation of epithelial atypia. Author(s): LiVolsi VA, Stadel BV, Kelsey JL, Holford TR. Source: Cancer. 1979 November; 44(5): 1778-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=498048

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Fibroadenoma mimicking papillary carcinoma on ThinPrep of fine-needle aspiration of the breast. Author(s): Myers T, Wang HH. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2000 November; 124(11): 1667-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11079021

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Fibroadenoma of ectopic breast tissue in the vulva. A case report. Author(s): Prasad KR, Kumari GS, Aruna CA, Durga K, Kameswari VR. Source: Acta Cytol. 1995 July-August; 39(4): 791-2. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Acta Cytol 1996 January-February; 40(1): 146. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7631557

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Fibroadenoma of the breast during pregnancy and lactation--disappearance postpartum: report of a case. Author(s): Fudge TL, Mckinnon WM. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1976 June; 128(6): 157-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=932516

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Fibroadenoma of the breast in an 11-year-old girl. Author(s): Stehr KG, Lebeau A, Stehr M, Grantzow R. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2004 February; 14(1): 56-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15024681

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Fibroadenoma of the breast showing a translocation (6;14), a ring chromosome and two markers involving parts of chromosome 11. Author(s): Leuschner E, Meyer-Bolte K, Caselitz J, Bartnitzke S, Bullerdiek J. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 1994 September; 76(2): 145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7923065

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Fibroadenoma of the breast with prominent mucinous stromal component. Author(s): Lefer LG. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1982 November; 106(12): 649-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6897177

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Fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Houssami N, Cheung MN, Dixon JM. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2001 February 19; 174(4): 185-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11270760

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Fibroadenoma of the breast: a clinical and pathological study. Author(s): Foster ME, Garrahan N, Williams S. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1988 February; 33(1): 169. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3418570

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Fibroadenoma

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Fibroadenoma of the breast: a follow-up of conservative management. Author(s): Wilkinson S, Anderson TJ, Rifkind E, Chetty U, Forrest AP. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1989 April; 76(4): 390-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2720350

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Fibroadenoma of the breast: analysis of associated pathological entities--a different risk marker in different age groups for concurrent breast cancer. Author(s): Shabtai M, Saavedra-Malinger P, Shabtai EL, Rosin D, Kuriansky J, RavidMegido M, Ben Haim M, Ayalon AH. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2001 November; 3(11): 813-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11729575

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Fibroadenoma of the breast: diagnostic pitfalls of fine-needle aspiration. Author(s): Benoit JL, Kara R, McGregor SE, Duggan MA. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1992; 8(6): 643-7; Discussion 647-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1468344

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Fibroadenoma of the breast: in vivo magnetic resonance characterization. Author(s): Merchant TE, de Graaf PW, Nieuwenhuizen CW, Kievit HC, Bakker CJ, Den Otter W. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 1991 September-October; 13(2): 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1743198

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Fibroadenoma of the breast: sonographic appearance. Author(s): Fornage BD, Lorigan JG, Andry E. Source: Radiology. 1989 September; 172(3): 671-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2549564

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Fibroadenoma of the breast: sonomammography correlated with pathology in 122 patients. Author(s): Cole-Beuglet C, Soriano RZ, Kurtz AB, Goldberg BB. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1983 February; 140(2): 369-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6600356

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Fibroadenoma of the eyelid. Author(s): Pantanowitz L, Lyle S, Tahan SR. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2002 June; 24(3): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12140439

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Fibroadenoma of the female breast with multinucleated giant cells. Author(s): Nielsen BB, Ladefoged C. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1985 December; 180(6): 721-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3832007

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Fibroadenoma of the female breast. Some epidemiologic surprises. Author(s): Nigro DM, Organ CH Jr. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1976 May; 59(5): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=177964

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Fibroadenoma of the female breast: a critical clinical assessment. Author(s): Organ CH Jr, Organ BC. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1983 July; 75(7): 701-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6887274

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Fibroadenoma of the gall bladder. Author(s): Eguchi S, Matsuo S, Hidaka M, Azuma T, Yamaguchi S, Obata S, Kanematsu T. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2001 May-June; 32(5): 459-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11319330

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Fibroadenoma of the mammary-like glands of the vulva. Author(s): Sington JD, Manek S, Hollowood K. Source: Histopathology. 2002 December; 41(6): 563-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12460213

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Fibroadenoma of the supernumerary breast of the axilla. Author(s): Aughsteen AA, Almasad JK, Al-Muhtaseb MH. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 June; 21(6): 587-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11500714

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Fibroadenoma of the urachus. Author(s): Loening S, Richardson JR Jr. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1974 December; 112(6): 759-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4140243

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Fibroadenoma of the vulva. Author(s): Guler G, Usubutun A, Kucukali T. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2000 April; 263(4): 191-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10834330

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Fibroadenoma of the vulva. A report of two cases. Author(s): Baisre A, Heller DS, Lee J, Zheng P. Source: J Reprod Med. 2002 November; 47(11): 949-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12497689

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Fibroadenoma of the vulva. Report of a case. Author(s): Boscaino A, Sapere P, De Rosa GD. Source: Pathologica. 1996 October; 88(5): 444-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8988657

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Fibroadenoma of vulva. Author(s): Ahluwalia HS, Gopinath A, Kumaradeva S. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1978 March; 32(3): 215-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=683045

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Fibroadenoma phyllodes arising in vulvar supernumerary breast tissue: report of two cases. Author(s): Tresserra F, Grases PJ, Izquierdo M, Cararach M, Fernandez-Cid A. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 1998 April; 17(2): 171-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9553815

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Fibroadenoma. Author(s): Dent DM, Cant PJ. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1989 November-December; 13(6): 706-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2696223

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Fibroadenoma: morphological observations and a theory of pathogenesis. Author(s): Koerner FC, O'Connell JX. Source: Pathol Annu. 1994; 29 Pt 1: 1-19. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8127621

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Fibroadenoma-like foci in human prostatic nodular hyperplasia. Author(s): Kafandaris PM, Polyzonis MB. Source: The Prostate. 1983; 4(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6188136

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Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of concurrent breast carcinoma in fibroadenoma. Author(s): Gupta RK. Source: Cytopathology : Official Journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology. 1995 June; 6(3): 201-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7669932

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Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis and management of fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Walters TK, Zuckerman J, Nisbet-Smith A, Hudson E, Chia Y, Burke M. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1990 November; 77(11): 1215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2252997

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Fine needle aspiration cytology of breast fibroadenoma. A cytohistologic correlation study of 405 cases. Author(s): Lopez-Ferrer P, Jimenez-Heffernan JA, Vicandi B, Ortega L, Viguer JM. Source: Acta Cytol. 1999 July-August; 43(4): 579-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10432878

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Fine needle aspiration cytology of fibroadenoma with multinucleated stromal giant cells. A review of cases in a six-year period. Author(s): Ng WK. Source: Acta Cytol. 2002 May-June; 46(3): 535-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12040649

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Fine needle aspiration cytopathology of phyllodes tumor. Differential diagnosis with fibroadenoma. Author(s): Simi U, Moretti D, Iacconi P, Arganini M, Roncella M, Miccoli P, Giacomini G. Source: Acta Cytol. 1988 January-February; 32(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3336956

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Fine needle aspiration diagnosis of a breast fibroadenoma with multinucleated stromal giant cells. Author(s): Lanjewar DN, Raghuwanshi SR, Mathur SR, Gudi MA, Bhosale AS. Source: Acta Cytol. 1999 May-June; 43(3): 530-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10349403

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Fine needle aspiration of breast carcinoma in a fibroadenoma. Author(s): Gupta RK, Dowle C. Source: Cytopathology : Official Journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology. 1992; 3(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1314109

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Fine-needle aspiration of fibroadenoma-like carcinoma. Author(s): Paull G. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1993 May; 99(5): 648. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8493957

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Giant fibroadenoma (benign cystosarcoma phylloides): report of case in 13-year-old girl. Author(s): Simpson TE, Van Dervoort RL Jr, Lynn HB. Source: Surgery. 1969 February; 65(2): 341-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4303853

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Giant fibroadenoma of the breast in an Arab population. Author(s): Hanna RM, Ashebu SD. Source: Australasian Radiology. 2002 September; 46(3): 252-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12196231

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Giant fibroadenoma of the breast in young women. Author(s): Maisels DO. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1980 July; 25(4): 242-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6249923

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Giant fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Leigh B. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1970 December 5; 2(23): 1086. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4321510

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Giant fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Anavi BL, Mishev GG, Ivanov GP. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2002; 44(4): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12751688

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Giant fibroadenoma of the breast: immediate reconstruction following excision using an inferiorly based nipple-bearing dermal pedicle. Author(s): Robbins TH. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1979 October; 32(4): 292-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=231471

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Giant fibroadenoma of the breast: immediate reconstruction following excision. Author(s): Hoffman SH. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1978 April; 31(2): 170-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=638308

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Giant fibroadenoma. Author(s): Zacharia TT, Lakhar B, Ittoop A, Menachery J. Source: The Breast Journal. 2003 January-February; 9(1): 53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12558674

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Histochemical study of fibroadenoma breast. Author(s): Kumar V, Ahuja P, Shingal RN. Source: Indian Journal of Cancer. 1986 June; 23(2): 128-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3570351

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Histologic and cytogenetic observations on a case of giant fibroadenoma. Author(s): Olinici CD, Simu G. Source: Neoplasma. 1970; 17(6): 663-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4323588

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Histological modification of fibroadenoma of the breast associated with oral hormonal contraceptives. Author(s): Brown JM. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1970 February 7; 1(6): 276-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5440870

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Histopathological study of stromal smooth muscle cells in fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Shimizu T, Ebihara Y, Serizawa H, Toyoda M, Hirota T. Source: Pathology International. 1996 June; 46(6): 442-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8869996

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Histopathology of fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Kuijper A, Mommers EC, van der Wall E, van Diest PJ. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2001 May; 115(5): 736-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11345838

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Image interpretation session: 1993. Fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Campbell RE, Barone CA, Makris AN, Miller DA, Mohuchy T, Putnam SC 3rd, Schroeder KG, Standiford KN, Stewart DW. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 1994 January; 14(1): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8128060

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Immunohistochemical study of hormone receptor and hormone-regulated protein expression in phyllodes tumour: comparison with fibroadenoma. Author(s): Umekita Y, Yoshida H. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 1998 October; 433(4): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9808432

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Immunohistochemical study of MIB1 expression in phyllodes tumor and fibroadenoma. Author(s): Umekita Y, Yoshida H. Source: Pathology International. 1999 September; 49(9): 807-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10504552

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Incidence of breast cancer in women with fibroadenoma. Author(s): Levi F, Randimbison L, Te VC, La Vecchia C. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1994 June 1; 57(5): 681-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8194875

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Infarcted myxoid fibroadenoma following fine-needle aspiration. Author(s): Vargas MP, Merino MJ. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1996 November; 120(11): 1069-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12049112

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Infarction of a fibroadenoma of breast following fine needle aspiration. Author(s): McCutcheon JM, Lipa M. Source: Cytopathology : Official Journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology. 1993; 4(4): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8400060

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Infarction of breast fibroadenoma in a postmenopausal woman. Author(s): Ichihara S, Matsuyama T, Kubo K, Tamura Z, Aoyama H. Source: Pathology International. 1994 May; 44(5): 398-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8044310

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Infarction of fibroadenoma in breast. Author(s): Sawai M, Talvalkar GV. Source: Indian Journal of Cancer. 1977 June; 14(2): 154-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=914306

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Infarction of fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Raju GC, Naraynsingh V. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1985 June; 30(3): 162-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4045773

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Infarction of fibroadenoma with squamous metaplasia. Author(s): Pandit AA, Deshpande RB. Source: Indian Journal of Cancer. 1985 December; 22(4): 271-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3843092

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Invasive ductal carcinoma with a predominant intraductal component arising in a fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Kurosumi M, Itokazu R, Mamiya Y, Kishi K, Takayama S, Nagasawa M, Kurihara T, Suemasu K, Higashi Y. Source: Pathology International. 1994 December; 44(12): 874-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7866572

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Invasive ductal carcinoma, fibroadenoma and adjacent breast stroma angiogenesis: an immunohistochemical and morphometrical study. Author(s): Da Silva ID, De Lima GR, Gebrim LH, Baracat FF, Focchi GR, Evncio Neto J, Simoes MJ. Source: Bull Assoc Anat (Nancy). 1996 September; 80(250): 17-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9127689

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Investigations on the transformation of fibroadenoma of the breast into malignant cystosarcoma phyllodes. Author(s): Zoltowska A, Kozlowski H. Source: Neoplasma. 1969; 16(5): 549-56. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4312239

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Juvenile fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Wechselberger G, Schoeller T, Piza-Katzer H. Source: Surgery. 2002 July; 132(1): 106-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12110805

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Juvenile fibroadenoma with atypical epithelial hyperplasia. Author(s): Mies C, Rosen PP. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1987 March; 11(3): 184-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3826478

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Juvenile giant fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Devitt JE. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1974 July; 17(4): 205-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4841592

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Lesions of the breast in children exclusive of typical fibroadenoma and gynecomastia. A clinicopathologic study of 113 cases. Author(s): Pettinato G, Manivel JC, Kelly DR, Wold LE, Dehner LP. Source: Pathol Annu. 1989; 24 Pt 2: 296-328. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2771454

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Limited incision with plastic bag removal for a large fibroadenoma. Author(s): Rojananin S, Ratanawichitrasin A. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2002 June; 89(6): 787-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12027993

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Lipomatous fibroadenoma. Author(s): Hadi MA, Zakaria H, Al Tamimi DM, Almulhim AM, Hegazi M, Alhassan AY, Alkhuraish NM. Source: The Breast Journal. 2002 September-October; 8(5): 311-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12199762

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Lobular carcinoma arising in a fibroadenoma. Author(s): Shinde SR, Jussawalla DJ. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1982 May; 20(1): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7078187

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Lobular carcinoma arising in fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Buzanowski-Konakry K, Harrison EG Jr, Payne WS. Source: Cancer. 1975 February; 35(2): 450-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1111920

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Lobular carcinoma in situ within a fibroadenoma. Author(s): Nguyen J, McMullen K, Sardi A. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1991 October; 143(10): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1783862

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Lobular carcinoma-in-situ within a fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Shah AK, Pathak R, Banerjee SN, Kaul A, Niazi M, Girishkumar HT. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1999 May; 75(883): 293-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10533636

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Lobular endocrine neoplasia in fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Eusebi V, Azzopardi JG. Source: Histopathology. 1980 July; 4(4): 413-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7429430

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Long-term risk of breast cancer in women with fibroadenoma. Author(s): Dupont WD, Page DL, Parl FF, Vnencak-Jones CL, Plummer WD Jr, Rados MS, Schuyler PA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994 July 7; 331(1): 10-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8202095

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Malignant phyllodes tumor in the right breast and invasive lobular carcinoma within fibroadenoma in the other: case report. Author(s): Gebrim LH, Bernardes Junior JR, Nazario AC, Kemp C, Lima GR. Source: Sao Paulo Medical Journal = Revista Paulista De Medicina. 2000 March 2; 118(2): 46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10772696

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Mammary fibroadenoma and some phyllodes tumour stroma are composed of CD34+ fibroblasts and factor XIIIa+ dendrophages. Author(s): Silverman JS, Tamsen A. Source: Histopathology. 1996 November; 29(5): 411-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8951485

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Mammary fibroadenoma in a male-to-female transsexual. Author(s): Kanhai RC, Hage JJ, Bloemena E, van Diest PJ, Karim RB. Source: Histopathology. 1999 August; 35(2): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10460666

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Mammary fibroadenoma with multinucleated stromal giant cells. Author(s): Berean K, Tron VA, Churg A, Clement PB. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1986 November; 10(11): 823-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3022614

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Management of breast fibroadenoma in women under 25 years of age. Author(s): Kapoor VK, Sharma LK. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1986 July; 29(4): 229. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3730963

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Management of fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Carty NJ, Carter C, Rubin C, Ravichandran D, Royle GT, Taylor I. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1995 March; 77(2): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7793802

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Medulloblastoma metastasizing to a breast fibroadenoma: a case report. Author(s): Brydon HL, Carey MP. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1991; 5(1): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2021436

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Metastatic melanoma in the breast masquerading as fibroadenoma. Author(s): Jochimsen PR, Brown RC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 December 13; 236(24): 2779-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1036574

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More on sonographic features in the differentiation of fibroadenoma and invasive ductal carcinoma. Author(s): Kopans DB. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1998 October; 171(4): 1159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9763018

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Morphometry of the breast fibroadenoma. Author(s): Pesce C, Colacino R. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1986 December; 181(6): 718-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3562341

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Multiple metastatic deposits of a left breast cancer into a right fibroadenoma. Author(s): Adelekan MO, Tresadern JC, Prescott R. Source: Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2003 August; 12(4): 294-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14659318

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Multiple, giant fibroadenoma. Author(s): Musio F, Mozingo D, Otchy DP. Source: The American Surgeon. 1991 July; 57(7): 438-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1647714

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Myoepithelial differentiation and basal lamina deposition in fibroadenoma and adenosis of the breast. Author(s): Jao W, Vazquez LT, Keh PC, Gould VE. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1978 October; 126(2): 107-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=739286

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Myxoid fibroadenoma and allied conditions (myxomatosis) of the breast. A heritable disorder with special associations including cardiac and cutaneous myxomas. Author(s): Carney JA, Toorkey BC. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1991 August; 15(8): 713-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2069209

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Non-invasive lobular carcinoma within a fibroadenoma, a preoperatively diagnosed case. Author(s): Yano Y, Ueno E, Kamma H, Tsunoda H, Hara H, Yashiro T, Aiyoshi Y, Wu W, Hukazawa M. Source: Breast Cancer. 2001; 8(1): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11180769

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Non-operative management of breast masses diagnosed as fibroadenoma. Author(s): Cant PJ, Madden MV, Coleman MG, Dent DM. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1995 June; 82(6): 792-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7627513

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Occurrence of breast carcinoma within a fibroadenoma. A review. Author(s): Pick PW, Iossifides IA. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1984 July; 108(7): 590-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6329129

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Osteosarcoma of the breast associated with fibroadenoma. Author(s): Killick SB, McCann BG. Source: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1995; 7(2): 132-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7619763

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Papillary "apocrine" fibroadenoma of the vulva. Author(s): van der Putte SC. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1998 February; 25(2): 126-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9521503

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Papillary apocrine fibroadenoma of the vulva. Author(s): Higgins CM, Strutton GM. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1997 April; 24(4): 256-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9138119

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Pathologic quiz case: Right breast mass with atypical features. Pathologic diagnosis: fibroadenoma with atypical stromal giant cells. Author(s): Sovani VK, Adegboyega PA. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2000 November; 124(11): 1721-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11079037

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Possibilities of the conventional and interventional sonography in diagnosis of breast fibroadenoma. Author(s): Nedeva A, Mitov F, Tashev P, Ivanov V. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1991; 33(2): 28-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1841055

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Production of primate D-type virus interspecies-specific antigen during cocultivation of human breast fibroadenoma cells with bat lung cells. Author(s): Ilyin KV, Morozov VA. Source: Arch Geschwulstforsch. 1980; 50(8): 743-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6164351

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Progression of fibroadenoma to phyllodes tumor demonstrated by clonal analysis. Author(s): Noguchi S, Yokouchi H, Aihara T, Motomura K, Inaji H, Imaoka S, Koyama H. Source: Cancer. 1995 November 15; 76(10): 1779-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8625047

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Proliferative activity and tumor angiogenesis is closely correlated to stromal cellularity of fibroadenoma: proposal fibroadenoma, cellular variant. Author(s): Hasebe T, Imoto S, Sasaki S, Tsubono Y, Mukai K. Source: Pathology International. 1999 May; 49(5): 435-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10417687

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Pseudoangiomatous hyperplasia of mammary stroma: a case of pure type after removal of fibroadenoma. Author(s): Fukunaga M. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2001 February; 109(2): 113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11398992

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Quantitative study of the lysosomes of epithelial cells from human mammary glands and fibroadenoma during proliferative and secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. Author(s): Zamith R, Baracat EC, Lima GR, Gebrim LM, Simoes MJ. Source: Bull Assoc Anat (Nancy). 1994 September; 78(242): 19-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7833532

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Radiologic case. Fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Myers T, Stegman CJ, Crowe JK, Levy JM. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1989 July; 151(1): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2763552

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Radiological case of the month. Benign simple cyst, benign fibroadenoma & malignant carcinoma of the breast. Author(s): Anderson NK, Harshfield D. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1996 September; 93(4): 203-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8840751

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Reduction mammoplasty in cases of giant fibroadenoma among adolescent females. Case reports and literature review. Author(s): Daya M, Mahomva O, Madaree A, Conwright K. Source: S Afr J Surg. 2003 May; 41(2): 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12889241

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Reduction of telomeric length and c-erbB-2 gene amplification in human breast cancer, fibroadenoma, and gynecomastia. Relationship to histologic grade and clinical parameters. Author(s): Odagiri E, Kanada N, Jibiki K, Demura R, Aikawa E, Demura H. Source: Cancer. 1994 June 15; 73(12): 2978-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7911069

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Report of a renal transplanted patient with fibroadenoma occurring in a short time. Author(s): Balal M, Seyrek N, Karayaylali I, Paydas S. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2003 June; 35(4): 1408-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12826173

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Risk factors for breast fibroadenoma in young women. Author(s): Sitruk-Ware R, Thalabard JC, Benotmane A, Mauvais-Jarvis P. Source: Contraception. 1989 September; 40(3): 251-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2766721

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Risk factors for fibroadenoma in a cohort of female textile workers in Shanghai, China. Author(s): Coriaty Nelson Z, Ray RM, Gao DL, Thomas DB. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 October 1; 156(7): 599-605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12244028

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Risk factors for fibroadenoma: a case-control study in Australia. Author(s): Yu H, Rohan TE, Cook MG, Howe GR, Miller AB. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1992 February 1; 135(3): 247-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1546700

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Risk of breast cancer subsequent to histological or clinical diagnosis of fibroadenoma--retrospective longitudinal study of 3938 cases. Author(s): Ciatto S, Bonardi R, Zappa M, Giorgi D. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 1997 March; 8(3): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9137802

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Solid breast masses diagnosed as fibroadenoma at fine-needle aspiration biopsy: acceptable rates of growth at long-term follow-up. Author(s): Gordon PB, Gagnon FA, Lanzkowsky L. Source: Radiology. 2003 October; 229(1): 233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14519878

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Spontaneous cure of prostatic fibroadenoma by an abscess. Author(s): Harrow BR. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1967 June; 97(6): 1068-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4165701

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Spontaneous infarction in fibroadenoma. Author(s): Lopez-Ferrer P, Gonzalez-Peramato P, Jimenez-Heffernan JA, Vicandi B, Viguer JM. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2003 February; 28(2): 104-5; Author Reply 106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12561032

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Steroid receptors in benign breast disease, gross cystic disease and fibroadenoma. Author(s): Nardelli GB, Lamaina V, Siliotti F. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1987; 14(1): 10-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3815831

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Stromal cells of the fibroadenoma of the human breast. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Author(s): Ohtani H, Sasano N. Source: Virchows Arch a Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1984; 404(1): 7-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6433550

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Stromal proliferations of the breast: an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical evaluation of cystosarcoma phyllodes, juvenile fibroadenoma, and fibroadenoma. Author(s): Reddick RL, Shin TK, Sawhney D, Siegal GP. Source: Human Pathology. 1987 January; 18(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2434405

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Subcutaneous fibroadenoma on an arm. Author(s): Amazon K, Glick H. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1985 April; 7(2): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4025727

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Surgical problems in the management of giant fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Davis C Jr, Patel V. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 August 15; 152(8): 1010-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2992277

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Systematic review of fibroadenoma as a risk factor for breast cancer. Author(s): El-Wakeel H, Umpleby HC. Source: Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2003 October; 12(5): 302-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14659144

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T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma presenting with a breast mass. Author(s): Yumuk PF, Aydiner A, Topuz E, Cabioglu N, Dogan O. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2004 April; 45(4): 833-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15160967

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The coexistence of lobular carcinoma in a fibroadenoma with a malignant phyllodes tumor in the opposite breast: report of a case. Author(s): Morimoto T, Tanaka T, Komaki K, Sasa M, Monden Y, Kumagai H, Otsuka H. Source: Surgery Today. 1993; 23(7): 656-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8396471

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The incidence of microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity in fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): McCulloch RK, Sellner LN, Papadimitrou JM, Turbett GR. Source: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 1998 May; 49(2): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9696399

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The myoepithelium in human breast fibroadenoma. Author(s): Ahmed A. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1974 November; 114(3): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4452932

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The problem of carcinoma developing in a fibroadenoma: recent experience at Memorial Hospital. Author(s): Fondo EY, Rosen PP, Fracchia AA, Urban JA. Source: Cancer. 1979 February; 43(2): 563-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=217522

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The spectrum of sonographic findings of fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Jackson VP, Rothschild PA, Kreipke DL, Mail JT, Holden RW. Source: Investigative Radiology. 1986 January; 21(1): 34-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3511000

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The treacherous fibroadenoma: a 'mighty mouse'. Author(s): Webb AJ. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1996 November; 78(6): 5578. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8943646

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The treacherous fibroadenoma: a 'mighty mouse'. Author(s): Dixon JM. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1996 September; 78(5): 479. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8881742

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The treacherous fibroadenoma: a 'mighty mouse'. Author(s): Benson EA. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1996 March; 78(2): 154. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8678453

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The ultrasound appearance of giant fibroadenoma. Author(s): Steinbock RT, Stomper PC, Meyer JE, Kopans DB. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1983 October; 11(8): 451-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6315777

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The ultrastructure of human mammary fibroadenoma. Author(s): Murad TM, Greider MH, Scarpelli DG. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1967 November; 51(5): 663-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4293366

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The variability of fibroadenoma in contrast-enhanced dynamic MR mammography. Author(s): Brinck U, Fischer U, Korabiowska M, Jutrowski M, Schauer A, Grabbe E. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1997 May; 168(5): 1331-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9129437

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Two cases of fibroadenoma cytologically misdiagnosed as mucous carcinomas. Author(s): Sack MJ. Source: Acta Cytol. 1994 July-August; 38(4): 669-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8093169

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Ultrasonic attenuation in fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Guyer PB, Dewbury KC, Rubin CM, Butcher C, Royle GT, Theaker J. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1992 March; 45(3): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1555368

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Ultrasonic attenuation of fibroadenoma of the breast. Author(s): Husien AM. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1992 September; 46(3): 220. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1395438

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Ultrastructure of cystosarcoma phyllodes and fibroadenoma. A comparative study. Author(s): Yeh IT, Francis DJ, Orenstein JM, Silverberg SG. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1985 August; 84(2): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2992265

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Ultrastructure of human fibroadenoma. Author(s): Carstens PH. Source: Arch Pathol. 1974 July; 98(1): 23-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4829771

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Vulvar fibroadenoma from aberrant breast tissue. Report of 2 cases. Author(s): Foushee JH, Pruitt AB Jr. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1967 June; 29(6): 819-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4290505

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FIBROADENOMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and fibroadenoma.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Fibroadenoma The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “fibroadenoma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “fibroadenoma” (or a synonym): •

Antioxidant profile in the circulation of patients with fibroadenoma and adenocarcinoma of the breast. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India. Source: Kumaraguruparan, R Subapriya, R Kabalimoorthy, J Nagini, S Clin-Biochem. 2002 June; 35(4): 275-9 0009-9120

•

Mammographic visualization of a nonpalpable breast mass through a radiolucent breast implant. Author(s): Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Istituto Scientifico per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IST), Genoa, Italy. Source: Santi, P Leone, M S Passarelli, B Cicchetti, S Imperiale, A Young, V L Knapp, T R Ann-Plast-Surg. 1997 October; 39(4): 333-6 0148-7043

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

Nutrition

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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41

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FIBROADENOMA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to fibroadenoma. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to fibroadenoma and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “fibroadenoma” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to fibroadenoma: •

Binding evaluation of Isoform 1 from Cratylia mollis lectin to human mammary tissues. Author(s): Beltrao EI, Correia MT, Figueredo-Silva J, Coelho LC. Source: Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 1998 September; 74(3): 125-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10052113

•

Bioassay for carcinogenicity of rotenone in female Wistar rats. Author(s): Greenman DL, Allaben WT, Burger GT, Kodell RL. Source: Fundamental and Applied Toxicology : Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 1993 April; 20(3): 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8504913

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Chemoprevention of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Author(s): Mori H, Sugie S, Rahman W, Suzui N. Source: Cancer Letters. 1999 September 1; 143(2): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10503903

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Chemoprevention of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]-pyridine (PhIP)induced mammary gland carcinogenesis by antioxidants in F344 female rats. Author(s): Hirose M, Akagi K, Hasegawa R, Yaono M, Satoh T, Hara Y, Wakabayashi K, Ito N. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1995 February; 16(2): 217-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7859351

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Chemoprevention of mammary, cervix and nervous system carcinogenesis in animals using cultured Panax ginseng drugs and preliminary clinical trials in patients with precancerous lesions of the esophagus and endometrium. Author(s): Bespalov VG, Alexandrov VA, Limarenko AY, Voytenkov BO, Okulov VB, Kabulov MK, Peresunko AP, Slepyan LI, Davydov VV. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2001 December; 16 Suppl: S42-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11748376

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Chemotherapy of breast cancer by regional intra-arterial infusion. Author(s): Freckman HA. Source: Cancer. 1970 September; 26(3): 560-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4318754

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Cystosarcoma phyllodes metastatic to a brenner tumor of the ovary. Author(s): Hines JR, Gordon RT, Widger C, Kolb T. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1976 March; 111(3): 299-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=176963

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Cystosarcoma phyllodes. Effective therapy with cisplatin and etoposide chemotherapy. Author(s): Burton GV, Hart LL, Leight GS Jr, Iglehart JD, McCarty KS Jr, Cox EB. Source: Cancer. 1989 June 1; 63(11): 2088-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2541882

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Effects of arctiin on PhIP-induced mammary, colon and pancreatic carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats and MeIQx-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Author(s): Hirose M, Yamaguchi T, Lin C, Kimoto N, Futakuchi M, Kono T, Nishibe S, Shirai T.

Alternative Medicine 43

Source: Cancer Letters. 2000 July 3; 155(1): 79-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10814883 •

In vivo chemosensitivity of human malignant cystosarcoma phyllodes xenografts. Author(s): Ueyama Y, Abe Y, Ohnishi Y, Sawa N, Hatanaka H, Handa A, Tokuda Y, Yamazaki H, Kijima H, Tamaoki N, Nakamura M. Source: Oncol Rep. 2000 March-April; 7(2): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10671667

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Interstitial laser hyperthermia, a new method in the management of fibroadenoma of the breast: A pilot study. Author(s): Basu S, Ravi B, Kant R. Source: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 1999; 25(2): 148-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10455221

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Milk-specific RNase as a marker of differentiation of rat mammary tumors. Author(s): Liu DK, Owens GF. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1987 October; 186(1): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3628252

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Phyllodes tumors of the breast. Author(s): Khan SA, Badve S. Source: Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2001 April; 2(2): 139-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12057132

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Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple: a treatable cause of painful breastfeeding. Author(s): Anderson JE, Held N, Wright K. Source: Pediatrics. 2004 April; 113(4): E360-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15060268

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The influence of different varieties of olive oil on N-methylnitrosourea(NMU)induced mammary tumorigenesis. Author(s): Cohen LA, Epstein M, Pittman B, Rivenson A. Source: Anticancer Res. 2000 July-August; 20(4): 2307-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10953289

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Trance surgery in Brazil. Author(s): Don NS, Moura G.

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Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2000 July; 6(4): 39-48. Erratum In: Altern Ther Health Med 2000 September; 6(5): 18, 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10895512 •

Urinary phytoestrogen excretion and breast cancer risk: evaluating potential effect modifiers endogenous estrogens and anthropometrics. Author(s): Dai Q, Franke AA, Yu H, Shu XO, Jin F, Hebert JR, Custer LJ, Gao YT, Zheng W. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2003 June; 12(6): 497-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12814993

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•


•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

45

APPENDICES

47

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

48

Fibroadenoma

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

49

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

6

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Fibroadenoma

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “fibroadenoma” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2589 14 8 0 23 2634

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “fibroadenoma” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

8

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

9

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

51

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

13 Adapted 14

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

53

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on fibroadenoma can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to fibroadenoma. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to fibroadenoma. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “fibroadenoma”:

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Fibroadenoma

Benign Tumors http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/benigntumors.html Breast Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastcancer.html Breast Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastdiseases.html Male Breast Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malebreastcancer.html Osteoporosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoporosis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to fibroadenoma. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

55

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to fibroadenoma. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with fibroadenoma. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about fibroadenoma. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “fibroadenoma” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “fibroadenoma”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “fibroadenoma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “fibroadenoma” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

57

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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Fibroadenoma

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

59

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

61

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on fibroadenoma: •

Basic Guidelines for Fibroadenoma Lumps in the breasts Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001502.htm

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Signs & Symptoms for Fibroadenoma Armpit lump Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003099.htm Bone pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003180.htm Breast lump Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003155.htm Breast lumps Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003155.htm

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Bruising Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003235.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Nipple discharge Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003154.htm Weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Fibroadenoma Biopsies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Cyst Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003240.htm Mammogram Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003380.htm Mammography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003380.htm Ultrasound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003336.htm

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Nutrition for Fibroadenoma Caffeine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm Fat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002468.htm Vitamin B6 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002402.htm Vitamin E Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002406.htm

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Surgery and Procedures for Fibroadenoma Lumpectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002918.htm

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Mastectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002919.htm •

Background Topics for Fibroadenoma Aspiration Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002216.htm Benign Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002236.htm Breast self-examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001993.htm Chemotherapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002324.htm Cigarette smoking Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002032.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Malignant Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002253.htm Necrosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002266.htm Systemic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002294.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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FIBROADENOMA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]

Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH]

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Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Axilla: The underarm or armpit. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH]

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Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Breast Self-Examination: The inspection of one's breasts, usually for signs of disease, especially neoplastic disease. [NIH] Brenner Tumor: A tumor of the ovary whose structure consists of groups of epithelial cells lying in a fibrous connective tissue stroma. Brenner tumors are uncommon, representing less than 1% of all ovarian neoplasms. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogenicity: The ability to cause cancer. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

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Carcinoma in Situ: A malignant tumor that has not yet invaded the basement membrane of the epithelial cell of origin and has not spread to other tissues. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH]

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Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two

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compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH]

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Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dosimetry: All the methods either of measuring directly, or of measuring indirectly and computing, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, exposure, exposure rate, dose equivalent, and the science associated with these methods. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrone: 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one. A metabolite of estradiol but possessing less biological activity. It is found in the urine of pregnant women and mares, in the human placenta, and in the urine of bulls and stallions. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), estrone may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the

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cell cycle. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Amplification: A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH]

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Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadal Dysgenesis: Any of several developmental anomalies involving the total or partial failure of the indifferent embryonic gonad to differentiate into ovary or testis. This concept includes gonadal agenesis. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Gynaecomastia: Excessive development of the male mammary glands, even to the functional state. [EU] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

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Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incidental: 1. Small and relatively unimportant, minor; 2. Accompanying, but not a major part of something; 3. (To something) Liable to occur because of something or in connection with something (said of risks, responsibilities, .) [EU] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infections: The illnesses caused by an organism that usually does not cause disease in a person with a normal immune system. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix glycoproteins, complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors, the leukocyte adhesion receptors, and the very-late-antigen receptors. Each family contains a common beta-subunit combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits. These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important

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processes, including embryological development, hemostasis, thrombosis, wound healing, immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms, and oncogenic transformation. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a

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given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation. [NIH] Lucida: An instrument, invented by Wollaton, consisting essentially of a prism or a mirror through which an object can be viewed so as to appear on a plane surface seen in direct view and on which the outline of the object may be traced. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammography: Radiographic examination of the breast. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of

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the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH]

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Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Optic cup: The white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovarian Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the ovary. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU]

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Pedicle: Embryonic link between the optic vesicle or optic cup and the forebrain or diencephalon, which becomes the optic nerve. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phyllodes Tumor: A variant of mammary fibroadenoma, usually of large size, with an unusually cellular, sarcoma-like stroma. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's

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life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH]

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Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiolucent: Partly or wholly permeable to X-rays or other forms of radiation contrasted with radiopaque. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]

Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rotenone: A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. [NIH]

Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH]

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Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Self-Examination: The inspection of one's own body, usually for signs of disease (e.g., breast self-examination, testicular self-examination). [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH]

Dictionary 85

Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Syncytium: A living nucleated tissue without apparent cellular structure; a tissue composed of a mass of nucleated protoplasm without cell boundaries. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Urachus: The urinary canal of the fetus; postnatally it is usually a fibrous cord but occasionally persists as a vesicoumbilical fistula. [NIH]

86

Fibroadenoma

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]

87

INDEX A Aberrant, 35, 67 Abscess, 32, 67 Acoustic, 4, 67 Adenocarcinoma, 8, 38, 67 Adenoma, 7, 13, 16, 67 Age Groups, 18, 67 Aged, 80 and Over, 67 Agenesis, 67, 75 Algorithms, 67, 69 Alleles, 67, 78 Alpha Particles, 67, 82 Alternative medicine, 67 Amino acid, 67, 68, 81, 82 Amino Acid Sequence, 67, 68 Anal, 67, 77 Androgens, 67, 68 Angiogenesis, 4, 25, 30, 68 Anomalies, 68, 75 Antibacterial, 68, 84 Antibiotic, 68, 84 Antibodies, 4, 8, 68, 78, 81 Antibody, 68, 71, 79, 83, 84 Antigen, 30, 68, 71, 75, 76 Antioxidants, 42, 68 Anus, 67, 68, 70 Aromatase, 12, 68 Arterial, 42, 68, 76, 82 Arteries, 68, 69, 72, 79 Artery, 68, 69, 72, 73, 82 Aspiration, 8, 9, 14, 21, 24, 65, 68 Attenuation, 35, 68 Atypical, 10, 25, 30, 68 Axilla, 19, 68 B Bacteria, 68, 71, 73, 79, 81, 84, 86 Bacterium, 68, 71 Basement Membrane, 69, 70, 74, 77 Benign, 4, 6, 9, 22, 31, 32, 54, 65, 67, 69, 79, 83 Benign tumor, 4, 69 Biochemical, 67, 69, 77 Biopsy, 14, 21, 32, 64, 69 Biotechnology, 6, 41, 49, 69 Bladder, 19, 69, 86 Blood Glucose, 69, 75 Blood pressure, 69, 70, 76, 79 Blood vessel, 68, 69, 70, 81, 84, 85, 86

Bone Marrow, 69, 84, 85 Brachytherapy, 69, 77, 83 Breast Self-Examination, 69, 84 Brenner Tumor, 42, 69 C Carcinogen, 69, 73 Carcinogenesis, 42, 69 Carcinogenic, 69, 78, 80, 84 Carcinogenicity, 41, 69 Carcinoma, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 69, 70 Carcinoma in Situ, 26, 70 Cardiac, 10, 29, 70, 79, 84 Cardiovascular, 4, 70 Cardiovascular disease, 4, 70 Case report, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 27, 28, 31, 70 Cell, 4, 8, 15, 33, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85 Cell Adhesion, 70, 76 Cell Cycle, 70, 74 Cell Death, 70, 73, 75, 79 Cell Division, 68, 70, 73, 81 Cerebrovascular, 70 Cervix, 42, 70 Chemotherapy, 42, 65, 70 Chromosome, 17, 70, 71, 74, 77, 78 Cisplatin, 42, 70 Clinical trial, 3, 5, 42, 49, 70 Cloning, 69, 70 Collagen, 67, 69, 70, 74 Colon, 42, 70 Complement, 71, 76 Complementary and alternative medicine, 41, 44, 71 Complementary medicine, 41, 71 Computational Biology, 49, 71 Conception, 71, 72, 74 Conjugated, 4, 71, 72 Conjugation, 5, 71 Connective Tissue, 69, 70, 72, 74, 83 Contraceptive, 16, 72 Contraindications, ii, 72 Contralateral, 8, 72 Cornea, 72, 84 Coronary, 70, 72, 79 Coronary heart disease, 70, 72 Coronary Thrombosis, 72, 79

88

Fibroadenoma

Corpus, 72, 78, 82 Corpus Luteum, 72, 78, 82 Cortex, 72, 73, 82 Cutaneous, 29, 72 Cyst, 31, 64, 72 Cytochrome, 68, 72 Cytoskeleton, 72, 76 Cytotoxicity, 70, 72 D Deletion, 72, 78 Density, 4, 73, 80 Dermal, 22, 73 Diabetes Mellitus, 73, 75 Diagnostic procedure, 73 Diencephalon, 73, 81 Direct, iii, 73, 78, 83 Dosimetry, 5, 73 E Electrons, 73, 80, 82, 83 Embolus, 73, 76 Endogenous, 44, 73 Endometrium, 42, 73 Environmental Health, 48, 50, 73 Enzyme, 68, 73, 77, 83 Epithelial, 15, 16, 25, 30, 67, 69, 70, 73, 77 Epithelial Cells, 15, 30, 69, 73, 77 Epithelium, 15, 16, 69, 73 Esophagus, 42, 73, 84 Estradiol, 12, 73 Estrogen, 8, 15, 68, 73, 82 Estrone, 12, 73 Etoposide, 42, 73 Exogenous, 16, 73, 74 External-beam radiation, 74, 83 Extracellular, 72, 74, 76 Extracellular Matrix, 72, 74, 76 F Family Planning, 49, 74 Fetus, 74, 81, 85, 86 Fibroblasts, 27, 74 Fine-needle aspiration, 9, 12, 16, 18, 22, 24, 32, 74, 79 Fistula, 74, 85 Fold, 4, 74 Fungi, 71, 74, 79, 86 G Gamma Rays, 74, 83 Ganglia, 74, 79 Gastrin, 74, 76 Gene, 7, 15, 31, 67, 68, 69, 74 Gene Amplification, 31, 74 Genetics, 17, 71, 74

Genital, 74, 86 Genotype, 74, 81 Germ Cells, 75, 80, 85 Giant Cells, 19, 21, 27, 30, 75 Ginseng, 42, 75 Gland, 14, 42, 75, 78, 80, 84 Glucose, 69, 73, 75 Glycoprotein, 75, 77 Gonad, 75 Gonadal, 8, 75, 84 Gonadal Dysgenesis, 8, 75 Governing Board, 75, 82 Grade, 31, 75 Gynaecomastia, 6, 16, 75 H Heart attack, 70, 75 Hemoglobin, 4, 75 Hemostasis, 75, 77 Heredity, 74, 75 Heterodimers, 75, 76 Heterogeneity, 4, 75 Hormonal, 10, 23, 76 Hormone, 24, 73, 74, 76, 82 Hydrolysis, 70, 76, 81 Hyperplasia, 20, 25, 30, 76 Hypertension, 70, 76 Hyperthermia, 43, 76 Hypertrophy, 76 I Immune response, 68, 76, 86 Implant radiation, 76, 77, 83 In vitro, 76 In vivo, 4, 18, 43, 76 Incidental, 8, 76 Incision, 26, 76, 77 Induction, 67, 76, 82 Infant, Newborn, 67, 76 Infarction, 14, 24, 25, 32, 72, 76, 78 Infections, 68, 75, 76 Infusion, 42, 76 Inorganic, 70, 76, 79, 85 Integrins, 15, 76 Internal radiation, 77, 83 Intracellular, 76, 77 Intravenous, 76, 77 Invasive, 7, 8, 14, 25, 27, 28, 29, 77 Isozymes, 14, 77 K Kb, 48, 77 L Lactation, 17, 77, 82 Laminin, 7, 69, 77

89

Least-Squares Analysis, 77, 83 Lectin, 41, 77 Lesion, 9, 77 Ligands, 76, 77 Likelihood Functions, 77, 83 Linear Models, 77, 83 Linkages, 75, 77 Localized, 67, 77, 81 Logistic Models, 77, 83 Longitudinal study, 32, 77 Loss of Heterozygosity, 33, 78 Lucida, 77, 78 Lutein Cells, 78, 82 Lymphocyte, 68, 78 Lymphoid, 68, 78 Lymphoma, 33, 78 M Malignant, 4, 5, 25, 27, 31, 33, 43, 65, 67, 70, 78, 79, 83 Malignant tumor, 4, 5, 70, 78 Mammary, 7, 8, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 27, 30, 34, 41, 42, 43, 75, 78, 81 Mammography, 35, 64, 78 Mastitis, 14, 78 MEDLINE, 49, 78 Melanocytes, 78 Melanoma, 28, 78 Menopause, 78, 81 Metabolite, 73, 78 Metaplasia, 9, 25, 78 Metastasis, 78 Metastatic, 28, 42, 78 Methylnitrosourea, 43, 78 MI, 65, 78 Microbiology, 68, 79 Mitotic, 73, 79 Mobility, 7, 79 Modification, 5, 23, 67, 79 Molecular, 49, 51, 69, 71, 79, 82 Molecule, 68, 71, 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83 Monitor, 5, 79, 80 Monoclonal, 79, 83 Morphological, 20, 78, 79 Mucinous, 17, 79 Mucosa, 79, 82 Mucus, 79 Mutagenic, 78, 79 Myocardium, 78, 79 N Necrosis, 65, 76, 78, 79 Needle biopsy, 13, 74, 79 Neoplasia, 27, 79

Neoplasm, 79, 83, 85 Neoplastic, 15, 16, 69, 78, 79 Nerve, 79, 80, 84 Nervous System, 42, 74, 79, 80 Neutrons, 67, 79, 82, 83 Nuclear, 71, 73, 74, 79, 80 Nuclei, 67, 71, 73, 79, 80, 82 Nucleus, 15, 74, 79, 80, 82 O Oncogenic, 77, 80 Opacity, 73, 80 Optic cup, 80, 81 Optic Nerve, 80, 81 Osteoporosis, 54, 80 Ovarian Neoplasms, 69, 80 Ovaries, 68, 80 Ovary, 42, 69, 72, 73, 75, 80 Ovum, 72, 80, 82, 86 Oxidation, 68, 72, 80 Oxygenation, 4, 80 P Pancreas, 80 Pancreatic, 42, 80 Papilla, 80 Papillary, 16, 29, 80 Parturition, 80, 82 Pathogenesis, 20, 80 Pathologic, 30, 69, 72, 80 Pedicle, 22, 81 Perfusion, 4, 81 Pharmacologic, 81, 85 Phenotype, 8, 81 Phyllodes Tumor, 12, 13, 14, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 81 Physiologic, 81, 83 Pigment, 78, 81 Pilot study, 10, 43, 81 Placenta, 68, 73, 81, 82 Plants, 75, 77, 81, 85 Plasma, 68, 75, 81 Plasma cells, 68, 81 Plasmid, 74, 81 Platinum, 70, 81 Pneumonia, 72, 81 Podophyllotoxin, 73, 81 Polypeptide, 67, 70, 81, 82 Polysaccharide, 68, 81 Postmenopausal, 15, 24, 80, 81 Practice Guidelines, 50, 82 Precancerous, 42, 82 Premalignant, 82 Progeny, 71, 82

90

Fibroadenoma

Progesterone, 8, 82, 84 Progressive, 79, 82, 85 Prolactin, 12, 82 Prospective study, 77, 82 Protein S, 69, 82 Proteins, 67, 68, 70, 71, 75, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86 Protons, 67, 82 Protozoa, 71, 82, 86 Public Policy, 49, 82 Pulse, 79, 82 R Radiation, 5, 74, 76, 77, 82, 83, 86 Radiation therapy, 5, 74, 77, 83 Radioactive, 76, 77, 80, 83 Radiolabeled, 83 Radiolucent, 38, 83 Radiotherapy, 69, 83 Receptor, 15, 24, 68, 83 Recombination, 71, 83 Rectum, 68, 70, 83 Reductase, 68, 83 Refer, 1, 71, 74, 79, 83 Refraction, 83, 84 Regression Analysis, 13, 83 Respiration, 79, 83 Retrospective, 32, 83 Risk factor, 31, 32, 33, 77, 82, 83 Rotenone, 41, 83 S Sarcoma, 81, 83 Screening, 70, 83 Secretion, 77, 79, 84 Secretory, 30, 84 Self-Examination, 65, 84 Semisynthetic, 73, 84 Senile, 80, 84 Serum, 12, 71, 84 Small intestine, 76, 84 Smooth muscle, 23, 84 Solid tumor, 68, 84 Specialist, 55, 84 Specificity, 5, 84 Spectroscopic, 4, 84 Spectrum, 34, 84 Sperm, 67, 70, 84 Spinal cord, 79, 84 Squamous, 25, 84 Steroid, 32, 68, 84 Stimulants, 75, 84 Stimulus, 84, 85

Stomach, 73, 74, 76, 84 Stool, 70, 84 Stroke, 48, 70, 84 Stroma, 14, 25, 27, 30, 69, 81, 84 Stromal, 17, 21, 23, 27, 30, 32, 33, 85 Sulfates, 12, 85 Sulfuric acid, 85 Syncytium, 75, 85 Synergistic, 82, 85 T Testicular, 68, 84, 85 Testis, 73, 75, 85 Thermal, 5, 79, 85 Threshold, 5, 76, 85 Thrombosis, 77, 82, 84, 85 Thrombus, 72, 76, 85 Tissue, 4, 5, 17, 20, 35, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86 Torsion, 76, 85 Toxic, iv, 72, 81, 85 Toxicology, 41, 50, 85 Toxins, 68, 85 Transfection, 69, 85 Translocation, 17, 85 Tumor suppressor gene, 78, 85 Tumour, 6, 9, 24, 27, 85 U Ultrasonography, 9, 85 Urachus, 19, 85 Urinary, 44, 85, 86 Urine, 69, 73, 86 Uterus, 70, 72, 73, 80, 82, 86 V Vaccines, 86 Vagina, 70, 86 Vaginal, 86 Vascular, 4, 5, 76, 81, 85, 86 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 5, 86 Veterinary Medicine, 49, 86 Viral, 75, 80, 86 Virus, 30, 75, 86 Vivo, 4, 86 Vulva, 9, 17, 19, 20, 29, 86 W Wound Healing, 4, 77, 86 X X-ray, 74, 80, 83, 86 Y Yeasts, 74, 81, 86 Z Zygote, 71, 86

91

92

Fibroadenoma

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