DELIRIUM TREMENS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Delirium Tremens: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00341-4 1. Delirium Tremens-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on delirium tremens. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DELIRIUM TREMENS ................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Delirium Tremens......................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DELIRIUM TREMENS ....................................................................... 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Finding Nutrition Studies on Delirium Tremens........................................................................ 27 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 28 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DELIRIUM TREMENS ................................................. 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 31 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 33 General References ....................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON DELIRIUM TREMENS .............................................................................. 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Patent Applications on Delirium Tremens .................................................................................. 35 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 36 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 39 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 41 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 43 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 45 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 47 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 49 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 49 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 49 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 55 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 59 DELIRIUM TREMENS DICTIONARY ....................................................................................... 61 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 83
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with delirium tremens is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about delirium tremens, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to delirium tremens, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on delirium tremens. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to delirium tremens, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on delirium tremens. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DELIRIUM TREMENS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on delirium tremens.
Federally Funded Research on Delirium Tremens The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to delirium tremens. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to delirium tremens. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore delirium tremens.
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text
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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with delirium tremens, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “delirium tremens” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for delirium tremens (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
5-Hydroxyindolacetic acid and homovanillic acid are not involved in the cerebrospinal fluid after a seizure in patients with Delirium Tremens. Author(s): Couvreur G, Demougeot C, Maugras C, Marie C, Beley P, Giroud M. Source: Neurological Research. 2002 September; 24(6): 599-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12238628
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A dynamic EEG study in delirium tremens. Author(s): Secareanu A, Sirbu A. Source: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1971 April; 30(4): 364. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4103536
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A retrospective comparison of delirium tremens cases before and after the availability of chlormethiazole. Author(s): Schied HW, Kimmerle K, Braunschweiger M. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1986; 329: 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3463149
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A review of the use of a thiazole derivative (hemineurin) in delirium tremens and allied conditions. Author(s): Gershon S. Source: Psychiatr Res Rep Am Psychiatr Assoc. 1968 March; 24: 166-73. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4888686
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A study into the aetiology of delirium tremens. Author(s): Whitwell FD. Source: The British Journal of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs. 1975 June; 70(2): 156-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1058017
journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Activity of aldolase, aminotransferases, phosphohexoisomerase and ceruloplasmin in the course of delirium tremens. Author(s): Bukowczyk A, Radzikowska J. Source: Pol Med J. 1971; 10(1): 227-38. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5573906
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Acute colonic pseudoobstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome) in two patients receiving high dose clonidine for delirium tremens. Author(s): Stieger DS, Cantieni R, Frutiger A. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1997 July; 23(7): 780-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9290993
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Acute myocardical infarction due to delirium tremens. Author(s): Danenberg HD, Nahir M, Hasin Y. Source: Cardiology. 1999; 92(2): 144. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10702658
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Age distribution of patients with delirium tremens in Denmark 1836-1978. Author(s): Kramp P, Hemmingsen R. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1981 March; 63(3): 253-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7015791
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Airway control in a patient with an unstable cervical fracture and delirium tremens. Author(s): Harding D, Bihari D. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1995 June 21-July 11; 54(1): 59. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7551481
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Alcohol prescription by surgeons in the prevention and treatment of delirium tremens: historic and current practice. Author(s): Rosenbaum M, McCarty T. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2002 July-August; 24(4): 257-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12100836
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Alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide, aldosterone secretion and plasma renin activity during ethanol withdrawal: a correlation with the onset of delirium tremens? Author(s): Bezzegh A, Nyuli L, Kovacs GL. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 1991 September-October; 8(5): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1839128
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Assessment of diazepam loading dose therapy of delirium tremens. Author(s): Wasilewski D, Matsumoto H, Kur E, Dziklinska A, Wozny E, Stencka K, Skalski M, Chaba P, Szelenberger W. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 1996 May; 31(3): 273-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8844033
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Assessment of the role of kindling in the pathogenesis of alcohol withdrawal seizures and delirium tremens. Author(s): Wojnar M, Bizon Z, Wasilewski D. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1999 February; 23(2): 204-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10069546
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Barbital and diazepam plasma levels during treatment of delirium tremens. Author(s): Kramp P, Ronsted P, Hansen T. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1979 March; 59(3): 263-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=373390
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Beta blockers can obscure diagnosis of delirium tremens. Author(s): Zechnich RJ. Source: Lancet. 1982 May 8; 1(8280): 1071-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6122874
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Blood-brain barrier selectivity and synaptic turnover during delirium tremens and related clinical states. A study of brain and blood proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid. Author(s): Jorgensen OS, Hemmingsen R, Kramp P, Rafaelsen OJ. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1980 April; 61(4): 356-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6160732
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Cardiorespiratory patterns in severe delirium tremens. Author(s): Abraham E, Shoemaker WC, McCartney SF. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1985 June; 145(6): 1057-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4004431
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Centrophenoxine and chlormethiazol in the treatment of delirium tremens. Author(s): Capoun V, Kafka J. Source: Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1972; 14(2): 118-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4402689
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Cerebral blood flow during delirium tremens and related clinical states studied with xenon-133 inhalation tomography. Author(s): Hemmingsen R, Vorstrup S, Clemmesen L, Holm S, Tfelt-Hansen P, Sorensen AS, Hansen C, Sommer W, Bolwig TG. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1988 November; 145(11): 1384-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3142283
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Cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites in delirium tremens. Author(s): Banki CM, Molnar G. Source: Psychiatr Clin (Basel). 1981; 14(3): 167-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6173895
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Changes in cerebrospinal fluid cyclic nucleotides in alcohol-dependent patients suffering from delirium tremens. Author(s): Zimmer R, Cramer H, Athen D, Beckmann H. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1982 July; 17(7): 837-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6288126
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Chemotherapy of delirium tremens: a survey of physicians' preferences. Author(s): Favazza AR, Martin P. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1974 September; 131(9): 1031-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4153297
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Chlormethiazole and treatment of delirium tremens. Author(s): Scott DB. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 March 18; 298(6675): 751. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2496835
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Cimetidine toxic reactions masquerading as delirium tremens. Author(s): Weddington WW Jr, Muelling AE, Moosa HH, Kimball CP, Rowlett RR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1981 March 13; 245(10): 1058-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7463626
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Comparative simultaneous measurement of cerebrospinal fluid 5hydroxyindoleacetic acid and blood serotonin levels in delirium tremens and clozapine-induced delirious reaction. Author(s): Banki CM, Vojnik M. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1978 May; 41(5): 420-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=660204
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Controversies over the use of magnesium sulfate in delirium tremens. Author(s): Jermain DM, Crismon ML, Nisbet RB. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1992 May; 26(5): 650-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1591426
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Delirium tremens and dreaming. Author(s): Greenberg R, Pearlman C. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1967 August; 124(2): 133-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4378114
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Delirium tremens and hypokalemia. Author(s): Tonnesen E. Source: Lancet. 1982 July 10; 2(8289): 97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6123830
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Delirium tremens and precipitous behavior. An analysis of two cases. Author(s): Grumet GW. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 1981 June; 3(2): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7250693
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Delirium tremens and related clinical states. Aetiology, pathophysiology and treatment. Author(s): Hemmingsen R, Kramp P, Rafaelsen OJ. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1979 April; 59(4): 337-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=34978
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Delirium tremens and related clinical states: changes in calcium and inorganic phosphate concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Author(s): Kramp P, Hemmingsen R. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1984 March; 69(3): 250-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6711351
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Delirium tremens and related clinical states: psychopathology, cerebral pathophysiology and psychochemistry: a two-component hypothesis concerning etiology and pathogenesis. Author(s): Hemmingsen R, Kramp P. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1988; 345: 94-107. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3067544
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Delirium tremens and sleep deprivation. Author(s): Bates RC. Source: Mich Med. 1972 November; 71(32): 941-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5083610
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Delirium tremens cordis. Author(s): Cheng TO. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1973 September 13; 289(11): 593. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4723116
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Delirium tremens following withdrawal of nitrazepam. Author(s): Darcy L. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1972 August 19; 2(8): 450. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5086307
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Delirium tremens in a nine-year-old child. Author(s): Sherwin D, Mead B. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1975 November; 132(11): 1210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1166900
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Delirium tremens in a patient under anesthesia. Author(s): Upham W. Source: Aana Journal. 1978 August; 46(4): 408-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=716824
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Delirium tremens in acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Bartrug B, Fullwood J, Rogers L, Bride W. Source: Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care. 1994 January-February; 23(1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8150640
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Delirium tremens in head and neck surgery. Author(s): Helmus C, Spahn JG. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1974 September; 84(9): 1479-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4412722
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Delirium tremens in surgical patients. Author(s): Glickman L, Herbsman H. Source: Surgery. 1968 November; 64(5): 882-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5687840
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Delirium tremens in the Royal Navy and British Army in the 19th century. Author(s): Marjot DH. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1977 September; 38(9): 1613-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=335168
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Delirium tremens with meningismus. Author(s): Steingrub JS, Mikolich DJ, Schlaeffer F. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1987 July; 23(7): 839-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3692753
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Delirium tremens, hemorrhagic pancreatic pseudocyst with duodenal ileus, and fatal shock. Author(s): Kaschka WP, Demling J, Hey A. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 1985 April; 32(2): 108. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4007762
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Delirium tremens. Author(s): Erwin WE, Williams DB, Speir WA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1998 May; 91(5): 425-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9598848
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Delirium tremens. Author(s): Chick J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 January 7; 298(6665): 3-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2492848
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Delirium tremens. Author(s): Tymoshchuk P. Source: Nurs Mirror Midwives J. 1970 January 30; 130(5): 30-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5198234
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Delirium tremens. Some clinical features. Part I. Author(s): Kramp P, Hemmingsen R. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1979 November; 60(5): 393-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=539460
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Delirium tremens. Some clinical features. Part II. Author(s): Kramp P, Hemmingsen R, Rafaelsen OJ. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1979 November; 60(5): 405-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=539461
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Delirium tremens. Update on an old disorder. Author(s): Cushman P Jr. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1987 October; 82(5): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2890144
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Delirium tremens: a comparison of intravenous treatment with diazepam and chlordiazepoxide. Author(s): Brown JH, Moggey DE, Shane FH. Source: Scott Med J. 1972 January; 17(1): 9-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5045759
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Delirium tremens: a double-blind comparison of diazepam and barbital treatment. Author(s): Kramp P, Rafaelsen OJ. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1978 August; 58(2): 174-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=358756
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Delirium tremens: a preventable iatrogenic and environmental phenomenon. Author(s): Simpson RK, Fitz E, Scott B, Walker L. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1968 October; 68(2): 123-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5188537
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Delirium tremens: a prospective long-term follow-up study. Author(s): Nordstrom G, Berglund M. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1988 March; 49(2): 178-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3361910
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Delirium tremens: a review. Author(s): Griffin RE, Gross GA, Teitelbaum HS. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1993 September; 93(9): 924, 929-32, 935. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8244788
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Delirium tremens: report of case. Author(s): Wolfson SH. Source: J Oral Surg. 1971 June; 29(6): 443-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5283382
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Delirium tremens: some clinico-chemical features. A study of alanineaminotransferase, alcaline phosphatase, prothrombine and enolase. Author(s): Hemmingsen R, Kramp P, Dissing J. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1980 November; 62(5): 503-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7211434
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Delirium tremens--complication of a podiatric patient. A case report. Author(s): Stafford GD. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1971 June; 61(6): 222-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5575713
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Diazepam and paraldehyde for treatment of severe delirium tremens. A controlled trial. Author(s): Thompson WL, Johnson AD, Maddrey WL. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1975 February; 82(2): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1090222
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Differential diagnosis importance of the creatine kinase isoenzyme pattern in delirium tremens. Author(s): Harm K, Burchard JM, Bartels E, Klapdor R. Source: Klin Wochenschr. 1979 September 17; 57(18): 943-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=502360
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Does hypokalaemia precede delirium tremens? Author(s): Wadstein J, Skude G. Source: Lancet. 1978 September 9; 2(8089): 549-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=79917
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Drug abuse. Alcoholic convulsions and delirium tremens. Author(s): Maser GR. Source: J Kans Med Soc. 1977 May; 78(5): 228-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=858956
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Drug therapy in patients with hepatic encephalopathy--suggested guidelines for sedation and treatment of delirium tremens. Author(s): Pillans PI, Robins AH, Straughan JL. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1984 November 10; 66(19): 711. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6495116
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Drug treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome and delirium tremens. A comparison of haloperidol with mesoridazine and hydroxyzine. Author(s): Palestine ML. Source: Q J Stud Alcohol. 1973 March; 34(1): 185-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4572441
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Editorial: Delirium tremens: a clinical example of cation pump failure? Author(s): Whang R, Ryan MP, Aikawa JK. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1974 May; 27(5): 447-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4823772
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EEG examination during delirium tremens. Author(s): Allahyari H, Deisenhammer E, Weiser G. Source: Psychiatr Clin (Basel). 1976; 9(1): 21-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1019365
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EEG-changes during treatment of delirium tremens with chlormethiazole. Author(s): Bergener M. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1966; 192: 65-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5227587
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Effect of chlormethiazole in treatment of delirium tremens and status epilepticus. Author(s): Laxenaire M, Tridon P, Poire P. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1966; 192: 87-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5227588
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Effect of fructose on delirium tremens. Author(s): Friend WG, Sardesai VM, Pitt JJ, Hale JC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1971 July 26; 217(4): 474-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4933431
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Efficacy of dexamethasone in benzodiazepine-resistant delirium tremens. Author(s): Fischer DK, Simpson RK Jr, Smith FA Jr, Mattox KL. Source: Lancet. 1988 June 11; 1(8598): 1340-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2897590
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Electroconvulsive therapy in delirium tremens. Author(s): Dudley WH Jr, Williams JG. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1972 July-August; 13(4): 357-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5035611
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Emergency management of acute alcohol problems. Part 2: Alcohol-related seizures, delirium tremens, and toxic alcohol ingestion. Author(s): Etherington JM. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1996 December; 42: 2423-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8969860
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Emergency. Delirium tremens. Author(s): Sachse DS. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 2000 May; 100(5): 41-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10823167
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Endocrine alterations in delirium tremens. Author(s): Dobrzanski T. Source: Q J Stud Alcohol. 1974 December; 35(4 Pt A): 1205-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4374718
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Fat embolism syndrome in delirium tremens. Author(s): Horowitz I, Klingenstein RJ, Levy R, Zimmerman MJ. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1977 November; 68(5): 476-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=607798
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Flunitrazepam in the treatment of delirium tremens. -- Preliminary report. Author(s): Rydzynski Z, Araszkiewicz A, Gozdalska J, Gruszczynski W. Source: Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1979 October; 21(3): 161-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=42267
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Growth hormone (HGH), IRI and total IRI responses to glucose load in selected groups on mental patients. III. Studies in insulin-treated diabetics under phenothiazine - treated or with delirium tremens. Author(s): Dobrzanski T. Source: Endokrynol Pol. 1974 November-December; 25(6): 461-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4452345
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Haematological changes and state of hydration during delirium tremens and related clinical states. Author(s): Hemmingsen R, Kramp P. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1980 November; 62(5): 511-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7211435
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Hepatic encephalopathy and delirium tremens--double jeopardy. Author(s): Lichtigfeld FJ. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1985 June 1; 67(22): 880. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4002069
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Hepatitis of delirium tremens. A clinical pathological correlation. Author(s): Steigmann F, Szanto PB, Pamukcu F, Dubin A. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1966 August; 46(2): 135-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5912177
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Hypomagnesaemia and delirium tremens: report of a case with fatal outcome. Author(s): Milner G, Johnson J. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1965 December; 122(6): 701-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5843662
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Hypoxemia and pulmonary dysfunction associated with delirium tremens. Author(s): Jenkinson SG, Light RW, George RB, Burford JG 3rd. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1983 January; 44(1): 57-67. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6408314
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I.V. alcohol in prevention of delirium tremens. Author(s): Janda SM, Fazio A, Henann NE. Source: Dicp. 1990 May; 24(5): 545. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2343598
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Insulin antibodies in sera of diabetics under phenothiazine-treatment or with delirium tremens. Author(s): Dobrzanski T. Source: Endokrynol Pol. 1974 January-February; 25(1): 25-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4852496
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Interim report: high dosage bromperidol therapy of delirium tremens. Author(s): Schmatolla E. Source: Acta Psychiatr Belg. 1978 January-February; 78(1): 180-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=347880
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Intramuscular/oral lorazepam in acute alcohol withdrawal and incipient delirium tremens. Author(s): Hosein IN, de Freitas R, Beaubrun MH. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 1979 March; 28(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=35883
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Intramuscular/oral lorazepam in acute alcohol withdrawal and incipient delirium tremens. Author(s): Hosein IN, de Freitas R, Beaubrun MH. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1978; 5(8): 632-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=30597
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Letter: Chlormethiazol and delirium tremens. Author(s): Muller C, Fadda S. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1975 November; 132(11): 1225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1166912
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Letter: Diazepam or paraldehyde for delirium tremens. Author(s): Ruddy MC. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1975 August; 83(2): 279. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1147468
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Letter: Diazepam or paraldehyde for delirium tremens. Author(s): Gray LW. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1975 June; 82(6): 852-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1138611
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Letter: Hallucinations during delirium tremens. Author(s): David NF. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 April 19; 235(16): 1688. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=946460
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Letter: Phenothiazines in delirium tremens: pro and contra. Author(s): Davis RB, Cade JF. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1974 August; 131(8): 931-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4151894
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Life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias in delirium tremens. Author(s): Fisher J, Abrams J. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1977 September; 137(9): 1238-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=901094
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Linear CT-scan measurements in alcohol-dependent patients with and without delirium tremens. Author(s): Maes M, Vandoolaeghe E, Degroote J, Altamura C, Roels C, Hermans P. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 2000 February; 20(2): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10719790
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Magnesium concentrations in blood and cerebrospinal fluid during delirium tremens. Author(s): Kramp P, Hemmingsen R, Rafaelsen OJ. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1979 October; 1(2): 161-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=298346
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Management of delirium tremens on the head and neck service. Author(s): Alvi A, Gonzalez RM. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1995 July-August; 16(4): 224-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7573741
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Management of delirium tremens. Author(s): Deuchar N. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1997 September 17-30; 58(6): 288. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9488808
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Management of delirium tremens. Author(s): Quesnel EJ, Willoughby A. Source: R I Med J. 1969 June; 52(6): 320-1 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5254112
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Management of withdrawal from alcohol (including delirium tremens). Author(s): McNichol RW, Cirksena WJ, Payne JT, Glasgow MC. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1967 January; 60(1): 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4289114
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Massive doses of midazolam infusion for delirium tremens without respiratory depression. Author(s): Lineaweaver WC, Anderson K, Hing DN. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1988 March; 16(3): 294-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3342636
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Massive doses of midazolam infusion for delirium tremens. Author(s): Hansbrough JF. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1989 June; 17(6): 597. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2721221
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Metabolic changes in surgical delirium tremens. Author(s): Mays ET, Ransdell HT, DeWeese BM. Source: Surgery. 1970 May; 67(5): 780-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5438679
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Methaqualone addiction and delirium tremens. Author(s): Ewart RB, Priest RG. Source: British Medical Journal. 1967 July 8; 3(557): 92-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6028264
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Nephelometric study of the clotting of blood plasma (fibrinogen-fibrin phase) by patients with delirium tremens and chronic alcoholics. Author(s): Taralov S, Kukladgiev B. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1976; 18(2): 171-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=829106
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No association between metabotropic glutamate receptors 7 and 8 (mGlur7 and mGlur8) gene polymorphisms and withdrawal seizures and delirium tremens in alcohol-dependent individuals. Author(s): Preuss UW, Koller G, Bahlmann M, Zill P, Soyka M, Bondy B. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 2002 March-April; 37(2): 174-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11912074
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Our experience with the treatment of delirium tremens with diazepam. Author(s): Novotny V, Kolibas E, Junasova D. Source: Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1974 August; 16(3): 240. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4420406
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Parameters affecting the course and results of delirium tremens treatment. Author(s): Feuerlein W, Reiser E. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1986; 329: 120-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3529833
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Persistent delirium tremens. Author(s): Maany I, Ilivicky HJ, Friedberger M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 March; 156(3): 496. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10080576
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Physostigmine for treatment of delirium tremens. Author(s): Powers JS, Decoskey D, Kahrilas PJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1981 January; 21(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6111571
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Plasma concentrations of magnesium and vitamin B-1 in alcoholism and delirium tremens. Pathogenic and prognostic implications. Author(s): Hoes MJ. Source: Acta Psychiatr Belg. 1981 January-February; 81(1): 72-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7304218
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Plasma immunoreactive insulin and somatotropin in delirium tremens and alcoholic hallucinosis. Author(s): Dobrzanski T, Pieschl D. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1976 March; 37(3): 327-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4667
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Polysomnographic study of terminal sleep following delirium tremens. Author(s): Nakazawa Y, Yokoyama T, Koga Y, Kotorii T, Ohkawa T, Sakurada H, Nonaka K, Dainoson K. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1981 September; 8(2): 111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7318677
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Prevention of delirium tremens: use of phenothiazines versus drugs cross-dependent with alcohol. Author(s): Kaim SC. Source: Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol. 1974; 9(0): 685-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4151769
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Proceedings: EEG investigation during delirium tremens. Author(s): Allahyari H, Deisenhammer H. Source: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1975 November; 39(5): 531. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=52451
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Prodromal syndromes in delirium tremens. Author(s): Miller F. Source: The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 1982-83; 9(4): 431-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7188003
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Prolonged delirium tremens requiring massive doses of medication. Author(s): Wolf KM, Shaughnessy AF, Middleton DB. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1993 September-October; 6(5): 502-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8213241
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Prolonged delirium tremens. Author(s): Davis TE. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1994 March-April; 7(2): 184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8184713
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Propofol in delirium tremens. Author(s): Lappin R. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1998 August; 32(2): 271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9701319
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Prostatic meningeal carcinomatosis presenting as delirium tremens. Author(s): Rubins JB, Guzman-Paz MJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1997 December; 73(866): 810-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9497952
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Rectal disease in a patient with delirium tremens. Author(s): Stanley JH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 May 2; 243(17): 1749-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7365944
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Refractory delirium tremens treated with propofol: a case series. Author(s): McCowan C, Marik P. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2000 June; 28(6): 1781-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10890619
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Risk factors for delirium tremens development. Author(s): Ferguson JA, Suelzer CJ, Eckert GJ, Zhou XH, Dittus RS. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 1996 July; 11(7): 410-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8842933
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Risk factors for delirium tremens in trauma patients. Author(s): Lukan JK, Reed DN Jr, Looney SW, Spain DA, Blondell RD. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2002 November; 53(5): 901-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12435941
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Risk for delirium tremens in patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Author(s): Fiellin DA, O'Connor PG, Holmboe ES, Horwitz RI. Source: Substance Abuse : Official Publication of the Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse. 2002 June; 23(2): 83-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12444353
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Sedative drugs for delirium tremens. Author(s): Sandifer MG, Yarbrough G. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1982 April; 80(4): 211-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7097110
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Serum magnesium in delirium tremens. Author(s): Majumdar SK. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1979 October; 136(10): 1343. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=484740
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Serum-potassium in delirium tremens. Author(s): Spaet TH. Source: Lancet. 1978 November 25; 2(8100): 1154. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=82718
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Severe electrolyte abnormalities and paralytic ileus complicating delirium tremens. Author(s): Marotta F, Hada R, Morello P, Ragno F, Ono K. Source: The Keio Journal of Medicine. 1989 March; 38(1): 53-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2716218
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Some clinical biochemical methods used for the diagnosis of liver disease, especially in psychiatric cases (delirium tremens and after treatment with potentially hepatotoxic drugs). Author(s): Allgen LG. Source: Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1966; 18: 158-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5958516
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Stepwise regression analysis of an intensive 1-year study of delirium tremens. Author(s): Stendig-Lindberg G, Rudy N. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1980 October; 62(4): 273-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7468290
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Successful use of propofol in refractory delirium tremens. Author(s): Coomes TR, Smith SW. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1997 December; 30(6): 825-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9398785
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Suppression of alcohol delirium tremens by baclofen administration: a case report. Author(s): Addolorato G, Leggio L, Abenavoli L, DeLorenzi G, Parente A, Caputo F, Janiri L, Capristo E, Rapaccini GL, Gasbarrini G. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2003 September-October; 26(5): 258-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14520166
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Terminal sleep following delirium tremens in chronic alcoholics--polysomnographic and behavioral study. Author(s): Kotorii T, Nakazawa Y, Yokoyama T, Ohkawa T, Sakurada H, Nonaka K, Dainoson K. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1982 October-November; 10(2-3): 125-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7166125
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The A9 allele of the dopamine transporter gene is associated with delirium tremens and alcohol-withdrawal seizure. Author(s): Gorwood P, Limosin F, Batel P, Hamon M, Ades J, Boni C. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 January 1; 53(1): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12513948
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The alcoholisms. 6. Delirium tremens. Author(s): Glatt MM. Source: Nurs Times. 1975 June 5; 71(23): 887-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1134966
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The EEG pattern in delirium tremens. Author(s): Schear HE. Source: Clin Electroencephalogr. 1985 January; 16(1): 30-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4028452
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The effects of fructose in the management of delirium tremens. Author(s): Dalton MS, Duncan DW. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1970 March 28; 1(13): 659-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5445860
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The efficacy of early chlormethiazole medication in the prevention of delirium tremens. A retrospective study of the outcome of different drug treatment strategies at the Helsingborg psychiatric clinics, 1975-1980. Author(s): Palsson A. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1986; 329: 140-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3463146
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The frequency of delirium tremens and chlormethiazole (Heminevrin). Author(s): Palsson A, Eberhard G. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1981 July; 7(4): 387-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7274007
Studies
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The histories of withdrawal convulsions and delirium tremens in 1648 alcohol dependent subjects. Author(s): Schuckit MA, Tipp JE, Reich T, Hesselbrock VM, Bucholz KK. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 1995 October; 90(10): 1335-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8616462
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The management of delirium tremens. Author(s): Sainsbury MJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1975 January 4; 1(1): 15-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1128332
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The phenomenology of perceptual hallucinations in alcohol-induced delirium tremens. Author(s): Platz WE, Oberlaender FA, Seidel ML. Source: Psychopathology. 1995; 28(5): 247-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8559948
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The role of amino-acid transmitters in the pathogenesis of delirium tremens: a brief report. Author(s): Aliyev NN, Aliyev ZN. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 2002 September; 63(5): 531-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12380848
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The Saunderssutton syndrome: an analysis of delirium tremens. Author(s): Cutshall BJ. Source: Q J Stud Alcohol. 1965 September; 26(3): 423-48. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5858249
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The significance of the serum levels of vitamin B-1 and magnesium in delirium tremens and alcoholism. Author(s): Hoes MJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1979 November; 40(11): 476-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=489530
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The treatment of delirium tremens and of incomplete alcoholic delirium--a brief history. Author(s): Huffmann G, Becker T. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1986; 329: 136-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3463145
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The treatment of delirium tremens. Author(s): Wilson WP, Wolk M. Source: N C Med J. 1965 December; 26(12): 552-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5215950
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The treatment of delirium tremens: controversy in the literature. Author(s): Favazza AR, Martin P. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1974 May; 29(5): 219-21. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4151304
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Therapy of delirium tremens with urea (or dexamethasone) and magnesium sulfate. Author(s): Flink EB, Lizarralde G, Jacobs W. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1971 December; 78(6): 990. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5131870
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Treatment of delirium tremens in German psychiatric hospitals: results of a recent survey. Author(s): Schied HW, Braunschweiger M, Schupmann A. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1986; 329: 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3463148
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Treatment of delirium tremens with chlormethiazole. Author(s): Sattes H. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1966; 192: 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5227571
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Treatment of delirium tremens. Author(s): Millman RB. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1982 May; 33(5): 345. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7076152
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Treatment of delirium tremens. Author(s): Salum I. Source: The British Journal of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs. 1975 April; 70 Suppl 1: 75-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1058035
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Treatment of delirium tremens. Author(s): Hoagland RJ. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1966 September; 59(9): 1041-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5919770
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Treatment of delirium tremens. A comparative evaluation of four drugs. Author(s): Kaim SC, Klett CJ. Source: Q J Stud Alcohol. 1972 December; 33(4): 1065-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4567595
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Unprecedented sedative requirements during delirium tremens. Author(s): Nolop KB, Natow A. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1985 April; 13(4): 246-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3979072
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Use of propofol for alcohol withdrawal delirium: a case report. Author(s): Takeshita J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004 January; 65(1): 134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14974494
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Usefulness of serum potassium levels in the diagnosis of delirium tremens. Author(s): Nanji AA, Blank DW. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1984; 10(2): 112. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6715676
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Using fructose in the treatment of delirium tremens. Author(s): Montgomery FA, Solowan R. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1973 December; 24(12): 808. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4585052
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DELIRIUM TREMENS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and delirium tremens.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Delirium Tremens The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “delirium tremens” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “delirium tremens” (or a synonym): •
Thiamine absorption in alcoholic delirium patients. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, St. Josef-Hospital, Oberhausen, Germany. Source: Holzbach, E J-Stud-Alcohol. 1996 November; 57(6): 581-4 0096-882X
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
Nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DELIRIUM TREMENS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to delirium tremens. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to delirium tremens and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “delirium tremens” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to delirium tremens: •
A review of the usefulness of the standard EEG in psychiatry. Author(s): Hughes JR. Source: Clin Electroencephalogr. 1996 January; 27(1): 35-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8719500
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Accidental poisoning with deadly nightshade berries: a case report. Author(s): Trabattoni G, Visintini D, Terzano GM, Lechi A. Source: Hum Toxicol. 1984 December; 3(6): 513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6526400
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Alcohol abuse in the Old Testament. Author(s): Seller SC.
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Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 1985; 20(1): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4015761 •
Alcoholism in the elderly. How to spot and treat a problem the patient wants to hide. Author(s): Tobias CR, Lippmann S, Pary R, Oropilla T, Embry CK. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1989 September 15; 86(4): 67-70, 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2780442
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Cannabis indica in 19th-century psychiatry. Author(s): Carlson ET. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1974 September; 131(9): 1004-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4606306
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Circadian rhythms of hormone concentrations in alcohol withdrawal. Author(s): Mukai M, Uchimura N, Hirano T, Ohshima H, Ohshima M, Nakamura J. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1998 April; 52(2): 238-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9628172
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Evaluating alcoholism and drug abuse knowledge in medical education: a collaborative project. Author(s): Griffin JB Jr, Hill IK, Jones JJ, Keeley KA, Krug RS, Pokorny A. Source: J Med Educ. 1983 November; 58(11): 859-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6631924
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Observations on the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Author(s): Vasudeva R, Holt S. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1990 January; 86(1): 24-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2308276
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Prevention by cycloheximide of the audiogenic seizures and tryptophan metabolic disturbances of ethanol withdrawal in rats. Author(s): Oretti R, Bano S, Morgan CJ, Badawy AA, Bonner A, Buckland P, McGuffin P. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 1996 May; 31(3): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8844029
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Psychological medicine. Psychiatry in Britain: an introduction. Author(s): Zealley AK. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 March 1; 1(5956): 497-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1125590
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Psychological medicine. Treatment of alcoholism. Author(s): Ritson EB. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 April 19; 2(5963): 124-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=47780
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Second-line and 'alternative' treatments for alcohol withdrawal: alpha-agonists, betablockers, anticonvulsants, acupuncture and neuro-electric therapy. Author(s): Brewer C. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 1995 November; 30(6): 799-803. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8679022
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Seizures during ethanol withdrawal are blocked by focal microinjection of excitant amino acid antagonists into the inferior colliculus and pontine reticular formation. Author(s): Riaz A, Faingold CL. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1994 December; 18(6): 1456-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7695044
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The meaning and treatment of alcohol dependence. Author(s): Edwards G. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1975; Spec No 9: 239-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=52381
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The value of brainstem auditory evoked potentials in early diagnosis of Wernicke's encephalopathy. Author(s): Haas W, Nickel B. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 1991; 26(2): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1878074
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Treatment of delirium tremens with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Author(s): Campioni A, Russo Perez G. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1981 August; 2(3): 307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6978871
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to delirium tremens; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Alcohol Withdrawal Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Herbs and Supplements Hops Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Skullcap Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON DELIRIUM TREMENS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “delirium tremens” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on delirium tremens, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patent Applications on Delirium Tremens As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to delirium tremens:
5Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 6 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Use of cdp-choline for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome Inventor(s): Agut, Julian; (San Cugat, ES), Castello, Josep M.; (Barcelona, ES), Foguet, Rafael; (Barcelona, ES), Lozano, Rafael; (Barcelona, ES), Ortiz, Jose A.; (Barcelona, ES), Raga, Manuel M.; (Barcelona, ES), Ramentol, Jorge; (Barcelona, ES), Torres, Jesus; (Barcelona, ES) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20030162749 Date filed: September 30, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to the use of CDP-Choline or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts for the preparation of a medicinal product for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome at daily doses equivalent to 0.5-2 g of free CDP-Choline. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of CDP-choline for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The toxic effects of alcohol on central nervous system are basically exerted on neuronal membrane and synapses (Leonard B. E., Alcohol Alcohol., 1986: 21(4), 325-338). Histological alterations of neuronal structure consist in a lesser branching of hippocampus nerve cells and Purkinje's cells. Comparison of brains from healthy subjects with those from alcoholic patients revealed a lesser branching of pyramidal neuronal basal dendrites in upper cerebral cortex and motor cortex (Ledig M. and Mandel P., M S-Medecine Sciences, 1988: 4(6), 352-357). Chronic alcohol abuse has also been reported to impair dopamine receptor sensitivity. This effect is probably related to changes in neuronal membrane fluidity and in the number and functionality of receptors, as well as to a decrease in acetylcholine reuptake and dopamine deficiency (Carlen P. L. and col., Ann. Neurol., 1981: 9(1), 84-86). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with delirium tremens, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “delirium tremens” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on delirium tremens. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning delirium tremens. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
37
APPENDICES
39
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
7
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
40
Delirium Tremens
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
41
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
8
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “delirium tremens” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 1806 52 595 6 18 2477
HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “delirium tremens” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
10
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
11
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Physician Resources
43
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
15 Adapted 16
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
45
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on delirium tremens can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to delirium tremens. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to delirium tremens. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “delirium tremens”:
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Delirium Tremens
Alcohol and Youth http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholandyouth.html Alcohol Consumption http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholconsumption.html Alcoholism http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholism.html Club Drugs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/clubdrugs.html Fetal Alcohol Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fetalalcoholsyndrome.html Pregnancy and Substance Abuse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pregnancyandsubstanceabuse.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to delirium tremens. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
Patient Resources
•
47
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to delirium tremens. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with delirium tremens. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about delirium tremens. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “delirium tremens” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “delirium tremens”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “delirium tremens” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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Delirium Tremens
The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “delirium tremens” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
49
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
18
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
50
Delirium Tremens
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
19
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
51
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Delirium Tremens
•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
53
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
55
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on delirium tremens: •
Basic Guidelines for Delirium Tremens Complicated alcohol abstinence (delirium tremens) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000766.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Delirium Tremens Agitation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Anxiety Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Ataxia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003198.htm Chest pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htm
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Confusion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Depression Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Difficulty falling asleep Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003210.htm Excitement Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Hallucinations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003258.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Insomnia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003210.htm Irregular heart beat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm Lethargic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Loss of appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Mental changes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Mental status changes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Mood changes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Muscle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Nausea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm
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Pale skin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003244.htm Palpitations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm Profuse sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Restlessness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Seizures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Stomach pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Stuporous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Tachycardia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003077.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Delirium Tremens Attention span Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003326.htm Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm Chem-20 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003468.htm ECG Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003868.htm EEG Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003931.htm Electrocardiogram Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003868.htm
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Electroencephalogram Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003931.htm Heart rate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm Orientation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003326.htm Pulse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm Toxicology screen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003578.htm •
Background Topics for Delirium Tremens Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Alcohol use Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001944.htm Alcoholism - support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002199.htm Cardiovascular Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002310.htm Central nervous system Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002311.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Electrolyte Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002350.htm Head injury Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000028.htm Inspection Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002388.htm Support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm Vital signs Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002341.htm
Online Glossaries 59
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
61
DELIRIUM TREMENS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid: 5HIAA. A break-down product of serotonin that is excreted in the urine. Serotonin is a hormone found in high levels in many body tissues. Serotonin and 5HIAA are produced in excess amounts by carcinoid tumors, and levels of these substances may be measured in the urine to test for carcinoid tumors. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium: Temporary state of mental confusion because of active uncontrolled imagination and faulty judgment. Among the causes are intoxications. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH]
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Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a
Dictionary 63
specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Baclofen: A GABA derivative that is a specific agonist at GABA-B receptors. It is used in the treatment of spasticity, especially that due to spinal cord damage. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Barbital: A long-acting barbiturate that depresses most metabolic processes at high doses. It is used as a hypnotic and sedative and may induce dependence. Barbital is also used in veterinary practice for central nervous system depression. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH]
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Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carcinoid: A type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors are usually benign. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in
Dictionary 65
man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawl. [NIH] Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate gaba receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological
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profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of
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clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]
Creatine Kinase: A transferase that catalyzes formation of phosphocreatine from ATP + creatine. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic isoenzymes have been identified in human tissues: MM from skeletal muscle, MB from myocardial tissue, and BB from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins. EC 2.7.3.2. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH]
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Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU]
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Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] GABA: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
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Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatic Encephalopathy: A condition that may cause loss of consciousness and coma. It is usually the result of advanced liver disease. Also called hepatic coma. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive
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isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite cetirizine, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypokalaemia: Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood; it may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhoea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Ileus: Obstruction of the intestines. [EU] Imagination: A new pattern of perceptual or ideational material derived from past experience. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU]
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Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Loading dose: A quantity higher than the average or maintenance dose, used at the initiation of therapy to rapidly establish a desired level of the drug [EU] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the
Dictionary 73
presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Lorazepam: An anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Fluidity: The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meningeal: Refers to the meninges, the tissue covering the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to chlorpromazine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metabotropic: A glutamate receptor which triggers an increase in production of 2 intracellular messengers: diacylglycerol and inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary
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arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Midazolam: A short-acting compound, water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. It is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used for sedation in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. Because of its short duration and cardiorespiratory stability, it is particularly useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. [NIH]
Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Motor Cortex: Area of the frontal lobe concerned with primary motor control. It lies anterior to the central sulcus. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many
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substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Pseudocyst: Cyst-like space not lined by epithelium and contained within the pancreas. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH]
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Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Propofol: A widely used anesthetic. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU]
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Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]
Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Reticular Formation: A region extending from the pons & medulla oblongata through the mesencephalon, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the
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personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Sleep Deprivation: The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatotropin: A small peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary under hypothalamic control. Somatotropin, or growth hormone, stimulates mitosis, cell growth,
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and, for some cell types, differentiation in many tissues of the body. It has profound effects on many aspects of gene expression and metabolism. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Status Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Supraspinal: Above the spinal column or any spine. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of
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their contents. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH]
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Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU]
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INDEX 5 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 7, 61 A Abdomen, 61, 72, 79 Acetylcholine, 36, 61, 65, 75 Acyl, 61, 73 Adrenal Cortex, 61 Adrenergic, 61, 63, 68, 69, 79 Adverse Effect, 61, 66, 78 Aetiology, 4, 8, 61 Affinity, 61, 66, 78 Agonist, 61, 63, 68 Alanine, 11, 61 Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium, 25, 61 Aldosterone, 5, 61 Algorithms, 62, 64 Alkaline, 62, 64 Allylamine, 62 Alternative medicine, 62 Amine, 7, 62, 70 Amino acid, 33, 61, 62, 67, 70, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80 Amino Acid Sequence, 62 Ammonia, 62, 80 Amnestic, 62, 74 Anesthesia, 9, 62, 74 Angiotensinogen, 62, 77 Antagonism, 62, 66 Antibodies, 15, 62, 76 Anticonvulsant, 62, 65, 73, 75 Antiemetic, 62, 63, 65, 71 Antigen, 61, 62, 66, 70, 71, 73 Anti-inflammatory, 63, 67, 70 Antipsychotic, 63, 65, 73, 74 Anxiety, 55, 63, 71, 73 Anxiolytic, 63, 65, 74 Arteries, 63, 64, 67, 74 Atrial, 5, 63 Atrium, 63, 81 Atypical, 63, 65 Auditory, 33, 63, 69 Autonomic, 61, 63, 75 Autosuggestion, 63, 71 B Baclofen, 21, 63 Bactericidal, 63, 69 Barbital, 6, 11, 63 Barbiturate, 63
Bile, 64, 72 Biochemical, 21, 64, 78 Biotechnology, 3, 41, 64 Blood Coagulation, 64 Blood Platelets, 64, 78 Blood vessel, 64, 65, 68, 81 C Calcium, 8, 64, 66 Carcinoid, 61, 64 Cardiac, 62, 64, 69, 74 Cardiorespiratory, 6, 64, 74 Cardiovascular, 58, 64, 78 Case report, 12, 21, 25, 31, 64, 69 Case series, 20, 64 Catecholamine, 64, 68 Cell, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80 Central Nervous System, 36, 61, 63, 64, 65, 69, 76, 78 Cerebral, 7, 8, 36, 64, 65, 67, 69, 77, 80 Cerebral Cortex, 36, 64 Cerebrospinal, 4, 6, 7, 8, 16, 65 Cerebrospinal fluid, 4, 6, 7, 8, 16, 65 Cerebrum, 64, 65, 80 Cervical, 5, 65 Cervix, 65 Cetirizine, 65, 71 Chin, 65, 73 Chlordiazepoxide, 11, 65 Chlormethiazole, 4, 7, 13, 22, 24, 65 Chlorpromazine, 65, 73 Cholesterol, 64, 65, 73 Choline, 36, 65 Chronic, 18, 22, 36, 58, 65, 71, 78 Clinical trial, 3, 41, 65, 68, 77 Cloning, 64, 65 Clozapine, 7, 65 Collagen, 62, 66 Complement, 66 Complementary and alternative medicine, 31, 34, 66 Complementary medicine, 31, 66 Computational Biology, 41, 66 Confusion, 56, 61, 66, 68, 71, 74 Consciousness, 67, 70, 77, 79 Contraindications, ii, 67 Convulsions, 12, 23, 62, 63, 67, 71 Coronary, 67, 73, 74
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Coronary Thrombosis, 67, 74 Cortex, 67, 68, 69 Cortical, 67, 69, 78 Cortisone, 67 Creatine, 12, 67 Creatine Kinase, 12, 67 Creatinine, 67 Cyclic, 7, 67 Cycloheximide, 32, 67 D Deamination, 67, 80 Dendrites, 36, 67, 74 Dentate Gyrus, 67, 70 Dermatitis, 67, 71 Dermis, 67, 77 Dexamethasone, 13, 24, 67 Diagnostic procedure, 35, 68 Diarrhoea, 68, 71 Digestion, 64, 68, 72, 79 Direct, iii, 68, 77, 79 Disinfectant, 68, 69 Disorientation, 67, 68 Dopamine, 22, 36, 63, 65, 66, 68, 75 Double-blind, 11, 68 E Effector, 61, 66, 68 Efficacy, 13, 22, 68 Electrolyte, 21, 58, 61, 68, 76, 78 Embolism, 14, 68 Embolus, 68, 71 Encephalopathy, 14, 33, 68 Endogenous, 68 Endoscopic, 68, 74 Entorhinal Cortex, 68, 70 Environmental Health, 40, 42, 68 Enzymatic, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70 Enzyme, 68, 72, 76, 77, 80 Epidemiological, 68, 69 Epinephrine, 61, 68, 69, 75, 80 Epithelium, 69, 75 Ethanol, 5, 32, 33, 69 Evoked Potentials, 33, 69 Excitatory, 63, 69, 70 Extrapyramidal, 63, 68, 69 F Family Planning, 41, 69 Fatal Outcome, 15, 69 Fibrinogen, 18, 69, 80 Frontal Lobe, 69, 74 G GABA, 63, 65, 69 Ganglia, 61, 63, 69, 74
Gap Junctions, 69 Gastrin, 69, 70 Gastrointestinal, 64, 69, 71, 78, 79 Gastrointestinal tract, 69, 78 Gene, 18, 22, 64, 69, 70, 79 Gene Expression, 70, 79 Gland, 61, 67, 70, 73, 75, 78, 79 Glucocorticoid, 67, 70 Glucose, 14, 70, 71, 72 Glutamate, 18, 70, 73 Glycine, 62, 65, 70, 75 Glycoprotein, 69, 70 Governing Board, 70, 76 H Haloperidol, 12, 70 Hemostasis, 70, 78 Hepatic, 12, 14, 70 Hepatic Encephalopathy, 12, 70 Hepatotoxic, 21, 70 Heredity, 69, 70 Hippocampus, 36, 67, 70, 79 Histamine, 63, 65, 70, 71 Homologous, 70, 79 Hormone, 14, 32, 61, 67, 69, 70, 72, 78 Hydration, 14, 70 Hydrogen, 62, 70, 74 Hydroxyproline, 62, 66, 71 Hydroxyzine, 12, 71 Hypnotic, 63, 71, 73, 74, 75 Hypoglycaemia, 71 Hypokalaemia, 12, 71 Hypotension, 63, 67, 71 Hypothalamic, 71, 78 Hypoxia, 71 I Iatrogenic, 11, 71 Ileus, 10, 21, 71 Imagination, 61, 71 Impairment, 71, 73 Infarction, 5, 71 Infection, 71, 73, 79, 81 Infusion, 17, 71 Ingestion, 13, 71, 76 Inhalation, 7, 71, 76 Initiation, 72, 79 Inorganic, 8, 72 Inositol, 72, 73 Inotropic, 68, 72 Insulin, 14, 15, 19, 72 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 72 Intestines, 69, 71, 72 Intoxication, 72, 81
85
Intracellular, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77 Intravenous, 11, 71, 72 Ions, 68, 70, 72 Isoenzyme, 12, 67, 72 K Kb, 40, 72 L Least-Squares Analysis, 72, 77 Likelihood Functions, 72, 77 Linear Models, 72, 77 Lipid, 65, 72, 73, 74 Liver, 21, 64, 70, 72, 80 Loading dose, 6, 72 Logistic Models, 72, 77 Lorazepam, 15, 73 Lymph, 65, 73 Lymph node, 65, 73 Lymphoid, 62, 73 M Mediate, 68, 73 Mediator, 73, 78 Medical Records, 73, 77 MEDLINE, 41, 73 Meiosis, 73, 79 Membrane, 36, 66, 73, 75, 79 Membrane Fluidity, 36, 73 Memory, 73 Meningeal, 20, 73 Meninges, 64, 73 Mental, iv, 3, 14, 33, 40, 42, 56, 61, 65, 66, 68, 73, 77 Mental Disorders, 73, 77 Mesoridazine, 12, 73 Metabolite, 71, 73 Metabotropic, 18, 73 MI, 59, 73 Midazolam, 17, 74 Mitosis, 74, 78 Modification, 62, 74 Molecular, 41, 43, 64, 66, 67, 69, 74, 77 Molecule, 63, 66, 68, 74, 77 Motility, 74, 78 Motor Activity, 67, 74 Motor Cortex, 36, 74 Myocardial infarction, 9, 67, 73, 74 Myocardium, 73, 74 N Necrosis, 71, 73, 74 Nerve, 36, 61, 62, 65, 67, 73, 74, 76, 79, 80 Nervous System, 58, 64, 73, 74, 79 Neuroleptic, 63, 66, 74 Neuromuscular, 61, 71, 74
Neuromuscular Junction, 61, 74 Neuronal, 36, 74 Neurons, 67, 69, 74, 77, 79 Neurotransmitter, 61, 62, 68, 69, 70, 74, 75, 79 Niacin, 75, 80 Nitrazepam, 9, 75 Nitrogen, 62, 75, 80 Norepinephrine, 61, 68, 75 Nucleus, 67, 73, 75, 76 P Pancreas, 72, 75 Pancreatic, 10, 75 Pancreatic Pseudocyst, 10, 75 Paralysis, 71, 75 Pathogenesis, 6, 8, 23, 75 Pathophysiology, 8, 75 Peptide, 5, 62, 75, 76, 78 Pharmacologic, 62, 75, 80 Phospholipids, 72, 73, 75 Phosphorus, 64, 75 Physiologic, 61, 75, 77 Plants, 65, 70, 75 Plasma, 5, 6, 8, 18, 19, 61, 62, 69, 70, 76, 77 Plasma cells, 62, 76 Pneumonia, 67, 76 Poisoning, 31, 72, 76 Polypeptide, 62, 66, 69, 76 Pons, 76, 77 Postsynaptic, 76 Potassium, 21, 25, 61, 71, 76 Potentiate, 65, 76 Practice Guidelines, 42, 76 Precursor, 62, 65, 68, 75, 76, 80 Presynaptic, 74, 76, 79 Prophase, 76, 79 Propofol, 20, 21, 25, 76 Protein C, 62, 76, 80 Protein S, 64, 67, 76, 79 Proteins, 6, 62, 63, 66, 67, 69, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78 Proteolytic, 66, 69, 76 Pruritus, 71, 76 Psychiatric, 21, 22, 24, 73, 76, 78 Psychiatry, 5, 7, 8, 9, 13, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 33, 76, 77 Psychic, 73, 77, 78 Psychoactive, 77, 81 Psychomotor, 74, 77 Psychopathology, 8, 23, 77 Public Policy, 41, 77 Pulmonary, 15, 77, 81
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R Randomized, 68, 77 Receptor, 36, 63, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 77, 78 Receptors, Serotonin, 77, 78 Refer, 1, 66, 74, 77 Refractory, 20, 21, 77 Regimen, 68, 77 Regression Analysis, 21, 77 Renal failure, 77 Renin, 5, 62, 77 Reticular, 33, 77 Reticular Formation, 33, 77 Retrospective, 4, 22, 77 Retrospective study, 22, 77 S Schizoid, 77, 81 Schizophrenia, 77, 78, 81 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 78, 81 Screening, 65, 78 Secretion, 5, 70, 71, 72, 78 Secretory, 78 Sedative, 20, 25, 63, 65, 71, 73, 74, 78 Seizures, 6, 13, 18, 32, 33, 57, 78, 79 Serotonin, 7, 61, 63, 66, 75, 77, 78, 80 Serum, 21, 23, 25, 66, 67, 78 Shock, 10, 78, 80 Side effect, 61, 63, 65, 73, 78, 80 Skeletal, 67, 78 Sleep Deprivation, 9, 78 Small intestine, 70, 72, 78 Sodium, 61, 78 Solvent, 69, 78 Somatotropin, 19, 78 Specialist, 47, 79 Spinal cord, 63, 64, 65, 73, 74, 79 Status Epilepticus, 13, 79 Stimulus, 69, 79 Stomach, 57, 69, 70, 72, 78, 79 Streptomycin, 67, 79 Subclinical, 71, 78, 79 Subiculum, 70, 79 Substance P, 73, 78, 79 Support group, 58, 79
Supraspinal, 63, 79 Sympathomimetic, 68, 69, 75, 79 Symptomatic, 65, 79 Symptomatic treatment, 65, 79 Synapse, 61, 74, 76, 79, 80 Synaptic, 6, 74, 79 Synaptic Vesicles, 79 Systemic, 69, 71, 80 T Telencephalon, 64, 80 Temporal, 70, 80 Thrombin, 69, 76, 80 Thrombus, 67, 71, 80 Tissue, 61, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74, 78, 80 Tomography, 7, 80 Topical, 69, 80 Torsion, 71, 80 Toxic, iv, 7, 13, 36, 70, 80 Toxicology, 42, 58, 80 Transfection, 64, 80 Translation, 62, 80 Transmitter, 61, 68, 73, 75, 79, 80 Trauma, 20, 74, 80 Tryptophan, 32, 66, 78, 80 Tyrosine, 68, 80 U Urea, 24, 80 Urinary, 80 Urine, 61, 67, 80 Urticaria, 65, 71, 81 Uterus, 65, 81 V Vascular, 62, 67, 71, 80, 81 Vasodilator, 68, 70, 81 Vein, 72, 81 Ventricle, 70, 81 Ventricular, 16, 81 Veterinary Medicine, 41, 81 W Wakefulness, 81 Withdrawal, 5, 6, 9, 12, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 32, 33, 34, 36, 65, 81
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