CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 88th Edition

FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS Peter J. Mohr and Barry N. Taylor These tables give the 2002 self-consistent set of value...

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FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS Peter J. Mohr and Barry N. Taylor These tables give the 2002 self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) for international use. The 2002 set replaces the previously recommended 1998 CODATA set. The 2002 adjustment takes into account the data considered in the 1998 adjustment as well as the data that became available between 31 December 1998, the closing date of that adjustment, and 31 December 2002, the closing date of the new adjustment. This report was prepared by the authors under the auspices of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants. The members of the Task Group are:

B. A. Mamyrin, A. F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Federation W. Martienssen, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Germany P. J. Mohr, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America F. Nez, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, France B. W. Petley, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom T. J. Quinn, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures B. N. Taylor, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America W. Wöger, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany B. M. Wood, National Research Council, Canada Z. Zhang, National Institute of Metrology, China (People’s Republic of )

F. Cabiati, Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale “Galileo Ferraris,” Italy E. R. Cohen, Science Center, Rockwell International (retired), United States of America K. Fujii, National Metrology Institute of Japan, Japan S. G. Karshenboim, D. I. Mendeleyev All-Russian Research Institute for Metrology, Russian Federation I. Lindgren, Chalmers University of Technology and Göteborg University, Sweden

Reference Mohr, P. J. and Taylor, B. N., The 2002 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants, Web Version 4.0, NIST Physical Data web site (December 2003); Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, No. 4, October 2004.

TABLE I. An Abbreviated List of the CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Constants of Physics and Chemistry Based on the 2002 Adjustment Quanity speed of light in vacuum magnetic constant electric constant 1/µ0c2 Newtonian constant of gravitation Planck constant h/2π elementary charge magnetic flux quantum h/2e conductance quantum 2e2/h electron mass proton mass proton-electron mass ratio fine-structure constant e2/4πε0ħc inverse fine-structure constant Rydberg constant α2mec/2h Avogadro constant Faraday constant NAe molar gas constant Boltzmann constant R/NA Stefan-Boltzmann constant (π2/60)k4/ħ3c2 Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI electron volt: (e/C) J (unified) atomic mass unit 1 u = mu = (1/12)m(12C) = 10–3 kg mol–1/NA

Symbol Numerical value c, c0 299 792 458 4π × 10–7 µ0 = 12.566 370 614… × 10–7 ε0 8.854 187 817… × 10–12 G 6.6742(10) × 10–11 h 6.626 0693(11) × 10–34 ħ 1.054 571 68(18) × 10–34 e 1.602 176 53(14) × 10–19 φ0 2.067 833 72(18) × 10–15 G0 7.748 091 733(26) × 10–5 9.109 3826(16) × 10–31 me 1.672 621 71(29) × 10–27 mp mp/me 1836.152 672 61(85) α 7.297 352 568(24) × 10–3 –1 137.035 999 11(46) α R∞ 10 973 731.568 525(73) NA , L 6.022 1415(10) × 1023 F 96 485.3383(83) R 8.314 472(15) k 1.380 6505(24) × 10–23 σ 5.670 400(40) × 10–8 eV u

1.602 176 53(14) × 10–19 1.660 538 86(28) × 10–27

Unit m s–1 N A–2 N A–2 F m–1 m3 kg–1 s–2 Js Js C Wb S kg kg

Relative std. uncert. ur (exact)

m–1 mol–1 C mol–1 J mol–1 K–1 J K–1 W m–2 K–4

(exact) (exact) 1.5×10–4 1.7×10–7 1.7×10–7 8.5×10–8 8.5×10–8 3.3×10–9 1.7×10–7 1.7×10–7 4.6×10–10 3.3×10–9 3.3×10–9 6.6×10–12 1.7×10–7 8.6×10–8 1.7×10–6 1.8×10–6 7.0×10–6

J kg

8.5×10–8 1.7×10–7

1-1

HC&P_S01.indb 1

5/2/05 8:33:16 AM

Fundamental Physical Constants

1-2

TABLE II. The CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Constants of Physics and Chemistry Based on the 2002 Adjustment Relative std. uncert. ur

Quantity Universal speed of light in vacuum magnetic constant

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

c, c0 µ0 ε0

m s–1 N A–2 N A–2 F m–1

(exact)

electric constant 1/µ0c2

299 792 458 4π × 10–7 = 12.566 370 614… × 10–7 8.854 187 817… × 10−12

mP TP lP tP

376.730 313 461… 6.6742(10) × 10–11 6.7087(10) × 10–39 6.626 0693(11) × 10–34 4.135 667 43(35) × 10–15 1.054 571 68(18) × 10–34 6.582 119 15(56) × 10–16 197.326 968(17) 2.176 45(16) × 10–8 1.416 79(11) × 1032 1.616 24(12) × 10–35 5.391 21(40) × 10–44

Ω m3 kg–1 s–2 (GeV/c2)–2 Js eV s Js eV s MeV fm kg K m s

(exact) 1.5×10–4 1.5×10–4 1.7×10–7 8.5×10–8 1.7×10–7 8.5×10–8 8.5×10–8 7.5×10–5 7.5×10–5 7.5×10–5 7.5×10–5

e e/h φ0 G0

1.602 176 53(14) × 10–19 2.417 989 40(21) × 1014 2.067 833 72(18) × 10–15 7.748 091 733(26)×10−5

C A J–1 Wb S

8.5×10–8 8.5×10–8 8.5×10–8 3.3×10–9

G0−1

12 906.403 725(43) 483 597.879(41)×109 25 812.807 449(86) 927.400 949(80)×10−26 5.788 381 804(39)×10−5 13.996 2458(12)×109 46.686 4507(40) 0.671 7131(12) 5.050 783 43(43)×10−27 3.152 451 259(21)×10−8 7.622 593 71(65) 2.542 623 58(22)×10−2 3.658 2637(64)×10−4

Ω Hz V–1 Ω J T–1 eV T–1 Hz T–1 m–1 T–1 K T–1 J T–1 eV T–1 MHz T–1 m–1 T–1 K T–1

3.3×10–9 8.5×10–8 3.3×10–9 8.6×10–8 6.7×10–9 8.6×10–8 8.6×10–8 1.8×10–6 8.6×10–8 6.7×10–9 8.6×10–8 8.6×10–8 1.8×10–6

h/2me h/me

7.297 352 568(24)×10−3 137.035 999 11(46) 10 973 731.568 525(73) 3.289 841 960 360(22)×1015 2.179 872 09(37)×10−18 13.605 6923(12) 0.529 177 2108(18)×10−10 4.359 744 17(75)×10−18 27.211 3845(23) 3.636 947 550(24)×10−4 7.273 895 101(48)×10−4

m–1 Hz J eV m J eV m2s–1 m2s–1

3.3×10–9 3.3×10–9 6.6×10–12 6.6×10–12 1.7×10–7 8.5×10–8 3.3×10–9 1.7×10–7 8.5×10–8 6.7×10–9 6.7×10–9

GF/(ħc)3

1.166 39(1)×10−5

GeV–2

8.6×10–6

sin2 θW

0.222 15(76)

me

9.109 3826(16)×10−31 5.485 799 0945(24)×10−4

characteristic impedance of vacuum Newtonian constant of gravitation

µ0 ε0 = µ0 c

Z0 G G/ħc h

Planck constant in eV s h/2π in eV s ħc in MeV fm Planck mass (ħc/G)1/2 Planck temperature (ħc5/G)1/2/k Planck length ħ/mPc = (ħG/c3)1/2 Planck time lP/c = (ħG/c5)1/2

ħ

Electromagnetic elementary charge magnetic flux quantum h/2e conductance quantum 2e2/h inverse of conductance quantum Josephson constant1 2e/h von Klitzing constant2 h/e2 = µ0c/2α Bohr magneton eħ/2me in eV T–1

KJ RK µB

µB/h µB/hc μB/k μN

nuclear magneton eħ/2mP in eV T–1

μN/h μN/hc µN/k

(exact) (exact)

Atomic and Nuclear

General Fine-structure constant e2/4πε0ħc inverse fine-structure constant Rydberg constant α2mec/2h

α α–1 R∞ R∞c R∞hc

R∞hc in eV Bohr radius α/4πR∞ = 4πε0ħ2/mee2 Hartree energy e2/4πε0a0 = 2R∞hc = α2mec2 in eV quantum of circulation

a0 Eh

Electroweak Fermi coupling constant3

(

weak mixing angle4 θW (on-shell scheme) sin θ W = sW ≡ 1 − mW mZ 2

2

Electron, e– electron mass in u, me = Ar(e) u (electron relative atomic mass times u)

HC&P_S01.indb 2

)

2

3.4×10–3 kg u

1.7×10–7 4.4×10–10

5/2/05 8:33:20 AM


1-3

me/mμ me/mτ me/mp me/mn me/md me/mα −e/me M(e), Me λC

Numerical value 8.187 1047(14)×10−14 0.510 998 918(44) 4.836 331 67(13)×10−3 2.875 64(47)×10−4 5.446 170 2173(25)×10−4 5.438 673 4481(38)×10−4 2.724 437 1095(13)×10−4 1.370 933 555 75(61)×10−4 −1.758 820 12(15)×1011 5.485 799 0945(24)×10−7 2.426 310 238(16)×10−12

Unit J MeV

C kg–1 kg mol–1 m

Relative std. uncert. ur 1.7×10–7 8.6×10–8 2.6×10–8 1.6×10–4 4.6×10–10 7.0×10–10 4.8×10–10 4.4×10–10 8.6×10–8 4.4×10–10 6.7×10–9

Thomson cross section ( 8π 3 ) re electron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio electron magnetic moment anomaly |μe|/μB − 1 electron g-factor −2(1 + ae) electron-muon magnetic moment ratio electron-proton magnetic moment ratio

C re

386.159 2678(26)×10−15 2.817 940 325(28)×10−15

m m

6.7×10–9 1.0×10–8

σe µe µe/µB µe/µN ae ge µe/µµ µeµp

0.665 245 873(13)×10−28 −928.476 412(80)×10−26 −1.001 159 652 1859(38) −1838.281 971 07(85) 1.159 652 1859(38)×10−3 −2.002 319 304 3718(75) 206.766 9894(54) −658.210 6862(66)

m2 J T–1

2.0×10–8 8.6×10–8 3.8×10–12 4.6×10–10 3.2×10–9 3.8×10–12 2.6×10–8 1.0×10–8

electron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2O, sphere, 25°C) electron-neutron magnetic moment ratio electron-deuteron magnetic moment ratio

µe/µn µe/µd

µ e µ p′

−658.227 5956(71) 960.920 50(23) −2 143.923 493(23)

γe γe/2π

µ e µ h′

864.058 255(10) 1.760 859 74(15)×1011 28 024.9532(24)

mμ

1.883 531 40(33)×10−28 0.113 428 9264(30) 1.692 833 60(29)×10−11 105.658 3692(94) 206.768 2838(54) 5.945 92(97)×10−2 0.112 609 5269(29) 0.112 454 5175(29) 0.113 428 9264(30)×10−3 11.734 441 05(30)×10−15 1.867 594 298(47)×10−15 −4.490 447 99(40)×10−26 −4.841 970 45(13)×10−3 −8.890 596 98(23) 1.165 919 81(62)×10−3 −2.002 331 8396(12) −3.183 345 118(89)

kg u J MeV

mτ/me mτ/mµ mτ/mp mτ/mn M(τ), Mτ λC,τ

3.167 77(52)×10−27 1.907 68(31) 2.847 05(46)×10−10 1776.99(29) 3477.48(57) 16.8183(27) 1.893 90(31) 1.891 29(31) 1.907 68(31)×10−3 0.697 72(11)×10−15

kg u J MeV

kg mol–1 m

1.6×10–4 1.6×10–4 1.6×10–4 1.6×10–4 1.6×10–4 1.6×10–4 1.6×10–4 1.6×10–4 1.6×10–4 1.6×10–4

C, τ

0.111 046(18)×10−15

m

1.6×10–4

Quantity energy equivalent in MeV electron-muon mass ratio electron-tau mass ratio electron-proton mass ratio electron-neutron mass ratio electron-deuteron mass ratio electron to alpha particle mass ratio electron charge to mass quotient electron molar mass NAme Compton wavelength h/mec λC/2π = αa0 = α2/4πR∞ classical electron radius α2a0

2

electron to shielded helion5 magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25°C) electron gyromagnetic ratio 2|µe|/ħ Muon, μ− muon mass in u, mμ = Ar(μ) u (muon relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV muon-electron mass ratio muon-tau mass ratio muon-proton mass ratio muon-neutron mass ratio muon molar mass NAmµ muon Compton wavelength h/mµc λC,µ/2π muon magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio muon magnetic moment anomaly |µµ|/(eħ/2mµ) – 1 muon g-factor –2(1 + αµ) muon-proton magnetic moment ratio Tau, τ– tau mass6 in u, mτ = Ar(τ) u (tau relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV tau-electron mass ratio tau-muon mass ratio tau-proton mass ratio tau-neutron mass ratio tau molar mass NAmτ tau Compton wavelength h/mτc λC,τ/2π

HC&P_S01.indb 3

Symbol mec2

mμc2 mµ/me mµ/mτ mµ/mp mµ/mn M(µ), Mµ λC,µ C, µ µµ µµ/µB µµ/µN αµ gµ µµ/µp mτ mτc2

1.1×10–8 2.4×10–7 1.1×10–8 s–1 T–1 MHz T–1

kg mol–1 m m J T–1

1.2×10–8 8.6×10–8 8.6×10–8 1.7×10–7 2.6×10–8 1.7×10–7 8.9×10–8 2.6×10–8 1.6×10–4 2.6×10–8 2.6×10–8 2.6×10–8 2.5×10–8 2.5×10–8 8.9×10–8 2.6×10–8 2.6×10–8 5.3×10–7 6.2×10–10 2.8×10–8

5/2/05 8:33:22 AM


1-4 Quantity

Numerical value

Unit

mp

1.672 621 71(29)×10−27 1.007 276 466 88(13) 1.503 277 43(26)×10−10 938.272 029(80) 1836.152 672 61(85) 8.880 243 33(23) 0.528 012(86) 0.998 623 478 72(58) 9.578 833 76(82)×107 1.007 276 466 88(13)×10−3 1.321 409 8555(88)×10−15 0.210 308 9104(14)×10−15 0.8750(68)×10−15 1.410 606 71(12)×10−26 1.521 032 206(15)×10−3 2.792 847 351(28) 5.585 694 701(56) −1.459 898 05(34)

kg u J MeV

µ Ρ′

1.410 570 47(12)×10−26

J T–1

to Bohr magneton ratio

µ Ρ′ µ B

1.520 993 132(16)×10

1.1×10–8

to nuclear magneton ratio

µ Ρ′ µ N

2.792 775 604(30)

1.1×10–8

Proton, p proton mass in u, mp = Ar(p) u (proton relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV proton-electron mass ratio proton-muon mass ratio proton-tau mass ratio proton-neutron mass ratio proton charge to mass quotient proton molar mass NAmp proton Compton wavelength h/mpc λC,p/2π proton rms charge radius proton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio proton g-factor 2µp/µN proton-neutron magnetic moment ratio shielded proton magnetic moment (H2O, sphere, 25°C)

proton magnetic shielding correction 1 − µ Ρ′ µ Ρ (H2O, sphere, 25°C) proton gyromagnetic ratio 2µΡ/ħ shielded proton gyromagnetic ratio 2µ´P/ћ (H2O, sphere, 25°C) Neutron, n neutron mass in u, mn = Ar (n) u (neutron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV neutron-electron mass ratio neutron-muon mass ratio neutron-tau mass ratio neutron-proton mass ratio neutron molar mass NAmn neutron Compton wavelength h/mnc λC,n/2π neutron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio neutron g-factor 2µn/µN neutron-electron magnetic moment ratio neutron-proton magnetic moment ratio neutron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2O, sphere, 25°C) neutron gyromagnetic ratio 2|µn|/ħ Deuteron, d deuteron mass in u, md = Ar(d) u (deuteron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV deuteron-electron mass ratio deuteron-proton mass ratio deuteron molar mass NAmd deuteron rms charge radius

HC&P_S01.indb 4

Relative std. uncert. ur

Symbol

mpc2 mp/me mp/mµ mp/mτ mp/mn e/mp M(p), Mp λC,p C,P Rp µp µp/µB µp/µN gp µp/µn

σ Ρ′

C kg–1 kg mol–1 m m m J T–1

1.7×10–7 1.3×10–10 1.7×10–7 8.6×10–8 4.6×10–10 2.6×10–8 1.6×10–4 5.8×10–10 8.6×10–8 1.3×10–10 6.7×10–9 6.7×10–9 7.8×10–3 8.7×10–8 1.0×10–8 1.0×10–8 1.0×10–8 2.4×10–7 8.7×10–8

−3

25.689(15)×10−6 2.675 222 05(23)×108 42.577 4813(37)

s–1 T–1 MHz T–1

5.7×10–4 8.6×10–8 8.6×10–8

γ Ρ′

2.675 153 33(23)×108

s–1 T–1

8.6×10–8

γ Ρ′ 2 π

42.576 3875(37)

MHz T

8.6×10–8

mn

mn/me mn/mµ mn/mτ mn/mp M(n), Mn λC,n C,n µn µn/µB µn/µN gn µn/µe µn/µp

1.674 927 28(29)×10−27 1.008 664 915 60(55) 1.505 349 57(26)×10−10 939.565 360(81) 1838.683 6598(13) 8.892 484 02(23) 0.528 740(86) 1.001 378 418 70(58) 1.008 664 915 60(55)×10−3 1.319 590 9067(88)×10−15 0.210 019 4157(14)×10−15 −0.966 236 45(24)×10−26 −1.041 875 63(25)×10−3 −1.913 042 73(45) −3.826 085 46(90) 1.040 668 82(25)×10−3 −0.684 979 34(16)

kg u J MeV

1.7×10–7 5.5×10–10 1.7×10–7 8.6×10–8 7.0×10–10 2.6×10–8 1.6×10–4 5.8×10–10 5.5×10–10 6.7×10–9 6.7×10–9 2.5×10–7 2.4×10–7 2.4×10–7 2.4×10–7 2.4×10–7 2.4×10–7

µ n µ Ρ′

γn γn/2π

−0.684 996 94(16) 1.832 471 83(46)×108 29.164 6950(73)

md

3.343 583 35(57)×10−27 2.013 553 212 70(35) 3.005 062 85(51)×10−10 1875.612 82(16) 3670.482 9652(18) 1.999 007 500 82(41) 2.013 553 212 70(35)×10−3 2.1394(28)×10−15

γΡ γΡ/2π

mnc2

mdc2 md/me md/mp M(d), Md Rd

–1

kg mol–1 m m J T–1

s T MHz T–1 –1

–1

kg u J MeV

kg mol–1 m

2.4×10–7 2.5×10–7 2.5×10–7 1.7×10–7 1.7×10–10 1.7×10–7 8.6×10–8 4.8×10–10 2.0×10–10 1.7×10–10 1.3×10–3

5/2/05 8:33:26 AM

Fundamental Physical Constants Quantity deuteron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio deuteron-electron magnetic moment ratio deuteron-proton magnetic moment ratio deuteron-neutron magnetic moment ratio Helion, h helion mass5 in u, mh = Ar(h) u (helion relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV helion-electron mass ratio helion-proton mass ratio helion molar mass NAmh shielded helion magnetic moment (gas, sphere, 25°C) to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio shielded helion to proton magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25°C) shielded helion to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (gas/H2O, spheres, 25°C) shielded helion gyromagnetic ratio 2|µ´h|ћ (gas, sphere, 25°C) Alpha particle, α alpha particle mass in u, mα = Ar(α) u (alpha particle relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV alpha particle to electron mass ratio alpha particle to proton mass ratio alpha particle molar mass NAmα Physico-Chemical Avogadro constant atomic mass constant mu = (1/12)m(12C) = 1 u = 10–3 kg mol–1/NA energy equivalent in MeV Faraday constant7 NAe molar Planck constant molar gas constant Boltzmann constant R/NA in eV K−1

molar volume of ideal gas RT/p T = 273.15 K, p = 101.325 kPa Loschmidt constant NA/Vm T = 273.15 K, p = 100 kPa Sackur-Tetrode constant (absolute entropy constant)8 5/2 + ln[(2πmukT1/h2)3/2kT1/p0] T1 = 1 K, p0 = 100 kPa T1 = 1 K, p0 = 101.325 kPa Stefan-Boltzmann constant (π2/60)k4/ħ3c2 first radiation constant 2πhc2 first radiation constant for spectral radiance 2hc2 second radiation constant hc/k Wien displacement law constant b = λmaxT = c2/4.965 114 231…

HC&P_S01.indb 5

1-5 Relative std. uncert. ur 8.7×10–8 1.1×10–8 1.1×10–8 1.1×10–8 1.5×10–8 2.4×10–7

Symbol µd µd/µB µd/µN µd/µe µd/µp µd/µn

Numerical value 0.433 073 482(38)×10−26 0.466 975 4567(50)×10 −3 0.857 438 2329(92) −4.664 345 548(50) ×10−4 0.307 012 2084(45) −0.448 206 52(11)

Unit J T–1

mh

5.006 412 14(86)×10−27 3.014 932 2434(58) 4.499 538 84(77)×10−10 2808.391 42(24) 5495.885 269(11) 2.993 152 6671(58) 3.014 932 2434(58)×10−3

kg u J MeV

kg mol–1

1.7×10–7 1.9×10–9 1.7×10–7 8.6×10–8 2.0×10–9 1.9×10–9 1.9×10–9

−1.074 553 024(93)×10 −26

J T–1

8.7×10–8

mhc2 mh/me mh/mp M(h), Mh

µ h′

µ h′ µ B

µ h′ µ N µ h′ µ Ρ µ h′ µ Ρ′

γ h′

−1.158 671 474(14)×10

1.2×10–8

−2.127 497 723(25)

1.2×10–8

−0.761 766 562(12)

1.5×10–8

−3

−0.761 786 1313(33)

4.3×10–9

2.037 894 70(18)×10

s T

32.434 1015(28)

MHz T

8.7×10–8

6.644 6565(11)×10−27 4.001 506 179 149(56) 5.971 9194(10)×10−10 3727.379 17(32) 7294.299 5363(32) 3.972 599 689 07(52) 4.001 506 179 149(56)×10−3

kg u J MeV

kg mol–1

1.7×10–7 1.4×10–11 1.7×10–7 8.6×10–8 4.4×10–10 1.3×10–10 1.4×10–11

k/h k/hc

6.022 1415(10)×1023 1.660 538 86(28)×10−27 1.492 417 90(26)×10−10 931.494 043(80) 96 485.3383(83) 3.990 312 716(27) ×10−10 0.119 626 565 72(80) 8.314 472(15) 1.380 6505(24)×10−23 8.617 343(15)×10−5 2.083 6644(36) ×1010 69.503 56(12)

mol–1 kg J MeV C mol–1 J s mol–1 J m mol–1 J mol–1 K–1 J K–1 eV K–1 Hz K–1 m–1 K–1

1.7×10–7 1.7×10–7 1.7×10–7 8.6×10–8 8.6×10–8 6.7×10–9 6.7×10–9 1.7×10–6 1.8×10–6 1.8×10–6 1.7×10–6 1.7×10–6

Vm n0 Vm

22.413 996(39) ×10−3 2.686 7773(47)×1025 22.710 981(40) ×10−3

m3 mol–1 m–3 m3 mol–1

1.7×10–6 1.8×10–6 1.7×10–6

S0/R

−1.151 7047(44) −1.164 8677(44) 5.670 400(40)×10 −8 3.741 771 38(64)×10−16 1.191 042 82(20)×10−16 1.438 7752(25)×10−2 2.897 7685(51)×10 −3

W m–2 K–4 W m2 W m2 sr–1 mK mK

3.8×10–6 3.8×10–6 7.0×10–6 1.7×10–7 1.7×10–7 1.7×10–6 1.7×10–6

γ h′ 2 π mα mαc2 mα/me mα/mp M(α), Mα NA , L mu muc2 F NAh NAhc R k

σ c1 c1L c2 b

8

–1

8.7×10–8

–1 –1

5/2/05 8:33:29 AM


1-6 1 2 3 4

5 6

7

8

See the “Adopted values” table for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect. See the “Adopted values” table for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect. Value recommended by the Particle Data Group (Hagiwara et al., 2002). Based on the ratio of the masses of the W and Z bosons mW/mZ recommended by the Particle Data Group (Hagiwara et al., 2002). The value for sin2θW they recommend, which is based on a particular variant of the modified minimal subtraction (MS) scheme, is sin 2 θˆ W ( MZ ) = 0.231 24(24 ) . The helion, symbol h, is the nucleus of the 3He atom. This and all other values involving mτ are based on the value of mτc2 in MeV recommended by the Particle Data Group (Hagiwara et al., 2002), but with a standard uncertainty of 0.29 MeV rather than the quoted uncertainty of –0.26 MeV, +0.29 MeV. The numerical value of F to be used in coulometric chemical measurements is 96 485.336(16) [1.7 × 10–7] when the relevant current is measured in terms of representations of the volt and ohm based on the Josephson and quantum Hall effects and the internationally adopted conventional values of the Josephson and von Klitzing constants KJ – 90 and RK – 90 given in the “Adopted values” table. The entropy of an ideal monoatomic gas of relative atomic mass Ar is given by S = S0 + (3/2)R ln Ar – R ln(p/p0) + (5/2)R ln(T/K).

TABLE III. Internationally Adopted Values of Various Quantities Quantity molar mass of 12C molar mass constant M(12C)/12 conventional value of Josephson constant conventional value of von Klitzing constant standard atmosphere standard acceleration of gravity

Symbol M(12C) Mu KJ – 90 RK – 90 gn

Numerical value 12 × 10–3 1 × 10–3 483 597.9 25 812.807 101 325 9.806 65

Unit kg mol–1 kg mol–1 GHz V–1 Ω Pa m s–2

Relative std. uncert. ur (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact)

TABLE IV. The Values of Some Energy Equivalents Derived From the Relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hv = kT, and Based on the 2002 CODATA Adjustment of the Values of the Constants 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = (1/12)m(12C) = 10–3 kg mol–1/NA, and Eh = 2R∞hc = α2mec2 is the Hartree Energy (hartree)

1J

(1 J) = 1 J

J

1 kg (1 kg)c2 = 8.987 551 787 ×1016 J 1 m–1 (1 m−1)hc = 1.986 445 61(34)×10−25 J 1 Hz (1 Hz)h = 6.626 0693(11) ×10−34 J 1 K (1 K)k = 1.380 6505(24) ×10−23 J 1 eV (1 eV) =1.602 176 53(14) ×10−19 J 1u

(1 u)c2 = 1.492 417 90(26) ×10−10 J

1 Eh

(1 Eh) = 4.359 744 17(75)×10−18 J

Relevant unit kg m–1 (1 J)/hc = (1 J)/c2 =1.112 650 056 ×10−17 kg 5.034 117 20(86)×1024 m−1 (1 kg) = 1kg (1 kg)c/h = 4.524 438 91(77)×1041 m−1 (1 m−1)h/c = (1 m−1) = 1 m−1 2.210 218 81(38)×10−42 kg (1 Hz)h/c2 = (1 Hz)/c = 3.335 640 952×10−9 m−1 7.372 4964(13)×10−51 kg (1 K)k/c2 =1.536 1808(27) ×10−40 kg (1 K)k/hc = 69.503 56(12) m−1 (1 eV)/hc = (1 eV)/c2 = 8.065 544 45(69)×105 m−1 1.782 661 81(15)×10−36 kg (1 u) = 1.660 538 86(28)×10−27 kg (1 u)c/h = 7.513 006 608(50) ×1014 m−1 (1 Eh)/hc = 2.194 746 313 (1 Eh)/c2 = 4.850 869 60(83) ×10−35 kg 705(15)×107 m−1

Hz (1 J)/h =1.509 190 37(26)×1033 Hz (1 kg)c2/h = 1.356 392 66(23)×1050 Hz (1 m−1)c = 299 792 458 Hz (1 Hz) = 1 Hz (1 K)k/h = 2.083 6644(36)×1010 Hz (1 eV)/h = 2.417 989 40(21)×1014 Hz (1 u)c2/h = 2.252 342 718(15)×1023 Hz (1 Eh)/h = 6.579 683 920 721(44)×1015 Hz

TABLE V. The Values of Some Energy Equivalents Derived From the Relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hv = kT, and Based on the 2002 CODATA Adjustment of the Values of the Constants 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = (1/12)m(12C) = 10–3 kg mol–1/NA, and Eh = 2R∞hc = α2mec2 is the Hartree Energy (hartree) K 1J (1 J)/k = 7.242 963(13)×1022 K 1 kg (1 kg)c2/k =6.509 650(11) ×1039 K 1 m–1 (1 m−1)hc/k = 1.438 7752(25)×10−2 K 1 Hz (1 Hz)h/k = 4.799 2374(84)×10−11 K 1 K (1 K) = 1 K 1 eV (1 eV)/k = 1.160 4505(20)×104 K 1u 1 Eh

HC&P_S01.indb 6

(1 u)c2/k = 1.080 9527(19)×1013 K (1 Eh)/k = 3.157 7465(55) ×105 K

Relevant unit eV u (1 J) = 6.241 509 47(53)×1018 eV (1 J)/c2 =6.700 5361(11)×109 u (1 kg)c2 = 5.609 588 96(48)×1035 eV (1 kg) = 6.022 1415(10)×1026 u (1 m−1)hc = (1 m−1)h/c = 1.239 841 91(11)×10−6 eV 1.331 025 0506(89) ×10−15 u (1 Hz)h = (1 Hz)h/c2 = 4.135 667 43(35)×10−15 eV 4.439 821 667(30)×10−24 u (1 K)k = 8.617 343(15)×10−5 eV (1 K)k/c2 =9.251 098(16)×10−14 u (1 eV) = 1 eV (1 eV)/c2 = 1.073 544 171(92)×10−9 u 2 6 (1 u)c = 931.494 043(80)×10 eV (1 u) = 1 u (1 Eh) = 27.211 3845(23) eV (1 Eh)/c2 = 2.921 262 323(19)×10−8 u

Eh (1 J) = 2.293 712 57(39) ×1017 Eh (1 kg)c2 = 2.061 486 05(35)×1034 Eh (1 m−1)hc = 4.556 335 252 760(30) ×10−8 Eh (1 Hz)h = 1.519 829 846 006(10)×10−16 Eh (1 K)k = 3.166 8153(55)×10−6 Eh (1 eV) = 3.674 932 45(31) ×10−2 Eh (1 u)c2 = 3.423 177 686(23) ×107 Eh (1 Eh) = 1 Eh

5/2/05 8:33:32 AM

FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS — FREQUENTLY USED CONSTANTS Quantity

Symbol

speed of light in vacuum

c,c0 μ0

magnetic constant

Value

Unit

Relative std. uncert. ur

299 792 458

m s–1

(exact)

4π × 10

NA

= 12.566 370 614… × 10–7

N A–2

8.854 187 817… × 10–12

F m–1 m3 kg–1 s–2

1.5 × 10–4

–2

–7

(exact)

electric constant 1/μ0c2

ε0

Newtonian constant of gravitation

G

6.6742(10) × 10–11

Plank constant

h

6.626 0693(11) × 10–34

Js

1.7 × 10–7



1.054 571 68(18) × 10

Js

1.7 × 10–7

e

1.602 176 53(14) × 10

C

8.5 × 10–8

magnetic flux quantum h/2e

φ0

2.067 833 72(18) × 10–15

Wb

8.5 × 10–8

conductance quantum 2e2/h

G0

7.748 091 733(26) × 10

S

3.3 × 10–9

electron mass

me

9.109 3826(16) × 10

kg

1.7 × 10–7

proton mass

mp

1.672 621 71(29) × 10

kg

1.7 × 10–7

mp/me

1836.152 672 61(85)

4.6 × 10–10

7.297 352 568(24) × 10–3

3.3 × 10–9

h/2π elementary charge

proton-electron mass ratio

α

fine-structure constant e2/4πε0c inverse fine-structure constant Rydberg constant α mec/2h

–19

–5

–31 –27

3.3 × 10–9

α

137.035 999 11(46)

R∞

10 973 731.568 525(73)

–1

2

–34

(exact)

–1

m

6.6 × 10–12 1.7 × 10–7

6.022 1415(10) × 1023

mol–1

Faraday constant NAe

F

96 485.3383(83)

C mol–1

molar gas constant

R

8.314 472(15)

J mol K

1.7 × 10–6

Boltzmann constant R/NA

k

1.380 6505(24) × 10

JK

1.8 × 10–6

σ

5.670 400(40) × 10–8

Avogadro constant

N A, L

Stefan-Boltzmann constant (π /60)k / c 2

4

3 2

8.6 × 10–8

–1

–23

–1

–1

Wm K

7.0 × 10–6

–2

–4

Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI

S01_20.indd 1

electron volt: (e/C) J

eV

1.602 176 53(14) × 10–19

J

8.5 × 10–8

(unified) atomic mass unit 1 u= mu = 1/12 m(12C) = 10–3 kg mol–1/NA

u

1.660 538 86(28) × 10–27

kg

1.7 × 10–7

5/2/05 12:04:22 PM

STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (2005) This table of atomic weights includes the changes made in 2005 by the IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights. Those changes affected the following elements: Al, Au, Bi, Co, Cs, La, Mn, Na, Nd, P, Pt, Sm, Sc, Ta, Tb, and Th. The Standard Atomic Weights apply to the elements as they exist naturally on Earth, and the uncertainties take into account the isotopic variation found in most laboratory samples. Further comments on the variability are given in the footnotes. The number in parentheses following the atomic weight value gives the uncertainty in the last digit. An atomic weight entry in brackets indicates that the element that has no stable isotopes; the value given is the atomic mass in u (or the mass number, if the Name Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Darmstadtium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium

487_S01.indb 7

Symbol Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Ds Db Dy Es Er Eu Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf Hs He Ho H In

Atomic no. 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 107 5 35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17 24 27 29 96 110 105 66 99 68 63 100 9 87 64 31 32 79 72 108 2 67 1 49

mass is not accurately known) for the isotope of longest half-life. Thorium, protactinium, and uranium have no stable isotopes, but the terrestrial isotopic composition is sufficiently uniform to permit a standard atomic weight to be specified.

References 1. Chemistry International, Vol. 27, No. 6, p.18, 2005. 2. Coplen, T. D., Pure Appl. Chem. 73, 667, 2001. 3. Coplen, T. D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 30, 701, 2001.

Atomic weight

Footnotes

Name

[227.0277] 26.9815386(8) [243.0614] 121.760(1) 39.948(1) 74.92160(2) [209.9871] 137.327(7) [247.0703] 9.012182(3) 208.98040(1) [264.12] 10.811(7) 79.904(1) 112.411(8) 40.078(4) [251.0796] 12.0107(8) 140.116(1) 132.9054519(2) 35.453(2) 51.9961(6) 58.933195(5) 63.546(3) [247.0704] [271] [262.1141] 162.500(1) [252.0830] 167.259(3) 151.964(1) [257.0951] 18.9984032(5) [223.0197] 157.25(3) 69.723(1) 72.64(1) 196.966569(4) 178.49(2) [277] 4.002602(2) 164.93032(2) 1.00794(7) 114.818(3)

a

Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Roentgenium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Seaborgium

a g gr a a

a gmr g g a gr g gmr

r a a a g a g g a a g

a gr gmr

Symbol I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Mt Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rg Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Sg

Atomic no. 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3 71 12 25 109 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 111 37 44 104 62 21 106

Atomic weight 126.90447(3) 192.217(3) 55.845(2) 83.798(2) 138.90547(7) [262.1097] 207.2(1) 6.941(2) 174.967(1) 24.3050(6) 54.938045(5) [268.1388] [258.0984] 200.59(2) 95.94(2) 144.242(3) 20.1797(6) [237.0482] 58.6934(2) 92.90638(2) 14.0067(2) [259.1010] 190.23(3) 15.9994(3) 106.42(1) 30.973762(2) 195.084(9) [244.0642] [208.9824] 39.0983(1) 140.90765(2) [144.9127] 231.03588(2) [226.0254] [222.0176] 186.207(1) 102.90550(2) [272.1535] 85.4678(3) 101.07(2) [261.1088] 150.36(2) 44.955912(6) [266.1219]

Footnotes

gm g a gr bgmr g

a a g g gm a

gr a g gr g

a a g a a a

a g g a g a

1-7

4/10/06 9:33:14 AM

Standard Atomic Weights (2005)

1-8 Name Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium

Symbol Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm

Atomic no. 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69

Atomic weight 78.96(3) 28.0855(3) 107.8682(2) 22.98976928(2) 87.62(1) 32.065(5) 180.94788(2) [97.9072] 127.60(3) 158.92535(2) 204.3833(2) 232.03806(2) 168.93421(2)

Footnotes

Name

r r g

Tin Titanium Tungsten Ununbium Ununhexium Ununquadium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium

gr gr a g

g

Symbol Sn Ti W Uub Uuh Uuq U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr

Atomic no. 50 22 74 112 116 114 92 23 54 70 39 30 40

Atomic weight

Footnotes

118.710(7) 47.867(1) 183.84(1) [285] [289] [289] 238.02891(3) 50.9415(1) 131.293(6) 173.04(3) 88.90585(2) 65.409(4) 91.224(2)

g

a a a gm gm g

g

No stable isotope exists. The atomic mass in u (or the mass number, if the mass is not accurately known) is given in brackets for the isotope of longest half-life. Commercially available Li materials have atomic weights that range between 6.939 and 6.996; if a more accurate value is required, it must be determined for the specific material. g Geological specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition outside the limits for the normal material. The difference between the atomic weight of the element in such specimens and that given in the table may exceed the stated uncertainty. m Modified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available material because it has been subject to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations in atomic weight of the element from that given in the table can occur. r Range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents a more precise atomic weight being given; the tabulated value should be applicable to any normal material. a

b

487_S01.indb 8

4/10/06 9:33:15 AM

ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES This table lists the mass (in atomic mass units, symbol u) and the natural abundance (in percent) of the stable nuclides and a few important radioactive nuclides. A complete table of all nuclides may be found in Section 11 (“Table of the Isotopes”). The atomic masses were taken from the 2003 evaluation of Audi, Wapstra, and Thibault (References 2, 3). The number in parentheses following the mass value is the uncertainty in the last digit(s) given. An asterisk * after an entry indicates the mass value was derived not purely from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Natural abundance values were taken from the IUPAC Technical Report “Atomic Weight of the Elements: Review 2000” (Reference 4); these entries are also followed by uncertainties in the last digit(s) of the stated values. This uncertainty includes both the estimated measurement uncertainty and the reported range of variation in different terrestrial sources of the element (see Reference 4 for full Z 1

2 3 4 5 6

7 8

9 10

11

12

13 14

15 16

Isotope 1 H 2 H 3 H 3 He 4 He 6 Li 7 Li 9 Be 10 B 11 B 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 14 N 15 N 16 O 17 O 18 O 18 F 19 F 20 Ne 21 Ne 22 Ne 22 Na 23 Na 24 Na 24 Mg 25 Mg 26 Mg 27 Al 28 Si 29 Si 30 Si 31 P 32 P 32 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 S

Mass in u 1.00782503207(10) 2.0141017778(4) 3.0160492777(25) 3.0160293191(26) 4.00260325415(6) 6.015122795(16) 7.01600455(8) 9.0121822(4) 10.0129370(4) 11.0093054(4) 11.0114336(10) 12.0000000(0) 13.0033548378(10) 14.003241989(4) 14.0030740048(6) 15.0001088982(7) 15.99491461956(16) 16.99913170(12) 17.9991610(7) 18.0009380(6) 18.99840322(7) 19.9924401754(19) 20.99384668(4) 21.991385114(19) 21.9944364(4) 22.9897692809(29) 23.99096278(8) 23.985041700(14) 24.98583692(3) 25.982592929(30) 26.98153863(12) 27.9769265325(19) 28.976494700(22) 29.97377017(3) 30.97376163(20) 31.97390727(20) 31.97207100(15) 32.97145876(15) 33.96786690(12) 34.96903216(11) 35.96708076(20)

Abundance in % 99.9885(70) 0.0115(70) 0.000134(3) 99.999866(3) 7.59(4) 92.41(4) 100 19.9(7) 80.1(7) 98.93(8) 1.07(8) 99.636(7) 0.364(7) 99.757(16) 0.038(1) 0.205(14) 100 90.48(3) 0.27(1) 9.25(3) 100 78.99(4) 10.00(1) 11.01(3) 100 92.223(19) 4.685(8) 3.092(11) 100

details and caveats regarding elements whose abundance is variable). The absence of an entry in the Abundance column indicates a radioactive nuclide not present in nature or an element whose isotopic composition varies so widely that a meaningful natural abundance cannot be defined.

References 1. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Lide, D. R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, 2005. 2. Audi, G., Wapstra, A. H., and Thibault, Nucl. Phys., A729, 336, 2003. 3. Audi, G., and Wapstra, A. H., Atomic Mass Data Center, World Wide Web site, 4. de Laeter, J. R., Böhlke, J. K., De Bièvre, P., Hidaka, H., Peiser, H. S., Rosman, K. J. R., and Taylor, P. D. P., Pure Appl. Chem. 75, 683, 2003. Z 17 18

19

20

21 22

23 24

25 26

94.99(26) 0.75(2) 4.25(24) 0.01(1)

27

Isotope 35 Cl 37 Cl 36 Ar 38 Ar 40 Ar 39 K 40 K 41 K 42 K 43 K 40 Ca 42 Ca 43 Ca 44 Ca 45 Ca 46 Ca 47 Ca 48 Ca 45 Sc 46 Ti 47 Ti 48 Ti 49 Ti 50 Ti 50 V 51 V 50 Cr 51 Cr 52 Cr 53 Cr 54 Cr 54 Mn 55 Mn 52 Fe 54 Fe 55 Fe 56 Fe 57 Fe 58 Fe 59 Fe 57 Co

Mass in u 34.96885268(4) 36.96590259(5) 35.967545106(29) 37.9627324(4) 39.9623831225(29) 38.96370668(20) 39.96399848(21) 40.96182576(21) 41.96240281(24) 42.960716(10) 39.96259098(22) 41.95861801(27) 42.9587666(3) 43.9554818(4) 44.9561866(4) 45.9536926(24) 46.9545460(24) 47.952534(4) 44.9559119(9) 45.9526316(9) 46.9517631(9) 47.9479463(9) 48.9478700(9) 49.9447912(9) 49.9471585(11) 50.9439595(11) 49.9460442(11) 50.9447674(11) 51.9405075(8) 52.9406494(8) 53.9388804(8) 53.9403589(14) 54.9380451(7) 51.948114(7) 53.9396105(7) 54.9382934(7) 55.9349375(7) 56.9353940(7) 57.9332756(8) 58.9348755(8) 56.9362914(8)

Abundance in % 75.76(10) 24.24(10) 0.3365(30) 0.0632(5) 99.6003(30) 93.2581(44) 0.0117(1) 6.7302(44)

96.941(156) 0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3) 0.187(21) 100 8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2) 0.250(4) 99.750(4) 4.345(13) 83.789(18) 9.501(17) 2.365(7) 100 5.845(35) 91.754(36) 2.119(10) 0.282(4)

1-9

HC&P_S01.indb 9

5/2/05 8:33:34 AM

Atomic Masses and Abundances

1-10 Z

28

29

30

31

32

33 34

35 36

37

38

39 40

HC&P_S01.indb 10

Isotope 58 Co 59 Co 60 Co 58 Ni 59 Ni 60 Ni 61 Ni 62 Ni 63 Ni 64 Ni 63 Cu 64 Cu 65 Cu 64 Zn 65 Zn 66 Zn 67 Zn 68 Zn 70 Zn 67 Ga 68 Ga 69 Ga 71 Ga 68 Ge 70 Ge 72 Ge 73 Ge 74 Ge 76 Ge 75 As 74 Se 75 Se 76 Se 77 Se 78 Se 79 Se 80 Se 82 Se 79 Br 81 Br 78 Kr 80 Kr 82 Kr 83 Kr 84 Kr 86 Kr 85 Rb 86 Rb 87 Rb 84 Sr 85 Sr 86 Sr 87 Sr 88 Sr 89 Sr 90 Sr 89 Y 90 Zr 91 Zr 92 Zr 94 Zr

Mass in u 57.9357528(13) 58.9331950(7) 59.9338171(7) 57.9353429(7) 58.9343467(7) 59.9307864(7) 60.9310560(7) 61.9283451(6) 62.9296694(6) 63.9279660(7) 62.9295975(6) 63.9297642(6) 64.9277895(7) 63.9291422(7) 64.9292410(7) 65.9260334(10) 66.9271273(10) 67.9248442(10) 69.9253193(21) 66.9282017(14) 67.9279801(16) 68.9255736(13) 70.9247013(11) 67.928094(7) 69.9242474(11) 71.9220758(18) 72.9234589(18) 73.9211778(18) 75.9214026(18) 74.9215965(20) 73.9224764(18) 74.9225234(18) 75.9192136(18) 76.9199140(18) 77.9173091(18) 78.9184991(18) 79.9165213(21) 81.9166994(22) 78.9183371(22) 80.9162906(21) 77.9203648(12) 79.9163790(16) 81.9134836(19) 82.914136(3) 83.911507(3) 85.91061073(11) 84.911789738(12) 85.91116742(21) 86.909180527(13) 83.913425(3) 84.912933(3) 85.9092602(12) 86.9088771(12) 87.9056121(12) 88.9074507(12) 89.907738(3) 88.9058483(27) 89.9047044(25) 90.9056458(25) 91.9050408(25) 93.9063152(26)

Abundance in %

Z

100

41 42

68.0769(89) 26.2231(77) 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17) 0.9256(9) 69.15(3)

43

30.85(3) 48.268(321)

44

27.975(77) 4.102(21) 19.024(123) 0.631(9)

60.108(9) 39.892(9) 20.38(18) 27.31(26) 7.76(8) 36.72(15) 7.83(7) 100 0.89(4)

45 46

47 48

9.37(29) 7.63(16) 23.77(28) 49.61(41) 8.73(22) 50.69(7) 49.31(7) 0.355(3) 2.286(10) 11.593(31) 11.500(19) 56.987(15) 17.279(41) 72.17(2)

49

50

27.83(2) 0.56(1) 9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1)

100 51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28)

51 52

Isotope 96 Zr 93 Nb 92 Mo 94 Mo 95 Mo 96 Mo 97 Mo 98 Mo 99 Mo 100 Mo 97 Tc 98 Tc 99 Tc 96 Ru 98 Ru 99 Ru 100 Ru 101 Ru 102 Ru 104 Ru 106 Ru 103 Rh 102 Pd 104 Pd 105 Pd 106 Pd 108 Pd 110 Pd 107 Ag 109 Ag 106 Cd 108 Cd 110 Cd 111 Cd 112 Cd 113 Cd 114 Cd 116 Cd 111 In 113 In 115 In 112 Sn 113 Sn 114 Sn 115 Sn 116 Sn 117 Sn 118 Sn 119 Sn 120 Sn 122 Sn 124 Sn 121 Sb 123 Sb 120 Te 122 Te 123 Te 124 Te 125 Te 126 Te 128 Te

Mass in u 95.9082734(30) 92.9063781(26) 91.906811(4) 93.9050883(21) 94.9058421(21) 95.9046795(21) 96.9060215(21) 97.9054082(21) 98.9077119(21) 99.907477(6) 96.906365(5) 97.907216(4) 98.9062547(21) 95.907598(8) 97.905287(7) 98.9059393(22) 99.9042195(22) 100.9055821(22) 101.9043493(22) 103.905433(3) 105.907329(8) 102.905504(3) 101.905609(3) 103.904036(4) 104.905085(4) 105.903486(4) 107.903892(4) 109.905153(12) 106.905097(5) 108.904752(3) 105.906459(6) 107.904184(6) 109.9030021(29) 110.9041781(29) 111.9027578(29) 112.9044017(29) 113.9033585(29) 115.904756(3) 110.905103(5) 112.904058(3) 114.903878(5) 111.904818(5) 112.905171(4) 113.902779(3) 114.903342(3) 115.901741(3) 116.902952(3) 117.901603(3) 118.903308(3) 119.9021947(27) 121.9034390(29) 123.9052739(15) 120.9038157(24) 122.9042140(22) 119.904020(10) 121.9030439(16) 122.9042700(16) 123.9028179(16) 124.9044307(16) 125.9033117(16) 127.9044631(19)

Abundance in % 2.80(9) 100 14.77(31) 9.23(10) 15.90(9) 16.68(1) 9.56(5) 24.19(26) 9.67(20)

5.54(14) 1.87(3) 12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2) 31.55(14) 18.62(27) 100 1.02(1) 11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3) 26.46(9) 11.72(9) 51.839(8) 48.161(8) 1.25(6) 0.89(3) 12.49(18) 12.80(12) 24.13(21) 12.22(12) 28.73(42) 7.49(18) 4.29(5) 95.71(5) 0.97(1) 0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9) 7.68(7) 24.22(9) 8.59(4) 32.58(9) 4.63(3) 5.79(5) 57.21(5) 42.79(5) 0.09(1) 2.55(12) 0.89(3) 4.74(14) 7.07(15) 18.84(25) 31.74(8)

5/2/05 8:33:35 AM

Atomic Masses and Abundances Z 53

54

55

56

57 58

59 60

61 62

63 64

HC&P_S01.indb 11

Isotope 130 Te 123 I 125 I 127 I 129 I 131 I 124 Xe 126 Xe 128 Xe 129 Xe 130 Xe 131 Xe 132 Xe 134 Xe 136 Xe 129 Cs 133 Cs 134 Cs 136 Cs 137 Cs 130 Ba 132 Ba 133 Ba 134 Ba 135 Ba 136 Ba 137 Ba 138 Ba 140 Ba 138 La 139 La 136 Ce 138 Ce 140 Ce 141 Ce 142 Ce 144 Ce 141 Pr 142 Nd 143 Nd 144 Nd 145 Nd 146 Nd 148 Nd 150 Nd 145 Pm 147 Pm 144 Sm 147 Sm 148 Sm 149 Sm 150 Sm 152 Sm 154 Sm 151 Eu 153 Eu 152 Gd 154 Gd 155 Gd 156 Gd 157 Gd

Mass in u 129.9062244(21) 122.905589(4) 124.9046302(16) 126.904473(4) 128.904988(3) 130.9061246(12) 123.9058930(20) 125.904274(7) 127.9035313(15) 128.9047794(8) 129.9035080(8) 130.9050824(10) 131.9041535(10) 133.9053945(9) 135.907219(8) 128.906064(5) 132.905451933(24) 133.906718475(28) 135.9073116(20) 136.9070895(5) 129.9063208(30) 131.9050613(11) 132.9060075(11) 133.9045084(4) 134.9056886(4) 135.9045759(4) 136.9058274(5) 137.9052472(5) 139.910605(9) 137.907112(4) 138.9063533(26) 135.907172(14) 137.905991(11) 139.9054387(26) 140.9082763(26) 141.909244(3) 143.913647(4) 140.9076528(26) 141.9077233(25) 142.9098143(25) 143.9100873(25) 144.9125736(25) 145.9131169(25) 147.916893(3) 149.920891(3) 144.912749(3) 146.9151385(26) 143.911999(3) 146.9148979(26) 147.9148227(26) 148.9171847(26) 149.9172755(26) 151.9197324(27) 153.9222093(27) 150.9198502(26) 152.9212303(26) 151.9197910(27) 153.9208656(27) 154.9226220(27) 155.9221227(27) 156.9239601(27)

1-11 Abundance in % 34.08(62)

100

0.0952(3) 0.0890(2) 1.9102(8) 26.4006(82) 4.0710(13) 21.2324(30) 26.9086(33) 10.4357(21) 8.8573(44) 100

Z

65 66

67 68

69 70

0.106(1) 0.101(1) 2.417(18) 6.592(12) 7.854(24) 11.232(24) 71.698(42) 0.090(1) 99.910(1) 0.185(2) 0.251(2) 88.450(51) 11.114(51) 100 27.2(5) 12.2(2) 23.8(3) 8.3(1) 17.2(3) 5.7(1) 5.6(2)

3.07(7) 14.99(18) 11.24(10) 13.82(7) 7.38(1) 26.75(16) 22.75(29) 47.81(6) 52.19(6) 0.20(1) 2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2)

71 72

73 74

75 76

77 78

79 80

Isotope 158 Gd 160 Gd 159 Tb 156 Dy 158 Dy 160 Dy 161 Dy 162 Dy 163 Dy 164 Dy 165 Ho 162 Er 164 Er 166 Er 167 Er 168 Er 170 Er 169 Tm 168 Yb 169 Yb 170 Yb 171 Yb 172 Yb 173 Yb 174 Yb 176 Yb 175 Lu 176 Lu 174 Hf 176 Hf 177 Hf 178 Hf 179 Hf 180 Hf 180 Ta 181 Ta 180 W 182 W 183 W 184 W 186 W 185 Re 187 Re 184 Os 186 Os 187 Os 188 Os 189 Os 190 Os 192 Os 191 Ir 193 Ir 190 Pt 192 Pt 194 Pt 195 Pt 196 Pt 198 Pt 197 Au 198 Au 196 Hg

Mass in u 157.9241039(27) 159.9270541(27) 158.9253468(27) 155.924283(7) 157.924409(4) 159.9251975(27) 160.9269334(27) 161.9267984(27) 162.9287312(27) 163.9291748(27) 164.9303221(27) 161.928778(4) 163.929200(3) 165.9302931(27) 166.9320482(27) 167.9323702(27) 169.9354643(30) 168.9342133(27) 167.933897(5) 168.935190(5) 169.9347618(26) 170.9363258(26) 171.9363815(26) 172.9382108(26) 173.9388621(26) 175.9425717(28) 174.9407718(23) 175.9426863(23) 173.940046(3) 175.9414086(24) 176.9432207(23) 177.9436988(23) 178.9458161(23) 179.9465500(23) 179.9474648(24) 180.9479958(19) 179.946704(4) 181.9482042(9) 182.9502230(9) 183.9509312(9) 185.9543641(19) 184.9529550(13) 186.9557531(15) 183.9524891(14) 185.9538382(15) 186.9557505(15) 187.9558382(15) 188.9581475(16) 189.9584470(16) 191.9614807(27) 190.9605940(18) 192.9629264(18) 189.959932(6) 191.9610380(27) 193.9626803(9) 194.9647911(9) 195.9649515(9) 197.967893(3) 196.9665687(6) 197.9682423(6) 195.965833(3)

Abundance in % 24.84(7) 21.86(19) 100 0.056(3) 0.095(3) 2.329(18) 18.889(42) 25.475(36) 24.896(42) 28.260(54) 100 0.139(5) 1.601(3) 33.503(36) 22.869(9) 26.978(18) 14.910(36) 100 0.13(1) 3.04(15) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92) 12.76(41) 97.41(2) 2.59(2) 0.16(1) 5.26(7) 18.60(9) 27.28(7) 13.62(2) 35.08(16) 0.012(2) 99.988(2) 0.12(1) 26.50(16) 14.31(4) 30.64(2) 28.43(19) 37.40(2) 62.60(2) 0.02(1) 1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8) 16.15(5) 26.26(2) 40.78(19) 37.3(2) 62.7(2) 0.014(1) 0.782(7) 32.967(99) 33.832(10) 25.242(41) 7.163(55) 100 0.15(1)

5/2/05 8:33:37 AM

Atomic Masses and Abundances

1-12 Z

81

82

83 84 85 86

87 88

89 90

91 92

HC&P_S01.indb 12

Isotope 197 Hg 198 Hg 199 Hg 200 Hg 201 Hg 202 Hg 203 Hg 204 Hg 201 Tl 203 Tl 205 Tl 204 Pb 206 Pb 207 Pb 208 Pb 210 Pb 207 Bi 209 Bi 209 Po 210 Po 210 At 211 At 211 Rn 220 Rn 222 Rn 223 Fr 223 Ra 224 Ra 226 Ra 228 Ra 227 Ac 228 Th 230 Th 232 Th 231 Pa 233 U 234 U 235 U

Mass in u 196.967213(3) 197.9667690(4) 198.9682799(4) 199.9683260(4) 200.9703023(6) 201.9706430(6) 202.9728725(18) 203.9734939(4) 200.970819(16) 202.9723442(14) 204.9744275(14) 203.9730436(13) 205.9744653(13) 206.9758969(13) 207.9766521(13) 209.9841885(16) 206.9784707(26) 208.9803987(16) 208.9824304(20) 209.9828737(13) 209.987148(8) 210.9874963(30) 210.990601(7) 220.0113940(24) 222.0175777(25) 223.0197359(26) 223.0185022(27) 224.0202118(24) 226.0254098(25) 228.0310703(26) 227.0277521(26) 228.0287411(24) 230.0331338(19) 232.0380553(21) 231.0358840(24) 233.0396352(29) 234.0409521(20) 235.0439299(20)

Abundance in % 9.97(20) 16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26)

Z

93 94

6.87(15) 29.52(1) 70.48(1) 1.4(1) 24.1(1) 22.1(1) 52.4(1)

100

95 96

97 98

99 100 101

100 100 0.0054(5) 0.7204(6)

102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

Isotope 236 U 238 U 237 Np 239 Np 238 Pu 239 Pu 240 Pu 241 Pu 242 Pu 244 Pu 241 Am 243 Am 243 Cm 244 Cm 245 Cm 246 Cm 247 Cm 248 Cm 247 Bk 249 Bk 249 Cf 250 Cf 251 Cf 252 Cf 252 Es 257 Fm 256 Md 258 Md 259 No 262 Lr 261 Rf 262 Db 263 Sg 264 Bh 265 Hs 268 Mt 281 Ds 272 Rg

Mass in u 236.0455680(20) 238.0507882(20) 237.0481734(20) 239.0529390(22) 238.0495599(20) 239.0521634(20) 240.0538135(20) 241.0568515(20) 242.0587426(20) 244.064204(5) 241.0568291(20) 243.0613811(25) 243.0613891(22) 244.0627526(20) 245.0654912(22) 246.0672237(22) 247.070354(5) 248.072349(5) 247.070307(6) 249.0749867(28) 249.0748535(24) 250.0764061(22) 251.079587(5) 252.081626(5) 252.082980(50) 257.095105(7) 256.094060(60) 258.098431(5) 259.10103(11)* 262.10963(22)* 261.108770(30)* 262.11408(20)* 263.11832(13)* 264.12460(30)* 265.13009(15)* 268.13873(34)* 281.16206(78)* 273.15362(36)*

Abundance in % 99.2742(10)

5/2/05 8:33:38 AM

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION AND IONIZATION ENERGY OF NEUTRAL ATOMS IN THE GROUND STATE William C. Martin The ground state electron configuration, ground level, and ionization energy of the elements hydrogen through rutherfordium are listed in this table. The electron configurations of elements heavier than neon are shortened by using rare-gas element symbols in brackets to represent the corresponding electrons. See the references for details of the notation for Pa, U, and Np. Ionization energies to higher states (and more precise values of the first ionization energy for certain elements) may be found in the table “Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions” in Section 10 of this Handbook. Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru

Element Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium

References

1. Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., Kotochigova, S., and Sansonetti, J. E., NIST Physical Reference Data Web Site, , October 2004. 2. Martin, W. C., and Wiese, W. L., “Atomic Spectroscopy”, in Atomic, Molecular, & Optical Physics Handbook, ed. by G.W.F. Drake (AIP, Woodbury, NY, 1996) Chapter 10, pp. 135-153.

Ground-state configuration 1s 1s2 1s2 2s 1s2 2s2 1s2 2s2 2p 1s2 2s2 2p2 1s2 2s2 2p3 1s2 2s2 2p4 1s2 2s2 2p5 1s2 2s2 2p6 [Ne] 3s [Ne] 3s2 [Ne] 3s2 3p [Ne] 3s2 3p2 [Ne] 3s2 3p3 [Ne] 3s2 3p4 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 [Ne] 3s2 3p6 [Ar] 4s [Ar] 4s2 [Ar] 3d 4s2 [Ar] 3d2 4s2 [Ar] 3d3 4s2 [Ar] 3d5 4s [Ar] 3d5 4s2 [Ar] 3d6 4s2 [Ar] 3d7 4s2 [Ar] 3d8 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s [Ar] 3d10 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 [Kr] 5s [Kr] 5s2 [Kr] 4d 5s2 [Kr] 4d2 5s2 [Kr] 4d4 5s [Kr] 4d5 5s [Kr] 4d5 5s2 [Kr] 4d7 5s

Ground level 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 4 F3/2 7 S3 6 S5/2 5 D4 4 F9/2 3 F4 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 6 D1/2 7 S3 6 S5/2 5 F5

Ionization energy (eV) 13.5984 24.5874 5.3917 9.3227 8.2980 11.2603 14.5341 13.6181 17.4228 21.5645 5.1391 7.6462 5.9858 8.1517 10.4867 10.3600 12.9676 15.7596 4.3407 6.1132 6.5615 6.8281 6.7462 6.7665 7.4340 7.9024 7.8810 7.6398 7.7264 9.3942 5.9993 7.8994 9.7886 9.7524 11.8138 13.9996 4.1771 5.6949 6.2173 6.6339 6.7589 7.0924 7.28 7.3605

1-13

HC&P_S01.indb 13

5/2/05 8:33:39 AM

Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State

1-14 Z 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104

HC&P_S01.indb 14

Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf

Element Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Cesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium

Ground-state configuration [Kr] 4d8 5s [Kr] 4d10 [Kr] 4d10 5s [Kr] 4d10 5s2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6 [Xe] 6s [Xe] 6s2 [Xe] 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f3 6s2 [Xe] 4f4 6s2 [Xe] 4f5 6s2 [Xe] 4f6 6s2 [Xe] 4f7 6s2 [Xe] 4f7 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f9 6s2 [Xe] 4f10 6s2 [Xe] 4f11 6s2 [Xe] 4f12 6s2 [Xe] 4f13 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 [Rn] 7s [Rn] 7s2 [Rn] 6d 7s2 [Rn] 6d2 7s2 [Rn] 5f2(3H4) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f3(4Io9/2) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f4(5I4) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f6 7s2 [Rn] 5f7 7s2 [Rn] 5f7 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f9 7s2 [Rn] 5f10 7s2 [Rn] 5f11 7s2 [Rn] 5f12 7s2 [Rn] 5f13 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p? [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 ?

Ground level 4 F9/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 1 o G4 4 o I 9/2 5 I4 6 o H 5/2 7 F0 8 o S 7/2 9 o D2 6 o H 15/2 5 I8 4 o I 15/2 3 H6 2 o F 7/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 4 F3/2 5 D0 6 S5/2 5 D4 4 F9/2 3 D3 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 (4,3/2)11/2 (9/2,3/2)o6 (4,3/2)11/2 7 F0 8 o S 7/2 9 o D2 6 o H 15/2 5 I8 4 o I 15/2 3 H6 2 o F 7/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 ? 3 F2 ?

Ionization energy (eV) 7.4589 8.3369 7.5762 8.9938 5.7864 7.3439 8.6084 9.0096 10.4513 12.1298 3.8939 5.2117 5.5769 5.5387 5.473 5.5250 5.582 5.6437 5.6704 6.1498 5.8638 5.9389 6.0215 6.1077 6.1843 6.2542 5.4259 6.8251 7.5496 7.8640 7.8335 8.4382 8.9670 8.9588 9.2255 10.4375 6.1082 7.4167 7.2855 8.414 10.7485 4.0727 5.2784 5.17 6.3067 5.89 6.1941 6.2657 6.0260 5.9738 5.9914 6.1979 6.2817 6.42 6.50 6.58 6.65 4.9? 6.0?

5/2/05 8:33:40 AM

INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 (ITS-90) B. W. Mangum A new temperature scale, the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), was officially adopted by the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM), meeting 26—28 September 1989 at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The ITS-90 was recommended to the CIPM for its adoption following the completion of the final details of the new scale by the Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie (CCT), meeting 12—14 September 1989 at the BIPM in its 17th Session. The ITS-90 became the official international temperature scale on 1 January 1990. The ITS-90 supersedes the present scales, the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68) and the 1976 Provisional 0.5 to 30 K Temperature Scale (EPT-76). The ITS-90 extends upward from 0.65 K, and temperatures on this scale are in much better agreement with thermodynamic values that are those on the IPTS-68 and the EPT-76. The new scale has subranges and alternative definitions in certain ranges that greatly facilitate its use. Furthermore, its continuity, precision, and reproducibility throughout its ranges are much improved over that of the present scales. The replacement of the thermocouple with the platinum resistance thermometer at temperatures below 961.78°C resulted in the biggest improvement in reproducibility. The ITS-90 is divided into four primary ranges: 1. Between 0.65 and 3.2 K, the ITS-90 is defined by the vapor pressure-temperature relation of 3He, and between 1.25 and 2.1768 K (the λ point) and between 2.1768 and 5.0 K by the vapor pressure-temperature relations of 4He. T90 is defined by the vapor pressure equations of the form: Defining Fixed Points of the ITS-90 Materiala He e-H2 e-H2 (or He) e-H2 (or He) Nec O2 Ar Hgc H2O Gac Inc Sn Zn Alc Ag Au Cuc a

b

c

Equilibrium stateb VP TP VP (or CVGT) VP (or CVGT) TP TP TP TP TP MP FP FP FP FP FP FP FP

T90 (K) 3 to 5 13.8033 ≈17 ≈20.3 24.5561 54.3584 83.8058 234.3156 273.16 302.9146 429.7485 505.078 692.677 933.473 1234.93 1337.33 1357.77

Temperature t90 (°C) –270.15 to –268.15 –259.3467 ≈ –256.15 ≈ –252.85 –248.5939 –218.7916 –189.3442 –38.8344 0.01 29.7646 156.5985 231.928 419.527 660.323 961.78 1064.18 1084.62

9

T90 / K = A0 + ∑ Ai ( ln( p / Pa) − B ) / C 

i

i =1

The values of the coefficients Ai, and of the constants Ao, B, and C of the equations are given below. 2. Between 3.0 and 24.5561 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of a 3He or 4He constant volume gas thermometer (CVGT). The thermometer is calibrated at three temperatures — at the triple point of neon (24.5561 K), at the triple point of equilibrium hydrogen (13.8033 K), and at a temperature between 3.0 and 5.0 K, the value of which is determined by using either 3He or 4He vapor pressure thermometry. 3. Between 13.8033 K (–259.3467°C) and 1234.93 K (961.78°C), the ITS-90 is defined in terms of the specified fixed points given below, by resistance ratios of platinum resistance thermometers obtained by calibration at specified sets of the fixed points, and by reference functions and deviation functions of resistance ratios which relate to T90 between the fixed points. 4. Above 1234.93 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of Planck’s radiation law, using the freezing-point temperature of either silver, gold, or copper as the reference temperature. Full details of the calibration procedures and reference functions for various subranges are given in: The International Temperature Scale of 1990, Metrologia, 27, 3, 1990; errata in Metrologia, 27, 107, 1990. Values of Coefficients in the Vapor Pressure Equations for Helium Coef. or constant A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 B C

3 He 0.65—3.2 K 1.053 447 0.980 106 0.676 380 0.372 692 0.151 656 –0.002 263 0.006 596 0.088 966 –0.004 770 –0.054 943 7.3 4.3

4 He 1.25—2.1768 K 1.392 408 0.527 153 0.166 756 0.050 988 0.026 514 0.001 975 –0.017 976 0.005 409 0.013 259 0 5.6 2.9

4 He 2.1768—5.0 K 3.146 631 1.357 655 0.413 923 0.091 159 0.016 349 0.001 826 –0.004 325 –0.004 973 0 0 10.3 1.9

e-H2 indicates equilibrium hydrogen, that is, hydrogen with the equilibrium distribution of its ortho and para states. Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% para hydrogen and 75% ortho hydrogen. VP indicates vapor pressure point; CVGT indicates constant volume gas thermometer point; TP indicates triple point (equilibrium temperature at which the solid, liquid, and vapor phases coexist); FP indicates freezing point, and MP indicates melting point (the equilibrium temperatures at which the solid and liquid phases coexist under a pressure of 101 325 Pa, one standard atmosphere). The isotopic composition is that naturally occurring. Previously, these were secondary fixed points.

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CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES FROM THE 1948 AND 1968 SCALES TO ITS-90 This table gives temperature corrections from older scales to the current International Temperature Scale of 1990 (see the preceding table for details on ITS-90). The first part of the table may be used for converting Celsius temperatures in the range -180 to 4000°C from IPTS-68 or IPTS-48 to ITS-90. Within the accuracy of the corrections, the temperature in the first column may be identified with either t68, t48, or t90. The second part of the table is designed for use at lower temperatures to convert values expressed in kelvins from EPT-76 or IPTS-68 to ITS-90. t/°C –180 –170 –160 –150 –140 –130 –120 –110 –100 –90 –80 –70 –60 –50 –40 –30 –20 –10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280

t90–t68

0.008 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 –0.002 –0.005 –0.007 –0.010 –0.013 –0.016 –0.018 –0.021 –0.024 –0.026 –0.028 –0.030 –0.032 –0.034 –0.036 –0.037 –0.038 –0.039 –0.039 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.039 –0.039

t90–t48

0.020 0.017 0.007 0.000 0.001 0.008 0.017 0.026 0.035 0.041 0.045 0.045 0.042 0.038 0.032 0.024 0.016 0.008 0.000 –0.006 –0.012 –0.016 –0.020 –0.023 –0.026 –0.026 –0.027 –0.027 –0.026 –0.024 –0.023 –0.020 –0.018 –0.016 –0.012 –0.009 –0.005 –0.001 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.014 0.018 0.021 0.024 0.028 0.030

t/°C

290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750

t90–t68 –0.039 –0.039 –0.039 –0.039 –0.040 –0.040 –0.041 –0.042 –0.043 –0.045 –0.046 –0.048 –0.051 –0.053 –0.056 –0.059 –0.062 –0.065 –0.068 –0.072 –0.075 –0.079 –0.083 –0.087 –0.090 –0.094 –0.098 –0.101 –0.105 –0.108 –0.112 –0.115 –0.118 –0.122 –0.125 –0.11 –0.10 –0.09 –0.07 –0.05 –0.04 –0.02 –0.01 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.03

t90–t48

0.032 0.034 0.035 0.036 0.036 0.037 0.036 0.035 0.034 0.032 0.030 0.028 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.000 –0.001 –0.002 –0.001 0.000 0.002 0.007 0.011 0.018 0.025 0.035 0.047 0.060 0.075 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.49 0.53 0.56

The references give analytical equations for expressing these relations. Note that Reference 1 supersedes Reference 2 with respect to corrections in the 630 to 1064°C range.

References 1. Burns, G. W. et al., in Temperature: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6, Schooley, J. F., Ed., American Institute of Physics, New York, 1993. 2. Goldberg, R. N. and Weir, R. D., Pure and Appl. Chem., 1545, 1992.

t/°C

760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300

t90–t68

0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 –0.02 –0.03 –0.05 –0.06 –0.08 –0.10 –0.11 –0.13 –0.15 –0.16 –0.18 –0.19 –0.20 –0.22 –0.23 –0.23 –0.24 –0.25 –0.25 –0.25 –0.26 –0.26 –0.26 –0.30 –0.35 –0.39 –0.44 –0.49 –0.54 –0.60 –0.66 –0.72 –0.79 –0.85 –0.93

t90–t48 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.75 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1

t/°C 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000

t90–t68 –1.00 –1.07 –1.15 –1.24 –1.32 –1.41 –1.50 –1.59 –1.69 –1.78 –1.89 –1.99 –2.10 –2.21 –2.32 –2.43 –2.55

t90–t48

T/K 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

T90–T76 –0.0001 –0.0002 –0.0003 –0.0004 –0.0005 –0.0006 –0.0007 –0.0008 –0.0010 –0.0011 –0.0013 –0.0014 –0.0016 –0.0018 –0.0020 –0.0022 –0.0025 –0.0027 –0.0030 –0.0032 –0.0035 –0.0038 –0.0041

T90–T68

3.2 3.4 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.8

–0.006 –0.003 –0.004 –0.006 –0.008 –0.009 –0.009 –0.008 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.005 –0.004 –0.004 –0.005 –0.006 –0.006 –0.007 –0.008

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Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90 T/K 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

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T90–T76

T90–T68 –0.008 –0.008 –0.007 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.007 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.005 –0.005 –0.004 –0.003 –0.002 –0.001

T/K 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

T90–T76

T90–T68 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008

T/K 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 110 120 130 140

T90–T76

1-17 T90–T68 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.014

T/K 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 273.16 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

T90–T76

T90–T68 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.000 –0.006 –0.031 –0.040 –0.040 –0.055 –0.089 –0.124

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INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) The International System of Units, abbreviated as SI (from the French name Le Système International d’Unités), was established in 1960 by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) as the modern metric system of measurement. The core of the SI is the seven base units for the physical quantities length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. These base units are: Base quantity length mass time electric current thermodynamic temperature amount of substance luminous intensity

SI base unit Name Symbol meter m kg kilogram s second ampere A kelvin K mole mol candela cd

candela: The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540∙1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.

SI derived units Derived units are units which may be expressed in terms of base units by means of the mathematical symbols of multiplication and division (and, in the case of °C, subtraction). Certain derived units have been given special names and symbols, and these special names and symbols may themselves be used in combination with those for base and other derived units to express the units of other quantities. The next table lists some examples of derived units expressed directly in terms of base units: Physical quantity area volume speed, velocity acceleration wave number density, mass density specific volume current density magnetic field strength concentration (of amount of substance) luminance refractive index

The SI base units are defined as follows: meter: The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. kilogram: The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. second: The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom. ampere: The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2∙10–7 newton per meter of length. kelvin: The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. mole: The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.

Physical quantity plane angle solid angle frequency force pressure, stress energy, work, quantity of heat power, radiant flux electric charge, quantity of electricity electric potential difference, electromotive force capacitance electric resistance electric conductance magnetic flux

(a)

SI derived unit Name square meter cubic meter meter per second meter per second squared reciprocal meter kilogram per cubic meter cubic meter per kilogram ampere per square meter ampere per meter

Symbol m2 m3 m/s m/s2 m-1 kg/m3 m3/kg A/m2 A/m

mole per cubic meter candela per square meter (the number) one

mol/m3 cd/m2 1(a)

The symbol “1” is generally omitted in combination with a numerical value.

For convenience, certain derived units, which are listed in the next table, have been given special names and symbols. These names and symbols may themselves be used to express other derived units. The special names and symbols are a compact form for the expression of units that are used frequently. The final column shows how the SI units concerned may be expressed in terms of SI base units. In this column, factors such as m0, kg0 ..., which are all equal to 1, are not shown explicitly.

Name radian(a) steradian(a) hertz newton pascal joule watt coulomb volt farad ohm siemens weber

Symbol rad sr(c) Hz N Pa J W C V F Ω S Wb

SI derived unit expressed in terms of: Other SI units SI base units m ∙ m-1 = 1(b) m2 ∙ m-2 = 1(b) s-1 m ∙ kg ∙ s-2 N/m2 m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 N∙m m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 J/s m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 s∙A W/A m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ A-1 C/V m-2 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s4 ∙ A2 V/A m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ A-2 A/V m-2 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s3 ∙ A2 V∙s m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-1

1-18

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International System of Units (SI) magnetic flux density inductance Celsius temperature luminous flux illuminance activity (of a radionuclide) absorbed dose, specific energy (imparted), kerma dose equivalent, ambient dose equivalent, directional dose equivalent, personal dose equivalent, organ equivalent dose catalytic activity

1-19 tesla henry degree Celsius(d) lumen lux becquerel gray sievert

T H °C

Wb/m2 Wb/A

kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-1 m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-2 K

lm lx Bq Gy Sv

cd ∙ sr(c) lm/m2

m2 ∙ m–2 ∙ cd = cd m2 ∙ m–4 ∙ cd = m–2 ∙ cd s-1 m2 ∙ s-2 m2 ∙ s-2

katal

kat

J/kg J/kg

s–1 ∙ mol

The radian and steradian may be used with advantage in expressions for derived units to distinguish between quantities of different nature but the same dimension. Some examples of their use in forming derived units are given in the next table. (b) In practice, the symbols rad and sr are used where appropriate, but the derived unit “1” is generally omitted in combination with a numerical value. (c) In photometry, the name steradian and the symbol sr are usually retained in expressions for units. (d) It is common practice to express a thermodynamic temperature, symbol T, in terms of its difference from the reference temperature T0 = 273.15 K. The numerical value of a Celsius temperature t expressed in degrees Celsius is given by t/°C = T/K-273.15. The unit °C may be used in combination with SI prefixes, e.g., millidegree Celsius, m°C. Note that there should never be a space between the ° sign and the letter C, and that the symbol for kelvin is K, not °K. (a)

The SI derived units with special names may be used in combinations to provide a convenient way to express more complex physical quantities. Examples are given in the next table: Physical Quantity dynamic viscosity moment of force surface tension angular velocity angular acceleration heat flux density, irradiance heat capacity, entropy specific heat capacity, specific entropy specific energy thermal conductivity energy density electric field strength electric charge density electric flux density permittivity permeability molar energy molar entropy, molar heat capacity exposure (x and γ rays) absorbed dose rate radiant intensity radiance catalytic (activity) concentration

SI derived unit Name Symbol As SI base units pascal second Pa ∙ s m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-1 newton meter N∙m m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 newton per meter N/m kg ∙ s-2 radian per second rad/s m ∙ m-1 ∙ s-1 = s-1 2 radian per second rad/s m ∙ m-1 ∙ s-2 = s-2 squared watt per square W/m2 kg ∙ s-3 meter joule per kelvin J/K m-3 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 joule per kilogram J/(kg ∙ K) m2 ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 kelvin joule per kilogram J/kg m2 ∙ s-2 watt per meter W/(m ∙ K) m ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ K-1 kelvin joule per cubic J/m3 m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 meter volt per meter V/m m ∙ kg ∙ s-3∙ A-1 coulomb per cubic C/m3 m-3 ∙ s ∙ A meter m-2 ∙ s ∙ A coulomb per C/m2 square meter farad per meter F/m m-3 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s4 ∙ A2 henry per meter H/m m ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-2 joule per mole J/mol m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ mol-1 joule per mole J/(mol ∙ K) m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 ∙ mol-1 kelvin coulomb per C/kg kg-1 ∙ s ∙ A kilogram gray per second Gy/s m2 ∙ s-3 watt per steradian W/sr m4 ∙ m-2∙ kg∙ s-3 = m2 ∙ kg∙ s-3 2 watt per square W/(m ∙ sr) m2 ∙ m-2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 meter steradian = kg ∙ s-3 katal per cubic kat/m3 m-3 ∙ s-1 ∙ mol meter

In practice, with certain quantities preference is given to the use of certain special unit names, or combinations of unit

HC&P_S01.indb 19

names, in order to facilitate the distinction between different quantities having the same dimension. For example, the SI unit of frequency is designated the hertz, rather than the reciprocal second, and the SI unit of angular velocity is designated the radian per second rather than the reciprocal second (in this case retaining the word radian emphasizes that angular velocity is equal to 2π times the rotational frequency). Similarly the SI unit of moment of force is designated the newton meter rather than the joule. In the field of ionizing radiation, the SI unit of activity is designated the becquerel rather than the reciprocal second, and the SI units of absorbed dose and dose equivalent the gray and sievert, respectively, rather than the joule per kilogram. In the field of catalysis, the SI unit of catalytic activity is designated the katal rather than the mole per second. The special names becquerel, gray, sievert, and katal were specifically introduced because of the dangers to human health which might arise from mistakes involving the units reciprocal second, joule per kilogram and mole per second.

Units for dimensionless quantities, quantities of dimension one Certain quantities are defined as the ratios of two quantities of the same kind, and thus have a dimension which may be expressed by the number one. The unit of such quantities is necessarily a derived unit coherent with the other units of the SI and, since it is formed as the ratio of two identical SI units, the unit also may be expressed by the number one. Thus the SI unit of all quantities having the dimensional product one is the number one. Examples of such quantities are refractive index, relative permeability, and friction factor. Other quantities having the unit 1 include “characteristic numbers” like the Prandtl number and numbers which represent a count, such as a number of molecules, degeneracy (number of energy levels), and partition function in statistical thermodynamics. All of these quantities are described as being dimensionless, or of dimension one, and have the coherent SI unit 1. Their values are simply expressed as numbers and, in general, the unit 1 is not explicitly shown. In a few cases, however, a special name is given to this unit, mainly to avoid confusion between some compound derived units. This is the case for the radian, steradian and neper.

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International System of Units (SI)

1-20

SI prefixes The following prefixes have been approved by the CGPM for use with SI units. Only one prefix may be used before a unit. Thus 10-12 farad should be designated pF, not μμF. Factor 1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101

Name yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka

Symbol Y Z E P T G M k h da

Factor 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18 10-21 10-24

Name deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto

Symbol d c m μ n p f a z y

The kilogram Among the base units of the International System, the unit of mass is the only one whose name, for historical reasons, contains a prefix. Names and symbols for decimal multiples and submultiples of the unit of mass are formed by attaching prefix names to the unit name “gram” and prefix symbols to the unit symbol “g”. Example : 10-6 kg = 1 mg (1 milligram) but not 1 μkg (1 microkilogram).

Units used with the SI Many units that are not part of the SI are important and widely used in everyday life. The CGPM has adopted a classification of non-SI units: (1) units accepted for use with the SI (such as the traditional units of time and of angle); (2) units accepted for use with the SI whose values are obtained experimentally; and (3) other units currently accepted for use with the SI to satisfy the needs of special interests.

(2) Non-SI units accepted for use with the International system, whose values in SI units are obtained experimentally Name electronvolt(b) dalton(c) unified atomic mass unit(c) astronomical unit(d)

Symbol Value in SI Units eV 1 eV = 1.602 176 53(14) ∙10-19 J(a) Da 1 Da = 1.660 538 86(28) ∙ 10-27 kg(a) u ua

1 u = 1 Da 1 ua = 1.495 978 706 91(06) ∙ 1011 m(a)

For the electronvolt and the dalton (unified atomic mass unit), values are quoted from the 2002 CODATA set of the Fundamental Physical Constants (p. 1-1 of this Handbook). The value given for the astronomical unit is quoted from the IERS Conventions 2003 (D.D. McCarthy and G. Petit, eds., IERS Technical Note 32, Frankfurt am Main: Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie, 200). The value of ua in meters comes from the JPL ephemerides DE403 (Standish E.M. 1995, “Report of the IAU WGAS SubGroup on Numerical Standards”, in “Highlights of Astronomy”, Appenlzer ed., pp 180-184, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht). It has been determined in “TDB” units using Barycentric Dynamical Time TDB as a time coordinate for the barycentric system. (b) The electronvolt is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 V in vacuum. (c) The Dalton and unified atomic mass unit are alternative names for the same unit, equal to 1/12 of the mass of an unbound atom of the nuclide 12C, at rest and in its ground state. The dalton may be combined with SI prefixes to express the masses of large molecules in kilodalton, kDa, or megadalton, MDa. (d) The astronomical unit is a unit of length approximately equal to the mean Earth-Sun distance. It is the radius of an unperturbed circular Newtonian orbit about the Sun of a particle having infinitesimal mass, moving with a mean motion of 0.017 202 098 95 radians/day (known as the Gaussian constant). (a)

(3) Other non-SI units currently accepted for use with the International System Name nautical mile

Symbol Value in SI Units 1 nautical mile = 1852 m 1 nautical mile per hour = (1852/3600) m/s 1 a = 1 dam2 = 102 m2 ha 1 ha = 1 hm2 = 104 m2 bar 1 bar = 0.1 MPa = 100 kPa = 105 Pa Å 1 Å = 0.1 nm = 10-10 m b 1 b = 100 fm2 = 10-28 m2

knot are hectare bar ångström barn

(1) Non-SI units accepted for use with the International System Name minute hour day degree minute second liter metric ton neper(a) bel(b)

Symbol min h d ° ’ ” l, L t Np B

Value in SI units 1 min = 60 s 1 h= 60 min = 3600 s 1 d = 24 h = 86 400 s 1° = (π/180) rad 1’ = (1/60)° = (π/10 800) rad 1” = (1/60)’ = (π/648 000) rad 1L= 1 dm3= 10-3 m3 1 t = 103 kg 1 Np = 1 1 B = (1/2) ln 10 Np

The neper is used to express values of such logarithmic quantities as field level, power level, sound pressure level, and logarithmic decrement. Natural logarithms are used to obtain the numerical values of quantities expressed in nepers. The neper is coherent with the SI, but is not yet adopted by the CGPM as an SI unit. In using the neper, it is important to specify the quantity. (b) The bel is used to express values of such logarithmic quantities as field level, power level, sound-pressure level, and attenuation. Logarithms to base ten are used to obtain the numerical values of quantities expressed in bels. The submultiple decibel, dB, is commonly used. (a)

HC&P_S01.indb 20

Other non-SI units The SI does not encourage the use of cgs units, but these are frequently found in old scientific texts. The following table gives the relation of some common cgs units to SI units. Name erg dyne poise stokes gauss oersted maxwell stilb phot gal

Symbol Value in SI units erg 1 erg = 10–7 J dyn 1 dyn = 10–5 N P 1P = 1dyn∙ s/cm2 = 0.1 Pa∙∙ s St 1 St = 1 cm2/s = 10–4 m2/s G 1G  10–4 T Oe 1 Oe  (1000/4π) A/m Mx 1Mx  10–8 Wb 1 sb = 1 cd/cm2 = 104 cd/m2 sb ph 1 ph = 104 lx Gal 1 Gal = 1 cm/s2 = 10–2 m/s2 Note: The symbol  should be read as “corresponds to”;

these units cannot strictly be equated because of the different dimensions of the electromagnetic cgs and the SI.

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International System of Units (SI) Examples of other non-SI units found in the older literature and their relation to the SI are given below. Use of these units in current texts is discouraged. Name Symbol curie Ci roentgen R rad rad rem rem X unit gamma γ jansky Jy fermi metric carat torr Torr standard atmosphere atm cal calorie(a) micron μ (a)

Value in SI units 1 Ci = 3.7 ∙ 1010 Bq 1 R = 2.58 ∙ 10–4 C/kg 1 rad = 1 cGy = 10–2 Gy 1 r e m = 1 cSv = 10–2 Sv 1 X unit ≈ 1.002 ∙ 10–4 nm 1 γ =1 nT = 10–9 T 1Jy = 10–26 W ∙ m–2 ∙ Hz–1 1 fermi = 1 fm = 10–15 m 1 metric carat = 200 mg = 2 ∙ 10–4 kg 1 Torr = (101325/760) Pa 1 atm = 101325 Pa 1 cal = 4.184 J 1 μ = 1 μm = 10–6 m

1-21

References 1. Taylor, B. N., The International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 330, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2001. 2. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Le Système International d’Unités (SI), 7th French and English Edition, BIPM, Sèvres, France, 1998; 8th Edition to be published 2006. 3. Taylor, B. N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 811, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1995. 4. NIST Physical Reference Data web site, , October 2004.

Several types of calorie have been used; the value given here is the so-called “thermochemical calorie”.

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Conversion Factors The following table gives conversion factors from various units of measure to SI units. It is reproduced from NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). The table gives the factor by which a quantity expressed in a non-SI unit should be multiplied in order to calculate its value in the SI. The SI values are expressed in terms of the base, supplementary, and derived units of SI in order to provide a coherent presentation of the conversion factors and facilitate computations (see the table “International System of Units” in this section). If desired, powers of ten can be avoided by using SI prefixes and shifting the decimal point if necessary. Conversion from a non-SI unit to a different non-SI unit may be carried out by using this table in two stages, e.g.,

1 calth = 4.184 J

1 BtuIT = 1.055056 E+03 J

Thus,

1 BtuIT = (1.055056 E+03 ÷ 4.184) calth = 252.164 calth

Conversion factors are presented for ready adaptation to computer readout and electronic data transmission. The factors are written as a number equal to or greater than one and less than ten with six or fewer decimal places. This number is followed by the letter E (for exponent), a plus or a minus sign, and two digits that indicate the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied to obtain the correct value. For example:

3.523 907 E-02 is 3.523 907 × 10–2

or

0.035 239 07

A factor in boldface is exact; i.e., all subsequent digits are zero. All other conversion factors have been rounded to the figures given in accordance with accepted practice. Where less than six digits after the decimal point are shown, more precision is not warranted. It is often desirable to round a number obtained from a conversion of units in order to retain information on the precision of the value. The following rounding rules may be followed: 1. If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit less than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is not changed. Example: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 3 digits is 6.97 2. If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit greater than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is increased by one. Example: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 4 digits is 6.975 3. If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and at least one of the following digits is greater than 0, the digit preceding the 5 is increased by 1. Example: 6.974 851 rounded to 5 digits is 6.974 9 4. If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and all of the following digits are 0, the digit preceding the 5 is unchanged if it is even and increased by one if it is odd. (Note that this means that the final digit is always even.) Examples: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 952 6.974 950 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 950

Similarly: 3.386 389 E+03 is 3.386 389 × 103

or

3 386.389

Reference Taylor, B. N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, 1995.

Factors in boldface are exact To convert from to Multiply by abampere..................................................................... ampere (A)..............................................................................................1.0 E+01 abcoulomb.................................................................. coulomb (C)............................................................................................1.0 E+01 abfarad......................................................................... farad (F)...................................................................................................1.0 E+09 abhenry........................................................................ henry (H).................................................................................................1.0 E–09 abmho.......................................................................... siemens (S)..............................................................................................1.0 E+09 abohm.......................................................................... ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................1.0 E–09 abvolt........................................................................... volt (V).....................................................................................................1.0 E–08 E+00 acceleration of free fall, standard (gn).................... meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................9.806 65 E+03 acre (based on U.S. survey foot)9........................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................4.046 873 E+03 acre foot (based on U.S. survey foot)9................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.233 489 ampere hour (A ∙ h)................................................... coulomb (C)............................................................................................3.6 E+03 ångström (Å).............................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.0 E–10 ångström (Å).............................................................. nanometer (nm).....................................................................................1.0 E–01 E–01 apostilb (asb).............................................................. candela per meter squared (cd/m2)....................................................3.183 098 E+02 are (a)........................................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................1.0 astronomical unit (ua or AU)................................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.495 979 E+11 E+05 atmosphere, standard (atm).................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.013 25 E+02 atmosphere, standard (atm).................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.013 25 E+04 atmosphere, technical (at)10.................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 atmosphere, technical (at)10.................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................9.806 65 9

The U.S. survey foot equals (1200/3937) m. 1 international foot = 0.999998 survey foot. One technical atmosphere equals one kilogram-force per square centimeter (1 at = 1 kgf/cm2).

10

1-23

1-24

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by bar (bar)....................................................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.0 E+05 bar (bar)....................................................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.0 E+02 E–28 barn (b)........................................................................ square meter (m2)..................................................................................1.0 barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl)...... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.589 873 E–01 barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl)...... liter (L).....................................................................................................1.589 873 E+02 biot (Bi)........................................................................ ampere (A)..............................................................................................1.0 E+01 E+03 British thermal unitIT (BtuIT)11................................ joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 056 British thermal unitth (Btuth)11................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 350 E+03 British thermal unit (mean) (Btu).......................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 87 E+03 E+03 British thermal unit (39 ºF) (Btu)........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.059 67 British thermal unit (59 ºF) (Btu)........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 80 E+03 E+03 British thermal unit (60 ºF) (Btu)........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 68 British thermal unitIT foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ ft/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]............................................ watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.730 735 E+00 British thermal unitth foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ∙ ft/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.729 577 E+00 British thermal unitIT inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ in/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.442 279 E–01 British thermal unitth inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ∙ in/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.441 314 E–01 British thermal unitIT inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ in/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]............................................ watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................5.192 204 E+02 British thermal unitth inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit E+02 [Btuth ∙ in/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................5.188 732 British thermal unitIT per cubic foot (BtuIT /ft3)............................................................... joule per cubic meter (J/m3)................................................................3.725 895 E+04 British thermal unitth per cubic foot (Btuth /ft3)............................................................... joule per cubic meter (J/m3)................................................................3.723 403 E+04 British thermal unitIT per degree Fahrenheit (BtuIT / ºF).............................................................. joule per kelvin (J/ k)............................................................................1.899 101 E+03 British thermal unitth per degree Fahrenheit (Btuth / ºF)............................................................... joule per kelvin (J/ k)............................................................................1.897 830 E+03 British thermal unitIT per degree Rankine E+03 (BtuIT / ºR).............................................................. joule per kelvin (J/ k)............................................................................1.899 101 British thermal unitth per degree Rankine (Btuth / ºR).............................................................. joule per kelvin (J/ k)............................................................................1.897 830 E+03 British thermal unitIT per hour (BtuIT /h).............. watt (W)..................................................................................................2.930 711 E–01 British thermal unitth per hour (Btuth /h).............. watt (W)..................................................................................................2.928 751 E–01 British thermal unitIT per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT /(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................ watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................5.678 263 E+00 British thermal unitth per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth /(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................ watt per square meter kelvin E+00 [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................5.674 466 E+01 British thermal unitth per minute (Btuth /min)..... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.757 250 British thermal unitIT per pound (BtuIT /lb).......... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................2.326 E+03 British thermal unitth per pound (Btuth /lb).......... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................2.324 444 E+03 British thermal unitIT per pound degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT /(lb ∙ ºF)]...................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin (J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 E+03 British thermal unitth per pound degree Fahrenheit [Btuth /(lb ∙ ºF)]...................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 E+03 British thermal unitIT per pound degree Rankine E+03 [BtuIT /(lb ∙ ºR)]...................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 British thermal unitth per pound degree Rankine E+03 [Btuth /(lb ∙ ºR)]...................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 British thermal unitIT per second (BtuIT /s).......... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.055 056 E+03 British thermal unitth per second (Btuth /s)........... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.054 350 E+03 The Fifth International Conference on the Properties of Steam (London, July 1956) defined the International Table calorie as 4.1868 J. Therefore the exact conversion factor for the International Table Btu is 1.055 055 852 62 kJ. Note that the notation for the International Table used in this listing is subscript “IT”. Similarily, the notation for thermochemical is subscript “th.” Further, the thermochemical Btu, Btuth, is based on the thermochemical calorie, calth, where calth = 4.184 J exactly.

11

Conversion Factors

1-25

To convert from to Multiply by British thermal unitIT per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT /(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................. watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................2.044 175 E+04 British thermal unitth per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth /(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................. watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................2.042 808 E+04 British thermal unitIT per square foot (BtuIT /ft2)............................................................... joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................1.135 653 E+04 British thermal unitth per square foot (Btuth /ft2)............................................................... joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................1.134 893 E+04 British thermal unitIT per square foot hour [(BtuIT /(ft2 ∙ h)]..................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................3.154 591 E+00 British thermal unitth per square foot hour [Btuth /(ft2 ∙ h)]....................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................3.152 481 E+00 British thermal unitth per square foot minute [Btuth /(ft2 ∙ min)].................................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.891 489 E+02 British thermal unitIT per square foot second [(BtuIT /(ft2 ∙ s)]...................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.135 653 E+04 British thermal unitth per square foot second [Btuth /(ft2 ∙ s)]........................................................ watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.134 893 E+04 British thermal unitth per square inch second [Btuth /(in2 ∙ s)]....................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.634 246 E+06 bushel (U.S.) (bu)....................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................3.523 907 E–02 bushel (U.S.) (bu)....................................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................3.523 907 E+01 calorieIT (calIT)11. ........................................................ joule (J)....................................................................................................4.1868 calorieth (calth)11.......................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 calorie (cal) (mean)................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.190 02 calorie (15 ºC) (cal15)................................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.185 80 calorie (20 ºC) (cal20)................................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.181 90 calorieIT, kilogram (nutrition)12.............................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.1868 calorieth , kilogram (nutrition)12.............................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 calorie (mean), kilogram (nutrition)12. ................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.190 02 calorieth per centimeter second degree Celsius [calth /(cm ∙ s ∙ ºC)]................................................ watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram (calIT /g)....................................... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram (calth /g)....................................... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram degree Celsius [calIT /(g ∙ ºC)]........................................................ joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram degree Celsius [calth /(g ∙ ºC)]........................................................ joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram kelvin [calIT/(g ∙ K)].................. joule per kilogram kelvin [J /(kg ∙ K)]................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram kelvin [calth / (g ∙ K)]................. joule per kilogram kelvin [J /(kg ∙ K)]................................................4.184 calorieth per minute (calth /min).............................. watt (W)..................................................................................................6.973 333 calorieth per second (calth /s).................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................4.184 calorieth per square centimeter (calth/cm2)........... joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................4.184 calorieth per square centimeter minute [calth /(cm2 ∙ min)]................................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................6.973 333 calorieth per square centimeter second [calth /(cm2 ∙ s)]....................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................4.184 candela per square inch (cd/in2)............................. candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................1.550 003 carat, metric............................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................2.0 carat, metric............................................................... gram (g)...................................................................................................2.0 centimeter of mercury (0 ºC)13............................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.333 22 centimeter of mercury (0 ºC)13............................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.333 22 centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg)13..pascal (Pa)................................................................................................1.333 224

E+00 E+00 E+00 E+00 E+00 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+02 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E–02 E+00 E+04 E+02 E+04 E+03 E–04 E–01 E+03 E+00 E+03

The kilogram calorie or “large calorie” is an obsolete term used for the kilocalorie, which is the calorie used to express the energy content of foods. However, in practice, the prefix “kilo” is usually omitted. 13 Conversion factors for mercury manometer pressure units are calculated using the standard value for the acceleration of gravity and the density of mercury at the stated temperature. Additional digits are not justified because the definitions of the units do not take into account the compressibility of mercury or the change in density caused by the revised practical temperature scale, ITS-90. Similar comments also apply to water manometer pressure units. Conversion factors for conventional mercury and water manometer pressure units are based on ISO 31-3. 12

1-26

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg)13..kilopascal (kPa).......................................................................................1.333 224 E+00 E+01 centimeter of water (4 ºC)13.................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 38 centimeter of water, conventional (cmH2O)13..... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 centipoise (cP)............................................................ pascal second (Pa ∙ s).............................................................................1.0 E–03 centistokes (cSt)......................................................... meter squared per second (m2/s).......................................................1.0 E–06 chain (based on U.S survey foot) (ch)9............................... meter (m)................................................................................................2.011 684 E+01 circular mil................................................................. square meter (m2)..................................................................................5.067 075 E–10 circular mil................................................................. square millimeter (mm2)......................................................................5.067 075 E–04 clo................................................................................. square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W)..........................................1.55 E–01 cord (128 ft3)............................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................3.624 556 E+00 cubic foot (ft3)............................................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.831 685 E–02 cubic foot per minute (ft3 /min)............................. cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................4.719 474 E–04 cubic foot per minute (ft3 /min)............................. liter per second (L/s).............................................................................4.719 474 E–01 cubic foot per second (ft3/s).................................... cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................2.831 685 E–02 cubic inch (in3)14........................................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.638 706 E–05 cubic inch per minute (in3 /min)............................ cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................2.731 177 E–07 cubic mile (mi3).......................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.168 182 E+09 cubic yard (yd3).......................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................7.645 549 E–01 cubic yard per minute (yd3/min)............................ cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................1.274 258 E–02 cup (U.S.)..................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.365 882 E–04 cup (U.S.)..................................................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................2.365 882 E–01 cup (U.S.)..................................................................... milliliter (mL).........................................................................................2.365 882 E+02 curie (Ci)..................................................................... becquerel (Bq)........................................................................................3.7 E+10 E–13 darcy15. ........................................................................ meter squared (m2)................................................................................9.869 233 day (d).......................................................................... second (s)................................................................................................8.64 E+04 day (sidereal).............................................................. second (s)................................................................................................8.616 409 E+04 debye (D)..................................................................... coulomb meter (C ∙ m).........................................................................3.335 641 E–30 degree (angle) (°)........................................................ radian (rad).............................................................................................1.745 329 E–02 degree Celsius (temperature) (ºC).......................... kelvin (K).................................................................................................T/ K = t / ºC+273.15 degree Celsius (temperature interval) (ºC)........... kelvin (K).................................................................................................1.0 E+00 degree centigrade (temperature)16......................... degree Celsius (ºC)................................................................................t / ºC ≈ t / deg.cent. degree centigrade (temperature interval)16.......... degree Celsius (ºC)................................................................................1.0 E+00 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (ºF)...................... degree Celsius (ºC)....................................................................................t / ºC = (t / ºF –32)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (ºF)...................... kelvin (K)......................................................................................................T/ K = (t / ºF + 459.67)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval)(ºF)..... degree Celsius (ºC)................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval) (ºF).... kelvin (K).................................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ h/BtuIT)............................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................1.895 634 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ h/Btuth)............................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................1.896 903 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2 /BtuIT)..................................................... square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W)..........................................1.761 102 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2 /Btuth)..................................................... square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W)..........................................1.762 280 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT inch [ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2 /(BtuIT ∙ in)]........................................... meter kelvin per watt (m ∙ K/W)........................................................6.933 472 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth inch E+00 [ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2 /(Btuth ∙ in)]........................................... meter kelvin per watt (m ∙ K/W)........................................................6.938 112 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ s /BtuIT)............................................................ kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................5.265 651 E–04 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ s /Btuth)................................................................ kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................5.269 175 E–04 degree Rankine (ºR).................................................. kelvin (K).................................................................................................T/ K = (T/ ºR)/1.8 degree Rankine (temperature interval) (ºR)......... kelvin (K).................................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 E–07 denier........................................................................... kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.111 111 denier........................................................................... gram per meter (g/m)...........................................................................1.111 111 E–04 dyne (dyn)................................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................1.0 E–05 dyne centimeter (dyn ∙ cm)..................................... newton meter (N ∙ m)..........................................................................1.0 E–07 dyne per square centimeter (dyn/cm2)................. pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.0 E–01 The exact conversion factor is 1.638 706 4 E–05. The darcy is a unit for expressing the permeability of porous solids, not area. 16 The centigrade temperature scale is obsolete; the degree centigrade is only approximately equal to the degree Celsius. 14 15

Conversion Factors

1-27

To convert from to Multiply by electronvolt (eV)......................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.602 177 E–19 E+09 EMU of capacitance (abfarad)................................ farad (F)...................................................................................................1.0 EMU of current (abampere)................................... ampere (A)..............................................................................................1.0 E+01 EMU of electric potential (abvolt)......................... volt (V).....................................................................................................1.0 E–08 EMU of inductance (abhenry)................................ henry (H).................................................................................................1.0 E–09 EMU of resistance (abohm).................................... ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................1.0 E–09 erg (erg)....................................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.0 E–07 erg per second (erg/s)............................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.0 E–07 erg per square centimeter second E–03 |1obrktl1ru|/(cm2 ∙ s)]............................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.0 ESU of capacitance (statfarad)................................ farad (F)...................................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 E–10 ESU of current (statampere)................................... ampere (A)..............................................................................................3.335 641 E+02 ESU of electric potential (statvolt)......................... volt (V).....................................................................................................2.997 925 ESU of inductance (stathenry)............................... henry (H).................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 E+11 ESU of resistance (statohm).................................... ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................8.987 552 faraday (based on carbon 12).................................. coulomb (C)............................................................................................9.648 531 fathom (based on U.S survey foot)9 ...................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.828 804 fermi............................................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.0 fermi............................................................................. femtometer (fm)....................................................................................1.0 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz)........................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.957 353 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz)........................................... milliliter (mL).........................................................................................2.957 353 foot (ft)........................................................................ meter (m)................................................................................................3.048 foot (U.S survey ft)9. ................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................3.048 006 footcandle................................................................... lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.076 391 footlambert................................................................. candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................3.426 259 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg)13. ................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................4.063 666 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg)13. ................ kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................4.063 666 foot of water (39.2 ºF)13............................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.988 98 foot of water (39.2 ºF)13............................................ kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................2.988 98 foot of water, conventional (ftH2O)13.................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.989 067 foot of water, conventional (ftH2O)13.................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................2.989 067 foot per hour (ft/h)................................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................8.466 667 foot per minute (ft/min).......................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................5.08 foot per second (ft/s)................................................ meter per second (m/s)........................................................................3.048 foot per second squared (ft/s2)............................... meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................3.048 foot poundal............................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.214 011 foot pound-force (ft ∙ lbf )........................................ joule (J)....................................................................................................1.355 818 foot pound-force per hour (ft ∙ lbf/h).................... watt (W)..................................................................................................3.766 161 foot pound-force per minute (ft ∙ lbf/min)........... watt (W)..................................................................................................2.259 697 foot pound-force per second (ft ∙ lbf/s)................. watt (W)..................................................................................................1.355 818 foot to the fourth power (ft4)17. .............................. meter to the fourth power (m4)..........................................................8.630 975 franklin (Fr)................................................................ coulomb (C)............................................................................................3.335 641

E+04 E+00 E–15 E+00 E–05 E+01 E–01 E–01 E+01 E+00 E+04 E+01 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+00 E–05 E–03 E–01 E–01 E–02 E+00 E–04 E–02 E+00 E–03 E–10

gal (Gal)....................................................................... meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................1.0 gallon [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (gal)......... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.546 09 gallon [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (gal)......... liter (L).....................................................................................................4.546 09 gallon (U.S.) (gal)....................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................3.785 412 gallon (U.S.) (gal)....................................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................3.785 412 gallon (U.S.) per day (gal/d).................................... cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................4.381 264 gallon (U.S.) per day (gal/d).................................... liter per second (L/s).............................................................................4.381 264 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal / (hp ∙ h)]........................................................ cubic meter per joule (m3/J)................................................................1.410 089 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal / (hp ∙ h)]........................................................ liter per joule (L/ J)................................................................................1.410 089 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal/min).............. cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................6.309 020 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal/min).............. liter per second (L/ s)............................................................................6.309 020 gamma (γ)................................................................... tesla (T)...................................................................................................1.0 gauss (Gs, G).............................................................. tesla (T)...................................................................................................1.0 gilbert (Gi).................................................................. ampere (A)..............................................................................................7.957 747

E–02 E–03 E+00 E–03 E+00 E–08 E–05

17

E–09 E–06 E–05 E–02 E–09 E–04 E–01

This is a unit for the quantity second moment of area, which is sometimes called the “moment of section” or “area moment of inertia” of a plane section about a specified axis.

1-28

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by gill [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (gi)................. cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.420 653 E–04 gill [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (gi)................. liter (L).....................................................................................................1.420 653 E–01 E–04 gill (U.S.) (gi).............................................................. cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.182 941 gill (U.S.) (gi).............................................................. liter (L).....................................................................................................1.182 941 E–01 E–02 gon (also called grade) (gon)................................... radian (rad).............................................................................................1.570 796 gon (also called grade) (gon)................................... degree (angle) (°)....................................................................................9.0 E–01 E–05 grain (gr)..................................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................6.479 891 E+01 grain (gr)..................................................................... milligram (mg).......................................................................................6.479 891 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr/gal)................................ kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.711 806 E–02 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr/gal)................................ milligram per liter (mg/L)....................................................................1.711 806 E+01 gram-force per square centimeter (gf /cm2)........ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3)......................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.0 E+03 hectare (ha)................................................................. square meter (m2)..................................................................................1.0 horsepower (550 ft ∙ lbf/s) (hp)............................... watt (W)..................................................................................................7.456 999 horsepower (boiler).................................................. watt (W)..................................................................................................9.809 50 horsepower (electric)................................................ watt (W)..................................................................................................7.46 horsepower (metric)................................................. watt (W)..................................................................................................7.354 988 horsepower (U.K.)..................................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................7.4570 horsepower (water)................................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................7.460 43 hour (h)........................................................................ second (s)................................................................................................3.6 hour (sidereal)............................................................ second (s)................................................................................................3.590 170 hundredweight (long, 112 lb).................................. kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................5.080 235 hundredweight (short, 100 lb)................................ kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................4.535 924

E+04 E+02 E+03 E+02 E+02 E+02 E+02 E+03 E+03 E+01 E+01

inch (in)....................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................2.54 inch (in)....................................................................... centimeter (cm).....................................................................................2.54 inch of mercury (32 ºF)13......................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................3.386 38 inch of mercury (32 ºF)13......................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................3.386 38 inch of mercury (60 ºF)13......................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................3.376 85 inch of mercury (60 ºF)13......................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................3.376 85 inch of mercury, conventional (inHg)13................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................3.386 389 inch of mercury, conventional (inHg)13................ kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................3.386 389 inch of water (39.2 ºF)13. .......................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.490 82 inch of water (60 ºF)13. ............................................. pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.4884 inch of water, conventional (inH2O)13................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.490 889 inch per second (in/s)............................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................2.54 inch per second squared (in/s2).............................. meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................2.54 inch to the fourth power (in4)17.............................. meter to the fourth power (m4)..........................................................4.162 314

E–02 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+02 E+02 E+02 E–02 E–02 E–07

E+02 kayser (K).................................................................... reciprocal meter (m–1)..........................................................................1.0 kelvin (K)..................................................................... degree Celsius (ºC).................................................................................t / ºC = T/ K – 273.15 kilocalorieIT (kcalIT)................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.1868 E+03 kilocalorieth (kcalth).................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 E+03 kilocalorie (mean) (kcal).......................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.190 02 E+03 E+01 kilocalorieth per minute (kcalth /min).................... watt (W)..................................................................................................6.973 333 kilocalorieth per second (kcalth /s).......................... watt (W)..................................................................................................4.184 E+03 kilogram-force (kgf )................................................. newton (N)..............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force meter (kgf ∙ m)............................... newton meter (N ∙ m)...........................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2)................................................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+04 kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2)................................................................. kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 kilogram-force per square meter (kgf/m2)........... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2)................................................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+06 kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2)................................................................ megapascal (MPa).................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force second squared per meter (kgf ∙ s2/m)............................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilometer per hour (km/h)....................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................2.777 778 E–01 kilopond (kilogram-force) (kp)............................... newton (N)..............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilowatt hour (kW ∙ h).............................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................3.6 E+06 kilowatt hour (kW ∙ h).............................................. megajoule (MJ).......................................................................................3.6 E+00

Conversion Factors

1-29

To convert from to Multiply by kip (1 kip=1000 lbf ).................................................. newton (N)..............................................................................................4.448 222 E+03 E+00 kip (1 kip=1000 lbf ).................................................. kilonewton (kN).....................................................................................4.448 222 E+06 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2).......................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................6.894 757 E+03 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2).......................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................6.894 757 knot (nautical mile per hour).................................. meter per second (m/s)........................................................................5.144 444 E–01 lambert18..................................................................... candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................3.183 099 langley (calth/cm2)...................................................... joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................4.184 light year (l.y.)19.......................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................9.460 73 liter (L)20...................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.0 lumen per square foot (lm/ft2)................................ lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.076 391

E+03 E+04 E+15 E–03 E+01

maxwell (Mx)............................................................. weber (Wb).............................................................................................1.0 E–08 mho.............................................................................. siemens (S)..............................................................................................1.0 E+00 E–08 microinch.................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................2.54 E–02 microinch.................................................................... micrometer (µm)...................................................................................2.54 E–06 micron (µ)................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.0 E+00 micron (µ)................................................................... micrometer (µm)...................................................................................1.0 E–05 mil (0.001 in).............................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................2.54 E–02 mil (0.001 in).............................................................. millimeter (mm)....................................................................................2.54 E–04 mil (angle)................................................................... radian (rad).............................................................................................9.817 477 E–02 mil (angle)................................................................... degree (º).................................................................................................5.625 E+03 mile (mi)...................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.609 344 E+00 mile (mi)...................................................................... kilometer (km).......................................................................................1.609 344 E+03 mile (based on U.S survey foot) (mi)9................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.609 347 E+00 mile (based on U.S survey foot) (mi)9................... kilometer (km).......................................................................................1.609 347 E+03 mile, nautical 21. ........................................................ meter (m)................................................................................................1.852 E+05 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal).................... meter per cubic meter (m/m3)............................................................4.251 437 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal).................... kilometer per liter (km/L)....................................................................4.251 437 E–01 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal)22. ................ liter per 100 kilometer (L/100 km)..........................................divide 235.215 by number of miles per gallon mile per hour (mi/h)................................................. meter per second (m/s)........................................................................4.4704 E–01 E+00 mile per hour (mi/h)................................................. kilometer per hour (km/h)..................................................................1.609 344 E+01 mile per minute (mi/min)........................................ meter per second (m/s).........................................................................2.682 24 E+03 mile per second (mi/s)............................................. meter per second (m/s).........................................................................1.609 344 E+02 millibar (mbar)........................................................... pascal (Pa)................................................................................................1.0 E–01 millibar (mbar)........................................................... kilopascal (kPa).......................................................................................1.0 E+02 millimeter of mercury, conventional (mmHg)13 pascal (Pa)................................................................................................1.333 224 E+00 millimeter of water, conventional (mmH2O)13 ...pascal (Pa).................................................................................................9.806 65 minute (angle) (')....................................................... radian (rad)..............................................................................................2.908 882 E–04 E+01 minute (min).............................................................. second (s).................................................................................................6.0 E+01 minute (sidereal)....................................................... second (s).................................................................................................5.983 617 nit................................................................................. candela per meter squared (cd/m2)....................................................1.0 nox................................................................................ lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.0

E+00 E–03

oersted (Oe)................................................................ ampere per meter (A/m).......................................................................7.957 747 ohm centimeter (Ω ∙ cm).......................................... ohm meter (Ω ∙ m).................................................................................1.0 ohm circular-mil per foot........................................ ohm meter (Ω ∙ m).................................................................................1.662 426 ohm circular-mil per foot........................................ ohm square millimeter per meter (Ω ∙ mm2 /m)............................................................................................1.662 426 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz).......................................... kilogram (kg)...........................................................................................2.834 952 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz).......................................... gram (g)....................................................................................................2.834 952 ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz).............................. kilogram (kg)...........................................................................................3.110 348 ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz).............................. gram (g)....................................................................................................3.110 348 ounce [Canadian and U.K fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz)....................................................................... cubic meter (m3).....................................................................................2.841 306

E+01 E–02 E–09 E–03 E–02 E+01 E–02 E+01 E–05

The exact conversion factor is 104/π. This conversion factor is based on 1 d = 86 400 s; and 1 Julian century = 36 525 d. (See The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1995, page K6, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1994). 20 In 1964 the General Conference on Weights and Measures reestablished the name “liter” as a special name for the cubic decimeter. Between 1901 and 1964 the liter was slightly larger (1.000 028 dm3); when one uses high-accuracy volume data of that time, this fact must be kept in mind. 21 The value of this unit, 1 nautical mile = 1852 m, was adopted by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference, Monaco, 1929, under the name “International nautical mile.” 22 For converting fuel economy, as used in the U.S., to fuel consumption. 18 19

1-30

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by ounce [Canadian and U.K fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz)......................................................................... milliliter (mL)..........................................................................................2.841 306 E+01 E–05 ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz)........................................... cubic meter (m3).....................................................................................2.957 353 ounce (U.S fluid) (fl oz)............................................ milliliter (mL)..........................................................................................2.957 353 E+01 E–01 ounce (avoirdupois)-force (ozf )............................. newton (N)...............................................................................................2.780 139 ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ∙ in).............. newton meter (N ∙ m)............................................................................7.061 552 E–03 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ∙ in).............. millinewton meter (mN ∙ m)................................................................7.061 552 ounce (avoirdupois) per cubic inch (oz/ in3)....... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).......................................................1.729 994 E+03 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (oz/gal)....................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).......................................................6.236 023 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (oz/gal)....................................... gram per liter (g/L).................................................................................6.236 023 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.)(oz/gal)...... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).......................................................7.489 152 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.)(oz/gal)...... gram per liter (g/L).................................................................................7.489 152 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per square foot (oz/ ft2)....... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2).....................................................3.051 517 E–01 ounce (avoirdupois) per square inch (oz/ in2)..... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2).....................................................4.394 185 E+01 ounce (avoirdupois) per square yard(oz/yd2)...... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2).....................................................3.390 575 E–02 parsec (pc).................................................................. meter (m).................................................................................................3.085 678 peck (U.S.) (pk).......................................................... cubic meter (m3).....................................................................................8.809 768 peck (U.S.) (pk).......................................................... liter (L)......................................................................................................8.809 768 pennyweight (dwt).................................................... kilogram (kg)...........................................................................................1.555 174 pennyweight (dwt).................................................... gram (g)....................................................................................................1.555 174 perm (0 ºC)................................................................. kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m2)].................................................................................5.721 35 perm (23 ºC)............................................................... kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m2)]..................................................................................5.745 25 perm inch (0 ºC)........................................................ kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m)]...................................................................................1.453 22 perm inch (23 ºC)...................................................... kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m)]..................................................................................1.459 29 phot (ph)..................................................................... lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.0 pica (computer) (1/6 in)........................................... meter (m)................................................................................................4.233 333 pica (computer) (1/6 in)........................................... millimeter (mm)....................................................................................4.233 333 pica (printer’s)............................................................ meter (m)................................................................................................4.217 518 pica (printer’s)............................................................ millimeter (mm)....................................................................................4.217 518 pint (U.S dry) (dry pt)............................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................5.506 105 pint (U.S dry) (dry pt)............................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................5.506 105 pint (U.S liquid) (liq pt)............................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.731 765 pint (U.S liquid) (liq pt)............................................ liter (L).....................................................................................................4.731 765 point (computer) (1/72 in)...................................... meter (m)................................................................................................3.527 778 point (computer) (1/72 in)...................................... millimeter (mm)....................................................................................3.527 778 point (printer’s).......................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................3.514 598 point (printer’s).......................................................... millimeter (mm)....................................................................................3.514 598 poise (P)...................................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................1.0 pound (avoirdupois) (lb)23....................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................4.535 924 pound (troy or apothecary) (lb)............................. kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................3.732 417 poundal....................................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................1.382 550 poundal per square foot........................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.488 164 poundal second per square foot............................. pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................1.488 164 pound foot squared (lb ∙ ft2).................................... kilogram meter squared (kg ∙ m2).......................................................4.214 011 pound-force (lbf )24.................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................4.448 222 pound-force foot (lbf ∙ ft)......................................... newton meter (N ∙ m)...........................................................................1.355 818 pound-force foot per inch (lbf ∙ ft/in)................... newton meter per meter (N ∙ m/m)...................................................5.337 866 pound-force inch (lbf ∙ in)....................................... newton meter (N ∙ m)...........................................................................1.129 848 pound-force inch per inch (lbf ∙ in/in).................. newton meter per meter (N ∙ m/m)...................................................4.448 222 pound-force per foot (lbf/ft)................................... newton per meter (N/m).....................................................................1.459 390 pound-force per inch (lbf/in).................................. newton per meter (N/m).....................................................................1.751 268 pound-force per pound (lbf/lb) (thrust to mass ratio)............................. newton per kilogram (N/kg)...............................................................9.806 65 23 24

The exact conversion factor is 4.535 923 7 E–01. All units that contain the pound refer to the avoirdupois pound unless otherwise specified. If the local value of the acceleration of free fall is taken as gn=9.806 65 m/ s2 (the standard value), the exact conversion factor is 4.448 221 615 260 5 E+00.

E+16 E–03 E+00 E–03 E+00 E–11 E–11 E–12 E–12 E+04 E–03 E+00 E–03 E+00 E–04 E–01 E–04 E–01 E–04 E–01 E–04 E–01 E–01 E–01 E–01 E–01 E+00 E+00 E–02 E+00 E+00 E+01 E–01 E+00 E+01 E+02 E+00

Conversion Factors

1-31

To convert from to Multiply by pound-force per square foot (lbf/ft2)..................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................4.788 026 E+01 E+03 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2).......... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................6.894 757 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2).......... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................6.894 757 E+00 pound-force second per square foot (lbf ∙ s/ft2)............................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................4.788 026 E+01 pound-force second per square inch E+03 (lbf ∙ s/in2)............................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................6.894 757 pound inch squared (lb ∙ in2)................................... kilogram meter squared (kg ∙ m2).......................................................2.926 397 E–04 pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3)................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.601 846 E+01 pound per cubic inch (lb/in3).................................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................2.767 990 E+04 pound per cubic yard (lb/yd3)................................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................5.932 764 E–01 pound per foot (lb/ft)............................................... kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.488 164 E+00 E–04 pound per foot hour [lb/(ft ∙ h)]............................. pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................4.133 789 pound per foot second [lb/(ft ∙ s)].......................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................1.488 164 E+00 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (lb/gal)....................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................9.977 637 E+01 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (lb/gal)....................................... kilogram per liter (kg/L).......................................................................9.977 637 E–02 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal).............................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.198 264 E+02 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal).............................. kilogram per liter (kg/L).......................................................................1.198 264 E–01 pound per horsepower hour [lb/(hp ∙ h)]............. kilogram per joule (kg/J)......................................................................1.689 659 E–07 pound per hour (lb/h).............................................. kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................1.259 979 E–04 pound per inch (lb/in).............................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.785 797 E+01 pound per minute (lb/min)..................................... kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................7.559 873 E–03 E–01 pound per second (lb/s)........................................... kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................4.535 924 pound per square foot (lb/ft2)................................. kilogram per square meter (kg/m2)....................................................4.882 428 E+00 pound per square inch (not pound-force) (lb/in2)..................................................................... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2)....................................................7.030 696 E+02 pound per yard (lb/yd)............................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................4.960 546 E–01 E+03 psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in2).......... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................6.894 757 psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in2).......... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................6.894 757 E+00 quad (1015 BtuIT)11...................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 056 quart (U.S dry) (dry qt)............................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.101 221 quart (U.S dry) (dry qt)............................................ liter (L).....................................................................................................1.101 221 quart (U.S liquid) (liq qt)......................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................9.463 529 quart (U.S liquid) (liq qt)......................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................9.463 529

E+18 E–03 E+00 E–04 E–01

rad (absorbed dose) (rad)........................................ gray (Gy)..................................................................................................1.0 rem (rem).................................................................... sievert (Sv)..............................................................................................1.0 revolution (r).............................................................. radian (rad).............................................................................................6.283 185 revolution per minute (rpm) (r/min).................... radian per second (rad/s).....................................................................1.047 198 rhe................................................................................ reciprocal pascal second [(Pa ∙ s)–1]...................................................1.0 rod (based on U.S survey foot) (rd)9. .................... meter (m)................................................................................................5.029 210 roentgen (R)................................................................ coulomb per kilogram (C/kg).............................................................2.58 rpm (revolution per minute) (r/min).................... radian per second (rad/s).....................................................................1.047 198

E–02 E–02 E+00 E–01 E+01 E+00 E–04 E–01

second (angle) (")....................................................... radian (rad).............................................................................................4.848 137 second (sidereal)........................................................ second (s)................................................................................................9.972 696 shake............................................................................ second (s)................................................................................................1.0 shake............................................................................ nanosecond (ns).....................................................................................1.0 skot............................................................................... candela per meter squared (cd/m2)....................................................3.183 098 slug (slug).................................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.459 390 slug per cubic foot (slug/ft3).................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................5.153 788 slug per foot second [slug/(ft ∙ s)]........................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................4.788 026 square foot (ft2).......................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................9.290 304 square foot per hour (ft2/h)..................................... square meter per second (m2/s)..........................................................2.580 64 square foot per second (ft2/s).................................. square meter per second (m2/s)..........................................................9.290 304 square inch (in2)......................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................6.4516 square inch (in2)......................................................... square centimeter (cm2).......................................................................6.4516 square mile (mi2)....................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................2.589 988 square mile (mi2)....................................................... square kilometer (km2).........................................................................2.589 988

E–06 E–01 E–08 E+01 E–04 E+01 E+02 E+01 E–02 E–05 E–02 E–04 E+00 E+06 E+00

1-32

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by square mile E+06 (based on U.S survey foot) (mi2)9...................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................2.589 998 square mile (based on U.S survey foot) (mi2)9...................... square kilometer (km2).........................................................................2.589 998 E+00 square yard (yd2)........................................................ square meter (m2)..................................................................................8.361 274 E–01 statampere.................................................................. ampere (A)..............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 E–10 statcoulomb................................................................ coulomb (C)............................................................................................3.335 641 E–12 statfarad....................................................................... farad (F)...................................................................................................1.112 650 stathenry..................................................................... henry (H).................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 E–12 statmho........................................................................ siemens (S)..............................................................................................1.112 650 statohm........................................................................ ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 E+02 statvolt......................................................................... volt (V).....................................................................................................2.997 925 stere (st)....................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.0 E+00 stilb (sb)....................................................................... candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................1.0 E+04 stokes (St).................................................................... meter squared per second (m2/s).......................................................1.0 E–04 tablespoon.................................................................. cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.478 676 tablespoon.................................................................. milliliter (mL).........................................................................................1.478 676 teaspoon...................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.928 922 teaspoon...................................................................... milliliter (mL).........................................................................................4.928 922 tex................................................................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.0 therm (EC)25............................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 06 therm (U.S.)25............................................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 804 ton, assay (AT)........................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................2.916 667 ton, assay (AT)........................................................... gram (g)...................................................................................................2.916 667 ton-force (2000 lbf )................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................8.896 443 ton-force (2000 lbf )................................................... kilonewton (kN).....................................................................................8.896 443 ton, long (2240 lb)..................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.016 047 ton, long, per cubic yard.......................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.328 939 ton, metric (t).............................................................. kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.0 tonne (called “metric ton” in U.S.) (t).................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.0 ton of refrigeration (12 000 BtuIT /h)..................... watt (W)..................................................................................................3.516 853 ton of TNT (energy equivalent)26.......................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 ton, register................................................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.831 685 ton, short (2000 lb).................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................9.071 847 ton, short, per cubic yard......................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.186 553 ton, short, per hour................................................... kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................2.519 958 torr (Torr)................................................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.333 224

E–05 E+01 E–06 E+00 E–06 E+08 E+08 E–02 E+01 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+09 E+00 E+02 E+03 E–01 E+02

unit pole...................................................................... weber (Wb).............................................................................................1.256 637

E–07

watt hour (W ∙ h)....................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................3.6 watt per square centimeter (W/cm2)..................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.0 watt per square inch (W/in2).................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.550 003 watt second (W ∙ s).................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.0

E+03 E+04 E+03 E+00

yard (yd)...................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................9.144 year (365 days)........................................................... second (s)................................................................................................3.1536 year (sidereal)............................................................. second (s)................................................................................................3.155 815 year (tropical)............................................................. second (s)................................................................................................3.155 693

E–01 E+07 E+07 E+07

The therm (EC) is legally defined in the Council Directive of 20 December 1979, Council of the European Communities (now the European Union, EU). The therm (U.S.) is legally defined in the Federal Register of July 27, 1968. Although the therm (EC), which is based on the International Table Btu, is frequently used by engineers in the United States, the therm (U.S.) is the legal unit used by the U.S natural gas industry. 26 Defined (not measured) value. 25

CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES From Celsius

Fahrenheit

Kelvin Rankine

To Fahrenheit Kelvin Rankine Celsius Kelvin Rankine Celsius Rankine Fahrenheit Kelvin

tF/˚F = (9/5) t/˚C + 32 T/K = t/˚C + 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) (t/˚C + 273.15) t/˚C = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] T/K = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] + 273.15 T/˚R = tF/˚F + 459.67 t/˚C = T/K - 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) T/K tF/˚F = T/˚R - 459.67 T/K = (5/9) T/˚R

Definition of symbols: T = thermodynamic (absolute) temperature t = Celsius temperature (the symbol θ is also used for Celsius temperature) tF = Fahrenheit temperature Designation of Large Numbers U.S.A.

Other countries

6

million

million

109

billion

milliard

10

1012

trillion

billion

1015

quadrillion

billiard

1018

quintillion

trillion

100100

googol

10googol

googolplex

1-33

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CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ENERGY UNITS If greater accuracy is required, use the Energy Equivalents section of the Fundamental Physical Constants table.

‒

Wavenumber v cm–1 v: 1 cm–1 1 v: 1 MHz  3.33564 × 10–5 1 aJ  50341.1 E: 1 eV  8065.54 Eh  219474.63 Em: 1 kJ/mol  83.5935 1 kcal/  349.755 mol T: 1 K  0.695039

‒

Frequency v MHz 2.997925 × 104 1 1.509189 × 109 2.417988 × 108 6.579684 × 109 2.506069 × 106 1.048539 × 107

Energy E aJ 1.986447 × 10–5 6.626076 × 10–10 1 0.1602177 4.359748 1.660540 × 10–3 6.947700 × 10–3

Energy E eV 1.239842 × 10–4 4.135669 × 10–9 6.241506 1 27.2114 1.036427 × 10–2 4.336411 × 10–2

Energy E Eh 4.556335 × 10–6 1.519830 × 10–10 0.2293710 3.674931 × 10–2 1 3.808798 × 10–4 1.593601 × 10–3

2.08367 × 104 1.380658 × 10–5 8.61738 × 10–5 3.16683 × 10–6

Molar energy Em kJ/mol 11.96266 × 10–3 3.990313 × 10–7 602.2137 96.4853 2625.500 1 4.184

Molar energy Em Temperature T kcal/mol K 2.85914 × 10–3 1.438769 9.53708 × 10–8 4.79922 × 10–5 143.9325 7.24292 × 104 23.0605 1.16045 × 104 627.510 3.15773 × 105 0.239006 120.272 1 503.217

8.31451 × 10–3

1.98722 × 10–3

1

Examples of the use of this table: 1 aJ  50341 cm–1 1 eV  96.4853 kJ mol–1 The symbol  should be read as meaning corresponds to or is equivalent to.

‒

E = hv = hcv = kT; Em = NAE; Eh is the Hartree energy

1-34

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CONVERSION FACTORS FOR PRESSURE UNITS Pa kPa MPa bar atmos Torr µmHg psi

Pa 1 1000 1000000 100000 101325 133.322 0.133322 6894.757

kPa 0.001 1 1000 100 101.325 0.133322 0.000133322 6.894757

MPa 0.000001 0.001 1 0.1 0.101325 0.000133322 1.33322 × 10–7 0.006894757

bar 0.00001 0.01 10 1 1.01325 0.00133322 1.33322 × 10–6 0.06894757

To convert a pressure value from a unit in the left hand column to a new unit, multiply the value by the factor appearing in the column for the new unit. For example: 1 kPa = 9.8692 × 10–3 atmos 1 Torr = 1.33322 × 10–4 MPa

atmos 9.8692 × 10–6 0.0098692 9.8692 0.98692 1 0.00131579 1.31579 × 10–6 0.068046

Torr 0.0075006 7.5006 7500.6 750.06 760 1 0.001 51.7151

µmHg 7.5006 7500.6 7500600 750060 760000 1000 1 51715.1

psi 0.0001450377 0.1450377 145.0377 14.50377 14.69594 0.01933672 1.933672 × 10–5 1

Notes: µmHg is often referred to as “micron” Torr is essentially identical to mmHg psi is an abbreviation for the unit pound–force per square inch psia (as a term for a physical quantity) implies the true (absolute) pressure psig implies the true pressure minus the local atmospheric pressure

1-35

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CONVERSION FACTORS FOR THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY UNITS MULTIPLY ↓ by appropriate factor to OBTAIN→ BtuIT h–1 ft–1 °F–1 BtuIT in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1 Btuth h–1 ft–1 °F–1 Btuth in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1 calIT s–1 cm–1 °C–1 calth s–1 cm–1 °C–1 kcalth h–1 m–1 °C–1 J s–1 cm–1 K–1 W cm–1 K–1 W m–1 K–1 mW cm–1 K–1

BtuIT h–1 ft–1 °F–1

BtuIT in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1

Btuth h–1 ft–1 °F–1

Btuth in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1

calIT s–1 cm–1 °C–1

calth s–1 cm–1 °C–1

kcalth h–1 m–1 °C–1

J s–1 cm–1 K–1

W cm–1 K–1 W m–1 K–1

mW cm–1 K–1

1

12

1.00067

12.0080

4.13379×10–3

4.13656×10–3

1.48916

1.73073×10–2

1.73073×10–2 1.73073

17.3073

8.33333×10–2

1

8.33891×10–2

1.00067

3.44482×10–4

3.44713×10–4

0.124097

1.44228×10–3

1.44228×10–3 0.144228

1.44228

0.999331

11.9920

1

12

4.13102×10

4.13379×10

1.48816

1.72958×10

1.72958×10

17.2958

8.32776×10–2

0.999331

8.33333×10–2

1

3.44252×10–4

3.44482×10–4

0.124014

1.44131×10–3

1.44131×10–3 0.144131

2.41909×102

2.90291×103

2.42071×102

2.90485×103

1

1.00067

3.60241×102

4.1868

4.1868

4.1868×102 4.1868×103

2.41747×102

2.90096×103

2.41909×102

2.90291×103

0.999331

1

3.6×102

4.184

4.184

4.184×102

4.184×103

0.671520 57.7789 57.7789 0.577789 5.77789×10–2

8.05824 6.93347×102 6.93347×102 6.93347 0.693347

0.671969 57.8176 57.8176 0.578176 5.78176×10–2

8.06363 6.93811×102 6.93811×102 6.93811 0.693811

2.77592×10–3 0.238846 0.238846 2.38846×10–3 2.38846×10–4

2.77778×10–3 0.239006 0.239006 2.39006×10–3 2.39006×10–4

1 86.0421 86.0421 0.860421 8.60421×10–2

1.16222×10–2 1 1 1×10–2 1×10–3

1.16222×10–2 1 1 1×10–2 1×10–3

1.16222 1×102 1×102 1 0.1

11.6222 1×103 1×103 10 1

–3

–3

–2

–2

1.72958

1.44131

1-36

HC&P_S01.indb 36

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CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY UNITS To convert FROM ↓ multiply by appropriate

factor to OBTAIN →

abohm centimeter microohm centimeter ohm centimeter statohm centimeter (esu) ohm meter ohm circular mil per foot ohm inch ohm foot

abΩ cm

1 103 108 8.987 × 1020 1011 1.662 × 102 2.54 × 109 3.048 × 1010

µΩ cm 1 × 10–3 1 106 8.987 × 1017 108 1.662 × 10–1 2.54 × 106 3.048 × 107

Ω cm

10–9 10–6 1 8.987 × 1011 102 1.662 × 10–7 2.54 3.048 × 10–1

StatΩ cm 1.113 × 10–21 1.113 × 10–18 1.113 × 10–12 1 1.113 × 10–10 1.850 × 10–19 2.827 × 10–12 3.3924 × 10–11

Ωm

10–11 10–8 1 × 10–2 8.987 × 109 1 1.662 × 10–9 2.54 × 10–2 3.048 × 10–1

Ω cir. mil ft–1 6.015 × 10–3 6.015 6.015 × 106 5.406 × 1018 6.015 × 108 1 1.528 × 107 1.833 × 108

Ω in. 3.937 × 10–10 3.937 × 10–7 3.937 × 10–1 3.538 × 1011 3.937 × 101 6.54 × 10–6 1 12

Ω ft 3.281 × 10–11 3.281 × 10–6 3.281 × 10–2 2.949 × 1010 3.281 5.45 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–2 1

1-37

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CONVERSION FACTORS FOR CHEMICAL KINETICS Equivalent Second Order Rate Constants B A 1 cm3 mol-1 s-1 = 1 dm3 mol-1 s-1 = 1 m3 mol-1 s-1 = 1cm3 molecule -1s-1 = 1 (mm Hg)-1 s-1 = 1 atm-1 s-1 1 ppm-1 min-1 = at 298 K, 1 atm total pressure 1 m2 kN-1s-1 =

cm3 mol-1s-1 1 103 106 6.023 × 1023 6.236 × 104 T 82.06 T 4.077 × 108

dm3 mol-1s-1 10-3 1 103 6.023 × 1020 62.36 T 8.206 × 10-2 T 4.077 × 105

m3 mol-1s-1 10-6 10-3 1 6.023 × 1017 6.236 × 10-2 T 8.206 × 10-5 T 407.7

cm3 molecule-1s-1 1.66 × 10-24 1.66 × 10-21 1.66 × 10-18 1 1.035 × 10-19 T 1.362 × 10-22 T 6.76 × 10-16

(mm Hg)-1s-1 1.604 × 10-5 T-1 1.604 × 10-2 T-1 16.04 T-1 9.658 × 1018T-1 1 1.316 × 10-3 21.93

atm-1s-1 1.219 × 10-2 T-1 12.19 T-1 1.219 × 104 T-1 7.34 × 1021 T-1 760 1 1.667 × 104

ppm-1min-1 2.453 × 10-9 2.453 × 10-6 2.453 × 10-3 1.478 × 1015 4.56 × 10-2 6 × 10-5 1

m2 kN-1s-1 1.203 × 10-4 T-1 1.203 × 10-1 T-1 120.3 T-1 7.244 × 1019T-1 7.500 9.869 × 10-3 164.5

8314 T

8.314 T

8.314 × 10-3 T

1.38 × 10-20 T

0.1333

101.325

6.079 × 10-3

1

To convert a rate constant from one set of units A to a new set B find the conversion factor for the row A under column B and multiply the old value by it, e.g.. to convert cm3 molecule-1 s-1 to m3 mol-1 s-1 multiply by 6.023 × 1017. Table adapted from High Temperature Reaction Rate Data No. 5, The University, Leeds (1970). Equivalent Third Order Rate Constants B A 1 cm6 mol-2 s-1= 1 dm6 mol-2 s-1 = 1 m6 mol-2 s-1= 1cm6 molecule –2s-1= 1 (mm Hg)-2 s-1 = 1 atm-2 s-1 = 1 ppm-2 min-1= at 298K, 1 atm total pressure 1 m1 kN-2s-1=

cm6 mol-2s-1 1 106 1012 3.628 × 1047 3.89 × 109 T2 6.733 × 103 T2 9.97 × 1018

dm6 mol-1s-1 10-6 1 106 3.628 × 1041 3.89 × 103 T2 6.733 × 10-3 T2 9.97 × 1012

m6 mol-2 s-1 10-12 10-6 1 3.628 × 1035 3.89 × 10-3 T2 6.733 × 10-9 T2 9.97 × 106

cm6 molecule-2 s-1 2.76 × 10-48 2.76 × 10-42 2.76 × 10-36 1 1.07 × 10-38T2 1.86 × 10-44T2 2.75 × 10-29

6.91 × 107 T2

6.91 T2

69.1 × 10-5 T2

1.904 × 10-40 T2 0.0178

(mm Hg)-2 s-1 2.57 × 10-10T-2 2.57 × 10-4T-2 257 T-2 9.328 × 1037T-2 1 1.73 × 10-6 2.89 × 104

atm-2 s-1 1.48 ×10-4 T-2 148 T-2 1.48 ×108T-2 5.388 × 1043T-2 5.776 × 105 1 1.667 × 1010

ppm-2 min-1 1.003 × 10-19 1.003 × 10-13 1.003 × 10-7 3.64 × 1028 3.46 × 10-5 6 × 10-11 1

m4 kN-2s-1 1.477 × 10-8T-2 1.477 × 10-2T-2 1.477 × 104T-2 5.248 × 1039T-2 56.25 9.74 × 10-5 1.623 × 106

1.027 × 104

6.16 × 10-7

1

From J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 470, 1980, by permission of the authors and the copyright owner, the American Institute of Physics.

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CONVERSION FACTORS FOR IONIZING RADIATION Conversion Between SI and Other Units

Quantity Activity Absorbed dose Absorbed dose rate Average energy per ion pair Dose equivalent Dose equivalent rate Electric current Electric potential difference Exposure Exposure rate

Symbol for quantity Expression in SI units A 1 per second D joule per kilogram · joule per kilogram D second W joule H ˙ H I U, V X X

Expression Special in symbols name for for SI units SI units becquerel s–1 gray J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

coulomb per kilogram coulomb per kilogram second 1 per meter squared

C kg–1 C kg–1 s–1

φ

Fluence rate

Φ

Kerma Kerma rate

K  K

Lineal energy

y

1 per meter squared second joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second joule per meter

Linear energy transfer

L

joule per meter

A W A–1

J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

Mass energy transfer coefficient

µtr/ρ

meter squared per kilogram

m2 kg–1

Mass energy absorption coefficient Mass stopping power

µen/ρ


m2 kg–1

joule meter squared per kilogram

J m2 kg–1

Specific energy

1.602 × 10–19 J

sievert

rem rem per second

rem rem s–1

0.01 Sv 0.01 Sv s–1

volt

ampere volt

A V

1.0 A 1.0 V

roentgen roentgen

R R s–1

2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 s–1

cm–2

1.0 × 104 m–2

cm–2 s–1

1.0 × 104 m–2 s–1

Gy Gy s–1

1 per centimeter squared 1 per centimeter squared second rad rad per second

rad rad s–1

0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1

keV µm–1

1.602 × 10–10 J m–1

keV µm–1

1.602 × 10–10 J m–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

MeV cm2 g–1

1.602 × 10–14 J m2 kg–1

W Pa

kiloelectron volt per micrometer kiloelectron volt per micrometer centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram MeV centimeter squared per gram watt torr

W torr

1.0 W (101325/760)Pa

molecules (100 eV)–1

1.04 × 10–7 mol J–1

Gy

molecules per 100 electron volts rad

rad

0.01 Gy

Sv Sv s–1 V

gray

J m–1 m2 kg–1

Radiation chemical yield

eV

J m–1


P p

electronvolt

m–2 s–1

µ/ρ

Power Pressure

Value of conventional unit in SI units 3.7 × 1010 Bq 0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1

m–2

Mass attenuation coefficient

S/ρ

Symbol for conventional unit Ci rad rad s–1

J

joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second ampere watt per ampere

Fluence

Symbols using special Conventional names units Bq curie Gy rad Gy s–1 rad

G

joule per second newton per meter squared mole per joule

J s–1 N m–2 mol J–1

z

joule per kilogram

J kg–1

watt pascal

gray

1-39

HC&P_S01.indb 39

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Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation

1-40

Conversion of Radioactivity Units from MBq to mCi and µCi MBq 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 900 800

mCi 189. 162. 135. 108. 81. 54. 27. 24. 21.6

MBq 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 90 80

mCi 18.9 16.2 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7 2.4 2.16

MBq 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 9 8

mCi 1.89 1.62 1.35 1.08 810 540 270 240 220

MBq 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.9 0.8

mCi 189 162 135 108 81 54 27 24 21.6

MBq 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

mCi 18.9 16.2 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7

Conversion of Radioactivity Units from mCi and µCi to MBq mCi 200 150 100 90 80 70 60 50

MBq 7400 5550 3700 3330 2960 2590 2220 1850

MBq 1480 1110 740 370 333 296 259 222

mCi 40 30 20 10 9 8 7 6

5 4 3 2 1

mCi

MBq 185 148 111 74.0 37.0

µCi 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300

MBq 37.0 33.3 29.6 25.9 22.2 18.5 14.8 11.1

MBq 7.4 3.7 3.33 2.96 2.59 2.22 1.85 1.48

µCi 200 100 90 80 70 60 50 40

µCi 30 20 10 5 2 1

MBq 1.11 0.74 0.37 0.185 0.074 0.037

Conversion of Radioactivity Units 100 TBq (1014 Bq) 10 TBq (1013 Bq) 1 TBq (1012 Bq) 100 GBq (1011 Bq) 10 GBq (1010 Bq) 1 GBq (109 Bq) 100 MBq (108 Bq) 10 MBq (107 Bq) 1 MBq (106 Bq)

= = = = = = = = =

2.7 kCi (2.7 × 103 Ci) 270 Ci (2.7 × 102 Ci) 27 Ci (2.7 × 101 Ci) 2.7 Ci (2.7 × 100 Ci) 270 mCi (2.7 × 10–1 Ci) 27 mCi (2.7 × 10–2 Ci) 2.7 mCi (2.7 × 10–3 Ci) 270 µCi (2.7 × 10–4 Ci) 27 µCi (2.7 × 10–5 Ci)

100 kBq (105 Bq) 10 kBq (104 Bq) 1 kBq (103 Bq) 100 Bq (102 Bq) 10 Bq (101 Bq) 1 Bq (100 Bq) 100 mBq (10–1 Bq) 10 mBq (10–2 Bq) 1 mBq (10–3 Bq)

= = = = = = = = =

2.7 µCi (2.7 × 10–6Ci) 270 nCi (2.7 × 10–7 Ci) 27 nCi (2.7 × 10–8 Ci) 2.7 nCi (2.7 × 10–9 Ci) 270 pCi (2.7 × 10–10 Ci) 27 pCi (2.7 × 10–11 Ci) 2.7 pCi (2.7 × 10–12 Ci) 270 fCi (2.7 × 10–13 Ci) 27 fCi (2.7 × 10–14 Ci)

Conversion of Absorbed Dose Units SI Units 100 Gy (102 Gy) 10 Gy (101 Gy) 1 Gy (100 Gy) 100 mGy (10–1 Gy) 10 mGy (10–2 Gy) 1 mGy (10–3 Gy)

= = = = = =

Conventional 10,000 rad (104 rad) 1,000 rad (103 rad) 100 rad (102 rad) 10 rad (101 rad) 1 rad (100 rad) 100 mrad (10–1 rad)

SI Units 100 µGy (10–4 Gy) 10 µGy (10–5 Gy) 1 µGy (10–6 Gy) 100 nGy (10–7 Gy) 10 nGy (10–8 Gy) 1 nGy (10–9 Gy)

= = = = = =

Conventional 10 mrad (10–2 rad) 1 mrad (10–3 rad) 100 µrad (10–4 rad) 10 µrad (10–5 rad) 1 µrad (10–6 rad) 100 nrad (10–7 rad)

= = = = = =

10 mrem (10–2 rem) 1 mrem (10–3 rem) 100 µrem (10–4 rem) 10 µrem (10–5 rem) 1 µrem (10–6 rem) 100 nrem (10–7 rem)

Conversion of Dose Equivalent Units 100 Sv (102 Sv) 10 Sv (101 Sv) 1 Sv (100 Sv) 100 mSv (10–1 Sv) 10 mSv (10–2 Sv) 1 mSv (10–3 Sv)

HC&P_S01.indb 40

= = = = = =

10,000 rem (104 rem) 1,000 rem (103 rem) 100 rem (102 rem) 10 rem (101 rem) 1 rem (100 rem) 100 mrem (10–1 rem)

100 µSv (10–4 Sv) 10 µSv (10–5 Sv) 1 µSv (10–6 Sv) 100 nSv (10–7 Sv) 10 nSv (10–8 Sv) 1 nSv (10–9 Sv)

5/2/05 8:33:59 AM

VALUES OF THE GAS CONSTANT IN DIFFERENT UNIT SYSTEMS 1 torr (mm Hg) = 133.322 Pa [at 0°C] 1 in Hg = 3386.38 Pa [at 0°C] 1 in H2O = 249.082 Pa [at 4°C] 1 ft H2O = 2988.98 Pa [at 4°C]

In SI units the value of the gas constant, R, is: R

= 8.314472 Pa m K mol = 8314.472 Pa L K-1 mol-1 = 0.08314472 bar L K-1 mol-1 3

-1

-1

This table gives the appropriate value of R for use in the ideal gas equation, PV = nRT, when the variables are expressed in other units. The following conversion factors for pressure units were used in generating the table: 1 atm = 101325 Pa 1 psi = 6894.757 Pa Units of V, T, n T n K mol lb·mol °R mol lb·mol K mol cm3 lb·mol °R mol lb·mol L K mol lb·mol °R mol lb·mol K mol m3 lb·mol °R mol lb·mol

V ft3

kPa 0.2936228 133.1851 0.1631238 73.99170 8314.472 3771381 4619.151 2095211 8.314472 3771.381 4.619151 2095.211 0.008314472 3.771381 0.004619151 2.095211

atm 0.00289784 1.31443 0.00160990 0.730242 82.0574 37220.6 45.5875 20678.1 0.0820574 37.2206 0.0455875 20.6781 0.0000820574 0.0372206 0.0000455875 0.0206781

Reference Mohr, P. J., and Taylor, B. N., “The 2002 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants”, Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 1, 2005. See also

psi 0.0425864 19.3168 0.0236591 10.7316 1205.91 546993 669.951 303885 1.20591 546.993 0.669951 303.885 0.00120591 0.546993 0.000669951 0.303885

Units of P mmHg 2.20236 998.973 1.22353 554.984 62363.8 282878000 34646.5 15715400 62.3638 28287.8 34.6465 15715.4 0.0623638 28.2878 0.0346465 15.7154

in Hg 0.0867070 39.3296 0.0481706 21.8498 2455.27 1113690 1364.03 618717 2.45527 1113.69 1.36403 618.717 0.00245527 1.11369 0.00136403 0.618717

in H2O 1.17881 534.704 0.654900 297.058 33380.4 15141100 18544.7 8411730 33.3804 15141.1 18.5447 8411.73 0.0333804 15.1411 0.0185447 8.41173

ft H2O 0.0982351 44.5587 0.0545751 24.7548 2781.71 1261760 1545.39 700979 2.78171 1261.76 1.54539 700.979 0.00278171 1.26176 0.00154539 0.700979

1-41

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S01_17.indd 1

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS 1 Group IA

1 H

2

13 IIIB IIIA

New Notation Previous IUPAC Form CAS Version

IIA

14 IVB IVA

15 VB VA

16 VIB VIA

17 VIIB VIIA

18 VIIIA

+1 -1

2 He

1.00794 1

3 Li

4.002602 2 +1

6.941 2-1

11 Na

4 Be

+2

+1

12 Mg

5 B

Key to Chart Atomic Number Symbol 2001 Atomic Weight

9.012182 2-2

22.989770 2-8-1

+2 +4

50 Sn

Oxidation States

118.710 -18-18-4

3 IIIA IIIB

24.3050 2-8-2

4 IVA IVB

5 VA VB

6 VIA VIB

7 VIIA VIIB

8

10.811 2-3

Electron Configuration

+2

9 VIIIA VIII

10

11 IB IB

+3

13 Al

12 IIB IIB

6 C

+2 +4 -4

12.0107 2-4 +3

26.981538 2-8-3

14 Si

7 N 14.0067 2-5

+2 +4 -4

28.0855 2-8-4

15 P 30.973761 2-8-5

+2 26 +2 24 +2 25 +2 27 +2 28 +2 29 +1 30 +2 31 +3 32 +2 33 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 Co Ni Cu +2 Zn Ga Ge +4 As +4 Fe +4 Cr +6 Mn +7 +5 39.0983 40.078 44.955910 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 63.546 65.409 69.723 72.64 74.92160 58.933200 58.6934 54.938049 55.845 -8-8-1 -8-8-2 -8-9-2 -8-10-2 -8-11-2 -8-13-1 -8-14-2 -8-16-2 -8-18-1 -8-18-2 -8-18-3 -8-18-4 -8-18-5 -8-13-2 -8-15-2 +1 +2 +3 +4 +3 +6 +3 +3 +2 +1 +2 +3 +2 +4 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 +3 +6 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb +5 Mo Tc Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn +4 Sb +7 Ru

19 K

+1

85.4678 -18-8-1

55 Cs

(223) -18-8-1

20 Ca

+2

87.62 -18-8-2 +1

132.90545 -18-8-1

87 Fr

Shell 0

+1

56 Ba

(226) -18-8-2

* Lanthanides

+3

88.90585 -18-9-2 +2

137.327 -18-8-2

88 Ra

21 Sc

57* La

+3

138.9055 -18-9-2 +2

89** Ac

+3

(227) -18-9-2

58 Ce

** Actinides

+2 +3 +4

91.224 -18-10-2

72 Hf

+4

178.49 -32-10-2

104 Rf

+3 +4

59 Pr

+4

+3

140.90765 -21-8-2 +4

232.0381 -18-10-2

91 Pa

23 V

92.90638 -18-12-1

(261) -32-10-2

140.116 -19-9-2

90 Th

22 Ti

+5 +4

231.03588 -20-9-2

73 Ta

+5

95.94 -18-13-1

74 W

(98) -18-13-2 +6

75 Re

101.07 -18-15-1 +4 +6 +7

102.90550 -18-16-1 +3 +4

76 Os

77 Ir

+3 +4

106.42 -18-18-0

78 Pt

107.8682 -18-18-1 +2 +4

79 Au

+1 +3

112.411 -18-18-2

80 Hg

114.818 -18-18-3 +1 +2

81 Tl

118.710 -18-18 -4 +1 +3

+2 +4

52 Te

+3 +5

190.23 -32-14-2

192.217 -32-15-2

195.078 -32-17-1

196.96655 200.59 -32-18-1 -32-18-2

105 Db

106 Sg

107 Bh

108 Hs

109 Mt

110 Ds

111 Rg

112 Uub

114 Uuq

116 Uuh

(262) -32-11-2

(266) -32-12-2

(264) -32-13-2

(277) -32-14-2

(268) -32-15-2

(271) -32-16-2

(272)

(285)

(289)

(289)

144.24 -22-8-2

+3

(145) -23-8-2

92 +3 93 +4 U +5 Np +6 238.02891 (237) -21-9-2 -22-9-2

62 Sm

+2 +3

150.36 -24-8-2 +3 +4 +5 +6

94 Pu (244) -24-8-2

63 Eu

+2 +3

151.964 -25-8-2 +3 +4 +5 +6

95 Am (243) -25-8-2

64 Gd

+3

157 .25 -25-9-2 +3 +4 +5 +6

96 Cm (247) -25-9-2

65 Tb

+3

158.92534 -27-8-2 +3

97 Bk

+3 +4

(247) -27-8-2

66 Dy

+3

162.500 -28-8-2

98 Cf (251) -28-8-2

67 Ho

+3

68 Er

+3

164.93032 167.259 -29-8-2 -30-8-2 +3

99 Es (252) -29-8-2

+3

100 Fm (257) -30-8-2

69 Tm

+3

208.98038 -32-18-5

84 Po

70 Yb

168.93421 173.04 -31-8-2 -32-8-2 +3

101 Md (258) -31-8-2

+2 +3

102 No (259) -32-8-2

+2 +4

(209) -32-18-6

+2 +3

71 Lu

35 Br 79.904 -8-18-7

+4 +6 -2

127.60 -18-18-6

186.207 -32-13-2

61 Pm

+4 +6 -2

78.96 -8-18-6 +3 +5 -3

121.760 -18-18-5

83 Bi

34 Se

183.84 -32-12-2

+3

207.2 -32-18-4

+3 +5 -3

180.9479 -32-11-2

60 Nd

204.3833 -32-18-3

82 Pb

103 Lr

Metallic solids Non-metallic solids 4/29/05 3:00:36 PM

Liquids Gases

36 Kr

86 Rn

(210) -32-18-7

(222) -32-18-8

K-L

K-L-M

0

83.798 -8-18-8

85 At

-L-M-N

-M-N-O

0

-N-O-P

-O-P-Q +3

174.967 -32-9-2 +2 +3

+1 +5 -1

+1 54 0 53 +5 I +7 Xe -1 126.90447 131.293 -18-18-7 -18-18-8

-N-O-P +3

(262) -32-8-3

The new IUPAC format numbers the groups from 1 to 18. The previous IUPAC numbering system and the system used by Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) are also shown. For radioactive elements that do not occur in nature, the mass number of the most stable isotope is given in parentheses. Elements 112, 114, and 116 have been reported but not confirmed. References 1. G. J. Leigh, Editor, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. 2. Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27, 1985. 3. Atomic Weights of the Elements, 2001, Pure & Appl. Chem., 75, 1107, 2003.

K

+1 8 -2 9 -1 10 0 +2 F Ne +3 O +4 +5 -1 18.9984032 20.1797 -2 15.9994 2-7 2-8 -3 2-6 +3 16 +4 17 +1 18 0 +5 +6 +5 -3 S -2 Cl +7 Ar -1 32.065 35.453 39.948 2-8-6 2-8-7 2-8-8

-O-P-Q

UNITS FOR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES Quantity Magnetic flux density, magnetic induction Magnetic flux Magnetic potential difference, magnetomotive force Magnetic field strength, magnetizing force (Volume) magnetization g (Volume) magnetization Magnetic polarization, intensity of magnetization (Mass) magnetization Magnetic moment Magnetic dipole moment (Volume) susceptibility (Mass) susceptibility (Molar) susceptibility Permeability Relative permeabilityj (Volume) energy density, energy product k Demagnetization factor a. b. c.

d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.

Symbol

Gaussian & cgs emu a

Conversion factor, C b

SI & rationalized mks c

gauss (G) d maxwell (Mx), G ⋅ cm2

10-4 10-8

tesla (T), Wb/m2 weber (Wb), volt second (V ⋅ s)

U, F

gilbert (Gb)

10/4π

ampere (A)

H M 4πM

oersted (Oe),e Gb/cm emu/cm3 h G

103/4π 103 103/4π

A/mf A/m A/m

J, I σ, M

emu/cm3 emu/g

4π × 10-4 1 4π × 10-7 10-3 4π × 10-10 4π (4π)2 × 10-7

T, Wb/m2 i A⋅m2/kg Wb⋅m/kg A ⋅m2, joule per tesla (J/T) Wb⋅mi dimensionless henry per meter (H/m), Wb/(A⋅m) m3/kg H⋅m2/kg m3/mol H⋅m2/mol H/m, Wb/(A⋅m) dimensionless

B Φ

m j χ,κ χρ,κρ

emu, erg/G emu, erg/G dimensionless, emu/cm3 cm3/g, emu/g

χmol, κmol cm3/mol, emu/mol µ µr

dimensionless not defined

W D, N

erg/cm3 dimensionless

4π × 10-3 (4π)2 × 10-10 4π × 10-6 (4π)2 × 10-13 4π × 10-7 10-1 1/4π

J/m3 dimensionless

Gaussian units and cgs emu are the same for magnetic properties. The defining relation is B = H + 4πM. Multiply a number in Gaussian units by C to convert it to SI (e.g., 1 G × 10–4 T/G = 10–4 T). SI (Système International d’Unités) has been adopted by the National Bureau of Standards. Where two conversion factors are given, the upper one is recognized under, or consistent with, SI and is based on the definition B = µ0(H + M), where µ0 = 4π × 10–7 H/m. The lower one is not recognized under SI and is based on the definition B = µ0 H + J, where the symbol I is often used in place of J. 1 gauss = 105 gamma (γ). Both oersted and gauss are expressed as cm–1/2⋅g1/2⋅s–1 in terms of base units. A/m was often expressed as “ampere–turn per meter” when used for magnetic field strength. Magnetic moment per unit volume. The designation “emu” is not a unit. Recognized under SI, even though based on the definition B = µ0H + J. See footnote c. µr = µ/µ0 = 1+χ, all in SI. µris equal to Gaussian µ. B⋅H and µ0 M⋅H have SI units J/m3; M⋅H and B⋅H/4π have Gaussian units erg/cm3.

R. B. Goldfarb and F. R. Fickett, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80303, March 1985, NBS Special Publication 696. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

1-22

HC&P_S01.indb 22

5/2/05 8:33:48 AM

SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) have jointly developed a set of recommended symbols for physical and chemical quantities. Consistent use of these recommended symbols helps assure unambiguous scientific communication. The list below is reprinted from Reference 1 with permission from IUPAC. Full details may be found in the following references: 1. Ian Mills, Ed., Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988. 2. E. R. Cohen and P. Giacomo, Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, and Fundamental Constants in Physics, Document IUPAP–25, 1987; also published in Physica, 146A 1–68, 1987. 3. ISO Standards Handbook 2: Units of Measurement, International Organization of Standardization, Geneva, 1982.

GENERAL RULES The value of a physical quantity is expressed as the product of a numerical value and a unit, e.g.: T = 300 K V = 26.2 cm3 Cp = 45.3 J mol-1 K-1

Name Space and Time cartesian space coordinates spherical polar coordinates generalized coordinate position vector length special symbols: height breadth thickness distance radius diameter path length length of arc area volume plane angle solid angle time period frequency circular frequency, angular frequency characteristic time interval, relaxation time, time constant angular velocity velocity

Symbol x, y, z r, θ, φ q, qi r l h b d, δ d r d s s A, As, S V, (υ) α, β, γ, θ, φ… ω, Ω t T v, f ω τ, T ω υ, u, w, c, r˙

The symbol for a physical quantity is always given in italic (sloping) type, while symbols for units are given in roman type. Column headings in tables and axis labels on graphs may conveniently be written as the physical quantity symbol divided by the unit symbol, e.g.: T/K V/cm3 Cp/J mol-1 K-1 The values in the table or graph axis are then pure numbers. Subscripts to symbols for physical quantities should be italic if the subscript refers to another physical quantity or to a number, e.g.: Cp – heat capacity at constant pressure Bn – nth virial coefficient Subscripts which have other meanings should be in roman type: mp – mass of the proton Ek – kinetic energy The following tables give the recommended symbols for the major classes of physical and chemical quantities. The expression in the Definition column is given as an aid in identifying the quantity but is not necessarily the complete or unique definition. The SI Unit gives one (not necessarily unique) expression for the coherent SI unit for the quantity. Other equivalent unit expressions, including those which involve SI prefixes, may be used.

Definition

r = xi + yj + zk

SI unit m m, 1, 1 (varies) m m

T = t/N v = 1/T ω = 2πv

m2 m3 rad, 1 sr, 1 s s Hz rad s–1, s–1

τ = |dt/dlnx| ω= dφ/dt υ = dr/dt

s rad s–1, s–1 m s–1

α = s/r ω = A/r2

2-1

S02_01.indd 1

5/3/05 10:57:19 AM

2-2 Name speed acceleration Classical Mechanics mass reduced mass density, mass density relative density surface density specific volume momentum angular momentum, action moment of inertia force torque, moment of a force energy potential energy kinetic energy work Hamilton function Lagrange function pressure surface tension weight gravitational constant normal stress shear stress linear strain, relative elongation modulus of elasticity, Young’s modulus shear strain shear modulus volume strain, bulk strain bulk modulus, compression modulus viscosity, dynamic viscosity fluidity kinematic viscosity friction coefficient power sound energy flux acoustic factors reflection factor acoustic absorption factor transmission factor dissipation factor Electricity and Magnetism quantity of electricity, electric charge charge density surface charge density electric potential electric potential difference electromotive force electric field strength electric flux electric displacement capacitance permittivity permittivity of vacuum relative permittivity dielectric polarization (dipole moment per volume) electric susceptibility electric dipole moment

S02_01.indd 2

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol υ, u, w, c a, (g) m µ ρ d ρA, ρS υ p L I, J F T, (M) E Ep, V, Φ Ek, T, K W, w H L p, P γ, σ G, (W, P) G σ τ ε, e E γ G θ K η, µ φ v µ, (f ) P P, Pa ρ αa, (α) τ δ Q ρ σ V, φ U, ∆V, ∆φ E E Ψ D C ε ε0 εr P χe p, µ

Definition v = |υ| a = dυ/dt

SI unit m s–1 m s–2

Ep = ∫F ∙ ds Ek = 1/2mv2 W = ∫F ∙ ds H(q, p) = T (q, p) + V(q) L(q, ˙q) = T (q, ˙q) – V (q) p = F/A y = dW/dA G = mg F = Gm1 m2/r2 σ = F/A τ = F/A ε = ∆l/l E = σ/ε γ = ∆x/d G = τ/γ θ = ∆V/V0 K = – V0(dp/dV) τx,z = η(dvx/dz) φ = 1/η v = η/ρ Ffrict = µFnorm P = dW/dt P = dE/dt

kg kg kg m–3 1 kg m–2 m3 kg–1 kg m s–1 Js kg m2 N Nm J J J J J J Pa, N m–2 N m–1, J m –2 N N m2 kg –2 Pa Pa 1 Pa 1 Pa 1 Pa Pa s m kg –1 s m2 s–1 1 W W

ρ = Pr/P0 αa = 1 – ρ τ = Ptr/P0 δ = αa – τ

1 1 1 1

ρ = Q/V σ = Q/A V = dW/dQ U = V2 – V1 E = ∫(F/Q) ∙ ds E = F/Q = – grad V Ψ = ∫D ∙ dA D = εE C = Q/U D = εE ε0 = µ0–1 c0–2 εr = ε/ε0 P = D – ε0E

C C m–3 C m–2 V, J C–1 V V V m–1 C C m–2 F, C V–1 F m–1 F m–1 1 C m–2

χe = εr – 1 p = Qr

1 Cm

µ = m1m2/(m1 + m2) ρ = m/V d = ρ/ρ ρA = m/A υ = V/m = 1/ρ p = mv L=r×p I = Σmiri2 F = dp/dt = ma T=r×F

5/3/05 10:57:20 AM

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name electric current electric current density magnetic flux density, magnetic induction magnetic flux magnetic field strength permeability permeability of vacuum relative permeability magnetization (magnetic dipole moment per volume) magnetic susceptibility molar magnetic susceptibility magnetic dipole moment electrical resistance conductance loss angle reactance impedance (complex impedance) admittance (complex admittance) susceptance resistivity conductivity self–inductance mutual inductance magnetic vector potential Poynting vector

Symbol I j, J B Φ H µ µ0 µr

Definition I = dQ/dt I = ∫j ∙ dA F = Qv × B Φ = ∫B ∙ dA B = µH B = µH µr = µ/µ0

SI unit A A m–2 T A m–2 A m–2 N A–2, H m–1 H m–1 1

M χ, κ, (χm) χm m, µ R G δ X Z Y B ρ κ, γ, σ L M, L1 2 A S

M = B/µ0 – H χ = µr – 1 χm = Vmχ Ep = – m ∙ B R = U/I G = 1/R δ = (π/2) + φI – φU X = (U/I)sin δ Z = R + iX Y = 1/Z Y = G + iB ρ = E/j κ = 1/ρ E = – L(dI/dt) E1 = L1 2(dI2 /dt) B=∇×A S=E×H

A m–1 1 m3 mol–1 A m2, J T–1 Ω S 1, rad Ω Ω S S Ωm S m–1 H H Wb m–1 W m–2

Quantum Mechanics momentum operator

p˙

p˙ = – ih∇

m–1 J s

kinetic energy operator

Tˆ

Tˆ = –(h2/2m)∇2

J

Ĥ = Tˆ + V Ĥψ = Eψ P = ψ*ψ ρ = – eP S = – iћ(ψ*∇ψ – ψ∇ψ*)/2me j = – eS Aij = ∫ψi*Âψjdτ 〈A〉 = ∫ψ*ÂΨdτ (Â†)ij = (Aji)*

J (m–3/2) (m–3) (C m–3) (m–2 s–1) (A m–2) (varies) (varies) (varies)

Hamiltonian operator wavefunction, state function probability density charge density of electrons probability current density electric current density of electrons matrix element of operator Â expectation value of operator Â hermitian conjugate of Â

ˆ commutator of Â and B anticommutator spin wavefunction coulomb integral resonance integral overlap integral Atoms and Molecules nucleon number, mass number proton number, atomic number neutron number electron rest mass mass of atom, atomic mass atomic mass constant mass excess elementary charge, proton charge Planck constant Planck constant/2π Bohr radius Hartree energy Rydberg constant fine structure constant

S02_01.indd 3

2-3

Ĥ Ψ, ψ, φ P ρ S j Aij, 〈i|Â|j〉 〈A〉, Ā Â†

ˆ ], [Â, Bˆ ]– [Â, B ˆ ]+ [Â, B α; β HAA HAB SAB

A Z N me ma , m mu ∆ e h ћ a0 Eh R∞ α

ˆ ] = Â Bˆ – Bˆ Â [Â B

(varies)

ˆ ] = Â Bˆ + Bˆ Â [Â, B +

(varies) 1 J J 1

HAA = ∫ψA*ĤψAdτ HAB = ∫ψA*ĤψBdτ SAB = ∫ψA*ψBdτ

N=A–Z

mu = ma(12C)/12 ∆ = ma – Amu ћ = h/2π a0 = 4πε0ћ2/mee2 Eћ = ћ2/mea02 R∞ = Eh/2hc α = e2/4πε0ћc

1 1 1 kg kg kg kg C Js Js m J m–1 1

5/3/05 10:57:21 AM

2-4 Name ionization energy electron affinity dissociation energy from the ground state from the potential minimum principal quantum number (H atom) angular momentum quantum numbers magnetic dipole moment of a molecule magnetizability of a molecule Bohr magneton nuclear magneton magnetogyric ratio (gyromagnetic ratio) g factor Larmor circular frequency Larmor frequency longitudinal relaxation time transverse relaxation time electric dipole moment of a molecule quadrupole moment of a molecule quadrupole moment of a nucleus electric field gradient tensor quadrupole interaction energy tensor electric polarizability of a molecule activity (of a radioactive substance) decay (rate) constant, disintegration (rate) constant half life mean life level width disintegration energy cross section (of a nuclear reaction) Spectroscopy total term transition wavenumber transition frequency electronic term vibrational term rotational term

Symbol Ei Eea Ed, D D0 De n see under Spectroscopy m,µ ξ µB µN γ g ωL vL T1 T2 p, µ Q; Θ eQ q χ α A λ t1/2, T1/2 τ Γ Q σ T ~ v, (v) v Te G F

Definition

E = – hcR/n2 Ep = – m ∙ B m = ξB µB = eћ/2me µN = (me/mp)µB γ = µ/L ωL = (e/2m)B vL = ωL/2π Ep = – p ∙ E Ep = 1/2Q: V˝ = 1/3Θ: V˝ eQ = 2 ∙ 〈ΘZZ 〉 qαβ = – ∂2V/∂α∂β χαβ = eQqαβ p (induced) = αE A = – dNB/dt A = γNB Γ = ħ/τ

T = Etot /hc ~ v = T´ – T˝ v = (E´ – E˝)/h Te = Ee/hc G = Evib/hc F = Erot/hc

J J J J J 1

SI unit

J T–1 J T–2 J T–1 J T–1 C kg–1 1 s –1 Hz s s Cm C m2 C m2 V m–2 J C m2 V–1 Bq s –1 s s J J m2 m–1 m–1 Hz m–1 m–1 m–1

spin orbit coupling constant principal moments of inertia rotational constants,

A I A; IB; IC

Ts.o. = A〈 Lˆ ∙ Ŝ〉 I A ≤ IB≤ IC

m–1 kg m2

in wavenumber in frequency inertial defect asymmetry parameter

; B  ; C A A; B; C ∆ κ

Ã = h/8π2cI A A = h/8π2I A ∆ = IC – I A – IB

m–1 Hz kg m2 1

centrifugal distortion constants, S reduction A reduction harmonic vibration wavenumber vibrational anharmonicity constant vibrational quantum numbers Coriolis zeta constant angular momentum quantum numbers degeneracy, statistical weight electric dipole moment of a molecule transition dipole moment of a molecule molecular geometry, interatomic distances, equilibrium distance zero–point average distance

S02_01.indd 4

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities

DJ ; DJK ; DK ; d1 ; d2 ∆J ; ∆JK ; ∆K ; δJ ; δK ωe ; ωr ωexe ; xrs ; gu’ υr ; lt ζrsα see additional information below g, d, β p, µ M, R re rz

κ=

(2B − A − C ) (A − C)

m–1 m–1 m–1 m–1 1 1

Ep = – p ∙ E M = ∫ψ´pψ˝dτ

1 Cm Cm m m

5/3/05 10:57:23 AM

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name ground state distance substitution structure distance vibrational coordinates, internal coordinates symmetry coordinates normal coordinates mass adjusted dimensionless vibrational force constants, diatomic polyatomic, internal coordinates symmetry coordinates dimensionless normal coordinates nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetogyric ratio shielding constant chemical shift, δ scale (indirect) spin–spin coupling constant direct (dipolar) coupling constant longitudinal relaxation time transverse relaxation time electron spin resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR, EPR), magnetogyric ratio g factor hyperfine coupling constant, in liquids in solids Angular momentum electron orbital one electron only electron spin one electron only electron orbital + spin

Symbol r0 rs

2-5 Definition

SI unit m m

Ri , ri , θj , etc. Si

(varies) (varies)

Qr qr

kg1/2 m 1

f, (k) fij Fij φrst…, krst… γ σA δ JAB DAB T1 T2 γ g a, A T Operator symbol

f = ∂2V/∂r2

J m–2

fij = ∂2V/∂ri∂rj Fij = ∂2V/∂Si∂Sj

(varies) (varies) m–1

γ = µ/Iħ BA = (1 – σA)B δ = 106(v – v0)/v0 Ĥ/h = JAB Î A ∙ ÎB

C kg–1 1 1 Hz Hz s s

γ = µ/sħ hν = gµBB

C kg–1 1

Ĥhfs /h = aŜ ∙ Î Ĥhfs /h = Ŝ ∙ T ∙ Î

Hz Hz

Quantum number symbol Total Z–axis

Lˆ lˆ Ŝ ŝ

L

ML

Л

l S s

ml MS ms

λ Σ σ

Lˆ + Ŝ

Ω=Л+∑

nuclear orbital (rotational)

Rˆ

R

nuclear spin internal vibrational

Iˆ

I

lˆ

l(lζ)

spherical top other

z-axis

KR, kR MI Kl

ĵ, πˆ

l(lζ)

sum of R + L(+ j) sum of N + S

Nˆ Ĵ

N J

sum of J + I

Fˆ

MJ

F

MF

Symbol λ

Definition

K, k K, k

Electromagnetic Radiation Name wavelength speed of light in vacuum in a medium wavenumber in vacuum wavenumber (in a medium) frequency circular frequency, pulsatance refractive index Planck constant

S02_01.indd 5

c0 c v~ σ v ω n h

c = c0/n v~= v/c0 = 1/nλ σ = 1/λ v = c/λ ω = 2πv n = c0/c

SI unit m m s–1 m s–1 m–1 m–1 Hz s–1, rad s –1 1 Js

5/3/05 10:57:26 AM


2-6 Name Planck constant/2π radiant energy radiant energy density spectral radiant energy density in terms of frequency

Symbol ħ Q, W ρ, w

Definition ħ = h/2π

ρv , wv

ρv , wv

ρ = dρ/dv ρν = dρ / dν

J m–2

in terms of wavelength Einstein transition probabilities spontaneous emission

ρλ , wλ

ρλ = dρ/dλ

J m–4

dNn/dt = – AnmNn

s–1

stimulated emission stimulated absorption radiant power, radiant energy per time radiant intensity radiant exitance (emitted radiant flux) irradiance, (radiant flux received) emittance Stefan–Boltzmann constant first radiation constant second radiation constant transmittance, transmission factor absorptance, absorption factor reflectance, reflection factor (decadic) absorbance napierian absorbance absorption coefficient (linear) decadic (linear) napierian molar (decadic) molar napierian

Bnm Bmn Φ, P I M E, (I) ε σ c1 c2 τ, T α ρ A B

dNn/dt = – ρ v (vnm ) × BnmNn dNn/dt = – ρ v (vnm ) BmnNm Φ = dQ/dt I = dΦ/dΩ M = dΦ/dAsource E = dΦ/dA ε = M/Mbb Mbb = σT4 c1 = 2πhc02 c2 = hc0/k τ = Φtr /Φ0 α = Φabs /Φ0 ρ = Φrefl /Φ0 A = –lg(1 – αi) B = –ln(1 – αi)

s kg–1 s kg–1 W W sr–1 W m–2 W m–2 1 W m–2 K–4 W m2 Km 1 1 1 1 1

a, K α ε κ

a = A/l α = B/l ε = a/c = A/cl κ = α/c = B/cl

m–1 m–1 m2 mol–1 m2 mol–1

in terms of wavenumber

J m–3 Hz–1

absorption index

k

k = α/4π v

1

complex refractive index

nˆ

nˆ = n + ik

1

molar refraction angle of optical rotation Solid State lattice vector fundamental translation vectors for the crystal lattice (circular) reciprocal lattice vector (circular) fundamental translation vectors for the reciprocal lattice lattice plane spacing Bragg angle order of reflection order parameters short range long range Burgers vector particle position vector equilibrium position vector of an ion displacement vector of an ion Debye–Waller factor Debye circular wavenumber Debye circular frequency Grüneisen parameter

S02_01.indd 6

Anm

ρ = Q/V

SI unit Js J J m–3

R, Rm

R=

(n − 1) Vm (n 2 + 2 ) 2

α R, R0 a1 ; a2 ; a3 , a; b; c

m3 mol–1 1, rad

R = n1a1 + n2 a2 + n3 a3

m m

G b1 ; b2 ; b3 , a*; b*; c*

G ∙ R = 2πm ai ∙ bk = 2πδik

m–1 m–1

d θ n

nλ = 2d sin θ

m 1, rad 1

σ s b r, Rj R0 u B, D qD ωD γ, Γ

γ = αV/κCv

Madelung constant

α, M

Ecoul =

density of states (spectral) density of vibrational modes

NE Nω, g

NE = dN(E)/dE Nω = dN(ω)/dω

u = R – R0

αN A z + z _ e 2 4 πε 0 R0

1 1 m m m m 1 m–1 s–1 1 1 J–1 m–3 s m–3

5/3/05 10:57:30 AM

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name resistivity tensor conductivity tensor thermal conductivity tensor residual resistivity relaxation time Lorenz coefficient Hall coefficient thermoelectric force Peltier coefficient Thomson coefficient work function number density, number concentration gap energy donor ionization energy acceptor ionization energy Fermi energy circular wave vector, propagation vector Bloch function charge density of electrons effective mass mobility mobility ratio diffusion coefficient diffusion length characteristic (Weiss) temperature Curie temperature Néel temperature

Symbol ρik σik λik ρR τ L AH , RH E Π µ, (τ) Φ n, (p) Eg Ed Ea EF , εF k, q uk(r) ρ m* µ b D L

Definition E=ρ∙j σ = ρ–1 Jq = – λ ∙ grad T

µ = υdrift/E b = µn/µp dN/dt = – DA(dn/dx)

SI unit Ωm S m–1 W m–1 K–1 Ωm s V2 K–2 m3 C–1 V V V K–1 J m–3 J J J J m–1 m–3/2 C m–3 kg m2 V–1 s–1 1 m2 s–1

L = Dτ

m

τ = l/υF L = λ/σT E = ρ ∙ j + RH(B × j)

Φ = E∞ – EF

k = 2π/λ ψ(r) = uk(r) exp(ik · r) ρ(r) = – eψ*(r)ψ(r)

θ, θw TC TN

K K K

N

1

Statistical Thermodynamics number of entities number density of entities, number concentration Avogadro constant Boltzmann constant gas constant (molar) molecular position vector molecular velocity vector molecular momentum vector velocity distribution function (Maxwell)

n, C L, NA k, kB R r (x, y, z) c(cx , cy , cz), u(ux , uy , uz ) p(px , py, pz ) f(cx )

speed distribution function (Maxwell– Boltzmann)

F(c)

average speed generalized coordinate generalized momentum volume in phase space probability statistical weight, degeneracy density of states partition function, sum over states, for a single molecule

2-7

c , u , 〈c〉, 〈u〉 q p Ω P g, d, W, ω, β ρ(E) q, z

n = N/V

R = Lk c = dr/dt p = mc f(cx ) = (m/2πkT)1/2 × exp ( – mcx2/2kT) F(c) = (m/2πkT)3/2 × 4πc2exp ( – mc2/2kT) c = ∫cF(c)dc p = ∂L/∂q Ω = (1/h)∫pdq

ρ(E) = dN/dE q = ∑ g i exp( – ε i /kT )

m–3 mol–1 J K–1 J K–1 mol–1 m m s–1 kg m s–1 m–1 s m–1 s m s–1 (m) (kg m s–1) 1 1 1 J–1 1

i

for a canonical ensemble (system, or assembly) microcanonical ensemble grand (canonical ensemble) symmetry number reciprocal temperature parameter characteristic temperature

S02_01.indd 7

Q, Z Ω Ξ σ, s β Θ

β = 1/kT

1 1 1 1 J–1 K

5/3/05 10:57:32 AM

2-8 Name General Chemistry number of entities (e.g. molecules, atoms, ions, formula units) amount (of substance) Avogadro constant mass of atom, atomic mass mass of entity (molecule, or formula unit) atomic mass constant molar mass relative molecular mass (relative molar mass, molecular weight) molar volume mass fraction volume fraction mole fraction, amount fraction, number fraction (total) pressure partial pressure mass concentration (mass density) number concentration, number density of entities amount concentration, concentration solubility molality (of a solute) surface concentration stoichiometric number extent of reaction, advancement degree of dissociation Chemical Thermodynamics heat work internal energy enthalpy thermodynamic temperature Celsius temperature entropy Helmholtz energy, (Helmholtz function) Gibbs energy, (Gibbs function) Massieu function Planck function surface tension molar quantity X specific quantity X pressure coefficient relative pressure coefficient compressibility, isothermal isentropic linear expansion coefficient cubic expansion coefficient heat capacity, at constant pressure at constant volume ratio of heat capacities Joule–Thomson coefficient second virial coefficient compression factor (compressibility factor) partial molar quantity X chemical potential (partial molar Gibbs energy) absolute activity

S02_01.indd 8

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol

Definition

N

SI unit 1

mu = ma(12C)/12 MB = m/nB Mr,B = mB /mu

mol mol–1 kg kg kg kg mol–1 1

Vm w φ

Vm ,B = V/nB wB = mB /Σmi φB = VB /ΣVi

m3 mol–1 1 1

x, y p, P pB γ, ρ

xB = nB /Σni

1 Pa Pa kg m–3

n L, NA ma, m mf , m mu M Mr

C, n c s m, (b) Γ v ξ α

nB = NB /L

pB = yB p γB = mB /V CB = NB /V cB = nB /V sB = cB (saturated solution) mB = nB /mA ΓB = nB/A ∆ξ = ∆nB /vB

m–3 mol m–3 mol m–3 mol kg–1 mol m–2 1 mol 1

q, Q w, W U H T θ, t S A G J Y γ, σ Xm x β αp

θ/ºC = T/K – 273.15 dS ≥ dq/T A = U – TS G = H – TS J = – A/T Y = – G/T γ = (∂G/∂As )T , p Xm = X/n x = X/m β = (∂p/∂T)v αp = (1/p)(∂p/∂T)V

J J J J K ºC J K–1 J J J K–1 J K–1 J m–2, N m–1 (varies) (varies) Pa K–1 K–1

κT κS αl α, αV , γ

κT = – (1/V)(∂V/∂p)T κS = – (1/V)(∂V/∂p)S αl = (1/l)(∂l/∂T) α = (1/V)(∂V/∂T)p

Pa–1 Pa–1 K–1 K–1

Cp CV γ, (κ) µ, µJT B Z XB, (X´B ) µ

Cp = (∂H/∂T)p CV = (∂U/∂T)V γ = Cp/CV µ = (∂T/∂p)H pVm = RT(1 + B/Vm + …) Z = pVm /RT XB = (∂X/∂nB )T, p, nj ≠ B µB = (∂G/∂nB ) T, p, nj ≠ B

J K–1 J K–1 1 K Pa–1 m3 mol–1 1 (varies) J mol–1

λB = exp (µB /RT)

1

λ

∆U = q+ w H = U + pV

5/3/05 10:57:33 AM

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities standard chemical potential

Symbol µ , µo

Definition

SI unit

J mol–1

φ

Name

2-9

standard partial molar entropy

SB

SB = – (∂µB /∂T)p

J mol–1 K–1

standard reaction enthalpy

∆ rH

standard reaction entropy

∆rS

equilibrium constant equilibrium constant,

K ,K

φ

φ

φ

A, (A)

A = −(∂G / ∂ξ) p ,T = − ∑ νB µ B

J mol–1

∆ r H = ∑ νB H B

J mol–1

∆ r S = ∑ ν B SB

J mol–1 K–1

B

φ

B

φ

φ

φ

φ

B

φ

φ

φ

J mol–1

B

φ

affinity of reaction

∆ r G* = ∑ νB µ B φ

φ

∆rG

φ

standard reaction Gibbs energy (function)

φ

J mol–1

φ

HB = µB + TSB φ

HB

φ

standard partial molar enthalpy

K = exp( – ∆rG /RT)

1

pressure basis

Kp

K p = ∏pB νB

PaΣv

concentration basis

Kc

K c = ∏cB νB

(mol m–3)Σv

molality basis

Km

K m = ∏mB νB

(mol kg–1)Σv

f, p~

f B = λ B lim ( pB / λ B )T

Pa

fugacity coefficient activity and activity coefficient referenced to Raoult’s law, (relative) activity activity coefficient activities and activity coefficients referenced to Henry’s law, (relative) activity, molality basis

B

B

p→0

φ a

φB = fB /pB

1 1

f

fB = aB/xB

1

 µ − µB  am,B = exp  B  RT 

1

am

 µ − µB *  aB = exp  B  RT 

φ

fugacity

B

ac

 µ − µB *  ac,B = exp  B  RT 

1

mole fraction basis

ax

 µ − µB *  ax ,B = exp  B  RT 

1

γm

am, B = γm, BmB/m

γc γx

ac, B = γc, BcB/c ax, B = γx, BxB

1 1

Im , I Ic , I

Im = ½ ΣmBzB2 Ic = ½ ΣcBzB2

mol kg–1 mol m–3

φm = (µA* – µA )/(RTMAΣmB) φx = (µA – µA *)/(RT1nxA) Π = cBRT (ideal dilute solution)

1 1

φ

φ

concentration basis

concentration basis mole fraction basis ionic strength, molality basis concentration basis osmotic coefficient, molality basis mole fraction basis osmotic pressure

φm φx Π

φ

molality basis

φ

activity coefficient,

(i) Symbols used as subscripts to denote a chemical process or reaction These symbols should be printed in roman (upright) type, without a full stop (period). vaporization, evaporation (liquid → gas) sublimation (solid → gas) melting, fusion (solid → liquid) transition (between two phases) mixing of fluids solution (of solute in solvent) dilution (of a solution) adsorption displacement immersion

S02_01.indd 9

1

Pa

vap sub fus trs mix sol dil ads dpl imm

5/3/05 10:57:39 AM


2-10

(ii) Recommended superscripts

Symbol reaction in general atomization combustion reaction formation reaction

Definition

SI unit

r at c f ,º * ∞ id ‡

standard pure substance infinite dilution ideal activated complex, transition state excess quantity

φ

Name

E

Chemical Kinetics rate of change of quantity X

(varies)

ξ

ξ = dξ/dt

mol s–1

rB,vB

rB = dcB/dt

mol m–3 s–1

v nB n k k, kB t1/2 τ Ea , E A ∆‡V d σ ZA ZAB, ZAA zAB, zAA

 v = ξ /V = vB–1dcB/dt v = kΠcBnB n = ΣnB v = kΠcBnB c(t1/2) = c0/2 τ = 1/(k1 + k–1) Ea = RT2 d ln k/dT k = A exp( – Ea /RT) ∆‡V = – RT × (∂ln k/∂p)T dAB = rA + rB σAB = πdAB2

∆ H , ∆H

standard entropy of activation standard Gibbs energy of activation quantum yield, photochemical yield

∆ S , ∆S ∆‡G , ∆G‡ φ

Electrochemistry elementary charge (proton charge) Faraday constant charge number of an ion ionic strength

e F z Ic , I

zAB = ZAB/LcAcB

mol m–3 s–1 1 1 (mol–1 m3)n – 1 s–1 J K–1 s s J mol–1 (mol–1 m3)n – 1 s–1 m3 mol–1 m m2 s–1 m–3 s–1 m3 mol–1 s–1 J mol–1 J mol–1 K–1 J mol–1 1

‡

C C mol-1 1 mol m–3

F=eL zB = QB/e Ic = ½ Σcizi2

1 mol kg–1 1 1

∆V, E, U

∆V = VR – VL

V

E

E = lim ∆V

V

E E

I →0

= – ∆rG /nF = (RT/nF) ln K

pH φ

E=E

φ

φ

E

φ

standard electrode potential emf of the cell, potential of the electrochemical cell reaction pH

φ

E

φ

a± = m±γ±/m m±(v+ + v–) = m+v+m–v– γ±(v+ + v–) = γ+v+γ–v–

φ

a± m± γ± n, (z)

standard emf, standard potential of the electrochemical cell reaction

inner electric potential

‡

φ

‡

φ

‡

φ

standard enthalpy of activation

mean ionic activity mean ionic molality mean ionic activity coefficient charge number of electrochemical cell reaction electric potential difference (of a galvanic cell) emf, electromotive force

S02_01.indd 10

X = dX/dt

φ

rate of conversion rate of concentration change (due to chemical reaction) rate of reaction (based on amount concentration) partial order of reaction overall order of reaction rate constant, rate coefficient Boltzmann constant half life relaxation time energy of activation, activation energy pre–exponential factor volume of activation collision diameter collision cross–section collision frequency collision number collision frequency factor

X

– (RT/nF) × Σviln ai

V V V

 c(H + )  pH ≈ − lg  −3   mol dm 

1

∇φ = –E

V

5/3/05 10:57:41 AM

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name outer electric potential surface electric potential Galvani potential difference volta potential difference

Symbol ψ χ ∆φ ∆ψ

2-11 Definition ψ = Q/4πε0r χ=φ–ψ ∆αβφ = φβ – φα ∆αβψ = ψβ – ψα

V V V V

µ α = (∂G/∂n α) B B I = dQ/dt j = I/A σ = Q/A

J mol–1 A A m–2 C m–2

electrochemical potential electric current (electric) current density (surface) charge density

µ

electrode reaction rate constant mass transfer coefficient, diffusion rate constant thickness of diffusion layer

k kd δ

kd,B = |vB|II,B/nFcA δB = DB/kd,B

transfer coefficient (electrochemical)

α

αc =

I j σ

SI unit

n

i

− | v | RT ∂ ln| I c | ∂E nF

η = EI – EI = 0 – IRu

(varies) m s–1 m 1

overpotential electrokinetic potential (zeta potential) conductivity conductivity cell constant molar conductivity (of an electrolyte) ionic conductivity, molar conductivity of an ion electric mobility transport number reciprocal radius of ionic atmosphere

η ζ κ, (σ) Kcell Λ

κ = j/E Kcell = κR ΛB = κ/cB

V V S m–1 m–1 S m2 mol–1

λ u, (µ) t κ

λB = |zB|FuB uB = vB/E tB = jB/Σji κ = (2F2I/εRT)1/2

S m2 mol–1 m2 V–1 s–1 1 m–1

Colloid and Surface Chemistry specific surface area surface amount of B, adsorbed amount of B surface excess of B surface excess concentration of B

a, as, s nBs, nBa nBσ ΓB, (ΓBσ)

a = A/m

m2 kg–1 mol mol mol m–2

ΓB = nBσ/A Γ = ∑ Γi

total surface excess concentration

Γ, (Γ σ)

area per molecule area per molecule in a filled monolayer surface coverage contact angle film thickness thickness of (surface or interfacial) layer surface tension, interfacial tension film tension reciprocal thickness of the double layer average molar masses number–average mass–average Z–average sedimentation coefficient van der Waals constant retarded van der Waals constant van der Waals–Hamaker constant surface pressure

a, σ am, σm θ θ t, h, δ τ, δ, t γ, σ Σf κ

aB = A/NBσ am,B = A/Nm,B θ = NBσ/Nm,B

Mn Mm MZ s λ β, B AH π s, π

Mn = ΣniMi/Σni Mm = ΣniMi2/ΣniMi MZ = ΣniMi3/ΣniMi2 s = v/a

π s = γ0 – γ

JX , J

JX = A–1 dX/dt

(varies)

qv = dV/dt

m3 s–1

qm = dm/dt

kg s–1 m s–1 W W m–2 W K–1 K W–1

Transport Properties flux (of a quantity X) volume flow rate mass flow rate mass transfer coefficient heat flow rate heat flux thermal conductance thermal resistance

S02_01.indd 11

k ox = I a /(nFA∏ ci i )

qV, V  qm , m kd φ Jq G R

i

γ = (∂G/∂As )T,p Σf = 2γf κ = [2F2Ic/εRT]1/2

φ = dq/dt Jq = φ/A G = φ/∆T R = 1/G

mol m–2 m2 m2 1 1, rad m m N m–1, J m–2 N m–1 m–1 kg mol–1 kg mol–1 kg mol–1 s J J J N m–1

5/3/05 10:57:44 AM

2-12 Name thermal conductivity coefficient of heat transfer thermal diffusivity diffusion coefficient

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol λ, k h, (k, K, α) a D

Definition λ = Jq/(dT/dl) h = Jq/∆T a = λ/ρcp D = Jn/(dc/dl)

SI unit W m–1 K–1 W m–2 K–1 m2 s–1 m2 s–1

The following symbols are used in the definitions of the dimensionless quantities: mass (m), time (t), volume (V), area (A), density (ρ), speed (v), length (l), viscosity (η), pressure (p), acceleration of free fall (g), cubic expansion coefficient (α), temperature (T), surface tension (γ), speed of sound (c), mean free path (λ), frequency (f), thermal diffusivity (a), coefficient of heat transfer (h), thermal conductivity (k), specific heat capacity at constant pressure (cp), diffusion coefficient (D), mole fraction (x), mass transfer coefficient (kd), permeability (μ), electric conductivity (κ), and magnetic flux density (B).

S02_01.indd 12

Name Reynolds number Euler number Froude number Grashof number Weber number Mach number Knudsen number Strouhal number Fourier number Péclet number Rayleigh number Nusselt number Stanton number Fourier number for mass transfer Péclet number for mass transfer

Symbol Re Eu Fr Gr We Ma Kn Sr Fo Pe Ra Nu St Fo* Pe*

Grashof number for mass transfer

Gr*

Nusselt number for mass transfer Stanton number for mass transfer Prandtl number Schmidt number Lewis number magnetic Reynolds number Alfvén number Hartmann number Cowling number

Nu* St* Pr Sc Le Rm, Rem Al Ha Co

Definition Re = pvl/η Eu = ∆p/ρv2 Fr = v/(lg)1/2 Gr = l3gα∆Tρ2/η2 We = ρv2l/γ Ma = v/c Kn = λ/l Sr = lf/v Fo = at/l2 Pe = vl/a Ra = l3gα∆Tρ/ηa Nu = hl/k St = h/ρvcp Fo* = Dt/l2 Pe* = vl/D

SI unit 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 ∂ρ   ∆xρ  Gr * = l 3 g     ∂x  T , p  η 

1

Nu* = kdl/D St* = kd/v Pr = η/ρa Sc = η/ρD Le = a/D Rm = vµκl Al = v(ρµ)1/2/B Ha = Bl (κ/η)1/2 Co = B2/µρv2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5/3/05 10:57:45 AM

Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) maintains several commissions that deal with the naming of chemical substances. In general, the approach of IUPAC is to present rules for arriving at names in a systematic manner, rather than recommending a unique name for each compound. Thus there are often several alternative “IUPAC names”, depending on which nomenclature system is used, each of which may have advantages in specific applications. However, each of these names will be unambiguous. Organizations such as the Chemical Abstacts Service and the Beilstein Institute that prepare indexes to the chemical literature must adopt a system for selecting unique names in order to avoid excessive cross referencing. Chemical Abstracts Service uses a system which groups together compounds derived from a single parent compound. Thus most index names are inverted (e.g., Benzene, bromo rather than bromobenzene; Acetic acid, sodium salt rather than sodium acetate). Recommended names for the most common substituent groups, ligands, ions, and organic rings are given in the two following tables, “Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands” and “Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems”. For the basics of macromolecular nomenclature, see “Nomenclature for Organic Polymers” in Section 13. Some of the most useful recent guides to chemical nomenclature, prepared by IUPAC and other organizations such as the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) and the American Chemical Society are listed below . These books contain citations to the more detailed nomenclature documents in each area. Two very useful web sites providing links to nomenclature documents are: www.iupac.org/publications/index.html www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/

Inorganic Chemistry

Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry - IUPAC Recommendations 2005. Connelly, N.G., Damhus, T., Hartshorn, R. M., and Hutton, A. T. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005. Block, B. P., Powell, W. H., and Fernelius, W. C., Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature, Principles and Practice, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1990.

Organic Chemistry

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Class Names of Organic Compounds and Reactive Intermediates Based on Structure, Moss, G. P., Smith, P. A. S., and Tavernier, D., Eds., Pure & Appl. Chem, 67, 1307, 1995. Rhodes, P. H., The Organic Chemist’s Desk Reference, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Basic Terminology of Stereochemistry, Moss, G. P., Ed., Pure & Applied Chemistry, 68, 2193, 1996.

Macromolecular Chemistry

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, Metanomski, W. V., Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science, Jenkins, A.D., Kratochvil, P., Stepto, R. F. T., and Suter, U. W., Eds., Pure & Appl. Chem, 68, 2287, 1996.

Biochemistry

International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2nd Edition, 1992, Portland Press, London, 1993; includes recommendations of the IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1992. IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, Nomenclature of Carbohydrates, Recommendations 1996, McNaught, A. D., Ed., Pure & Appl. Chem., 68, 1919, 1996.

General

Principles of Chemical Nomenclature: a Guide to IUPAC Recommendations, Leigh, G. J., Favre, H. A. and Metanomski, W. V., Blackwell Science, 1998. Chemical Abstracts Service, Naming and Indexing Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, Appendix IV, Chemical Abstracts 1994 Index Guide.

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Recommendations 1993, Panico, R., Powell, W. H., and Richer, J.-C., Eds., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993.

487_S02.indb 13

2-13

4/10/06 9:49:47 AM

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands Willem H. Koppenol The entries below were selected from Table IX of Connelly, N. G., Damhus, T., Hartshorn, R. M. and Hutton, A. T., Eds., Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005. Two changes were made: in the case of the hypohalides, the oxidohalogenate names are listed, not the new halooxygenate names. Thus, for BrO− the still acceptable name “oxidobromate(1−)” is listed, not the more correct, but less palatable, “bromooxygenate(1−)”. Similarly, and for reasons of consistency, ClO• is not named oxygen (mono)chloride, but chlorine mono(o)oxide. The symbol ' ’ is used for dividing names when this is made necessary by a line break. When the name is reconstructed

from the name given in the table, this symbol should be omitted. Thus, all hyphens in the table are true parts of the names. The symbols ‘>’ and ‘O, oxy, epoxy (in rings) =O, oxo

oxygen (general) O•+, oxygen(•1+)

oxide (general) O•−, oxidanidyl, oxide(•1−) O2−, oxide(2−); oxide −O−, oxido

O2−, oxido

O2

O2, dioxygen O22•, dioxidanediyl, dioxygen(2•) −OO−, dioxidanediyl; peroxy

O2•+, dioxidanyliumyl, dioxygen(•1+) O22+, dioxidanebis(ylium), dioxygen(2+)

O2•−, dioxidanidyl, dioxide(•1−); superoxide (not hyperoxide) O22−, dioxidanediide, dioxide(2−); peroxide

dioxido (general) O2, dioxygen O2•−, dioxido(•1−); superoxido O22−, dioxidanediido, dioxido(2−); peroxido

O3

O3, trioxygen; ozone −OOO−, trioxidanediyl

O3•−, trioxidanidyl, trioxide(•1−); ozonide

O3, trioxygen; ozone O3•−, trioxido(•1−); ozonido

HO

HO•, oxidanyl, hydridooxygen(•); hydroxyl −OH, oxidanyl; hydroxy

HO+, oxidanylium, hydridooxygen(1+); hydroxylium

HO−, oxidanide, hydroxide

HO−, oxidanido; hydroxido

HO2

HO2•, dioxidanyl, hydridodioxygen(•) hydrogen dioxide −OOH, dioxidanyl; hydroperoxy

HO2+, dioxidanylium, hydridodioxygen(1+)

HO2−, dioxidanide, hydrogen(peroxide)(1−)

HO2−, dioxidanido, hydrogen(peroxido)(1−)

S

sulfur (general) S, monosulfur =S, sulfanylidene; thioxo −S−, sulfanediyl

sulfur (general) S+, sulfur(1+)

sulfide (general) S•−, sulfanidyl, sulfide(•1−) S2−, sulfanediide, sulfide(2−); sulfide −S−, sulfido

sulfido (general) S•−, sulfanidyl, sulfido(•1−) S2−, sulfanediido, sulfido(2−)

ClO

ClO, chlorine mon(o)oxide ClO•, oxidochlorine(•); chlorosyl −ClO, oxo-λ3-chloranyl; chlorosyl −OCl, chlorooxy

ClO2

ClO2, chlorine dioxide ClO2•, dioxidochlorine(•) ClOO•, chloridodioxygen (O−O) (•), −ClO2, dioxo-λ5-chloranyl; chloryl −OClO, oxo-λ3-chloranyloxy

ClO3

ClO3, chlorine trioxide ClO3•, trioxidochlorine(•) −ClO3, trioxo-λ7-chloranyl; perchloryl −OClO2, dioxo-λ5-chloranyloxy

ClO4

ClO4, chlorine tetraoxide ClO4•, tetraoxidochlorine(•) −OClO3, trioxo-λ7-chloranyloxy

IO

IO, iodine mon(o)oxide IO•, oxidoiodine(•); iodosy l −IO, oxo-λ3-iodanyl; iodosyl −OI, iodooxy

IO2

4/10/06 9:49:49 AM

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands

2-16 S2, disulfur −SS−, disulfanediyl >S=S, sulfanylidene-λ4sulfanediyl; sulfinothioyl

S2•+, disulfur(•1+)

S2•−, disulfanidyl, disulfide(•1−) S22−, disulfide(2−), disulfanediide −SS−, disulfanidyl

S22−, disulfido(2−), disulfanediido

HS

HS•, sulfanyl, hydridosulfur(•) −SH, sulfanyl

HS+, sulfanylium, hydridosulfur(1+)

HS−, sulfanide, hydrogen(sulfide)(1−)

HS−, sulfanido, hydrogen(sulfido)(1−)

SO

SO, sulfur mon(o)oxide [SO], oxidosulfur >SO, oxo-λ4-sulfanediyl; sulfinyl

SO•+, oxidosulfur(•1+) (not sulfinyl or thionyl)

SO•−, oxidosulfate(•1−)

[SO], oxidosulfur

SO2

SO2, sulfur dioxide [SO2], dioxidosulfur >SO2, dioxo-λ6-sulfanediyl; sulfuryl, sulfonyl

SO2•−, dioxidosulfate(•1−) SO22−, dioxidosulfate(2−), sulfanediolate

[SO2], dioxidosulfur SO22−, dioxidosulfato(2−), sulfanediolato

SO3

SO3, sulfur trioxide

SO3•−, trioxidosulfate(•1−) SO32−, trioxidosulfate(2−); sulfite −S(O)2(O−), oxidodioxo-λ6-sulfanyl; sulfonato

SO4

−ΟS(O)2Ο−, sulfonylbis(oxy)

SO4•−, tetraoxidosulfate(•1−) SO42−, tetraoxidosulfate(2−); sulfate

S2

S 2O 3

selenium

SO42−, tetraoxidosulfato(2−); sulfato

S2O3•− = SO3S•−, trioxido-1κ3Odisulfate(S−S)(•1−), trioxidosulfidosulfate(•1−) S2O32− = SO3S2−, trioxido-1κ3Odisulfate(S−S)(2−), trioxidosulfidosulfate(2−); thiosulfate, sulfurothioate

S2O32− = SO3S2−, trioxido-1κ3Odisulfato(S−S)(2−), trioxidosulfidosulfato(2−); thiosulfato, sulfurothioato

selenide (general) Se•−, selanidyl, selenide(•1−) Se2−, selanediide, selenide(2−); selenide

selenido (general) Se•−, selanidyl, selenido(•1−) Se2−, selanediido, selenido(2−)

Se

Se (general) Se, monoselenium >Se, selanediyl =Se, selanylidene; selenoxo

SeO

SeO, selenium mon(o)oxide [SeO], oxidoselenium >SeO, seleninyl

SeO2

SeO2, selenium dioxide [SeO2], dioxidoselenium >SeO2, selenonyl

SeO22−, dioxidoselenate(2−)

[SeO2], dioxidoselenium SeO22−, dioxidoselenato(2−)

SeO3

SeO3, selenium trioxide

SeO3•−, trioxidoselenate(•1−) SeO32−, trioxidoselenate(2−); selenite

SeO32−, trioxidoselenato(2−); selenito

SeO42−, tetraoxidoselenate(2−); selenate

SeO42−, tetraoxidoselenato(2−); selenato

telluride (general) Te•−, tellanidyl, telluride(•1−) Te2−, tellanediide, telluride(2−); telluride

tellurido (general) Te•−, tellanidyl, tellurido(•1−) Te2−, tellanediido, tellurido(2−)

[SeO], oxidoselenium

SeO4

487_S02.indb 16

SO32−, trioxidosulfato(2−); sulfito

Te

tellurium >Te, tellanediyl =Te, tellanylidene; telluroxo

CrO2

CrO2, chromium dioxide, chromium(IV) oxide

UO2

UO2, uranium dioxide

tellurium

UO2+, dioxidouranium(1+) [not uranyl(1+)] UO22+, dioxidouranium(2+) [not uranyl(2+)]

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487_S02.indb 17

2-17

NpO2

NpO2, neptunium dioxide

NpO2+, dioxidoneptunium(1+) [not neptunyl(1+)] NpO22+, dioxidoneptunium(2+) [not neptunyl(2+)]

PuO2

PuO2, plutonium dioxide

PuO2+, dioxidoplutonium(1+) [not plutonyl(1+)] PuO22+, dioxidoplutonium(2+) [not plutonyl (2+)]

N

nitrogen N•, nitrogen(•), mononitrogen −NNH, azanediyl =NH, azanylidene; imino

NH+, azanyliumdiyl, hydridonitrogen(1+) NH2+, azanebis(ylium), hydridonitrogen(2+)

NH−, azanidyl, hydridonitrate(1−) NH2−, azanediide, hydridonitrate(2−); imide −NH−, azanidyl; amidyl

NH2−, azanediido, hydridonitrato(2−); imido

NH2

NH2•, azanyl, dihydridonitrogen(•); aminyl −NH2, azanyl; amino

NH2+, azanylium, dihydridonitrogen(1+)

NH2−, azanide, dihydridonitrate(1−); amide

NH2−, azanido, dihydridonitrato(1−), amido

NH3

NH3, azane (parent hydride name), amine (parent name for certain organic derivatives), trihydridonitrogen; ammonia

NH3•+, azaniumyl, trihydridonitrogen(•1+) −NH3+, azaniumyl; ammonio

NH3•−, azanuidyl, trihydridonitrate(•1−)

NH3, ammine

NH4

NH4•, λ5-azanyl, tetrahydridonitrogen(•)

NH4+, azanium; ammonium

H2NO

H2NO•, aminooxidanyl, dihydridooxidonitrogen(•); aminoxyl HONH•, hydroxyazanyl, hydridohydroxidonitrogen(•) −NH(OH), hydroxyazanyl, hydroxyamino −ONH2, aminooxy −NH2(O), oxo-λ5-azanyl; azinoyl

HONH−, hydroxyazanide, hydridohydroxidonitrate(1−) H2NO−, azanolate, aminooxidanide, dihydridooxidonitrate(1−)

NHOH−, hydroxyazanido, hydridohydroxidonitrato(1−) H2NO−, azanolato, aminooxidanido, dihydridooxidonitrato(1−)

N2H2

HN=NH, diazene N=NH2+, diazen-2-ium-1-ide H2NN2•, diazanylidene, hydrazinylidene =NNH2, diazanylidene; hydrazinylidene • ΗΝNH•, diazane-1,2-diyl; hydrazine-1,2-diyl −ΗΝNH−, diazane-1,2-diyl; hydrazine-1,2-diyl

HNNH2−, diazane-1,2-diide, hydrazine-1,2-diide H2NN2−, diazane-1,1-diide, hydrazine-1,1-diide

HN=NH, diazene N=NH2+, diazen-2-ium-1-ido HNNH2−, diazane-1,2-diido, hydrazine-1,2-diido H2NN2−, diazane-1,1-diido, hydrazine-1,1-diido

−

HNNH2+, diazynediium

N3−, nitrido(3−), azanetriido

−

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2-18

487_S02.indb 18

N2H3

H2NNH•, diazanyl, trihydrido dinitrogen(N−N)(•); hydrazinyl −NHNH2, diazanyl; hydrazinyl 2− NNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1,1-diide

H2N=NH+, diazenium

N2H4

H2NNH2, diazane (parent hydride name), hydrazine (parent name for organic derivatives) − NHNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1-ide

H2NNH2•+, diazaniumyl, bis(dihydridonitrogen) (N−N)(•1+); hydraziniumyl H2N=NH22+, diazenediium

NO

NO, nitrogen mon(o)oxide (not nitric oxide) NO•, oxoazanyl, oxidonitrogen(•); nitrosyl −N=O, oxoazanyl; nitroso >N(O)−, oxo-λ5-azanyl; azoryl =N(O)−, oxo-λ5-azanylidene; azorylidene ≡N(O), oxo-λ5-azanylidyne; azorylidyne −Ο+=Ν−, azanidylideneoxidaniumyl

NO+, oxidonitrogen(1+) (not nitrosyl) NO•2+, oxidonitrogen(2+)

NO−, oxidonitrate(1−) NO(2•)−, oxidonitrate(2•1−)

NO, oxidonitrogen (general); nitrosyl = oxidonitrogen-κN (general) NO+, oxidonitrogen(1+) NO−, oxidonitrato(1−)

NO2

NO2, nitrogen dioxide NO2• = ONO•, nitrosooxidanyl, dioxidonitrogen(•); nitryl −NO2, nitro −ONO, nitrosooxy

NO2+, dioxidonitrogen(1+) (not nitryl)

NO2−, dioxidonitrate(1−); nitrite NO2•2−, dioxidonitrate(•2−)

NO2−, dioxidonitrato(1−); nitrito NO2•2−, dioxidonitrato(•2−)

NO3

NO3, nitrogen trioxide NO3• = O2NO•, nitrooxidanyl, trioxidonitrogen(•) ONOO•, nitrosodioxidanyl, (dioxido)oxidonitrogen(•) −ONO2, nitrooxy

NO3−, trioxidonitrate(1−); nitrate NO3•2−, trioxidonitrate(•2−) [NO(OO)]−, (dioxido)oxidonitrate(1−); peroxynitrite

NO3−, trioxidonitrato(1−); nitrato NO3•2−, trioxidonitrato(•2−) [NO(OO)]−, oxidoperoxidonitrato(1−); peroxynitrito

N2O

N2O, dinitrogen oxide (not nitrous oxide) NNO, oxidodinitrogen(N—N) −Ν(Ο)=N−, azoxy

N2O•−, oxidodinitrate(•1−)

N2O, dinitrogen oxide (general) NNO, oxidodinitrogen(N—N) N2O•−, oxidodinitrato(•1−)

N2O3

N2O3, dinitrogen trioxide O2NNO, trioxido-1κ2O,2κOdinitrogen(N−N) NO+NO2−, oxidonitrogen(1+) dioxidonitrate(1−) ONONO, dinitrosooxidane, µ-oxidobis(oxidonitrogen)

N2O32− = [O2NNO]2−, trioxido-1κ2O,2κOdinitrate(N−N)(2−)

N2O4

N2O4, dinitrogen tetraoxide O2NNO2, bis(dioxidonitrogen) (N−N) ONOONO, 1,2-dinitrosodioxidane, 2,5-diazy-1,3,4,6-tetraoxy[6]catena NO+NO3−, oxidonitrogen(1+) trioxidonitrate(1−)

N2O5

N2O5, dinitrogen pentaoxide O2NONO2, dinitrooxidane, NO2+NO3−, dioxidonitrogen(1+) trioxidonitrate(1−)

NS

NS, nitrogen monosulfide NS•, sulfidonitrogen(•) −N=S, sulfanylideneazanyl; thionitroso

NS+, sulfidonitrogen(1+) (not thionitrosyl)

H2NNH−, diazanide, hydrazinide

2−

NNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1,1-diido H2NNH−, diazanido, hydrazinido

H2NNH2, diazane, hydrazine NHNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1-ido

−

NS−, sulfidonitrate(1−)

NS, sulfidonitrogen, sulfidonitrato, thionitrosyl (general) NS+, sulfidonitrogen(1+) NS−, sulfidonitrato(1−)

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Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands P

phosphorus (general) P•, phosphorus(•), monophosphorus >P−, phosphanetriyl

phosphorus (general) P+, phosphorus(1+)

phosphide (general) P−, phosphide(1−) P3−, phosphide(3−), phosphanetriide; phosphide

PO

PO•, oxophosphanyl, oxidophosphorus(•), phosphorus mon(o)oxide; phosphoryl >P(O)−, oxo-λ5-phosphanetriyl; phosphoryl =P(O)−, oxo-λ5-phosphanylidene; phosphorylidene ≡P(O), oxo-λ5-phosphanylidyne; phosphorylidyne

PO+, oxidophosphorus(1+) (not phosphoryl)

PO−, oxidophosphate(1−)

PO2

−P(O)2, dioxo-λ5-phosphanyl

P3−, phosphido, phosphanetriido

PO2−, dioxidophosphate(1−)

PO2−, dioxidophosphato(1−)

PO3

PO3−, trioxidophosphate(1−) PO3•2−, trioxidophosphate(•2−) PO33−, trioxidophosphate(3−); phosphite (PO3−)n = (P(O)2O) nn−, catena-poly[(dioxidophosphateµ-oxido)(1−)]; metaphosphate −P(O)(O−)2, dioxidooxo-λ5phosphanyl; phosphonato

PO3−, trioxidophosphato(1−) PO3•2−, trioxidophosphato(•2−) PO33−, trioxidophosphato(3−); phosphito

PO4

PO4•2−, tetraoxidophosphate(•2−) PO43−, tetraoxidophosphate(3−); phosphate

PO43−, tetraoxidophosphato(3−); phosphato

AsO3

AsO33−, trioxidoarsenate(3−); arsenite, arsorite −As(=O)(O−)2, dioxidooxo-λ5-arsanyl; arsonato

AsO33−, trioxidoarsenato(3−); arsenito, arsorito

AsO4

AsO43−, tetraoxidoarsenate(3−); arsenate, arsorate

AsO43−, tetraoxidoarsenato(3−); arsenato, arsorato

CO•−, oxidocarbonate(•1−)

CO, oxidocarbon, oxidocarbonato (general); carbonyl = oxidocarbon-κC (general) CO•+, oxidocarbon(•1+) CO•−, oxidocarbonato(•1−)

CO2•−, oxidooxomethyl, dioxidocarbonate(•1−)

CO2, dioxidocarbon CO2•−, oxidooxomethyl, dioxidocarbonato(•1−)

CO3•−, trioxidocarbonate(•1−), OCOO•−, (dioxido)oxidocarbonate(•1−), oxidoperoxidocarbonate(•1−) CO32−, trioxidocarbonate(2−); carbonate

CO32−, trioxidocarbonato(2−); carbonato

CS•−, sulfidocarbonate(•1−)

CS, sulfidocarbon, sulfidocarbonato, thiocarbonyl (general); CS•+, sulfidocarbon(•1+) CS•−, sulfidocarbonato(•1−)

CS2•−, sulfidothioxomethyl, disulfidocarbonate(•1−)

CS2, disulfidocarbon CS2•−, sulfidothioxomethyl, disulfidocarbonato(•1−)

PS

PS•, sulfidophosphorus(•); −PS, thiophosphoryl

PS+, sulfidophosphorus(1+) (not thiophosphoryl)

VO

VO, vanadium(II) oxide, vanadium mon(o)oxide

VO2+, oxidovanadium(2+) (not vanadyl)

CO

CO, carbon mon(o)oxide >C=O, carbonyl =C=O, carbonylidene

CO•+, oxidocarbon(•1+) CO2+, oxidocarbon(2+)

CO2

CO2, carbon dioxide, dioxidocarbon

CO3

487_S02.indb 19

2-19

CS

carbon monosulfide >C=S, carbonothioyl; thiocarbonyl =C=S, carbonothioylidene

CS2

CS2, disulfidocarbon, carbon disulfide

CS•+, sulfidocarbon(•1+)

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2-20 CN

CN•, nitridocarbon(•); cyanyl −CN, cyano −NC, isocyano

CN−, nitridocarbonate(1−); cyanide

nitridocarbonato (general) CN−, nitridocarbonato(1−); cyanido = [nitridocarbonato(1−)-κC]

CNO

OCN•, nitridooxidocarbon(•) −OCN, cyanato −NCO, isocyanato −ONC, λ2-methylidene azanylylideneoxy −CNO, (oxo-λ5azanylidynemethyl

OCN−, nitridooxidocarbonate(1−); cyanate ONC−, carbidooxidonitrate(1−); fulminate OCN•2−, nitridooxidocarbonate(•2−)

OCN−, nitridooxidocarbonato(1−); cyanato ONC−, carbidooxidonitrato(1−); fulminato

CNS

SCN•, nitridosulfidocarbon(•) −SCN, thiocyanato −NCS, isothiocyanato −SNC, λ2-methylidene azanylylidenesulfanediyl −CNS, (sulfanylidene-λ5azanylidynemethyl

SCN−, nitridosulfidocarbonate(1−); thiocyanate SNC−, carbidosulfidonitrate(1−)

SCN−, nitridosulfidocarbonato(1−); thiocyanato SNC−, carbidosulfidonitrato(1−)

CNSe

SeCN•, nitridoselenidocarbon(•) −SeCN, selenocyanato −NCSe, isoselenocyanato −SeNC, λ2-methylidene azanylylideneselanediyl −CNSe, (selanylidene-λ5azanylidynemethyl

SeCN−, nitridoselenidocarbonate(1−); selenocyanate SeNC−, carbidoselenidonitrate(1−)

SeCN−, nitridoselenidocarbonato(1−); selenocyanato SeNC−, carbidoselenidonitrato(1−)

CN+, azanylidynemethylium, nitridocarbon(1+)

Where an element symbol occurs in the first column, the unmodified element name is listed in the second and third columns. The unmodified name is generally used when the element appears as an electropositive constituent in the construction of a stoichiometric name (Sections IR-5.2 and IR-5.4). Names of homoatomic cations consisting of the element are also constructed using the element name, adding multiplicative prefixes and charge numbers as applicable (Sections IR-5.3.2.1 to IR-5.3.2.3). The sections mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. b Where an element symbol occurs in the first column, the fourth column gives the element name appropriately modified with the ending ‘ide’ (hydride, nitride, etc.). The ‘ide’ form of the element name is generally used when the element appears as an electronegative constituent in the construction of a stoichiometric name (Sections IR-5.2 and IR-5.4). Names of homoatomic anions consisting of the element in question are also constructed using this modified form, adding multiplicative prefixes and charge numbers as applicable (Sections IR-5.3.3.1 to IR-5.3.3.3). Examples are given in the Table of names of some specific anions, e.g. chloride(1−), oxide(2−), dioxide(2−). In certain cases, a particular anion has the 'ide' form itself as an accepted short name, e.g. chloride, oxide. If specific anions are named, the ‘ide’ form of the element name with no further modification is given as the first entry in the fourth column, with the qualifier ‘(general)’. The sections mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. c Ligand names must be placed within enclosing marks whenever necessary to avoid ambiguity, cf. Section IR-9.2.2.3. Some ligand names must always be enclosed. For example, if ‘dioxido’ is cited as is, it must be enclosed so as to distinguish it from two ‘oxido’ ligands; if combined with a multiplicative prefix it must be enclosed because it starts with a multiplicative prefix itself. A ligand name such as ‘nitridocarbonato’ must always be enclosed to avoid interpreting it as two separate ligand names, ‘nitrido’ and ‘carbonato’. In this table, however, these enclosing marks are omitted for the sake of clarity. Note that the ligand names given here with a charge number can generally also be used without if it is not desired to make any implication regarding the charge of the ligand. For example, the ligand name ‘[dioxido(•1−)]' may be used if one wishes explicitly to consider the ligand to be the species dioxide(•1−), whereas the ligand name '(dioxido)' can be used if no such implications are desirable. The section mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. a

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ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS The first part of this table lists substituent groups and their line formulas. A substituent group is defined by IUPAC as a group that replaces one or more hydrogen atoms attached to a parent structure. Such groups are sometimes called radicals, but IUPAC now reserves the term radical for a free molecular species with unpaired electrons. IUPAC does not recommend some of these names, which are marked here with asterisks (e.g., amyl*), but they are included in this list because they are often encountered in the older literature. Substituent group names which are formed

by systematic rules (e.g., methyl from methane, ethyl from ethane, etc.) are included here only for the first few members of a homologous series. In the second part of the table a number of common organic ring compounds are shown, with the conventional numbering of the ring positions indicated. The help of Warren H. Powell in preparing this table is greatly appreciated. Pertinent references may be found in the table “Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds.”

Substituent Groups acetamido (acetylamino) acetoacetyl acetonyl acetyl acryloyl* (1-oxo-2-propenyl) alanyl (from alanine) β-alanyl allyl (2-propenyl) allylidene (2-propenylidene) amidino (aminoiminomethyl) amino amyl* (pentyl) anilino (phenylamino) anisidino anthranoyl (2-aminobenzoyl) arsino azelaoyl (from azelaic acid) azido azino azo azoxy benzal* (benzylidene) benzamido (benzoylamino) benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl) benzoxy* (benzoyloxy) benzoyl benzyl benzylidene benzylidyne biphenylyl biphenylene butoxy sec-butoxy (1-methylpropoxy) tert-butoxy (1,1-dimethylethoxy) butyl sec-butyl (1-methylpropyl) tert-butyl (1,1-dimethylethyl) butyryl (1-oxobutyl) caproyl* (hexanoyl) capryl* (decanoyl) capryloyl* (octanoyl) carbamido (carbamoylamino) carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) carbamyl (aminocarbonyl) carbazoyl (hydrazinocarbonyl) carbethoxy (ethoxycarbonyl) carbonyl carboxy cetyl* (hexadecyl) chloroformyl (chlorcarbonyl)

CH3CONHCH3COCH2COCH3COCH2CH3COCH2=CHCOCH3CH(NH2)COH2N(CH2)2COCH2=CHCH2CH2=CHCH= H2NC(=NH)H2NCH3(CH2)4C6H5NHCH3OC6H4NH2-H2NC6H4COAsH2-OC(CH2)7CON3=N-N= -N=N-N(O)=NC6H5CH= C6H5CONH(C6H5)2CHC6H5COOC6H5COC6H5CH2C6H5CH= C6H5C= C6H5C6H5-C6H4-C6H4C4H9OC2H5CH(CH3)O(CH3)3COCH3(CH2)3CH3CH2CH(CH3)(CH3)3CCH3(CH2)2COCH3(CH2)4COCH3(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)6COH2NCONHH2NCOH2NCOH2NNHCOC2H5OCO=C=O HOOCCH3(CH2)15ClCO-

cinnamoyl cinnamyl (3-phenyl-2-propenyl) cinnamylidene cresyl* (hydroxymethylphenyl) crotonoyl crotyl (2-butenyl) cyanamido (cyanoamino) cyanato cyano decanedioyl decanoyl diazo diazoamino disilanyl disiloxanyloxy disulfinyl dithio enanthoyl* (heptanoyl) epoxy ethenyl (vinyl) ethynyl ethoxy ethyl ethylene ethylidene ethylthio formamido (formylamino) formyl furmaroyl (from fumaric acid) furfuryl (2-furanylmethyl) furfurylidene (2-furanylmethylene) glutamoyl (from glutamic acid) glutaryl (from glutaric acid) glycylamino glycoloyl; glycolyl (hydroxyacetyl) glycyl (aminoacetyl) glyoxyloyl; glyoxylyl (oxoacetyl) guanidino guanyl (aminoiminomethyl) heptadecanoyl heptanamido heptanedioyl heptanoyl hexadecanoyl hexamethylene (1,6-hexanediyl) hexanedioyl hippuryl (N-benzoylglycyl) hydrazino hydrazo hydrocinnamoyl

C6H5CH=CHCOC6H5CH=CHCH2C6H5CH=CHCH= HO(CH3)C6H4CH3CH=CHCOCH3CH=CHCH2NCNHNCONC-OC(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)8CON2= -NHN=NH3SiSiH2H3SiOSiH2O-S(O)S(O)-SSCH3(CH2)5CO-OCH2=CHHC≡CC2H5OCH3CH2-CH2CH2CH3CH= C2H5SHCONHHCO-OCCH=CHCOOC4H3CH2OC4H3CH= -OC(CH2)2CH(NH2)CO-OC(CH2)3COH2NCH2CONHHOCH2COH2NCH2COHCOCOH2NC(=NH)NHH2NC(=NH)CH3(CH2)15COCH3(CH2)5CONH-OC(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)6-OC(CH2)4COC6H5CONHCH2COH2NNH-HNNHC6H5(CH2)2CO-

2-16

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Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems hydroperoxy hydroxyamino hydroxy imino iodoso* (iodosyl) iodyl isoamyl* (isopentyl; 3-methylbutyl) isobutenyl (2-methyl-1-propenyl) isobutoxy (2-methylpropoxy) isobutyl (2-methylpropyl) isobutylidene (3-methylpropylidene) isobutyryl (2-methyl-1-oxopropyl) isocyanato isocyano isohexyl (4-methylpentyl) isoleucyl (from isoleucine) isonitroso* (hydroxyamino) isopentyl (3-methylbutyl) isopentylidene (3-methylbutylidene) isopropenyl (1-methylethenyl) isopropoxy (1-methylethoxy) isopropyl (1-methylethyl) isopropylidene (1-methylethylidene) isothiocyanato (isothiocyano) isovaleryl* (3-methyl-1-oxobutyl) lactoyl (from lactic acid) lauroyl (from lauric acid) lauryl (dodecyl) leucyl (from leucine) levulinoyl (from levulinic acid) malonyl (from malonic acid) mandeloyl (from mandelic acid) mercapto mesityl methacryloyl (from methacrylic acid) methallyl (2-methyl-2-propenyl) methionyl (from methionine) methoxy methyl methylene methylthio myristoyl (from myristic acid) myristyl (tetradecyl) naphthyl naphthylene neopentyl (2,2-dimethylpropyl) nitramino (nitroamino) nitro nitrosamino (nitrosoamino) nitrosimino (nitrosoimino) nitroso nonanoyl (from nonanoic acid) oleoyl (from oleic acid) oxalyl (from oxalic acid) oxo palmitoyl (from palmitic acid) pentamethylene (1,5-pentanediyl) pentyl tert-pentyl phenacyl phenacylidene phenethyl (2-phenylethyl) phenoxy phenyl

HC&P_S02.indb 17

HOOHONHHOHN= OIO2I(CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2C=CH(CH3)2CHCH2O(CH3)2CHCH2(CH3)2CHCH= (CH3)2CHCOOCNCN(CH3)2CH(CH2)3C2H5CH(CH3)CH(NH2)COHON= (CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2CHCH2CH= CH2=C(CH3)(CH3)2CHO(CH3)2CH(CH3)2C= SCN(CH3)2CHCH2COCH3CH(OH)COCH3(CH2)10COCH3(CH2)11(CH3)2CHCH2CH(NH2)COCH3CO(CH2)2CO-OCCH2COC6H5CH(OH)COHS2,4,6-(CH3)3C6H2CH2=C(CH3)COCH2=C(CH3)CH2CH3SCH2CH2CH(NH2)COCH3OH3CH2C= CH3SCH3(CH2)12COCH3(CH2)13(C10H7)-(C10H6)(CH3)3CCH2O2NNHO2NONNHONN= ONCH3(CH2)7COCH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO-OCCOO= CH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)5CH3(CH2)4CH3CH2C(CH3)2C6H5COCH2C6H5COCH= C6H5CH2CH2C6H5OC6H5-

2-17 phenylene (benzenediyl) phosphino* (phosphanyl) phosphinyl* (phosphinoyl) phospho phosphono phthaloyl (from phthalic acid) picryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) pimeloyl (from pimelic acid) piperidino (1-piperidinyl) pivaloyl (from pivalic acid) prenyl (3-methyl-2-butenyl) propargyl (2-propynyl) 1-propenyl 2-propenyl (allyl) propionyl* (propanyl) propoxy propyl propylidene pyrryl (pyrrolyl) salicyloyl (2-hydroxybenzoyl) selenyl* (selanyl; hydroseleno) seryl (from serine) siloxy silyl silylene sorboyl (from sorbic acid) stearoyl (from stearic acid) stearyl (octadecyl) styryl (2-phenylethenyl) suberoyl (from suberic acid) succinyl (from succinic acid) sulfamino (sulfoamino) sulfamoyl (sulfamyl) sulfanilyl [(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl] sulfeno sulfhydryl (mercapto) sulfinyl sulfo sulfonyl (sulfuryl) terephthaloyl tetramethylene thienyl (from thiophene) thiocarbonyl (carbothionyl) thiocarboxy thiocyanato (thiocyano) thionyl* (sulfinyl) threonyl (from threonine) toluidino [(methylphenyl)amino] toluoyl (methylbenzoyl) tolyl (methylphenyl) α-tolyl (benzyl) tolylene (methylphenylene) tosyl [(4-methylphenyl) sulfonyl)] triazano trimethylene (1,3-propanediyl) trityl (triphenylmethyl) valeryl* (pentanoyl) valyl (from valine) vinyl (ethenyl) vinylidene (ethenylidene) xylidino [(dimethylphenyl)amino] xylyl (dimethylphenyl) xylylene [phenelenebis(methylene)]

-C6H4H2PH2P(O)O2P(HO)2P(O)1,2-C6H4(CO-)2 2,4,6-(NO2)3C6H2-OC(CH2)5COC5H10N(CH3)3CCO(CH3)2C=CHCH2HC´CCH2-CH=CHCH2 CH2=CHCH2CH3CH2COCH3CH2CH2OCH3CH2CH2CH3CH2CH= C3H4N2-HOC6H4COHSeHOCH2CH(NH2)COH3SiOH3SiH2Si= CH3CH=CHCH=CHCOCH3(CH2)14COCH3(CH2)17C6H5CH=CH-OC(CH2)6CO-OCCH2CH2COHOSO2NHH2NSO24-H2NC6H4SO2HOSHSOS= HO3S-SO21,4-C6H4(CO-)2 -(CH2)4(C4H3S)=CS HOSCNCS-SOCH3CH(OH)CH(NH2)COCH3C6H4NHCH3C6H4COCH3C6H4C6H5CH2-(CH3C6H3)4-CH3C6H4SO2H2NNHNH-(CH2)3(C6H5)3CCH3(CH2)3CO(CH3)2CHCH(NH2)COCH2=CHCH2=C= (CH3)2C6H3NH(CH3)2C6H3-CH2C6H4CH2-

5/2/05 2:50:39 PM

Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems

2-18

Organic Ring Compounds 5 4

1 3 2

Cyclopropane N 1

5 4

1 2

3

1 4

5 4

Cyclobutane

Spiropentane H N

2 3

2 3

1

O

H N

5 4

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

Furan

Thiophene

Pyrrole (Azole)

2 3

Cyclopentane

H N

S

S

S

5 1 2S 4 3

H N

2 3

3H-Pyrrole (3H-Azole)

Pyrazole (1,2-Diazole)

O

O

N

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2N 4 3

2H-Pyrrole (2H-Azole)

S

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2S 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

N 1

O

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2N 5 1 2N N N N S 4 3 4 3 2H-Imidazole Isoxazole Thiazole Oxazole N N (1,3-Diazole) 1,2,3-Triazole 1,2,4-Triazole 1,2-Dithiole 1,3-Dithiole 3H-1,2-Oxathiole (1,2-Oxazole) (1,3-Thiazole) (1,3-Oxazole)

S

O

O

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2N 4 3

N 1,2,4-Oxadiazole

N 1,2,3-Oxadiazole

Isothiazole (1,2-Thiazole)

O

O

O

5 1 2O 4 3

5 1 2O 4 3

N5

1 2N 4 3

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

1,2,5-Oxadiazole (Furazan)

H

5 1 2 4 3

N5

O

O

1 2S 3

4

N5

1 2N 3

N 1,2,3,5-Oxatriazole

1

6 5

5 1 2 4 3

O

4

N N 1,2,3,4-Oxatriazole

N N 1,3,4-Oxadiazole

O

H

5 1 2N 4 3

O

O

O

4

6 5

2 3

1

2 3

4

N O N S O H 1,2,4-Dioxazole 1,3,2-Dioxazole 1,3,4-Dioxazole 5H-1,2,5-Oxathiazole 1,3-Oxathiole Benzene Cyclohexane 3H-1,2,3-Dioxazole N

O

O

6 1 2 5 3 4

2H-Pyran

4H-Pyran

6 5

H N 1

6 1 2 5 3 4

2H-Pyran-2-one (2-Pyrone)

N

6 1 2 5 3 N 4 N

2 3

6 5

N 1

O

O

O

O

O

6 1 2 5 3 4

6 1 2 5 3 4

6 1 2O 5 3 4

6 1 2 5 3 4 O

O 4H-Pyran-4-one (4-Pyrone)

1,2-Dioxin

1,3-Dioxin

2N 3

6 5

N 1

N 1 4

6 1 2N 5 3 4

2 3

6 5

N 1 4

2N 3

6 5

O

4

N 1

6 5

2 3

N

4

2 3

N Pyrazine

O

O

6 1 2N 5 3 4

6 1 2 5 3 4 N

6 1 2 5 3 4 N

N 1

Pyrimidine

Pyridazine

Pyridine

O

O

2N 3

6 5

6 1 2 5 3 4

4 N 4 N N 1,3,5-Triazine 1,2,4-Triazine 1,2,3-Triazine 4H-1,2-Oxazine 2H-1,3-Oxazine 6H-1,3-Oxazine 6H-1,2-Oxazine 1,4-Oxazine (s-Triazine) (as-Triazine) (v-Triazine) Piperazine 4

N H

O

6 1 2N 5 3 4

O

Oxepin

6 5

7 4

N6 5

O

O

O

1 2S 3 4

6 1 2N 5 3 4

H N

O

7 1 2 6 3 5 4

6 1 2 5 3 4

6 1 2 N5 4 3N

N N N 1,2,5-Oxathiazine 1,3,5-Oxadiazine 1,2,6-Oxathiazine H Morpholine Azepine 1,2,4-Oxadiazine 4H-1,4-Oxazine

N

S

7 1 2N 6 3 5 4

7 1 2 6 3 5 4

1 2S 3

6 5

6 5

7 4

H N

1 2 3

Indole

6 5

7 4

N

1 2 3

3H-Indole

7

1

4

2 3

6 5

7 4

1

6 5

1 2 3

7 4

6 5

2H-Indene (Isoindene)

Indene

4H-1,2-Diazepine

Thiepin

Benzo[c]thiophene

HC&P_S02.indb 18

6 1 2S N5 4 3

6 1 2 5 3 4

2H-1,2-Oxazine

7 1 2 6 3 5 4

O

O

H

2N 3

1H-Indole

3 2

4 1

7 4

O

1 2 3

Benzofuran

5

6 7

N Cyclopenta[b]pyridine

O6 5

7 4

6 5

7 4

1 2O 3

6 5

Isobenzofuran

N 1

2 3

Pyrano[3,4-b]pyrrole

6 5

7 4

S

7

1 2 3

4

Benzo[b]thiophene

H N

1 2N 3

Indazole

6 5

7 4

O

1 2N 3

Benzisoxazole (Indoxazene)

5/2/05 2:51:05 PM

Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems

6 5

O

7

1 2 3

6 5

N

4

N 1

7 4

2O 3

7 6

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

2-19

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

8

1 4

5

2 3

O

8

7 6

1 2 3 4

5

7 6

O

8

O

1 2 3 4

5

Octahydronaphthalene 2H-1-Benzopyran 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one 1,2,3,4-Tetra(Decalin) hydronaphthalene (Coumarin) (2H-Chromene) (Tetralin)

Benzoxazole 2,1-Benzisoxazole Naphthalene

O 7 6

O

8

1 2 3 4

5

7 6

O 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one (Chromen-4-one)

N 7 6

N

8

5

6

8

1

5

4

1 2 3 4

5

2O 3

7 6

N

1H-2,3-Benzoxazine

8

1

5

4

2O 4 3

8

7 6

1

5

N

8

7 6

1 2 3 4

5

N

7 6

N

7 6

N

4H-3,1-Benzoxazine

O

1 2N 3 4

8 5

1 2 3 4

5

7 6

8

1

5

4

N

8

1 2 3 4

5

H 7 6

7 6

N

4

5

2N 3

5

1 9 8

7

2

7 6

3

6

4 5

8

9

5

1 4

Fluorene

2 3

7 6

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

8

9

1

5

10

4

Carbazole

O

Xanthene

2 3

6 7

5 8

N

4

9

1

3 2

Acridine

1 2 3 4 N

5

O

8

1 2 3 4

5

N

2H-1,4-Benzoxazine

8

9

1

5

10

4

4

2 3

Anthracene

10

N

8

Quinazoline

7 6

4H-1,4-Benzoxazine

H N 9

7 6

Cinnoline

1 2 3 4 N

7 6

N H

2H-1,2-Benzoxazine

1

2H-1,3-Benzoxazine

1 2 3 4

5

N

8

7 6

O

8

O

8

2N 3

Isoquinoline

Quinoline

1,6-Naphthyridine

1,5-Naphthyridine

2O 3

N

8

7 6

O 3H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Isochromen-3-one)

N

8

1,7-Naphthyridine

1,8-Naphthyridine

7 6

4

5

2O 3

1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Isocoumarin)

N7

1 2 3 4

1

8

6 7

3 2 1

5 8

9

10

Phenanthrene

2 1 3 4 7 6 5

Norpinane (Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane)

N1

2

6 3

N

H N 5 4

7 8 9

N

7H-Purine

Phenalene

R' R 2 3

1 4

H 11 12 13

10 5

14

R'' 17

16 15

9

8 H 6 7H

H

R = Nearly always methyl R' = Usually methyl R'' = Various groups

Steroid ring system

HC&P_S02.indb 19

5/2/05 2:51:19 PM

SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS This table lists some abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols encountered in the physical sciences. Most entries in italic type are symbols for physical quantities; for more details on these, see the table “Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities” in this section. Additional information on units may be found in the table “International System of Units” in Section 1. Many of the terms to which these abbreviations refer are included in the tables “Definitions of Scientific Terms” in Section 2 and “Techniques for Materials Characterization” in Section 12. Useful references for further information are given below. Publication practices vary with regard to the use of capital or lower case letters for many abbreviations. An effort has been made to follow the most common practices in this table, but much variation is found in the literature. Likewise, policies on the use of periods in an abbreviation vary considerably. Periods are generally omitted in this table unless they are necessary for clarity. Periods should never appear in SI units. The SI prefixes (m, k, M, etc.) are included here, but they should never be used alone. Selected combinations of these prefixes with SI units (e.g., mg, kV, MW) are also included. Abbreviations are listed in alphabetical order without regard to case. Entries beginning with Greek letters fall at the end of the table. A Å A AH Ar a a a0 A/D AAA AAO AAS ABA Abe ABL abs Ac ac, AC Aces ACT ACTH Ad Ada Ade ADI Ado ADP ads ae AEP AES AF AFM AI

ampere; adenine (in genetic code) ångström absorbance; area; Helmholtz energy; mass number Hall coefficient atomic weight (relative atomic mass) atto (SI prefix for 10–18) absorption coefficient; acceleration; activity; van der Waals constant Bohr radius analog to digital acetoacetanilide acetaldehyde oxime atomic absorption spectroscopy abscisic acid abequose α-acetylbutyrolactone absolute acetyl; acetate alternating current 2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid activated complex theory adrenocorticotropic hormone adamantyl [(carbamoylmethyl)imino]diacetic acid adenine acceptable daily intake adenosine adenosine diphosphate adsorption eon (109 years) 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine atomic emission spectroscopy; Auger electron spectroscopy audio frequency atomic force microscopy artificial intelligence

References 1. Mills, Ian, Ed., Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 2. Kotyk, A., Quantities, Symbols, Units, and Abbreviations in the Life Sciences, Humana Press, Totawa, NJ, 1999. 3. Rhodes, P. H., The Organic Chemist’s Desk Reference, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995. 4. Minkin, V., Glossary of Terms used in Theoretical Organic Chemistry, Pure Appl. Chem. 71, 1919–1981, 1999. 5. Brown, R. D., Ed., Acronyms Used in Theoretical Chemistry, Pure Appl. Chem. 68, 387–456, 1996. 6. Quantities and Units, ISO Standards Handbook, Third Edition, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1993. 7. Cohen, E. R., and Giacomo, P., Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, and Fundamental Constants in Physics, Physica 146A, 1–68, 1987. 8. Chemical Acronyms Database, Indiana University, < www.oscar.chem. indiana.edu/cfdocs/ libchem/acronyms/ acronymsearch.html>. 9. Acronyms and Symbols, <www3.interscience.wiley.com/stasa/>. 10. IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (Gold Book), .

AIBN AICA AIM AIP Al Ala alc ALE aliph. alk. All Alt AM Am am AMP AMPD AMTCS amu AN anh, anhyd ANOVA antilog ANTU AO AOM APAD Api APM APS APW aq Ar Ara Ara-ol

2,2′-azobis[isobutyronitrile] 5-amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide atoms in molecules (method) aluminum isopropoxide Alfén number alanine alcohol atomic layer epitaxy aliphatic alkaline allose altrose amplitude modulation amyl amorphous solid adenosine monophosphate 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol amyltrichlorosilane [trichloropentylsilane] atomic mass unit (recommended symbol is u) acetonitrile anhydrous analysis of variance antilogarithm 1-naphthalenylthiourea atomic orbital angular overlap model 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide apiose atomic probe microanalysis appearance potential spectroscopy; adenosine phosphosulfate augmented plane wave aqueous aryl arabinose arabinitol

2-25

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols

2-26 Arg ARPES ASC ASCII ASE Asn Asp at ATEE ATLC atm ATP ATR at.wt. AU av avdp B B b b BA BAL BAP, BaP bar bbl BBP BCB bcc BCF BCG BCNU BCP BCPB BCS BDE BDEA BDMA Bé BEBO BEI BEM Bes BET BeV BGE BHA BHC Bhn BHT Bi Bicine Bistris Bistrispropane BLO BN BNS BO

arginine angular resolved photoelectron spectroscopy 4-(acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride American National Standard Code for Information Interchange aromatic stabilization model asparagine aspartic acid atomization N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester adsorption thin layer chromatography standard atmosphere adenosine triphosphate attenuated total internal reflection atomic weight astronomical unit (ua is also used) average avoirdupois bel magnetic flux density; second virial coefficient; susceptance barn van der Waals constant; molality benzyladenine British anti-Lewisite [2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol] benzo[a]pyrene bar (pressure unit) barrel benzyl butyl phthalate bromocresol blue body centered cubic bioconcentration factor bromocresol green N,N′-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea bromocresol purple bromochlorophenol blue Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (theory) bond dissociation energy butyldiethanolamime benzyldimethylamine Baumé bond energy bond order (method) biological exposure index biological effect monitoring 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (isotherm) billion electronvolt (GeV) butyl glycidyl ether tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole benzene hexachloride [hexachlorobenzene] Brinell hardness number butylated hydroxytoluene [2,6-di-tert-butyl-4methylphenol] biot N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol 1,3-bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]propane γ-butyrolactone bond number; benzonitrile nuclear backscattering spectroscopy Born-Oppenheimer (approximation); bond order

BOD BON bp BPB BPG bpy Bq Br BRE BrUrd BSE BSSE BTMSA Btu BTX Bu bu Bz Bzl C °C C c c c0 ca. CADD cal calc cAMP CAN CARS CAS CASRN CAT CBE CBS CC cc CCD CD cd CDNO CDP CDT CDTA CDW CEM CEP CEPA cf. cfm cgs Chaps Ches CHF Chl Cho CHT Ci

biochemical oxygen demand β-hydroxynaphthoic acid boiling point bromophenol blue 2,3-bis(phospho)-D-glycerate 2,2′-bipyridine becquerel butyryl bond resonance energy 5-bromouridine back scattered electron(s) basis set superposition error 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene British thermal unit benzene, toluene, and xylene butyl bushel benzoyl benzyl coulomb; cytosine (in genetic code) degree Celsius capacitance; heat capacity; number concentration centi (SI prefix for 10–2); combustion reaction amount concentration; specific heat; velocity speed of light in vacuum approximately computer-assisted drug design calorie calculated adenosine cyclic 3′,5′-(hydrogen phosphate) ceric ammonium nitrate coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy complete active space Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number computerized axial tomography; clear air turbulence chemical beam epitaxy complete basis set (of orbitals) coupled cluster cubic centimeter (mL) charge-coupled device circular dichroism candela; condensed (phase) complete neglect of differential overlap cytidine 5′-diphosphate 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene (1,2-cyclohexylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid monohydrate charge density waves channel electron multiplier counter electrophoresis coupled electron-pair approximation compare cubic feet per minute centimeter-gram-second system 3-[3-(cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1propanesulfonic acid 2-(N-cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid coupled Hartree-Fock (method) chlorophyll choline 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene curie

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols CI CID CIDEP CIDNP CIE cir CKFF CL cm c.m. c.m.c. CMO CMP CN CNDO Co COD conc const COOP cos cosh COSY COT cot coth CP Cp cP cp CPA CPC cpd CPL CPR cps CPT CPU cr, cryst CRU CSA csc CT ct CTEM CTP CTR cu CV CVD cw cwt Cy Cyd cyl Cys Cyt D

configuration interaction; chemical ionization, color index charge-injection device chemically induced dynamic electron polarization chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis circular Cotton-Kraihanzel force field cathode luminescence (spectroscopy) centimeter center of mass critical micelle concentration canonical molecular orbital cytidine 5′-monophosphate; chemical measurement process coordination number complete neglect of differential overlap Cowling number chemical oxygen demand; 1,4-cyclooctadiene concentrated; concentration constant crystal orbital overlap population cosine hyperbolic cosine correlation spectroscopy 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene cotangent hyperbolic cotangent chemically pure cyclopentadienyl centipoise candle power coherent potential approximation centrifugal partition chromatography contact potential difference circular polarization of luminescence chlorophenol red cycles per second charge conjugation/space inversion/time inversion (theorem) central processing unit crystalline (phase) constitutional repeating unit (in polymer nomenclature) camphorsulfonic acid cosecant charge transfer carat conventional transmission electron microscopy cytidine 5′-triphosphate controlled thermonuclear reaction cubic cyclic voltammetry chemical vapor deposition continuous wave hundredweight (112 pounds) cyclohexyl cytidine cylinder cysteine cytosine debye unit

2-27 D d d 2,4-D D/A Da DA da DAA DAB DACH DAP dB DBA DBCP DBMS DBP DBPC dc, DC DCB DCEE DCHA DCM DCPD DE Dec dec DEET deg den det dev DFT dGlc DHU diam dil DIM dm DMA DMAC DMF DMP DMS DMSO DMT DN DNA DNase DNMR DNP Dod DOP DOS doz d.p. dpl dpm dps dr DRE

diffusion coefficient; dissociation energy; electric displacement day; deuteron; deci (SI prefix for 10–1) distance; density; dextrorotatory 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid digital to analog dalton donor-acceptor (complex) deka (SI prefix for 101) diacetone alcohol 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane diammonium phosphate decibel dibenz[a,h]anthracene 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane database management system dibutyl phthalate 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol direct current dicyanobenzene dichloroethyl ether dicyclohexylamine dichloromethane dicyclopentadiene delocalization energy decyl decomposes diethyltoluamide [N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide] degree density determinant deviation density functional theory 2-deoxyglucose dihydrouridine diameter dilute; dilution diatomics in molecules (method); digital imaging microscopy decimeter N,N-dimethylaniline N,N-dimethylacetamide N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl phthalate dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfoxide dimethyl terephthalate; dimethyl tartrate donor number deoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribonuclease dynamic NMR spectroscopy dinitropyrene dodecyl dioctyl phthalate density of states; digital operating system dozen degree of polymerization displacement disintegrations per minute disintegrations per second dram Dewar resonance energy


2-28 dRib DRIFT DRP DRS DSC DTA DTBP DVB dyn DZ E E Eh e e EA EAN ECP ECR ED EDAX EDB EDC EDI EDS EDTA EEL EELS EES EFF EFFF EGA EHMO, EHT EIS ELS EM emf EMPA, EMA emu en ENDOR EOS EPR EPT-76 EPTC EPXMA eq, eqn eqQ erf erg ESCA ESD e.s.d. ESR est esu ET Et Etn

2-deoxyribose diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform dynamic reaction path diffuse reflectance spectroscopy differential scanning calorimetry differential thermal analysis di-tert-butyl peroxide divinylbenzene dyne double-zeta (type of basis set) exa (SI prefix for 1018) electric field strength; electromotive force; energy; modulus of elasticity; entgegen (trans configuration) Hartree energy electron; base of natural logarithms elementary charge; linear strain electron affinity effective atomic number effective core potential electron cyclotron resonance electron diffraction energy dispersive analysis by x-rays ethylene dibromide [1,2-dibromoethane] ethylene dichloride [1,2-dichloroethane] estimated daily intake energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid environmental exposure level electron energy loss spectroscopy excitation-emission spectrum empirical force field energy factored force field evolved gas analysis extended Hückel molecular orbital (theory) electron impact spectroscopy; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy energy loss spectroscopy extended molarity; electron microscopy electromotive force electron probe microanalysis electromagnetic unit system ethylenediamine electron-nuclear double resonance equation of state electron paramagnetic resonance provisional low temperature scale of 1976 dipropylcarbamothioic acid, S-ethyl ester electron probe x-ray microanalysis equation quadrupole coupling constant error function erg (energy unit) electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis electron stimulated desorption estimated standard deviation electron spin resonance estimated electrostatic unit system ephemeris time; electron transfer ethyl ethanolamine

ETS Eu e.u. eV EXAFS EXELFS exp expt ext F °F F f f FAD fcc FEL FEM FEMO FET fid FIM FIR fl FM Fo fp fpm fps Fr Fr Fru FSGO FT ft ft-lb FTIR FTMS FTNMR fus FVP FWHM G G g g GABA Gal gal GalN GC GC-MS GDMS GDP gem GeV GIAO gl GLC Glc

electron tunneling spectroscopy Euler number entropy unit electronvolt extended x-ray absorption fine structure (spectroscopy) extended energy loss fine structure exponential function experimental external farad degree Fahrenheit Faraday constant; force; angular momentum formation reaction; femto (SI prefix for 10–15) activity coefficient; aperture ratio; focal length; force constant; frequency; fugacity flavine adenine dinucleotide face centered cubic free electron laser field emission microscopy free electron molecular orbital field effect transistor free induction decay field ion microscopy far infrared fluid (phase) frequency modulation Fourier number freezing point feet per minute feet per second; foot-pound-second system franklin Froude number fructose floating spherical gaussian orbitals Fourier transform foot foot pound Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform mass spectrometry Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance fusion (melting) flash vacuum pyrolysis full width at half maximum gauss; guanine (in genetic code); giga (SI prefix for 109) electrical conductance; Gibbs energy; gravitational constant; sheer modulus gram; gas (phase) acceleration due to gravity; degeneracy; Landé g-factor; statistical weight γ-aminobutyric acid gal; galactose gallon galactosamine gas chromatography gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy glow discharge mass spectroscopy guanosine 5′-diphosphate geminal (on the same carbon atom) gigaelectronvolt gauge invariant atomic orbital glacial gas-liquid chromatography glucose

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols GlcA GlcN GlcNAc GlcU Gln GLP Glu Gly GMP GMT GPC gpm gps Gr gr Gra Gri Grn Gro GTO GTP Gua Gul Guo GUT GVB GWS Gy H H H0 h h Ha ha HAM hav Hb HBA HCA hcp HDL HEIS HEP Hepes Hepps HF HFA HFO hfs His HMO HMX HN1 HOAc HOC HOMAS HOMO HOSE Hp hp HPLC

gluconic acid glucosamine N-acetylglucosamine glucuronic acid glutamine good laboratory practice glutamic acid glycine guanosine 5′-monophosphate Greenwich mean time gel-permeation chromatography gallons per minute gallon per second Grashof number grain glyceraldehyde glyceric acid glycerone [dihydroxyacetone] glycerol gaussian-type orbital guanosine 5′-triphosphate guanine gulose guanosine grand unified theory generalized valence bond (method) Glashow-Weinberg-Salam (theory) gray; gigayear henry enthalpy; Hamiltonian function; magnetic field Hubble constant helion; hour; hecto (SI prefix for 102) Planck constant Hartmann number hectare hydrogenic atoms in molecules haversine hemoglobin hydrogen bond acceptor heterocyclic amine hexagonal closed packed high-density lipoprotein high-energy ion scattering high energy physics 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinepropanesulfonic acid high frequency; Hartree-Fock (method) hexafluoroacetone Hartree-Fock orbital hyperfine structure histidine Hückel molecular orbital cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine 2-chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethylethanamine acetic acid halogenated organic compound(s) harmonic oscillator model of aromatic stabilization highest occupied molecular orbital harmonic oscillator stabilization energy heptyl horsepower high-performance liquid chromatography

2-29 HQ hr HRE HREELS HREM HSAB HSE HWHM Hx Hyp Hz I I i i I/O IAT IC ICD ICP ICR ICVTST ID id Ido IdoA IDP IE i.e.p. IEPA IF Ig IGLO Ile IM Im IMFP imm IMP IMPATT in. INDO Ino INS Ins int IP IPA IPMA IPN IPR IPTS IQ IR IRAS IRC IRS isc ISE ISS ITP

p-hydroquinone hour Hückel resonance energy high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy high resolution electron microscopy hard-soft acid-base (theory) homodesmotic stabilization energy half width at half maximum hexyl hypoxanthine hertz inositol electric current; ionic strength; moment of inertia; nuclear spin angular momentum; radiant intensity square root of minus one electric current input/output international atomic time integrated circuit; ion chromatography induced circular dichroism inductive-coupled plasma ion cyclotron resonance improved canonical variational transition-state theory inside diameter ideal (solution) iodose iduronic acid inosine 5′-diphosphate ionization energy isoelectric point independent electron pair approximation intermediate frequency immunoglobulin individual gauge for localized orbitals isoleucine intermedicate modulus imaginary part inelastic mean free path (of electrons) immersion inosine 5′-monophosphate impact ionization avalanche transit time inch immediate neglect of differential overlap inosine inelastic neutron scattering; ion neutralization spectroscopy myo-inositol internal ionization potential isopropyl alcohol ion probe microanalysis interpenetrating polymer network isotope perturbation of resonance International Practical Temperature Scale 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo(4,5-f )quinoline infrared infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy intrinsic reaction coordinate infrared spectroscopy intersystem crossing ion-selective electrode; isodesmic stabilization energy ion scattering spectroscopy inosine 5′-triphosphate


2-30 ITS-90 IU J J j JD JT K K k k kat kb kcal KE keV kg kgf KIE kJ km Kn kPa kt kV kva kW kwh L L l l Lac LAH LAMES lat. LB lb lbf LC lc LCAO LD LDA LDL LDV Le LE LEC LED LEED LEIS LEP Leu LFER LFL lim

International Temperature Scale (1990) international unit joule angular momentum; electric current density; flux; Massieu function angular momentum; electric current density Julian Day (Date) Jahn-Teller (effect) kelvin absorption coefficient; bulk modulus; equilibrium constant; kinetic energy kilo (SI prefix for 103) absorption index; Boltzmann constant; rate constant; thermal conductivity; wave vector katal (unit of catalytic activity) kilobar; kilobases (DNA or RNA) kilocalorie kinetic energy kiloelectronvolt kilogram kilogram force kinetic isotope effect kilojoule kilometer Knudsen number kilopascal karat kilovolt kilovolt ampere kilowatt kilowatt hour liter; lambert Avogadro constant; inductance; Lagrange function; angular momentum liter; liquid (phase) angular momentum; length; mean free path; levorotatory lactose lithium aluminum hydride laser micro emission spectroscopy latitude Langmuir-Blodgett (membrane) pound pound force liquid chromatography; lethal concentration liquid crystal (phase) linear combination of atomic orbitals lethal dose local density approximation; lithium diisopropylamide low-density lipoprotein laser-Doppler velocimetry Lewis function localization energy liquid exchange chromatography light emitting diode low-energy electron diffraction low-energy ion scattering London-Eyring-Polanyi (method) leucine linear free energy relationships lower flammable limit limit

LIMS liq LLCT LM lm LMCT LMO LMR ln LNDO log LOMO long. LRMA LSFE LST LT LTE LUMO LV lx ly l.y. Lys Lyx M M Mr m m Ma MA MAbs Mal Man MASNMR max Mb MBE MBER MBPT MC MCAA MCD MCPA MCPF MCSCF MD Me MeCCNU MeIQ MeIQx MEK MEL MEP MERP

laser ionization mass spectroscopy; laboratory information management system liquid ligand to ligand charge transfer low modulus lumen ligand to metal charge transfer localized molecular orbital laser magnetic resonance logarithm (natural) local neglect of differential overlap logarithm (common) lowest occupied molecular orbital longitude laser Raman microanalysis linear field stabilization energy local sidereal time local time local thermodynamic equilibrium lowest unoccupied molecular orbital limit value lux langley light year lysine lyxose molar (as in 0.1 M solution); mega (SI prefix for 106) magnetization; molar mass; mutual inductance; torque; angular momentum component; median molecular weight (relative molar mass) meter; molal (as in 0.1 m solution); metastable (isotope); milli (SI prefix for 10–3) magnetic dipole moment; mass; molality; angular momentum component; meta (locant on aromatic ring) Mach number maleic anhydride monoclonal antibodies maltose mannose magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance maximum myoglobin molecular beam epitaxy molecular beam electron resonance many body perturbation theory Monte Carlo (method) monochloroacetic acid magnetic circular dichroism (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid modified coupled pair functional multiconfigurational self-consistent field (approximation) molecular dynamics (method) methyl 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1nitrosourea 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f ]quinoline 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f ]quinoxaline methyl ethyl ketone maximum exposure limit molecular electrostatic potential minimum energy reaction path

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols Mes MESFET Met MeV meV MF mg MHD mi min MINDO MIPK MIR misc MJD MKS MKSA mL, ml MLR MM mm MMDR mmf mmHg MNDO MO MODR mol mol.wt. mon Mops MOS MOSFET mp MPa MPA Mpc MPTP MR MRD MRI mRNA MS ms MSA MSDS MSL MTBE MTD Mur mV MVK MW mW Mx N N NA n n NAA

4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor methionine megaelectronvolt millielectronvolt molecular formula milligram magnetohydrodynamics mile minimum; minute modified INDO (method) methyl isopropyl ketone mid infrared miscible Modified Julian Day (Date) meter-kilogram-second system meter-kilogram-second-ampere system milliliter multiple linear regression molecular mechanics millimeter microwave-microwave double resonance magnetomotive force millimeter of mercury modified neglect of diatomic overlap molecular orbital; methyl orange microwave-optical double resonance mole molecular weight monomeric form 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid metal-oxide semiconductor metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor melting point megapascal Mulliken population analysis megaparsec 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine methyl red multireference double substitution (method) magnetic resonance imaging messenger RNA mass spectroscopy millisecond methanesulfonic acid Material Safety Data Sheet mean sea level methyl tert-butyl ether maximum tolerable dose muramic acid millivolt methyl vinyl ketone megawatt; microwave; molecular weight milliwatt maxwell newton angular momentum; neutron number; number density Avogadro constant neutron; nano (SI prefix for 10–9) amount of substance; number density; principal quantum number; refractive index; normal (in chemical formulas) nuclear activation analysis

2-31 NAAD NAD NADH NADP NANA NAO NBO nbp NEDOR Neu NEXAFS ng NHO NHOMO NICS NIR nm NMN NMR Nn NNDO NO NOE NOEL NOx NP NPA NQR NRA ns NSE NTP Nu Nu o obs, obsd Oc OD ODMR Oe OFGF ORD Oro oz P P p p Pa PA PABA PAH PAM PAN PAR PAS PBA PBB PBD PBMA PBT

nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced NAD NAD phosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid natural atomic orbital natural bond orbital normal boiling point nuclear electron double resonance neuraminic acid near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure nanogram natural hybrid orbital next-to-highest occupied molecular orbital nuclear independent chemical shift near infrared; ribosylnicotinamide nanometer β-nicotinamide mononucleotide nuclear magnetic resonance nonyl neglect of nonbonded differential overlap natural orbital nuclear Overhauser effect no-observed-effect level nitrogen oxides nitropyrene natural population analysis nuclear quadrupole resonance nuclear reaction analysis nanosecond neutron spin echo normal temperature and pressure nucleophile Nusselt number ortho (locant on aromatic ring) observed octyl optical density; outside diameter optically detected magnetic resonance oersted outer valence Green’s function (method) optical rotatory dispersion orotate; orotidine ounce poise; peta (SI prefix for 1015) power; pressure; probability; sound energy flux proton; pico (SI prefix for 10–12) dielectric polarization; electric dipole moment; momentum; pressure; bond order; para (as aromatic ring locant) pascal proton affinity p-aminobenzoic acid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(s) polyacrylamide 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol; polyacrylonitrile 4-(2′-pyridylazo)resorcinol photoacoustic spectroscopy poly(butyl acrylate) polybrominated biphenyl poly(1,3-butadiene) poly(butyl methacrylate) poly(butylene terephthalate)


2-32 PC pc PCM PCR PD pdl PDMS Pe Pe pe PEA PEG PEL PES PET peth pf PFOA pg Ph pH Phe PhIP pI PIB PIN Pipes PIV PIXE pK PLM PLOT PLS pm PMA PMMA PMO PNDO PNO PNRA POAV pol POx ppb ppm PPO PPP ppt Pr Pr PRDDO Pro PS ps PSD psi psia psig PT pt PTFE

paper chromatography parsec polarizable continuum model polymerase chain reaction potential difference poundal poly(dimethylsiloxane) pentyl Péclet number probable error poly(ethyl acrylate) poly(ethylene glycol) permissible exposure limit photoelectron spectroscopy; potential energy surface positron emission tomography; poly(ethylene terephthalate) petroleum ether power factor perfluorooctanoic acid picogram phenyl negative log of hydrogen ion concentration phenylalanine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine isoelectric point polyisobutylene p-intrinsic-n (diode) 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid particle-image velocimetry particle induced x-ray emission negative log of ionization constant principle of least motion porous-layer open-tabular (column) partial least squares picometer poly(methyl acrylate) poly(methyl methacrylate) perturbation MO (theory) partial neglect of differential overlap pair natural orbitals prompt nuclear reaction analysis π-orbital axis vector polymeric form phosphorus oxides parts per billion parts per million poly(phenylene oxide) Pariser-Parr-Pople (method) parts per thousand; precipitate propyl Prandtl number partial retention of diatomic differential overlap proline photoelectron spectroscopy picosecond photon stimulated desorption pounds per square inch pounds per square inch absolute pounds per square inch gage perturbation theory pint poly(tetrafluoroethylene)

PTMS Pu PVA PVAc PVC PVD PVDF PVME PVT Py p.z.c. Q q QCD QCI QCT QED Q.E.D. QMRE QSAR QSO qt quad Qui q.v. R °R R r r RA rad RAIRS RAM RBS Rbu, Rul RCI RDA Re RE REELS RED REM rem REPE RF Rha RHEED RHF RIA Rib Ribulo rms RNA RNase ROHF ROM RPA RPH RPLC

propyltrimethoxysilane purine poly(vinyl alcohol) poly(vinyl acetate) poly(vinyl chloride) physical vapor deposition poly(vinylidene fluoride) poly(methyl vinyl ether) pressure-volume-temperature pyrimidine point of zero charge electric charge; heat; partition function; quadrupole moment; radiant energy; vibrational normal coordinate electric field gradient; flow rate; heat; wave vector (phonons) quantum chromodynamics quadratic configuration interaction quasi-classical trajectory (method) quantum electrodynamics quod erat demonstrandum (which was to be proved) quantum mechanical resonance energy quantitative structure-activity relations quasi-stellar object quart quadrillion BTU (=1.055•1018 joules) quinovose quod vide (which you should see) roentgen; alkyl radical (in chemical formulas) degree Rankine electrical resistance; gas constant; molar refraction; Rydberg constant; coefficient of multiple correlation reaction (as in ∆rH) position vector; radius right ascension radian reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy random access memory Rutherford back scattering ribulose ring current index rubidium dihydrogen arsenate real part resonance energy reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy radial electron distribution reflection electron microscopy roentgen equivalent man resonance energy per electron radiofrequency rhamnose reflection high-energy electron diffraction restricted Hartree-Fock (theory) radioimmunoassay ribose ribulose root-mean-square ribonucleic acid ribonuclease restricted open shell Hartree-Fock read only memory random phase approximation reaction path Hamiltonian reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols rpm rps RRK RRKM rRNA RRS RS Ry S S s s SAED SALC SALI SAM SAMS SANS SAR Sar sat, satd SAXS Sc SC SCD SCE SCF SCP SCR SCRF sd SDW SE SEC sec sec SECSY Sed SEELFS SEM sepn Ser SERS SET SEXAF SFC Sh Shy SI SILAR SIMS sin sinh SIPN SLAM SLUMO SMILES SMO SMOW

revolutions per minute revolutions per second Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel (theory) Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (theory) ribosomal RNA resonance Raman spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy rydberg siemens area; entropy; probability current density; Poynting vector; symmetry coordinate; spin angular momentum second; solid (phase) path length; spin angular momentum; symmetry number; sedimentation coefficient; solubility; symmetrical (as stereochemical descriptor) selected area electron diffraction symmetry adapted linear combinations surface analysis by laser ionization scanning Auger microscopy self-assembled monolayers small angle neutron scattering structure-activity relationship sarcosine saturated small angle x-ray scattering Schmidt number spin-coupled (method) state correlation diagram saturated calomel electrode self-consistent field (method) single-cell protein silicon-controlled rectifier self-consistent reaction field (method) standard deviation spin density wave strain energy size exclusion chromatography secant; second secondary (in chemical name) spin-echo correlated spectroscopy sedoheptulose surface extended energy loss fine structure scanning electron microscopy; standard error of the mean separation serine surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy single electron transfer surface extended x-ray absorption fine structure supercritical fluid chromatography Sherwood number thiohypoxanthine International System of Units successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction secondary-ion spectroscopy sine hyperbolic sine semi-interpenetrating polymer network scanning laser acoustic microscopy second lowest unoccupied molecular orbital simplified molecular input line entry system semiempirical molecular orbital Standard Mean Ocean Water (Vienna)

2-33 SNMS Sno SNU SOJT sol soln, sln SOMO Sor sp gr SPM sq Sr sr Srd SSMS St St std, stnd STEL STEM STM STO STP sub, subl Suc, Sac Sur Sv T T t t TAC TAI Tal tan tanh Taps TBE TBP TCA TCE TCG TCNQ TCP TCSCF TDI tDNA TE TEA TED TEELS TEM temp tert Tes TFD TGA Thd

sputtered neutral mass spectroscopy thiouridine solar neutrino unit second-order Jahn-Teller (effect) soluble; solution solution singly occupied molecular orbital sorbose specific gravity scanned probe microscopy square Strouhal number steradian 6-thioinosine source spark mass spectroscopy stoke Stanton number standard (state) short-term exposure limit scanning transmission electron microscope scanning tunneling microscopy Slater-type orbital standard temperature and pressure sublimes; sublimation sucrose thiouracil sievert tesla; tera (SI prefix for 1012); thymine (in genetic code) kinetic energy; period; term value; temperature (thermodynamic); torque; transmittance metric tonne; triton Celsius temperature; thickness; time; transport number time-to-amplitude converter International Atomic Time talose tangent hyperbolic tangent 3-{[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino}-1propanesulfonic acid 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane tributyl phosphate trichloroacetic acid trichloroethylene Geocentric Coordinated Time tetracyanoquinodimethane tricresyl phosphate two configuration self-consistent field toluene diisocyanate transfer DNA transverse electric triethanolamine; triethylamine transferred electron device; transmission electron diffraction transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy transverse electromagnetic; transmission electron microscope temperature tertiary (in chemical name) 2-{[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino}-1propanesulfonic acid Thomas-Fermi-Dirac (method) thermogravimetric analysis ribosylthymine


2-34 THEED theor thf, THF Thr Thy TL TLC TLV TM TMAB TMS tol TOPO Torr Tre TRE Tricine Tris TRMC tRNA Trp trs TS TSS TST Tyr U U u u ua UBFF UDMH UDP UHF UMP uns, unsym UPS, UPES Ura Urd USP UT UTC UTP UV V V v v/v Val vap VAT VB VCD VDW VHF vic VIS vit VOC

transmission high energy electron diffraction theoretical tetrahydrofuran threonine thymine thermoluminescence thin-layer chromatography threshold limit value transverse magnetic tetrabutylammonium bromide tetramethylsilane tolyl trioctylphosphine oxide torr (pressure unit) trehalose topological resonance energy N-[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]glycine 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol time-resolved microwave conductivity transfer RNA tryptophan transition transition state transition state spectroscopy generalized transition-state theory tyrosine uracil (in genetic code) electric potential difference; internal energy unified atomic mass unit Bloch function; electric mobility; velocity astronomical unit (AU is also used) Urey-Bradley force field 1,1-dimethylhydrazine uridine 5′-diphosphate ultrahigh frequency; unrestricted Hartree-Fock (method) uridine 5′-monophosphate unsymmetrical (as chemical descriptor) ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy uracil uridine United States Pharmacopeia universal time coordinated universal time uridine 5′-triphosphate ultraviolet volt electric potential; potential energy; volume reaction rate; specific volume; velocity; vibrational quantum number; vicinal (as chemical descriptor) volume per volume (volume of solute divided by volume of solution, expressed as percent) valine vaporization vibration assisted tunneling valence band; valence bond (theory) vibrational circular dichroism van der Waals interaction very high frequency vicinal (on adjacent carbon atom) visible region of the spectrum vitreous (phase) volatile organic compound(s)

VOFF VPC VSEPR VSIP VSLI VSMOW VUV W W w w/v w/w WAXS Wb We WKB WLF wt X X x XAFS Xan XANES Xao Xlu, Xul XPS, XPES XRD XRF XRS Xyl Y Y y y y, yr YAG yd Z Z z z ZDO ZINDO ZPE, ZPVE ZULU α α β β γ γ Γ δ

valence orbital force field vapor phase chromatography valence shell electron-pair repulsion (method) valence state ionization potential very large scale integrated (circuit) Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water vacuum ultraviolet watt radiant energy; statistical weight; work energy density; mass fraction; velocity; work weight per volume (mass of solute divided by volume of solution, usually expressed as g/100 mL) weight per weight (mass of solute divided by mass of solution, expressed as percent) wide angle x-ray scattering weber Weber number Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (approximation) Williams-Landel-Ferry (equation) weight X unit; halogen (in chemical formula) reactance mole fraction x-ray absorption fine structure xanthine x-ray absorption near-edge structure xanthosine xylulose x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy x-ray diffraction x-ray fluorescence x-ray spectroscopy xylose yotta (SI prefix for 1024) admittance; Planck function; Young’s modulus yocto (SI prefix for 10–24) mole fraction for gas (when x refers to liquid phase) year yttrium-aluminum garnet (laser) yard zetta (SI prefix for 1021) atomic number; compression factor; collision number; impedance; partition function; zusammen (cis-configuration) zepto (SI prefix for 10–21) charge number (of an ion); collision frequency factor zero differential overlap Zerner’s INDO method zero point vibrational energy Greenwich mean time alpha particle absorption coefficient; degree of dissociation; electric polarizability; expansion coefficient; fine structure constant beta particle reciprocal temperature parameter (= 1/kT) photon; gamma (obsolete mass unit = µg) activity coefficient; conductivity; magnetogyric ratio; mass concentration; ratio of heat capacities; surface tension Grüneisen parameter; level width; surface concentration chemical shift; Dirac delta function; Kronecker delta; loss angle

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols ∆ ε ζ η κ λ Λ µ µ

µF µg µm µs ν νe

inertial defect; mass excess emittance; Levi-Civita symbol; linear strain; molar absorption coefficient; permittivity Coriolis coupling constant; electrokinetic potential overpotential; viscosity compressibility; conductivity; magnetic susceptibility; molar absorption coefficient absolute activity; radioactive decay constant; thermal conductivity; wavelength angular momentum; ionic conductivity muon; micro (SI prefix for 10–6) chemical potential; electric dipole moment; electric mobility; friction coefficient; Joule-Thompson coefficient; magnetic dipole moment; mobility; permeability microfarad microgram micrometer microsecond frequency; kinematic velocity; stoichiometric number neutrino

2-35 ν π Π ρ σ τ φ Φ χ χe ψ ω Ω Ω

wavenumber pion osmotic pressure; Peltier coefficient density; reflectance; resistivity electrical conductivity; cross section; normal stress; shielding constant (NMR); Stefan-Boltzmann constant; surface tension; standard deviation transmittance; chemical shift; shear stress; relaxation time electrical potential; fugacity coefficient; osmotic coefficient; quantum yield; wavefunction magnetic flux; potential energy; radiant power; work function magnetic susceptibility electric susceptibility wavefunction circular frequency; angular velocity; harmonic vibration wavenumber; statistical weight ohm axial angular momentum; solid angle

GREEK, RUSSIAN, AND HEBREW ALPHABETS The following table presents the Hebrew, Greek, and Russian alphabets, their letters, the names of the letters, and the English equivalents. Hebrew1,3

1 2 3

4 5 6

‫א‬

aleph

’2

‫ב‬

beth

b, bh

‫ג‬

gimel

g, gh

‫ד‬

daleth

d, dh

‫ה‬

he

h

‫ו‬

waw

w

‫ז‬

zayin

z

‫ח‬

heth

‫ט‬

h.

teth

‫י‬

t.

yodh

y

‫ךכ‬

kaph

k, kh

‫ל‬

lamedh

l

‫םמ‬

mem

m

‫ןנ‬

nun

n

‫ס‬

samekh

s

‫ע‬

ayin

‘

‫ףפ‬

pe

p, ph

Αα

Greek4

alpha

a

Ββ

beta

b

Γγ

gamma g, n

∆δ

delta

Εε

epsilon e

Ζζ

zeta

z

Ηη

eta

ē

Θθ

theta

th

d

Ιι

iota

i

Κκ

kappa

k

Λλ

lambda l

Μµ

mu

m

Νν

nu

n

Ξ ξ

xi

x

Οο

omicron o

Ππ

pi

Ρρ

rho

p r, rh

Σ σ ς sigma

s

Tτ

tau

t

ϒ υ

upsilon y, u

‫ץצ‬

sadhe

‫ק‬

s.

qoph

q

‫ר‬

resh

r

Φφ

‫שׂ‬

phi

ph

sin

ś

Χχ

‫שׁ‬

chi

ch

shin

sh

Ψψ

‫ת‬

psi

ps

taw

t, th

Ωω

omega

ō

Russian

Аа Бб Вв Гг Дд Ее Жж Зз ИиЙй Кк Лл Мм Нн Оо Пп Рр Cс Тт Уу Фф Хх Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъ ъ5 Ыы Ь ь6 Ээ Юю Яя

a b v g d e zh z i, ĭ k l m n o p r s t u f kh ts ch sh shch ” y ’ e yu ya

Where two forms of a letter are given, the second one is the form used at the end of a word. Not represented in transliteration when initial. The Hebrew letters are primarily consonants; a few of them are also used secondarily to represent certain vowels, when provided at all, by means of a system of dots or strokes adjacent to the consonated characters. The letter gamma is transliterated “n”only before velars; the letter upsilon is transliterated “u”only as the final element in diphthongs. This sign indicates that the immediately preceding consonant is not palatized even though immediately followed by a palatized vowel. This sign indicates that the immediately preceding consonant is palatized even though not immediately followed by a palatized vowel.

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS Brief definitions of selected terms of importance in chemistry, physics, and related fields of science are given in this section. The selection process emphasizes the following types of terms: d d d d

Physical quantities Units of measure Classes of chemical compounds and materials Important theories, laws, and basic concepts.

Individual chemical compounds are not included. Definitions have taken wherever possible from the recommendations of international or national bodies, especially the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For physical quantities and units, the recommended symbol is also given. The source of such definitions is indicated by the reference number in brackets following the definition. In many cases these official definitions have been edited in the interest of stylistic consistency and economy of space. The user is referred to the original source for further details. An asterisk (*) following a term indicates that further information can be found by consulting the index of this handbook under the entry for that term.

Ab initio method - An approach to quantum-mechanical calculations on molecules which starts with the Schrödinger equation and carries out a complete integration, without introducing empirical factors derived from experimental measurement. Absorbance (A) - Defined as -log(1-α) = log(1/τ), where α is the absorptance and τ the transmittance of a medium through which a light beam passes. [2] Absorbed dose (D) - For any ionizing radiation, the mean energy imparted to an element of irradiated matter divided by the mass of that element. [1] Absorptance (α) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux in a given spectral interval absorbed in a medium to that of the incident radiation. Also called absorption factor. [1] Absorption coefficient (a) - The relative decrease in the intensity of a collimated beam of electromagnetic radiation, as a result of absorption by a medium, during traversal of an infinitesimal layer of the medium, divided by the length traversed. [1] Absorption coefficient, molar (ε) - Absorption coefficient divided by amount-of-substance concentration of the absorbing material in the sample solution (ε = a/c). The SI unit is m2/mol. Also called extinction coefficient, but usually in units of mol–1dm3cm–1. [2] Acceleration - Rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration due to gravity (g)* - The standard value (9.80665 m/s2) of the acceleration experienced by a body in the earth’s gravitational field. [1] Acenes - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement. [5] Acid - Historically, a substance that yields an H+ ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH1) and their intramolecular hemiacetals. [5] Aldoximes - Oximes of aldehydes: RCH=NOH. [5] Alfvén number (Al) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Al = v(ρµ)1/2/B, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] Alfven waves - Very low frequency waves which can exist in a plasma in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. Also called magnetohydrodynamic waves. Alicyclic compounds - Aliphatic compounds having a carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system. [5] Aliphatic compounds - Acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, excluding aromatic compounds. [5] Alkali metals - The elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. Alkaline earth metals - The elements calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. [7] Alkaloids - Basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom (but not excluding those of animal origin). Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, and amino sugars are not normally regarded as alkaloids. [5] Alkanes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. [5] Alkenes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one double bond are alkadienes, alkatrienes, etc. [5] Alkoxides - Compounds, ROM, derivatives of alcohols, ROH, in which R is saturated at the site of its attachment to oxygen and M is a metal or other cationic species. [5] Alkyl groups - Univalent groups derived from alkanes by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom: CnH2n+1-. The groups derived by removal of a hydrogen atom from a terminal carbon atom of unbranched alkanes form a subclass of normal alkyl (n-alkyl) groups. The groups RCH2-, R2CH-, and R3C- (R not equal to H) are primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl groups, respectively. [5]

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2-29 Alkynes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n–2, RC≡CR´. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one triple bond are known as alkadiynes, alkatriynes, etc. [5] Allotropy - The occurrence of an element in two or more crystalline forms. Allylic groups - The group CH2=CHCH2- (allyl) and derivatives formed by substitution. The term ‘allylic position’ or ‘allylic site’ refers to the saturated carbon atom. A group, such as OH, attached at an allylic site is sometimes described as “allylic”. [5] Amagat volume unit - A non-SI unit previously used in high pressure science. It is defined as the molar volume of a real gas at one atmosphere pressure and 273.15 K. The approximate value is 22.4 L/mol. Amides - Derivatives of oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. [5] Amine oxides - Compounds derived from tertiary amines by the attachment of one oxygen atom to the nitrogen atom: R3N+O–. By extension the term includes the analogous derivatives of primary and secondary amines. [5] Amines - Compounds formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two, or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and having the general structures RNH2 (primary amines), R2NH (secondary amines), R3N (tertiary amines). [5] Amino acids* - Compounds containing both a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2). The most important are the α-amino acids, in which the -NH2 group in attached to the C atom adjacent to the -COOH group. In the β-amino acids, there is an intervening carbon atom. [4] Ampere (A)* - The SI base unit of electric current. [1] Ampere’s law - The defining equation for the magnetic induction B, viz., dF = Idl × B, where dF is the force produced by a current I flowing in an element of the conductor dl pointing in the direction of the current. Ångström (Å) - A unit of length used in spectroscopy, crystallography, and molecular structure, equal to 10–10 m. Angular momentum (L) - The angular momentum of a particle about a point is the vector product of the radius vector from this point to the particle and the momentum of the particle; i.e., L = r × p. [1] Angular velocity (ω) - The angle through which a body rotates per unit time. Anilides - Compounds derived from oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) by replacing the -OH group by the -NHPh group or derivative formed by ring substitution. Also used for salts formed by replacement of a nitrogen-bound hydrogen of aniline by a metal. [5] Anion - A negatively charged atomic or molecular particle. Antiferroelectricity* - An effect analogous to antiferromagnetism in which electric dipoles in a crystal are ordered in two sublattices that are polarized in opposite directions, leading to zero net polarization. The effect vanishes above a critical temperature. Antiferromagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are ordered into two antiparallel aligned sublattices. Antiferromagnets are characterized by a zero or small positive magnetic susceptibility. The

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2-30 susceptibility increases with temperature up to a critical value, the Néel temperature, above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Antiparticle - A particle having the same mass as a given elementary particle and a charge equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. Appearance potential* - The lowest energy which must be imparted to the parent molecule to cause it to produce a particular specified parent ion. This energy, usually stated in eV, may be imparted by electron impact, photon impact, or in other ways. More properly called appearance energy. [3] Appearance potential spectroscopy (APS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Are (a) - A unit of area equal to 100 m2. [1] Arenes - Monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. See aromatic compounds. [5] Aromatic compounds - Compounds whose structure includes a cyclic delocalized π-electron system. Historical use of the term implies a ring containing only carbon (e.g., benzene, naphthalene), but it is often generalized to include heterocyclic structures such as pyridine and thiophene. [5] Arrhenius equation - A key equation in chemical kinetics which expresses the rate constant k as k = Aexp(-Ea/RT), where Ea is the activation energy, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. A is called the preexponential factor and, for simple gas phase reactions, may be identified with the collision frequency. Arsines - AsH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. [5] Aryl groups - Groups derived from arenes by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom. Groups similarly derived from heteroarenes are sometimes subsumed in this definition. [5] Astronomical unit (AU)* - The mean distance of the earth from the sun, equal to 1.49597870 × 1011 m. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic mass* - The mass of a nuclide, normally expressed in unified atomic mass units (u). Atomic mass unit (u)* - A unit of mass used in atomic, molecular, and nuclear science, defined as the mass of one atom of 12C divided by 12. Its approximate value is 1.66054 × 10–27 kg. Also called the unified atomic mass unit. [1] Atomic number (Z) - A characteristic property of an element, equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. Atomic weight (Ar)* - The ratio of the average mass per atom of an element to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. An atomic weight can be defined for a sample of any given isotopic composition. The standard atomic weight refers to a sample of normal terrestrial isotopic composition. The term relative atomic mass is synonymous with atomic weight. [2] Attenuated total reflection (ATR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1.

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Definitions of Scientific Terms Auger effect - An atomic process in which an electron from a higher energy level fills a vacancy in an inner shell, transferring the released energy to another electron which is ejected. Aurora - An atmospheric phenomenon in which streamers of light are produced when electrons from the sun are guided into the thermosphere by the earth’s magnetic field. It occurs in the polar regions at altitudes of 95—300 km. Avogadro constant (NA)* - The number of elementary entities in one mole of a substance. Azeotrope - A liquid mixture in a state where the variation of vapor pressure with composition at constant temperature (or, alternatively, the variation of normal boiling point with composition) shows either a maximum or a minimum. Thus when an azeotrope boils the vapor has the same composition as the liquid. Azides - Compounds bearing the group -N3, viz. -N=N+=N–; usually attached to carbon, e.g. PhN3, phenyl azide or azidobenzene. Also used for salts of hydrazoic acid, HN3, e.g. NaN3, sodium azide. [5] Azines - Condensation products, R2C=NN=CR2 , of two moles of a carbonyl compound with one mole of hydrazine. [5] Azo compounds - Derivatives of diazene (diimide), HN=NH, wherein both hydrogens are substituted by hydrocarbyl groups, e.g., PhN=NPh, azobenzene or diphenyldiazene. [5] Balmer series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum number n = 2 and successive higher states. The wavelengths are given by 1/λ = RH(1/4 - 1/n2), where n = 3,4,... and RH is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. The first member of the series (n = 2  3), which is often called the Hα line, falls at a wavelength of 6563 Å. Bar (bar) - A unit of pressure equal to 105 Pa.´ Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory - A theory of superconductivity which is based upon the formation of electron pairs as a result of an electron-lattice interaction. The theory relates the superconducting transition temperature to the density of states and the Debye temperature. Barn (b) - A unit used for expressing cross sections of nuclear processes, equal to 10–28 m2. Barrel - A unit of volume equal to 158.9873 L. Baryon - Any elementary particle built up from three quarks. Examples are the proton, neutron, and various short-lived hyperons. Baryons have odd half-integer spins. Base - Historically, a substance that yields an OH– ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH>7. In the Brönsted definition, a base is a substance capable of accepting a proton in any type of reaction. The more general definition, due to G.N. Lewis, classifies any chemical species capable of donating an electron pair as a base. Becquerel (Bq)* - The SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to s–1. [1] Beer’s law - An approximate expression for the change in intensity of a light beam that passes through an absorbing medium, viz., log(I/I0) = -εcl, where I0 is the incident intensity, I is the final intensity, ε is the molar (decadic) absorption coefficient, c is the molar concentration of the absorbing substance, and l is the path length. Also called the Beer-Lambert law Binding energy* - A generic term for the energy required to decompose a system into two or more of its constituent parts. In nuclear physics, the binding energy is the energy differ-

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Definitions of Scientific Terms ence between a nucleus and the separated nucleons of which it is composed (the energy equivalent of the mass defect). In atomic physics, it is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Biot (Bi) - A name sometimes used for the unit of current in the emu system. Birefringence - A property of certain crystals in which two refracted rays result from a single incident light ray. One, the ordinary ray, follows the normal laws of refraction, while the other, the extraordinary ray, exhibits a variable refractive index which depends on the direction in the crystal. Black body radiation* - The radiation emitted by a perfect black body, i.e., a body which absorbs all radiation incident on it and reflects none. The wavelength dependence of the radiated energy density ρ (energy per unit volume per unit wavelength range) is given by the Planck formula ρ=

8πhc λ 5 (e hc/λkt − 1)

where λ is the wavelength, h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Black hole - A very dense object, formed in a supernova explosion, whose gravitational field is so large that no matter or radiation can escape from the object. Bloch wave function - A solution of the Schrödinger equation for an electron moving in a spatially periodic potential; used in the band theory of solids. Bohr magneton (µB)* - The atomic unit of magnetic moment, defined as eh/4πme, where h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is the moment associated with a single electron spin. Bohr, bohr radius (a0)* - The radius of the lowest orbit in the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, defined as εoh2/πmee2, where εo is the permittivity of a vacuum, h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is customarily taken as the unit of length when using atomic units. Boiling point - The temperature at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Boltzmann constant (k)* - The molar gas constant R divided by Avogadro’s constant. Boltzmann distribution - An expression for the equilibrium distribution of molecules as a function of their energy, in which the number of molecules in a state of energy E is proportional to exp(-E/kT), where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature. Bond strength - See Dissociation energy. Born-Haber cycle* - A thermodynamic cycle in which a crystalline solid is converted to gaseous ions and then reconverted to the solid. The cycle permits calculation of the lattice energy of the crystal. Bose-Einstein distribution - A modification of the Boltzmann distribution which applies to a system of particles that are bosons. The number of particles of energy E is proportional to [e(E–µ)/kT-1]–1 , where µ is a normalization constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Boson - A particle that obeys Bose-Einstein Statistics; specifically, any particle with spin equal to zero or an integer. This includes

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2-31 the photon, pion, deuteron, and all nuclei of even mass number. Boyle’s law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature. Bragg angle (θ) - Defined by the equation nλ = 2dsinθ, which relates the angle θ between a crystal plane and the diffracted x-ray beam, the wavelength λ of the x-rays, the crystal plane spacing d, and the diffraction order n (any integer). Bravais lattices* - The 14 distinct crystal lattices that can exist in three dimensions. They include three in the cubic crystal system, two in the tetragonal, four in the orthorhombic, two in the monoclinic, and one each in the triclinic, hexagonal, and trigonal systems. Breakdown voltage - The potential difference at which an insulating substance undergoes a physical or chemical change that causes it to become a conductor, thus allowing current to flow through the sample. Bremsstrahlung - Electromagnetic radiation generated when the velocity of a charged particle is reduced (literally, “braking radiation”). An example is the x-ray continuum resulting from collisions of electrons with the target in an x-ray tube. Brewster angle - The angle of incidence for which the maximum degree of plane polarization occurs when a beam of unpolarized light is incident on the surface of a medium of refractive index n. At this angle, the angle between the reflected and refracted beams is 90°. The value of the Brewster angle is tan–1n. Brillouin scattering - The scattering of light by acoustic phonons in a solid or liquid. Brillouin zone - A region of allowed wave vectors and energy levels in a crystalline solid, which plays a part in the propagation of waves through the lattice. British thermal unit (Btu) - A non-SI unit of energy, equal to approximately 1055 J. Several values of the Btu, defined in slightly different ways, have been used. Brownian motion - The random movements of small particles suspended in a fluid, which arise from collisions with the fluid molecules. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Buffer* - A solution designed to maintain a constant pH when small amounts of a strong acid or base are added. Buffers usually consist of a fairly weak acid and its salt with a strong base. Suitable concentrations are chosen so that the pH of the solution remains close to the pKa of the weak acid. Calorie (cal) - A non-SI unit of energy, originally defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C. Several calories of slightly different values have been used. The thermochemical calorie is now defined as 4.184 J. Candela (cd)* - The SI base unit of luminous intensity. [1] Capacitance (C) - Ratio of the charge acquired by a body to the change in potential. [1] Carbamates - Salts or esters of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH, or of N-substituted carbamic acids: R2NC(=O)OR´, (R´ = hydrocarbyl or a cation). The esters are often called urethanes or urethans, a usage that is strictly correct only for the ethyl esters. [5] Carbenes - The electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univa-

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2-32 lent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state). [5] Carbinols - An obsolete term for substituted methanols, in which the name carbinol is synonymous with methanol. [5] Carbohydrates - Originally, compounds such as aldoses and ketoses, having the stoichiometric formula Cn(H2O)n (hence “hydrates of carbon”). The generic term carbohydrate now includes mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides, as well as their reaction products and derivatives. [5] Carboranes - A contraction of carbaboranes. Compounds in which a boron atom in a polyboron hydride is replaced by a carbon atom with maintenance of the skeletal structure. [5] Carboxylic acids - Oxoacids having the structure RC(=O)OH. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)OH group including its carbon atom. [5] Carnot cycle - A sequence of reversible changes in a heat engine using a perfect gas as the working substance, which is used to demonstrate that entropy is a state function. The Carnot cycle also provides a means to calculate the efficiency of a heat engine. Catalyst - A substance that participates in a particular chemical reaction and thereby increases its rate but without a net change in the amount of that substance in the system. [3] Catenanes, catena compounds - Hydrocarbons having two or more rings connected in the manner of links of a chain, without a covalent bond. More generally, the class catena compounds embraces functional derivatives and hetero analogues. [5] Cation - A positively charged atomic or molecular particle. Centipoise (cP) - A common non-SI unit of viscosity, equal to mPa s. Centrifugal distortion - An effect in molecular spectroscopy in which rotational levels are lowered in energy, relative to the values of a rigid rotor, as the rotational angular momentum increases. The effect may be understood classically as a stretching of the bonds in the molecule as it rotates faster, thus increasing the moment of inertia. Ceramic - A nonmetallic material of very high melting point. Cerenkov radiation - Light emitted when a beam of charged particles travels through a medium at a speed greater than the speed of light in the medium. It is typically blue in color. Cgs system of units - A system of units based upon the centimeter, gram, and second. The cgs system has been supplanted by the International System (SI). Chalcogens - The Group VIA elements (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium). Compounds of these elements are called chalcogenides. [7] Chaotic system - A complex system whose behavior is governed by deterministic laws but whose evolution can vary drastically when small changes are made in the initial conditions. Charge - See Electric charge. Charles’ law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure. Charm - A quantum number introduced in particle physics to account for certain properties of elementary particles and their reactions. Chelate - A compound characterized by the presence of bonds from two or more bonding sites within the same ligand to a central metal atom. [3]

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Definitions of Scientific Terms Chemical potential - For a mixture of substances, the chemical potential of constituent B is defined as the partial derivative of the Gibbs energy G with respect to the amount (number of moles) of B, with temperature, pressure, and amounts of all other constituents held constant. Also called partial molar Gibbs energy. [2] Chemical shift* - A small change in the energy levels (and hence in the spectra associated with these levels) resulting from the effects of chemical binding in a molecule. The term is used in fields such as NMR, Mössbauer, and photoelectron spectroscopy, where the energy levels are determined primarily by nuclear or atomic effects. Chiral molecule - A molecule which cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. A common example is an organic molecule containing a carbon atom to which four different atoms or groups are attached. Such molecules exhibit optical activity, i.e., they rotate the plane of a polarized light beam. Chlorocarbons - Compounds consisting solely of chlorine and carbon. [5] Chromatography* - A method for separation of the components of a sample in which the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary while the other moves. In gas chromatography the gas moves over a liquid or solid stationary phase. In liquid chromatography the liquid mixture moves through another liquid, a solid, or a gel. The mechanism of separation of components may be adsorption, differential solubility, ion-exchange, permeation, or other mechanisms. [6] Clapeyron equation - A relation between pressure and temperature of two phases of a pure substance that are in equilibrium, viz., dp/dT = ∆trsS/∆trs V, where ∆trs S is the difference in entropy between the phases and ∆trsV the corresponding difference in volume. Clathrates - Inclusion compounds in which the guest molecule is in a cage formed by the host molecule or by a lattice of host molecules. [5] Clausius (Cl) - A non-SI unit of entropy or heat capacity defined as cal/K = 4.184 J/K. [2] Clausius-Clapeyron equation - An approximation to the Clapeyron equation applicable to liquid-gas and solid-gas equilibrium, in which one assumes an ideal gas with volume much greater than the condensed phase volume. For the liquid-gas case, it takes the form d(lnp)/dT = ∆vap H/RT2, where R is the molar gas constant and ∆vap H is the molar enthalpy of vaporization. For the solid-gas case, ∆vap H is replaced by the molar enthalpy of sublimation, ∆sub H. Clausius-Mosotti equation - A relation between the dielectric constant εr at optical frequencies and the polarizability α: ε r − 1 ρN A α = εr + 2 3 M ε0 where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Clebsch-Gordon coefficients - A set of coefficients used to describe the vector coupling of angular momenta in atomic and nuclear physics. Codon - A set of three bases, chosen from the four primary bases found in the DNA molecule (uracil, cytosine, adenine, and guanine), which specifies the production of a particular amino

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Definitions of Scientific Terms acid or carries some other genetic instruction. For example, the codon UCA specifies the amino acid serine, CAG specifies glutamine, etc. There are a total of 64 codons. Coercive force - The magnetizing force at which the magnetic flux density is equal to zero. [10] Coercivity* - The maximum value of coercive force that can be attained when a magnetic material is symmetrically magnetized to saturation induction. [10] Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Colloid - Molecules or polymolecular particles dispersed in a medium that have, at least in one direction, a dimension roughly between 1 nm and 1 µm. [3] Color center - A defect in a crystal that gives rise to optical absorption, thus changing the color of the material. A common type is the F-center, which results when an electron occupies the site of a negative ion. Compressibility (κ)* - The fractional change of volume as pressure is increased, viz., κ = -(1/V)(dV/dp). [1] Compton wavelength (λC)* - In the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free particle (e.g., electron, proton), λC = h/mc is the increase in wavelength, at a 90° scattering angle, corresponding to the transfer of energy from radiation to particle. Here h is Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, and m the mass of the particle. Conductance (G)* - For direct current, the reciprocal of resistance. More generally, the real part of admittance. [1] Conductivity, electrical (σ)* - The reciprocal of the resistivity. [1] Conductivity, thermal - See Thermal conductivity. Congruent transformation - A phase transition (melting, vaporization, etc.) in which the substance preserves its exact chemical composition. Constitutional repeating unit (CRU) - In polymer science, the smallest constitutional unit, the repetition of which constitutes a regular macromolecule, i.e., a macromolecule with all units connected identically with respect to directional sense. [8] Copolymer - A polymer derived from more than one species of monomer. [8] Coriolis effect - The deviation from simple trajectories when a mechanical system is described in a rotating coordinate system. It affects the motion of projectiles on the earth and in molecular spectroscopy leads to an important interaction between the rotational and vibrational motions. The effect may be described by an additional term in the equations of motion, called the Coriolis force. Cosmic rays* - High energy nuclear particles, electrons, and photons, originating mostly outside the solar system, which continually bombard the earth’s atmosphere. Coulomb (C)* - The SI unit of electric charge, equal to A s. [1] Coulomb’s law - The statement that the force F between two electrical charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r is F = (4πε0)–1 q1q2/r2, where ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Covalent bond - A chemical bond between two atoms whose stability results from the sharing of two electrons, one from each atom. Cowling number (Co) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Co = B2/µρv2, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] CPT theorem - A theorem in particle physics which states that any local Lagrangian theory that is invariant under proper

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2-33 Lorentz transformations is also invariant under the combined operations of charge conjugation, C, space inversion, P, and time reversal, T, taken in any order. Critical point* - In general, the point on the phase diagram of a two-phase system at which the two coexisting phases have identical properties and therefore represent a single phase. At the liquid-gas critical point of a pure substance, the distinction between liquid and gas vanishes, and the vapor pressure curve ends. The coordinates of this point are called the critical temperature and critical pressure. Above the critical temperature, it is not possible to liquefy the substance. Cross section (σ)* - A measure of the probability of collision (or other interaction) between a beam of particles and a target which it encounters. In rough terms it is the effective area the target particles present to the incident ones; however, the precise definition depends on the nature of the interaction. A general definition of σ is the number of encounters per unit time divided by nv, where n is the concentration of incident particles and v their velocity. Crosslink - In polymer science, a small region in a macromolecule from which at least four chains emanate, and formed by reactions involving sites or groups on existing macromolecules or by interactions between existing macromolecules. [8] Crown compounds - Macrocyclic polydentate compounds, usually uncharged, in which three or more coordinating ring atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) are or may become suitably close for easy formation of chelate complexes with metal ions or other cationic species. [5] Crust* - The outer layer of the solid earth, above the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Its thickness averages about 35 km on the continents and about 7 km below the ocean floor. Cryoscopic constant (Ef )* - The constant that expresses the amount by which the freezing point Tf of a solvent is lowered by a non-dissociating solute, through the relation ∆Tf = Ef m, where m is the molality of the solute. Curie (Ci) - A non-SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to 3.7 × 1010 s–1. Curie temperature (TC)* - For a ferromagnetic material, the critical temperature above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Also applied to the temperature at which the spontaneous polarization disappears in a ferroelectric solid. [1] Cyanohydrins - Alcohols substituted by a cyano group, most commonly, but not limited to, examples having a CN and an OH group attached to the same carbon atom. They are formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by the addition of hydrogen cyanide. [5] Cycloalkanes - Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons (with or without side chains). See alicyclic compounds. Unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbons having one endocyclic double or one triple bond are called cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes, respectively. [5] Cyclotron resonance - The resonant absorption of energy from a system in which electrons or ions that are orbiting in a uniform magnetic field are subjected to radiofrequency or microwave radiation. The resonance frequency is given by ν = eH/2πm*c, where e is the elementary charge, H is the magnetic field strength, m* is the effective mass of the charged particle, and c is the speed of light. The effect occurs in both solids (involving electrons or holes) and in low pressure gasses (involving ions)

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Definitions of Scientific Terms

2-34 Dalton (Da) - A name sometimes used in biochemistry for the unified atomic mass unit (u). De Broglie wavelength - The wavelength associated with the wave representation of a moving particle, given by h/mv, where h is Planck’s constant, m the particle mass, and v the velocity. De Haas-Van Alphen effect - An effect observed in certain metals and semiconductors at low temperatures and high magnetic fields, characterized by a periodic variation of magnetic susceptibility with field strength. Debye equation* - The relation between the relative permittivity (dielectric constant) εr, polarizability α, and permanent dipole moment µ in a dielectric material whose molecules are free to rotate. It takes the form ε r − 1 ρN A = εr + 2 3 Mε0

 µ2   α + 3kT 

where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Debye length - In the Debye-Hückel theory of ionic solutions, the effective thickness of the cloud of ions of opposite charge which surrounds each given ion and shields the Coulomb potential produced by that ion. Debye temperature (θD)* - In the Debye model of the heat capacity of a crystalline solid, θD = hνD/k, where h is Planck’s constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and νD is the maximum vibrational frequency the crystal can support. For T 1 atm) 1.107925

1.467420

20.8

1.03225

vs H2O sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, CS2; s ace, bz, chl msc H2O; s ace; sl bz, lig msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; sl CS2 s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O, MeOH

Acetylcholine iodide 2-Acetylcyclohexanone 2-Acetylcyclopentanone N-Acetyl-L-cysteine 3-Acetyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone 1-Acetyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzene

67 Acetylene

68 N-Acetylethanolamine

cry (w)

109.5

ye grn nd (dil 205.3 al or w) col gas -80.7 (triple point) 63.5

69 Acetyl fluoride

Ethanoyl fluoride

C2H3FO

557-99-3

62.042

vol liq or gas -84

70 N-Acetylglutamic acid 71 N-Acetylglycine

Aceturic acid

C7H11NO5 C4H7NO3

1188-37-0 543-24-8

189.166 117.104

72 trans-1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-Lproline 73 1-Acetyl-1H-imidazole

Oxaceprol

C7H11NO4

33996-33-7

173.167

pr (w) lo nd (w, MeOH) cry (Ac)

C5H6N2O

2466-76-4

110.114

74 75 76 77 78 79

Ethanoyl iodide

Methionamine Aspidospermine

C2H3IO C3H3NOS C8H16N2O3 C7H13NO3S C7H13NO3S C22H30N2O2

507-02-8 13250-46-9 692-04-6 1115-47-5 65-82-7 466-49-9

169.948 101.127 188.224 191.248 191.248 354.485

Dehydroacetic acid

C5H9NO2 C8H15NO C8H8O4

1113-68-4 4593-16-2 520-45-6

115.131 141.211 168.148

Acetyl iodide Acetyl isothiocyanate N6-Acetyl-L-lysine N-Acetyl-DL-methionine N-Acetyl-L-methionine 1-Acetyl-17methoxyaspidospermidine 80 N-Acetyl-N-methylacetamide 81 1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine 82 3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran2,4(3H)-dione

199 206 132 104.5 108 132.5

265 dec 114.5 105.5 nd or pr (al) 208 nd (peth) liq -25 liq -13.6 109

2.067320 1.152313

1.549120 1.523118

2202 195; 114.561 239 270

1.066325 0.968425

1.450225 1.473125

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, THF vs eth s eth, CS2

sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl msc H2O; i eth vs H2O vs H2O, eth; sl EtOH, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-7

O O P S O

O N

N

N

O

O

Acetonitrile

Acetophenone

Acetophenone azine

Acetoxon

O O S Cl

HO

O

H N

O

O

N-Acetylacetamide

O

HO HO

OH

O

NH

O

4-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid

2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-mannose

N H

HO

4-(Acetylamino)fluorene

OH

H N

O

O

2-(Acetylamino)fluorene

HO HO

O

OH

O

2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucose

O HN

NH

HO O

O 2-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid

HO

HN

NH

O 4-(Acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride

O

OH

HO

H N

O

N-Acetyl-L-alanine

O HO

OH

N H

O

O

O O

O

O

6-(Acetylamino)hexanoic acid

4-Acetylanisole

2-Acetylbenzoic acid


O

O O O

O

O

Br

O


Acetyl benzoylperoxide

Br N

O Cl

Acetyl bromide

Acetyl chloride

O

Cl N

O

Acetylcholine bromide

O

O

Acetylcholine chloride

O O O

O I N

O

O

HS

O

OH

O

O

O

Acetylcholine iodide

2-Acetylcyclohexanone

OH

NH

2-Acetylcyclopentanone

O

O

N-Acetyl-L-cysteine

3-Acetyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone

HO 1-Acetyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzene

HO O H

N H

H Acetylene

O HO

O

OH

F

N-Acetylethanolamine

NH

O

Acetyl fluoride

H N

OH O

OH

O

N-Acetylglutamic acid

COOH

N

O O

N-Acetylglycine

trans-1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-L-proline

O N

O O

N

I

O 1-Acetyl-1H-imidazole

O N

Acetyl iodide

NH2

Acetyl isothiocyanate

N H

OH

OH HN O

N6-Acetyl-L-lysine

N-Acetyl-DL-methionine

N

O S

C

HO

S

S

O

N

HN O N-Acetyl-L-methionine

OH O

H

OH O

H O

1-Acetyl-17-methoxyaspidospermidine

N O

N O

N-Acetyl-N-methylacetamide

O 1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine

O

O

3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H)-dione

3-8


No. Name

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C6H11NO2

1696-20-4

Acetylsalicylic acid

C11H19NO9 C2H3NO4 C9H8O4

5-Bromoacetylsalicylic acid

Synonym

83 4-Acetylmorpholine 84 N-Acetylneuraminic acid 85 Acetyl nitrate 86 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 87 4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 88 2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid 89 4-(Acetyloxy)-3methoxybenzaldehyde 90 2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone

Aceneuramic acid

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

129.157

14.5

15250, 11812

1.114520

1.482720

msc H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc

131-48-6 591-09-3 50-78-2

309.271 105.050 180.158

186 exp 60; 2270

1.2415

C9H8O4 C9H7BrO4

2345-34-8 1503-53-3

180.158 259.054

C10H10O4

881-68-5

194.184

C10H10O3

2243-35-8

178.184

nd (w), mcl tab (w) nd (al)

orth pl

Acetoxyacetone

C5H8O3

592-20-1

116.116

92 93 94 95 96

Tributyltin acetate Triphenyltin acetate

C14H30O2Sn C20H18O2Sn C10H10O3 C11H13NO3 C13H17NO3

56-36-0 900-95-8 13031-43-1 2018-61-3 2361-96-8

349.097 409.066 178.184 207.226 235.279

C12H15NO3

3618-96-0

221.252

C2H5O5P

590-54-5

140.032

C7H13NO C7H11NO2 C22H28N6O14P2

618-42-8 32161-06-1 86-08-8

127.184 141.168 662.436

C9H10OS C7H16INOS C13H14N2O3

1778-09-2 1866-15-5 1218-34-4

166.239 289.177 246.261

105 N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine

C11H13NO4

537-55-3

223.226

106 107 108 109

C13H17NO4 C7H13NO3 C20H17N3Na2O9S3 C14H7ClF3NO5

840-97-1 96-81-1 3244-88-0 50594-66-6

251.279 159.183 585.539 361.658

C25H41NO9

509-20-6

499.596

amor

98 Acetyl phosphate 99 1-Acetylpiperidine 100 1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone 101 3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide 102 4-Acetylthioanisole 103 Acetyl thiocholine iodide 104 N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan

N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester N-Acetyl-L-valine Acid Fuchsin Acifluorfen

3-Acetyl NAD

Fuchsin, acid 5-[2-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid

110 Aconine

s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; sl bz

188.5 60 78

91 1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone (Acetyloxy)tributylstannane (Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane 4-Acetylphenyl acetate N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, ethyl ester 97 N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, methyl ester

135

49

270

1.116965

1.503665

171; 6311

1.075720

1.414120

84.7 121.5 s ctc, CS2 s EtOH

173.5 93

cry (EtOH aq) nd (peth) or 91 visc oil (chl) unstab in soln liq -13.4

226.5 218; 1240.2

1.0119 1.14625

1.479025 1.502620

nd (dil MeOH) cry (w); pl (diox)

81.5 205 189.5

s H2O, EtOH, alk

153 80.5 164 sl H2O, EtOH 150 132

Aminacrine

C34H47NO11 C13H10N2

302-27-2 90-45-9

645.737 194.231

orth lf 204 ye nd (ace or 241 al)

113 Acridine

Dibenzo[b,e]pyridine

C13H9N

260-94-6

179.217

1.00520

114 3,6-Acridinediamine

Proflavine

C13H11N3

92-62-6

209.246

C13H9NO

578-95-0

195.216

orth nd or pr 106(form a); 344.86 (al) 110(form b) ye nd (al or 285 w) ye lf (al) >300

0.84020

1.401720

116 Acrolein

2-Propenal

C3H4O

107-02-8

56.063

liq

-87.7

52.6

117 Acrylamide

2-Propenamide

C3H5NO

79-06-1

71.078

lf (bz)

84.5

192.6

118 Acrylic acid

2-Propenoic acid

C3H4O2

79-10-7

72.063

12.5

141

1.051120

1.422420

119 Acrylonitrile

Propenenitrile

C3H3N

107-13-1

53.063

liq

-83.48

77.3

0.800725

1.391120

120 Acyclovir 121 Adenine

1H-Purin-6-amine

C8H11N5O3 C5H5N5

59277-89-3 73-24-5

225.205 135.128

225 360 dec

sub 220

β-D-Ribofuranoside, adenine-9 C10H13N5O4 cAMP C10H12N5O6P

58-61-7 60-92-4

267.242 329.206

cry (EtOH) orth nd (+3w) n(w+3/2) cry

3’-Adenylic acid, 5’-(dihydrogen C10H15N5O10P2 phosphate)

1053-73-2

427.202

amor pow

122 Adenosine 123 Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate) 124 Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate

vs H2O, EtOH

solid

111 Aconitine 112 9-Acridinamine

115 9(10H)-Acridinone

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz, lig vs H2O, eth, EtOH

235.5 219

s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth, lig vs bz, EtOH, chl s EtOH, ace; sl DMSO; vs dil HCl i H2O; sl ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz i H2O, eth, bz; sl EtOH; s HOAc, alk vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl vs H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl sl H2O; i EtOH


3-9 O

OH

O

O

NH

N O

HO

O COOH OH OH CH2OH OH

O O

OH

4-Acetylmorpholine

N-Acetylneuraminic acid

O N

HO

O O

O

O

O

O 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid

O

Br

O

Acetyl nitrate

O

4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid

2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid

O

O

O

O

O O

O

O

O 4-(Acetyloxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

OH

(Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane

4-Acetylphenyl acetate

O O

O

O

(Acetyloxy)tributylstannane

O

O

O

O N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, ethyl ester

O P OH OH

O

HN

HN

N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine

O O

1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone

O

HN

O

O

O

2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone

O

Sn O

Sn O

O

N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, methyl ester

N

N

1-Acetylpiperidine

1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone

O

Acetyl phosphate

O

NH2 N

N

N N O O P OCH2 O OH COCH3

O CH2O P O

O HN

S

OH

OH OH

O N

O

O O S

O

OH OH 3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide

4-Acetylthioanisole

H2N

I N

N H

O

OH

O N-Acetyl-L-valine

OH O

O S OH O

O S NaO O

HN

O N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester

OH

NH

O S NaO O

O HN

HO

N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine

O O

HN

HO

N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan

Acetyl thiocholine iodide

O OH

HO O O N O

Cl F F

NH2

O F

Acid Fuchsin

H

N HO

Acifluorfen

OH H

O O

H H

N

OH H

O

O

OH

HO

O

O H

O

O

O

Aconine

O OH

Aconitine

O

NH2

O N

N

9-Acridinamine

Acridine

H2N

N

N H

NH2

3,6-Acridinediamine

O

9(10H)-Acridinone

Acrolein

NH2

H H2N

N

N N

NH2

N O

N Acrylonitrile

OH Acyclovir

HO N

N

NH2

O

N

N O

Adenine

N H

N

N O

N

N

HO P O

O

OH

O

O

O P N

Acrylic acid

N

N

N

N

OH

NH2 Acrylamide

NH2 N

N

O

O

OH OH Adenosine

HO

HO P O

O

OH

Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate)

OH

OH Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate

3-10


No. Name 125 Adenosine 5’methylenediphosphonate 126 127 128 129

Adenosine 3’-phosphate Adenosine 5’-triphosphate S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine 5’-Adenylic acid

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Adenosine, 5’-[hydrogen (phosphonomethyl) phosphonate] 3’-Adenylic acid ATP

C11H17N5O9P2

3768-14-7

425.229

cry (w)

204

C10H14N5O7P C10H16N5O13P3 C14H20N6O5S C10H14N5O7P

84-21-9 56-65-5 979-92-0 61-19-8

347.222 507.181 384.411 347.222

col nd

195 dec 144 dec 210 dec 195 dec

C6H11NO3 C20H26ClNO2

334-25-8 50-42-0

145.156 347.879

nd (w) cry

Adenosine 5’-monophosphate

130 Adipamic acid 131 Adiphenine hydrochloride

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

vs H2O; s EtOH, 10% HCl

161.5 113.5 25

1,6-Hexanedioic acid

C6H10O4

124-04-9

146.141

mcl pr (w, ace, lig)

152.5

337.5

1.360

133 Adiponitrile

Hexanedinitrile

C6H8N2

111-69-3

108.141

nd (eth)

1

295

0.967620

C9H11NO3

99-45-6

181.188

nd

235 dec

C14H23NO

25394-57-4

221.339

ye oil

23

C17H12O6 C17H14O6 C17H12O7 C12H17N3O4

1162-65-8 7220-81-7 1165-39-5 2757-90-6

312.273 314.289 328.273 267.281

cry

268 287.5 245 207 dec

C20H26N2O2

4360-12-7

326.432

sub sub 250

135 Affinin 136 137 138 139

Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxin B2 Aflatoxin G1 Agaritine

N-(2-Methylpropyl)-2,6,8decatrienamide

cry cry (dil al)

140 Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17R,21α)

L-Glutamic acid, 5-[2-[4(hydroxymethyl)phenyl] hydrazide] Ajmaline

141 Alachlor 142 DL-Alanine

DL-2-Aminopropanoic acid

C14H20ClNO2 C3H7NO2

15972-60-8 302-72-7

269.768 89.094

143 D-Alanine

2-Aminopropanoic acid, (R)

C3H7NO2

338-69-2

89.094

pl (+3.5w) 206 (aq AcOEt) 40 orth pr or nd 300 dec (w) nd (w, al) 314 dec

144 L-Alanine

2-Aminopropanoic acid, (S)

C3H7NO2

56-41-7

89.094

orth (w)

297 dec

145 β-Alanine

3-Aminopropanoic acid

C3H7NO2

107-95-9

89.094

200 dec

146 Alantolactone

C15H20O2

546-43-0

232.319

nd, orth pr (al) nd

147 148 149 150

C7H14N2O2S C21H28O5 C7H14N2O4S C12H8Cl6

116-06-3 52-39-1 1646-88-4 309-00-2

190.263 360.444 222.262 364.910

Aldicarb Aldosterone Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide Aldrin

cry (HOAc) cry

76

1,2-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

C14H8O4

72-48-0

240.212

152 Alizarin Red S 153 Alizarin Yellow R

Sodium alizarinesulfonate

C14H7NaO7S C13H9N3O5

130-22-3 2243-76-7

342.257 287.227

154 Alizurol purple

1-Hydroxy-4-[(4-methylphenyl) C21H15NO3 amino]-9,10-anthracenedione C16H16O5 Bis[(aminocarbonyl)amino] C4H8N4O4 acetic acid C4H6N4O3

81-48-1

329.349

oran-br nd 253 dec (dil HOAc) flat viol nd

23444-65-7 99-16-1

288.295 176.132

br-red pr (bz) 149 nd 170 dec

97-59-6

158.116

mcl pl or

239

col gas

-136.6

155 Alkannin 156 Allantoic acid 157 Allantoin

C3H4

463-49-0

40.064

159 Allethrin 160 Allicin 161 Allopregnane-3β,21-diol-11,20dione

C19H26O3 C6H10OS2 C21H32O4

584-79-2 539-86-6 566-02-9

302.407 162.272 348.477

5α-Pregnan-20β-ol-3-one C21H34O2 1,5-Dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d] C5H4N4O pyrimidin-4-one C6H12O6 C4H4N2O5 C8H6N4O8

516-58-5 315-30-0

318.494 136.112

cry (aq, ac, 190 +w) nd (bz, ac) 185 cry 350

2595-97-3 470-44-0 76-24-4

180.155 160.085 286.156

cry (w) 128 tcl pr (eth) 162 dec orth pr (w+2) 254 dec

164 D-Allose 165 Alloxanic acid 166 Alloxantin

1.438020

1.513425

vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i HOAc, lig sl H2O, eth; s chl, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O

vs H2O

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz 1000.02 sub 250

1.13325 1.42425

s H2O; vs EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH, py; i eth, ace s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl

1.43222 1.43719

275 1.19525

sl H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i chl vs H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

oran or red 289.5 tcl nd or pr (al)

158 Allene

162 Allopregnan-20β-ol-3-one 163 Allopurinol

1620.5

99 166.5 141 104

151 Alizarin

Solubility s H2O

132 Adipic acid

134 Adrenalone

nD

s H2SO4 sub 140

-34.4

dec

0.58425 (p>1 atm) 1.01020 1.11220

1.4168

vs EtOH sl H2O, os, dil acid sl H2O; s EtOH, NaOH; i eth, MeOH vs bz, peth

1.56120

vs H2O

vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth


3-11

NH2 NH2 N

N

HO

N

N

O O HO P P O OH OH

O

O

O

OH

HO P O

OH

Adenosine 5’-methylenediphosphonate

O

O

O

HO P

O

NH2 HO

HO

OH

Adenosine 5’-triphosphate

HO

OH

S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine

H N

O O

HO

N

O Adipamic acid

O

O

O

Adiponitrile

O

O

O

H

O

O Affinin

O

NH2

Aflatoxin B1

H O

O

O

Aflatoxin B2

OH

H N

HO

O

H O

O

Adrenalone

O

O

H

O

H O

OH

Adipic acid

O

H

HO

N

O

Adiphenine hydrochloride

H N

N

OH

OH

5’-Adenylic acid

O

NH2 O

O

OH

OH

Adenosine 3’-phosphate

O

N

N

O

HCl HO

N

N

N

N S

OH

OH

OH

OH

N

N

HO P O P O P O

O

HO

O

O

N

N

N

N

N

N

NH2

NH2

NH2

N

N

N H

O

O

Aflatoxin G1

Agaritine

HO O N

N H Me

H

O

Cl

N

O

O

O

O

OH OH

OH

Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17R,21α)

Alachlor

O

NH2

NH2

NH2

DL-Alanine

D-Alanine

L-Alanine

H2N

OH β-Alanine

OH OH

O

O

O

OH

Alantolactone

Cl

O

OH

Cl O

O N

S

O

N H

N

S O O

O

Aldicarb

Aldosterone

O

Cl

Cl

Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide

Aldrin

O SO3Na

N

OH

H2N

N H

N H

NH2

Allantoic acid

O

O

O H2N

N H

N H

O O

H

H

Allethrin

OH H O HN

H

H Allopregnan-20β-ol-3-one

O S

O

C

H

O

H

H

Allene

H

Allopregnane-3β,21-diol-11,20-dione

Alkannin

H

OH

O

OH

OH O

N

O

HO

OH O

Alizurol purple

Allantoin

H

OH

O HN

OH

Alizarin Yellow R

COOH O

Alizarin

O

N

Alizarin Red S

O

O

HO

O N O

OH O

Cl

N H

O

OH

Cl

N N

N H

Allopurinol

H H H H

CHO OH OH OH OH CH2OH D-Allose

S

Allicin

O OH H N HO O O N H Alloxanic acid

H N

O O OH

H N

N H

HO O O

N H

O

O

Alloxantin

3-12


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

167 Allyl acetate

C5H8O2

591-87-7

100.117

168 Allyl acetoacetate

C7H10O3

1118-84-9

142.152

169 Allyl acrylate

C6H8O2

999-55-3

112.127

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

liq

mp/˚C

-85

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

103.5

0.927520

1.404920

196; 66.514

1.036620

1.439820

121

0.944120

1.432020

sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, lig; msc EtOH, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, acid msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc

170 Allyl alcohol

2-Propen-1-ol

C3H6O

107-18-6

58.079

liq

-129

97.4

0.854020

1.413520

171 Allylamine

2-Propen-1-amine

C3H7N

107-11-9

57.095

liq

-88.2

53.3

0.75820

1.420520

172 N-Allylaniline

Allylphenylamine

C9H11N

589-09-3

133.190

219; 10612

0.973625

1.56320

173 Allylbenzene

2-Propenylbenzene

C9H10

300-57-2

118.175

156

0.892020

1.513120

174 α-Allylbenzenemethanol 175 Allyl benzoate

C10H12O C10H10O2

936-58-3 583-04-0

148.201 162.185

228.5

1.00418 1.056915

1.528921 1.517820

176 Allyl butanoate

C7H12O2

2051-78-7

128.169

142; 44.515

0.901720

1.415820

177 178 179 180

Allyl carbamate Allylchlorodimethylsilane Allyl chloroformate Allyl trans-cinnamate

C4H7NO2 C5H11ClSi C4H5ClO2 C12H12O2

2114-11-6 4028-23-3 2937-50-0 1866-31-5

101.105 134.680 120.535 188.222

111 0.896420 109.5 1.136 dec 268; 16317 1.04823

1.419520 1.422020 1.53020

181 182 183 184 185 186

1-Allylcyclohexanol 1-Allylcyclohexene Allylcyclopentane Allyldiethoxymethylsilane Allyldiethylamine Allyldimethylamine

C9H16O C9H14 C8H14 C8H18O2Si C7H15N C5H11N

1123-34-8 13511-13-2 3524-75-2 18388-45-9 5666-17-1 2155-94-4

140.222 122.207 110.197 174.314 113.201 85.148

187 Allyl ethyl ether

C5H10O

557-31-3

188 Allyl formate

C4H6O2

Allyl trans-3-phenyl-2propenoate

liq

-40

hyg liq

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, MeOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl ctc

i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc

190 156 125 155 110 63.5

0.934122

1.475622

0.79325 0.857225 0.747725 0.709425

1.441220 1.410420 1.420920 1.401020

s chl

86.132

67.6

0.765120

1.388120

1838-59-1

86.090

83.6

0.946020

4208-49-5 106-92-3 123-68-2 24935-97-5 1476-23-9 57-06-7 96-05-9 97-53-0

152.148 114.142 156.222 131.130 83.089 99.155 126.153 164.201

207.5 154 186

1.11525 0.969820 0.886920

1.494520 1.433220

Eugenol

C8H8O3 C6H10O2 C9H16O2 C5H9NO3 C4H5NO C4H5NS C7H10O2 C10H12O2

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s eth, ace; sl ctc

1.012620 0.933520 1.065220

1.530620 1.436020 1.540520

197 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate

1,3,4-Eugenol acetate

C12H14O3

93-28-7

206.237

198 Allyl 3-methylbutanoate 199 Allylmethyldichlorosilane 200 2-(Allyloxy)ethanol

C8H14O2 C4H8Cl2Si Ethylene glycol monoallyl ether C5H10O2

2835-39-4 1873-92-3 111-45-5

142.196 155.099 102.132

201 2-Allylphenol 202 4-Allylphenol

Chavicol

C9H10O C9H10O

1745-81-9 501-92-8

134.174 134.174

C9H10O

1746-13-0

C6H10O2 C6H11N C6H12S2 C6H11NO3S C4H8N2S C3H5Cl3Si C9H20O3Si C6H14Si C4H8N2O

189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196

Allyl 2-furancarboxylate Allyl glycidyl ether Allyl hexanoate Allyl (hydroxymethyl)carbamate Allyl isocyanate Allyl isothiocyanate Allyl methacrylate 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol

1-(2-Propenyl)cyclohexene

N,N-Diethyl-2-propen-1-amine N,N-Dimethyl-2-propen-1amine

Allyl 2-furanoate

203 Allyl phenyl ether 204 205 206 207 208

Allyl propanoate N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine Allyl propyl disulfide 3-(Allylsulfinyl)-L-alanine, (S) Allylthiourea

209 210 211 212

Allyltrichlorosilane Allyltriethoxysilane Allyltrimethylsilane Allylurea

2-Propenyl propanoate Diallylamine Alliin Thiosinamine Trichloro-2-propenylsilane

liq liq

-110.7

cry (tol)

57

liq

-80

liq

-7.5

88 152 6750, 5530 253.2

pr (al)

30.5

281; 1276

1.080620

1.520520

154 119.5 158.5

1.075820 0.958020

1.441920 1.435820

220 238

1.024615 1.020315

1.518120 1.544118

134.174

191.7

0.981120

1.522320

2408-20-0 124-02-7 2179-59-1 556-27-4 109-57-9

114.142 97.158 148.289 177.221 116.185

123 111 7913

0.914020

1.410520 1.438720 1.521920

1.21720

1.593678

107-37-9 2550-04-1 762-72-1 557-11-9

175.517 204.339 114.261 100.119

1.201120 0.903020 0.715825

1.446020 1.407220 1.407420

liq

nd (dil ac) mcl or orth pr (w)

-6 15.8

165 78 35

nd (al)

85

117.5 10050, 8228 85

vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl, HOAc, oils i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc

msc H2O; vs EtOH; s bz, ctc, MeOH vs eth vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH, eth vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz

i H2O msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl; i peth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

O

O

H N

O O

O Allyl acetate

3-13

OH

NH2

OH

O

Allyl acetoacetate

Allyl acrylate

Allyl alcohol

Allylamine

N-Allylaniline

Allylbenzene

O O

O

O

H2N

O α-Allylbenzenemethanol

Allyl benzoate

O

Allyl butanoate

O

Allyl carbamate

HO

1-Allylcyclohexanol

1-Allylcyclohexene

O

O

O

Allyldiethoxymethylsilane

N

Allyldiethylamine

O

HO O

O

Allyl 2-furancarboxylate

Allyl glycidyl ether

O O

C

N

Allyl isocyanate

C

S

O O O

O

Allyl isothiocyanate

O

Allyl (hydroxymethyl)carbamate

O N

H N O

Allyl hexanoate

OH

O

Allyldimethylamine

O O

Allyl formate

O

Allyl chloroformate

N

O

O Allyl ethyl ether

Allylcyclopentane

Cl

Allylchlorodimethylsilane

O Si O

O Allyl trans-cinnamate

O

Si Cl

O

Allyl methacrylate

4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol

4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate

Allyl 3-methylbutanoate

OH

OH Cl Si

O Cl

Allylmethyldichlorosilane

O

2-(Allyloxy)ethanol

2-Allylphenol

O S

HO S

Allyl propyl disulfide

4-Allylphenol

S S

H2N

O

OH

O

3-(Allylsulfinyl)-L-alanine, (S)

N H Allylthiourea

NH2

Allyl phenyl ether

Cl Cl Si Cl Allyltrichlorosilane

O O Si O Allyltriethoxysilane

O

N H

Allyl propanoate

N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine

O Si Allyltrimethylsilane

N H Allylurea

NH2

3-14


Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3-(Ethenyloxy)-1-propene

C5H8O

3917-15-5

84.117

214 Aloin A

C21H22O9

1415-73-2

418.395

215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222

C16H23NO2 C22H24N2O4 C21H20N2O3 C6H12O6 C12H27AlO3 C36H71AlO5 C6H15AlO3 C9H21AlO3

15867-21-7 25394-75-6 642-18-2 1990-29-0 2269-22-9 300-92-5 555-75-9 555-31-7

261.360 380.437 348.395 180.155 246.322 610.928 162.163 204.243

cry cry (eth) ye nd (ace) pr (MeOH,al)

wh pow 145 liq/wh solid 140 hyg wh solid 119

2007 13510, 940.5

C20H27N

150-59-4

281.435

oil

1660.3

C39H54N10O14S C20H11N2Na3O10S3 C9H17N5S C3H12BN C20H31N C2H6N2O

23109-05-9 915-67-3 834-12-8 1830-95-1 1446-61-3 598-41-4

918.970 604.472 227.330 72.945 285.467 74.081

nd dk red pow

88 73.5 cry 44.5 hyg nd (chl) 67.5

C2H4N2 C2H5ClN2

540-61-4 6011-14-9

56.066 92.527

hyg cry (al)

C8H10ClNO

5468-37-1

171.624

Adamantanamine hydrochloride C10H18ClN

665-66-7

187.710

cry (al-eth)

360 dec

vs H2O, EtOH

C6H11NO4

626-71-1

161.156

pl (w)

207.0

sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O, eth; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, chl sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; i lig s eth, acid s H2O, EtOH, eth, acid s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; vs AcOEt sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s alk; sl os i H2O; sl EtOH, DMSO i H2O; sl EtOH

No. Name 213 Allyl vinyl ether

Alphaprodine Alstonidine Alstonine D-Altrose Aluminum 2-butoxide Aluminum distearate Aluminum ethanolate Aluminum isopropoxide

223 Alverine 224 225 226 227 228 229

2-Butanol, aluminum salt Hydroxyaluminum distearate Aluminum ethoxide

N-Ethyl-bis(3-phenylpropyl) amine

α-Amanitin Amaranth dye Ametryn Amminetrimethylboron 19-Amino-8,11,13-abietatriene 2-Aminoacetamide

230 Aminoacetonitrile 231 Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride 232 α-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride 233 1-Aminoadamantane hydrochloride 234 2-Aminoadipic acid

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

66

0.790020

1.406220

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz; i chl

149.3

103 189 207 dec 103.5

vs ace, EtOH vs H2O 19720

254 dec s H2O

5815

194 dec

2,3-Diaminopropionic acid 1-Aminoanthraquinone

C3H8N2O2 C14H9NO2

515-94-6 82-45-1

104.108 223.227

hyg rosettes 110 red nd (al) 253.5

237 2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

2-Aminoanthraquinone

C14H9NO2

117-79-3

223.227

red nd (al, HOAc)

238 4-Aminoazobenzene

C12H11N3

60-09-3

197.235

oran mcl nd 127 (al)

>360

239 2-Aminobenzaldehyde

C7H7NO

529-23-7

121.137

silv lf

40.5

802

240 3-Aminobenzaldehyde 241 4-Aminobenzaldehyde

C7H7NO C7H7NO

1709-44-0 556-18-3

121.137 121.137

nd (AcOEt) pl (w)

29 71.5

242 2-Aminobenzamide

C7H8N2O

88-68-6

136.151

243 4-Aminobenzamide

C7H8N2O

2835-68-9

136.151

C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2

2835-06-5 1197-55-3

151.163 151.163

ye cry (+1/ 4w) pl pl (w)

C8H7NO4

99-31-0

181.147

pr(al), pl(w) 360

C8H11NO C7H10N2 C7H9NO

104-10-9 4403-69-4 5344-90-1

137.179 122.167 123.152

nd (al)

α-Phenylglycine p-Aminophenylacetic acid

246 5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid 247 4-Aminobenzeneethanol 248 2-Aminobenzenemethanamine 249 2-Aminobenzenemethanol

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; s ace, chl vs EtOH

165 dec

235 3-Aminoalanine 236 1-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

244 α-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (±) 245 4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid

i H2O dec H2O; sl xyl reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, peth, chl

304.5

sub sub

110.5 dec

183 292 dec 200 dec

108 61 83.5

250 4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide

Sulfanilamide

C6H8N2O2S

63-74-1

172.205

lf (dil al)

165.5

251 2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

Orthanilic acid

C6H7NO3S

88-21-1

173.190

pr (+ 1/2w)

>320 dec


Metanilic acid

C6H7NO3S

121-47-1

173.190

nd, pr (w +1) dec


Sulfanilic acid

C6H7NO3S

121-57-3

173.190

orth pl or mcl (w+2)

254 4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride

p-Sulfanilyl fluoride

C6H6FNO2S

98-62-4

175.181

288 68.5

sub 255

sub

269 273

1.0825

1.48525

vs EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl, peth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH; i eth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds OH O

3-15

OH

OH O

HO

O

N H

N

O

OH

N

N

HO H H H

H

O OH

O

HO O Allyl vinyl ether

O

N

OH

O Al

Aloin A

OH

H3C(CH2)16

O

Al

O

Aluminum 2-butoxide

(CH2)16CH3

O

Aluminum distearate

O Al

O

O

Alstonidine

O O

O

O O

Alphaprodine

O

H

Alstonine

O

O Al

CHO H OH OH OH CH2OH

D-Altrose

N

O

O

Aluminum ethanolate

Aluminum isopropoxide

Alverine

OH

CONH H

HN H

CONH

O OH

H OH

S

N NHCO

N H

ONa

S

OC

CO

OC H

O

S

O

CONH

O HO

O

NaO

CH2OH

N

N

NH

HN

NHCO

N

H

O S O ONa

CONH2 α-Amanitin

S

N N

Amaranth dye

N H

B NH3

Ametryn

Amminetrimethylboron

NH2

O NH2

O

H H 2N

H2N 19-Amino-8,11,13-abietatriene

2-Aminoacetamide

O

2-Aminoadipic acid

H2N

NH2 NH2

O

3-Aminoalanine

1-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O O

2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

O NH2 O

NH2 2-Aminobenzamide

4-Aminobenzamide

NH2 NH2

H2N

α-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (±)

NH2 O S O OH

OH O S O

O

OH O S O

H2N 4-Aminobenzeneethanol

F O S O

NH2

NH2 2-Aminobenzenemethanol

OH

OH

5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid

OH O S O

3-Aminobenzaldehyde

OH

H2N

O

4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid

NH2

NH2 2-Aminobenzenemethanamine

2-Aminobenzaldehyde

OH

OH

NH2 4-Aminobenzaldehyde

NH2

4-Aminoazobenzene

NH2

NH2

O NH2

N N

O

NH2

1-Aminoadamantane hydrochloride

O

NH2

O

OH

NH2

α-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

O

OH

O

HCl

HCl

Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride

NH2

HCl

N

H2N

Aminoacetonitrile

O OH

N

H2N

NH2

4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide

2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid


NH2 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

NH2 4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride

3-16


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

255 2-Aminobenzenethiol 256 4-Aminobenzenethiol 257 2-Aminobenzonitrile

C6H7NS C6H7NS C7H6N2

137-07-5 1193-02-8 1885-29-6

125.192 125.192 118.136

258 3-Aminobenzonitrile

C7H6N2

2237-30-1

118.136

259 4-Aminobenzonitrile

C7H6N2

873-74-5

260 4-Aminobenzophenone

C13H11NO

261 N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)- L-glutamic acid 262 N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine 263 2-Aminobiphenyl

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

ye pr (CS2) nd (peth)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

26 46 51

234 14317 263

289

118.136

nd (dil al or 54.3 CCl4) pr or pl (w) 87.0

1137-41-3

197.232

lf (dil al)

124

24613

C12H14N2O5

4271-30-1

266.249

cry (w)

173

C9H10N2O3 C12H11N

61-78-9 90-41-5

194.186 169.222

pr or nd (w) 198.5 lf (dil al) 51

C12H11N

2243-47-2

169.222

nd

31.5

C12H11N

92-67-1

169.222

lf (dil al)

53.5

266 2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid 5-Bromoanthranilic acid 267 1-Amino-4-bromo-9,10-dihydro- 1-Amino-49,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic bromoanthraquinone-2acid sulfonic acid 268 DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

C7H6BrNO2 C14H8BrNO5S

5794-88-7 116-81-4

216.033 382.187

nd red nd (w)

219.5

C4H9NO2

2835-81-6

103.120

lf (w)

304 dec

269 L-2-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

1492-24-6

103.120

270 DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

2835-82-7

103.120

lf (dil al), cry 292 dec (al) nd (al) 194.3

C4H9NO2

56-12-2

103.120

272 2-Amino-1-butanol, (±)

C4H11NO

13054-87-0

89.136

273 4-Amino-1-butanol

C4H11NO

13325-10-5

89.136

C11H17N3O3S

339-43-5

271.336

C11H16N2O2 C3H6N2O2

2032-59-9 591-07-1

208.257 102.092

cry

p-Aminohippuric acid

264 3-Aminobiphenyl 265 4-Aminobiphenyl

271 4-Aminobutanoic acid

p-Biphenylamine

γ-Aminobutyric acid

pr or nd (al) 203 dec lf (MeOHeth) liq -1.0

Carbutamide

277 [4-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino] phenyl]arsonic acid

Carbarsone

C7H9AsN2O4

121-59-5

260.079

nd (w)

174

278 N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-2ethylbutanamide 279 N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-3methylbutanamide 280 [2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy]acetic acid 281 7-Aminocephalosporanic acid 282 1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10anthracenedione 283 4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3benzenedisulfonamide 284 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid 285 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid 286 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid 287 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone

Carbromal

C7H13BrN2O2

77-65-6

237.094

orth (dil al)

118

Bromisovalum

C6H11BrN2O2

496-67-3

223.067

nd or lf (to)

154

Salicylamide O-acetic acid

C9H9NO4

25395-22-6

195.172

C10H12N2O5S 1-Amino-5-chloroanthraquinone C14H8ClNO2

957-68-6 117-11-3

272.277 257.673

Chloraminophenamide

C6H8ClN3O4S2

121-30-2

285.729

6-Chlorometanilic acid

C6H6ClNO3S

88-43-7

207.635

2-Benzoyl-4-chloroaniline

C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C13H10ClNO

635-21-2 89-54-3 719-59-5

Glucamine D-Glucosamine

94 218

Solubility

1.460620

s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH, eth, HOAc

vs ace, bz, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl DMSO, peth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl s DMSO

299

302

sub

1.230020

178

0.916220

1.448925

205; 12534

0.96712

1.462520

sub 180

1.54425 sub

1.5615

221

vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth, bz msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH; i eth

sl H2O, bz; s ace sl H2O, eth; s EtOH sl H2O, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, chl; s alk sl H2O, chl; s ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s alk

cry 212 254.5 nd (w)

280 dec

171.582 171.582 231.677

ye nd

211 188 100.5

88-51-7

221.662

short nd (w)

95-85-2 52-52-8

143.571 129.157

cry (al-w)

C8H10N2O3S

22252-43-3

214.241

C6H15NO5 C6H13NO5

488-43-7 3416-24-8

181.187 179.171

2-Chloro-p-toluidine-5-sulfonic C7H8ClNO3S acid 2-Hydroxy-5-chloroaniline C6H6ClNO Cycloleucine C6H11NO2

nD

144.5

274 4-Amino-N-[(butylamino) carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide 275 Aminocarb 276 N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide

288 2-Amino-4-chloro-5methylbenzenesulfonic acid 289 2-Amino-4-chlorophenol 290 1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid 291 7Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid 292 1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol 293 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose

den/ g cm-3

140 330 dec

1.51915

vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, peth, chl

sl DMSO

241 dec

cry (MeOH)

127

vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O


3-17 N

SH

N

N

O

SH NH2

NH2 NH2

2-Aminobenzenethiol

NH2

4-Aminobenzenethiol

2-Aminobenzonitrile

O

O

H2N

OH O

H2N

NH2 NH2

NH2

N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid

HO

4-Aminobenzophenone

O

OH

N H

NH2

4-Aminobenzonitrile

OH

H N

O

NH2

3-Aminobenzonitrile

N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine

O

O

NH2

NH2

2-Aminobiphenyl

3-Aminobiphenyl

O S OH O

4-Aminobiphenyl

O

O

O

Br 2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid

NH2

NH2

DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

L-2-Aminobutanoic acid

Br

1-Amino-4-bromo-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid

NH2 O

OH

OH

O H N

OH DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid

H N

O S

O

H2N

N

O

OH

OH

4-Aminobutanoic acid

OH

H2N

NH2

O

2-Amino-1-butanol, (±)

N H

NH2

4-Amino-1-butanol

O

4-Amino-N-[(butylamino)carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide

Aminocarb

OH O As OH

O H2N

Br

O

HN

N H

O

O

N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide

[4-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino]phenyl]arsonic acid

O O

H

H2N OH

HO

[2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy]acetic acid

HO

H2N

S

O

S

O

1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10-anthracenedione

4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide

O

NH2

Cl

5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid

H2N

H

H HO H H

S

O HO

1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid

Cl

2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone

N

O

Cl

OH O S O

NH2

Cl H2N

HO H2N

NH2

O

O

NH2

2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid

O

NH2 O

Cl

HO

O

OH

2-Amino-4-chlorophenol

NH2 O S O

NH2 Cl

Cl

NH2

O

N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-3-methylbutanamide

O

7-Aminocephalosporanic acid

Cl

5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid

O

O

N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-2-ethylbutanamide

NH2

O

O

OH O S O

H N

NH2

O

N

NH2

Br

H N

NH2

O

7-Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid

2-Amino-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid

CH2NH2 OH H OH OH CH2OH

1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol

H HO H H

CHO NH2 H OH OH CH2OH

2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose

3-18


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

294 1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10anthracenedione 295 3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid Chloramben 296 2-Amino-2’,5dichlorobenzophenone 297 2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol

C14H7Br2NO2

81-49-2

381.020

red nd (xyl)

226

C7H5Cl2NO2 C13H9Cl2NO

133-90-4 2958-36-3

206.027 266.122

C6H5Cl2NO

527-62-8

178.016

298 4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol

C6H5Cl2NO

5930-28-9

178.016

7-Methylguanine

C6H7N5O

578-76-7

165.153

Luminol

C8H7N3O2

521-31-3

177.161

Thioguanine

C5H5N5S

154-42-7

167.193

>360

Isoguanine

C5H5N5O

3373-53-3

151.127

>360

Me-IQ

C12H12N4

77094-11-2

212.250

cry

Picramic acid

C6H5N3O5

96-91-3

199.121

Taurine Acetaldehyde ammonia Diglycolamine

C2H7NO3S C2H7NO C4H11NO2 C4H10N2O

107-35-7 75-39-8 929-06-6 1001-53-2

125.147 61.083 105.136 102.134

dk red nd (al) 169 pr (chl) mcl pr (w) 328 orth (eth-al) 97 -12.5 51

C9H13N3O2

642-44-4

195.218

cry (+1w, w) 143

C5H14N2O

123-84-2

118.177

C8H12ClNO2

62-31-7

189.640

nd (w)

241 dec

vs H2O, MeOH

C9H13NO

492-39-7

151.205

pl(MeOH)

77.5

C9H14ClNO

53631-70-2

187.666

vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O

C4H12N2O

111-41-1

104.150

No. Name

299 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7-methyl6H-purin-6-one 300 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4phthalazinedione 301 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6 H-purine6-thione 302 6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2 H-purin-2one 303 2-Amino-3,4dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline 304 2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol 305 306 307 308

2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid 1-Aminoethanol 2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide

Synonym

Aminometradine 309 6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allyl2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 310 1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2N-(2-Hydroxypropyl) propanol ethylenediamine 311 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2Dopamine hydrochloride benzenediol, hydrochloride 312 α-(1-Aminoethyl) benzenemethanol, [ S-(R*,R*)]313 α-(1-Aminoethyl) benzenemethanol, hydrochloride 314 N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine

bp/˚C

long nd (CS2) nd or lf (w, bz)

95.5

sub 70

168

sub

ye nd (al)

330.5

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs alk; s HOAc

i H2O

297 vs bz, EtOH

dec 110 221

943

239; 10510

N-(3-Aminopropyl) ethylenediamine

C5H15N3

13531-52-7

117.193

C5H13NO2 C6H11NO4

115-70-8 542-32-5

119.163 161.156

37.5 cry (EtOH, w) 205 dec

15210

2-Aminoadipic acid

319 6-Aminohexanenitrile 320 6-Aminohexanoic acid

5-Cyano-1-pentylamine ε-Aminocaproic acid

C6H12N2 C6H13NO2

2432-74-8 60-32-2

112.172 131.173

liq lf (eth)

11816

C6H15NO C14H9NO3

4048-33-3 116-85-8

117.189 239.226

C6H7NO4S

98-37-3

189.190

orth (w+1)

>300

6946-29-8

167.165

nd (al)

195

C7H7NO3

548-93-6

153.136

lf (w)

253.5

C7H7NO3

65-49-6

153.136

nd, pl (aleth)

150 dec

89-57-6 589-44-6

153.136 119.119

C4H9NO3

924-49-2

119.119

C8H11NO3

138-65-8

169.178

C15H11NO4

2379-90-0

269.253

C5H7N3O2

1123-95-1

141.129

329 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) 330 4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2benzenediol, (±) 331 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy9,10-anthracenedione 332 4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)5-Hydroxymethylcytosine 2(1H)-pyrimidinone

0.983725

1.473820

pl or nd (bz, 164.5 w), cry (al)

1.028620

873

205 57 216.5

pr pr (w), cry (dil al)

283 216 218

1.486320

20625

316 N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3propanediamine 317 2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol 318 L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid

Mesalamine C7H7NO3 γ-Hydroxy-β-aminobutyric acid C4H9NO3

1.057220

198.5

137.179

327 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 328 3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid

vs H2O s H2O; sl eth s H2O, EtOH, bz; i eth

51-67-2

p-Aminosalicylic acid

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl bz, HOAc

370

C8H11NO

326 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

Solubility

sl DMSO

Tyramine

p-Aminosalicylic acid hydrazide C7H9N3O2

nD

200 ≈80

315 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

321 6-Amino-1-hexanol 322 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 323 3-Amino-4hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 324 4-Amino-2hydroxybenzohydrazide 325 2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid

den/ g cm-3

msc H2O, EtOH; s ace; sl bz, lig sl H2O, bz, DMSO; s EtOH, xyl; i tol

1.480525 1.09920

1.49020

msc H2O sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O; i EtOH; sl MeOH

13730 s EtOH, ace sl H2O; i EtOH, eth vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, peth, chl sl H2O; i EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, chl, eth, AcOEt vs H2O

189 dec sl chl >300 dec


NH2

O

Br

3-19 Cl

OH

O

NH2

OH

OH Cl

Cl

NH2

Cl

Cl O

NH2

Cl

Br

1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10-anthracenedione

Cl

3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid

NH2

Cl

2-Amino-2’,5-dichlorobenzophenone

2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol

4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol

NH2

NH2 O O H H2N

N N

N

N

N

N

H H

2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7-methyl-6H-purin-6-one

H2N

5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione

NH2 O

N

O N

N

6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2H-purin-2-one

NH2

O

N

O S OH O

O

2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol

NH2 H2N

OH

2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid

1-Aminoethanol

NH2 N

O H2N

N H

N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide

N

H2N

O

6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

OH

NH2

HCl 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, hydrochloride

NH2 H2N

OH

HO

N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine

OH

OH

NH2

O

OH

NH2

N

L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid

O

4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

O

NH2

2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol

HO

N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine

NH2

O

NH2

OH

N H

NH2 α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, hydrochloride

HO

H2N

6-Aminohexanenitrile

O 6-Aminohexanoic acid

OH O S O

H N

O

NH2 OH

NH2

H2N

OH 6-Amino-1-hexanol

3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

OH

HO

O OH

NH2 NH2

OH

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide

O

OH

2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid

NH2

OH

1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

HO O

OH OH

OH

α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, [S-(R*,R*)]-

N H

HO N H

1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2-propanol

HCl

H2N

OH

O

2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol

O

H2N

H N N

N H

O

2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

H2N

N

N

N

OH

N

2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline

H N

N

H

O

S

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

OH

H2N 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

O

OH

1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)

NH2

HO 4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, (±)

OH

3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid

O

O

H2N

NH2

NH2

HO

OH O

NH2 O HO

N

HO N H

O

4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2(1H)-pyrimidinone

3-20


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C10H9NO7S2

90-20-0

319.311

C10H9NO4S

116-63-2

239.248

gray nd

C6H5N5O C4H6N4O

2236-60-4 360-97-4

163.137 126.117

ye cry cry (EtOH)

C5H12N4O3

543-38-4

176.174

cry (al)

C2H6N4O

141-83-3

102.095

pr

339 2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid

C7H6INO2

5326-47-6

263.033

220 dec

340 4-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)dione 341 4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, ( R) 342 1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10anthracenedione 343 α-(Aminomethyl) benzenemethanol 344 β-(Aminomethyl) benzenepropanoic acid 345 2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid 346 trans-4-(Aminomethyl) cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 347 4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone

C8H6N2O2

2518-24-3

162.146

269.5

No. Name

Synonym

333 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,71-Naphthol-8-amino-3,6naphthalenedisulfonic acid disulfonic acid 334 4-Amino-3-hydroxy-11-Amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic naphthalenesulfonic acid acid 335 2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine 336 5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4carboxamide 337 O-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]- L- Canavanine homoserine 338 (Aminoiminomethyl)urea

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O, EtOH, bz; s alk >360 170 vs H2O 105

dec 160

s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl, CS2 sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz

Cycloserine 1-Amino-2methylanthraquinone Phenylethanolamine

C3H6N2O2 C15H11NO2

68-41-7 82-28-0

102.092 237.254

155 dec 205.5

C8H11NO

7568-93-6

137.179

56.5

4-Amino-3-phenylbutyric acid

C10H13NO2

1078-21-3

179.216

252 dec

C7H9NO3S

88-44-8

187.216

Tranexamic acid

C8H15NO2

1197-18-8

157.211

Diacetonamine

C6H13NO

625-04-7

115.173

348 2-Amino-4-methylphenol

C7H9NO

95-84-1

123.152


C7H9NO

2835-96-3

123.152


C7H9NO

2835-99-6

123.152

351 (Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid 352 2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3propanediol 353 L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid 354 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 355 4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1 H)pyrimidinone 356 3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5trimethylcyclohexanol 357 3-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid 358 2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione

CH6NO3P C4H11NO2

1066-51-9 115-69-5

111.038 105.136

pr (dil al) cry 179 (bz) cry 309 110

C4H9NO2

144-90-1

103.120

cry (w)

182

2-Aminoisobutanol 5-Methylcytosine

C4H11NO C5H7N3O

124-68-5 554-01-8

89.136 125.129

25.5 270 dec

165.5

0.93420

1.44920

pr (w+1/2)

1-Hydroxy-3-aminomethyl3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane 3-Amino-2-naphthoic acid

C10H21NO

15647-11-7

171.280

45.5

265

0.96925

1.490420

C11H9NO2

5959-52-4

187.195

C10H7NO2

2348-81-4

173.169

lt ye nd

s H2O; sl MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth vs H2O; s EtOH

16017

132 dec

vs H2O

>300

vs H2O 250.14

cry (w), orth 136 (bz), lf or nd nd or lf (bz) 176.5

ye lf (dil al)

Solubility

s H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s DMSO

sub

sub

15110

vs H2O; s EtOH

msc H2O; s ctc s H2O, acid; sl EtOH; i eth

216.5

s EtOH, eth

207

i H2O, alk; s EtOH, eth, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH

359 7-Amino-1,3naphthalenedisulfonic acid 360 2-Amino-1,5naphthalenedisulfonic acid 361 4-Amino-1,6naphthalenedisulfonic acid 362 4-Amino-1,7naphthalenedisulfonic acid 363 2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 364 4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

Amido-G-Acid

C10H9NO6S2

86-65-7

303.311

mcl pr or nd 274 (w+4) >300

2-Naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4,7-disulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4,6-disulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid

C10H9NO6S2

117-62-4

303.311

C10H9NO6S2

85-75-6

303.311

vs H2O

C10H9NO6S2

85-74-5

303.311

vs H2O, EtOH

C10H9NO3S

81-16-3

223.248

sc(hot w)

C10H9NO3S

84-86-6

223.248

365 5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 366 6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 367 7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 368 8-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 369 6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

1-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid Badische acid

C10H9NO3S

84-89-9

223.248

wh nd (w+1/ dec 2) red-br cry wh cry

C10H9NO3S

81-05-0

223.248

nd(w)

i H2O, EtOH, eth

C10H9NO3S

86-60-2

223.248

vs HOAc

1-Naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid Bronner acid

C10H9NO3S

82-75-7

223.248

nd (w+1), pl (aq ace) nd

C10H9NO3S

93-00-5

223.248

lf

i cold H2O; sl hot H2O

s DMSO 1.670325

i H2O; sl EtOH; s MeOH, py s H2O; i eth

vs gl HOAc


HO

O

O S

3-21 OH O S O

OH

S

OH 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

4-Amino-3-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

HO O

NH O

HO NH2

N H

H2N

NH2

H N

N

N H

2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine

N H

5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide

O H2N

N H

NH2

O

NH2

I

(Aminoiminomethyl)urea

H2N

NH2

O

NH2

NH O

O-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]-L-homoserine

O

N

NH2

OH NH2

H2N N

O

O

O

O N

2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid

4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, (R)

NH2 H2N

OH O S O

O

NH2

N H

O

4-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

OH

O

NH2

OH

O α-(Aminomethyl)benzenemethanol

1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

β-(Aminomethyl)benzenepropanoic acid

2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid

OH

OH

OH

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

4-Amino-2-methylphenol


NH2 O

trans-4-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone


NH2

H2N

N

O

O OH P OH

H2N HO

(Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid

H2N

OH

2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol

OH

OH

L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid

2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol

4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone

OH O S O

O

OH

OH

O

N H

NH2

NH2

H2N O

O S NH2

NH2

3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexanol

OH O S O

OH O S O

NH2

HO

2-Amino-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

S

OH O S O

OH O S O

NH2

NH2 4-Amino-1,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

OH O S O

NH2 2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH H2N O S O

O S

H2N NH2 5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH


NH2 O


OH O S O

O

2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione

O

O O S O OH

HO

O

O

3-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid

H2N 6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH O

H 2N 7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid



3-22


Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

370 8-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid 371 5-Amino-1-naphthol 372 1-Amino-2-naphthol

1,7-Cleve’s acid

C10H9NO3S

119-28-8

223.248

nd or pr (w)

sl EtOH; s eth

1-Amino-6-hydroxynaphthalene C10H9NO C10H9NO

83-55-6 2834-92-6

159.184 159.184

170 silvery lf (bz, 150 dec eth)

373 8-Amino-2-naphthol

8-Amino-β-naphthol

C10H9NO

118-46-7

159.184

nd (w, al)

374 2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H6N2O4

619-17-0

182.134

375 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H6N2O4

616-79-5

182.134

oran pr (dil 269 al) lf (al), ye nd 269 (w, dil al)

376 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile 377 3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine 378 2-Amino-4-nitrophenol

C7H5N3O2 CH5N5O2 C6H6N2O3

17420-30-3 18264-75-0 99-57-0

163.134 119.084 154.123

203.5 187.8 oran pr (+w) 146

379 2-Amino-5-nitrophenol 380 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol

C6H6N2O3 C6H6N2O3

121-88-0 119-34-6

154.123 154.123

381 2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±)

C8H17NO2

644-90-6

159.227

205.8 dk red pl or 131 nd (w, al) lf (w) 270

sl DMSO sl H2O, eth; s EtOH; vs dil alk, acid s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s xyl i H2O, bz, chl, xyl; s EtOH, eth sl DMSO sl H2O sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO sl H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; s HOAc sl H2O; i EtOH, eth; vs alk, acid vs H2O, EtOH

No. Name

mp/˚C

206

382 Aminooxoacetohydrazide

Semioxamazide

C2H5N3O2

515-96-8

103.080

383 cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid 384 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid 385 (Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1) 386 6-Aminopenicillanic acid 387 5-Aminopentanoic acid

Maleamic acid

C4H5NO3

557-24-4

115.088

cry (al)

172.5

5-Aminolevulinic acid

C5H9NO3 C4H11ClN2O6

106-60-5 2921-14-4

131.130 218.592

cry (EtOH)

118 152.5

Penicin

C8H12N2O3S C5H11NO2

551-16-6 660-88-8

216.257 117.147

cry (w) lf (dil al)

208 157 dec

388 5-Amino-1-pentanol

C5H13NO

2508-29-4

103.163

389 2-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

95-55-6

109.126

390 3-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

591-27-5

391 4-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

392 N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

sub

11012 sub

221 dec

dec 17

38.5

221.5

0.9488

174

sub 153

1.32825

109.126

wh orth bipym nd (bz) pr (to)

123

16411

123-30-8

109.126

wh pl (w)

187.5

1100.3

C8H10N2O

102-28-3

150.177

nd or pl (bz) 88

1.4618

17

s H2O, tol; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH; i bz, chl; s alk vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; sl EtOH, DMSO; i ace, bz vs eth, EtOH

393 N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide

p-Aminoacetanilide

C8H10N2O

122-80-5

150.177

nd (w)

166.5

394 (4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid

Arsanilic acid

C6H8AsNO3

98-50-0

217.055

mcl nd (w, al)

232

395 N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4benzenediamine 396 2-Amino-1-phenylethanone

4,4’-Diaminodiphenylamine

C12H13N3

537-65-5

199.251

lf (w)

158

dec

Phenacylamine

C8H9NO

613-89-8

135.163

ye cry

20

251

397 1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone

m-Aminoacetophenone

C8H9NO

99-03-6

135.163

398 1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone 399 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone

p-Aminoacetophenone

C8H9NO C11H15NO

99-92-3 38237-74-0

135.163 177.243

pa ye pl (al), 98.5 lf (eth) ye mcl pr (al) 106 cry (bz-peth) 74.5

400 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone

p-Aminopropiophenone

C9H11NO

70-69-9

149.189

401 N-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl] acetamide

Sulfacetamide

C8H10N2O3S

144-80-9

214.241

pl (al, w), nd 140 (w) 183

402 5-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]-2thiazolamine 403 4-Aminophthalimide

Thiazolsulfone

C9H9N3O2S2

473-30-3

255.316

nd (al)

3676-85-5

162.146

2240.5

13552-31-3

91.109

dec 265; 1459 1.175220

1.491025

151-18-8 6168-72-5

70.093 75.109

185; 8820 174.5

1.439620 1.450220

404 3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±) 405 3-Aminopropanenitrile 406 2-Amino-1-propanol, (±)

5-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)- C8H6N2O2 dione C3H9NO2 3-Aminopropionitrile

C3H6N2 C3H9NO

s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, lig msc H2O, EtOH, ace s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, tfa

267 1.957110

1.616020

289.5 294; 19515 1613

i H2O; s eth; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth s DMSO sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth; vs ace, alk vs ace, eth, EtOH, diox

220 dec

0.958420

s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl


3-23 O

OH

OH NH2

O

OH

S

OH

NH2


O

5-Amino-1-naphthol

1-Amino-2-naphthol

N

OH

8-Amino-2-naphthol

OH

O

N O

2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid

H2N

N O

2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile

H N

N

O O

3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine

N

O

2-Amino-4-nitrophenol

O

NH2 H 2N

OH 2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±)

N O

O

NH2



O O

N H

O

O

OH O N

NH2

O

N NH2 O

N

2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid

OH

NH2

NH2

NH2 O

NH2 OH

O

O

NH2 NH2

O

NH2

O

HO

Aminooxoacetohydrazide

H2N

HO

OH

NH2

O

O

cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid

5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid

O 0.5 HCl NH2

(Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1)

OH H2N

H

OH

S

5-Aminopentanoic acid

O

OH

H2N

O

COOH

6-Aminopenicillanic acid

O

NH2

OH

H2N

N O

OH

NH2

NH2

5-Amino-1-pentanol

2-Aminophenol

3-Aminophenol

4-Aminophenol

OH O As OH

NH

NH

O NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide

H2N

N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide

(4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid

NH

NH2

N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4-benzenediamine

2-Amino-1-phenylethanone

O NH O S O

O O

O

NH2

NH2

1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone

O

H2N

1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone

NH2

H2N

1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone

1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone

N-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]acetamide

O H2N

O S O

H2N NH

N S

HO NH2

O

5-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-thiazolamine

4-Aminophthalimide

NH2

NH2 OH

3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±)

N 3-Aminopropanenitrile

NH2 OH 2-Amino-1-propanol, (±)

3-24


Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Propanolamine Isopropanolamine

C3H9NO C3H9NO

156-87-6 1674-56-2

75.109 75.109

α-(α-Aminopropyl)benzyl 409 α-(1-Aminopropyl) benzenemethanol alcohol 410 N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1,3propanediamine 411 Aminopropylon 412 4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±) Hydroxyamphetamine

C10H15NO

5897-76-7

165.232

C7H19N3

105-83-9

145.246

C16H22N4O2 C9H13NO

3690-04-8 1518-86-1

302.372 151.205

413 N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3propanediamine 414 Aminopterin 415 4-Amino-Npyrazinylbenzenesulfonamide

Bis(3-aminopropyl)amine

C6H17N3

56-18-8

131.219

Sulfapyrazine

C19H20N8O5 C10H10N4O2S

54-62-6 116-44-9

440.413 250.277

ye cry nd (PhNO2)

262 dec 251

416 3-Amino-1H-pyrazole-4carbonitrile 417 2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 418 6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

3-Amino-4-cyanopyrazole

C4H4N4

16617-46-2

108.102

cry (w)

173

C6H6N2O2

5345-47-1

138.124

6-Aminonicotinic acid

C6H6N2O2

3167-49-5

138.124

419 4-Amino-N-2pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide 420 5-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 421 6-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 422 4-Amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione 423 5-Amino-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 424 4-Amino-N-2pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamide 425 Aminopyrine

Sulfapyridine

C11H11N3O2S

144-83-2

5-Aminouracil

C4H5N3O2

No. Name 407 3-Amino-1-propanol 408 1-Amino-2-propanol

Physical Form

pl (bz-eth)

pr (bz) cry (bz)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

12.4 0.9

187.5 159.4

0.982426 0.961120

1.461720 1.447920

s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc

232.5; 1126

0.902320

1.470525

79.5

181 125.5 -14

15150

0.93825

1.481020

vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl, AcOEt s chl

i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s py; sl ace

296 dec

sl H2O

249.289

cry (dil HOAc, +2w) ye oran (al)

192

932-52-5

127.102

nd (w)

dec

i H2O, bz, ctc; s EtOH i H2O; s alk, acid

C4H5N3O2

873-83-6

127.102

cry (w)

dec

vs H2O

2-Thiocytosine Uramil

C4H5N3S C4H5N3O3

333-49-3 118-78-5

127.168 143.101

nd or pl (w) >400

Sulfadiazine

C10H10N4O2S

68-35-9

250.277

C13H17N3O

58-15-1

231.293

Sulfaquinoxaline 426 4-Amino-N-2quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamide 427 4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoic acid Carzenide

C14H12N4O2S

59-40-5

300.336

C7H7NO4S

138-41-0

201.201

pr or lf (w)

291 dec

Acetylsulfanilamide 428 N-[4-(Aminosulfonyl)phenyl] acetamide 429 5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3 H)thione 430 2-Amino-4(5H)-thiazolone

C8H10N2O3S

121-61-9

214.241

nd (HOAc)

219.5

C2H3N3S2

2349-67-9

133.195

C3H4N2OS

556-90-1

116.141

pr or nd (w) 256 dec

431 N-(Aminothioxomethyl)acetamide

Acetylthiourea

C3H6N2OS

591-08-2

118.157

pr (w), orth (al)

432 N-Amino-2-thioxo-4thiazolidinone 433 1-Amino-2,2,2-trichloroethanol 434 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2pyridinecarboxlic acid 435 11-Aminoundecanoic acid 436 Amiton 437 Amitraz

3-Aminorhodanine

C3H4N2OS2

1438-16-0

148.206

Chloral ammonia Picloram

C2H4Cl3NO C6H3Cl3N2O2

507-47-1 1918-02-1

164.418 241.459

C11H23NO2 C10H24NO3PS C19H23N3

2432-99-7 78-53-5 33089-61-1

201.307 269.342 293.406

C20H23N C6H12FeN3O12 C8H4F15NO2 C3H9NO2 C11H18N2O3

50-48-6 14221-47-7 3825-26-1 17496-08-1 57-43-2

277.404 374.017 431.100 91.109 226.272

C20H23NO2

76-65-3

309.403

cry (peth)

444 Amoxicillin 445 Amphecloral 446 Amphotericin B

C16H19N3O5S C11H12Cl3N C47H73NO17

26787-78-0 5581-35-1 1397-89-3

365.404 264.579 924.080

cry (w) ye pr (DMF) 170 dec

447 Ampicillin 448 Ampyrone

C16H19N3O4S C11H13N3O

69-53-4 83-07-8

349.405 203.240

cry 200 dec pa ye cry (bz) 109

438 439 440 441 442

Amitriptyline Ammonium ferric oxalate Ammonium perfluorooctanoate Ammonium propanoate Amobarbital

443 Amolanone

N-Methylbis(2,4xylyliminomethyl)amine

5-Ethyl-5-isopentyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 3-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl]-3phenyl-2(3H)-benzofuranone

cry (w), wh pow pr or pl (lig or AcOEt)

312

sl DMSO s H2O, chl; i eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH, ace, DMSO vs H2O, bz, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, ace; s aq alk i H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth; i bz s H2O, EtOH, ace

255 dec 134.5 247.5

243.0 sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth; s DMSO, EtOH s DMSO

165 101.5

nd (al)

73 218.5

dec 100

vs bz, eth, EtOH

189.0 760.01

liq

cry solid hyg cry

1.465527

86

1.12820

196 (HCl) 165 dec

1.7817.5

vs H2O; i EtOH

45 157

43.4

s H2O vs bz, EtOH, chl

1932.0

1.561425

96.0.5

1.530

s H2O i H2O; sl DMF; s DMSO sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth


3-25 N

H N

OH

O

O OH H2N

OH

NH2

NH2

3-Amino-1-propanol

α-(1-Aminopropyl)benzenemethanol

1-Amino-2-propanol

O NH2

H2N

N

O

NH2 O S NH O

H2N

N N H

N

4-Amino-N-pyrazinylbenzenesulfonamide

N

NH

N

O N

O

5-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

N H

NH2

2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

NH2

NH

O

N H

4-Amino-N-2-pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide

N

NH2

H2N

O S NH O

OH

3-Amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile

O

OH

6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±)

N

O

N H

H2N

NH2

HO Aminopropylon

OH

Aminopterin

O

N

N

NH2

N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine

N

N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine

H2N

N

OH

N H

N

N NH2

N H

H2N

H2N

N

O

N H

6-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

S

4-Amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione

NH2

O O H2N

N NH

O

N H

O S NH O

H2N

O

5-Amino-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

OH

O S HN O

O

N

N N

N

N

O S O

N

NH2

4-Amino-N-2-pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamide

Aminopyrine

4-Amino-N-2-quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamide

4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoic acid

O HN

H

O N N

O S O S

NH2 N-[4-(Aminosulfonyl)phenyl]acetamide

NH2

S

5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3H)-thione

H2N

NH2

S

O

S

N 2-Amino-4(5H)-thiazolone

OH

NH2 N

N H

O

S

S

N-(Aminothioxomethyl)acetamide

Cl Cl

N-Amino-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone

NH2 Cl

1-Amino-2,2,2-trichloroethanol

N

NH2 Cl

Cl

Cl

H2N

OH

N

N

N

N N

O

O 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxlic acid

11-Aminoundecanoic acid

Amiton

Amitraz

HO

O O

O

O

O

O

Fe O

F F F F F F

O

F

O

Ammonium ferric oxalate

NH

O O

NH4

O

F F F F F F F F Ammonium perfluorooctanoate

Ammonium propanoate

OH

HO

O

O

NH4

OH OH

OH

CH3

O O

N

NH2 OH

O

Amolanone

O NH NH2

Amphotericin B

H

H2N

S

O

N O

HO Amphecloral

Amoxicillin

OH O

S

O

O

OH

H

H N

O

H

Amobarbital

OH OH O

Cl

N H

NH2

N

NH

O

Cl Cl

O

O

3NH4

O

O

Amitriptyline

3

O O

O O P S O

OH

O Ampicillin

OH

N

N

Ampyrone

OH

3-26


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

449 Amygdalin

C20H27NO11

29883-15-6

457.428

450 Anacardic acid

C22H32O3

11034-77-8

344.487

cry (ace)

451 Anagyrine

C15H20N2O

486-89-5

244.332

pe ye glass

26512, 2124

452 Androstane

C19H32

24887-75-0

260.457

600.003

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

Etiocholanic acid

C20H32O2

438-08-4

304.467

Epiandrostanediol

C19H32O2

1852-53-5

292.456

nd (ace aq)

4-Androstene-3,17-dione

C19H28O2 C19H28O2 C19H26O2

846-46-8 1229-12-5 63-05-8

288.424 288.424 286.408

458 Androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione

Adrenosterone

C19H24O3

382-45-6

300.392

cry (MeOH) 135 cry (ace-hx) 135 143(form a); 173(form b) nd (al) 222 sub

459 Anemonin

trans-1,7-Dioxadispiro[4.0.4.2] dodeca-3,9-diene-2,8-dione

C10H8O4

508-44-1

192.169

460 Anhalamine 461 Anhalonidine

C11H15NO3 C12H17NO3

643-60-7 17627-77-9

209.242 223.268

462 Anhalonine

C12H15NO3

519-04-0

221.252

104-80-3

C9H5Cl3N4

464 Anilazine

2,4-Dichloro-6-(ochloroanilino)-s-triazine

orth pl (chl) nd (al or bz) nd (al) oct cry (bz, eth) rhom nd

sub 160

223

158

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs chl

187.5 160.5

vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

86

1400.02

132.157

300; 17516

1031 Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfone

Di-p-tolyl sulfone

C14H14O2S

599-66-6

246.325

pr(bz), nd(w,al)

159

406

1032 N,N’-Bis(2-methylphenyl)thiourea 1033 1,3-Bis(1-methyl-4-piperidyl) propane 1034 Bis(methylthio)methane 1035 1,2-Bis(N-morpholino)ethane

C15H16N2S C15H30N2

137-97-3 64168-11-2

256.366 238.412

nd (al, sub) 13.7

21550

C3H8S2 C10H20N2O2

1618-26-4 1723-94-0

108.226 200.278

75

148 285; 16025

1036 Bismuth acetate 1037 Bismuth subsalicylate

C6H9BiO6 C7H5BiO4

22306-37-2 14882-18-9

386.111 362.093

1038 Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide

C12H8N2O4S2

1155-00-6

308.333

198.5

84

wh-ye (eth,lig) col tablets pr

C12H8N2O4S2

537-91-7

308.333

1040 Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide 1041 1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane

4,4’-Dinitrobibenzyl

C12H8N2O4S2 C14H12N2O4

100-32-3 736-30-1

308.333 272.256

C13H10N4O5 C10H14CoO4 C16H19N C14H8Br6O2

587-90-6 14024-48-7 10024-74-5 37853-59-1

302.242 257.149 225.329 687.637

C5H6Cl6N2O3

116-52-9

354.831

196

C8H4Cl6 C3Cl6O3

68-36-0 32315-10-9

312.836 296.748

cry (bz, eth) 109 cry (eth, 79 peth)

C32H62O4S C8H5F6N C8H4F6 C8H4F6 C2F6S2 C8H18Si2 C12H4N6O12S C8H14O3 C12H6Cl4O2S

10595-72-9 328-74-5 402-31-3 433-19-2 372-64-5 14630-40-1 2217-06-3 764-99-8 97-18-7

542.897 229.123 214.108 214.108 202.141 170.400 456.258 158.195 356.052

Dipicryl sulfide Diethylene glycol divinyl ether

1.557020 i H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth vs bz, eth, EtOH

182 ye nd (al,bz) 181.8

bl-viol cry

sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; sl chl sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl, CS2 vs bz, EtOH, chl 0.896225

1.480425

vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH i H2O i H2O, EtOH; reac alk i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc sl EtOH, chl; s eth sl EtOH, HOAc i EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, HOAc

250

Nitrophenide

Ditridecyl thiodipropionate

0.925 1.11451

245.7 232

1039 Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide

Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide 1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) sulfide Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether Bithionol

s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl sl EtOH, chl sl chl

133

198.260 270.367

1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057

1.598220 1.437120

1.171111

ye nd (al)

1579-40-4 80-43-3

Triphosgene

1.18325 0.94325

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO

s ctc

C14H14O C18H22O2

4,4’-Dinitrocarbanilide Cobalt(II) bis(acetylacetonate)

Solubility vs ace, MeOH s EtOH, eth, chl, alk; sl DMSO; i CS2 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, alk; s HOAc

1.366315

p-Tolyl ether Dicumyl peroxide

N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane 1046 N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1hydroxyethyl)urea 1047 1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)benzene 1048 Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate

nD

73

1026 Bis(4-methylphenyl) ether 1027 Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl) peroxide 1028 Bis(4-methylphenyl)mercury 1029 1,4-Bis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol2-yl)benzene 1030 Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfide

1042 1043 1044 1045

den/ g cm-3

2550.1

312 dec 167 296.5

1.01815

1.573

nd (bz/EtOH) 222

liq

ye cry

26 230 188

vs ace, EtOH s chl 203 2650.25 8515, 7610 116 115 34.6 134 exp 8110

1.629080 vs EtOH 1.48725 1.379025

1.433520 1.391625

0.77020

1.41320

i H2O vs EtOH, peth

1.7325

vs ace


3-55

O HO

OH

HO

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane

OH

HO

Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane

O O

OH

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane

O

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane dimethacrylate

O O O S

O

HO

HS

OH Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone

O

SH

S

Bis(2-mercaptoethyl) sulfide

O

O

Bis(2-methallyl) carbonate

N N

O

O

N H

O O O

O

Bis(2-methoxyethyl)amine

O

Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)diazene, 1-oxide

Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanedione

O HN

O

S O HN 1,4-Bis(methylamino)-9,10-anthracenedione

1,3-Bis(1-methylethenyl)benzene

Hg

N

N

O

O

Bis(4-methylphenyl) disulfide

O

O

S Bis(4-methylphenyl) ether

Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)peroxide

S

O O S

Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfide

Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfone

H N

H N S

Bis(4-methylphenyl)mercury

1,4-Bis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene

O

O N

N S

1,3-Bis(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)propane

O O N

N

N Bis(methylthio)methane

O N O

O N O

S S Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide

O

O

S

O N O

S

O O

O

Bismuth acetate

O Bi

OH

Bismuth subsalicylate

Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide

H N

O N O

Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide

O N O O O N S S

O

O

1,2-Bis(N-morpholino)ethane

S

O Bi

N,N’-Bis(2-methylphenyl)thiourea

O N O

O

H N O

N O

1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane

N O

N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea

Cl Br O

O Co

O

Br

N H

O

Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt

Cl

Cl

Br O

Br

Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine

O

O

Cl Cl

Br

Cl

Br

H N OH O

1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane

Cl Cl

F

NH2

F

Cl

OH

N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)urea

O O

Cl

H N

Cl

Cl

1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)benzene

F

F

F

F

S Cl Cl

Cl

O O

Cl O

O Cl Cl

F F

O

Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate

Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate

F

F

F F

3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline

F

F F

F

1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F

F

1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene

O O N OO N F F F

S

S

F F

F

Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide

O N O Si

Si

1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene

S N OO N O O Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) sulfide

OH HO

O N O

Cl O

O

O

Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether

Cl

S Cl

Cl

Bithionol

3-56


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1058 2,2’-Bithiophene

C8H6S2

492-97-7

166.264

1059 Bixin

C25H30O4

6983-79-5

394.504

viol pr (ace) 198

C19H26O2 C19H21NO4 C9H15O8P

846-48-0 476-70-0 122-10-1

286.408 327.375 282.184

cry (eth) ye oil

1063 Borane carbonyl 1064 Borneol, (±)

CH3BO C10H18O

13205-44-2 6627-72-1

41.845 154.249

col gas lf (lig)

1065 l-Bornyl acetate

C12H20O2

5655-61-8

1066 Bornylamine

C10H19N

No. Name

1060 Boldenone 1061 Boldine 1062 Bomyl

Synonym

Dehydrotestosterone

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

33

260

den/ g cm-3

nD

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, HOAc

165 163 16017 -137 208

-64 sub

1.01120

196.286

27

223.5

0.98225

1.462620

32511-34-5

153.265

163

464-41-5

172.695

53022-14-3 353-42-4

238.366 113.874

C4H10BF3O

109-63-7

141.927

liq

1071 Brilliant Green

C27H34N2O4S

633-03-4

482.635

1072 Brilliant Yellow

C26H20N4Na2O8S2 3051-11-4

626.569

small gold cry ye cry (w)

1073 Brodifacoum

C31H23BrO3

56073-10-0

523.417

off-wh pow

C9H13BrN2O2

314-40-9

261.115

C30H23BrO4

28772-56-7

527.406

ye-wh pow

C2H3Br3O2 C15H12Br4O2

507-42-6 79-94-7

298.756 543.871

mcl pr (w+1) 53.5 179

1078 N-Bromoacetamide 1079 Bromoacetic acid

C2H4BrNO C2H3BrO2

79-15-2 79-08-3

137.963 138.948

nd (chl-hx) hex or orth cry

1080 Bromoacetone

C3H5BrO

598-31-2

136.975

liq

nd (al) orth 50.5 pr (al) pl(peth) nd (95% al) 127

1067 Bornyl chloride

1068 Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1 R) 1069 Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complex 1070 Boron trifluoride etherate

1074 Bromacil

C10H17Cl 2-Chloro-1,7,7trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, endo d-Bornyl isovalerate C15H26O2 C2H6BF3O

5-Bromo-3-sec-butyl-6methyluracil

1075 Bromadiolone

1076 Bromal hydrate 1077 Bromdian

Tetrabromobisphenol A

nd

132

207.5

-14

257.5 dec 127

0.95525 1.241020

1.30220

-60.4

125.5

1.12525

1.34820

1.5525

158 205

dec

2.566140

103.5 50

208

1.933550

1.480450

-36.5

138; 31.58

1.63423

1.469715

13518

1.64720

148.5 4.7

2.31222

ω-Bromoacetophenone

C8H7BrO

70-11-1

199.045

1082 4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl

2-Bromo-4’phenylacetophenone

C14H11BrO

135-73-9

275.140

Butallylonal

C2H2Br2O C2HBr C11H15BrN2O3

598-21-0 593-61-3 1142-70-7

201.844 104.933 303.152

Propallylonal

C10H13BrN2O3

545-93-7

289.125

1087 2-Bromoaniline

C6H6BrN

615-36-1

172.023

32

229

1.57820

1.611320

1088 3-Bromoaniline

C6H6BrN

591-19-5

172.023

18.5

251

1.579320

1.626020

1089 4-Bromoaniline

C6H6BrN

106-40-1

172.023

dec

1.4970100

1090 2-Bromoanisole

C7H7BrO

578-57-4

187.034

orth bipym 66.4 nd (60% al) 1.3

216

1.501820

1091 3-Bromoanisole

C7H7BrO

2398-37-0

187.034

1092 4-Bromoanisole

C7H7BrO

104-92-7

187.034

13.5

215

1093 2-Bromobenzaldehyde

C7H5BrO

6630-33-7

185.018

21.5

230

1.592520


C7H5BrO

3132-99-8

185.018

234

1.593520


C7H5BrO

1122-91-4

185.018

1.544920

131.5 cry (dil HOAc, dil al)

181

211; 10516

lf (dil al)

58

dec H2O; vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl ace i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, chl

230

col gas

vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; vs ace, EtOH, xyl dec H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth vs eth, EtOH

1081 α-Bromoacetophenone

1083 Bromoacetyl bromide 1084 Bromoacetylene 1085 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-secbutylbarbituric acid 1086 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5isopropylbarbituric acid

Solubility

672

1.572720 1.563520

1.456420

1.564220

vs DMF; sl ace, chl, EtOH, eth; i hx vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, peth; vs eth, bz, chl

s ace, ctc vs eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, ace, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl chl


3-57 HO OH O

H

O S

S

OH

O

O

O

O

2,2’-Bithiophene

O

N H

O

OH

Bixin

Boldenone

Boldine

O P O

O H 3B

O Bomyl

O

OH

Borane carbonyl

Borneol, (±)

Cl

NH2

O l-Bornyl acetate

Bornylamine

Bornyl chloride

N

O Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1R)

HO

F O B F F

F O B F F

O

N

Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complex

HSO4

Boron trifluoride etherate

Brilliant Green

N N

O

N N

S O O O O S Na O O Na

OH

OH

Br

O

N H

O

Brilliant Yellow

Brodifacoum

Br O

HO Br

Bromacil

Br

Br

HO

OH

O

Br Br

OH

Bromadiolone

Br

Bromal hydrate

N H

Br Bromdian

Br

N-Bromoacetamide

O Br

O Br

OH

Bromoacetic acid

Bromoacetone

O

O O O

Br α-Bromoacetophenone

4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl

Br

O Br

Br

Br

Bromoacetyl bromide

Bromoacetylene

NH2

3-Bromoaniline

2-Bromoanisole

N H

O

5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-isopropylbarbituric acid

O

Br Br

Br 4-Bromoaniline

NH O

O

O

O

Br

O

5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-sec-butylbarbituric acid

Br Br

2-Bromoaniline

N H

O O

Br

NH O

Br

NH2 NH2

O

OH

OH

O

N

Br

3-Bromoanisole

Br 4-Bromoanisole

Br 2-Bromobenzaldehyde

3-Bromobenzaldehyde

Br 4-Bromobenzaldehyde

3-58


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1096 Bromobenzene

Phenyl bromide

C6H5Br

108-86-1

157.008

liq

-30.72

156.06

1.495020

1.559720

C8H7BrO2

1878-68-8

215.045

nd (w)

116

sub

C8H6BrN C8H6BrN

16532-79-9 5798-79-8

196.045 196.045

pa ye cry (al) 48.0 ye cry (dil al) 29

1100 2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol

C6H5BrO2

583-69-7

189.007

lf (lig), cry (chl)

1101 4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride p-Brosyl chloride

C6H4BrClO2S

98-58-8

255.517

1102 4-Bromobenzenethiol

C6H5BrS

106-53-6

189.073

tcl or mcl pl 76 (eth) lf (al) 73

1103 2-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO2

88-65-3

201.018

mcl pr (w), nd


C7H5BrO2

585-76-2

201.018


C7H5BrO2

586-76-5

201.018

1106 2-Bromobenzonitrile

C7H4BrN

2042-37-7

182.018

mcl nd (dil 155 al) nd (eth), lf 254.5 (w), mcl pr nd (w) 55.5


C7H4BrN

6952-59-6

182.018


C7H4BrN

623-00-7

182.018

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, CS2 vs bz, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl, lig; s HOAc i H2O; vs eth; s chl sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH; sl chl vs EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

1109 6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene

C20H11Br

21248-00-0

331.205

1110 2-Bromobenzoyl chloride 1111 4-Bromobenzoyl chloride

C7H4BrClO C7H4BrClO

7154-66-7 586-75-4

219.463 219.463

1.596320

1112 2-Bromobiphenyl 1113 3-Bromobiphenyl 1114 4-Bromobiphenyl

C12H9Br C12H9Br C12H9Br

2052-07-5 2113-57-7 92-66-0

233.103 233.103 233.103

pl (al)

0.932725

1115 1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl) benzene 1116 1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl) benzene 1117 1-Bromo-4-(bromomethyl) benzene

C7H6Br2

3433-80-5

249.931

C7H6Br2

823-78-9

sl ctc vs EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl vs eth, EtOH, HOAc s chl

C7H6Br2

42165 101.6

1.39720 1.275820

1.498820 1.440120

91.3

1.258520 2.07325

1.436620

206 1.496720 dec 217; 12725 1.564120 14225, 1257 3611 86.1 1.326515

1.481820

sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth, CS2 i H2O; vs ace, bz, DMF i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc; s chl vs ace, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH; sl HOAc s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth

1097 4-Bromobenzeneacetic acid 1098 4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile 1099 α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

1118 2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl) pentanedinitrile 1119 2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl) ethanone 1120 2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene 1121 1-Bromobutane

α-Bromobenzyl cyanide

p-Bromobenzyl bromide

1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane C6H6Br2N2

111.5

150

dec 242; 13312 1.53929

sub

15315 230.5

1.526083

sub

1.92925

>280

1.84520 1.89420

252

39.5

225

nd (w, al)

114

236

cry (ace/ MeOH) nd nd (peth)

223 11 42

243 246; 181125

0.8 91.5

297 300; 17117 310

cry (al, lig)

31

12919

249.931

nd or lf

42

12212

589-15-1

249.931

nd (al)

63

35691-65-7

265.933

1.217526

1.624825 1.641120

52

p-Bromophenacyl bromide

C8H6Br2O

99-73-0

277.941

nd (al)

111

Butyl bromide

C4H5Br C4H9Br

1822-86-2 109-65-9

132.987 137.018

liq

-112.6

(±)-sec-Butyl bromide Bromosuccinic acid

C4H9Br C4H5BrO4

5787-31-5 584-98-5

137.018 196.985

liq

-112.65 161

C4H6BrN C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO C4H7Br

5332-06-9 2385-70-8 2623-87-2 814-75-5 31849-78-2

148.002 167.002 167.002 151.002 135.003

1129 trans-1-Bromo-1-butene

C4H7Br

32620-08-9

135.003

liq

-100.3

94.7

1.320915

1.452720

1130 2-Bromo-1-butene

C4H7Br

23074-36-4

135.003

liq

-133.4

88

1.320915

1.452720


C4H7Br

5162-44-7

135.003

98.5

1.323020

1.462220


C4H7Br

4784-77-4

135.003

104.5

1.337125

1.482220

1133 cis-2-Bromo-2-butene

C4H7Br

3017-68-3

135.003

93.9

1.341615

1.463119

1122 2-Bromobutane, (±) 1123 Bromobutanedioic acid, (±) 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128

4-Bromobutanenitrile 2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±) 4-Bromobutanoic acid 3-Bromo-2-butanone cis-1-Bromo-1-butene

DL-α-Bromobutyric acid

-2.0 33

liq

-111.5

1.453620

i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz


3-59 OH

Br

Br

Br

OH N O

Br Bromobenzene

4-Bromobenzeneacetic acid

Cl O S O

N

Br

HO

SH HO

OH

α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

HO

O

2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol

O N

O

Br

Br Br

Br

Br

4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride

4-Bromobenzenethiol

2-Bromobenzoic acid

Br

3-Bromobenzoic acid

4-Bromobenzoic acid

N

Cl

N Cl

2-Bromobenzonitrile

O

O Br

Br Br

Br 3-Bromobenzonitrile

Br

4-Bromobenzonitrile

Br

6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene

2-Bromobenzoyl chloride

4-Bromobenzoyl chloride

2-Bromobiphenyl

Br Br

Br

Br Br

Br 3-Bromobiphenyl

Br

4-Bromobiphenyl

1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzene

O N

Br



Br

N Br

Br Br 2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile

2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanone

2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene

1-Bromobutane

2-Bromobutane, (±)

Br

OH O O

Bromobutanedioic acid, (±)

O O

OH Br

Br Br

Br

Br

N

O Br

OH

4-Bromobutanenitrile

2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±)

Br

OH

4-Bromobutanoic acid

3-Bromo-2-butanone

Br Br cis-1-Bromo-1-butene

Br trans-1-Bromo-1-butene

Br Br

2-Bromo-1-butene

4-Bromo-1-butene

Br 1-Bromo-2-butene

cis-2-Bromo-2-butene

3-60


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1134 trans-2-Bromo-2-butene

C4H7Br

3017-71-8

135.003

liq

-114.6

85.6

1.332315

1.460216

1135 (4-Bromobutoxy)benzene 1136 1-Bromo-4-tert-butylbenzene

C10H13BrO C10H13Br

1200-03-9 3972-65-4

229.113 213.114

cry (al)

41 19

15418 231.5

1.228620

1.543620

C8H6BrClO C6H4BrCl

41011-01-2 694-80-4

233.490 191.453

nd liq

40 -12.3

397.5 204

1.638725

1.580920

1139 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene

C6H4BrCl

108-37-2

191.453

liq

-21.5

196

1.630220

1.577120

1140 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene

C6H4BrCl

106-39-8

191.453

nd or pl (al, 68 eth)

196

1.57671

1.553170

1141 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane

C4H8BrCl

6940-78-9

171.464

175; 6310

1.48920

1.488520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz sl EtOH, ctc i H2O; s eth, bz, chl vs EtOH i H2O; vs bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc

CBrClF2 C5H6BrClN2O2

353-59-3 126-06-7

165.365 241.471

C2H4BrCl C2H4BrCl

593-96-4 107-04-0

CHBrClF

No. Name

1137 2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone 1138 1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene

1142 Bromochlorodifluoromethane 1143 3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5dimethylhydantoin 1144 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane 1145 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

Synonym

3-Chlorophenacyl bromide

Halon 1211

1146 Bromochlorofluoromethane

col gas

-159.5 162

-3.7

143.410 143.410

liq

-16.7

83 107

1.66710 1.739220

1.466020 1.490820

593-98-6

147.374

liq

-115

36

1.97710

1.414425

-87.9

68.0

1.934420

1.483820

118

1.53120

1.474520

143.3

1.596920

1.486420

1147 Bromochloromethane

Halon 1011

CH2BrCl

74-97-5

129.384

liq

1148 1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl) benzene 1149 2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl) ethanone 1150 1-Bromo-2-chloropropane

p-Bromobenzyl chloride

C7H6BrCl

589-17-3

205.480

nd (al, peth) 50

p-Chlorophenacyl bromide

C8H6BrClO

536-38-9

233.490

nd

C3H6BrCl

3017-96-7

157.437

1151 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane

C3H6BrCl

109-70-6

157.437


C3H6BrCl

3017-95-6

157.437

117

1.53720

1.479520


C3H6BrCl

2310-98-7

157.437

95

1.49520

1.457520

1154 1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2trifluoroethane 1155 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1trifluoroethane 1156 Bromocresol Green

C2HBrClF3

354-06-3

197.381

52.5

1.857425

1.373820

Halothane

C2HBrClF3

151-67-7

197.381

50.2; 20243

1.856325

1.36970

Bromcresol Green

C21H14Br4O5S

76-60-8

698.014

1157 Bromocresol Purple 1158 Bromocycloheptane

Bromcresol Purple Cycloheptyl bromide

C21H16Br2O5S C7H13Br

115-40-2 2404-35-5

540.222 177.082

1159 Bromocyclohexane

Cyclohexyl bromide

C6H11Br

108-85-0

163.055

liq

-56.5

C6H11BrO C6H9BrO C6H9Br

32388-22-0 822-85-5 1521-51-3

179.054 177.038 161.039

pl (hx)

81.5

C5H9Br C10H21Br

137-43-9 112-29-8

149.029 221.178

liq

1165 2-Bromodecanoic acid 1166 1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene

C10H19BrO2 C6H3BrCl2

2623-95-2 19752-55-7

251.161 225.898

1167 4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene

C6H3BrCl2

18282-59-2

CBrCl2F CHBrCl2

1160 trans-4-Bromocyclohexanol 1161 2-Bromocyclohexanone 1162 3-Bromocyclohexene 1163 Bromocyclopentane 1164 1-Bromodecane

1168 Bromodichlorofluoromethane 1169 Bromodichloromethane

Cyclopentyl bromide

Halon 1121

1170 4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol 1171 2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane 1172 4-Bromo-N,N-diethylaniline 1173 Bromodifluoromethane 1174 3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)furanone

α-Bromo-γ-butyrolactone

liq

wh or red (+7w) ye (HOAc)

236

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s peth

96.5

-58.9

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

sl H2O; s peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, AcOEt; s bz

218.5

241.5 10140, 7512

1.308020

1.499620

166.2

1.335920

1.495720

11432, 9014 8140, 5611

1.34025 1.389020

1.508525 1.532020

-29.2

137.5 240.6

1.387320 1.070220

1.488620 1.455720

2.0 83

1402 232

1.191224

1.459524

pr (al)

225.898

pr

25

237

353-58-2 75-27-4

181.819 163.829

liq liq

-57

52.8 90

1.9522 1.98020

1.496420

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc

C6H3BrCl2O C6H13BrO2 C10H14BrN

1940-42-7 2032-35-1 2052-06-4

241.897 197.070 228.129

nd

71.5 1.438720

38

170; 6618 270

1.28320

nd or pr

CHBrF2 C4H5BrO2

1511-62-2 5061-21-2

130.920 164.986

-14.6 13020

1.5516 1.820

s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH

1.505920

-145

i H2O; vs eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

i H2O; s eth, bz, chl sl ctc i H2O; vs eth, chl; s ctc vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs bz i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl


3-61 Br O

Br

O

Br

Br Cl

Br Cl

trans-2-Bromo-2-butene

(4-Bromobutoxy)benzene

1-Bromo-4-tert-butylbenzene

2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone

1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene

Br

O

Br

Br N

Cl Cl 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene

F

Cl

Cl 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene

1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane

Br

O

F

N Cl

Bromochlorodifluoromethane

3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin

Br

Br

Br

Cl Br 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane

O

Cl

Cl

Cl H

H

F

Br

1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

H Br

Bromochlorofluoromethane

Br

Cl Br

2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanone

Cl

1-Bromo-2-chloropropane

Cl

Br


Br

Br F

Cl F

1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Br

Br

O

O

S O O

S O O

Bromocresol Green

Bromocresol Purple

F F

2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

OH

Br

Br

Br


HO

OH

Br Cl

Br Cl


Br

HO

F

1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl)benzene

Br

Cl

F

Cl

Bromochloromethane

Bromocycloheptane

OH Br

O

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br Bromocyclohexane

trans-4-Bromocyclohexanol

2-Bromocyclohexanone

3-Bromocyclohexene

Bromocyclopentane

1-Bromodecane

Cl Br

O

Cl Br

OH

Cl

Br 2-Bromodecanoic acid

Cl

Cl

1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene

Br F

Cl

Cl

Br 4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene

H Cl

Bromodichlorofluoromethane

Bromodichloromethane

N

OH Cl

F

Cl Br 4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol

O

Br

Br

Br O

2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane

H

Br

F

4-Bromo-N,N-diethylaniline

Bromodifluoromethane

O

O

3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanone

3-62


CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

5798-94-7

232.032

cry (al)

232 dec

C8H9BrO2 C8H9BrO2 C4H9BrO2 C8H10BrN

25245-34-5 2859-78-1 7252-83-7 586-77-6

217.060 217.060 169.017 200.076

oil

55

262; 13010 254.5 149 264

1.445 1.570020 1.70225 1.574320 1.43020 1.445020 1.3220100

1180 1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene

C8H9Br

583-70-0

185.061

liq

-17

205

1.341920

1.550120

1181 1-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzene 1182 2-Bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene 1183 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethylbenzene


556-96-7 576-22-7 553-94-6

185.061 185.061 185.061

1.36220

lf or pl

9

204 203.5; 10020 199; 8813

1.358218

1.546222 1.555220 1.551418

1184 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylbenzene

C8H9Br

583-71-1

185.061

liq

-0.2

214.5

1.370820

1.553020

C10H17Br

6138-90-5

217.146

10112, 470.005

1.094022

1.502720

C5H11Br

630-17-1

151.045

106

1.199720

1.437020

1187 2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline

C6H4BrN3O4

1817-73-8

262.018

1188 1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene 1189 α-Bromodiphenylmethane

C6H3BrN2O4 C13H11Br

584-48-5 776-74-9

247.003 247.130

C12H25Br

143-15-7

249.231

C12H23BrO2

111-56-8

No. Name

Synonym

1175 5-Bromo-N,2dihydroxybenzamide 1176 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene 1177 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene 1178 2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane 1179 4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline

5-Bromosalicylhydroxamic acid C7H6BrNO3

1185 trans-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6octadiene 1186 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

1190 1-Bromododecane

trans-Geranyl bromide

Lauryl bromide

1191 2-Bromododecanoic acid

Mol. Form.

ye nd (al or HOAc) ye nd (al)

sub

75 45

18420, 1522

liq

-9.5

276

1.039920

1.458320

279.214

pl

32

1582

1.147474

1.458524

liq

-118.6

38.5

1.460420

1.423920

150; 514

1.762920

1.491520

15.8

1.493320

1.438020

1.422320 1.407125

1.551720

Ethyl bromide

C2H5Br

74-96-4

108.965

1193 2-Bromoethanol

Ethylene bromohydrin

C2H5BrO

540-51-2

124.964

1194 Bromoethene

Vinyl bromide

C2H3Br

593-60-2

106.949

1195 1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene 1196 1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene

C8H9BrO C8H9BrO

583-19-7 588-96-5

201.060 201.060

2.0

223 231

1197 (2-Bromoethoxy)benzene

C8H9BrO

589-10-6

201.060

39

dec 240; 12820 1.355520

C4H9BrO

592-55-2

153.017

1199 2-Bromoethyl acetate

C4H7BrO2

927-68-4

167.002

1200 2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide 2-Bromoethanamine hydrobromide 1201 (1-Bromoethyl)benzene 1202 (2-Bromoethyl)benzene

C2H7Br2N

2576-47-8

204.892

C8H9Br C8H9Br

585-71-7 103-63-9

185.061 185.061

2-Bromoethyl ethyl ether

Solubility

153.5

1192 Bromoethane

1198 1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane

nD

vol liq or gas -139.54

liq

-13.8

127.5

1.38520

1.444720

162.5

1.51420

1.45723

219; 9211 219; 10518

1.353525 1.364320

1.554325 1.537220

20

20

liq

-55.9

C8H9Br

1973-22-4

185.061

liq

-67.9

199.3

1.3548

1204 1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene 1205 1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene

C8H9Br C8H9Br

2725-82-8 1585-07-5

185.061 185.061

liq

-43.5

202 204

1.349320 1.342320

1.546520 1.544520

1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211

C8H15Br C10H8BrNO2 C8H5Br C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrF

1647-26-3 574-98-1 766-96-1 1072-85-1 1073-06-9 460-00-4

191.109 254.081 181.030 174.998 174.998 174.998

liq nd (w)

-57 83 64.5

212

1.235720

1.489920

1212 1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane 1213 Bromofluoromethane 1214 2-Bromofuran

C2H4BrF CH2BrF C4H3BrO

762-49-2 373-52-4 584-12-3

126.955 112.929 146.970

1215 3-Bromofuran

C4H3BrO

22037-28-1

146.970

1216 5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde 1217 1-Bromoheptadecane 1218 1-Bromoheptane

C5H3BrO2 C17H35Br C7H15Br

1899-24-7 3508-00-7 629-04-9

174.981 319.364 179.098

Heptyl bromide

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl vs EtOH, ace; s HOAc vs EtOH s EtOH, chl; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; msc ace vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth

174.0

1203 1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene

(2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane N-(2-Bromoethyl)phthalimide 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene

s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace vs eth; s ace, bz vs eth; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; s bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

liq

-17.4

vol liq or gas

cry (50% al) 83.5 29.6 liq -56.1

8916 154 150 151.5

1.5472

i H2O; s eth, bz; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth; sl chl s chl

1.073821 1.708120 1.59315

1.533720 1.525720 1.531015

71.5 19 103

1.704425

1.423620

1.650020

1.498020

103

1.660620

1.495820

201; 11216 349 178.9

0.991620 1.140020

1.462520 1.450220

s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH s EtOH; vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds H N

O

3-63

O

N

O Br

OH OH

O Br

O

Br 5-Bromo-N,2-dihydroxybenzamide

Br

2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene

O

4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene

Br

O

2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane

4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline

Br Br

Br Br Br

1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene



O Br

NH2

1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

O N

Br Br

O

Br trans-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene

O N


N

O

O

2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline

N


O

Br

O α-Bromodiphenylmethane

1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene

Br

O

O

OH Br

Br

1-Bromododecane

Br

2-Bromododecanoic acid

Br

Bromoethane

OH

2-Bromoethanol

Br Bromoethene

1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene

Br Br O

O

Br

O

O

1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene

(2-Bromoethoxy)benzene

Br

O

1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane

Br

Br

HBr H2N

2-Bromoethyl acetate

2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide

(1-Bromoethyl)benzene

Br Br

O

Br

Br

N

Br

Br O (2-Bromoethyl)benzene

1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene


Br


(2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane

N-(2-Bromoethyl)phthalimide

Br Br

Br

F

F F 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene

1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene

1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene

F 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene

F

H Br

1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane

H Br

O

Bromofluoromethane

Br O 3-Bromofuran

Br

O Br

O

5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde

1-Bromoheptadecane

Br 1-Bromoheptane

Br

2-Bromofuran

3-64


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1219 2-Bromoheptane

2-Heptyl bromide

C7H15Br

1974-04-5

179.098

1220 4-Bromoheptane

4-Heptyl bromide

C7H15Br

998-93-6

179.098

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

47

166

1.127720

1.450320

161; 8472

1.135120

1.449520

336

0.999120

1.461825

i H2O; vs bz; s ctc, chl i H2O; s bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s eth

Hexyl bromide

C16H33Br C16H31BrO2 C6H13Br

112-82-3 18263-25-7 111-25-1

305.337 335.320 165.071

155.3

1.174420

1.447820

1224 2-Bromohexane

C6H13Br

3377-86-4

165.071

143; 7890

1.165820

1.483225

1225 3-Bromohexane

C6H13Br

3377-87-5

165.071

142

1.179920

1.447220

1226 1227 1228 1229 1230

C6H11BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C6H10BrClO C12H17BrO C7H5BrO2

2681-83-6 4224-70-8 22809-37-6 30752-19-3 1761-61-1

195.054 195.054 213.499 257.166 201.018

240; 14023 16720 1016 15613

1.281033

1231 4-Bromo-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic p-Bromomandelic acid acid, (±) 1232 5-Bromo-2Bromosaligenin hydroxybenzenemethanol 1233 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

C8H7BrO3

7021-04-7

231.044

C7H7BrO2

2316-64-5

203.034

lf (bz)

C7H5BrO3

89-55-4

217.017

nd (w, dil al) 169.8

1234 3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde

C8H7BrO3

2973-76-4

231.044

pl (HOAc), nd, pl (al)

1235 1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene

C6H4BrI

583-55-1

282.904


C6H4BrI

591-18-4

282.904

liq


C6H4BrI

589-87-7

282.904

pr or pl (eth- 92 al)

CH2BrI C7H4BrNO C9H11Br

557-68-6 2493-02-9 586-61-8

220.835 198.017 199.087

nd liq

-22.5

139.5 226 218.7

C9H6BrN CH3Br

1532-97-4 74-83-9

208.055 94.939

cry (peth) col gas

41.5 -93.68

1243 1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane 1244 Bromomethoxymethane 1245 2-Bromo-4-methylaniline

C3H7BrO C2H5BrO C7H8BrN

6482-24-2 13057-17-5 583-68-6

138.991 124.964 186.050

lf

1246 4-Bromo-2-methylaniline

C7H8BrN

583-75-5

186.050

C7H7Br

100-39-0

171.035

C8H7BrO2 C8H6BrN C8H6BrN C5H11Br

6232-88-8 28188-41-2 17201-43-3 5973-11-5

215.045 196.045 196.045 151.045

1221 1-Bromohexadecane 1222 2-Bromohexadecanoic acid 1223 1-Bromohexane

2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±) 6-Bromohexanoic acid 6-Bromohexanoyl chloride 1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

1238 Bromoiodomethane 1239 1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene 1240 1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene 1241 4-Bromoisoquinoline 1242 Bromomethane

1247 (Bromomethyl)benzene

1248 1249 1250 1251

p-Bromophenyl isocyanate

Methyl bromide

Benzyl bromide

4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid 3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile 4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DL

Physical Form

liq

cry (peth)

nd (al), lf (eth)

18 52.8 -83.7

2.0 35

1.230620

1.526220

105.5 119 113 sub 100

167.0

9.5

257; 12015

-9.3

252; 12018

1.661825

2.92617

1.641020

1.314520

1.556920

282.5 3.5

1.675520

1.421820

26

110 87 240

1.462320 1.597620 1.51020

cry (al)

59.5

240

liq

-1.5

201

1.4475320 1.456220 1.599920 i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH; vs eth, HOAc 20 1.5752 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

226.3 96.5 114

1304

252

119

1.438025

1.220520

1.445220

20

20

Isopentyl bromide

C5H11Br

107-82-4

151.045

liq

-112

1253 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane 1254 3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid 1255 1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene

tert-Pentyl bromide β-Bromoisovaleric acid

C5H11Br C5H9BrO2 C5H9Br

507-36-8 5798-88-9 870-63-3

151.045 181.028 149.029

nd (lig)

74

C7H6BrCl

611-17-6

205.480

10910

C3H8BrClSi

16532-02-8

187.539

131

1.37525

1.463025

C7H13Br

13905-48-1

177.082

181; 6011

1.267615

1.497920

C7H13Br C7H6BrF C8H17Br

2550-36-9 456-41-7 18908-66-2

177.082 189.025 193.125

7626 8820 6710

1.28320

1.490730 1.547420

1259 (Bromomethyl)cyclohexane 1260 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene 1261 3-(Bromomethyl)heptane

3-Methylcyclohexyl bromide

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth vs chl vs eth i H2O; s eth, bz, chl; sl ctc vs eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl, CS2

2.257025

1252 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane

1256 1-(Bromomethyl)-2chlorobenzene 1257 (Bromomethyl) chlorodimethylsilane 1258 1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexane

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace; sl ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl s EtOH, eth vs peth

120.4

1.2071

108

1.19718

dec 131; 5040 1.293015

1.4420

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc; vs chl

1.4421 1.493015

vs bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; vs eth; s bz vs bz, eth, chl


3-65 Br O

Br

Br

Br

2-Bromoheptane

4-Bromoheptane

OH

1-Bromohexadecane

2-Bromohexadecanoic acid

Br O Br

Br

Br

1-Bromohexane

2-Bromohexane

OH

Br

2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±)

O

O

Br

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

O OH

Br

4-Bromo-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±)

Br

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzenemethanol

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

Br

O

Br Br

Br O

HO

OH

OH

Br

1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene

6-Bromohexanoyl chloride

OH

OH OH

O

6-Bromohexanoic acid

Br O

Cl

O

OH

3-Bromohexane

Br

Br

I

Br

I

OH 3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde

1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene


H

I

H


Bromoiodomethane

I

Br

O

C

N

1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene

NH2 Br

Br

H H N

1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene

Br H

4-Bromoisoquinoline

O

Br

O

Bromomethane

Br

1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane

OH

O

Bromomethoxymethane

2-Bromo-4-methylaniline

N

N

NH2 Br

Br

Br 4-Bromo-2-methylaniline

(Bromomethyl)benzene

Br

Br

Br

4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid

3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile

4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile

1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DL

Br Br

Br

Br

Cl

OH Br

O 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane

2-Bromo-2-methylbutane

3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid

Br

Br

1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene

1-(Bromomethyl)-2-chlorobenzene

Br Br

Br

Si

Cl

(Bromomethyl)chlorodimethylsilane

F 1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexane

(Bromomethyl)cyclohexane

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene

3-(Bromomethyl)heptane

3-66


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C8H9Br

89-92-9

185.061

pr

21

217; 10816

1.381123

1.573020

C8H9Br

620-13-3

185.061

212.5

1.371123

1.566020

C8H9Br

104-81-4

185.061

nd (al)

220

1.32425

C11H9Br

3163-27-7

221.093

cry (peth, al) 56

18318, 16710

1266 2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

C11H9Br

939-26-4

221.093

lf (al)

213100, 16714

1267 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene 1268 1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

C7H6BrNO2 C7H6BrNO2

3958-57-4 100-11-8

216.033 216.033

nd or pl (al) 59.3 nd (al) 99.5

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc

1269 2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol 1270 (Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±)

C7H6BrNO3 C3H5BrO

772-33-8 82584-73-4

232.032 136.975

liq

C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H13Br C7H7BrO

25346-33-2 626-88-0 4283-80-1 25346-31-0 6627-55-0

165.071 165.071 165.071 165.071 187.034

nd (peth)

C13H11BrO

51632-16-7

263.129

oil

C9H9BrO

619-41-0

213.070

2-(Bromomethyl)-1 H-isoindole- C9H6BrNO2 1,3(2H)-dione Isobutyl bromide C4H9Br

5332-26-3

tert-Butyl bromide α-Bromoisobutyric acid

No. Name

Synonym

1262 1-(Bromomethyl)-2methylbenzene 1263 1-(Bromomethyl)-3methylbenzene 1264 1-(Bromomethyl)-4methylbenzene 1265 1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

35

56

16213

148 -40

137

1.61514

1.484120

1.162420 1.168320

56.5

141 145 142.5; 70100 130; 76100 213.5

1.449520 1.4490 1.44223 1.452520 1.577220

nd or lf (al)

51

15714

240.054

pr (chl, bz)

151.5

78-77-3

137.018

liq

-119

91.1

1.27215

1.434820

C4H9Br C4H7BrO2 C4H6Br2O

507-19-7 2052-01-9 20769-85-1

137.018 167.002 229.898

liq cry (peth)

-16.2 48.5

73.3 199; 11524 163

1.427820 1.496960 1.406714

1.427820

C4H7Br C4H7Br C5H9BrO C4H11BrSi C10H7Br

3017-69-4 1458-98-6 1192-30-9 18243-41-9 90-11-9

135.003 135.003 165.028 167.120 207.067

1.33620 1.31320 1.467920 1.17025 1.478520

1.485020 1.446020 1.65820

1288 2-Bromonaphthalene

C10H7Br

580-13-2

207.067

1.60525

1.638260

1289 4-Bromo-1,8naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride 1290 1-Bromo-2-naphthol

C12H5BrO3

81-86-7

277.070

C10H7BrO

573-97-7

223.066

1291 4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline

C6H5BrN2O2

875-51-4

217.020

1292 1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene

C6H4BrNO2

577-19-5

1293 1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene

C6H4BrNO2

1271 1272 1273 1274 1275

1-Bromo-2-methylpentane 1-Bromo-4-methylpentane 2-Bromo-2-methylpentane 3-Bromo-3-methylpentane 2-Bromo-4-methylphenol

1276 1-(Bromomethyl)-3phenoxybenzene 1277 2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl) ethanone 1278 N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide 1279 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane

1280 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1281 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid 1282 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromide 1283 1-Bromo-2-methylpropene 1284 3-Bromo-2-methylpropene 1285 2-(Bromomethyl)tetrahydrofuran 1286 (Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane 1287 1-Bromonaphthalene

2-Methylpentyl bromide

3-Phenoxybenzyl bromide

1-Naphthyl bromide

oily liq

6.1

91 95 170; 7022 116.5 281

pl or orth lf (al)

55.9

281.5

202.006

585-79-5

202.006

C6H4BrNO2

586-78-7

202.006

CH2BrNO2 C3H6BrNO4 C9H19Br C18H37Br

563-70-2 52-51-7 693-58-3 112-89-0

139.937 199.989 207.151 333.391

C8H17Br

111-83-1

193.125

1300 2-Bromooctane, (±)

C8H17Br

60251-57-2

193.125

1301 8-Bromooctanoic acid 1302 1-Bromopentadecane

C8H15BrO2 C15H31Br

17696-11-6 629-72-1

223.108 291.311

1294 1-Bromo-4-nitrobenzene 1295 1296 1297 1298

Bromonitromethane 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol 1-Bromononane 1-Bromooctadecane

1299 1-Bromooctane

p-Nitrobromobenzene

Bronopol

Octyl bromide

vs eth, EtOH s ace; sl bz, chl; vs AcOEt i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl, bz; s ctc i H2O; sl ctc vs ace, CS2

s EtOH, eth s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc

222

orth pr (bzlig) nd (HOAc) oran-ye nd (w) pa ye (al)

1-Bromo-β-naphthol

1.183520 1.542225

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl; vs HOAc vs EtOH

84

130

111.5

sub

43

258

1.624580

orth

56

265

1.703620

orth or mcl pr (al)

127

256

1.94825

149; 7140

1.597920

1.488020

liq cry (al)

131.5 -29.0 28.2

221.4; 884 362; 21010

1.084525 0.984820

1.452225 1.463120

liq

-55.0

200.8

1.107225

1.450325

188.5

1.087825

1.444225

1472 322

1.067520

1.461120

nd (peth)

38.5 19

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl vs EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s ace; vs chl


3-67 Br

Br

Br

Br Br

1-(Bromomethyl)-2-methylbenzene


Br

Br


1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

OH Br

N O

O O

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene

N

O

N

O

1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

Br

2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol

(Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±)

OH

Br

Br

O

O

1-Bromo-2-methylpentane


O

O

Br

Br Br Br

Br 2-Bromo-2-methylpentane


2-Bromo-4-methylphenol

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-phenoxybenzene

2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethanone

O Br

Br

N

OH

Br O N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide

Br

Br

Br

O

1-Bromo-2-methylpropane

2-Bromo-2-methylpropane

O

2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid

2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromide

Br Br Br

Br 1-Bromo-2-methylpropene

O

O

3-Bromo-2-methylpropene

2-(Bromomethyl)tetrahydrofuran

O

O

Si

Br

NH2 O N

Br

Br

(Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane

O N

Br

O

Br

O N

1-Bromo-2-naphthol

Br O

Bromonitromethane

O

Br

Br

HO

2-Bromonaphthalene

Br

Br

OH

4-Bromo-1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride

1-Bromonaphthalene

4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline

NO2 OH

1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene

N O

O


O

Br

2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol

N

O


Br

1-Bromononane

1-Bromooctadecane

OH Br 1-Bromooctane

Br 2-Bromooctane, (±)

Br

O 8-Bromooctanoic acid

Br 1-Bromopentadecane

3-68


Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

Pentyl bromide

C6BrF5 C2BrF5 C5H11Br

344-04-7 354-55-2 110-53-2

246.960 198.917 151.045

liq col gas liq

-31

1.98125 1.809825 1.218220

1.449020

-88.0

137 -21 129.8

1306 2-Bromopentane

C5H11Br

107-81-3

151.045

liq

-95.5

117.4

1.207520

1.441320

1307 3-Bromopentane

C5H11Br

1809-10-5

151.045

liq

-126.2

118.6

1.21420

1.444120

1308 1309 1310 1311

C5H8BrN C5H9BrO2 C5H9Br C14H9Br

5414-21-1 2067-33-6 1119-51-3 573-17-1

162.029 181.028 149.029 257.125

1.398920

1.478020

1.258120 1.409310

1.464020

64.5

11112, 10310 14213 125.5 >360

1312 2-Bromophenol

C6H5BrO

95-56-7

173.007

5.6

194.5

1.492420

1.58920

1313 3-Bromophenol

C6H5BrO

591-20-8

173.007

33

236.5

1314 4-Bromophenol

C6H5BrO

106-41-2

173.007

66.4

238

1.84015

1263.5 12625

1.608820 1.261920 1.71725

No. Name 1303 Bromopentafluorobenzene 1304 Bromopentafluoroethane 1305 1-Bromopentane

5-Bromopentanenitrile 5-Bromopentanoic acid 5-Bromo-1-pentene 9-Bromophenanthrene

9-Phenanthryl bromide

1315 Bromophenol Blue

Bromphenol Blue

C19H10Br4O5S

115-39-9

669.960

1316 1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene 1317 (4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane 1318 N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide

4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether p-Bromoacetanilide

C12H9BrO C9H13BrOSi C8H8BrNO

101-55-3 17878-44-3 103-88-8

249.102 245.188 214.060

1319 1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone 1320 1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone

p-Bromoacetophenone

C8H7BrO C8H7BrO

2142-63-4 99-90-1

199.045 199.045

1321 (4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

(p-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

C6H7BrN2

589-21-9

187.037

1322 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1 H-indene1,3(2H)-dione 1323 (4-Bromophenyl) phenylmethanone 1324 2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone

Bromindione

C15H9BrO2

1146-98-1

C13H9BrO

1325 Bromophos

40.0 pr (al)

hex pr 279 dec (HOAc-ace) 18.72 nd (60% al) 168

lf (al)

7.5 50.5

13319 257; 13011

301.135

nd (w), lf (lig), cry (al) cry (lig)

138

90-90-4

261.113

lf (al)

82.5

C9H9BrO

2114-00-3

213.070

C8H8BrCl2PS

2104-96-3

317.999

ye cry

54

1410.01

nD

Solubility

1.444720

s chl

1.64725

1.608420 1.514520

1.575520 1.647

108

350 247.5

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc; msc eth vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl

1.429820

1.572020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2; sl chl sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, alk sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl, alk s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc i H2O; s eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, lig

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; s eth, ctc, tol

1326 Bromophos-ethyl 1327 1-Bromopropane

Propyl bromide

C10H12BrCl2O3PS 4824-78-6 C3H7Br 106-94-5

394.049 122.992

pale-ye liq liq

-110.3

1220.004 71.1

1.353720

1.434320

1328 2-Bromopropane

Isopropyl bromide

C3H7Br

75-26-3

122.992

liq

-89.0

59.5

1.314020

1.425120

1329 3-Bromopropanenitrile

C3H4BrN

2417-90-5

133.975

9225, 697

1.615220

1.480020

1330 2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±)

C3H5BrO2

10327-08-9

152.975

pr

25.7

203.5

1.700020

1.475320

C3H5BrO2

590-92-1

152.975

pl (CCl4)

62.5

14145

1.4825

1332 3-Bromo-1-propanol

C3H7BrO

627-18-9

138.991

105185, 8022

1.537420

1.483425

1333 1-Bromo-2-propanol

C3H7BrO

19686-73-8

138.991

146.5

1.558530

1.480120

1334 2-Bromopropanoyl bromide 1335 2-Bromopropanoyl chloride 1336 cis-1-Bromopropene

C3H4Br2O C3H4BrClO C3H5Br

563-76-8 7148-74-5 590-13-6

215.871 171.420 120.976

liq

-113

153 132 57.8

2.061116 1.69711 1.429120

1.478020 1.456020

s eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, chl

1337 trans-1-Bromopropene 1338 2-Bromopropene

C3H5Br C3H5Br

590-15-8 557-93-7

120.976 120.976

liq

-126

63.2 48.4

1.396516

1.446716

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc, chl, CS2 vs EtOH vs eth

1331 3-Bromopropanoic acid

1339 3-Bromopropene

1340 (3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene 1341 (3-Bromopropoxy)benzene 1342 3-Bromopropylamine hydrobromide

β-Bromopropionic acid

Allyl bromide

3-Bromo-1-propanamine hydrobromide

20

C3H5Br

106-95-6

120.976

liq

-119

70.1

1.398

C9H9Br C9H11BrO C3H9Br2N

4392-24-9 588-63-6 5003-71-4

197.071 215.086 218.918

nd (al, eth)

34 10.7 171.5

13010 12718

1.342830 1.36416

1.4697

20

1.61320

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl s H2O; msc EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth


3-69

F F

Br

F

F F

F

F

Br

F Bromopentafluorobenzene

F F

Br

Br

Br

Br

Bromopentafluoroethane

N

1-Bromopentane

2-Bromopentane

3-Bromopentane

5-Bromopentanenitrile

OH Br Br

OH

OH Br

O Br

OH 5-Bromopentanoic acid

Br

5-Bromo-1-pentene

9-Bromophenanthrene

2-Bromophenol

Br

3-Bromophenol

4-Bromophenol

OH Br

Br

O Br O

Si

HN

O

OH O S O O

O

Br

Br

Bromophenol Blue

Br

1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene

O

HN

Br

Br

(4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane

N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide

1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone

NH2 O

O

O

Br Br

O

Br

1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone

(4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

(4-Bromophenyl)phenylmethanone

Br

Cl

Cl

Br

Br Bromophos-ethyl

1-Bromopropane

O OH

Br

Br

3-Bromopropanenitrile

1-Bromo-2-propanol

Br

Br

O

2-Bromopropanoyl bromide

Br

2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±)

Cl

Br Br

OH

3-Bromo-1-propanol

OH

Br

Br 2-Bromopropane

OH

Br trans-1-Bromopropene

O

N

Br Bromophos

3-Bromopropanoic acid

2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone

S O P O O Cl

S O P O O Cl

Br

Br

Br

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione

O

2-Bromopropanoyl chloride

O

Br H2N

Br 2-Bromopropene

3-Bromopropene

Br cis-1-Bromopropene

(3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene

(3-Bromopropoxy)benzene

Br

HBr

3-Bromopropylamine hydrobromide

3-70


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1343 Bromopropylate

4,4’-Dibromobenzilic acid isopropyl ester

C17H16Br2O3

18181-80-1

428.115

C9H11Br C3H3Br

637-59-2 106-96-7

199.087 118.960

1346 2-Bromopyridine

C5H4BrN

109-04-6

157.997

liq

1347 3-Bromopyridine

C5H4BrN

626-55-1

157.997

liq

C5H4BrN C4H3BrN2O2

1120-87-2 51-20-7

157.997 190.983

C9H6BrN C9H6BrN

5332-24-1 5332-25-2

208.055 208.055

1352 N-Bromosuccinimide

C4H4BrNO2

128-08-5

177.985

1353 1354 1355 1356

C14H29Br C3H2BrNS C6H5BrOS C4H3BrS

112-71-0 3034-53-5 5370-25-2 1003-09-4

277.284 164.024 205.072 163.036

C4H3BrS

872-31-1

163.036

C27H28Br2O5S C7H7Br

76-59-5 95-46-5

624.381 171.035

liq

1360 3-Bromotoluene

C7H7Br

591-17-3

171.035

1361 4-Bromotoluene

C7H7Br

106-38-7

1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368

CBrCl3 C13H27Br C6H15BrSi C2H2BrF3 C2BrF3 CBrF3 C7H4BrF3

1344 (3-Bromopropyl)benzene 1345 3-Bromo-1-propyne

1348 4-Bromopyridine 1349 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 1350 3-Bromoquinoline 1351 6-Bromoquinoline

Propargyl bromide

5-Bromouracil

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

i H2O; vs eth s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc s H2O; vs EtOH, eth s ace, bz

1.5920

77 219.5; 11725 89

1.310625 1.57919

1.544025 1.492220

-40.1

193; 7513

1.633720

1.573420

-27.3

173; 6918

1.6450

1.569420

0.5 310

290.4

1.64500

1.569420

ye oil

13.3 24

275 281

cry (bz)

174

1.664120

2.09825

307 171 1034 150

1.017020 1.8225

1.460320 1.592720

1.68420

1.586820

159.5

1.73520

1.591920

201 -27.8

181.7

1.423220

1.556520

liq

-39.8

183.7

1.409920

1.551020

171.035

cry (al)

28.5

184.3

1.395935

1.547720

75-62-7 765-09-3 1112-48-7 421-06-7 598-73-2 75-63-8 392-83-6

198.274 263.257 195.173 162.936 160.920 148.910 225.006

liq

105 292 163; 6624 26 -2.5 -57.8 167.5

2.01225 1.023425 1.14320 1.788120

1.506520 1.457425 1.456120 1.333120

1.580020 1.65225

1.481720

C7H4BrF3

401-78-5

225.006

151.5

1.61325

1.471620

C7H4BrF3

402-43-7

225.006

160

1.60725

1.470525

C9H11Br

576-83-0

199.087

CBrN3O6 C19H15Br C11H23Br C11H21BrO2

560-95-2 596-43-0 693-67-4 2834-05-1

229.931 323.226 235.205 265.188

1376 (1-Bromovinyl)benzene 1377 (cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene 1378 (trans-2-Bromovinyl)benzene


98-81-7 588-73-8 588-72-7

183.046 183.046 183.046

1379 1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene 1380 1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene 1381 1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzene


2039-88-5 2039-86-3 2039-82-9

183.046 183.046 183.046

liq

1382 Brompheniramine 1383 Brucine

C16H19BrN2 C23H26N2O4

86-22-6 357-57-3

319.239 394.463

ye oily liq mcl pr (w +4) 178

2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10one, monohydrochloride 2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10one, sulfate, heptahydrate

C23H27ClN2O4

5786-96-9

430.924

pr

C46H68N4O19S

60583-39-3

1013.113 nd (w)

5-Butyl-1-cyclohexyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione

C14H22N2O3

841-73-6

266.336

1-Bromotetradecane 2-Bromothiazole 1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)ethanone 2-Bromothiophene

2-Thienyl bromide

1357 3-Bromothiophene 1358 Bromothymol Blue 1359 2-Bromotoluene

Bromthymol Blue

Bromotrichloromethane 1-Bromotridecane Bromotriethylsilane 2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Bromotrifluoroethene Bromotrifluoromethane 1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1369 1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1370 1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1371 2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

1372 1373 1374 1375

Bromotrinitromethane Bromotriphenylmethane 1-Bromoundecane 11-Bromoundecanoic acid

1384 Brucine hydrochloride 1385 Brucine sulfate heptahydrate

1386 Bucolome

Triphenylmethyl bromide

5.6 nd (al)

94.5

-5.65 6.2 liq -49.3 vol liq or gas -93.9 col gas col gas -172

1

-1

225

1.319110

1.551020

5610 23015 258.8 18818

2.031220 1.550020 1.049425

1.480820

liq nd (liq)

17.5 153 -9.7 57 -44 -7 7

8614, 713 1.402523 552 1.432210 dec 219; 10820 1.426916

1.588120 1.599022 1.609320

-52.8

209.2; 9820 9220 212; 10320

1.592720 1.593320 1.594720

7.7

nd (MeOH)

1500.5

sl EtOH; s ctc i H2O; vs eth, ace; s ctc i H2O; s ace, bz; sl chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; msc ctc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; msc eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs chl

i H2O; vs chl

liq

1.416020 1.405920 1.398420

s chl; vs HOAc s EtOH, eth, acid sl H2O, AcOEt, eth; vs ace; i hx vs ace, bz, EtOH

1.455225

i H2O; vs eth; s bz; sl ctc vs EtOH, chl sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl

i H2O; vs chl; s HOAc s dil acid sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, chl, tfa; vs MeOH; i bz

84

1860.8


3-71

O HO

Br

O

Br Br

Br

Br

Br Bromopropylate

(3-Bromopropyl)benzene

N

3-Bromo-1-propyne

Br

N

2-Bromopyridine

N

3-Bromopyridine

4-Bromopyridine

O Br

H

N

Br

N H

Br O

O

5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

3-Bromoquinoline

6-Bromoquinoline

O

N Br

N

N

Br

N-Bromosuccinimide

HO

OH

Br

Br

Br N S

Br

S

Br

O

2-Bromothiazole

Br

S

1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)ethanone

Br

O S O O

S

2-Bromothiophene

1-Bromotetradecane

3-Bromothiophene

Bromothymol Blue

Br

2-Bromotoluene

3-Bromotoluene

Br Br Si

Br Cl

Cl Br

Cl 4-Bromotoluene

Br

Bromotrichloromethane

F

1-Bromotridecane

Bromotriethylsilane

F F

2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

F

F

F

Br

Bromotrifluoroethene

Br Br F

Br

Br F

F

F F

F

F

Bromotrifluoromethane

1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Br

F F

F


F

F


2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

Br Br

Br O 2N

O

NO2 NO2

Br

Bromotrinitromethane

Bromotriphenylmethane

Br

OH

1-Bromoundecane

11-Bromoundecanoic acid

(1-Bromovinyl)benzene

N

Br Br

Br

N

Br Br

Br

(cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

(trans-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene



Brompheniramine

O H

O

N

NH

O H

O

N

H H

Brucine

NH

O

H H

O

HCl

O

O

N O

H O

H H

O

Brucine hydrochloride

N O

N

H2SO4.7H2O O

N

H H

O

Brucine sulfate heptahydrate

Bucolome

H O

3-72


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

1387 Bufotalin

C26H36O6

471-95-4

444.560

cry (+1 al)

223 dec

1388 Bulbocapnine

C19H19NO4

298-45-3

325.359

pr (al)

199.5

C10H19N5O

26259-45-0

225.291

C9H6N2S3

21564-17-0

238.352

liq

dec

No. Name

1389 sec-Bumeton

1390 BUSAN 72A

Synonym

N-sec-Butyl-N’-ethyl-6methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4diamine (2-Benzothiazolylthio)methyl thiocyanate

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs chl

87

1391 Butachlor 1392 1,2-Butadiene

Methylallene

C17H26ClNO2 C4H6

23184-66-9 590-19-2

311.847 54.091

1 atm 0.94525 1.469020 0.928620 1.608925 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 0.73640 1.41895 vs H2O, eth, ace; s chl, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl; i lig 0.801620 1.384320 s H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; sl chl 0.92320 vs H2O, ace, bz; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 0.8850120 1.4087130 sl H2O, eth; i bz; s EtOH 0.57325 1.332620 i H2O; vs EtOH, (p>1 eth, chl atm) 1.06520 1.426218 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 0.87725 1.496920 s H2O vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, MeOH 1.002420 1.437820 s H2O, EtOH, ace 1.005320 1.440120 1.017120 1.446020 msc H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth 1.003320 1.431025 msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, chl 1.047915 1.425115 1.10525 1.125 1.461120

1394 1,3-Butadien-1-ol acetate 1395 (trans)-1,3-Butadienylbenzene 1396 1,3-Butadiyne

Diacetylene

C4H2

460-12-8

50.059


1397 Butalbital

5-Isobutyl-5-allyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione Butyraldehyde

C11H16N2O3

77-26-9

224.256

pr

138.5

C4H8O

123-72-8

72.106

liq

-96.86

74.8

C4H9NO

110-69-0

87.120

liq

-29.5

154

C4H9NO

541-35-5

87.120

lf (bz)

114.8

216

1401 Butane

C4H10

106-97-8

58.122

col gas

-138.3

-0.5

1402 Butanedial

C4H6O2

638-37-9

86.090

C4H12N2 C4H14Cl2N2

110-60-1 333-93-7

88.151 161.073

C4H10O2

26171-83-5

90.121

C4H10O2 C4H10O2

107-88-0 110-63-4

90.121 90.121

1408 2,3-Butanediol

C4H10O2

6982-25-8

90.121

1409 1,4-Butanediol diacetate 1410 1,4-Butanediol diacrylate 1411 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether

C8H14O4 C10H14O4 C10H18O4

628-67-1 1070-70-8 2425-79-8

174.195 198.216 202.248

C12H18O4

1189-08-8

226.269

1398 Butanal

1399 Butanal oxime

1400 Butanamide

Butyramide

1403 1,4-Butanediamine 1404 1,4-Butanediamine dihydrochloride 1405 1,2-Butanediol, (±)

Putrescine

1406 1,3-Butanediol 1407 1,4-Butanediol

1,3-Butylene glycol Tetramethylene glycol

1,4-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy) butane

1412 1,3-Butanediol dimethacrylate

dec 170; 589 lf nd or lf (al, w)

21.91 280 dec

158.5 sub 190.5

cry (eth)

1 atm) 0.61625 (p>1 atm) 0.59925 (p>1 atm) 0.9416111

1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450

Fumaric acid dichloride Isocrotononitrile Crotononitrile Allyl cyanide

C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H2Cl2O2 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N

6117-80-2 821-11-4 627-63-4 1190-76-7 627-26-9 109-75-1

88.106 88.106 152.964 67.090 67.090 67.090

1451 cis-2-Butenoic acid

Isocrotonic acid

C4H6O2

503-64-0

86.090

1452 trans-2-Butenoic acid

Crotonic acid

C4H6O2

107-93-7

86.090

C4H6O2

625-38-7

86.090

C8H10O3 C4H8O C4H8O

623-68-7 4088-60-2 504-61-0

154.163 72.106 72.106

C4H8O

627-27-0

C4H8O C4H6O

1460 2-Butenoyl chloride 1461 (trans-1-Butenyl)benzene 1462 1463 1464 1465

1434 2-Butanone (1-methylpropylidene) hydrazone 1435 2-Butanone oxime 1436 1437 1438 1439

2-Butanone peroxide Butanoyl chloride Butaperazine Butazolamide

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide n-Butyryl chloride

1440 trans-2-Butenal

N-[5-(Aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4thiadiazol-2-yl]butanamide trans-Crotonaldehyde

1441 1-Butene

1-Butylene

cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butenedioyl dichloride cis-2-Butenenitrile trans-2-Butenenitrile 3-Butenenitrile

1453 3-Butenoic acid 1454 2-Butenoic anhydride 1455 cis-2-Buten-1-ol 1456 trans-2-Buten-1-ol

Crotonic acid anhydride cis-Crotyl alcohol trans-Crotyl alcohol

1457 3-Buten-1-ol

1458 3-Buten-2-ol 1459 3-Buten-2-one

2-Butenylbenzene 3-Butenylbenzene 1-Buten-3-yne Butethamine hydrochloride

Methyl vinyl ketone

Vinylacetylene 2-Isobutylaminoethyl 4aminobenzoate

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc s eth; sl ctc s H2O, bz; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; misc os msc eth

s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz

1.3931-25 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz 1.3848-25 s bz

235 13113 159 107.4 120 119

1.069820 1.070020 1.40820

1.4349111 s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl peth 1.478220 s H2O; vs EtOH 1.475520 vs H2O, EtOH 1.500418

0.823920 0.834120

1.422520 1.406020

169

1.026720

1.445020

184.7

0.960477

1.424977

169

1.009120

1.423920

247; 12919 123 121.2

1.039720 0.866220 0.852120

1.474520 1.434225 1.428820

72.106

113.5

0.842420

1.422420

598-32-3 78-94-4

72.106 70.090

97 81.4

0.86420

1.408120

C4H5ClO C10H12

10487-71-5 1005-64-7

104.535 132.202

liq

-43.1

124.5 198.7

1.090520 0.901920

1.46018 1.542020

C10H12 C10H12 C4H4 C13H21ClN2O2

1560-06-1 768-56-9 689-97-4 553-68-4

132.202 132.202 52.075 272.771

liq col gas cry

-70

176 177 5.1

0.883120 0.883120 0.70940

1.510120 1.505920 1.41611

2.0 25 pa ye lig liq liq liq

-51.5 -87

nd or pr 15 (peth) mcl pr or nd 71.5 (w, lig) liq -35

300 12612

0.918215

1.316620

wh cry

255

C8H10N4O2

58-08-2

194.191

sub 90

1.2319

C29H40O9

20304-47-6

532.623

1694 Calcium ascorbate

C12H14CaO12

5743-27-1

390.310

wh nd (w+1) 238 , hex pr (sub) small pr 271 (ace) tricl cry (w)

1695 Calcium citrate

C12H10Ca3O14

7693-13-2

498.433

cry (w)

CCaN2 C12H24CaN2O6S2 C12H22CaO14 C44H84CaI2O4

156-62-7 139-06-0 299-28-5 1319-91-1

80.102 396.535 430.373 971.023

col hex cry cry cry wh-ye pow

C6H10CaO6 C10H14CaO4

814-80-2 19372-44-2

218.217 238.294

wh pow (w) col cry (MeOH)

1686 3-Butyn-2-one 1687 3-Butynylbenzene 1688 γ-Butyrolactone

Ethynyl methyl ketone Oxolan-2-one

1689 Cacotheline 1690 γ-Cadinene 1691 Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate) 1692 Caffeine

1693 Calactin

1696 1697 1698 1699

Calcium cyanamide Calcium cyclamate Calcium gluconate Calcium iodobehenate

1700 Calcium lactate 1701 Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate

19-Oxogomphoside

Calcium carbimide

Iododocosanoic acid, calcium salt Calcium acetylacetonate

≈100 dec (hyd) ≈1340

dec

i H2O; s eth; sl ctc s ctc

s eth, bz, tol, AcOEt s chl vs H2O, EtOH; sl chl s H2O; vs EtOH; sl bz

1680 2-Butyne-1,4-diol

1683 2-Butyn-1-ol 1684 3-Butyn-1-ol 1685 3-Butyn-2-ol

pl (bz, AcOEt)

169 176 dec

i H2O; s EtOH; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth

1.461120

i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth, gl HOAc vs H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth; i bz, peth s ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O

sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, ctc; s chl, py

s H2O; i MeOH, EtOH sl H2O; i EtOH sub

2.29

dec H2O vs H2O i EtOH, os i H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O; i EtOH

3-85


N

Butyl propyl ether

S

C

O

O O S O

Cl Cl

O

2-Butylthiophene

Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate

Cl

Butyl 4-toluenesulfonate

O Cl Cl Si Cl

Cl

O

Butyl stearate

O

S

Cl O

5-Butyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid

S

Butyl thiocyanate

O

O

4-tert-Butylpyridine

N

O

OH

N O

O Butyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate

F F

Butyltrichlorosilane

H N

O

Butyl trichloroacetate

H N

NH2

Butyl trifluoroacetate

H N

NH2 O

O

F

O Cl

Butylurea

O

sec-Butylurea

O

NH2

tert-Butylurea

O

O O 1-tert-Butyl-4-vinylbenzene

HO

OH

H2N

Butyl vinyl ether

tert-Butyl vinyl ether

HO

1-Butyne

O

2-Butyne

NH2

N

N

2-Butynediamide

2-Butynedinitrile

OH

O

OH OH

O

O

O

OH

2-Butynedioic acid

2-Butyne-1,4-diol

O

H

O

2-Butynoic acid

O

O O

3-Butyn-2-one

N

γ-Butyrolactone

3-Butynylbenzene

3-Butyn-2-ol

O

H S

O

O O

3-Butyn-1-ol

H

N H H

O

2-Butyn-1-ol

N H

O

OH

O

2-Butyne-1,4-diol diacetate

N

H

OH

S

γ-Cadinene

Cacotheline

S

N

N

Cd

N

O

S

N

N

Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)

Caffeine

O O CH2O HO

OH H O

OH O

O

H

Ca2

O OH

O

H

O

O

O

OH

O

COO OH H OH OH CH2OH

Calcium ascorbate

H N

2

3Ca

O S

O

O

2

Calactin

H HO H H

O

HO HO H

O

2

2

Ca

Calcium citrate

N

N

2

Ca2

O 2

Calcium cyanamide

Calcium cyclamate

2

Ca

O

O I

O

2 Calcium gluconate

2

Ca 2

Calcium iodobehenate

HO

Ca

O 2 Calcium lactate

2

O

O Ca

O

O

Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate

3-86


No. Name

Synonym

1702 Calcium thioglycollate 1703 Calotoxin

4’β-Hydroxy-19oxogomphoside

1704 Calotropin 1705 Calusterone 1706 Camphene, (+)

1707 Camphene, (-)

2,2-Dimethyl-3methylenebicyclo[2.2.1] heptane, (1R)2,2-Dimethyl-3methylenebicyclo[2.2.1] heptane, (1S)-

1708 d-Camphocarboxylic acid

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

C4H6CaO4S2

814-71-1

222.297

pr (w)

220 dec

C29H40O10

20304-49-8

548.622

cry (EtOH)

268

C29H40O9

1986-70-5

532.623

pl (EtOH)

221

C28H48O C10H16

17021-26-0 5794-03-6

400.680 136.234

cry (ace) nd

157.5 52

161

0.895050

1.457025

vs eth

C10H16

5794-04-7

136.234

52

158

0.844650

1.456454

vs eth

C11H16O3

18530-30-8

196.243

1709 Camphor, (±)

1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-one, (±)

C10H16O

21368-68-3

152.233

1710 Camphor, (+)

1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-one, (1R) 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-one, (1S)

C10H16O

464-49-3

152.233

C10H16O

464-48-2

152.233

5394-83-2

200.232

3144-16-9

C20H21NO4 C21H30O2

pr (eth, 50% 127.5 al) wh rhom cry 178.3 (EtOH) pl

178.8

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

s H2O, EtOH; i eth

vs bz, eth, EtOH sub

207.4

0.99025 0.985318

pr, lf

202

1.186

232.297

pr (HOAc)

195 dec

29074-38-2 13956-29-1

339.386 314.462

mcl nd (al) rods (peth)

134 67

1882

C21H26O2

521-35-7

310.430

pl, lf (peth)

77

1850.05

C22H28O3 C10H12O4

976-71-6 56-25-7

340.455 196.200

cry (AcOEt) orth pl

150 218

sub 84

C6H11NO

105-60-2

113.157

lf (lig)

69.3

270

C18H27NO3

404-86-4

305.412

mcl pl or sc 65 (peth)

C40H56O3

465-42-9

584.871

C10H9Cl4NO2S C9H8Cl3NO2S C9H15NO3S

2425-06-1 133-06-2 62571-86-2

349.061 300.590 217.285

1725 Carbachol

C6H15ClN2O2

51-83-2

182.648

1726 Carbamic chloride Carbamyl chloride 1727 Carbamodithioic acid 1728 Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphate

CH2ClNO CH3NS2 CH4NO5P

463-72-9 594-07-0 590-55-6

79.486 93.172 141.021

1729 Carbaryl 1730 Carbazole

C12H11NO2 C12H9N

63-25-2 86-74-8

201.221 167.206

pl or lf

145 246.3

C14H11NO2

524-80-1

225.243

lf (AcOEt)

215

C9H9N3O2

10605-21-7

191.186

300 dec

C20H31NO3 C11H9NO4 C9H8O3

77-23-6 22509-74-6 129-64-6

333.465 219.194 164.158

91 164.5

C7H10N2O2S C8H10N2O2 C12H15NO3 CHF2N C11H8N2

22232-54-8 5331-43-1 1563-66-2 2712-98-3 244-69-9

186.231 166.177 221.252 65.023 168.195

1712 Camphoric acid, (±)

1713 d-Camphorsulfonic acid

1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3C10H16O4 cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, (1RS, 3SR) C10H16O4S

1714 Canadine, (±) 1715 Cannabidiol

DL-Tetrahydroberberine

1716 Cannabinol

6,6,9-Trimethyl-3-pentyl-6Hdibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol

1717 Canrenone 1718 Cantharidin

1719 Caprolactam

6-Hexanelactam

1720 Capsaicin

1721 Capsanthin 1722 Captafol 1723 Captan 1724 Captopril

3,3’-Dihydroxy-β,κ-caroten-6’one, (3R,3’S,5’R)

1-(3-Mercapto-2-methyl-1oxypropyl)proline

Dibenzopyrolle

1731 9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid 1732 Carbendazim

1733 Carbetapentane 1734 N-Carbethoxyphthalimide 1735 Carbic anhydride 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740

Carbimazole Carbobenzoxyhydrazine Carbofuran Carboimidic difluoride γ-Carboline

Carbamic acid, 1Hbenzimidazol-2-yl-, methyl ester Pentoxyverine N-(Ethoxycarbonyl)phthalimide

Benzyl carbazate

5H-Pyrido[4,3-b]indole

Solubility s H2O, chl; sl EtOH; i eth, bz

178.6

1711 Camphor, (-)

nD

1.04040

1.5462

1.540420

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; s ace, bz sl H2O; s chl, eth, EtOH vs H2O; i eth; sl HOAc vs EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, alk i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s HOAc vs H2O, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, peth; sl con HCl

2150.01

176 cry cry (CCl4) cry (AcOEt)

161 172.5 105

1.7425

210 dec

vs chl s H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, MeOH; sl EtOH; i eth, chl

dec 62 vs EtOH, eth unstab in soln 1.22825 354.69

vs ace, DMF i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s ace vs eth, EtOH, chl, HOAc

1.45

1650.01 orth cry (peth) cry, pow

gas nd

123.5 69.5 151 -90 225

1.41725

vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl vs ace, chl

1.18 -13 dec 1.352

sl H2O, bz; vs MeOH; s EtOH

3-87


O O

O

HO

OH H O

HO

O

HO

H

O HS

Ca

O

OH

O

OH H O

H OH

OH

2

O

H

2

O

Calcium thioglycollate

O

H

O

H

Calotoxin

O

H Calotropin

Calusterone

O

COOH

d-Camphocarboxylic acid

O O S O OH

OH

HO

O

O Camphene, (-)

Camphene, (+)

O

Camphor, (±)

O

O

Camphor, (+)

Camphor, (-)

Camphoric acid, (±)

d-Camphorsulfonic acid

O O O

N

O

OH

O

OH

O

O HO

O Canadine, (±)

O

O Cannabidiol

Cannabinol

Canrenone

O

Caprolactam

O N S

N H

OH

HO Capsaicin

Cl

O Cl Cl Cl

Capsanthin

Captafol

O

O

OH

N

N S H

Cantharidin

O

HO

H

N H

O

O O

O

Cl

O

Cl O Cl Cl

O

Captan

O N

SH

H2N

O

Captopril

O

NH2

O Carbachol

S Cl

H2N

Carbamic chloride

O SH

H2N

Carbamodithioic acid

Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphate

Carbaryl

O

N H

O

Carbazole

9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid

O

O S

N

O O

Carbimazole

O

O

N H

NH2

Carbobenzoxyhydrazine

O

N

N

O O

O

O

Carbendazim

N

O O

NH

OH N H

O

N

N

Carbetapentane

O

N-Carbethoxyphthalimide

Carbic anhydride

O

H N

O O Carbofuran

N H

O OH P O OH

F F

N

F NH

Carboimidic difluoride

N H γ-Carboline

3-88


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

1741 Carbon dioxide

Carbonic anhydride

CO2

124-38-9

44.010

col gas

-56.56 tp

-78.5 sp

1742 Carbon diselenide 1743 Carbon disulfide

Carbon selenide Carbon bisulfide

CSe2 CS2

506-80-9 75-15-0

169.93 76.141

ye liq col liq

-43.7 -112.1

125.5 46

0.72025 (p>1 atm) 2.682320 1.263220

1744 Carbonic acid 1745 Carbonic dihydrazide 1746 Carbon monoxide

Carbohydrazide Carbon oxide

CH2O3 CH6N4O CO

463-79-6 497-18-7 630-08-0

62.025 90.085 28.010

nd (dil al) col gas

154 -205.02

-191.5

1.61620 0.7909-19

C7H4ClNO4

7693-46-1

201.565

80

16019

C8H6ClNO4

4457-32-3

215.592

32.8

C3H2Cl4O2

17341-93-4

211.859

1747 Carbonochloridic acid, 4nitrophenyl ester 1748 Carbonochloridic acid, (4nitrophenyl)methyl ester 1749 Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2trichloroethyl ester 1750 Carbonothioic dichloride

Thiophosgene

CCl2S

463-71-8

114.982

red liq

73

1751 Carbonothioic dihydrazide

1,3-Diamino-2-thiourea

CH6N4S

2231-57-4

106.151

1752 Carbon oxyselenide

Carbonyl selenide

COSe

1603-84-5

106.97

-21.5

1753 Carbon oxysulfide

Carbonyl sulfide

COS

463-58-1

60.075

nd, pl (w) nd, 170 dec pl (w) col gas; -122 unstab col gas -138.8

1754 Carbon suboxide 1755 Carbonyl bromide 1756 Carbonyl chloride

1,2-Propadiene-1,3-dione Bromophosgene Phosgene

C3O2 CBr2O CCl2O

504-64-3 593-95-3 75-44-5

68.031 187.818 98.916

col gas

-107

col gas

1757 Carbonyl chloride fluoride 1758 Carbonyl dicyanide

Carbonic chloride fluoride

CClFO C3N2O

353-49-1 1115-12-4

82.461 80.044

C7H6N4O CF2O C11H16ClO2PS3 C20H32N2O3S C12H13NO2S C9H8O4

530-62-1 353-50-4 786-19-6 55285-14-8 5234-68-4 89-51-0

C9H18N4O4 C6H9NO6 C5H9NO4S C14H10O5

1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764

N,N’-Carbonyldiimidazole Carbonyl fluoride Carbophenothion Carbosulfan Carboxin 2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acid

1765 1766 1767 1768

N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-L-arginine L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine 2-Carboxyphenyl 2hydroxybenzoate 1769 3-Carene, (+) 1770 Carisoprodol 1771 Carminic acid

1772 Carnitine 1773 Carnosine 1774 α-Carotene

Octopine Carbocysteine Salsalate

4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid trimethylbetaine N-β-Alanyl-L-histidine

1775 β-Carotene

den/ g cm-3

nD

sl H2O

1.845420 1.631920

1.50815

1.544220

-127.78

6.8 64.5 8

1.1140 1.45380 2.5215 1.371925 (p>1 atm

col gas liq

-148 -36

-47.2 65.5

1.12420

162.149 66.007 342.866 380.544 235.302 180.158

cry (bz) col gas

119 -111.2

-84.5 820.01 126

1.13925 1.27120 1.05620

34522-32-2 53861-57-7 638-23-3 552-94-3

246.264 191.138 179.195 258.226

nd (w) cry nd

C10H16 C12H24N2O4 C22H20O13

498-15-7 78-44-4 1260-17-9

136.234 260.330 492.386

C7H15NO3

541-15-1

161.199

C9H14N4O3 C40H56

305-84-0 7488-99-5

226.232 536.873

C40H56

7235-40-7

536.873

C40H56

472-93-5

536.873

1777 ψ,ψ-Carotene

trans-Lycopene

C40H56

502-65-8

536.873

1778 β,β-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R)

Zeaxanthin

C40H56O2

144-68-3

568.872

1779 β,ε-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R,6’R)

Xanthophyll

C40H56O2

127-40-2

568.872

1780 β,β-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

Cryptoxanthin

C40H56O

472-70-8

552.872

1781 β,ψ-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

Rubixanthin

C40H56O

3763-55-1

552.872

94 184.5

1.24-87

1.391920

1.410020

s bz, ctc, chl, tol, HOAc reac H2O s eth, ace, ctc, chl

sl ace 171; 123200

0.854930

1.0020

1.0020

red pr (bz- 153 MeOH), viol pr (eth) red pr or nd 175 (peth) 215.5

sl H2O; s EtOH; vs KOH s eth, bz, CS2

s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl

281 167 206 147

cry 92 red mcl pr 136 dec (aq, MeOH) cry (al-ace), 197 dec hyg 260 red pl or pr 187.5 (peth, bzMeOH) red br hex pr 183 (bz-MeOH)

ye pr (MeOH) orth (chleth) ye or viol pr (ethMeOH) garnet red pr (bz-MeOH) dk red nd (bz-MeOH) oran-red (bz-peth)

dec H2O, EtOH; s eth vs H2O dec H2O

1.02817

γ-Carotene

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth Aq. soln. of CO2 vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s bz, HOAc

6311

-50

1776 β,ψ-Carotene

Solubility

2270.06

1.4693

vs ace, bz, eth s os s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O vs bz, eth, chl

i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth, ace, bz i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, peth; s bz, chl sl EtOH, peth; s eth; vs bz, chl, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, py, chl

196

vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth

160

vs bz, chl

160

sl EtOH, peth; s bz, chl

3-89

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds Cl O

O

O

Cl O

O

O O C O

Se C Se

S C

Carbon dioxide

Carbon diselenide

HO

S

Carbon disulfide

H2N OH

Carbonic acid

N H

N H

O

Cl

Cl

Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl ester

F

H2N Cl

Carbonothioic dichloride

Cl

N

Carbonyl dicyanide

N

N

O

O

Carbonochloridic acid, 4-nitrophenyl ester

N H

N H

Carbonothioic dihydrazide

N

N

N,N’-Carbonyldiimidazole

O C S

O C C C O

Carbon oxyselenide

Carbon oxysulfide

Carbon suboxide

S

Cl

F

F

O

O

O O C Se

S N

N

Carbonochloridic acid, (4-nitrophenyl)methyl ester

NH2

O

N

Carbonyl chloride fluoride

Carbon monoxide

O

O

O

O

S

S

Cl

C O

Carbonic dihydrazide

O Cl Cl

NH2

Carbonyl fluoride

Br

O

O H N

S

N

S

Cl

Carbonyl chloride

O N

Carbophenothion

Br

Carbonyl bromide

O

S O P O

Cl

O

Carbosulfan

Carboxin

HO OH O

O OH

OH O

O

N H

HO 2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acid

OH

OH

NH2

H N

NH

H 2N

O

N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-L-arginine

OH

O

O O

OH O

O

S NH2

OH

L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid

O

O

OH

S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine

2-Carboxyphenyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

3-Carene, (+)

HO O OH

OH O

OH H2N

O

H N

O

O

O

O

O

OH HO

O

OH

OH

Carminic acid

Carnitine

α-Carotene

N

H2N N

O

OH O

Carisoprodol

OH

OH

NH O

N H

Carnosine

β-Carotene

β,ψ-Carotene

ψ,ψ-Carotene

OH

OH

H HO

HO β,β-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R)

HO

β,ε-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R,6’R)

HO β,β-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

β,ψ-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

3-90


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

1782 ψ,ψ-Caroten-16-ol

Lycoxanthin

C40H56O

19891-74-8

552.872

1783 Caroverine 1784 Carpaine

C22H27N3O2 C28H50N2O4

23465-76-1 3463-92-1

365.468 478.708

1785 Cartap hydrochloride

C7H16ClN3O2S2

22042-59-7

273.804

red pl (bzMeOH) cry mcl pr (al, ace) cry

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

168 69 121

2020.01

180

1786 Carvenone, (S) 1787 (R)-Carvone

p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one, ( R)

C10H16O C10H14O

10395-45-6 6485-40-1

152.233 150.217

25.2

233 231

0.928920 0.959320

1.480520 1.498820

1788 (S)-Carvone

p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one, ( S)

C10H14O

2244-16-8

150.217

1 atm)

1.338920

C7H8ClNO

93-50-5

157.598

C7H8ClNO C3H7ClO C3H7ClO C8H9ClO C4H9ClO C3H5ClO2 C14H12ClNO

95-03-4 3188-13-4 627-42-9 3587-60-8 3587-57-3 625-56-9 1022-13-5

157.598 94.540 94.540 156.609 108.566 108.524 245.704

nd or pr (dil 52 al) nd (dil al) 84

83 92.5 10313 109 116

1.018815 1.034520 1.135020 0.988420 1.19420

1.404020 1.411120 1.519220 1.412520 1.40920

C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN

932-96-7 615-65-6 87-63-8 87-60-5

141.599 141.599 141.599 141.599

240 220 215; 9710 245

1.16911 1.15120

1.583520 1.574822

s EtOH, ace, bz sl EtOH, bz

1.588020

C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C15H9ClO2

95-74-9 95-69-2 95-79-4 129-35-1

141.599 141.599 141.599 256.684

C7H7Cl

100-44-7

126.584

C8H10ClN

39191-07-6

155.625

884

1.535025

s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz s EtOH; sl ctc s EtOH; sl ctc vs EtOH i EtOH, eth; sl py i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc s chl

C8H9ClO

1674-30-2

156.609

12817, 12111

1.552320

s EtOH; vs eth

C8H9ClO

3391-10-4

156.609

C8H7ClO2

20850-43-5

170.594

C5H11Cl

107-84-6

106.594

2112 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane

C5H11Cl

594-36-5

106.594

2113 2-Chloro-3-methylbutane 2114 1-Chloro-3-methyl-2-butene

C5H11Cl C5H9Cl

631-65-2 503-60-6

106.594 104.578

2115 3-Chloro-3-methyl-1-butyne 2116 (Chloromethyl)cyclopropane 2117 1-(Chloromethyl)-2,4dimethylbenzene 2118 (Chloromethyl) dimethylphenylsilane 2119 Chloromethyldiphenylsilane 2120 1-Chloro-3-(1-methylethoxy)-2propanol 2121 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-ethylbenzene 2122 (1-Chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene 2123 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-fluorobenzene 2124 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluorobenzene 2125 2-(Chloromethyl)furan 2126 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane

C5H7Cl C4H7Cl C9H11Cl

1111-97-3 5911-08-0 824-55-5

102.563 90.552 154.636

C9H13ClSi

1833-51-8

184.738

Isopentyl chloride

Physical Form

mp/˚C

ye br nd (al) 178.5 30.5

260

sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, chl s EtOH, eth, bz, chl s EtOH; sl lig vs H2O, eth vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

92

7 1

lf (al)

liq

26 30.3 26 170.5

243 244 239; 14038

-45

179

121

1.100420

1.192620

15

1.539120

1.5505

20

20.5

13414

1.31225

1.566020

liq

-104.4

98.9

0.875020

1.408420

liq

-73.5

85.6

0.865320

1.405520

91.5 109

0.87820 0.927320

1.448520

76 88 215.5; 11020

0.906120 0.9825 1.058019

225

1.024025

liq liq

-61 -90.9

20

s ctc

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl

1.435020 vs bz, eth, EtOH s ctc, CS2 20

C13H13ClSi C6H13ClO2

144-79-6 4288-84-0

232.781 152.619

295 182; 8720

1.1277 1.091020

1.5742 1.437025

C9H11Cl C9H11Cl C7H6ClF C7H6ClF C5H5ClO C8H17Cl

1467-05-6 934-53-2 345-35-7 352-11-4 617-88-9 123-04-6

154.636 154.636 144.574 144.574 116.546 148.674

9515 981 172; 8640 8226, 7620 4926 172

1.19225 1.21625 1.214320 1.178320 0.876920

1.529025 1.529025 1.515020 1.5130 1.494120 1.431920

s EtOH, eth vs bz, EtOH, chl

vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc


3-105

Cl C

N I I

O

N

Cl

Cl

N OH

Cl

1-Chloro-3-iodopropane

Cl

5-Chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol

N

C

Cl

O

C

1-Chloro-2-isocyanatobenzene

1-Chloro-3-isocyanatobenzene

1-Chloro-2-isopropylbenzene

1-Chloro-4-isopropylbenzene

S NH2 O

NH2

H H Cl

O Cl Cl

H

1-Chloro-4-isothiocyanatobenzene

Chloromethane

Cl

Cl

4-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline

5-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline

O

O

(Chloromethoxy)ethane

NH O

Cl

1-Chloro-2-methoxyethane

HN

NH2 Cl

O

O

Cl O

[(Chloromethoxy)methyl]benzene

Cl

O

1-(Chloromethoxy)propane

Cl

Cl

5-Chloro-2-(methylamino)benzophenone

4-Chloro-N-methylaniline

2-Chloro-4-methylaniline

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

Cl

Chloromethyl acetate

O

Cl

NH2

Cl Cl

Cl 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline


Cl

Cl


Cl


1-Chloro-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

OH

N H

Cl

O

Cl α-(Chloromethyl)benzenemethanol

3-Chloro-N-methylbenzenemethanamine

4-Chloro-α-methylbenzenemethanol

Cl

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-2-methylbutane

5-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-benzodioxole

Cl

Cl


O

Cl

Cl (Chloromethyl)benzene

O


Cl


1-Chloro-3-methyl-2-butene

3-Chloro-3-methyl-1-butyne

(Chloromethyl)cyclopropane

Cl

Cl Si Cl Si

1-(Chloromethyl)-2,4-dimethylbenzene

OH

Cl

O

(Chloromethyl)dimethylphenylsilane

Chloromethyldiphenylsilane

Cl

1-Chloro-3-(1-methylethoxy)-2-propanol

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-ethylbenzene

Cl Cl

Cl F F

(1-Chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-2-fluorobenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluorobenzene

O

Cl

2-(Chloromethyl)furan

Cl 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane

3-106


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2127 4-Chloro-5-methyl-2isopropylphenol

Chlorothymol

C10H13ClO

89-68-9

184.662

C8H9ClO

824-94-2

156.609

C8H9Cl

552-45-4

C8H9Cl C8H9Cl

2128 1-(Chloromethyl)-4methoxybenzene 2129 1-(Chloromethyl)-2methylbenzene 2130 1-(Chloromethyl)-3methylbenzene 2131 1-(Chloromethyl)-4methylbenzene 2132 Chloromethyl methyl ether

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

63

258.5

24.5

262.5

140.610

620-19-9 104-82-5

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.26120

1.58020

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, peth, alk vs ace, bz, eth

198; 9020

1.06325

1.541025

vs eth, EtOH

140.610

195.5

1.06420

1.534520

140.610

201; 9020

1.051220

1.5380

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs H2O, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, peth i H2O; s EtOH, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH

nd

10

1.39720

C2H5ClO

107-30-2

80.513

liq

-103.5

59.5

1.063

2133 2-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyloxirane 2134 1-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

C4H7ClO C11H9Cl

598-09-4 86-52-2

106.551 176.642

pr

32

122 291.5

1.101120 1.181320

2135 2-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

C11H9Cl

2506-41-4

176.642

lf (al)

48.5

16920

2136 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-nitrobenzene

C7H6ClNO2

612-23-7

171.582

cry (lig)

50.0

1254

1.555762


C7H6ClNO2

619-23-8

171.582

pa ye nd (lig) 46

17334

1.557762

C7H6ClNO2

100-14-1

171.582

pl or nd (al) 71

C7H6ClNO2

83-42-1

171.582

nd (dil al)

37.8

238

C7H6ClNO2

13290-74-9

171.582

ye cry

42.5

249

C7H6ClNO2

89-60-1

171.582

7

261; 11811

1.557220

i H2O; s ctc

C7H6ClNO2

121-86-8

171.582

nd (al)

66.5

260

1.547069

C7H6ClNO2

89-59-8

171.582

mcl nd

38

242; 115.511

1.255980

C6H13Cl C6H13Cl C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO

25346-32-1 4737-41-1 6640-27-3 615-74-7 87-64-9 615-62-3 1570-64-5 59-50-7

120.620 120.620 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583

113 126; 83202 195.5 196 189; 8020 228 223 235

0.861020 0.891420 1.178527 1.21515

2152 (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic MCPA acid 2153 4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) butanoic acid 2154 Chloromethylphenylsilane 2155 (Chloromethyl)phosphonic acid

C9H9ClO3

94-74-6

200.618

sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs eth vs bz, eth, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s eth vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s peth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc

C11H13ClO3

94-81-5

228.672

C7H9ClSi CH4ClO3P

1631-82-9 2565-58-4

156.685 130.468

113100

1.04320

1.517120

2156 N-Chloromethylphthalimide 2157 2-Chloro-2-methylpropanal 2158 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane

Isobutyl chloride

C9H6ClNO2 C4H7ClO C4H9Cl

17564-64-6 917-93-1 513-36-0

195.603 106.551 92.567

liq

-130.3

90 68.5

1.05315 0.877320

1.416016 1.398420

2159 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane

tert-Butyl chloride

C4H9Cl

507-20-0

92.567

liq

-25.60

50.9

0.842020

1.385720

2160 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene 2161 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene

Dimethylvinyl chloride

C4H7Cl C4H7Cl

513-37-1 563-47-3

90.552 90.552

68 71.5

0.918620 0.916520

1.422120 1.429120

C6H7Cl2N

6959-48-4

164.033

hyg

143.8

993-00-0 98-57-7

80.590 190.648

col gas

-135 98

123-09-1 542-81-4 2373-51-5 2344-80-1

158.649 110.606 96.579 122.669

1.12320 1.15325 0.87925

1.490220 1.496320 1.417520


2139 1-Chloro-2-methyl-3nitrobenzene 2140 1-Chloro-2-methyl-4nitrobenzene 2141 1-Chloro-4-methyl-2nitrobenzene 2142 2-Chloro-1-methyl-4nitrobenzene 2143 4-Chloro-1-methyl-2nitrobenzene 2144 2-Chloro-4-methylpentane 2145 3-(Chloromethyl)pentane 2146 2-Chloro-4-methylphenol 2147 2-Chloro-5-methylphenol 2148 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol 2149 3-Chloro-4-methylphenol 2150 4-Chloro-2-methylphenol 2151 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol

2162 3-(Chloromethyl)pyridine, hydrochloride 2163 Chloromethylsilane 2164 1-Chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl) benzene 2165 1-Chloro-4-(methylthio)benzene 2166 1-Chloro-2-(methylthio)ethane 2167 Chloro(methylthio)methane 2168 (Chloromethyl)trimethylsilane

4-Nitrobenzyl chloride

4-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene

2-Chloro-p-cresol 6-Chloro-m-cresol 6-Chloro-o-cresol 3-Chloro-p-cresol 4-Chloro-o-cresol 4-Chloro-m-cresol

CH5ClSi 4-Chlorobenzenethiol, S-methyl, C7H7ClO2S S,S-dioxide C7H7ClS C3H7ClS C2H5ClS C4H11ClSi

pr (peth)

45.5

nd (al) nd (peth) nd (peth)

55.5 51 67

pl (bz, to)

120

1.431020 1.638020

1.564762

1.537769

vs eth

1.411320 1.422220 1.520027 1.544920

100

nd (bz/ MeNO2)

90 135.5 vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s eth, ace, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl sl H2O; s chl msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs chl

7; -4563

10510 140; 6030 105 98.5

s EtOH, eth, ace


3-107

Cl

OH

Cl Cl

Cl

O

Cl 4-Chloro-5-methyl-2-isopropylphenol

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methoxybenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-2-methylbenzene



Cl

Cl

O Cl

Chloromethyl methyl ether

2-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyloxirane

2-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

O

O O

N

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

O N

Cl

Cl

N O

O


Cl

Cl


O

1-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

Cl

Cl

N

Cl Cl

O

N O

O N

O N

O

O O

1-Chloro-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzene

N

O



OH OH

Cl

O

Cl

Cl O

Cl

Cl



2-Chloro-4-methylpentane

3-(Chloromethyl)pentane

OH

OH

2-Chloro-4-methylphenol


OH O

OH

O

Cl Cl 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol

Cl



Cl SiH

O O

Cl 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol

(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid

O

OH Cl

Cl 4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic acid

OH

Cl

Chloromethylphenylsilane

Cl

O P OH OH

(Chloromethyl)phosphonic acid

N

Cl O

O N-Chloromethylphthalimide

2-Chloro-2-methylpropanal

H Si Cl

Cl Cl

Cl 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane

Cl

2-Chloro-2-methylpropane

Cl

O S O 1-Chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzene

Cl

1-Chloro-2-methylpropene

N

3-Chloro-2-methylpropene

HCl

H

3-(Chloromethyl)pyridine, hydrochloride

Chloromethylsilane

Cl

S 1-Chloro-4-(methylthio)benzene

S

Cl

1-Chloro-2-(methylthio)ethane

Si Cl

S

Chloro(methylthio)methane

Cl (Chloromethyl)trimethylsilane

3-108


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

2169 1-Chloronaphthalene

1-Naphthyl chloride

C10H7Cl

90-13-1

162.616

oily liq

-2.5

259; 106.55

1.188025

1.632620

2170 2-Chloronaphthalene

C10H7Cl

91-58-7

162.616

pl (dil al), lf 58.0

256

1.137771

1.607913

2171 4-Chloro-1-naphthol

C10H7ClO

604-44-4

178.615

nd (chl, aq al)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

C8H8Cl2O2

2675-77-6

207.055

2173 2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

121-87-9

172.569

ye nd (w)

108


C6H5ClN2O2

6283-25-6

172.569

ye nd (lig)

121


C6H5ClN2O2

89-63-4

172.569

dk oran-ye pr (dil al)

116.5


C6H5ClN2O2

635-22-3

172.569


C6H5ClN2O2

1635-61-6

172.569

2178 1-Chloro-5-nitro-9,10anthracenedione

C14H6ClNO4

129-40-8

287.656

ye nd or pr 103 (w) nd (peth) ye nd (CS2) 127.8 ye lf (al, bz) 315.3

2179 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde 2180 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde 2181 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene

6361-21-3 16588-34-4 88-73-3

185.565 185.565 157.555

cry (al)

o-Chloronitrobenzene

C7H4ClNO3 C7H4ClNO3 C6H4ClNO2

2182 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene

m-Chloronitrobenzene

C6H4ClNO2

121-73-3

157.555

2183 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene

p-Chloronitrobenzene

C6H4ClNO2

100-00-5

157.555

C6H6ClN3O2

42389-30-0

187.584

167

C6H5ClN2O4S

97-09-6

236.633

ye cry (EtOH) 175

C6H3Cl2NO4S

97-08-5

256.064

60.8

C7H4ClNO4

99-60-5

201.565

2172 Chloroneb

1,4-Dichloro-2,5dimethoxybenzene

2184 5-Chloro-3-nitro-1,2benzenediamine 2185 4-Chloro-3nitrobenzenesulfonamide 2186 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride 2187 2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid

120.5 134

81.3 64.5 32.1

268 vs eth, EtOH, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, HOAc vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ace, lig s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; sl lig sub

vs eth, EtOH

245.5

1.368242

pa ye orth pr 44.4 (al)

235.5

1.34350

1.537480

mcl pr

242

1.297990

1.5376100

mcl nd

nd (w)

82

141.8 18

2188 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H4ClNO4

2516-96-3

201.565

nd or pr (w) 166.5

1.608

2189 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H4ClNO4

96-99-1

201.565

nd or pl (w) 182.8

1.64518

2190 1-Chloro-1-nitroethane

C2H4ClNO2

598-92-5

109.512

2191 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol

C6H4ClNO3

619-08-9

173.554


C6H4ClNO3

89-64-5

173.554


C6H4ClNO3

611-07-4

173.554

2194 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane

C3H6ClNO2

600-25-9

123.539

2195 2-Chloro-2-nitropropane

C3H6ClNO2

594-71-8

123.539

2196 2-Chloro-3-nitropyridine 2197 1-Chloro-2-nitro-4(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2198 1-Chloro-4-nitro-2(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2199 1-Chlorononane 2200 9-Chloro-1-nonanol 2201 1-Chlorooctadecane 2202 1-Chlorooctane

C5H3ClN2O2 C7H3ClF3NO2

5470-18-8 121-17-5

158.543 225.553

C7H3ClF3NO2

777-37-7

225.553

C9H19Cl C9H19ClO C18H37Cl C8H17Cl

2473-01-0 51308-99-7 3386-33-2 111-85-3

162.700 178.699 288.940 148.674

2203 2-Chlorooctane

C8H17Cl

628-61-5

148.674

2204 8-Chloro-1-octanol 2205 Chloropentafluoroacetone 2206 Chloropentafluorobenzene

C8H17ClO C3ClF5O C6ClF5

23144-52-7 79-53-8 344-07-0

164.673 182.476 202.509

Octyl chloride

124.5

1.283720

1.422420

1.20720

1.425120

wh nd (50% 111 al) ye mcl pr (al) 88.5 ye pr or nd (w)

41

sub 142

nd (w) liq

liq

liq

col gas

-21.5

dec 134; 5750 1.220

1.437819

104.0 -1.3

222; 9510

1.51125

1.489320

22

232

1.52725

1.508326

-39.4 28 28.6 -57.8

205.2 14714 352 183.5

0.870620 0.861620 0.873420

1.434320 1.457520 1.452420 1.430920

172; 7528

0.865817

1.427321

-133

13919 8 117.96

1.456325 1.56825

1.425620

i H2O, EtOH, eth, lig; sl bz; s py vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace, tol, py i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl, CS2

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, alk s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, oils sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, oils; i KOH

i H2O; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH


3-109 NH2

O

OH Cl Cl 1-Chloronaphthalene

Cl

2-Chloronaphthalene

O

4-Chloro-1-naphthol

Cl

N O

NH2 O N

O

N O

O

2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline

O


N

O

O

1-Chloro-5-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

Cl


O Cl

N O

2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde

O

N O

Cl

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde

NH2 O S O

NH2

O

Cl


O

Cl

O O

Cl

N

Cl

Cl


O

Chloroneb

O

NH2

Cl O

Cl

NH2 O N

NH2

Cl

Cl

O N

O

1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene

Cl O S O

NH2 N O

O O


N

O

Cl

N

O

OH

O

2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid

N O

Cl

5-Chloro-3-nitro-1,2-benzenediamine

O

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

OH

O

OH

OH O N

Cl

N O

Cl


N O

O N

O

O

Cl


O

1-Chloro-1-nitroethane

N

O N

O

O N

O Cl N O

O

Cl

Cl 5-Chloro-2-nitrophenol

Cl

N

1-Chloro-1-nitropropane

2-Chloro-2-nitropropane

O

Cl

O

2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol

4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol

Cl OH O N

O

N O

Cl

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide

Cl O

O

N O

O


OH

O

Cl

O N

O

O F

Cl

2-Chloro-3-nitropyridine

F

F

1-Chloro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F F

F Cl

O

N

Cl

O

1-Chloro-4-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Cl

1-Chlorononane

OH 9-Chloro-1-nonanol

1-Chlorooctadecane

Cl

F Cl 1-Chlorooctane

Cl 2-Chlorooctane

Cl

OH 8-Chloro-1-octanol

F

O

F Cl

F

F

F

Chloropentafluoroacetone

F

F

F F

Chloropentafluorobenzene

3-110


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

2207 Chloropentafluoroethane

Refrigerant 115

C2ClF5

76-15-3

154.466

col gas

-99.4

-39.1

2208 1-Chloropentane

Pentyl chloride

C5H11Cl

543-59-9

106.594

liq

-99.0

108.4

2209 2-Chloropentane, (+)

sec-Pentyl chloride

C5H11Cl

29882-57-3

106.594

liq

-137

97.0

2210 3-Chloropentane

C5H11Cl

616-20-6

106.594

liq

-105

97.5

2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217

C5H9ClO2 C5H11ClO C5H9ClO C5H9ClO C5H8Cl2O C5H9Cl C6H5ClO

1119-46-6 5259-98-3 5891-21-4 32830-97-0 1575-61-7 1458-99-7 95-57-8

136.577 122.593 120.577 120.577 155.022 104.578 128.556

18

9.4

230 11212 106110, 7634 6820 8312 103; 4725 174.9

2218 3-Chlorophenol

C6H5ClO

108-43-0

128.556

32.6

214

2219 4-Chlorophenol

C6H5ClO

106-48-9

128.556

42.8

220

2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226

4430-20-0 92-39-7 614-61-9 588-32-9 122-88-3 7005-72-3 104-29-0

423.266 233.717 186.593 186.593 186.593 204.651 202.634

261 198.5 nd (w, al) 148.5 cry (w) 110 pr or nd (w) 156.5

4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether Chlorphenesin

C19H12Cl2O5S C12H8ClNS C8H7ClO3 C8H7ClO3 C8H7ClO3 C12H9ClO C9H11ClO3

cry

78

284.5 21419

Cloprop

C9H9ClO3

101-10-0

200.618

cry

113

1001.5

C8H8ClNO

587-65-5

169.609

nd (dil HOAc)

2229 N-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

C8H8ClNO

533-17-5

169.609


C8H8ClNO

588-07-8

169.609


C8H8ClNO

539-03-7

2232 4-Chloro-αphenylbenzenemethanol 2233 4-Chlorophenyl benzenesulfonate 2234 4-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-butanone 2235 4-Chlorophenyl 4chlorobenzenesulfonate 2236 (2-Chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl) methanone 2237 N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,Ndimethylurea 2238 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanone 2239 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanone

C13H11ClO

5-Chloropentanoic acid 5-Chloro-1-pentanol 5-Chloro-2-pentanone 1-Chloro-3-pentanone 5-Chloropentanoyl chloride 4-Chloro-2-pentene 2-Chlorophenol

Chlorophenol Red 2-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine 2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid 3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-Chlorophenoxy)acetic acid 1-Chloro-4-phenoxybenzene 3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2propanediol

2227 2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propanoic acid 2228 2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide

2240 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-2,4pyrimidinediamine 2241 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-indene1,3(2H)-dione 2242 4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate 2243 1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2propylamine 2244 N-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3oxobutanamide 2245 (4-Chlorophenyl) phenylmethanone 2246 3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2247 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2248 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2249 3-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-propanone

grn-br cry

den/ g cm-3

1.202615

1.599 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, con sulf

sub

vs bz, eth, EtOH

88.3 nd

333

169.609

179

333

1.38522

119-56-2

218.678

59

80-38-6 939-52-6 80-33-1

268.715 182.646 303.161

col cry

62 19.5 86.5

1314

1.33 1.13725

Ovex

C12H9ClO3S C10H11ClO C12H8Cl2O3S

2,4’-Dichlorodiphenyl ketone

C13H8Cl2O

85-29-0

251.108

pr (al)

67

21422

Monuron

C9H11ClN2O

150-68-5

198.648

wh pl (MeOH)

170.5

m-Chloroacetophenone p-Chloroacetophenone

C8H7ClO C8H7ClO

99-02-5 99-91-2

154.594 154.594

20

Pyrimethamine

C12H13ClN4

58-14-0

248.711

233.5

Clorindione

C15H9ClO2

1146-99-2

256.684

dk red nd (al) 145.5

Clortermine

C7H4ClNO C10H14ClN

104-12-1 10389-73-8

153.566 183.678

liq

C10H10ClNO2

93-70-9

211.645

C13H9ClO

134-85-0

216.662

nd (al)

77.5

332

C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO

1643-28-3 21640-48-2 2019-34-3 936-59-4

184.619 184.619 184.619 168.619

nd or lf (w) lf (peth)

102 77 126 49.5

1134

31.3

244; 12930 232

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; s chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc sl chl sl H2O 1.545920 i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace s EtOH; sl chl

1.39314

1.213040 1.192220

1.549420 1.555020

i H2O; sl EtOH, ace s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl

vs bz, eth, EtOH 11645 11716

106.5

lf (eth), cry (al, peth)

Solubility

s H2O, EtOH i H2O vs H2O; sl chl

79

2-Chloroethyl phenyl ketone

nD

1.5678-42 1.2678-42 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 0.882020 1.412620 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc; vs chl 0.869820 1.406920 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl 0.873120 1.408220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ace 1.341625 1.455520 vs eth, EtOH 1.451820 vs eth, EtOH 1.052320 1.437520 s eth, ace; sl ctc 1.436120 vs eth, EtOH 1.21018 1.463920 vs eth 0.898820 1.432220 vs ace, eth, chl 1.263420 1.552420 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz 1.24545 1.556540 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz 1.265140 1.557940 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s alk sl H2O; s EtOH

s EtOH; i eth, lig s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc


3-111

F F F

O

Cl

Cl Cl

F F Chloropentafluoroethane

Cl

Cl

1-Chloropentane

2-Chloropentane, (+)

3-Chloropentane

OH

Cl

5-Chloropentanoic acid

OH 5-Chloro-1-pentanol

OH OH

OH Cl

O Cl

O

O

5-Chloro-2-pentanone

HO

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-3-pentanone

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

5-Chloropentanoyl chloride

4-Chloro-2-pentene

2-Chlorophenol

Cl

3-Chlorophenol

4-Chlorophenol

Cl OH

O H N

O S O O

Cl

O

S

Chlorophenol Red

O

O

O

OH Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine

O

OH

2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid

OH

Cl

3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid

(4-Chlorophenoxy)acetic acid

O O

OH O

O

Cl

OH

3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2-propanediol

H N

Cl

Cl O

2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propanoic acid

O

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide

O

O S O O

Cl

N-(4-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

4-Chloro-α-phenylbenzenemethanol

O

N-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

OH

H N

O N-(3-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

H N

H N

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-4-phenoxybenzene

OH

Cl

Cl

4-Chlorophenyl benzenesulfonate

4-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-butanone

O Cl O S O O

Cl

O

H N

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

4-Chlorophenyl 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate

(2-Chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl)methanone

N Cl

N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea

1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanone

N

O

O

C

O

N Cl

NH2

Cl

N H2N

Cl 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanone

2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione

Cl

Cl

1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2-propylamine

4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate

O

H N

NH2

Cl

O

5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

O OH

O

O

Cl

N-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3-oxobutanamide

Cl

(4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethanone

3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

O O

OH

O OH

Cl 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

Cl

Cl 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

3-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-propanone

3-112


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2250 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-propanone

C9H9ClO

6285-05-8

168.619

2251 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-propynoic acid 2252 Chlorophenylsilane 2253 1-Chloro-4-(phenylsulfonyl) benzene

C9H5ClO2

7396-28-3

180.588

C6H7ClSi C12H9ClO2S

4206-75-1 80-00-2

142.659 252.716

2254 5-Chloro-1-phenyltetrazole 2255 (2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea 2256 α-Chlorophyll

C7H5ClN4 C7H7ClN2S C55H72MgN4O5

14210-25-4 5344-82-1 479-61-8

180.595 186.662 893.490

123 nd or pl 146 bl blk hex pl 152.3

2257 β-Chlorophyll

C55H70MgN4O6

519-62-0

907.473

bl-blk or grn 125 pow

C10H13ClN2O3S

94-20-2

276.739

cry (EtOH)

128

No. Name

2258 Chloropropamide

Synonym

Phenylchlorosilane Sulphenone

4-Chloro-N-[(propylamino) carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide

Physical Form

cry (HOAc, bz-peth)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

37.3

13531, 1142

den/ g cm-3

nD

i H2O; s EtOH, CS2; sl chl vs HOAc

144.5 162.5

1.068320

1.534020

94

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz

2259 2-Chloropropanal 2260 1-Chloropropane

Propyl chloride

C3H5ClO C3H7Cl

683-50-1 540-54-5

92.524 78.541

liq

-122.9

86 46.5

1.18215 0.889920

1.43117 1.387920

2261 2-Chloropropane

Isopropyl chloride

C3H7Cl

75-29-6

78.541

liq

-117.18

35.7

0.861720

1.377720

2262 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol 2263 2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol

α-Chlorohydrin Glycerol β-chlorohydrin

C3H7ClO2 C3H7ClO2

96-24-2 497-04-1

110.540 110.540

ye liq

dec 213; 11611 1.32518 14618, 12414 1.321920

1.480920 1.483120

C3H5ClN2O6

2612-33-1

200.534

sl ye liq

192.5

1.51129 1.157320 1.258520

1.436020 1.438020

2264 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate Clonitrate 2265 3-Chloropropanenitrile 2266 2-Chloropropanoic acid

β-Chloropropionitrile 2-Chloropropionic acid

C3H4ClN C3H5ClO2

542-76-7 598-78-7

89.524 108.524

liq

-51

175.5 185

2267 3-Chloropropanoic acid

β-Chloropropionic acid

C3H5ClO2

107-94-8

108.524

lf (w), hyg cry (lig)

41

dec 204

2268 2-Chloro-1-propanol

Propylene chlorohydrin

C3H7ClO

78-89-7

94.540

133.5

1.10320

1.439020

C3H7ClO

627-30-5

94.540

165

1.130920

1.445920

C3H7ClO

127-00-4

94.540

127

1.11320

1.439220

2271 3-Chloropropanoyl chloride

C3H4Cl2O

625-36-5

126.969

144

1.330713

1.454920

2272 cis-1-Chloropropene

C3H5Cl

16136-84-8

76.525

liq

-134.8

32.8

0.934720

1.405520

2273 trans-1-Chloropropene

C3H5Cl

16136-85-9

76.525

liq

-99

37.4

0.934920

1.405420

2269 3-Chloro-1-propanol 2270 1-Chloro-2-propanol

sec-Propylene chlorohydrin

2274 2-Chloropropene

Isopropenyl chloride

C3H5Cl

557-98-2

76.525


22.6

0.901720

1.397320

2275 3-Chloropropene

Allyl chloride

C3H5Cl

107-05-1

76.525

liq

-134.5

45.1

0.937620

1.415720

C3H2ClN C3H3ClO2 C9H9Cl

920-37-6 598-79-8 21087-29-6

87.508 106.508 152.620

liq

-65 66 8.5

88.5 sub 10613

1.09625

1.429020

2-Chloroacrylic acid

1.092620

1.585120

C10H12ClNO2 C17H16Cl2O3 C9H11Cl C4H6Cl2O2 C6H15ClO3Si C6H15ClSi C3H3Cl

101-21-3 5836-10-2 104-52-9 628-11-5 2530-87-2 2344-83-4 624-65-7

213.661 339.213 154.636 156.996 198.720 150.722 74.509

41 73

1492

1.1830

1.538820

-78

219.5 177 91 151 58

1.05621 1.292625 1.07725 0.878920 1.03025

1.516025 1.445620 1.418325 1.431920 1.434920

C5H3ClN4 C4H4ClN3 C5H5ClN2

87-42-3 5469-69-2 1072-98-6

154.558 129.548 128.560

nd (w)

176 dec 220 137

12711

2289 2-Chloropyridine

C5H4ClN

109-09-1

113.546

oil

2290 3-Chloropyridine 2291 4-Chloropyridine

C5H4ClN C5H4ClN

626-60-8 626-61-9

113.546 113.546

liq

2276 2-Chloro-2-propenenitrile 2277 2-Chloropropenoic acid 2278 trans-(3-Chloro-1-propenyl) benzene 2279 Chloropropham 2280 Chloropropylate 2281 (3-Chloropropyl)benzene 2282 3-Chloropropyl chloroformate 2283 (3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane 2284 (3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilane 2285 3-Chloro-1-propyne

2286 6-Chloro-1H-purine 2287 6-Chloro-3-pyridazinamine 2288 5-Chloro-2-pyridinamine

Propargyl chloride

6-Chloropurine

pow

pl

-43.5

Solubility

170

1.20515

148; 86100 147.5

1.200025

1.532020 1.530420

vs bz, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, py; s MeOH i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz vs bz, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs ace, EtOH, chl sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace s H2O, EtOH, chl; msc eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig; sl ctc

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s os sl ctc i H2O

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc

s H2O, EtOH; sl DMSO; i peth, lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O s H2O; msc EtOH


O

3-113

Cl

Cl

Cl

SiH2

O S O

OH O

Cl 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-propanone

3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-propynoic acid

N N N N

Chlorophenylsilane

Cl

H N

Cl

NH2 S

1-Chloro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)benzene

5-Chloro-1-phenyltetrazole

(2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea

O

N

N

N

N

N Mg

Mg N

N

O

N

HN N H O S O O

O

O

O O

O

Cl O

O

O

O

α-Chlorophyll

β-Chlorophyll

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

HO

OH

1-Chloropropane

2-Chloropropane

O

Cl Chloropropamide

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol

NO2

O

O2N

OH

3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol

O

2-Chloropropanal

Cl N

3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate

3-Chloropropanenitrile

Cl O

OH Cl

O 2-Chloropropanoic acid

Cl OH

Cl

OH

OH

3-Chloropropanoic acid

2-Chloro-1-propanol

Cl

3-Chloro-1-propanol

1-Chloro-2-propanol

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

trans-1-Chloropropene

2-Chloropropene

3-Chloropropene

H N

Cl

OH

2-Chloropropenoic acid

O

O

Cl

O trans-(3-Chloro-1-propenyl)benzene

Cl

O HO

Cl

N

2-Chloro-2-propenenitrile

Cl

Cl

Cl

3-Chloropropanoyl chloride

O

Cl cis-1-Chloropropene

O

OH

Cl

Chloropropham

Chloropropylate

(3-Chloropropyl)benzene

Cl O O Si O

O Cl

O

Cl

3-Chloropropyl chloroformate

N

HN

Cl

Si

(3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane

Cl

(3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilane

Cl

N

3-Chloro-1-propyne

Cl NH2 Cl

N

N

6-Chloro-3-pyridazinamine

Cl

Cl N

NH2

5-Chloro-2-pyridinamine

N

Cl

2-Chloropyridine

N 3-Chloropyridine

N

6-Chloro-1H-purine

N 4-Chloropyridine

3-114


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2292 2-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 2293 6-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 2294 4-Chloropyridine, hydrochloride 2295 Chloroquine 2296 2-Chloroquinoline

C6H4ClNO2

2942-59-8

157.555

>175 dec

C6H4ClNO2

5326-23-8

157.555

198 dec

C5H5Cl2N C18H26ClN3 C9H6ClN

7379-35-3 54-05-7 612-62-4

150.006 319.872 163.604

nd (aq al)

90 38

2297 4-Chloroquinoline

C9H6ClN

611-35-8

163.604

cry


C9H6ClN

612-57-7

163.604


C9H6ClN

611-33-6

163.604

pr (eth), nd (al) liq

C9H6ClNO C8H7Cl

130-16-5 2039-87-4

179.603 138.595

cry (al) liq

2302 3-Chlorostyrene

C8H7Cl

2039-85-2

138.595

2303 4-Chlorostyrene

C8H7Cl

1073-67-2

138.595

2304 N-Chlorosuccinimide

C4H4ClNO2

128-09-6

133.534

2305 1-Chlorotetradecane

C14H29Cl

2425-54-9

232.833

2306 6-Chloro-N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine 2307 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 2308 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 2309 Chlorothalonil

C11H20ClN5

580-48-3

257.764

C2HClF4 C2HClF4 C8Cl4N2

354-25-6 2837-89-0 1897-45-6

136.476 136.476 265.911

No. Name

2300 5-Chloro-8-quinolinol 2301 2-Chlorostyrene

Synonym

Cloxyquin

Physical Form

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

266; 15322

1.246425

1.634225

34.5

262; 13015

1.25125

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s dil HCl

43.8

263

-20

288.5

1.283414

1.640814

s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

130 -63.1

188.7

1.100020

1.564920

636

1.103320

1.562520

192

1.086820

1.566020

s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, HOAc; msc peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc sl H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs ace, bz; sl ctc vs bz, chl, EtOH, lig

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

sub 210

15.9

pl (CCl4)

1.611056

1.6525

150

4.9

296.8

0.865420

1.447420

oily liq

27

1559

1.095620

1.532020

col gas col gas

-117

-11.7 -12 350

1.725

250

10

148-65-2 58-94-6 96-43-5

295.831 295.724 118.585

2313 5-Chloro-2thiophenecarboxaldehyde 2314 2-Chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one 2315 2-Chlorotoluene

C5H3ClOS

7283-96-7

146.595

C13H7ClOS C7H7Cl

86-39-5 95-49-8

246.712 126.584

liq

153.5 -35.8

159.0

1.082520

1.526820

2316 3-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

108-41-8

126.584

liq

-47.8

161.8

1.07520

1.521419

2317 4-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

106-43-4

126.584

7.5

162.4

1.069720

1.515020

2318 6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4diamine 2319 1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl) benzene 2320 1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl) benzene 2321 Chlorotriethoxysilane 2322 Chlorotriethylplumbane 2323 Chlorotriethylsilane 2324 1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 2325 1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2326 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 2327 Chlorotrifluoroethene 2328 Chlorotrifluoromethane 2329 2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl) aniline 2330 4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) aniline 2331 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 2332 1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene

C3H4ClN5

3397-62-4

145.551

>330

C7H4Cl4

2136-89-2

229.919

29.4

264.3

1.518720

1.583620

C7H4Cl4

5216-25-1

229.919

245

1.446320

i H2O; s eth, ace; sl ctc vs ace, eth

C6H15ClO3Si C6H15ClPb C6H15ClSi C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2ClF3 CClF3 C7H5ClF3N

4667-99-6 1067-14-7 994-30-9 421-04-5 431-07-2 75-88-7 79-38-9 75-72-9 121-50-6

198.720 329.8 150.722 118.485 118.485 118.485 116.469 104.459 195.570

156

1.03020

1.399920

vs EtOH s H2O

144.5 12 17.3 6.1 -27.8 -81.4 10325

0.896720

1.431420

1.3890 1.54-60

1.30900 1.380

1.42825

1.497520

C7H5ClF3N

320-51-4

195.570

o-Chlorobenzotrifluoride

C7H4ClF3

88-16-4

180.555

m-Chlorobenzotrifluoride

C7H4ClF3

98-15-7

180.555

Chloromethapyrilene 2-Thienyl chloride

Lead triethyl chloride

Chlorotrifluoroethylene Refrigerant 13

liq

350 dec -71.9

128.3

1.1751

i H2O; sl ace, cyhex 25

C14H18ClN3S C7H6ClN3O4S2 C4H3ClS

2310 Chlorothen 2311 Chlorothiazide 2312 2-Chlorothiophene

155 , 192

5

1.286320

77.55

liq

-51 123 dec

vol liq or gas vol liq or gas col gas -105.5 col gas -158.2 col gas -181

1.548720

1.603625

36.5

13227

liq

-6

152.2

1.254030

1.451325

liq

-56

137.5

1.331125

1.443825

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl sl chl

i H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc, chl; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, chl; msc eth

s bz, chl i H2O

s chl


O

O Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

N

HN

Cl

OH OH

N

3-115

HCl Cl

N

N

6-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

N

4-Chloropyridine, hydrochloride

N

Chloroquine

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

4-Chloroquinoline

O

8-Chloroquinoline

5-Chloro-8-quinolinol

Cl

2-Chlorostyrene

3-Chlorostyrene

N

Cl

F

N

Cl

F

F

F

F F

N

1-Chlorotetradecane

N-Chlorosuccinimide

N

N

Cl

4-Chlorostyrene

O

N Cl

OH

Cl

6-Chloroquinoline

Cl

N

N N

N

Cl

2-Chloroquinoline

6-Chloro-N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

F

F

1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

N Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

N

Cl

N

S

N

S

S

Chlorothalonil

O O

O O

H2N N

Chlorothen

O

Cl

N

Cl

NH S

Chlorothiazide

Cl

O

Cl

2-Chlorothiophene

S

S

5-Chloro-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde

2-Chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one

Cl Cl Cl

NH2

Cl N

N

Cl 2-Chlorotoluene

3-Chlorotoluene

O O Si Cl O

4-Chlorotoluene

Cl

Cl

N

Cl Cl

Cl

NH2

6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene

F Pb Cl

Si Cl

F F F

Chlorotriethoxysilane

Chlorotriethylplumbane

Chlorotriethylsilane

NH2 Cl F F Chlorotrifluoromethane

F F

Cl F

F

1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane


F

2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline

F

Cl

F

F

Chlorotrifluoroethene

Cl Cl

Cl

F F


NH2 Cl

F

Cl

F

Cl

F

F F

4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline

F

F F F

1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F F


3-116


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

2333 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 2334 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane 2335 2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane 2336 Chlorotrimethylstannane 2337 2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

p-Chlorobenzotrifluoride

C7H4ClF3

98-56-6

180.555

liq

-33

138.5

1.334025

1.443130

460-35-5 6111-88-2 1066-45-1 88-88-0

132.512 148.674 199.266 247.549

liq

-106.5 -26 38.5 83

45.1 1.325320 dec 147; 4416 0.874620 148 1.79720

1.335020 1.430820

Picryl chloride

C3H4ClF3 C8H17Cl C3H9ClSn C6H2ClN3O6

2338 Chlorotrinitromethane

CClN3O6

1943-16-4

185.480

2.3

dec 134; 5640 1.676920

1.450020

2339 Chlorotriphenylmethane

C19H15Cl

76-83-5

278.775

C18H15ClSi C18H15ClSn C9H21ClSn C4H9ClSi N’-[4-(4-Chlorophenoxy)phenyl] C15H15ClN2O2 -N,N-dimethylurea C9H16ClN3O7 C10H12ClNO4

76-86-8 639-58-7 2279-76-7 1719-58-0 1982-47-4

294.851 385.475 283.426 120.653 290.745

54749-90-5 886-74-8

313.692 245.660

cry cry (bz)

C16H19ClN2 Chloroprophenpyridamine C20H23ClN2O4 2-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-2C10H14ClN propylamine 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethyl-10HC17H19ClN2S phenothiazine-10-propanamine

132-22-9 113-92-8 461-78-9

274.788 390.861 183.678

oily liq

50-53-3

318.864

2340 2341 2342 2343 2344

Chlorotriphenylsilane Chlorotriphenylstannane Chlorotripropylstannane Chlorovinyldimethylsilane Chloroxuron

2345 Chlorozotocin 2346 Chlorphenesin carbamate 2347 Chlorpheniramine 2348 Chlorpheniramine maleate 2349 Chlorphentermine 2350 Chlorpromazine

Triphenyltin chloride

2351 Chlorprothixene

C18H18ClNS

113-59-7

315.861

2352 2353 2354 2355

C9H11Cl3NO3PS C7H7Cl3NO3PS C12H12ClN5O4S C22H23ClN2O8

2921-88-2 5598-13-0 64902-72-3 57-62-5

350.586 322.534 357.773 478.879

2356 Chlorthalidone

C14H11ClN2O4S

77-36-1

338.765

2357 Chlorthion

C8H9ClNO5PS

500-28-7

C11H15Cl2O3PS2 C10H13ClN2O

21923-23-9 15545-48-9

Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos-methyl Chlorsulfuron Chlortetracycline

2358 Chlorthiophos 2359 Chlortoluron 2360 Cholane 2361 Cholan-24-oic acid

N’-(3-Chloro-4-methylphenyl)N,N-dimethylurea Cholanic acid

2362 Cholesta-3,5-diene

2363 Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β)

7-Dehydrocholesterol

2364 Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α)

wh nd or pl (chl, al-lig)

nd or pr (bz- 113.5 peth)

231; 1012

liq

2020.8

pale ye cry

97

gold-ye

42 43 176 168.5

147

368.638

C27H44O

434-16-2

384.637

C27H44O

128-33-6

384.637

2365 Cholestane, (5α)

28,29,30-Trinorlanostane

C27H48

481-21-0

372.670

2366 Cholestane, (5β)

Coprostane

C27H48

481-20-9

372.670

2367 Cholestanol 2368 Cholestan-3-ol, (3α,5α) 2369 Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3β)

Dihydrocholesterol Epicholestanol Allocholesterol

C27H48O C27H48O C27H46O

80-97-7 516-95-0 517-10-2

388.669 388.669 386.653

2370 Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3α)

Epicholesterol

C27H46O

474-77-1

386.653

2371 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), acetate

C29H48O2

604-35-3

428.690

2372 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), benzoate

C34H50O2

604-32-0

490.760

2373 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, hexadecanoate 2374 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, cis-9octadecenoate

C43H76O2

601-34-3

625.062

C45H78O2

303-43-5

651.100

s H2O vs ace, EtOH, diox 1421

cry

747-90-0

s chl 1.4910228 s ctc, os 1.414120

132.5

361.245 212.675

C27H44

1.267828 0.874420

147 dec 90

21

330.590 360.574

12313 83.5

151

297.653

548-98-1 25312-65-6

i H2O vs EtOH s H2O, chl, os i H2O; s EtOH, bz; sl eth; vs ace, tol vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl; s ace

24135 103.5 -23.5

wh pow or cry ye cry

C24H42 C24H40O2

310

Solubility

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s dil HCl i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

225 dec 1250.1

1.43720

1.566120

i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz; s diox s alk, EtOH; sl eth i H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH

1500.001

pr (al) nd (al), cry (HOAc) wh nd (al)

pl (+1w), (ethMeOH) pl (MeOH) ,nd sc or pl (ethal, ace) orth nd (al, ace) sc (al,+1w) nd (al) nd (ethMeOH) cry (al, chlMeOH) wh nd (ace, al) wh nd wh nd (eth al)

sl H2O; s os 0.001

90 163.5

190

80

26013

s EtOH, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, bz, chl; vs lig i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace

0.925100

150.5

110

1600.001

80

2501

72

0.909088

1.488788

0.911987

1.488488

141.5 185.5 132

s ace, chl, MeOH i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl vs eth, chl

141.5

vs eth, chl s chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl sl EtOH

115.5

vs bz, eth, chl

151.3

0.9413200

79.3

i EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz, chl

46.3

s chl


3-117

Cl

O O N

Cl Cl

F F

F

F

Cl


Cl

F F

O N O

Sn Cl

3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane

2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane

Chlorotrimethylstannane

NO2 NO2 NO2

Cl

N O O

2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

Chlorotrinitromethane

Chlorotriphenylmethane

HO O Cl Si

Cl Sn

Sn Cl

Chlorotriphenylstannane

Chlorotripropylstannane

OH O

N

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

O P O S

OH O O

Chlorphentermine

Cl N

N

O O O S N N H H

NH2

Cl

OH H

H

S Chlorpromazine

Cl

N

HO

OH

Cl

S NH

NH2 HO OH O HO O

Chlorsulfuron

NH2

O O

O

O

Chlortetracycline

Chlorthalidone

OH

H N

N H

O S

Cl

Chlorthiophos

Chlortoluron

HO

HO

Cl

O

Cl

Chlorthion

N

Chlorpyrifos-methyl

Cl

Cl

S O P O O

N

Chlorpyrifos

O O P S O

O N O

HO

Chlorpheniramine maleate

Cl

S O P O O

N

Cl

Chlorozotocin

N

N

Chlorpheniramine

Chlorprothixene

O

ON

Chloroxuron

O

S

O

O

O N

N

N

Cl

HN

N

Chlorphenesin carbamate

Cl

N

NH2 O

Cl

Cl

Chlorovinyldimethylsilane

N O

OH

H N

Cl Si

Chlorotriphenylsilane

OH

OH

Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β)

Cholane

Cholan-24-oic acid

H

Cholesta-3,5-diene

H

Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α)

H Cholestane, (5α)

Cholestane, (5β)

H HO

HO

H

HO

H

HO

Cholestan-3-ol, (3α,5α)

Cholestanol

Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3β)

Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3α)

H H

H H O

O

O O

O O

O

O Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), acetate

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), benzoate

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, hexadecanoate

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, cis-9-octadecenoate

3-118

No. Name


Synonym

2375 Cholest-4-en-3-one 2376 Cholesterol

2377 Cholic acid

2378 Choline chloride 2379 Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphate 2380 Chorismic acid 2381 Chromium carbonyl

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C27H44O C27H46O

601-57-0 57-88-5

384.637 386.653

nd or pl (al) 81.5 orth or tcl lf 148.5 (al) nd (eth)

81-25-4

408.572

C5H14ClNO C5H15ClNO4P

67-48-1 107-73-3

139.624 219.605

hyg cry visc liq

305 dec

C10H10O6 C6CrO6

617-12-9 13007-92-6

226.182 220.056

cry col orth cry

148 dec 130

C2CrO4

814-90-4

140.015

ye-grn pow (hyd) red mcl cry red-br pow ye pl or lf

208 300 exp

3,7,12-Trihydroxycholan-24-oic C24H40O5 acid, (3α,5β,7α,12α)

Phosphorylcholine

2382 Chromium(II) oxalate

mp/˚C

349.320 513.366 420.202

C18H13N C18H12

2642-98-0 218-01-9

243.303 228.288

2388 Ciafos

C9H10NO3PS

2636-26-2

243.219

2389 Cicutoxin

8,10,12-Heptadecatriene-4,6diyne-1,14-diol 2390 C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium salt Direct Blue 6

C17H22O2

505-75-9

258.356

pr (eth/peth) 54

C32H20N6Na4O14S4 2602-46-2

932.752

2391 Cimetidine 2392 Cinchonamine

C10H16N6S C19H24N2O

51481-61-9 482-28-0

252.339 296.406

2393 Cinchonidine

C19H22N2O

485-71-2

294.390

dk bronze pow cry orth nd (al) orth pr (MeOH) or pl or pr (al)

2394 Cinchonine

C19H22N2O

118-10-5

294.390

2395 Cinchotoxine

C19H22N2O

69-24-9

294.390

pr nd (al, 265 eth) nd or pr (eth) 59

C9H8O

14371-10-9

132.159

ye liq

2386 6-Chrysenamine 2387 Chrysene

Chromium acetylacetonate 1,8-Dihydroxy-2,4,5,7tetranitro-9,10anthracenedione 6-Aminochrysene Benzo[a]phenanthrene

lf (al) 210.5 red bl fl or 255.5 orth pl (bz, HOAc) ye to red-ye 15 liq

210.5

-7.5

3-Phenyl-2-propenal, (E)-

2397 Cinnamedrine

90-86-8

281.392

2398 cis-Cinnamic acid

α-[1-[Methyl(3-phenylallyl) C19H23NO amino]ethyl]benzenemethanol 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, (Z) C9H8O2

102-94-3

148.159

mcl pr (w)

42

2399 trans-Cinnamic acid

3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, (E) C9H8O2

140-10-3

148.159

mcl pr (dil al)

133

C16H15NO2 C18H16O2

87-29-6 122-69-0

253.296 264.319

cry nd (al)

64 44

C10H10O2

104-65-4

162.185

C8H6N2

253-66-7

130.147

2402 Cinnamyl formate 2403 Cinnoline 2404 Cinoxate

2405 2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411

Cinquasia Red Ciodrin C.I. Pigment Red 170 C.I. Pigment Yellow 1 C.I. Pigment Yellow 12 Cisapride Citral

3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol, formate 1,2-Benzodiazine 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2propenoic acid, 2-ethoxyethyl ester Quinacridone

3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal

2412 β-Citraurin

2413 Citrazinic acid

1,2-Dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-oxo4-pyridinecarboxylic acid

2450.03 dec 360; 2330.5

1.06720

sub

1.77

345

1.34

nD

Solubility i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s bz, HOAc; vs diox sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk; vs eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH

s H2O i H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s bz s H2O; i EtOH vs eth, EtOH

dec

1.27420

448

1200.09 dec

1.540432

142 186

2396 trans-Cinnamaldehyde

2400 trans-Cinnamyl anthranilate 2401 Cinnamyl cinnamate

den/ g cm-3

198

21679-31-2 C15H21CrO6 C16H9N3Na2O10S2 548-80-1 517-92-0 C14H4N4O12

2383 Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate 2384 Chromotrope 2B 2385 Chrysamminic acid

bp/˚C

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2; s tol sl H2O; vs chl, EtOH, ace, MeOH s hot H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sub

i H2O, bz; s EtOH, chl, py; sl eth

1.049720

246

1.619520

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig

75

1.15654

38

1140.3

-25

red-viol cry

390

104-28-9

250.291

C20H12N2O2 C14H19O6P C26H22N4O4 C17H16N4O4 C32H26Cl2N6O4 C23H29ClFN3O4 C10H16O

1047-16-1 7700-17-6 2786-76-7 2512-29-0 6358-85-6 81098-60-4 5392-40-5

312.321 314.271 454.478 340.334 629.492 465.945 152.233

C30H40O2

650-69-1

432.638

pl (bz-peth), 147 cry (al)

C6H5NO4

99-11-6

155.109

ye pow

185

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth

1.08625

252

C14H18O4

red solid ye cry ye cry cry (hp)

1.24754

300

0 pa ye cry (lig) col liq

vs EtOH, HOAc, lig i H2O, lig; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz

2

vs eth, EtOH 1.102

25

1.567

20

i H2O; msc EtOH

i H2O, os 1350.03

1.1925

228.3

0.888820

256 317 132

>300 dec

1.489820

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig s H2O, alk; sl HCl


3-119 O HO

HO

HO

O Cholest-4-en-3-one

O

H

H

H

OH

OH

H

Cholesterol

N

HO

Cholic acid

O

OH

O

O

CO

OC

OH

Cr

OC

OH

CO

O

Chorismic acid

CO

O

O

O

O

Chromium carbonyl

OH OH

O Cr

CO

O

2

N

O Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

P

O

NH2

O O S O

N O

O N

S

O

O S O O

N

N

S

O

O

O

N

O

O

O

N

O

Chrysamminic acid

OH

O

Ciafos

H2N

OH O N

OH

Chrysene

HO

OH O

N

S

N

4 Na

OH

O

O N

Chromotrope 2B

O NH2

O

Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphate

SO3 Na

Na O3S

Chromium(II) oxalate

6-Chrysenamine

O N

O Cr

Cl

Choline chloride

Cl

N

O O P OH OH

Cicutoxin

N

H N

S

N

C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium salt

HO

OH

N

N H

O

H N

Cimetidine

N

H

N

N H H

N

Cinchonamine

Cinchonidine

NH HO H

O

N

O

OH N

O N

OH O

N

Cinchonine

O

Cinchotoxine

NH2

trans-Cinnamaldehyde

Cinnamedrine

O

Cinnamyl cinnamate

O

Cinnamyl formate

N

O

N H

O

Cinnoline

O

O

N OH H N

O P O O O

O

O

Cinoxate

Cinquasia Red

NH2

O

N

N

O

H N O

O N

trans-Cinnamyl anthranilate

trans-Cinnamic acid

O

O

O

cis-Cinnamic acid

O

O

OH

O

N H N

O N

O

N O

N H NH O N

Cl

Cl

O

O N N

O

N N

HN

NH O

O

O

Ciodrin

C.I. Pigment Red 170

C.I. Pigment Yellow 1

C.I. Pigment Yellow 12

O Cl HN

O

N

H2N O

O

O

O

F

O

HO Cisapride

Citral

OH

HO β-Citraurin

N

OH

Citrazinic acid

O

3-120


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

2414 Citric acid

2-Hydroxy-1,2,3propanetricarboxylic acid

C6H8O7

77-92-9

192.124

orth (w+1)

153

dec

1.66520

2415 Citric acid monohydrate

C6H10O8

5949-29-1

210.138

cry (w)

135

2416 Citrinin

2-Hydroxy-1,2,3propanetricarboxylic acid, monohydrate Antimycin

C13H14O5

518-75-2

250.247

178 dec

2417 Citrulline

N5-(Aminocarbonyl)- L-ornithine C6H13N3O3

372-75-8

175.185

6358-53-8 130-20-1

308.331 511.312

ye nd (MeOH) pr (aq MeOH) cry viol-bl pow

C24H12O2 128-66-5 C28H19N5Na2O6S4 1829-00-1

332.351 695.721

ye cry ye-br pow

C25H30ClNO5 C18H33ClN2O5S

14976-57-9 18323-44-9

459.963 424.983

C18H15ClN2O C14H8Cl2N4

77175-51-0 74115-24-5

310.777 303.147

C12H15ClO3 C13H18ClNO2 C12H14ClNO2

637-07-0 14261-75-7 81777-89-1

242.698 255.741 239.698

2429 Clomiphene 2430 Clonazepam

C26H28ClNO C15H10ClN3O3

911-45-5 1622-61-3

405.959 315.711

2431 Clonidine 2432 Clopidol 2433 Clopyralid

C9H9Cl2N3 C7H7Cl2NO C6H3Cl2NO2

4205-90-7 2971-90-6 1702-17-6

230.093 192.043 192.000

C13H11ClO C22H17ClN2

120-32-1 23593-75-1

218.678 344.836

cry

48.5 148

183.5 51 dec

2418 Citrus Red 2 2419 C.I. Vat Blue 6 2420 C.I. Vat Yellow 4 2421 Clayton Yellow

7,16-Dichloro-6,15-dihydro5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone Anthanthrone Thiazol Yellow G

2422 Clemastine fumarate 2423 Clindamycin 2424 Cloconazole 2425 Clofentezine 2426 Clofibrate 2427 Cloforex 2428 Clomazone

3,6-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)1,2,4,5-tetrazine

2-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-4,4dimethyl-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one

3,6-Dichloro-2pyridinecarboxylic acid

2434 Clorophene 2435 Clotrimazole

C18H16N2O3 C28H12Cl2N2O4

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz s H2O; i EtOH, MeOH sl H2O; s EtOH

s H2O, EtOH, H2SO4 181

ye amorp solid 73 182

cry

52.8

s EtOAc

14920 890.005 1.19220

wh cry cry pow

117 237.5

i H2O, bz; sl ace, MeOH, chl

137 >320 151

C18H19ClN4 C8Co2O8

5786-21-0 10210-68-1

326.824 341.947

ye cry oran cry

2438 Cobalt hydrocarbonyl 2439 Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate 2440 Cocaine

Tetracarbonylhydrocobalt Cobalt(III) acetylacetonate

C4HCoO4 C15H21CoO6 C17H21NO4

16842-03-8 21679-46-9 50-36-2

171.982 356.257 303.354

ye liq or gas ≈-30 240 mcl pr (al) 98

2441 Coclaurine 2442 Codamine

C17H19NO3 C20H25NO4

486-39-5 21040-59-5

285.338 343.418

pl (al) pr (bz, eth)

220.5 127

2443 Codeine

C18H21NO3

76-57-3

299.365

orth cry (w, dil al, eth)

157.5

2444 Codeine phosphate

C18H24NO7P

52-28-8

397.361

2445 Coenzyme A

C21H36N7O16P3S

85-61-0

767.535

C21H27N7O14P2

53-84-9

663.425

lf or pr (dil 227 dec al) pow; unstab in air hyg pow

C21H28N7O17P3

53-59-8

743.405

gray-wh pow

2448 Colchiceine

C21H23NO6

477-27-0

385.411

2449 Colchicine

C22H25NO6

64-86-8

399.437

2450 Colistin A

C53H100N16O13

7722-44-3

1169.47

pa ye nd 178.5 (diox) ye pl (w + 1/ 156 2) ye cry (bz) amorp pow

2451 Collinomycin

C27H20O12

27267-69-2

536.441

2452 Columbin

C20H22O6

546-97-4

358.385

oran pr (chl- 281 MeOH) nd (MeOH) 195.5

2453 Conessine

C24H40N2

546-06-5

356.588

lf or pl (ace) 125.5

2447 Coenzyme II

1.542

156

Clozaril Dicobalt octacarbonyl

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Solubility vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, AcOEt; i bz, chl vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth

222

2436 Clozapine 2437 Cobalt carbonyl

2446 Coenzyme I

nD

i H2O

1613.5

1.18558

s ctc, CS2 sl H2O, bz; s ace, chl, AcOEt, DMF

1.78

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 s os

10 1870.1

25022, 1401.5

1.502298

1.3225

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py; s CS2 vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth vs EtOH, chl s H2O s H2O s H2O

1.2425

sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl; i eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH

sl H2O, EtOH, hx; s acids, MeOH vs ace, diox, chl

1660.1

i H2O; sl ace, AcOEt, MeOH; s chl sl H2O; s chl, HOAc


3-121 O

O Cl

O O COOH HOOC

OH HOOC

COOH

COOH COOH

OH Citric acid

O

HO

H 2O

O O

HO

Citrinin

N

N H

NH2

OH

Citric acid monohydrate

O

O HN

N

NH O

OH

NH2

Cl O

Citrulline

Citrus Red 2

C.I. Vat Blue 6

Cl NH

O

N

N N N HN

S

N HO

O

N

S

SO3 Na

SO3 Na

O C.I. Vat Yellow 4

Clayton Yellow

OH S OH

O O

Cl

O

HO

O

OH

Clindamycin

Clemastine fumarate

Cl Cl

N N

Cl

O

N

N

N

O

N

O

Cl Cloconazole

Clofibrate

O N

Cl

Cloforex

Clomazone

OH

N

Clomiphene

N

O

H N

Cl

N

N O

OH

O

Cl

Cl

N Cl H Clonidine

Clonazepam

Cl

N H

CO Co CO CO

OC Co CO

Cobalt carbonyl

Clorophene

Clotrimazole

O

Clozapine

O

O

O O N

N H H

HO

O

O

O

O

N H

HO

O

O

H

CO

Cobalt hydrocarbonyl

N H

Cl

Clopyralid

O

O

CO

OH

N

Clopidol

Co

H

Cl

O

O O O C C

N Cl

Cl

N

O

N

Cl

Cl

N

Cl

OC Co OC CO

O

N

N

H N O

O O

Cl

Cl

Clofentezine

O

H N

O

OH Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

Cocaine

O

Coclaurine

Codamine

Codeine

NH2

NH2 N

N O

NH2 N

N

O O H2PO4

O

HS

O

N H

N

N H

H

O O O O O P P OH OH

HO

NH2

N

N

Codeine phosphate

N

N

O

HO

O

O

O O O O P P O OH

N

N O

O HO

HO

OH

NH2

O O P OH OH

O N

HO

OH

Coenzyme A

N

N

O N

OH

HO

O O O O P P OH O O

N

HO

OH

Coenzyme I

Coenzyme II

O O O

O NH

O NH

O

O

O

H

O O

O O

O O OH

Colchiceine

O Colchicine

O

O HO

O HO

O

HO Collinomycin

O

H

N

O

H O

O

H

O

H OH

N

O Columbin

Conessine

H

3-122

No. Name


Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

2454 Congo Red

C32H22N6Na2O6S2 573-58-0

696.663

pow

>360

2455 Conhydrine

C8H17NO

3238-62-8

143.227

nd (peth)

121

226

C8H17NO

495-20-5

143.227

lf (eth)

121

226

2457 Coniferin

C16H22O8

531-29-3

342.341

nd (w+2)

186

2458 Conquinamine

C19H24N2O2

464-86-8

312.406

ye tetr

123

2459 Convallatoxin

C29H42O10

508-75-8

550.637

pr (eth/ MeOH)

238

2460 Copaene

C15H24

3856-25-5

204.352

2456 Conhydrine, (+)

2-(α-Hydroxypropyl)piperidine

248.5

2461 Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate

Bis(ethylacetoacetato)copper

C12H18CuO6

14284-06-1

321.813

2462 Copper(II) gluconate 2463 Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate 2464 Copper phthalocyanine

Cupric gluconate Copper(II) acetylacetonate Pigment Blue 15

C12H22CuO14 C10H14CuO4 C32H16CuN8

527-09-3 13395-16-9 147-14-8

453.841 261.762 576.069

grn cry (EtOH) bl-grn cry bl pow bl-purp cry

2465 Coronene

C24H12

191-07-1

300.352

2466 Corticosterone

C21H30O4

50-22-6

346.461

2467 Corybulbine

C21H25NO4

518-77-4

2468 Corycavamine 2469 Corydaline

C21H21NO5 C22H27NO4

2470 Corydine 2471 Corynantheine 2472 Cotarnine

den/ g cm-3

0.899620

sub

ye nd (bz)

437.4

525

181

355.429

nd (al, pl) (ace) nd (al)

237.5

521-85-7 518-69-4

367.396 369.454

pr (eth, al) pr (al)

149 136

C20H23NO4

476-69-7

341.402

tetr pr (eth)

149

C22H26N2O3 C12H15NO4

18904-54-6 82-54-2

366.452 237.252

C14H16ClO5PS C15H8O5

56-72-4 479-13-0

362.766 268.222

93 385 dec

1.474

cry rods

2475 Creatine

C4H9N3O2

57-00-1

131.133

mcl pr (w+1) 303 dec

1.3325

2476 Creatinine

C4H7N3O

60-27-5

113.118

orth pr (w+2) 300 dec lf (w) 31.03

2473 Coumaphos 2474 Coumestrol

3,9-Dihydroxy-6Hbenzofuro[3,2-c][1] benzopyran-6-one

202.27

1.033920

1.540120

pr

34.77

201.98

1.018540

1.531220

346.376 636.602

cry (al) ye cry pow

223 186

1733-12-6

382.430

>300

C19H17O4P C7H10ClN3 C23H16O11 C12H19ClNO3P C21H23NO5

78-31-9 535-89-7 16110-51-3 299-86-5 482-74-6

340.309 171.627 468.366 291.711 369.412

red-br cry pow col liq br wax col cry

C25H30ClN3 C20H20O6

548-62-9 18423-69-3

407.979 356.369

C32H46O8 C32H48O8 C6H9N3O2 C19H22N2O2 C19H26N2O

6199-67-3 5988-76-1 135-20-6 524-63-0 18397-07-4

558.702 560.718 155.154 310.390 298.421

108.138

2478 m-Cresol

3-Methylphenol

C7H8O

108-39-4

108.138

2479 p-Cresol

4-Methylphenol

C7H8O

106-44-5

108.138

2480 o-Cresolphthalein 2481 o-Cresolphthalein complexone

Metalphthalein

C22H18O4 C32H32N2O12

596-27-0 2411-89-4

2482 Cresol Red

o-Cresolsulfonphthalein

C21H18O5S

Cromoglicic acid

2488 Crystal Violet 2489 Cubebin 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494

Cucurbitacin B Cucurbitacin C Cupferron Cupreine Curan-17-ol, (16α)

Gentian violet

Geissoschizoline

-40 87 241 dec 60 pr or pl (bz) 223 nd (chlMeOH) grn pow 215 dec nd (al, bz) 131.5 cry (EtOH) cry (AcOEt)

pr (eth) pa ye amor pow

181 207.5 163.5 202 135 dec

sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s EtOH, ace; sl chl; i eth i H2O; s eth, ace, HOAc, lig s EtOH, chl

i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth

12.24

95-48-7

Cryptocavine

165.5 132 dec

1.538635

C7H8O

p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphate Crimidine Cromolyn Crufomate Cryptopine

1.37125

1.032735

2-Methylphenol

Solubility

sl EtOH; i os sl H2O; s chl i H2O, EtOH; s conc H2SO4 i H2O, con sulf; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HCl vs EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, NH4OH

191.04

2477 o-Cresol

2483 2484 2485 2486 2487

1.489420

192 156 284 dec

nd (bz), cry (eth)

nD

s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, chl s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk vs H2O, EtOH

1.20825

i H2O; s os vs EtOH

1.31520

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl, HOAc vs H2O, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl

1434 1180.01

sl DMSO vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl


3-123 OH

OH

NH2

NH2 N

N

N

HO

N H

O

N

O O

O H N

H

SO3Na

N H

SO3Na Congo Red

N H

OH

Conhydrine

HO HO

OH

Conhydrine, (+)

OH Coniferin

Conquinamine

O O

O

H OH

O O HO HO

H

O

OH

O Cu

O

O

H

O

OH Convallatoxin

Copaene

Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate

HO

N

O

N

O

Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate

Copper phthalocyanine

O N

O

H

O O Corycavamine

O

HO O

O

O

Corydaline

N H

Corydine

OH

N O

O

Cu

N

Corybulbine

N N

N

O

O

2

O Corticosterone

H

O

O

O

Cu

N

O

O

H

O Coronene

N H H

2

Cu

O

OH

N

N

Copper(II) gluconate

HO

O

N

COO OH H OH OH CH2OH

H HO H H

O

O

O O

Corynantheine

S O P O O

N

O

Cl O

O

O

OH

HN HO

Cotarnine

O

Coumaphos

N

H N

N

OH

NH2

N

O

O

Coumestrol

O

O

NH2

Creatine

NH

N Creatinine

OH O HO

HO OH

HO

N

O

OH

OH

OH OH

OH

O

O

O

O o-Cresol

m-Cresol

OH

O O P O O

O

p-Cresol

o-Cresolphthalein

N O

N

O

OH

N

S O O

OH

o-Cresolphthalein complexone

N

Cresol Red

p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphate

Crimidine

N

N O O

O

O

O

HO HO

O O

O Cromolyn

HO

HO

O H

H

O

O

HO Cucurbitacin B

Cl

O

Crystal Violet

OH

Cubebin

O O N

O

H

O H

OH

N

O Cryptopine

HO

O

O

O

Crufomate

O

O

O

O

O O P O NH

OH

O

O

N

O

Cl

OH

N N

H

HO O

OH Cucurbitacin C

HO

O NH4

N Cupferron

Cupreine

N N H H

H OH

Curan-17-ol, (16α)

Cl

3-124


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2495 Curcumin

Turmeric

C21H20O6

458-37-7

368.380

2496 Curine

C36H38N2O6

436-05-5

594.696

2497 Cuscohygrine

C13H24N2O

454-14-8

224.342

oran ye pr, orth pr (MeOH) pr, nd (chlMeOH) oil

C19H17NO3

529-92-0

307.343

2498 Cusparine

2-[2-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl) ethyl]-4-methoxyquinoline

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

221

vs ace, bz, py 16923, 1222

(α) wh or ye 92(α form); nd (peth); 111(β form) (β) amber pr ye pow 92 2120.25 nd 45.56 14019

C19H21N3S CH2N2

3546-03-0 420-04-2

323.455 42.040

2501 Cyanazine 2502 Cyanic acid

Hydrogen cyanate

C9H13ClN6 CHNO

21725-46-2 420-05-3

240.692 43.025

C3H4N2O C3H3NO2

107-91-5 372-09-8

84.076 85.062

C3H5N3O C3HN C8H5NO2

140-87-4 1070-71-9 1877-72-1

99.091 51.047 147.132

2508 4-Cyanobenzoic acid

C8H5NO2

619-65-8

147.132

2509 4-Cyanobutanoic acid

C5H7NO2

39201-33-7

113.116

2510 2511 2512 2513 2514

Bromine cyanide Chlorine cyanide

C6H7NO2 C15H14NO2PS C2N2 CBrN CClN

106-71-8 13067-93-1 460-19-5 506-68-3 506-77-4

125.126 303.317 52.034 105.922 61.471

2515 Cyanogen fluoride 2516 Cyanogen iodide 2517 Cyanoguanidine

Fluorine cyanide Iodine cyanide Dicyanodiamide

CFN CIN C2H4N4

1495-50-7 506-78-5 461-58-5

45.016 152.922 84.080

83 col gas -27.83 nd 52 col vol liq or -6.5 gas col gas -82 nd (al, eth) 146.7 211

2518 Cyanomethylmercury

Methylmercurynitrile

C2H3HgN

2597-97-9

241.64

cry (chl)

92

subl

2519 2520 2521 2522

(4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acid 2-Cyano-N-phenylacetamide 4-Cyanothiazole Cyanuric acid

C9H7NO3 C9H8N2O C4H2N2S 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)- C3H3N3O3 trione

1878-82-6 621-03-4 1452-15-9 108-80-5

177.157 160.172 110.137 129.074

cry (w) nd (al) nd wh cry

178 199.5 58 >330

sub

2523 2524 2525 2526

Cyanuric fluoride Cycasin Cyclandelate Cyclizine

2,4,6-Trifluoro-1,3,5-triazine

675-14-9 14901-08-7 456-59-7 82-92-8

135.047 252.222 276.371 266.381

nd (ace aq)

154 dec 52 106

19314

1134-23-2

215.356

11.5

14510

52-31-3

236.266

lf (w)

2-Cyanoethyl acrylate Cyanofenphos Cyanogen Cyanogen bromide Cyanogen chloride

Cyacetacide

C3F3N3 C8H16N2O7 C17H24O3 C18H22N2

168 unstab liq or -86 gas pl (w) 121.5 66

pr (al) nd (w)

114.5 5 219

23

0.973320

1.483220

1.28220

1.441848

1.14020

dec 160; 10815

42.5 sub

0.816717

10812

1.06220

-21.1 61.5 13

0.9537-21 2.01520 1.18620

1.386825

219

hyg cry

45

1.583925

-46 sub

sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth

sl hot H2O, ace, bz, EtOH; s conc HCl

72.8

cry (peth)

i H2O i H2O; s chl; sl EtOH 1.015630

Aminocyclobutane Tetramethylene

C4H9N C4H8

2516-34-9 287-23-0

71.121 56.107


82 12.6

0.832820 0.70380

1.436319 1.37520

2531 Cyclobutanecarbonitrile 2532 Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid

Cyanocyclobutane

C5H7N C5H8O2

4426-11-3 3721-95-7

81.117 100.117

liq

-1.0

149.6 190; 742

1.059920

1.440020

C6H8O4

5445-51-2

144.126

pr (w, eth)

158.0

C4H8O C4H6O

2919-23-5 1191-95-3

72.106 70.090

liq

-50.9

124 99

0.921815 0.95470

1.437120 1.421520

Hydroxycyclobutane

vs H2O, bz, eth, chl vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl tfa s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz

1.7525

2529 Cyclobutanamine 2530 Cyclobutane

2534 Cyclobutanol 2535 Cyclobutanone

i H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl CS2

vs eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace; i eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, bz; s eth

2528 Cyclobarbital

2533 1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid

vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

2.8418 1.40414

C11H21NOS Carbamothioic acid, cyclohexylethyl-, S-ethyl ester C12H16N2O3

2527 Cycloate

Solubility vs EtOH, HOAc

Cyanogenamide

2505 Cyanoacetohydrazide 2506 Cyanoacetylene 2507 3-Cyanobenzoic acid

nD

183

2499 Cyamemazine 2500 Cyanamide

2503 2-Cyanoacetamide 2504 Cyanoacetic acid

den/ g cm-3

173

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, dil alk; sl HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl lig s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth


3-125 O

O O

O

O

N H

O

OH

H N

O

O

O

HO

Curine

N

N

N H2N

S Cyamemazine

N H

N

N

Cyanamide

NH2 N H

HO

N

Cyanazine

O

N

N

Cyanic acid

2-Cyanoacetamide

OH

N

N

Cyanoacetylene

3-Cyanobenzoic acid

N

N 4-Cyanobenzoic acid

OH 4-Cyanobutanoic acid

O 2-Cyanoethyl acrylate

H2N N N

N

N

Cyanofenphos

Br

Cyanogen

N

Cl

Cyanogen bromide

N

F

Cyanogen chloride

N

I

Cyanogen fluoride

N N

N O

N (4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acid

H

N

H N

OH

N Hg

N

H2N

N Cyanogen iodide

Cyanoguanidine

O

O O

N

N

N

O

N H

S

2-Cyano-N-phenylacetamide

4-Cyanothiazole

F

H N

O F

N N

Cyanuric acid

F

Cyanuric fluoride

O N

O

OH

O O

O

N

N

O S

N

H

OH O

HO

O

OH Cycasin

O N

S P O

Cyanomethylmercury

O

Cyanoacetic acid

O

O

HO

OH N

O

OH

NH2

Cyanoacetohydrazide

O

Cusparine

N

O

N

O

Cuscohygrine

Cl

N

H N

N

N

OH

OH Curcumin

O

N

O

Cyclandelate

N

Cyclizine

Cycloate

HO

O

O

N H

O

Cyclobarbital

OH

OH

NH2 Cyclobutanamine

O

OH O Cyclobutanecarbonitrile

Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid

1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid

Cyclobutanol

Cyclobutanone

Cyclobutane

3-126


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2536 Cyclobutene

C4H6

822-35-5

54.091

col gas

2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542

Cyclochlorotine Cyclodecane 1,2-Cyclodecanedione Cyclodecanol Cyclodecanone α-Cyclodextrin

C24H31Cl2N5O7 C10H20 C10H16O2 C10H20O C10H18O C36H60O30

12663-46-6 293-96-9 96-01-5 1502-05-2 1502-06-3 10016-20-3

572.439 140.266 168.233 156.265 154.249 972.843

nd (MeOH)

2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554

β-Cyclodextrin γ-Cyclodextrin Cyclododecane Cyclododecanol Cyclododecanone 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene cis-Cyclododecene trans-Cyclododecene cis-9-Cycloheptadecen-1-one 1,3-Cycloheptadiene Cycloheptanamine Cycloheptane

C42H70O35 C48H80O40 C12H24 C12H24O C12H22O C12H18 C12H22 C12H22 C17H30O C7H10 C7H15N C7H14

7585-39-9 17465-86-0 294-62-2 1724-39-6 830-13-7 4904-61-4 1129-89-1 1486-75-5 542-46-1 4054-38-0 5452-35-7 291-64-5

1134.984 1297.125 168.319 184.318 182.302 162.271 166.303 166.303 250.419 94.154 113.201 98.186

mcl cry (w) 260 dec sq pl or rods nd (al) 60.4

C7H10O2 C7H14O

3008-39-7 502-41-0

126.153 114.185

No. Name

Synonym

Sebacil

Cyclomaltohexaose Cyclomaltoheptaose Cyclomaltooctaose

CDT

Civetone

2555 1,2-Cycloheptanedione 2556 Cycloheptanol

amor pow hx pl or nd

mp/˚C

255 dec 10 40.5 40.5 28

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

2

0.7330

202 10410 12512 10613

0.853825

1.471620

0.960620 0.965420

1.492620 1.480620

liq

32.5 -110.4

liq

-8.46

247 286 12712 240 13335, 712 11317 343; 1592 120.5 5411 118.4

-40 7.2

liq

59 -17

nD

vs ace; s bz, peth

0.905966 0.84100

1.457160 1.484020 1.485020

0.86825 0.809820

1.497820 1.472420 1.443620

10817 185

1.058322 0.955420

1.468922 1.4070520

178.5

0.950820

1.460820

-79.5

117; 60.5122

0.887519

1.534320

Suberone

C7H12O

502-42-1

112.169

2558 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene

Tropilidene

C7H8

544-25-2

92.139

2559 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one 2560 Cycloheptene

C7H6O C7H12

539-80-0 628-92-2

106.122 96.170

liq

-7 -56

11315, 846 115

1.09522 0.822820

1.617222 1.455220

2561 1,3-Cyclohexadiene

C6H8

592-57-4

80.128

liq

-89

80.5

0.840520

1.475520

C6H8

628-41-1

80.128

liq

-49.2

85.5

0.847120

1.472520

2563 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione

C6H4O2

583-63-1

108.095

red pl or pr

≈65 dec

2564 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, dioxime 2565 Cyclohexane

C6H6N2O2

105-11-3

138.124

pa ye nd (w) 240 dec

C6H12

110-82-7

84.159

80.73

0.773925

1.423525

C8H14O2

5292-21-7

142.196

nd (HCO2H) 33

245

1.042318

1.477520

C7H11N C7H11ClO C7H12O C7H12O2

766-05-2 2719-27-9 2043-61-0 98-89-5

109.169 146.614 112.169 128.169

liq

11

mcl pr

31.5

184; 7616 180 159.3 232.5

0.919 1.096215 0.903520 1.033422

1.450520 1.471129 1.449620 1.453020

C6H14N2 C6H14N2 C8H12O4

1436-59-5 1121-22-8 619-82-9

114.188 114.188 172.179

402 8015, 412 sub 300

0.95220 0.95120

1.495120

14.8 312.5

2574 1,3-Cyclohexanedimethanamine

C8H18N2

2579-20-6

142.242

350

160.125

cry (EtOH aq) pr (AcOEt)

168

83-44-3

392.573

cry (al)

177

C9H14N3O7P

1032-65-1

307.197

pow

183 dec

50-91-9 154-17-6 902-04-5

246.191 164.156 347.222

cry

150 146.5

2’-Deoxy-5’-guanylic acid

C9H11FN2O5 C6H12O5 C10H14N5O7P

D-Quercitol N-Methylglucamine

C6H12O5 C7H17NO5

488-73-3 6284-40-8

164.156 195.214

pr (w, dil al) 236 cry (MeOH) 128.5

Digitalose

C7H14O5 C5H10O4 C32H38N2O8

4481-08-7 533-67-5 131-01-1

178.183 134.131 578.652

nd (AcOEt)

3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,12α) 2’-Deoxy-5’-cytidylic acid Floxuridine

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth

sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth

vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s AcOEt i H2O; s chl, ace, eth; vs EtOH

1.2020

sub 160

1.506320

vs H2O; sl ace; i ace, eth i H2O; s EtOH, tol i H2O; s os sl H2O

vs H2O, ace, EtOH

s H2O

nd or pr

119 90 230.5

1.584513

vs H2O s H2O vs H2O i H2O; s EtOH, chl


3-137 O

O

Cl

O 3-Decanone

4-Decanone

O

Decanoyl chloride

trans-2-Decenal

1-Decene

O OH

OH cis-2-Decene

trans-2-Decene

cis-5-Decene

OH H

Cl

H

trans-5-Decene

9-Decenoic acid

N OH NH2

O

OH O HO

3-Decen-2-one

9-Decen-1-ol

O OH

O

O NH2

O

Declomycin

Decyl acetate

Decylamine

O O

O Decylbenzene

Decylcyclohexane

Decylcyclopentane

Decyl decanoate

O

Decyl formate

O O 11-Decylheneicosane

1-Decylnaphthalene

Decyloxirane

Decyl vinyl ether

OH OH

O

H

5-Decyne

O

OH

Dehydroabietic acid

O

O

OH

OH

N

O

N

OH

O

O H

O

HO

O

H

OH

1-Decyne

O

Br

O

Delphinidin

Delphinine

Deltamethrin

NH2

NH2 O

N

O

Br

N

Br

HO

S O

O

N

N O P O O

N

Demecarium bromide

S

O O P S O

Demeton

N

N

N

N

N

O

O Br

OH O

O

P

O O

OH

O

P

O

N

P

OH

O

N

H

O

CH2OH OH O

OH

O

S HO

OH

OH

Demeton-S-methyl

2’-Deoxyadenosine

2’-Deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate

6-Deoxy-L-ascorbic acid

O NH2

O HO

N OH

OH O

P

O O

F

HN N

HO

O

O O

H2N OH

N

O

HO

OH

HO

OH

OH

Deoxycholic acid

2’-Deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate

H HO H H

2’-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine

2-Deoxy-D-glucose

1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol

OH 6-Deoxy-3-O-methylgalactose

OH OH HO HO

2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate

HO

O

O

O O

OH D-2-Deoxyribose

O

O O

Deserpidine

OH

2-Deoxy-D-chiro-inositol

N H H

O OH

O OH

O

OH

O

O

N

OH

N H HO

O

HO

H CH2NHMe OH H OH OH CH2OH

P

N

OH

O OH

H

N

HN

O

3-138


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

2810 Desethyl atrazine

6-Chloro-N-isopropyl-1,3,5triazine-2,4-diamine Deferoxamine

C6H10ClN5

6190-65-4

187.630

cry

136

C25H48N6O8

70-51-9

560.684

cry (EtOH aq)

139

C18H22N2 C16H16N2O4 C8H15N5S C10H18N2O3 C22H29FO5 C8H10N3NaO3S

50-47-5 13684-56-5 1014-69-3 533-48-2 50-02-2 140-56-7

266.381 300.309 213.304 214.261 392.460 251.238

cry lo nd (H2O)

2818 Dexpanthenol

C9H19NO4

81-13-0

205.252

hyg oil

2819 Dextroamphetamine sulfate 2820 Dextromethorphan hydrobromide

C18H28N2O4S C18H26BrNO

51-63-8 125-69-9

368.491 352.309

wh cry pow

>300 123

C6H12O2

123-42-2

116.158

liq

-44

167.9

0.938720

1.421320

2822 3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene

C7H10O4

869-29-4

158.152

liq

-37.6

180

1.076020

1.419320

2823 1,3-Diacetylbenzene

C10H10O2

6781-42-6

162.185

32

15215

C10H10O2 C16H16N2O2

1009-61-6 613-35-4

162.185 268.310

113.0 328.3

1283

C21H23NO5 C4H6O4 C14H17ClNO4PS2 C10H17Cl2NOS C7H10N2

561-27-3 110-22-5 10311-84-9 2303-16-4 538-08-9

369.412 118.089 393.846 270.219 122.167

orth nd (eth) lf

173 30 68

27312 6321

col liq

2811 Desferrioxamine 2812 2813 2814 2815 2816 2817

Desipramine Desmedipham Desmetryne Desthiobiotin Dexamethasone Dexon

2821 Diacetone alcohol

2824 1,4-Diacetylbenzene 2825 N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’diaminobiphenyl 2826 Diacetylmorphine 2827 Diacetylperoxide 2828 Dialifor 2829 Diallate 2830 Diallylcyanamide

Sodium dimethylaminobenzenediazosul fonate

4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2pentanone

4-Acetylacetophenone

Acetyl peroxide

ye-br pow

nd (HOAc)

sl H2O; s DMF

dec

1.2020

1.49720

1.1525

1.5625

1509 14290, 959

s EtOH; sl eth, ctc i H2O; s os 1.442020

-6

196.200

1403

1.076820

1.467025

1087-21-4

246.259

1765

C10H12O4 C8H10O4

999-21-3 615-99-6

196.200 170.163

12910, 1093 217

1.07520 1.158220

1.469920 1.448120

155.5

0.80920

1.450220

138.6 11716

0.887727 1.084515

1.487025

1113-12-8 2179-57-9 557-40-4

140.299 146.273 98.142

2835 Diallyl fumarate

C10H12O4

2807-54-7

C14H14O4

liq

2839 N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine

Triallylamine

C9H15N

102-70-5

137.222

94

2840 5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 2841 Diallyl sulfide 2842 Diallyl trisulfide 2843 Diamantane 2844 1,2-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

Allobarbital

C10H12N2O3

52-43-7

208.213

lf

172

C6H10S C6H10S3 C14H20 C14H10N2O2

592-88-1 2050-87-5 2292-79-7 1758-68-5

114.208 178.338 188.309 238.241

liq

-85

cry viol nd

236 303.5

2845 1,4-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

128-95-0

238.241

dk viol nd (py)

268


C14H10N2O2

129-44-2

238.241

dk red nd (al, 319 HOAc)


C14H10N2O2

129-42-0

238.241

red nd (al, HOAc)

265


C14H10N2O2

131-14-6

238.241

red-br pr (aq-py)

320 dec

2849 4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene

C12H12N4

538-41-0

212.250

250.5

2850 3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid

C7H8N2O2

535-87-5

152.151

ye nd (al), oran-ye pr (al) nd (+1w)

228

sub

vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; sl eth vs H2O s EtOH, chl; i eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc vs EtOH; sl chl

vs bz, chl vs eth, EtOH

0.767920 1.023715 0.826020

C8H16Si C6H10S2 C6H10O

Congressane

s H2O

137; 6850 10048, 7916 94

274.267

Solubility

1730.02 120 85 157 262

1.1420

142-22-3

2837 Diallyl maleate 2838 Diallyl oxalate

nD

1612

C12H18O7

Di-2-propenyl 1,3benzenedicarboxylate

den/ g cm-3

-4

2831 Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate Diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate) 2832 Diallyldimethylsilane 2833 Diallyl disulfide 2834 Diallyl ether Allyl ether

2836 Diallyl isophthalate

bp/˚C

1.416320

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

s chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, acid sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, bz vs eth, EtOH vs eth sl EtOH, eth, chl, xyl; s py, con sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, PhNO2; vs py i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO2 i H2O; s EtOH, py; sl eth, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, chl, con sulf, xyl, py sl H2O, lig; s EtOH; vs bz, chl sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH; vs eth


3-139 O

NH2 N Cl

O O

N N

H2N

N H

OH N

H N

N OH

O

Desethyl atrazine

O

O N H

O

N H

OH

S

N

N H

Desmetryne

O N N S O Na O

N

F

O

N H

O

Desthiobiotin

Desmedipham

OH

H

NH O

O

O

HO N

N H

Desipramine

HN N

O

N OH

Desferrioxamine

HO

N H

N

Dexamethasone

Dexon

O HBr OH

O

H N

HO

OH NH2

O Dexpanthenol

0.5 H2SO4

H

Dextroamphetamine sulfate

O

OH O

N

O

Dextromethorphan hydrobromide

Diacetone alcohol

O

O O

3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene

1,3-Diacetylbenzene

O O

O

O O

O O

O HN

O 1,4-Diacetylbenzene

NH

O

H

N

O

N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’-diaminobiphenyl

O

O

O Diacetylmorphine

Cl S S P O O

N

O

Diacetylperoxide

O Cl

S

N

Cl

Dialifor

Diallate

N O N

O

Diallylcyanamide

O O

O

O

S

Si

O

Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate

Diallyldimethylsilane

O

S

Diallyl disulfide

Diallyl ether

O O O O

O O

O

O

O

O Diallyl fumarate

O

O

Diallyl isophthalate

O

O O

N

O

Diallyl maleate

Diallyl oxalate

O

O

N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine

NH2

O

NH2

O

NH2

NH2 NH

O

N H

O

O

NH2

S

S

5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

Diallyl sulfide

NH2 O

S

S

O

Diallyl trisulfide

NH2

Diamantane

1,2-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione


O

O

NH2 H2N

H2N NH2 O 1,5-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O



N N 4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene

NH2

H2N

OH

NH2

3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid

3-140


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2851 2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid

C4H10N2O2

305-62-4

118.134

hyg cry

2852 cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile 2853 1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 2854 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether 4,4-Oxydianiline 2855 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4’-Methylenedianiline

C4H4N4 C14H10N2O4

1187-42-4 128-94-9

108.102 270.240

bl nd (xyl)

C12H12N2O C13H14N2

101-80-4 101-77-9

200.235 198.263

2856 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide

4,4’-Thiodianiline

C12H12N2S

139-65-1

216.301

189 dec pl or nd (w) 92.5 pl (bz) nd (w) 108.5

2857 3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone 2858 meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid 2859 1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10anthracenedione 2860 1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10anthracenedione 2861 2,4-Diaminophenol

3,3’-Sulfonyldianiline 2,6-Diaminopimelic acid

C12H12N2O2S C7H14N2O4

599-61-1 922-54-3

248.300 190.197

nd (w)

C15H12N2O3

2872-48-2

268.267

235

C14H9N3O4

82-33-7

283.239

278

C6H8N2O

95-86-3

124.140

lf

79 dec

C6H10Cl2N2O

137-09-7

197.061

nd

235 dec

Thionine

C12H10ClN3S

581-64-6

263.745

Prontosil

C12H14ClN5O2S

103-12-8

327.790

Amsonic acid

C3H10N2O C14H14N2O6S2

616-29-5 81-11-8

90.123 370.400

cry ye nd

42.8 300

C3H5N5O

645-92-1

127.105

nd (aq Na2CO3)

dec

2868 8,8’-Diapo-ψ,ψ-carotenedioic acid Crocetin

C20H24O4

27876-94-4

328.403

brick red orth

286

2869 Diatrizoic acid

C11H9I3N2O4

117-96-4

613.913

cry (EtOH aq)

300

C2H4N4O2 C12H21N2O3PS CH2N2 C21H13N C21H13N C21H13N C22H14

123-77-3 333-41-5 334-88-3 226-36-8 224-42-0 224-53-3 53-70-3

116.079 304.345 42.040 279.335 279.335 279.335 278.346

C22H14

224-41-9

278.346

oran lf or nd 197.5 (bz) 190.2

No. Name

2862 2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride 2863 3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium chloride 2864 4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl)azo] benzenesulfonamide 2865 1,3-Diamino-2-propanol 2866 4,4’-Diamino-2,2’stilbenedisulfonic acid 2867 4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)one

2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875 2876

Diazenedicarboxamide Diazinon Diazomethane Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz[c,h]acridine Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

Synonym

N,N’-Diacetyl-3,5-diamino2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid Azodicarbonamide

7-Azadibenz[a,j]anthracene 1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene

2877 Dibenz[a,j]anthracene

mp/˚C

nD

Solubility

1.4120

178.5

i H2O; s bz, xyl, EtOH >300 398; 25718

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s tfa vs H2O, EtOH s H2O

168.5 314 dec

vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, acid sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, oils, fats i eth, bz sl H2O

249.5

i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; s acid, alk sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; s py; vs NaOH

212 dec ye gas ye cry

-145 228 216 ye cry (EtOH) 189 pl (dil ace) 269.5

Carbamazepine

C15H12N2O

298-46-4

236.268

Diphenylene dioxide 2,2’-Biphenylene oxide

C18H21N3O C20H13N C20H13N C26H16 C12H8O2 C12H8O

4498-32-2 194-59-2 239-64-5 217-54-9 262-12-4 132-64-9

295.379 267.324 267.324 328.405 184.191 168.191

nd (MeOH) lf or nd (al)

2885 Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene

Naphtho[1,2,3,4-def]chrysene

C24H14

192-65-4

302.368

pa ye nd(xyl) 233.5

2886 Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene 2887 Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene 2888 Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene

Dibenzo[b,def]chrysene Benzo[rst]pentaphene Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene

C24H14 C24H14 C24H14

189-64-0 189-55-9 191-30-0

302.368 302.368 302.368

oran pl

2889 Dibenzothiophene

C12H8S

132-65-0

184.257

2890 Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione

C14H8O3

6050-13-1

224.212

C14H10O2S2

644-32-6

274.358

Benzoyl disulfide

den/ g cm-3

s H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH

2878 5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5carboxamide 2879 Dibenzepin 2880 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole 2881 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole 2882 Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene 2883 Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin 2884 Dibenzofuran

2891 Dibenzoyl disulfide

bp/˚C

cry (EtOH)

ye pl (bz/ EtOH) nd (dil al, lig)

117 158 221.3 400 120.5 86.5

870.05 -23

1.492220 vs eth, diox i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, CS2 i H2O, HOAc; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s peth

1850.01 i H2O

287

315 281.5 164.5

2750.05

98.2

332.5

nd (HOAc or 217 bz) pr(al), 134.5 sc(chlpeth)

1.108820

sub dec

1.088699

1.607999

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, HOAc sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; s tol, con sulf

i H2O; s chl, MeOH; vs EtOH, bz i H2O; sl eth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s CS2


3-141 NH2 O

N

N

O

NH2 O

H2N

OH NH2

H2N

2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid

NH2

OH O

cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile

H2N

OH

NH2

1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether

H2N

NH2 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane

O O

S

H2N

O

O S

NH2

HO

4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide

O

NH2

3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone

OH

O OH

meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid

1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione

OH NH2

NH2

NH2

N 2 HCl O

N

O

NH2

O

1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

NH2

H2N

NH2

2,4-Diaminophenol

H2N

2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride

OH O S O

NH2

H2N

NH2

1,3-Diamino-2-propanol

O O

N H

O

4,4’-Diamino-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid

O

N

HO NH2

OH O

4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one

8,8’-Diapo-ψ,ψ-carotenedioic acid

OH

I

I

N H

4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl)azo]benzenesulfonamide

NH2

O S O OH

H2N

O S NH2 O

N N

NH2 Cl

S

3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium chloride

N OH

NH2

O

NH2

NH2

NH2

H2N

NH2

O

I

O

O

N H

Diatrizoic acid

H2N

N

N

S

N

O P O O

NH2

O Diazenedicarboxamide

H

N

C N

N

N

N

H

Diazinon

Diazomethane

Dibenz[a,h]acridine

Dibenz[a,j]acridine

N O N N

N O Dibenz[c,h]acridine

Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

Dibenz[a,j]anthracene

N

NH2

5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide

N H

Dibenzepin

7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole

O N H 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole

Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene

O

O

Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin

Dibenzofuran

Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene

O

O

O

Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene

O S

O

S Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene

Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene

Dibenzothiophene

S

Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione

Dibenzoyl disulfide

3-142


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

den/ g cm-3

2892 Dibenzylamine

N-Benzylbenzenemethanamine

C14H15N

103-49-1

197.276

nD

Solubility

dec 300; 270250

1.025622

1.578120

26 1.8

1954 298

1.02420 1.042820

1.563520 1.516820

274.356

117.5

19020

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc

C14H14S2

150-60-7

246.391

lf (al)

71.5

C16H20N2 C14H14O

140-28-3 103-50-4

240.343 198.260

oily lig

2896 2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone

C20H18O

897-78-9

2897 Dibenzyl malonate 2898 Dibenzyl phosphite 2899 Dibenzyl sulfide

C17H16O4 C14H15O3P C14H14S

15014-25-2 17176-77-1 538-74-9

284.307 262.241 214.326

1.544720 1.552118

C14H14O2S

620-32-6

246.325

pl (eth or chl) nd (al-bz)

1872 1620.1 dec

1.13725

-2.5 49.5

2900 Dibenzyl sulfone

152

dec 290

2901 Dibenzyl sulfoxide

C14H14OS

621-08-9

230.325

lf (al, w)

134

dec 210

2902 1,3-Dibenzylurea 2903 Dibromoacetic acid

C15H16N2O C2H2Br2O2

1466-67-7 631-64-1

240.300 217.844

nd (al) hyg cry

169.5 49

195250, 13016

2904 Dibromoacetonitrile 2905 2,4-Dibromoaniline

C2HBr2N C6H5Br2N

3252-43-5 615-57-6

198.844 250.919

2906 3,5-Dibromoaniline 2907 9,10-Dibromoanthracene

C6H5Br2N C14H8Br2

626-40-4 523-27-3

250.919 336.022

2893 Dibenzyl disulfide 2894 N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine 2895 Dibenzyl ether

Benzathine Benzyl ether

Benzyl sulfide

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

-26

2908 o-Dibromobenzene

1,2-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

583-53-9

235.904

orth bipym 79.5 (chl) nd or lf (al) nd (dil al) 57 ye nd (to or 226 xyl) 7.1

2909 m-Dibromobenzene

1,3-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

108-36-1

235.904

liq

2910 p-Dibromobenzene

1,4-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

106-37-6

235.904

pl

2911 4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone 2912 4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl

Bis(4-bromophenyl) ketone

C13H8Br2O C12H8Br2

3988-03-2 92-86-4

340.010 312.000

2913 1,3-Dibromo-2,2Pentaerythritol tetrabromide bis(bromomethyl)propane 2914 3,5-Dibromo-N-(4-bromophenyl)- Tribromsalan 2-hydroxybenzamide 2915 1,1-Dibromobutane 2916 1,2-Dibromobutane α-Butylene dibromide 2917 1,3-Dibromobutane

C5H8Br4

3229-00-3

387.734

C13H8Br3NO2

87-10-5

449.921

pl (al) 177 mcl pr 164 (MeOH) cry (ace), nd 163 (lig) 227

C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2

62168-25-6 533-98-2 107-80-2

215.915 215.915 215.915

liq

2918 1,4-Dibromobutane

C4H8Br2

110-52-1

215.915

2919 2,3-Dibromobutane 2920 trans-1,4-Dibromo-2-butene

C4H8Br2 C4H6Br2

5408-86-6 821-06-7

215.915 213.899

2921 1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne 2922 α,α’-Dibromo-d-camphor

C4H4Br2 C10H14Br2O

2219-66-1 514-12-5

211.883 310.025

2923 Dibromochlorofluoromethane 2924 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 2925 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane 2926 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide 2927 trans-1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±) 2928 1,10-Dibromodecane

CBr2ClF C3H5Br2Cl C2Br2ClF3

353-55-9 96-12-8 354-51-8

226.270 236.333 276.277

C3H2Br2N2O C6H10Br2

10222-01-2 5183-77-7

241.868 241.951

cry (bz)

C10H20Br2

4101-68-2

300.074

2929 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane

C2H2Br2Cl2

75-81-0

2930 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane

C2H2Br2Cl2

2931 Dibromodichloromethane 2932 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane

Decamethylene dibromide

Genetron 132b-B2

169; 6824 15674

1.058350

2.36920 2.26020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs ace; s bz, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs EtOH, HOAc vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.539320 s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc

sub 225

1.984320

1.615520

-7

218

1.952320

1.608317

87.43

218.5

2.26117

1.5742

395 357.5 305.5

2.59615

-65.4

158; 91101 166.3 174

1.78425 1.791520 1.80020

1.498825 1.402520 1.50720

liq

-16.5

197

1.819925

1.516725

liq pl (peth)

-24 53.4

161 203; 7414

1.789322

1.513322

9215

2.01418 1.85421

1.58818

2.317322 2.09314

1.457020 1.55314

50

80.3 196 93

126 -2.0

145100, 10520

1.775920

1.544519

pl (al)

28

1619, 1284

1.33530

1.492725

256.751

liq

-26

195

2.13520

1.566220

683-68-1

256.751

liq

-26

195

2.13520

1.566220

CBr2Cl2

594-18-3

242.725

38

150.2

2.4225

C2H2Br2F2

75-82-1

223.842

-61.3

92.5

2.223820

61

liq

1.445620

vs EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace, CS2 vs bz, HOAc, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz s EtOH, bz, tol; sl eth, chl

i H2O; s eth, chl i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; sl ctc; s chl i H2O; s eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, peth; s ace s eth, ace; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s AcOEt i H2O

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz


N H

S

Dibenzylamine

3-143

S

H N

N H

Dibenzyl disulfide

N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O O

O O

2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone

O

O

O P

Dibenzyl ether

O

S

O

Dibenzyl malonate

Dibenzyl phosphite

Dibenzyl sulfide

NH2 Br

O N H

S O

S O

O

Dibenzyl sulfone

Dibenzyl sulfoxide

N H

Br

OH

Br

Br

O

Br

N

1,3-Dibenzylurea

Dibromoacetic acid

Br

Br

Dibromoacetonitrile

2,4-Dibromoaniline

Br

NH2

Br

Br

O

Br Br

Br

Br

3,5-Dibromoaniline

Br

9,10-Dibromoanthracene

o-Dibromobenzene

p-Dibromobenzene

Br

Br

Br Br

Br 4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl

Br 4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone

Br

OH O Br

Br

Br

m-Dibromobenzene

N H

Br

Br Br

1,3-Dibromo-2,2-bis(bromomethyl)propane

Br Br

Br

3,5-Dibromo-N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide

1,1-Dibromobutane

1,2-Dibromobutane

Br

Br

Br

Br

1,3-Dibromobutane

Br

Br

1,4-Dibromobutane

2,3-Dibromobutane

trans-1,4-Dibromo-2-butene

Br

Cl Br

Dibromochlorofluoromethane

Br

Cl

Br

1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne

N

Br NH2 Br Br

1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide

Cl Br

Br

Br 1,10-Dibromodecane

Br Cl Cl

1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane

α,α’-Dibromo-d-camphor

Br

O

Br

Cl F

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane

Br O

Br

Br

F F

Br F

Br

Br

Br

Br

trans-1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±)

Br Br

Cl 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane

Cl

Cl Br

Dibromodichloromethane

Br

Br F

F

1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane

3-144


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2933 Dibromodifluoromethane

CBr2F2

75-61-6

209.816


2934 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4Dibromantine imidazolidinedione 2935 1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane 2936 1,12-Dibromododecane

C5H6Br2N2O2

77-48-5

285.922

C5H10Br2 C12H24Br2

5434-27-5 3344-70-5

229.941 328.127

184; 8026 21515

1.677520

nd (al,HOAc) 41

2937 1,1-Dibromoethane

Ethylidene dibromide

C2H4Br2

557-91-5

187.861

liq

-63

108.0

2.055520

1.512820

2938 1,2-Dibromoethane

Ethylene dibromide

C2H4Br2

106-93-4

187.861

9.84

131.6

2.168325

1.535625

2939 cis-1,2-Dibromoethene

cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene

C2H2Br2

590-11-4

185.845

liq

-53

112.5

2.246420

1.542820

2940 trans-1,2-Dibromoethene

trans-1,2-Dibromoethylene

C2H2Br2

590-12-5

185.845

liq

-6.5

108

2.230820

1.550518

2941 1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane 2942 1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate 2943 (1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene

C4H8Br2O C4H6Br2O2 C8H8Br2

2983-26-8 24442-57-7 93-52-7

231.914 245.898 263.958

1.732020 1.9120

75

8020 89.516 13319

1.504420

liq

2944 Dibromofluoromethane

CHBr2F

1868-53-7

191.825

liq

-78

64.9

2.42120

1.468520

C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2

42474-21-5 4549-31-9

257.994 257.994

41.7

228 263

1.508620 1.530620

1.498620 1.503420

C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2 C3Br2F6

21266-88-6 21266-90-0 661-95-0

257.994 257.994 309.830

10117 10724 72.8

1.513920 1.518220 2.163020

1.499220 1.501020

C6H12Br2 C6H12Br2

624-20-4 629-03-8

243.967 243.967

liq

-1.2

10336 245.5

1.577420 1.602525

1.502420 1.505425

C6H12Br2 C7H4Br2O2

89583-12-0 90-59-5

243.967 279.914

1.504320

pa ye pr

86

8013 sub

1.602720

3,5-Dibromosalicylaldehyde 3,5-Dibromosalicylic acid

C7H4Br2O3

3147-55-5

295.913

nd

228

Bromoxynil

C7H3Br2NO

1689-84-5

276.913

Methylene bromide

CH2Br2

74-95-3

173.835

2,5-Dibromotoluene


615-59-8 31543-75-6 618-31-5

249.931 249.931 249.931

C5H10Br2 C7H6Br2O C4H8Br2 C10H6Br2

594-51-4 609-22-3 594-34-3 83-53-4

229.941 265.930 215.915 285.963

2964 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline

C6H4Br2N2O2

827-94-1

295.916

2965 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol

C6H3Br2NO3

99-28-5

296.901

2966 1,9-Dibromononane 2967 1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane 2968 1,8-Dibromooctane

C9H18Br2 C4Br2F8 C8H16Br2

4549-33-1 335-48-8 4549-32-0

286.047 359.838 272.021

2969 1,2-Dibromopentane 2970 1,4-Dibromopentane 2971 1,5-Dibromopentane


3234-49-9 626-87-9 111-24-0

229.941 229.941 229.941

2972 2,4-Dibromopentane 2973 2,4-Dibromophenol

C5H10Br2 C6H4Br2O

19398-53-9 615-58-7

2974 2,6-Dibromophenol

C6H4Br2O

608-33-3

No. Name

2945 1,2-Dibromoheptane 2946 1,7-Dibromoheptane

Synonym

Heptamethylene dibromide

2947 2,3-Dibromoheptane 2948 3,4-Dibromoheptane 2949 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropane 2950 1,2-Dibromohexane 2951 1,6-Dibromohexane 2952 3,4-Dibromohexane 2953 3,5-Dibromo-2hydroxybenzaldehyde 2954 3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 2955 3,5-Dibromo-4hydroxybenzonitrile 2956 Dibromomethane

2957 1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene 2958 2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene 2959 (Dibromomethyl)benzene 2960 2961 2962 2963

2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane 2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 1,4-Dibromonaphthalene

Octamethylene dibromide

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

22.76

Solubility s H2O, eth, ace, bz

198 dec 1.5090 i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; s eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl; vs eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl vs EtOH, chl s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc, MeOH, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, ctc, chl

i H2O vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl; sl ctc vs bz, eth, chl s ace

190 liq

nd (peth)

-52.5

97

2.496920

1.542020

5.6 -9.7 1.0

236 10311 15623

1.812717 1.817625 1.836528

1.598218 1.596425 1.614720

7 58 10.5 83

6217 1.671720 dec 265; 1054 150 1.782720 310

1.572925 1.511920

ye nd (al, 207 HOAc) pa ye pr or lf 145 dec (al)

15.5

1.459425

1.497125

liq

-34.4 -39.5

184 146150, 9914 222.3

1.66818 1.622220 1.692825

1.508620 1.510225

229.941 251.903

nd (peth)

38

7521, 6012 238.5

1.665920 2.070020

251.903

nd (w)

56.5

255; 16221

-22.5

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s chl s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl HOAc sl H2O; s HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz, HOAc

285; 15410 97 271

liq

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc i H2O

1.422920 i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl

i H2O; s bz, chl; sl ctc

1.498720 sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth


Br N

Br F

3-145

F

O

Br

N Br

Dibromodifluoromethane

1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione

Br

Br

Br Br

Br 1,1-Dibromoethane

1,2-Dibromoethane

Br

Br

Br

H

Br

Br

Br

Br

1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

H

H

H

cis-1,2-Dibromoethene

1,12-Dibromododecane

Br Br

Br

trans-1,2-Dibromoethene

O O

1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

H (1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene

1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate

Br

Br

Br

O

F

Br

Br

Dibromofluoromethane

Br

1,2-Dibromoheptane

Br

1,7-Dibromoheptane

Br

2,3-Dibromoheptane

3,4-Dibromoheptane

O Br

F Br F

Br

Br

Br

Br

F F F F 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane

1,2-Dibromohexane

OH

Br

Br 1,6-Dibromohexane

Br

3,4-Dibromohexane

Br

3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

N HO

Br

O

Br OH

Br Br

Br

Br

Br

OH

Br

3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

H

3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile

Br

Br

H Dibromomethane

1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene

OH Br

Br

2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene

NH2

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br Br (Dibromomethyl)benzene

Br

Br

Br 2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane

2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol

Br

1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane

O

1,4-Dibromonaphthalene

N

O

2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline

OH Br

Br F F F F Br O

N

Br

O

Br

2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol

Br F F F F

1,9-Dibromononane

1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane

Br

Br

Br

Br 1,8-Dibromooctane

1,2-Dibromopentane

OH Br Br

Br Br

1,4-Dibromopentane

Br

Br

Br 1,5-Dibromopentane

OH Br

Br

Br 2,4-Dibromopentane

2,4-Dibromophenol

2,6-Dibromophenol

3-146


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

2975 1,2-Dibromopropane

Propylene dibromide

C3H6Br2

78-75-1

201.888

liq

-55.49

141.9

1.932420

1.520120


C3H6Br2

109-64-8

201.888

liq

-34.5

167.3

1.970125

1.520425


C3H6Br2

594-16-1

201.888

113

1.88020

2978 2,3-Dibromopropanoic acid 2979 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol 2980 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol

C3H4Br2O2 C3H6Br2O C3H6Br2O

600-05-5 96-13-9 96-21-9

231.871 217.887 217.887

s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH

C9H15Br6O4P

126-72-7

697.610

C3H4Br2O C3H4Br2

816-39-7 13195-80-7

215.871 199.872

2984 1,2-Dibromo-1-propene 2985 2,3-Dibromo-1-propene

C3H4Br2 C3H4Br2

26391-16-2 513-31-5

199.872 199.872

2986 3,5-Dibromopyridine

C5H3Br2N

625-92-3

236.893

nd (al)

112

222 sub

2981 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1) 2982 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone 2983 1,1-Dibromo-1-propene

Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate 1,3-Dibromoacetone

66.5 ye liq

nd

26

2987 5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol

Broxyquinoline

C9H5Br2NO

521-74-4

302.950

nd (al)

196

2988 2,6-Dibromoquinone-4chlorimide 2989 1,14-Dibromotetradecane

2,6-Dibromo-4-(chloroimino)2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one Tetradecamethylene dibromide

C6H2Br2ClNO

537-45-1

299.347

83

C14H28Br2

37688-96-3

356.180

ye pr (al or HOAc) lf (al-eth) cry (al) liq liq liq

C2Br2F4 C4H2Br2S C4H2Br2S

124-73-2 3140-93-0 3141-27-3

259.823 241.932 241.932

2993 3,4-Dibromothiophene 2994 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane Halon 2302 2995 2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5Dibromogallic acid trihydroxybenzoic acid 2996 3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine

C4H2Br2S C2HBr2F3 C7H4Br2O5

3141-26-2 354-04-1 602-92-6

241.932 241.832 327.912

C9H9Br2NO3

300-38-9

338.980

2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002

C20H29N3O2 C20H30ClN3O2 C14H22O2 C10H22O2 C9H20O2 C14H26O4

85-79-0 61-12-1 104-36-9 112-48-1 2568-90-3 105-99-7

343.463 379.924 222.324 174.281 160.254 258.354

hyg cry

liq

2990 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 2991 2,3-Dibromothiophene 2992 2,5-Dibromothiophene

Dibucaine Dibucaine hydrochloride 1,4-Dibutoxybenzene 1,2-Dibutoxyethane Dibutoxymethane Dibutyl adipate

Refrigerant 114B2

Cinchocaine

Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether Butylal

nd, pr or lf (w+1) nd or pl

liq liq

50.4

16020, 13812 219 2.12020 dec 219; 10516 2.136420

1.549525

9722 125

2.167018 1.976720

1.526020

131.5 141; 37.711

2.007620 2.034525

1.541625

1908

-110.32 -17.5 -6

47.35 218.5; 8913 210.3

4.5

221.5 76

2.149

25

25

2.14223

1.361 1.630422 1.628820

2.27427

1.419124

150 245 64 94 dec 45.5 -69.1 -58.1 -32.4

15815 203.3 179.2 16510

0.831925 0.833920 0.961320

1.411225 1.407217 1.436920

-62

159.6

0.767020

1.417720

0.753420

1.416220

0.903720

1.518620

C8H19N

111-92-2

129.244

3004 Di-sec-butylamine 3005 2-Dibutylaminoethanol 3006 N,N-Dibutylaniline

N-sec-Butyl-2-butanamine

C8H19N C10H23NO C14H23N

626-23-3 102-81-8 613-29-6

129.244 173.296 205.340

liq

-32.2

134 11418 274.8

3007 1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene

C14H22

1012-72-2

190.325

nd (MeOH)

79.5

238; 10915

0.985020

3008 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol

C14H22O2

88-58-4

222.324

213.5

C32H68S2Sn C9H18O3

1185-81-5 542-52-9

635.722 174.237

cry (aq HOAc) col liq

1220.3 207

1.0520 0.925120

1.411720

3011 Di-tert-butyl carbonate 3012 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

C9H18O3 C14H20O2

34619-03-9 2460-77-7

174.237 220.308

3013 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 3014 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol 3015 2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin4,7-dione 3016 Dibutyl disulfide

C14H20O2

719-22-2

220.308

C17H29NO

88-27-7

263.418

C12H20O4Sn

78-04-6

C8H18S2

226; 11720

0.93820

1.492320

C8H18S2 C10H20

8821 144

0.922620 0.74420

1.489920 1.427020

3017 Di-tert-butyl disulfide 3018 cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene

cis-2,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-3hexene

cry (al) ye cry (al)

40 152.5

158

69

600.01

pl (EtOH)

94

17940

346.995

ye solid

110

629-45-8

178.359

oil

110-06-5 692-47-7

178.359 140.266

liq

-2.5

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl, HOAc; sl eth vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc

s chl s ctc

N-Butylbutanamine

Dibutyltin bis(dodecyl sulfide)

vs eth, CS2 sl H2O; s bz, ctc, chl

vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; i eth; s alk, acid

3003 Dibutylamine

3009 Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)stannane 3010 Dibutyl carbonate

vs ace, eth, EtOH s chl

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth

s tol, hp i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth


3-147 O

Br

Br

Br Br Br

Br

1,2-Dibromopropane

OH

1,3-Dibromopropane

2,2-Dibromopropane

Br

Br

OH

Br OH

Br

Br

2,3-Dibromopropanoic acid

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol

Br

1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol

Br Br Br

Br

O

O P O O Br

Br

O

Br Br

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)

Br

Br

Br

Br

1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone

Br

Br

1,1-Dibromo-1-propene


N


3,5-Dibromopyridine

Br

N

N

OH 5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol

F F

Br

Cl

Br Br

Br

S

H N

F

S 3,4-Dibromothiophene

O

N

Dibucaine

OH

Br

Br

HO

OH

Br OH

HO

Br F

O

OH

1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Br

S

2,3-Dibromothiophene

2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid

NH2

Br

3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine

O

H N

O

N

Br F

1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane

Br

Br

Br F

1,14-Dibromotetradecane

F 2,5-Dibromothiophene

Br

Br

2,6-Dibromoquinone-4-chlorimide

O

N

Br

Br

O

Br

O

Br

Br

N

HCl

O

O

Dibucaine hydrochloride

O

O

1,4-Dibutoxybenzene

O

1,2-Dibutoxyethane

O

Dibutoxymethane

N

O H N

N

Di-sec-butylamine

2-Dibutylaminoethanol

O

O

N H

O Dibutyl adipate

OH

Dibutylamine

N,N-Dibutylaniline

OH

OH 1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene

O

Sn S S

2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol

O

Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)stannane

O

Dibutyl carbonate

OH O

O O O

N

O

Di-tert-butyl carbonate

O

O

2,5-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol

O O Sn O O 2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin-4,7-dione

S

S

Dibutyl disulfide

S

S

Di-tert-butyl disulfide

cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene

3-148

No. Name


Synonym

3019 Dibutyl ether

Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether N,N’-Di-tert-butylethylenediamine 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol N,N-Dibutylformamide Dibutyl fumarate N,N’-Dibutyl-1,6-hexanediamine 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-2hydroxybenzoic acid 3028 Di-tert-butyl ketone

3020 3021 3022 3023 3024 3025 3026 3027

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C8H18O

142-96-1

130.228

liq

-95.2

140.28

0.768420

1.399220

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc

6863-58-7 6163-66-2 4062-60-6 4130-42-1 761-65-9 105-75-9 4835-11-4 19715-19-6

130.228 130.228 172.311 234.376 157.253 228.285 228.417 250.334

liq liq cry

0.75625 0.765820 0.69

1.394920

53.3 44

121.1 107.23 189 272 285; 1504 1383.5

0.977520

1.446920 1.447025

18

20

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, ctc s ace, chl

C8H18O C8H18O N,N’-Di-tert-butylethanediamine C10H24N2 C16H26O C9H19NO C12H20O4 C14H32N2 C15H22O3

liq

-13.5 163.3

s chl

C9H18O

815-24-7

142.238

liq

-25.2

152

0.8240

3029 Dibutyl maleate 3030 Dibutyl malonate

C12H20O4 C11H20O4

105-76-0 1190-39-2

228.285 216.275

liq

1 atm) 1.45525 (p>1 atm) 1.01020

-37.5

138

1.03820

-40.5

162

1.442220

1.562620

liq

6 -13.5 2.5 25.8 -15.2

207.5 201 200 198 208.9

1.245820 1.247620 1.253520 1.268620 1.256420

1.551120 1.551120 1.544920 1.550720 1.547120

cry

226.6 25.8

283.1

1.591320

1.588620

vol liq or gas -78 vol liq or gas -107

29.5 27.82 30.2

1.5025 1.463825

liq

1.454820

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs bz i H2O; s ctc i H2O; s bz i H2O; s chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

sl H2O 1.480220

213.5 92.5 14020, 841

1.086820 1.41525

1.427020

dec H2O


3-161 Cl

Cl O O P O O

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

OH

O

Cl

2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid

2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol

2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)

Cl

1,1-Dichloropropene

cis-1,2-Dichloropropene

Cl Cl

Cl

trans-1,2-Dichloropropene

cis-1,3-Dichloropropene

Cl

N

Cl

N

Cl

Cl

2,6-Dichloropyridine

N

NH2

N

N

Cl F

F F

F

Cl

Cl

2,3-Dichloroquinoxaline

N

4,7-Dichloroquinoline

Cl

F

OH

Cl

Cl

N

5,7-Dichloro-8-quinolinol

Cl

Cl F

Cl

Cl

2,4-Dichloropyrimidine

Cl N

2,3-Dichloropropene

N

4,6-Dichloro-2-pyrimidinamine

Cl

Cl

Cl N

N

Cl

trans-1,3-Dichloropropene

Cl Cl

3,6-Dichloropyridazine

2,3-Dichloropropanoyl chloride

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

O

Cl

F

Cl

F

2,5-Dichlorostyrene

1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene

Cl F

1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

F

F

Cl

F Cl

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

Si

Si

Si Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane

O

Cl Si Cl

Cl

1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane

S

Cl

Cl

2,5-Dichlorothiophene

2,3-Dichlorotoluene

O Cl

H Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl 2,4-Dichlorotoluene

O

Cl

2,5-Dichlorotoluene

N

N

Cl

Cl

2,6-Dichlorotoluene

3,4-Dichlorotoluene

N Cl

O

1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione

Cl Cl F F Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene

F

F Cl

Cl

Cl

F

F F

F

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Cl Cl

F



Cl Cl Cl Cl F

F

F

2,4-Dichloro-1-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

N

F

Cl F

N H

F

4,5-Dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazole

Si

Cl Cl

Dichlorovinylmethylsilane

O O P O O Dichlorvos

Cl

3-162


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3313 Diclofop-methyl

Methyl 2-[4-(2,4dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate

C16H14Cl2O4

51338-27-3

341.186

141-66-2 66-76-2 504-66-5 91-15-6

237.191 336.294 67.049 128.131

400; 1300.1

1.21615

nd 290 aq soln only nd (w, lig) 141

15010

1.125025

0.99240

3314 3315 3316 3317

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

40

1760.1

den/ g cm-3

nD

Dicrotophos Dicumarol Dicyanamide o-Dicyanobenzene

Cyanocyanamide o-Phthalodinitrile

C8H16NO5P C19H12O6 C2HN3 C8H4N2

3318 m-Dicyanobenzene

m-Phthalodinitrile

C8H4N2

626-17-5

128.131

nd(al)

162

sub

3319 p-Dicyanobenzene

p-Phthalodinitrile

C8H4N2

623-26-7

128.131

nd (w, MeOH)

224

sub

3320 Dicyclohexyl adipate 3321 Dicyclohexylamine

N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine

C18H30O4 C12H23N

849-99-0 101-83-7

310.429 181.318

35 -0.1

dec 256; 1149 0.912320

1.484220

C12H24N2O2

3129-91-7

228.331

1236, 990.5 19520 242.5 15920 281; 1298 2254

0.922720 0.9860 0.90425 1.38320

1.474120 1.486020 1.516320 1.43120

0.930235

1.505035

0.97725

1.467020

3322 Dicyclohexylamine nitrite

N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine, nitrite

3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 3328

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Dicyclohexyl disulfide Dicyclohexyl ether Dicyclohexylmethanone Dicyclohexylphosphine Dicyclohexyl phthalate

C13H22N2 C12H22S2 C12H22O C13H22O C12H23P C20H26O4

538-75-0 2550-40-5 4645-15-2 119-60-8 829-84-5 84-61-7

206.327 230.433 182.302 194.313 198.285 330.418

3329 3330 3331 3332 3333 3334 3335 3336 3337 3338

N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea Dicyclomine hydrochloride Dicycloverine hydrochloride Dicyclopentadiene Dicyclopentyl ether Cyclopentyl ether Dicyclopropyl ketone Didecylamine N-Decyl-1-decanamine Didecyl ether Didecyl phthalate 3’,4’-Didehydro-β,ψ-caroten-16’- Torularhodin oic acid

C13H24N2S C13H24N2O C19H36ClNO2 C10H12 C10H18O C7H10O C20H43N C20H42O C28H46O4 C40H52O2

1212-29-9 2387-23-7 67-92-5 1755-01-7 10137-73-2 1121-37-5 1120-49-6 2456-28-2 84-77-5 514-92-1

240.408 224.342 345.948 132.202 154.249 110.153 297.562 298.546 446.663 564.840

cry

-36 57

pr (al)

66

cry (MeOH)

180 233.8 165 32

cry liq

16 2.5 211

purp nd (MeOHeth) wh cry (EtOH 162 aq) pr (eth-peth) 101 nd (ace) wh pl 49 53.7

3339 2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine

Didanosine

C10H12N4O3

69655-05-6

236.227

3340 2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-ribohexose 3341 Didodecanoyl peroxide 3342 Didodecylamine

Cymarose

C7H14O4

579-04-4

162.184

Lauroyl peroxide N-Dodecyl-1-dodecanamine

C24H46O4 C24H51N

105-74-8 3007-31-6

398.620 353.669

C24H51O4P C32H54O4

7057-92-3 2432-90-8

434.633 502.769

3345 Dieldrin

C12H8Cl6O

60-57-1

380.909

3346 Dienestrol

C18H18O2

84-17-3

266.335

C10H16O2 C4H11NO2

96-08-2 111-42-2

168.233 105.136

3349 Diethatyl, ethyl ester 3350 4,4’-Diethoxyazobenzene

C16H22ClNO3 C16H18N2O2

38727-55-8 588-52-3

311.804 270.326

cry ye lf (al)

3351 3,4-Diethoxybenzaldehyde 3352 1,2-Diethoxybenzene

C11H14O3 C10H14O2

2029-94-9 2050-46-6

194.227 166.217

3353 1,4-Diethoxybenzene

C10H14O2

122-95-2

166.217

22 pr (peth, dil 44 al) pl (dil al) 72

3354 4,4-Diethoxy-1-butanamine 3355 1,1-Diethoxy-N,Ndimethylmethanamine 3356 Diethoxydimethylsilane 3357 Diethoxydiphenylsilane 3358 2,2-Diethoxyethanamine

C8H19NO2 C7H17NO2

6346-09-4 1188-33-6

161.243 147.216

C6H16O2Si C16H20O2Si C6H15NO2

78-62-6 2553-19-7 645-36-3

148.276 272.415 133.189

3343 Didodecyl phosphate 3344 Didodecyl phthalate

3347 1,2:8,9-Diepoxy-p-menthane 3348 Diethanolamine

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, didodecyl ester

Limonene diepoxide Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine

Dimethyldiethoxysilane

cry (MeOH)

59 22.0

dec 170; 6514 8013 161 359.0 19615.5 2403

2561

242 28

268.8

49.5 162

dec

liq

-78

vs eth, EtOH

vs H2O, ace, EtOH i H2O; s chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 0.938920 1.7525

sub 130

-87

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl

0.818720 0.963920

26327

227.5

liq

s eth, ace, ctc

vs py, chl, CS2

175.5 cry (dil al)

sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, bz; s eth, ace sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; i peth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz; vs HOAc s chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz

182 dec 34.5

liq liq

Solubility

279; 20050 219

1.096620

i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz vs ace, eth, EtOH 1.477620

1.010022 1.007520

1.508325

196 129

0.93325 0.85925

1.427520 1.400720

114 302; 16715 163

0.86525 1.032920 0.915925

1.381120 1.526920 1.412325

246

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; vs HOAc vs EtOH s EtOH, ctc; vs eth vs EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl

s ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl


3-163 N

Cl

O O P O O

O O

O

Cl

OH

N

OH N

N

N O

O Diclofop-methyl

O

OO

Dicrotophos

N H

O

Dicumarol

Dicyanamide

N

N

o-Dicyanobenzene

m-Dicyanobenzene

N

O O

H N

O

N

H N HNO2

O

N p-Dicyanobenzene

C N

Dicyclohexyl adipate

Dicyclohexylamine

Dicyclohexylamine nitrite

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

O O

O O

H P

O S S Dicyclohexyl ether

Dicyclohexylmethanone

O

O

N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea

N

O

1,3-Dicyclohexylurea

Dicyclohexyl phthalate

H

HCl H N

Dicyclohexylphosphine

H N S

O

Dicyclohexyl disulfide

H N

H N

O

H

Dicyclomine hydrochloride

Dicyclopentadiene

HN

O

Dicyclopentyl ether

Dicyclopropyl ketone

Didecylamine

O O O O

OH

O Didecyl ether

O Didecyl phthalate

3’,4’-Didehydro-β,ψ-caroten-16’-oic acid

OH N HO

O N

O

N

O

N

HO

O O

OH

HN

O 2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine

O

2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-ribo-hexose

Didodecanoyl peroxide

Didodecylamine

O O

O O

O O P HO O

O

H

Didodecyl phosphate

Didodecyl phthalate

OH

Cl Cl Cl H Cl Cl

Cl

HO

Dieldrin

Dienestrol

O

O Cl

O O

N

O

O HO

O 1,2:8,9-Diepoxy-p-menthane

O

H N

OH

Diethanolamine

Diethatyl, ethyl ester

N N 4,4’-Diethoxyazobenzene

O O O O 1,4-Diethoxybenzene

NH2

O

4,4-Diethoxy-1-butanamine

1,1-Diethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine

O

O 3,4-Diethoxybenzaldehyde

1,2-Diethoxybenzene

O Si O

N

O

O

O

O

Si O O Diethoxydimethylsilane

NH2 O

Diethoxydiphenylsilane

2,2-Diethoxyethanamine

3-164


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

3359 1,1-Diethoxyethane

Acetal

C6H14O2

105-57-7

118.174

liq

-100

102.25

0.825420

1.383420

3360 1,2-Diethoxyethane

Ethylene glycol diethyl ether

C6H14O2

629-14-1

118.174

liq

-74.0

121.2

0.835125

1.389825

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

3361 1,1-Diethoxyethene 3362 Diethoxymethane

C6H12O2 C5H12O2

2678-54-8 462-95-3

116.158 104.148

liq

-66.5

68100 88

0.793220 0.831920

1.364321 1.374818

3363 3364 3365 3366 3367

C9H14O3 C11H18O2Si C5H14O2Si C9H20O2 C7H16O2

13529-27-6 775-56-4 2031-62-1 3658-79-5 4744-08-5

170.205 210.346 134.250 160.254 132.201

191.5 218 98 5912 123

0.997620 0.962720 0.82925 0.82922 0.82520

1.445120 1.469020

C7H16O2

126-84-1

132.201

114

0.820021

1.389120

C7H14O2

3054-95-3

130.185

123.5

0.854315

1.400020

3370 3,3-Diethoxy-1-propyne

C7H12O2

10160-87-9

128.169

139

0.894222

1.414020

3371 N,N-Diethylacetamide

C6H13NO

685-91-6

115.173

185.5

0.913017

1.437417

3372 Diethyl 2-acetamidomalonate

C9H15NO5

1068-90-2

217.219

3373 N,N-Diethylacetoacetamide 3374 Diethyl acetylphosphonate 3375 Diethyl 2-acetylsuccinate

C8H15NO2 C6H13O4P C10H16O5

2235-46-3 919-19-7 1115-30-6

157.211 180.138 216.231

7613 11420 255; 13317

1.100520 1.08120

1.420026 1.434620

3376 Diethyl adipate

C10H18O4

141-28-6

202.248

245

1.007620

1.427220

3377 Diethyl 2-allylmalonate

C10H16O4

2049-80-1

200.232

222.5; 936

1.009820

1.430520

55.5

0.705620

1.386420

2-(Diethoxymethyl)furan Diethoxymethylphenylsilane Diethoxymethylsilane 1,1-Diethoxypentane 1,1-Diethoxypropane

3368 2,2-Diethoxypropane 3369 3,3-Diethoxy-1-propene

Acrolein, diethyl acetal

cry (al,bzpeth) liq

liq

96.3

-19.8

18520

3378 Diethylamine

N-Ethylethanamine

C4H11N

109-89-7

73.137

liq

-49.8

3379 Diethylamine hydrochloride

N-Ethylethanamine hydrochloride

C4H12ClN

660-68-4

109.598

lf (al-eth)

228.5

C6H12N2 C11H15NO

3010-02-4 120-21-8

112.172 177.243

ye nd (w)

41

170 17210

C14H22N2O

137-58-6

234.337

nd (bz, al)

68.5

1814

C14H23ClN2O

73-78-9

270.798

C6H15NO

100-37-8

117.189

C8H19NO2 C9H17NO2 C13H20N2O2

140-82-9 2426-54-2 59-46-1

161.243 171.237 236.310

C10H19NO2

105-16-8

185.264

8010

C16H25NO2

14007-64-8

263.376

16811

C11H15NO2

17754-90-4

193.243

C7H13NO4

6829-40-9

175.183

C14H17NO2

91-44-1

231.291

C10H15NO

91-68-9

165.232

C13H19NO

90-84-6

205.296

C7H17NO

622-93-5

131.216

C7H13N C10H15N

4079-68-9 579-66-8

111.185 149.233

3380 (Diethylamino)acetonitrile 3381 4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde 3382 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide 3383 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide, monohydrochloride 3384 2-Diethylaminoethanol

Lidocaine

3385 2-[2-(Diethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol 3386 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl acrylate 3387 2-Diethylaminoethyl 4Procaine aminobenzoate 3388 2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 3389 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl 2Butethamate phenylbutanoate 3390 4-(Diethylamino)-2hydroxybenzaldehyde 3391 Diethyl 2-aminomalonate

3392 7-(Diethylamino)-4-methyl-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one 3393 3-(Diethylamino)phenol 3394 2-(Diethylamino)-1-phenyl-1propanone 3395 3-(Diethylamino)-1-propanol

Diethylpropion

3396 3-(Diethylamino)-1-propyne 3397 2,6-Diethylaniline

N,N-Diethyl-2-propargylamine

1.402922 1.392419

1.047722

nd (w+2) pl (lig or eth)

200; 150 162

3443 Diethylene glycol dinitrate 2,2’-Oxybisethanol, dinitrate 3444 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether

C4H8N2O7 C8H18O3

693-21-0 112-34-5

196.116 162.227

liq

-68

3445 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate C10H20O4 acetate 3446 Diethylene glycol 2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethyl C16H32O4 monododecanoate laurate 3447 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Carbitol C6H14O3

124-17-4

204.264

liq

141-20-8

288.423

lt ye

111-90-0

134.173

hyg liq

Carbitol acetate

C8H16O4

112-15-2

176.211

liq

2-[2-(Hexyloxy)ethoxy]ethanol 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol

C10H22O3 C5H12O3

112-59-4 111-77-3

190.280 120.147

col liq

C7H16O3

6881-94-3

148.200

liq

C6H16N2

100-36-7

116.204

C6H16N2

111-74-0

116.204

3441 Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate 3442 Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

3448 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 3449 Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether 3450 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 3451 Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether 3452 N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

N,N-Diethylethylenediamine

3453 N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

vs H2O, EtOH; s eth

1.0821 0.943420

1.4571 1.409720

440.01 231

0.955320

1.430620

-32

245

0.98520

1.426220

17.5

>270

0.9625

196

0.988520

1.430020

-25

218.5

1.009620

1.421320

-28

258; 192100 193

1.03520

1.426420

msc H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth

144

0.828020

1.434020

146

0.828020

1.434020

34.5

0.713820

1.352620

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, tol vs H2O, eth, EtOH, tol sl H2O; msc EtOH, bz, eth; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth msc H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s ace, chl vs eth

-53.3

msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz vs ace, eth, EtOH msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, tol msc H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

213; 1244

Ethyl ether

C4H10O

60-29-7

74.121

3455 Diethyl (ethoxymethylene) malonate 3456 Diethyl ethylidenemalonate 3457 Diethyl ethylmalonate

2-Ethoxy-1,1bis(ethoxycarbonyl)ethene

C10H16O5

87-13-8

216.231

dec 280; 16519

C9H14O4 C9H16O4

1462-12-0 133-13-1

186.205 188.221

11617, 863 208; 9812

1.040420 1.00620

1.430817 1.416620

3458 Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate

C15H20O4

76-67-5

264.318

17019

1.07120

1.489625

3459 Diethyl ethylphosphonate

C6H15O3P

78-38-6

166.155

198; 9016

1.025920

1.416320

3460 N,N-Diethylformamide

C5H11NO

617-84-5

101.147

177.5

0.908019

1.432125

3461 3462 3463 3464 3465 3466

C8H12O4 C9H16O4 C10H22 C20H36O4 C4H12N2 C6H12N2O4

623-91-6 818-38-2 19398-77-7 142-16-5 1615-80-1 4114-28-7

172.179 188.221 142.282 340.498 88.151 176.170

214 236.5 163.9 1567 85.5 dec 250

1.045220 1.022020 0.747225 0.9420 0.79726 1.3248

1.441220 1.424120 1.419020 1.420420

vs bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

dec 203; 870.0001

1.180020

1.417020

vs eth

3467 Diethyl hydrogen phosphate

Diethyl phosphate

C4H11O4P

598-02-7

154.101

3468 N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3methoxybenzamide 3469 Diethyl iminodiacetate 3470 Diethyl isobutylmalonate

Ethamivan

C12H17NO3

304-84-7

223.268

C8H15NO4 C11H20O4

6290-05-7 10203-58-4

189.210 216.275

636-53-3 6802-75-1 759-36-4

222.237 200.232 202.248

syr liq

nd (chl), pr (w) syr

-116.2

msc H2O, EtOH, eth

3454 Diethyl ether

Diethyl fumarate Diethyl glutarate 3,4-Diethylhexane Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate 1,2-Diethylhydrazine Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate Diethyl bicarbamate

liq

8

Solubility

0.8 -24.1

135

1.460020

95 orth cry

s chl

247 dec 1.423620

302 176.5; 11614 215

1.123917 1.028218 0.996120

1.50818 1.448617 1.418821

3471 Diethyl isophthalate 3472 Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate 3473 Diethyl isopropylmalonate

Ethyl isopropylmalonate

C12H14O4 C10H16O4 C10H18O4

3474 Diethyl ketomalonate

Ethyl mesoxalate

C7H10O5

609-09-6

174.151

pa ye grn oil -30

210; 10519

1.141916

1.431022

3475 Diethyl malate 3476 Diethyl maleate

Diethyl hydroxybutanedioate

C8H14O5 C8H12O4

7554-12-3 141-05-9

190.194 172.179

liq

253; 12413 223

1.129020 1.066220

1.441620

20

20

3477 Diethyl malonate

3478 Diethyl mercury 3479 Diethylmethylamine

N-Ethyl-N-methylethanamine

11.5

0.980420

-8.8

C7H12O4

105-53-3

160.168

liq

-50

200

1.0551

C4H10Hg C5H13N

627-44-1 616-39-7

258.71 87.164

liq

-196

159; 5716 66

2.4320 0.70325

1.4139

1.387925

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O vs ace, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz s eth; sl EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth


3-169 O

O

O

O

O

Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether

O

O

O

O

O N

O

O N

O

O

O

O

Diethylene glycol diethyl ether

O

O

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

O

O

Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate

O O

O

O

Diethylene glycol dinitrate

O

O

OH

Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether

O

Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate

O

O O

O

OH

O

Diethylene glycol monododecanoate

O

O

OH

O

Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether

H N O

O O

O

N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O

O O

N

Diethyl ethylphosphonate

N,N-Diethylformamide

O

Diethyl ethylmalonate

O

O

O

O

O

O

3,4-Diethylhexane

O Diethyl glutarate

O O

N H

Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate

O

O

O

Diethyl fumarate

O

O

H N

O

1,2-Diethylhydrazine

N H

O O P O OH

H N

O O

Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate

N O O

O O

OH

Diethyl hydrogen phosphate

O

O

Diethyl ethylidenemalonate

O Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate

NH2

N

OH

O

Diethyl (ethoxymethylene)malonate

O P O O

O

O

O

Diethyl ether

O

O

O O

O

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate

Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether

O

O

N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O

OH

O N H

OH

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether

O

Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether

O

N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzamide

H N

O

O

O

O

O

Diethyl iminodiacetate

Diethyl isobutylmalonate

O O O

O

O

O

O O

O

O

O O

O

O O

OH O

O O

O

O Diethyl isophthalate

O

Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate

O

Diethyl isopropylmalonate

O

O

O

O Diethyl maleate

O

Diethyl ketomalonate

Diethyl malate

O O

Diethyl malonate

Hg Diethyl mercury

N Diethylmethylamine

3-170


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

3480 N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline

C11H17N

606-46-2

163.260

liq

-60

209

0.928620

1.515320

3481 N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline

C11H17N

613-48-9

163.260

229

0.924216

C12H17NO

134-62-3

191.269

16019, 1111

0.99620

1.521220

C11H16

2050-24-0

148.245

liq

-74.1

205

0.874820

1.502720

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

4-N,N-Diethyl-1,4-diamino-2methylbenzene, hydrochloride

C11H19ClN2

2051-79-8

214.735

cry

250 dec

Isovaleryl diethylamide

C9H19NO C9H14O4

533-32-4 2409-52-1

157.253 186.205

211 228

0.876420 1.046720

1.442220 1.437720

3487 Diethyl methylmalonate

C8H14O4

609-08-5

174.195

201

1.022520

1.412620

3488 Diethyl methylphosphonate

C5H13O3P

683-08-9

152.129

194

1.040630

1.410130

C10H21N3O

90-89-1

199.293

48

C10H17NO2

125-64-4

183.248

75.5

C14H17N

84-95-7

199.292

3492 N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline

C10H14N2O2

2216-15-1

194.230

3493 N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline

C10H14N2O

120-22-9

178.230

C13H24O4

624-17-9

C6H10O4

No. Name

3482 N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide

Synonym

DEET

3483 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene

3484 N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4benzenediamine, monohydrochloride 3485 N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide 3486 Diethyl methylenesuccinate

3489 N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1piperazinecarboxamide 3490 3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4piperidinedione 3491 N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine

3494 Diethyl nonanedioate

Diethylcarbamazine

Diethyl azelate

3495 Diethyl oxalate

58.5

1103

285

1.01320

1.596120

1.22525

244.328

ye nd (lig) pl 77.5 (al) grn mcl pr 87.5 (eth) grn lf (ace) liq -18.5

291.5

0.972920

1.435120

95-92-1

146.141

liq

185.7

1.078520

1.410120

1.456117

-40.6

1.2415

Diethyl oxalacetate

C8H12O5

108-56-5

188.178

13124

1.13120

3497 Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate

Diethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxylate C9H14O5

105-50-0

202.204

250

1.11320

3498 3499 3500 3501 3502

Tetraethylmethane Novoldiamine Novonal Diethyl glutaconate

C9H20 C9H22N2 C9H17NO C9H14O4 C4H10O2

1067-20-5 140-80-7 512-48-1 2049-67-4 628-37-5

128.255 158.284 155.237 186.205 90.121

liq

-33.1

146.3 201

0.753620 0.81420

1.420620 1.442920

wh pow

75.5 237 65

1.049620 0.824019

1.441120 1.371517

oil

1.497720

liq

-70

1670.5

3503 N,N-Diethyl-10H-phenothiazine10-ethanamine 3504 N,N-Diethyl-αphenylbenzenemethanamine 3505 Diethyl phenylmalonate 3506 Diethyl phenylphosphonite 3507 5,5-Diethyl-1-phenyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 3508 Diethylphosphine 3509 Diethyl phosphonate 3510 O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate 3511 Diethyl phthalate

Diethazine

C18H22N2S

60-91-3

298.446

N,N-Diethylbenzhydrylamine

C17H21N

519-72-2

239.356

58.5

17017

83-13-6 1638-86-4 357-67-5

236.264 198.199 260.288

16.5

dec 205; 16812 1.095020 235; 621 1.03216

Phenetharbital

C13H16O4 C10H15O2P C14H16N2O3

C4H11P C4H11O3P C4H11O2PS2 C12H14O4

627-49-6 762-04-9 298-06-6 84-66-2

90.104 138.102 186.233 222.237

liq

-40.5

3512 3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedione

Piperidione

C9H15NO2

77-03-2

169.221

nd (w)

104

Diethylmalonic acid

C7H15NO C7H18N2 C7H12O4

1114-51-8 104-78-9 510-20-3

129.200 130.231 160.168

3513 N,N-Diethylpropanamide 3514 N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine 3515 Diethylpropanedioic acid 3516 2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol

C7H16O2

115-76-4

132.201

3517 Diethyl 2-propylmalonate

C10H18O4

2163-48-6

202.248

C10H14N2O

59-26-7

178.230

3518 N,N-Diethyl-3pyridinecarboxamide

Nikethamide

178

pr (w,bz)

ye solid or visc liq

25

i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O; msc EtOH i H2O; s eth, bz vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s dil HCl

vs ace, EtOH vs EtOH

85 546

0.78620

295

1.23214

1.500021

191 168.5

0.897220 0.82220

1.442520 1.44320

127 dec 61.5

s H2O, bz, chl, EtOH s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc s EtOH; sl lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl

3496 Diethyl oxobutanedioate

3,3-Diethylpentane N1,N1-Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine 2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide Diethyl 2-pentenedioate Diethylperoxide

vs eth, EtOH msc EtOH; s eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz

20

240.5

1.050

221; 11422

0.98920

dec 280; 17525 1.06025

1.4574

25

1.419720 1.52520

s ctc s H2O i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc vs H2O, EtOH, chl, MeOH vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl DMSO


3-171 N

O

N

N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline

N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline

N

N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide

1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene

HCl NH2 O

O N

O

O

O

N

O

N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine, monohydrochloride

N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide

O

Diethyl methylenesuccinate

N

O

O

O

Diethyl methylmalonate

O

N O O P O

N N H

N

Diethyl methylphosphonate

N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1-piperazinecarboxamide

N

O

3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4-piperidinedione

N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine

N O O

N

O

N

O

N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline

O

O

O

O

O

O

N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline

O

Diethyl nonanedioate

Diethyl oxalate

O O

O

O O

O

O

O

O

Diethyl oxobutanedioate

NH2

NH2 N

O

Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate

O

N1,N1-Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine

3,3-Diethylpentane

2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide

N

O O

N

N

O O

O

Diethyl 2-pentenedioate

O

S

Diethylperoxide

N,N-Diethyl-10H-phenothiazine-10-ethanamine

N,N-Diethyl-α-phenylbenzenemethanamine

O O O

O

N O

O P

Diethyl phenylmalonate

O

O

O

Diethyl phenylphosphonite

5,5-Diethyl-1-phenyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

O S O P SH O

N H

O

HO

Diethyl phthalate

O

Diethylpropanedioic acid

Diethylphosphine

Diethyl phosphonate

N,N-Diethylpropanamide

N

N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine

O

O O

OH OH 2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol

H2N

O

3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedione

O OH

O O P O H

N

O

O O

P H

O O O

O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate

N

H

N N

Diethyl 2-propylmalonate

N,N-Diethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide

3-172


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3519 N,N-Diethyl-4pyridinecarboxamide 3520 3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1H,3H)pyridinedione 3521 Diethyl sebacate

Isonicotinic acid diethylamide

C10H14N2O

530-40-5

178.230

Pyrithyldione

C9H13NO2

77-04-3

167.205

90.7

C14H26O4

110-40-7

258.354

2.5

305; 18819

C4H10Se C4H12Si C18H20O2

627-53-2 542-91-6 56-53-1

137.08 88.224 268.351

pa ye liq pl (bz)

55 -134.3 170.5

108 57

Clinestrol

C24H28O4

130-80-3

380.477

pr (MeOH)

104

Mestilbol

C19H22O2

18839-90-2

282.377

nd (bz-peth) 117.5

1900.3

Ethyl succinate

C8H14O4

123-25-1

174.195

liq

-21

217.7

1.040220

1.420120

3528 Diethyl sulfate

C4H10O4S

64-67-5

154.185

oil

-24

208

1.17225

1.398920

3529 Diethyl sulfide

C4H10S

352-93-2

90.187

liq

-103.91

92.1

0.836220

1.443020

C4H10O3S C4H10O2S

623-81-4 597-35-3

138.185 122.186

73.5

158; 5113 248

1.120 1.35720

1.431020

orth pl

3532 Diethyl sulfoxide

C4H10OS

70-29-1

106.186

syr

14

10425, 9015

1.009222

3533 Diethyl DL-tartrate

C8H14O6

57968-71-5

206.193

18.7

281; 15814

1.204620

1.443820

3534 Diethyl telluride 3535 Diethyl terephthalate

C4H10Te C12H14O4

627-54-3 636-09-9

185.72 222.237

137.5 302

1.59915 1.098945

1.518215

44

3536 Diethyl thiodipropionate 3537 N,N’-Diethylthiourea

C10H18O4S C5H12N2S

673-79-0 105-55-5

234.313 132.227

17415, 1212 dec

1.103420

1.465520

78

C7H19NSi

996-50-9

145.319

126.3

0.762720

1.411220

C4H10S3 C5H12N2O

3600-24-6 634-95-7

154.317 116.161

8526 950.02

1.108220

1.568913

C5H12N2O

623-76-7

116.161

263

1.041525

1.461640

C6H13O3P C4H10Zn

682-30-4 557-20-0

164.139 123.531

1102 118; 80200

1.06825 1.206520

1.429020 1.493620

C19H17Cl2N3O3 C18H20N2O4S

119446-68-3 406.262 43222-48-6 360.428

76 157

C14H9ClF2N2O2

35367-38-5

310.683

239

381-73-7 367-25-9 367-11-3

96.033 129.108 114.093

liq liq liq

-1 -7.5 -47.1

133 170 94

1.52625 1.26825 1.159918

1.347020 1.506320 1.445118

-69.12 -23.55

82.6 89

1.157220 1.170120

1.437420 1.442220

1.14517 0.89625 (p>1 atm)

1.522125 1.3011-72

3522 Diethyl selenide 3523 Diethylsilane 3524 trans-Diethylstilbestrol 3525 trans-Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate 3526 trans-Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether 3527 Diethyl succinate

3530 Diethyl sulfite 3531 Diethyl sulfone

3538 N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1trimethylsilanamine 3539 Diethyltrisulfide 3540 N,N-Diethylurea

Ethyl sulfite Ethyl sulfone

(Diethylamino)trimethylsilane

3541 N,N’-Diethylurea 3542 Diethyl vinylphosphonate 3543 Diethyl zinc 3544 Difenoconazole 3545 Difenzoquat methyl sulfate 3546 Diflubenzuron

Zinc diethyl

1H-Pyrazolium, 1,2-dimethyl3,5-diphenyl-, methyl sulfate N-[[(4-Chlorophenyl)amino] carbonyl]-2,6difluorobenzamide

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

red-ye mcl pr (al, peth)

pl, nd (eth)

-72.6 75

tab (lig), hyg 112.5 nd (al) col liq

-28

1,2-Difluorobenzene

3550 m-Difluorobenzene 3551 p-Difluorobenzene

1,3-Difluorobenzene 1,4-Difluorobenzene

C6H4F2 C6H4F2

372-18-9 540-36-3

114.093 114.093

liq liq

3552 4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

4,4’-Difluorodiphenyl

C12H8F2

398-23-2

190.189

mcl pr (al) lf 94.5 (w)

254.5

371-90-4 56830-75-2 353-66-2 327-92-4 312-40-3 75-37-6

120.140 76.045 96.152 204.088 220.290 66.050

liq liq col gas

99.5 34 2.5 1322 246; 15750 -24.05

624-72-6 75-38-7 1630-77-9 1630-78-0 75-10-5

66.050 64.034 64.034 64.034 52.024

vol liq col gas col gas col gas col gas

Ethylidene difluoride

C6H10F2 C3H2F2 C2H6F2Si C6H2F2N2O4 C12H10F2Si C2H4F2

3559 3560 3561 3562 3563

1,2-Difluoroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene trans-1,2-Difluoroethene Difluoromethane

Ethylene difluoride Vinylidene fluoride cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene trans-1,2-Difluoroethylene Methylene fluoride

C2H4F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 CH2F2

Solubility

1.52520

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

0.964620

1.430620

sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace; i bz

1.230020 0.684320

1.476820 1.392120

col gas

-87.5 75.5 -117

-144

-136.8 tp

i H2O vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; vs bz; i peth vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc

vs H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth dec H2O; msc eth, peth, bz

2200.03

C2H2F2O2 C6H5F2N C6H4F2

1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene Difluorodimethylsilane 1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Difluorodiphenylsilane 1,1-Difluoroethane

nD

1191

3547 Difluoroacetic acid 3548 2,4-Difluoroaniline 3549 o-Difluorobenzene

3553 3554 3555 3556 3557 3558

den/ g cm-3

26 -85.7 -26 -53.1 -51.6

i H2O; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl; s eth, ace

sl EtOH

vs bz, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH

1.2139-52

i H2O; s EtOH


O

3-173

O

N

O N H

N N,N-Diethyl-4-pyridinecarboxamide

O

O

O

O

3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyridinedione

Diethyl selenide

O

OH

OH O

O Si H2

Se

Diethyl sebacate

HO

O

Diethylsilane

trans-Diethylstilbestrol

O

trans-Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate

trans-Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether

O O

O

O O S O O

S

Diethyl sulfate

Diethyl sulfide

O Diethyl succinate

O

O

O

O S

S O O

S O

Diethyl sulfone

Diethyl sulfoxide

O

Diethyl sulfite

O

OH O

O

O OH O

O

Te

Diethyl DL-tartrate

Diethyl telluride

O

O

S

S

N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1-trimethylsilanamine

S

Diethyl terephthalate

H N

NH2

N H

N,N’-Diethylthiourea

H N

O

O

N,N-Diethylurea

N,N’-Diethylurea

S

Diethyltrisulfide

N H

O

Diethyl thiodipropionate

N

Si N

S

O

O O P O Diethyl vinylphosphonate

N N

N F

O Cl O Diethyl zinc

N

N

Cl

Zn

H N SO4 2

O Difenzoquat methyl sulfate

F

F F

F

F F

OH

F

O

Diflubenzuron

NH2 F

O

Cl

Difenoconazole

H N

O

F

F

Difluoroacetic acid

2,4-Difluoroaniline

o-Difluorobenzene

F

F

m-Difluorobenzene

p-Difluorobenzene

O N

F F F F F

1,1-Difluorocyclohexane

F Si F

3,3-Difluorocyclopropene

F

F 4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

O

F F Si

F O

Difluorodimethylsilane

N

O

1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

Difluorodiphenylsilane

F

F F

1,1-Difluoroethane

F

F

1,2-Difluoroethane

F 1,1-Difluoroethene

F

F

cis-1,2-Difluoroethene

F

F

trans-1,2-Difluoroethene

F

H H

Difluoromethane

3-174


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3564 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1trifluoroethane 3565 Difluoromethylborane 3566 2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene 3567 2,2-Difluoropropane

Difluoromethyl 2,2,2trifluoroethyl ether

C3H3F5O

1885-48-9

150.047

col liq

CH3BF2 C6H3F2NO2 C3H6F2

373-64-8 446-35-5 420-45-1

63.843 159.091 80.077

gas

C3H6F2O C10H6O4

453-13-4 492-94-4

96.076 190.153

C10H8N2O4

522-27-0

220.182

167

3571 1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3one 3572 Difurfuryl disulfide Furfuryl disulfide 3573 Difurfuryl ether Furfuryl ether 3574 Digitonin 3575 Digitoxigenin

C13H10O3

886-77-1

214.216

C10H10O2S2 C10H10O3 C56H92O29 C23H34O4

4437-20-1 4437-22-3 11024-24-1 143-62-4

226.315 178.184 1229.312 374.514

hyg pr (peth) 60.5 ye pr (lig) 10

3576 Digitoxin

C41H64O13

71-63-6

764.939

pr (dil al)

3577 Digitoxose

C6H12O4

527-52-6

148.157

cry 112 (MeOH+eth)

C6H10O3 C4H6O5

2238-07-5 110-99-6

130.141 134.088

3580 Digoxigenin

C23H34O5

1672-46-4

390.513

3581 Digoxin

C41H64O14

20830-75-5

780.939

3568 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol 3569 Di-2-furanylethanedione 3570 Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime

3578 Diglycidyl ether 3579 Diglycolic acid

α-Furildioxime

Bis(2,3-epoxypropyl) ether 2,2’-Oxydiacetic acid

3582 Diheptylamine

N-Heptyl-1-heptanamine

C14H31N

2470-68-0

213.403

3583 3584 3585 3586 3587

Diheptyl ether Diheptyl phthalate Diheptyl sulfide Dihexylamine Dihexyl ether

Heptyl ether

C14H30O C22H34O4 C14H30S C12H27N C12H26O

629-64-1 3648-21-3 629-65-2 143-16-8 112-58-3

214.387 362.503 230.453 185.349 186.333

3588 3589 3590 3591 3592

Dihexyl hexanedioate Dihexyl phthalate Dihexyl sulfide 15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1 9,10-Dihydroanthracene

C18H34O4 C20H30O4 C12H26S C17H14O7 C14H12

110-33-8 84-75-3 6294-31-1 7241-98-7 613-31-0

Heptyl sulfide N-Hexyl-1-hexanamine Hexyl ether

Hexyl sulfide Aflatoxin G2

col gas

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

nD

9.8 -104.8

-78.5287 207 -0.4

1.457114 1.514914 0.920520 1.290420 (p>1 atm) 1.2425 1.372520

166.3

1814 16713, 1120.5 1012

1.140520

1.508820

237.5 253

mcl pr (w + 1) pr (AcOEt)

Solubility

29

127; 5534 ye nd (al), cry (bz)

den/ g cm-3

260 dec

1.119520

271; 1359

0.795621

258.5 360 298 236; 751 226

0.800820

1.427520

0.841620 0.788920 0.793620

1.460620 1.433920 1.420420

348; 182.54 2105 230; 13620

0.94120

305

1.21520

vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs EtOH, MeOH; sl chl vs EtOH

222

trc pl (dil al, 249 dec py) nd 31.5

liq

70 -13.1

314.461 334.450 202.399 330.289 180.245

liq

-9

tab or pr

239.3 111 485 dec

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH i H2O s EtOH; vs MeOH sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl, MeOH, py vs H2O, ace; s py, AcOEt

255.5

148

reac H2O sl chl

0.841120

sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth s EtOH, eth i H2O; s eth; sl ctc

1.458620 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO2, dil alk i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc, lig, tol

3593 6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18anthrazinetetrone

Indanthrene

C28H14N2O4

81-77-6

442.422

bl nd

3594 1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene

Cholanthrene

C20H14

479-23-2

254.325

pa ye lf (bz- 170.4 al)

3595 9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]Triptycene benzenoanthracene 3596 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2- 2-Benzimidazolethiol thione 3597 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2one 3598 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin 3599 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran Coumaran

C20H14

477-75-8

254.325

cry (cyhex)

256

C7H6N2S

583-39-1

150.201

298

vs EtOH

C7H6N2O

615-16-7

134.135

pl (dil al or NH3) lf (w or al)

318 dec

sl H2O, eth, bz; s ace; vs EtOH

C8H8O2 C8H8O

493-09-4 496-16-2

136.149 120.149

liq

-21.5

212; 1036 188.5

1.18020 1.05825

1.548520 1.549720

Isochroman 3600 3,4-Dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran 3601 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran 3602 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2one 3603 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4- 4-Chromanone one

C9H10O C9H10O C9H8O2

493-05-0 493-08-3 119-84-6

134.174 134.174 148.159

lf

4 4.8 25

11025, 9012 215; 9818 272

1.06725 1.07220 1.16918

1.544420 1.544420 1.556320

C9H8O2

491-37-2

148.159

36.5

16050, 12713

1.1291100 1.5750

3604 6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen4(5H)-one 3605 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1benzothiopyran-4-one 3606 4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1Himidazole 3607 7,8-Dihydrobiopterin

C8H8OS

13414-95-4

152.214

C9H8OS

3528-17-4

164.224

29

15412

1.248714

C10H12N2

59-98-3

160.215

cry (peth)

C9H13N5O3

6779-87-9

239.231

hyg nd (w)

4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-4benzothiophenone

Tolazoline

vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O; msc os i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ctc; s chl s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl chl

1.639520

67 s H2O


3-175

O F F

O

O

N

F F F F

F 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

F

F F

B

F

2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene

2,2-Difluoropropane

O

O O

OH 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol

OH O

O

F

F

Difluoromethylborane

N

O

HO

Di-2-furanylethanedione

N

Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime

O O HO

O

O

O O

O

O

O

OH

1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one

S S

HO

O

O O

O OH

O

OH

OH

HO

O

HO

OH

O

O

OH

O

HO

Difurfuryl disulfide

H

O

OH HO

O

OH

O O OH

HO

HO

HO

HO

Difurfuryl ether

H

Digitonin

Digitoxigenin

O

O O

O HO

O HO OH O O O

O

OH OH

OH Digitoxose

H

O O

O

O

O

HO

O O

O

OH

O

H

OH

Diglycidyl ether O O OH

O

O

HO

O

HO

OH

Digitoxin

OH

HO

HO

H

OH

Digoxigenin

Diglycolic acid

O

H N

O

Diheptyl sulfide

N H

O

Dihexylamine

Dihexyl ether

O

Diheptyl ether

Digoxin

S O O

Diheptylamine

O O OH

OH

Diheptyl phthalate

O

O

O

O

H

O O

O

O

O

O

O Dihexyl hexanedioate

O

O

H O

S

Dihexyl phthalate

O

15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1

Dihexyl sulfide

9,10-Dihydroanthracene

O

O HN

H N

NH O

H N S

O

N H

O 6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone

1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene

9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]-benzenoanthracene

N H

1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2-thione

1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one

O O O

O 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin

2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran

O

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran

O

S

S 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzothiopyran-4-one

N H 4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1H-imidazole

O N

N

6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-4(5H)-one

2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

OH

O

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

OH

N H

NH N

7,8-Dihydrobiopterin

NH2

3-176


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3608 Dihydrocodeine

C18H23NO3

125-28-0

301.381

3609 16,17-Dihydro-15H-cyclopenta[a] 1,2-Cyclopentenophenanthrene phenanthrene 3610 10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f] azepine 3611 10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d] cyclohepten-5-one 3612 2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran 3613 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1(2H) Corydaldine -isoquinolinone 3614 1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2Antipyrine phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one 3615 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin 3616 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenecarboxylic acid 3617 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5anthracenedisulfonic acid

C17H14

482-66-6

218.293

cry (aq, 112.5 MeOH) nd (al, petr) 135.5

C14H13N

494-19-9

195.260

C15H12O

1210-35-1

208.255

C6H10O3 C11H13NO3

332-77-4 493-49-2

130.141 207.226

C11H12N2O

60-80-0

188.225

C4H6O2 C15H8O4

543-75-9 117-78-2

86.090 252.223

C14H8O8S2

117-14-6

368.339

C14H8O8S2

84-50-4

368.339

C14H8O5S

82-49-5

288.276

C14H8O5S

84-48-0

288.276

lf (HOAc) ye 216.0 lf (conc HCl, +3w) ye lf (+3w)

C14H7NaO5S

128-56-3

310.258

ye lf (w)

C14H7NaO5S

131-08-8

310.258

C19H21N7O6 C4H6O C4H6O C9H9NO3

4033-27-6 1191-99-7 1708-29-8 54-06-8

443.413 70.090 70.090 179.172

ye cry

C9H11N

24425-40-9

133.190

nd (peth)

37.5

248; 13115

3628 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol 3629 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-ol

C9H10O C9H10O

6351-10-6 1470-94-6

134.174 134.174

pl (peth)

54.8 58

220; 12812 253

3630 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-one

C9H8O

83-33-0

132.159

ta, nd (w + 3) 42

243; 12912

1.094340

1.56125

C9H8O

615-13-4

132.159

nd (al, eth)

59

dec 218

1.071269

1.53867

C9H8O

768-22-9

132.159

24.5

11320, 986

1.125524

C8H9N

496-15-1

119.164

229

1.06920

1.592320

No. Name

Synonym

3618 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6anthracenedisulfonic acid 3619 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1anthracenesulfonic acid 3620 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenesulfonic acid 3621 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1Sodium anthraquinone-1anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium sulfonate salt 3622 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 3623 7,8-Dihydrofolic acid 3624 2,3-Dihydrofuran 3625 2,5-Dihydrofuran 3626 2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl- Adrenochrome 1H-indole-5,6-dione 3627 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-amine

3631 1,3-Dihydro-2H-inden-2-one

2-Indanone

3632 1a,6a-Dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2-b] oxirene 3633 2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole

3636 Dihydro-α-lipoic acid 3637 3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2H)naphthalenone 3638 3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran 3639 1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j] aceanthrylene 3640 2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran 3641 Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5furandione 3642 Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3H)furanone 3643 3644 3645 3646

lf or sc (eth, 114 bz) ye nd 291 (HOAc) ye nd (HCl 310 dec +4w) pl (dil HOAc)

Solubility

i H2O; s EtOH, peth s chl 2037

1.163520

1.632420

161

1.07325

1.433920 vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

319 1.083620

94.1 sub

1.437220

s ctc sl EtOH, HOAc; i eth, bz; s ace vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz vs H2O, HOAc; s EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth sl H2O

0.92725

54.5

1.423920 1.431120

125 dec

nd (w) nd (w)

6,8-Dimercaptooctanoic acid 6-Methoxy-α-tetralone

C8H16O2S2 C11H12O2

462-20-4 1078-19-9

208.342 176.212

3-Methylcholanthrene

C6H10O2 C21H16

4454-05-1 56-49-5

114.142 268.352

ye liq cry (MeOH, lig) liq ye nd (bz)

C9H10O C5H4O3

1746-11-8 2170-03-8

134.174 112.084

C5H6O2

547-65-9

98.101

C5H6O3 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2

4100-80-5 1679-47-6 1679-49-8 57129-69-8

114.100 100.117 100.117 100.117

liq liq liq

C4H8N2

534-26-9

84.120

hyg

Lysidine

nD

24815

sl DMSO

133.148 133.148

α-Methylene butyrolactone

den/ g cm-3

bp/˚C

mcl pr (w, al) 175

59-48-3 480-91-1

Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone 2-Methyl-γ-butyrolactone Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone 3-Methyl-γ-butyrolactone Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)(±)-γ-Valerolactone furanone, (±)

3647 4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1Himidazole

30

C8H7NO C8H7NO

3634 1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one 3635 2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one

mp/˚C

23

17

128 151

227 , 195 338; 10318

78

1450.2 17111 128 28080

1.006 1.2820

1.442020

180

197.5 13930, 11418

1.06125

1.5308

8510

1.120620

1.465020

-31

239 200; 7910 7611 206

1.2225 1.057020 1.05820 1.055120

1.432520 1.433920 1.432820

107

196.5

orth bipym 69 pr (eth, chl)

34

vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz sl H2O, chl; s eth, ace, bz vs bz, EtOH, chl sl H2O, peth; vs EtOH, eth; s sulf sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl s chl sl H2O; s eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH, chl

i H2O

sl eth; vs chl s H2O, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc; vs EtOH

msc H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; s chl


3-177

O

O H

N N H

O

10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine

10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one

HO Dihydrocodeine

16,17-Dihydro-15H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene

O

O

O

O

N O

NH

O O

N

O

O

2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran

3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1(2H)-isoquinolinone

1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin

OH OO S O O

O

O

O S

OH

O

O O S OO OH

O 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid

OH OO S O

O

S

HO

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5-anthracenedisulfonic acid

O

O

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6-anthracenedisulfonic acid

SO3 Na

O

OH

S

OH

O O

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid

HO HO

O SO3 Na

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt

O

N H

O

O N

N H

N H

O 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt

NH N

NH2

7,8-Dihydrofolic acid

O

O

2,3-Dihydrofuran

2,5-Dihydrofuran

OH O

OH N

O

O

H2N

2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1H-indole-5,6-dione

HO

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-amine

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-ol

O N H

N H 1a,6a-Dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2-b]oxirene

2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole

O

1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one

O

O HS

NH

O

O 1,3-Dihydro-2H-inden-2-one

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-one

OH SH

O 2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran

O

O

Dihydro-α-lipoic acid

3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2H)-naphthalenone

O

O

O

Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5-furandione

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran

O

Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3H)-furanone

O

1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene

O

O

Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione

N O

O

Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

O

O

Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone, (±)

N H 4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1H-imidazole

O

O

Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

3-178


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

3648 1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2 Himidazole-2-thione

Methimazole

C4H6N2S

60-56-0

114.169

lf (al)

146

dec 280

C10H12 C11H12O

767-58-8 1590-08-5

132.202 160.212

15

190.6 13616

0.93825 1.05725

1.526620 1.553520

C10H10N2O4S

89-36-1

254.262

C10H10N2O

19735-89-8

174.198

287105, 19117

1.260020

1.637

3649 2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1 H-indene 3650 3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2 H)naphthalenone 3651 4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonic acid 3652 1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl- 5-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1phenylpyrazole 3H-pyrazol-3-one 3653 2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl3H-pyrazol-3-one 3654 3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2 H-pyran 3655 4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole 3656 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene 3657 1,4-Dihydronaphthalene Δ 2-Dialin 3658 3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-naphthalenone 3659 1,2-Dihydro-5nitroacenaphthylene 3660 1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3pyridinecarboxylic acid 3661 Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3 H)-furanone 3662 9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene 3663 2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4 H-1benzopyran-4-one 3664 4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)1H-imidazole, monohydrochloride 3665 4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2oxazolamine 3666 1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5 Htetrazole-5-thione 3667 Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3 H)-furanone 3668 2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo4(1H)-pyrimidinone 3669 1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

nd (w+1)

128

89-25-8

174.198

C6H10O C4H7NS C10H10 C10H10 C10H10O C12H9NO2

16302-35-5 2346-00-1 447-53-0 612-17-9 530-93-8 602-87-9

98.142 101.171 130.186 130.186 146.185 199.205

C6H5NO3

5006-66-6

139.109

nd(w)

310 dec

104-61-0 776-35-2 487-26-3

156.222 180.245 224.255

oil nd (MeOH) nd (lig)

34.5 76

C10H13ClN2

59-97-2

196.676

Aminorex

C9H10N2O

2207-50-3

162.187

1-Phenyl-5-mercapto-1 Htetrazole γ-Propyl-γ-butyrolactone Propylthiouracil

C7H6N4S

86-93-1

178.215

C7H12O2 C7H10N2OS

105-21-5 51-52-5

128.169 170.231

6-Mercaptopurine

C5H4N4S

50-44-2

152.178

C5H8O

110-87-2

84.117

3670 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran

mcl pr (w)

127

liq liq pl

-101 -8 25 18 103

cry (bz)

vs H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz, lig i H2O

105

287 , 191 117.5 145 206.5 211.5 237

17

1.637 0.91225 1.06725 0.997420 0.992833 1.105527

1.449520 1.520020 1.581420 1.557720 1.559820

1.075740

1.641520

sub

13412 16815

s H2O, EtOH; sl bz; i peth

i H2O; s eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, lig sl H2O, tfa; i EtOH, eth, bz, chl s chl i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc

137 145 845

w pow (w)

1.438525

219

sl H2O, chl, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, bz i H2O; s alk

ye pr (w, + l 313 dec w) 86

84.117 114.100 70.093

liq

2-Pyrazoline

3174-74-1 108-55-4 109-98-8

Maleic hydrazide 5,6-Dihydrouracil

C4H4N2O2 C4H6N2O2

123-33-1 504-07-4

112.087 114.103

cry (w) nd (w)

3-Pyrroline

C4H7N

109-96-6

69.106

3677 3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone Hydrocarbostyril 3678 1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione 2,3-Quinoxalinediol

C9H9NO C8H6N2O2

553-03-7 15804-19-0

147.173 162.146

pr (al, eth) nd (w)

163.5 410

3679 Dihydrotachysterol 3680 Dihydrothebaine

C28H46O C19H23NO3

67-96-9 561-25-1

398.664 313.391

cry (MeOH)

131 162.5

3681 4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine

C3H6N2S

1779-81-3

102.158

nd or lf (bz) 85.3

3682 3683 3684 3685 3686

2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide 3-Sulfolene Dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H)2-Thiobarbituric acid pyrimidinedione 3687 2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1H)2-Thiouracil pyrimidinone

C4H6S C4H6S C4H6O2S C4H6OS C4H4N2O2S

1120-59-8 1708-32-3 77-79-2 1003-10-7 504-17-6

86.156 86.156 118.155 102.155 144.152

pl (w)

235 dec

C4H4N2OS

141-90-2

128.152

pr (w, al)

>340 dec

3688 1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3thione 3689 (1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2Hindol-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde

C2H3N3S

3179-31-5

101.130

C13H15NO

84-83-3

201.264

3674 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione 3675 Dihydro-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 3676 2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrole

Solubility

174

C5H8O C5H6O3 C3H6N2

3671 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3672 Dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione 3673 4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazole

nD

≈300 dec

C10H10N2O

4-Hydroxynonanoic acid lactone C9H16O2 C14H12 C15H12O2

den/ g cm-3

56.3

0.92119

1.440219

s H2O, EtOH; sl chl

vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, tfa vs H2O; s EtOH, chl, MeOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, DMSO, HOAc i H2O; s os i H2O; s EtOH, bz, AcOEt vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl

19

95 15815 144

0.94 1.411020 1.020017

1.479617

90.5

0.909720

1.466420

1.1825

1.523020

307 275.5

20145

dec 112.1 122.4

64.5

s chl 11152, 391

222.5

sl H2O; s EtOH, dil alk, dil HCl sl H2O, EtOH, DMSO; s anh HF s DMSO s chl


3-179 H N

O

NH

O S OH O

N S

N

O

1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2H-imidazole-2-thione

2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1H-indene

3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2H)-naphthalenone

O N H

O

N

4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonic acid

N

N

N S

O

1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2H-pyran

4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole

O OH

O O 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene

1,4-Dihydronaphthalene

3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-naphthalenone

N

O

O

1,2-Dihydro-5-nitroacenaphthylene

N H

1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

O N O O

HCl

O

Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)-furanone

9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene

O NH

NH2 O

4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine

S

4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole, monohydrochloride

HN N N S N

N O

2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5H-tetrazole-5-thione

N H

O

Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)-furanone

O

N

N

1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran

3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran

O

O

N H

O

Dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione

O NH N H

S

2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1H)-pyrimidinone

H N

HN

N H

O

N H

Dihydro-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

N H

2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrole

O

3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone

N

O

4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazole

H N

O

N H

O

N H

NH

1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione

HO

1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione

Dihydrotachysterol

O

O H

N

N S

O Dihydrothebaine

NH2

4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine

O

N H

S 2,5-Dihydrothiophene

O

S

O

2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide

S

O

Dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone

O NH

O

S 2,3-Dihydrothiophene

S

Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H)-pyrimidinedione

NH N H

S

2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1H)-pyrimidinone

S HN N

NH

1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione

N

O

(1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde

3-180


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C18H20

3910-35-8

236.352

tcl pr (al)

52.5

308.5

1.000920

1.568120

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, MeOH

C12H15N

147-47-7

173.254

26.5

260; 13213

Quinizarin

C14H8O4

81-64-1

240.212

ye red lf (eth) 200 dk red nd

3693 1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

Anthrarufin

C14H8O4

117-12-4

240.212

pa ye pl (gl HOAc)

280

sub


Danthron

C14H8O4

117-10-2

240.212

red or red-ye 193 nd or lf (al)

sub


C14H8O4

84-60-6

240.212

ye nd (al)


C14H8O4

572-93-0

240.212

sub

3697 2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene

C12H10N2O2

2050-14-8

214.219

ye nd (+1w, 353.8 dil al) nd (sub) gold-ye lf 173 (bz), nd (al)

3698 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

C7H6O3

24677-78-9

138.121

ye nd

108

235; 12016

C7H6O3

95-01-2

138.121

nd (eth-lig)

135

22622

C7H6O3

1194-98-5

138.121

ye nd (bz)

100.0

No. Name 3690 2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3phenyl-1H-indene 3691 1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4trimethylquinoline 3692 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione


Synonym

β-Resorcylaldehyde


360 dec


Protocatechualdehyde

C7H6O3

139-85-5

138.121

lf (w, to)

153 dec

3702 N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide

Salicylhydroxamic acid

C7H7NO3

89-73-6

153.136

nd (HOAc)

168

3703 2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid

Homogentisic acid

C8H8O4

451-13-8

168.148

153

C7H6O4

303-38-8

154.121

3705 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

β-Resorcylic acid

C7H6O4

89-86-1

154.121

pr (w+1), lf (al-chl) pr or nd (w+1) cry (+w)


Gentisic acid

C7H6O4

490-79-9

154.121

nd or pr (w) 199.5

C7H6O4

303-07-1

154.121

nd (+w)

C7H6O4

99-50-3

154.121

mcl nd (w+1) 201 dec

C7H6O4

99-10-5

154.121

pr or nd


3707 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3708 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

Protocatechuic acid


sub

1.54220

226 dec

167 dec 1.5244

239

Bis(2-hydroxyphenyl) ketone

C13H10O3

835-11-0

214.216

59.5

3711 4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) ketone

C13H10O3

611-99-4

214.216

nd (lig), cry 210 (w)

3712 6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran- Esculetin 2-one

C9H6O4

305-01-1

178.142

3713 7,8-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran- Daphnetin 2-one

C9H6O4

486-35-1

178.142

nd (w), pr 276 (HOAc) lf (sub) ye nd (dil al) 262

3714 2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid 3715 3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, Hyodeoxycholic acid (3α,5β,6α)

C4H8O4 C24H40O4

1518-62-3 83-49-8

120.105 392.573

liq cry (AcOEt)

198.5

3716 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, Ursodiol (3α,5β,7β) 3717 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, Chenodiol (3α,5β,7α)

C24H40O4

128-13-2

392.573

pl (al)

203

C24H40O4

474-25-9

392.573

119

3718 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

C27H44O3

32222-06-3

416.636

nd (EtOAc+he p) wh cry pow

C6H4O4

615-94-1

140.094

dk ye nd

211

3719 2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

1400.001

205.5

3710 2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

Calcitriol

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, KOH, sulf i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, CS2; s bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, HOAc, alk sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s alk i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl

333 1.133131

sub

sub

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; vs eth; s con alk vs ace, EtOH, HOAc s H2O, HOAc; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz vs H2O, EtOH, chl s H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; i CS2 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; i bz, chl, CS2 s H2O, EtOH, eth; i chl; sl tfa sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i bz sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, CS2 sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, chl, AcOEt s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, CS2

963

115

sl H2O, eth, ace, bz; s EtOH, HOAc vs EtOH; sl eth i H2O, bz; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, HOAc sl EtOH, MeOH, thf, AcOEt sl H2O, ace, DMSO; s EtOH, HOAc; i eth


3-181

N H 2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenyl-1H-indene

OH O

1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline

OH

O

OH

O

OH

O

OH O

1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione


O

O HO

OH

OH

OH

HO N N

HO O 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O



O

2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene

O

O

O

OH OH

O OH

N H OH

OH OH

OH 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

OH

HO

2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde


HO O HO O

O

OH

N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

HO

OH

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

OH

O

OH

OH OH


OH

2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid

OH




OH

O

OH

O

OH O

O

OH

HO

OH HO

OH 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

OH

HO


2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

HO

OH 4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

O

O

6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

O OH

OH

O HO

O

HO

O

OH

HO

OH

OH 7,8-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

H

HO

OH

3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,6α)

2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid

OH

H

3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7β)

OH

O OH H

O OH

HO

H

OH

3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7α)

HO HO

OH 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

O 2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

3-182


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3720 2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1one

Reductic acid

C5H6O3

80-72-8

114.100

3721 2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4heptanone 3722 2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane 3723 4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide

Di(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl) ketone 2,2’-Methylenebisphenol 4,4’-Thiobisphenol

C9H18O3

3682-91-5

174.237

C13H12O2 C12H10O2S

2467-02-9 2664-63-3

200.233 218.271

3724 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)- Aloe-emodol 9,10-anthracenedione 3725 2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid Dihydroxymaleic acid

C15H10O5

481-72-1

270.237

C4H4O6

526-84-1

148.071

mcl pr or lf (al) oran ye nd (to, al) pl (w+2)

3726 α,4-Dihydroxy-3methoxybenzeneacetic acid 3727 7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one 3728 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4methoxyphenyl)-4 H-1benzopyran-4-one 3729 (2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) phenylmethanone 3730 1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9 Hxanthen-9-one 3731 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10anthracenedione 3732 2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid

Vanilmandelic acid

C9H10O5

55-10-7

198.172

sc (bz-eth)

132 dec

sl H2O, eth, MeOH; s EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth

Fraxetin

C10H8O5

574-84-5

208.168

pl (dil al)

231

vs EtOH

C16H12O5

491-80-5

284.263

214.8

Cotoin

C14H12O4

479-21-0

244.243

Gentisin

C14H10O5

437-50-3

258.226

ye pr (chl) lf 130.5 or nd (w) ye orth 266.5

Chrysophanic acid

C15H10O4

481-74-3

254.238

o-Orsellinic acid

C8H8O4

480-64-8

168.148

3733 5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one

C10H8O4

2107-76-8

192.169

3734 6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one 3735 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4naphthalenedione

C10H8O4

529-84-0

192.169

ye nd (dil al) 275

C10H6O4

475-38-7

190.153

Chromotropic acid

C10H8O8S2

148-25-4

320.296

Alizarin Blue

C17H9NO4

568-02-5

291.258

Alizarin Orange

C14H7NO6

568-93-4

285.209

dk red mcl pr 232 (bz) red-br nd (al) nd or lf (w+2) br-viol nd 269 (bz) oran nd or pl 244 dec (HOAc)

Phloionic acid

C18H34O6

23843-52-9

346.459

9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid

C18H36O4

120-87-6

316.477

Chrysin

C15H10O4

480-40-0

254.238

lt ye pr (MeOH)

285.5

3742 1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone Resacetophenone

C8H8O3

89-84-9

152.148

nd or lf

146

3743 (2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl) phenylmethanone

Benzoresorcinol

C13H10O3

131-56-6

214.216

nd (w)

144

3744 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2propenoic acid 3745 Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide 3746 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4diene-3,11,20-trione 3747 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene3,20-dione 3748 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene3,11,20-trione

Caffeic acid

C9H8O4

331-39-5

180.158

ye pr, pl (w) 225 dec

Benzenestibonic acid Prednisone

C6H7O3Sb C21H26O5

535-46-6 53-03-2

248.878 358.428

nd (HOAc)

11-Deoxy-17hydrocorticosterone Cortisone

C21H30O4

152-58-9

346.461

215

C21H28O5

53-06-5

360.444

222

3749 2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±)

C3H6O3

56-82-6

90.078

3750 2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, ( R) Glyceric acid 3751 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone Dihydroxyacetone

C3H6O4 C3H6O3

6000-40-4 96-26-4

106.078 90.078

3752 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl decanoate

C13H26O4

2277-23-8

246.343

pr (peth)

53

C11H22O4

26402-26-6

218.291

cry (peth)

40

3736 4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7naphthalenedisulfonic acid 3737 5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-f] quinoline-7,12-dione 3738 1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10anthracenedione 3739 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, (R*,R*)-(±) 3740 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid 3741 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4 H-1benzopyran-4-one

3753 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate

Decanoic acid glycerol monoester Octanoic acid glycerol monoester

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

212

nD

Solubility s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, ace, AcOEt; i bz

pale ye cry 118.3 151

363

223.5

sub

sl H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2 vs bz, eth, EtOH

155 dec

ye hex or mcl 196 nd (sub) nd (dil 176 dec HOAc, +1w) nd (al), lf 283 (HOAc)

cry (al)

1.28025

sub

0.9225

s EtOH, eth

sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; vs EtOH, alk s H2O, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s HOAc

sub

s H2O, alk; i EtOH, eth vs bz, gl HOAc sub

sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, sulf, HOAc

126 90

nd or pr (40% MeOH) thick gum

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; i ace; s py vs bz, HOAc

1.18141

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, CS2 i H2O, chl; s EtOH, py; sl eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl bz, chl vs EtOH

139 234 dec

145

1450.8

1.45318

vs ace, EtOH, chl sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; s EtOH, ace s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz, peth, lig

dec 90

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i lig


3-183

O OH

OH OH

HO

2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one

HO

O

OH

S

O HO

OH

2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone

2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane

OH 4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide

OH

OH HO OH

HO

HO

O

O

O

O

O

OH

α,4-Dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic acid

2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid

OH O

O

O

HO

OH O

O 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

OH

7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

OH O

OH

HO HO

O

O

5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

OH O

HO

OH

O

OH

(2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

O

1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9H-xanthen-9-one

O OH

OH HO

OH

O 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

HO

2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid

OH O

O

HO

O

S

S

O

O

HO

O

5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

OH

O

O

6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

OH

N

OH

O OH HO

OH O 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione

O

OH

4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH

N O

O

5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-f]quinoline-7,12-dione

O

1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

OH O O

OH

OH

O

OH

HO OH

OH

O

HO

O

OH

9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, (R*,R*)-(±)

9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid

O

5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

O OH

O

OH

O HO Sb OH

OH HO

OH 1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone

O O

OH

OH (2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

O

OH OH

3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid

O

OH OH

O

Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide

OH OH

OH O

O 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione

17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

O HO

17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione

O O

OH OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, (R)

HO

2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±)

O O

OH

1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone

O

HO

O

OH OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropyl decanoate

O

OH OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate

3-184


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3754 4,8-Dihydroxy-2quinolinecarboxylic acid

Xanthurenic acid

C10H7NO4

59-00-7

205.168

ye micry cry 289 (w)

Digallic acid

C4H6O8 C14H10O9

76-30-2 536-08-3

182.086 322.224

Fluorescin

C20H14O5

518-44-5

334.322

3758 Diiodoacetylene

C2I2

624-74-8

277.830

3759 2,4-Diiodoaniline

C6H5I2N

533-70-0

344.920

3755 Dihydroxytartaric acid 3756 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid 3757 2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9 H-xanthen-9yl)benzoic acid

nf (dil al + 1w)

mp/˚C

exp 2.74825

95.5

131.5

285

309.916

5.8

624-73-7

281.862

C6H4I2 C6H4I2

615-42-9 626-00-6

329.905 329.905

3762 p-Diiodobenzene

1,4-Diiodobenzene

C6H4I2

624-38-4

329.905

3763 1,4-Diiodobutane

C4H8I2

628-21-7

3764 1,2-Diiodoethane

C2H4I2

2.5420 2.4725

1.717920

12515 dec

2.349425

1.618425

200

3.32520

1.87120

72.516

3.062520

16317, 14110

2.034225

1.583725

182

3.321120

1.741120

9

14920, 1013

1.598725

-20

dec 227; 11019

2.169225 2.49018 2.561225

0.954319 0.905

1.430120 1.450620

3765 cis-1,2-Diiodoethene 3766 4,4’-Diiodofluorescein

cis-1,2-Diiodoethylene

C2H2I2 C20H10I2O5

590-26-1 38577-97-8

279.846 584.099

3767 1,6-Diiodohexane

Hexamethylene diiodide

C6H12I2

629-09-4

337.968

ye mcl pr or 83 orth (eth) -14 oran-red pow nd 9.5

3768 Diiodomethane

Methylene iodide

CH2I2

75-11-6

267.836

ye nd or lf

6.1

3769 2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol

Disophenol

C6H3I2NO3

305-85-1

390.902

lt ye cry (gl HOAc)

157

3770 1,5-Diiodopentane 3771 1,2-Diiodopropane 3772 1,3-Diiodopropane

Pentamethylene diiodide Trimethylene diiodide

C5H10I2 C3H6I2 C3H6I2

628-77-3 598-29-8 627-31-6

323.942 295.889 295.889

3773 5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol

Iodoquinol

C9H5I2NO

83-73-8

396.951

ye nd (HOAc, 210 xyl)

3774 3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

C9H9I2NO3

300-39-0

432.981

ye nd (w, 70% al)

213

3775 Diisobutyl adipate 3776 Diisobutylaluminum chloride 3777 Diisobutylaluminum hydride

C14H26O4 C8H18AlCl C8H19Al

141-04-8 1779-25-5 1191-15-7

258.354 176.664 142.219

hyg col liq liq

-40

293; 18715 15210 1404, 850.5

2-Methyl-N-(2-methylpropyl)-1- C8H19N propanamine

110-96-3

129.244

liq

-73.5

139.6

C9H18O3

539-92-4

174.237

190

0.913820

1,1’-Oxybis[2-methylpropane]

C8H18O

628-55-7

130.228

122.6

0.76115

84-69-5 592-65-4 123-61-5 104-49-4 26761-40-0 28553-12-0

278.344 146.294 160.130 160.130 446.663 418.609

-105.5 51 95 -50

296.5; 1594 171 1038 11714 2534

1.049015 0.836310

Bis(8-methylnonyl)phthalate Bis(7-methyloctyl)phthalate

C16H22O4 C8H18S C8H4N2O2 C8H4N2O2 C28H46O4 C26H42O4 C22H42O4 C24H38O4 C10H23N

1330-86-5 27554-26-3 544-00-3

370.566 390.557 157.297

-44

2104 370 188

0.767221

1.423520

C10H22O

544-01-4

158.281

172.5

0.777720

1.408520

C18H26O4 C10H22S

605-50-5 544-02-5

306.397 174.347

liq

-74.6

dec 334 211

1.020916 0.832320

1.487120 1.452020

C6H15NO2

110-97-4

133.189

cry

44.5

250; 15123

0.98920

C12H22O4

6938-94-9

230.301

-0.6

1206.5

0.956920

3778 Diisobutylamine

3779 Diisobutyl carbonate 3780 Diisobutyl ether 3781 3782 3783 3784 3785 3786

Diisobutyl phthalate Diisobutyl sulfide 1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene 1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene Diisodecyl phthalate Diisononyl phthalate

3787 Diisooctyl adipate 3788 Diisooctyl phthalate 3789 Diisopentylamine 3790 Diisopentyl ether

3-Methyl-N-isopentyl-1butanamine Diisoamyl ether

3791 Diisopentyl phthalate 3792 Diisopentyl sulfide

Diisoamyl phthalate

3793 Diisopropanolamine

1,1’-Iminobis-2-propanol

3794 Diisopropyl adipate

liq cry cry liq col liq

liq

Solubility

vs ace, EtOH

287; 1003 285

1,2-Diiodobenzene 1,3-Diiodobenzene

nD

i H2O; s EtOH, dil HCl; sl eth, bz

27 40.4

3760 o-Diiodobenzene 3761 m-Diiodobenzene

den/ g cm-3

114.5 269 dec

col or ye nd 126 (eth), pl (bz) orth nd (lig) 81.5 br nd or orth cry (al) pl or pr (lig) orth pl or pr (eth-al) orth lf (al)

bp/˚C

1.639125

1.409020

1.407220

0.96620

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl chl i H2O; sl ctc; s os sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s eth, chl sl H2O; s alk, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs EtOH i H2O; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, bz, chl, eth; vs EtOH; s alk sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz s eth, hx s cyhex, eth, bz, tol sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s ctc

i H2O; s os i H2O; s ace, MeOH; bz, eth

1.424720

i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; vs ace, EtOH, chl vs EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs ace, eth, EtOH


3-185 O

OH HO

O

OH HO

HO OH O HO

OH

N OH

OH

O

OH

OH

O

OH

HO

O HO OH

O

4,8-Dihydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid

O

OH

OH

Dihydroxytartaric acid

3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid

NH2

2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid

I I

I

I I

I

I

I

Diiodoacetylene

o-Diiodobenzene

I

I

I

2,4-Diiodoaniline

m-Diiodobenzene

p-Diiodobenzene

I

I 1,4-Diiodobutane

I

1,2-Diiodoethane

O OH O

I

I

I HO I

O

OH

I

I

cis-1,2-Diiodoethene

H

I

I

4,4’-Diiodofluorescein

H I

I 1,6-Diiodohexane

O

Diiodomethane

I

I I

I

1,2-Diiodopropane

N

OH

I 1,5-Diiodopentane

O

NH2

HO

OH

I

1,3-Diiodopropane

I

O

2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol

O I

I

N

O

O O

I

5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol

3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

Diisobutyl adipate

O O O

O Cl Al

H Al

H N

Diisobutylaluminum chloride

Diisobutylaluminum hydride

Diisobutylamine

N

C

O N

C

O

O

Diisobutyl carbonate

O

O

Diisobutyl ether

Diisobutyl phthalate

O O

N C O

S Diisobutyl sulfide

1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene

O

C

O O O

N

O O

O

1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene

O Diisodecyl phthalate

Diisononyl phthalate

O O O

O O

O O

O Diisooctyl adipate

Diisooctyl phthalate

N H

O

Diisopentylamine

Diisopentyl ether

O O O O Diisopentyl phthalate

O OH

OH

S

H N

Diisopentyl sulfide

Diisopropanolamine

O

O O Diisopropyl adipate

3-186


No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

3795 Diisopropylamine

N-Isopropyl-2-propanamine

C6H15N

108-18-9

101.190

liq

-61

83.9

0.715320

1.392420

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

3796 2,6-Diisopropylaniline 3797 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene

C12H19N C12H18

24544-04-5 577-55-9

177.286 162.271

liq liq

-45 -57

257 204

0.9425 0.870120

1.533220 1.496020

3798 1,3-Diisopropylbenzene

C12H18

99-62-7

162.271

liq

-63.1

203.2

0.855920

1.488320

3799 1,4-Diisopropylbenzene

C12H18

100-18-5

162.271

liq

-17

210.3

0.856820

1.489820

3800 p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide 3801 N,N-Diisopropyl-2benzothiazolesulfenamide 3802 N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide 3803 Diisopropyl disulfide 3804 N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine

C12H18O2

98-49-7

194.270

waxy cry

30.1

1231

0.993220

C13H18N2S2

95-29-4

266.425

C7H14N2 C6H14S2 C8H19NO

693-13-0 4253-89-8 96-80-0

126.199 150.305 145.243

liq

-69

147 177 190

0.80625 0.943520 0.82625

1.432020 1.491620 1.441720

C6H14O

108-20-3

102.174

liq

-85.4

68.4

0.719225

1.365825

C7H17O3P C16H20 C8H14O4 C6H15O3P C6H15O2PS2

1445-75-6 24157-81-1 615-81-6 1809-20-7 107-56-2

180.182 212.330 174.195 166.155 214.286

cry (MeOH)

70

C14H18O4

605-45-8

250.291

3812 Diisopropyl sulfide

C6H14S

625-80-9

118.240

3813 Diisopropyl tartrate, (±)

C10H18O6

58167-01-4

234.246

3814 Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate Diisopropyl dixanthogen 3815 1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene Bitoscanate

C8H14O2S4 C8H4N2S2

105-65-7 4044-65-9

270.456 192.261

3816 3817 3818 3819

C4H4O2 C6H10O5 C20H21NO3 C4H12FN2OP

674-82-8 19201-34-4 1165-48-6 115-26-4

84.074 162.140 323.386 154.122

liq

C18H25N

36309-01-0

255.399

ye oil

92

C4H6O4S2

2418-14-6

182.219

wh cry (MeOH)

193

C4H10O2S2 C4H10OS2 C3H8OS2

7634-42-6 2150-02-9 59-52-9

154.251 138.251 124.225

3805 Diisopropyl ether

Diisopropyl methylphosphonate 2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene Diisopropyl oxalate Diisopropyl phosphonate O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate 3811 Diisopropyl phthalate

N,N-Diisopropyl-2aminoethanol Isopropyl ether

3806 3807 3808 3809 3810

Diketene Dilactic acid Dimefline Dimefox

3820 Dimemorfan

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisopropyl ester

2,2’-Oxybispropanoic acid Tetramethylphosphorodiamidic fluoride 3,17-Dimethylmorphinan, (9 α,13 α,14 α)-

3821 2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid 3822 1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol 3823 2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether 3824 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol

2-Mercaptoethyl ether Dimercaprol

®

59.0

663

liq

nd (ace, HOAc) liq orth

liq

122-15-6

211.258

C6H10O4S2

55290-64-7

210.271

C11H19N3O

5221-53-4

209.288

86-80-6

272.385

828-00-2

174.195

liq

1201-38-3 93-15-2

180.200 178.228

cry liq

C12H14O4

523-80-8

222.237

C8H11NO2

2735-04-8

153.179

3834 2,5-Dimethoxyaniline

C8H11NO2

102-56-7

153.179

3835 3,4-Dimethoxyaniline

C8H11NO2

6315-89-5

153.179

3826 Dimethipin 3827 Dimethirimol

3828 Dimethisoquin 3829 Dimethoxane 3830 2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone 3831 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene 3832 4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3benzodioxole 3833 2,4-Dimethoxyaniline

2,3-Dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,4dithiin, 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide 5-Butyl-2-(dimethylamino)-6methylpyrimidin-4(1H)-one

2-[(3-Butyl-1-isoquinolinyl)oxy] C17H24N2O -N,N-dimethylethanamine 2,6-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-ol C8H14O4 acetate C10H12O3 C11H14O2 Apiole

1.00220 0.997018 1.0920

1.410020

13012

1.061515

1.490020

-78.1

120.0

0.814220

1.443820

34

275; 15412

1.116620

126.1

1.087720

cry

8615

42.5 -80

46

1.115120

vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, bz, ace, ctc, chl

52 132 -6.5 112.5 109.5

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc

1.412016

190 9740, 7610 713

liq

C11H17NO3

3825 Dimetan

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH s chl

1.437920

1.426720

vs H2O, eth s chl vs H2O, bz, eth

1330.3

s chl 217; 642 830.8 175

1.11420 1.246320

1.574920

11

s EtOH, eth, oils; sl chl s H2O, cyhex; vs EtOH, eth, ace

165 nd

102

146

1563

1.548620

sl H2O; vs chl, xyl; s EtOH, ace s H2O, EtOH msc H2O; s os

8610

1.065520

1.431020

21 -2.0

15614 254.7

1.139 1.039620

1.544120 1.534020

nd

29.5

294; 17935

1.01520

1.536020

pl (lig)

33.5

262.0

82.5

270

87.5

15914

lf (eth)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, EtOH, lig sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, bz, lig s H2O, EtOH, chl, lig s eth, chl


3-187

NH2 N H Diisopropylamine

2,6-Diisopropylaniline

O

1,2-Diisopropylbenzene



OH N S N S

p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide

N,N-Diisopropyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide

S

S

N C N N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide

Diisopropyl disulfide

O O O P O

OH

N

O N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine

Diisopropyl ether

O

O O

Diisopropyl methylphosphonate

2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene

Diisopropyl oxalate

O O O

O

O O P O H

S O P O SH

O

S

Diisopropyl phosphonate

O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate

Diisopropyl phthalate

Diisopropyl sulfide

S

S

O

O OH O

Diisopropyl tartrate, (±)

S O

OH

O

O S C N

S Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate

O

N C S

HO

O

1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene

O O

Diketene

OH

Dilactic acid

O

O

O

O N N

P

O N H

F

Dimefline

Dimefox

N

OH

SH OH

HO SH

Dimemorfan

HS

SH OH

O

2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid

1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol

O O S

OH N

O HS

O

HS

OH

O

SH

SH

2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether

O

S

N

O O

®

2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol

N

Dimetan

Dimethipin

N

Dimethirimol

O O O

N O

O N

O

O

O O

Dimethisoquin

O

Dimethoxane

O

2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone

NH2

NH2 O

O

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene

NH2 O

O O 4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3-benzodioxole

O O 2,4-Dimethoxyaniline

O 2,5-Dimethoxyaniline

O 3,4-Dimethoxyaniline

3-188


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3836 2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

C9H10O3

613-45-6

166.173

nd (al or lig) 72

290; 16510


C9H10O3

93-02-7

166.173

52

270; 14610

C9H10O3

120-14-9

166.173

43

281; 15510

C9H10O3

7311-34-4

166.173

46.3

15116

C8H10O2

91-16-7

138.164

22.5

206

1.081025

1.582721

3841 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene

C8H10O2

151-10-0

138.164

liq

-52

217.5

1.052125

1.523120

3842 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene

C8H10O2

150-78-7

138.164

lf (w)

59

212.6

1.037555

3843 3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid

C10H12O4

93-40-3

196.200

cry (bz-peth) 98 nd (w+1)

3844 3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine 3845 3,4Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine 3846 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol 3847 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine Dianisidine

C10H15NO2 C9H13NO2

120-20-7 5763-61-1

181.232 167.205

16414 15612, 1203

1.14325

C9H12O3 C14H16N2O2

93-03-8 119-90-4

168.189 244.289

visc oil lf or nd (w)

298; 17212

1.17817

137

3848 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’diisocyanate 3849 2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

C16H12N2O4

91-93-0

296.277

cry

112

C9H10O4

91-52-1

182.173

C9H10O4 C9H10O4

1466-76-8 93-07-2

182.173 182.173

C9H10O4

1132-21-4

182.173

C16H16O4

119-52-8

272.296

186 dec nd (w or 181 HOAc) orth (sub) nd (w), pr 185.5 (al) pr (dil al) 114.0

3854 5,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran- Limettin 2-one

C11H10O4

487-06-9

206.195

pr or nd (al) 149

dec 200

3855 4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

C14H14O2

2132-80-1

214.260

lf (bz)

sub

3856 Dimethoxyborane 3857 4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone 3858 2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

C2H7BO2 C6H12O3 C8H8O4

4542-61-4 5436-21-5 530-55-2

73.887 132.157 168.148


Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether

C4H12O2Si C14H16O2Si C14H30O2 C4H11NO2 C4H10O2

1112-39-6 6843-66-9 14620-52-1 22483-09-6 110-71-4

120.223 244.362 230.387 105.136 90.121

3864 (2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene 3865 4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b] quinoline

Fagarine

C10H14O2 C13H11NO3

101-48-4 524-15-2

166.217 229.231

3866 1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane

Palmitaldehyde, dimethyl acetal C18H38O2

2791-29-9

286.494

3867 2,4-Dimethoxy-6hydroxyacetophenone 3868 5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone 3869 6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3 H)isobenzofuranone

Xanthoxylin

C10H12O4

90-24-4

196.200

Meconin

C11H12O3 C10H10O4

2107-69-9 569-31-3

3870 Dimethoxymethane

Methylal

C3H8O2

3871 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene 3872 1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene 3873 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene 3874 N-(Dimethoxymethyl) dimethylamine

No. Name


Synonym

Veratraldehyde

3839 3,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde 3840 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene

3850 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 3851 3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

Veratrole

Veratric acid

3852 3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 3853 4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin

3859 3860 3861 3862 3863

Dimethoxydimethylsilane Dimethoxydiphenylsilane 1,1-Dimethoxydodecane 2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine 1,2-Dimethoxyethane

p-Anisoin

2,6-Dimethoxy-p-quinone

Lauraldehyde, dimethyl acetal

Dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal

nd (eth, lig, to)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

1.546420

1.55517

108.5

175

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth, bz s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth s ctc s chl s H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc sub

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl

sub

vs eth, EtOH

256

25.9 505 sub

liq

-78 -69.20

82 286; 16115 1335 13795 84.50

pr (al)

142

ye mcl pr (HOAc)

Solubility

0.864620 1.077120 0.96625 0.863725

1.370820 1.544720 1.431025 1.417020 1.377025

sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace, chl; i eth, lig i H2O, peth; vs EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth dec H2O s ctc sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s tfa; vs alk, HOAc dec H2O vs eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc

193.5

10

1442

0.854220

1.438225

cry (al)

82

18520

192.211 194.184

wh nd (w)

119.5 102.5

109-87-5

76.095

liq

-105.1

42

0.859320

1.351320

C9H12O2

494-99-5

152.190

pr (eth)

24

220

1.050925

1.525725

C9H12O2 C9H12O2 C5H13NO2

4179-19-5 24599-58-4 4637-24-5

152.190 152.190 119.163

244 214.0 104

1.047815

1.523420

21

0.89725

1.397220

sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl ctc; vs os vs bz, eth, EtOH


3-189

O

O O

O

O O

O

O

O O

O

O

2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde


O


O


1,2-Dimethoxybenzene

O NH2

OH

O O

O O

O 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene

O

O

O


NH2 O

O

3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid

3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine

3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine

O

O

OH

O

O

O

H2N

O 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol

O NH2

N C O

2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

OH O

O

OH

O


O

O

O O


O

3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’-diisocyanate

OH

O

O

O C N

3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine

O O

OH

O

O


OH 4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin

O H O

O

O

O

5,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

O

4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

B

O O

O

O

Dimethoxyborane

4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone

O O

O

O

O Si O

O Si O

2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

Dimethoxydimethylsilane

Dimethoxydiphenylsilane

O O 1,1-Dimethoxydodecane

O O O

O O

NH2

O

2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine

O

1,2-Dimethoxyethane

O

N

O

O

O (2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene

4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline

1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane

O O

HO

O

O

O

O O O 2,4-Dimethoxy-6-hydroxyacetophenone

O

O 5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone

6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone

O

O

Dimethoxymethane

O

O O

O N O

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene

1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene

O 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene

O

O

N-(Dimethoxymethyl)dimethylamine

3-190


Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3875 2,2-Dimethoxy-Nmethylethanamine 3876 Dimethoxymethylphenylsilane 3877 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene

C5H13NO2

122-07-6

119.163

C9H14O2Si C8H9NO4

3027-21-2 709-09-1

182.292 183.162

3878 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene

C8H9NO4

89-39-4

183.162

3879 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol 3880 3,5-Dimethoxyphenol 3881 1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanone

C8H10O3 C8H10O3 C10H12O3

91-10-1 500-99-2 1131-62-0

154.163 154.163 180.200

3882 3883 3884 3885

C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H10O2 C11H14O2

4744-10-9 77-76-9 6044-68-4 93-16-3

104.148 104.148 102.132 178.228

C12H14O4

484-31-1

222.237

C10H12O2 C4H10O2

6380-23-0 534-15-6

C4H9NO

3890 2,7-Dimethyl-3,6-acridinediamine, Acridine Yellow monohydrochloride 3891 Dimethyl adipate 3892 3,3-Dimethylallyl diphosphate

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

mp/˚C

ye nd (al-w) 98 gold-ye nd (dil al) mcl pr (w)

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

140

0.92825

1.411520

12979 23015

1.1888133

pr (dil al)

56.5 37 51

liq

-47

1.479520 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, sulf vs eth, EtOH s eth, bz; sl lig vs H2O, bz, EtOH, chl

1.1666132

72.5

Solubility

261 19935, 17010 287

18

86 83 88 270.5

0.864820 0.84725 0.86225 1.052120

1.378020 1.395420 1.561620

oil

29.5

285

1.159815

1.530517

164.201 90.121

liq

-113.2

64.5

0.850120

1.571120 1.366820

127-19-5

87.120

liq

-18.59

165

0.937225

1.434125

C15H16ClN3

135-49-9

273.761

red cry pow

C8H14O4

627-93-0

174.195

cry

10.3

11513

1.060020

1.428320

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, HOAc

3-Methyl-2-butenyl pyrophosphate N-Methylmethanamine

C5H12O7P2

358-72-5

246.092

cry (MeOH)

C2H7N

124-40-3

45.084

col gas

-92.18

6.88

0.68040

1.35017

N-Methylmethanamine hydrochloride

C2H8ClN

506-59-2

81.545

orth nd (al)

171

C4H8N2 C10H13NO

926-64-7 2124-31-4

84.120 163.216

137.5

0.864920

1.409520

4-Acetyl-N,N-dimethylaniline

nd (w, peth) 105.5

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, eth, lig; sl chl

Ahistan

C16H16N2OS

518-61-6

284.375

cry

144.5

C14H15N3

60-11-7

225.289

ye lf (al)

117

dec

3899 2’,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine 3900 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde Ehrlich’s reagent

C14H15N3 C9H11NO

97-56-3 100-10-7

225.289 149.189

ye lf (al) lf (w)

102 74.5

17617

3901 p-(Dimethylamino) benzalrhodanine

C12H12N2OS2

536-17-4

264.365

dp red nd (xyl)

270 dec

3902 2-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid

C9H11NO2

610-16-2

165.189

pr, nd (eth)

72

3903 3-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid

C9H11NO2

99-64-9

165.189

nd (w)

152.5

C9H11NO2 C17H21N3

619-84-1 492-80-8

165.189 267.369

nd (al) ye or col pl (al)

242.5 136

C4H12BN C21H27NO

1113-30-0 76-99-3

84.956 309.445

liq

-92 99.5

Normethadone

C20H25NO

467-85-6

295.419

oily liq

Bufotenine

C7H13NO2 C12H16N2O

2439-35-2 487-93-4

143.184 204.267

pr (EtOAc)

1,1-Dimethoxypropane 2,2-Dimethoxypropane 3,3-Dimethoxy-1-propene 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl) benzene 3886 4,5-Dimethoxy-6-(2-propenyl)1,3-benzodioxole 3887 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-vinylbenzene 3888 Dimethylacetal

3889 N,N-Dimethylacetamide

3893 Dimethylamine 3894 Dimethylamine hydrochloride 3895 (Dimethylamino)acetonitrile 3896 4’-(Dimethylamino)acetophenone 3897 10-[(Dimethylamino)acetyl]-10Hphenothiazine 3898 p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene

3904 4-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid 3905 4,4’Dimethylaminobenzophenonimid e 3906 (Dimethylamino)dimethylborane 3907 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl3-heptanone 3908 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl3-hexanone 3909 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate 3910 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1Hindol-5-ol 3911 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 3912 4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]phenol 3913 N-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]N,N’,N’-trimethyl-1,2ethanediamine 3914 5-(Dimethylamino)-1naphthalenesulfonyl chloride

Apiole (Dill)

N,N-Dimethylethanamide

Brilliant Oil Yellow

Hordenine

Dansyl chloride

C8H15NO2

2867-47-2

157.211

C10H15NO

539-15-1

165.232

C9H23N3

3030-47-5

173.299

C12H12ClNO2S

605-65-2

269.747

i H2O; vs EtOH, py; s eth; sl chl, lig vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; vs eth, ctc; s ace vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth s EtOH; sl eth i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth

1.0254100

sub

65

vs eth, ace vs EtOH

1653 70%

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

Oil, safflower, salad or cooking, oleic >70%

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

Oil, sesame, salad or cooking

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

Oil, soybean lecithin

763

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

Oil, soybean, salad or cooking

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.02

0.000

Oil, sunflower, linoleic, approx. 65%

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

22

4.6

1.9

0.2

0

6

135

77

36

0.28

0.085

0.43

Okra, boiled, w/o salt

0

0.0

0

0.0

0.01

0

0.0

0.00

0

0.0

0.000

0

0.0

0

0.0

0.000

0

0.0

0.00

0

0.0

0.00

0

0.0

32

0.4

0.000

0.294

Nutrient Values of Foods

7-26

Food description

Energy kcal/ 100 g

Carb. Protein g/ g/ 100 g 100 g

Fat g/ 100 g

Chol. Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn P Se mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ μg/ 100 g 100 g 100 g 100g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g

Olives, pickled, canned or bottled, green

145

3.8

1.0

15.3

0

1556

42

52

11

0.49

0.120

0.04

4

0.9

Olives, ripe, canned (small-extra large)

115

6.3

0.8

10.7

0

872

8

88

4

3.30

0.251

0.22

0.020

3

0.9

Onions, boiled, w/o salt

44

10.2

1.4

0.2

0

3

166

22

11

0.24

0.067

0.21

0.153

35

0.6

Onions, raw

42

10.1

0.9

0.1

0

3

144

22

10

0.19

0.038

0.16

0.132

27

0.5

Orange juice, includes from concentrate

44

10.1

0.8

0.3

0

1

190

10

11

0.17

0.040

0.04

0.023

11

0.1

Oranges, raw, all commercial varieties

47

11.8

0.9

0.1

0

0

181

40

10

0.10

0.045

0.07

0.025

14

0.5

Oranges, raw, California, Valencias

49

11.9

1.0

0.3

0

0

179

40

10

0.09

0.037

0.06

0.023

17

Oranges, raw, Florida

46

11.5

0.7

0.2

0

0

169

43

10

0.09

0.039

0.08

0.024

12

Oranges, raw, navels

49

12.5

0.9

0.2

0

1

166

43

11

0.13

0.039

0.08

0.029

23

0.0

Ostrich, ground, cooked, pan-broiled

175

0.0

26.2

7.1

83

80

323

8

23

3.43

0.136

4.33

0.017

224

33.5

Ostrich, inside leg, cooked

141

0.0

29.0

1.9

73

83

352

6

25

3.12

0.148

4.71

0.018

244

36.5

Ostrich, top loin, cooked

155

0.0

28.1

3.9

93

77

353

6

25

3.31

0.148

4.72

0.018

245

36.6

Oyster, eastern, breaded & fried

197

11.6

8.8

12.6

81

417

244

62

58

6.95

4.294

87.13

0.490

159

66.5

Oyster, eastern, farmed, raw

59

5.5

5.2

1.6

25

178

124

44

33

5.78

0.738

37.92

0.394

93

63.7

Oyster, eastern, wild, raw

68

3.9

7.1

2.5

53

211

156

45

47

6.66

4.452

90.81

0.367

135

63.7

163

9.9

18.9

4.6

100

212

302

16

44

9.20

2.679

33.24

1.222

243

154.0

81

5.0

9.5

2.3

50

106

168

8

22

5.11

1.576

16.62

0.643

162

77.0

115

25.6

2.7

0.2

0

14

1806

18

10

1.69

0.644

3.73

Papayas, raw

39

9.8

0.6

0.1

0

3

257

24

10

0.10

0.016

0.07

0.011

Parsley, raw

36

6.3

3.0

0.8

0

56

554

138

50

6.20

0.149

1.07

0.160

58

0.1

Pastrami beef 98% fat-free

95

1.5

19.6

1.2

47

1010

228

9

18

2.78

0.079

4.26

0.013

150

10.4

Pate de foie gras, canned, smoked

462

4.7

11.4

43.8

150

697

138

70

13

5.50

0.400

0.92

0.120

200

44.0

Pate, liver, not specified, canned

319

1.5

14.2

28.0

255

697

138

70

13

5.50

0.400

2.85

0.120

200

41.6

39

9.5

0.9

0.3

0

0

190

6

9

0.25

0.068

0.17

0.061

20

0.1

Peanut butter, chunk style, w/o salt

589

21.6

24.1

49.9

0

17

745

45

160

1.90

0.578

2.79

1.800

319

8.2

Peanut butter, smooth style, w/o salt

588

19.6

25.1

50.4

0

17

649

43

154

1.87

0.473

2.91

1.466

358

5.6

Peanuts, all types, dry-roasted, w. salt

585

21.5

23.7

49.7

0

813

658

54

176

2.26

0.671

3.31

2.083

358

7.5

Peanuts, all types, oil-roasted, w. salt

599

15.3

28.0

52.5

0

320

726

61

176

1.52

0.533

3.28

1.845

397

3.3

Pears, raw

58

15.5

0.4

0.1

0

1

119

9

7

0.17

0.082

0.10

0.049

11

0.1

Peas, edible-podded, boiled, w. salt

42

7.1

3.3

0.2

0

240

240

42

26

1.97

0.077

0.37

0.168

55

0.7

Peas, edible-podded, raw

42

7.6

2.8

0.2

0

4

200

43

24

2.08

0.079

0.27

0.244

53

0.7

Peas, green, boiled, w/o salt

84

15.6

5.4

0.2

0

3

271

27

39

1.54

0.173

1.19

0.525

117

1.9

Pecans, dry roasted, w. salt

710

13.6

9.5

74.3

0

383

424

72

132

2.80

1.167

5.07

3.933

293

4.0

Pecans, oil roasted, w. salt

715

13.0

9.2

75.2

0

393

392

67

121

2.47

1.200

4.47

3.700

263

6.0

Peppers, hot chili, green, raw

40

9.5

2.0

0.2

0

7

340

18

25

1.20

0.174

0.30

0.237

46

0.5

Peppers, hot chili, red, raw

40

8.8

1.9

0.4

0

9

322

14

23

1.03

0.129

0.26

0.187

43

0.5

Peppers, jalapeno, raw

30

5.9

1.4

0.6

0

1

215

10

19

0.70

0.133

0.23

0.250

31

0.3

Peppers, sweet, green, boiled, w/o salt

28

6.7

0.9

0.2

0

2

166

9

10

0.46

0.065

0.12

0.115

18

0.3

Peppers, sweet, green, raw

20

4.6

0.9

0.2

0

3

175

10

10

0.34

0.066

0.13

0.122

20

0.0

Peppers, sweet, red, boiled, w/o salt

28

6.7

0.9

0.2

0

2

166

9

10

0.46

0.065

0.12

0.115

18

0.3

Peppers, sweet, red, raw

26

6.0

1.0

0.3

0

2

211

7

12

0.43

0.017

0.25

0.112

26

0.1

Peppers, sweet, yellow, raw

27

6.3

1.0

0.2

0

2

212

11

12

0.46

0.107

0.17

0.117

24

0.3

Persimmons, native, raw

127

33.5

0.8

0.4

0

1

310

27

Pheasant, cooked, total edible

Oyster, Pacific, cooked, moist heat Oyster, Pacific, raw Palm hearts, raw

Peaches, raw

2.50

0.5

140

0.7

5

0.6

26

247

0.0

32.4

12.1

89

43

271

16

22

1.43

0.084

1.37

242

20.7

Pickle, cucumber, sour

11

2.3

0.3

0.2

0

1208

23

0

4

0.40

0.085

0.02

0.011

14

0.0

Pickle, cucumber, sweet

117

31.8

0.4

0.3

0

939

32

4

4

0.59

0.105

0.08

0.015

12

0.0

Pickles, cucumber, dill

18

4.1

0.6

0.2

0

1282

116

9

11

0.53

0.079

0.14

0.015

21

0.0

Pie, apple, commercially prepared, enriched flour

237

34.0

1.9

11.0

0

266

65

11

7

0.45

0.046

0.16

0.182

24

1.0

Pie, blueberry, commercially prepared

232

34.9

1.8

10.0

0

325

50

8

5

0.30

0.046

0.16

0.176

23

1.4

Pie, cherry, commercially prepared

260

39.8

2.0

11.0

0

246

81

12

8

0.48

0.040

0.18

0.140

29

1.2

Pie, chocolate creme, commercially prepared

304

33.6

2.6

19.4

5

136

127

36

21

1.07

0.050

0.23

0.200

68

7.5

Pie, coconut creme, commercially prepared

298

37.2

2.1

16.6

0

255

65

29

20

0.80

0.068

0.47

0.438

85

5.3

Pie, egg custard, commercially prepared

210

20.8

5.5

11.6

33

240

106

80

11

0.58

0.024

0.52

0.060

112

7.1

Pie, lemon meringue, commercially prepared

268

47.2

1.5

8.7

45

146

89

56

15

0.61

0.001

0.49

0.060

105

3.0


Food description

7-27 Energy kcal/ 100 g


Fat g/ 100 g


Pie, mince, prepared from recipe

289

48.0

2.6

10.8

0

254

203

22

14

1.49

0.113

0.22

0.263

42

Pie, peach

223

32.9

1.9

10.0

0

270

125

8

6

0.50

0.053

0.09

0.152

22

1.3

Pie, pecan, commercially prepared

400

57.2

4.0

18.5

32

424

74

17

18

1.04

0.195

0.57

0.789

77

5.0

Pie, pumpkin, commercially prepared

210

27.3

3.9

9.5

20

282

154

60

15

0.79

0.048

0.45

0.240

71

2.6

Pike, northern, cooked, dry heat

113

0.0

24.7

0.9

50

49

331

73

40

0.71

0.065

0.86

0.310

282

16.2

Pike, walleye, raw

93

0.0

19.1

1.2

86

51

389

110

30

1.30

0.178

0.62

0.800

210

12.6

Pimento, canned

23

5.1

1.1

0.3

0

14

158

6

6

1.68

0.049

0.19

0.092

17

0.2

629

19.3

11.6

61.0

0

72

628

8

234

3.06

1.035

4.28

4.333

35

Pineapple juice, canned, unsweetened, w/o vitamin C Pineapple, raw, all variety

53

12.9

0.4

0.1

0

2

130

13

12

0.31

0.069

0.11

0.504

8

48

12.6

0.5

0.1

0

Pineapple, raw, traditional variety

45

11.8

0.6

0.1

Pistachio nuts, dry roasted, w/o salt

571

27.7

21.4

46.0

Plantains, cooked

116

31.2

0.8

0.2

Plums, dried (prunes), uncooked

240

63.9

2.2

0.4

Pine nuts, pinyon, dried

Plums, raw

6.6

0.1

1

115

13

12

0.28

0.099

0.10

1.177

8

0.1

1

125

13

12

0.25

0.081

0.08

1.593

9

0.0

0

10

1042

110

120

4.20

1.325

2.30

1.275

485

9.3

0

5

465

2

32

0.58

0.066

0.13

0

2

732

43

41

0.93

0.281

0.44

0.299

28

1.4

69

0.3

46

11.4

0.7

0.3

0

0

157

6

7

0.17

0.057

0.10

0.052

16

0.0

Pollock, Atlantic, cooked, dry heat

118

0.0

24.9

1.3

91

110

456

77

86

0.59

0.064

0.60

0.019

283

46.8

Pollock, walleye, cooked, dry heat

113

0.0

23.5

1.1

96

116

387

6

73

0.28

0.055

0.60

0.020

482

43.4

68

17.2

1.0

0.3

0

3

259

3

3

0.30

0.070

0.12

Pompano, Florida, cooked, dry heat

211

0.0

23.7

12.1

64

76

636

43

31

0.67

0.078

0.69

Popcorn, air-popped

387

77.8

12.9

4.5

0

8

329

7

144

3.19

0.262

Pork sausage, fresh, cooked

339

0.0

19.4

28.4

84

749

294

13

17

1.36

0.086

Pork, cured, bacon, broiled, pan-fried or roasted

541

1.4

37.0

41.8

110

2310

565

11

33

1.44

0.164

Pork, cured, breakfast strips, cooked

459

1.1

29.0

36.7

105

2099

466

14

26

1.97

Pork, cured, Canadian-style bacon, grilled

185

1.4

24.2

8.4

58

1546

390

10

21

0.82

Pork, cured, ham, boneless, extra lean (approx 5% fat), roasted Pork, cured, ham, boneless, regular (approx 11% fat), roasted Pork, cured, ham, whole, lean & fat, roasted

145

1.5

20.9

5.5

53

1203

287

8

14

178

0.0

22.6

9.0

59

1500

409

8

243

0.0

21.6

16.8

62

1187

286

Pork, cured, salt pork, raw

748

0.0

5.1

80.5

86

1424

66

Pork, fresh, composite of retail cuts (leg, loin, & shoulder), lean, cooked Pork, fresh, leg (ham), rump half, lean & fat, roasted Pork, fresh, leg (ham), shank half, lean & fat, roasted Pork, fresh, loin, blade (chops), bone-in, lean & fat, broiled Pork, fresh, loin, center loin (chops), bone-in, lean & fat, broiled Pork, fresh, loin, center rib (chops), bone-in, lean, broiled Pork, fresh, loin, center rib (chops), boneless, lean & fat, broiled Pork, fresh, loin, center rib (roasts), boneless, lean & fat, roasted Pork, fresh, loin, country-style ribs, lean & fat, braised Pork, fresh, loin, sirloin (chops), bone-in, lean & fat, broiled Pork, fresh, loin, sirloin (chops), boneless, lean & fat, broiled Pork, fresh, loin, tenderloin, lean & fat, broiled

212

0.0

29.3

9.7

86

59

375

252

0.0

28.9

14.3

96

62

289

0.0

25.3

20.1

92

320

0.0

22.5

24.9

240

0.0

28.7

219

0.0

260

Pomegranates, raw

8

0.6

0.025

341

46.8

3.08

1.113

358

0.0

2.08

0.005

163

0.0

3.50

0.022

533

62.0

0.153

3.68

0.044

265

24.7

0.054

1.70

0.027

296

24.7

1.48

0.079

2.88

0.054

196

19.5

22

1.34

0.145

2.47

0.041

281

19.8

7

19

0.87

0.083

2.32

0.014

214

22.7

6

7

0.44

0.050

0.90

0.005

52

5.8

21

26

1.10

0.061

2.97

0.018

237

45.0

374

12

27

1.05

0.103

2.82

0.023

272

46.8

59

338

15

22

0.98

0.098

3.06

0.028

257

43.3

86

70

344

29

22

0.93

0.083

3.37

0.008

212

37.1

13.1

82

58

358

33

25

0.80

0.046

2.26

0.003

232

44.3

30.8

9.7

81

65

420

31

28

0.82

0.070

2.38

0.020

245

47.3

0.0

27.6

15.8

82

62

401

28

26

0.77

0.068

2.26

0.018

237

44.0

252

0.0

27.0

15.2

81

48

346

6

22

0.93

0.016

2.64

0.010

214

40.3

296

0.0

23.9

21.5

87

59

328

29

17

1.22

0.093

3.56

0.012

167

39.7

259

0.0

26.7

16.1

86

68

383

17

29

0.99

0.058

2.57

0.010

246

47.7

208

0.0

30.5

8.6

91

56

372

18

27

1.21

0.053

2.62

0.003

243

50.5

201

0.0

29.9

8.1

94

64

444

5

35

1.39

0.067

2.89

0.012

290

47.7

Pork, fresh, spareribs, lean & fat, braised

397

0.0

29.1

30.3

121

93

320

47

24

1.85

0.142

4.60

0.014

261

37.4

Potato chips, plain, salted

547

49.7

6.6

37.5

0

525

1642

24

70

1.61

0.398

2.39

0.664

155

8.1

Potatoes, baked, flesh & skin, w. salt

93

21.2

2.5

0.1

0

244

535

15

28

1.08

0.118

0.36

0.219

70

0.4

Potatoes, boiled in skin, flesh, w. salt

87

20.1

1.9

0.1

0

240

379

5

22

0.31

0.188

0.30

0.138

44

0.3

Potatoes, boiled w/o skin, flesh, w. salt

86

20.0

1.7

0.1

0

241

328

8

20

0.31

0.167

0.27

0.140

40

0.3

Potatoes, French fried, all types, frozen, oven-heated

172

28.7

2.7

5.2

0

32

451

12

26

0.74

0.135

0.38

0.210

97

0.2


7-28

Food description

Energy kcal/ 100 g


Fat g/ 100 g


Potatoes, hashed brown, home-prepared

265

35.1

3.0

12.5

0

342

576

14

35

0.55

0.293

0.47

0.247

70

0.5

Potatoes, mashed, home-prepared, whole milk & margarine added Potatoes, red, flesh & skin, baked

113

16.9

2.0

4.2

1

333

328

22

19

0.26

0.153

0.30

0.112

49

0.8

89

19.6

2.3

0.2

0

8

545

9

28

0.70

0.174

0.40

0.173

72

0.5

94

21.1

2.1

0.2

0

7

544

10

27

0.64

0.127

0.35

0.189

75

0.5

Pretzels, hard, plain, salted

380

79.8

10.3

2.6

0

1357

146

18

29

5.20

0.264

1.43

1.789

113

6.0

Prunes, dehydrated (low-moisture), stewed

113

29.7

1.2

0.2

0

2

353

24

21

1.17

0.204

0.25

0.104

37

Pumpkin, boiled, w/o salt

20

4.9

0.7

0.1

0

1

230

15

9

0.57

0.091

0.23

0.089

30

0.2

Pumpkin, raw

26

6.5

1.0

0.1

0

1

340

21

12

0.80

0.127

0.32

0.125

44

0.3 21.8

Potatoes, white, flesh & skin, baked

Quail, cooked, total edible

234

0.0

25.1

14.1

86

52

216

15

22

4.43

0.592

3.10

279

Quinces, raw

57

15.3

0.4

0.1

0

4

197

11

8

0.70

0.130

0.04

17

0.6

Radicchio, raw

23

4.5

1.4

0.3

0

22

302

19

13

0.57

0.341

0.62

0.138

40

0.9

Radishes, raw

16

3.4

0.7

0.1

0

39

233

25

10

0.34

0.050

0.28

0.069

20

0.6

Raisins, golden seedless

302

79.5

3.4

0.5

0

12

746

53

35

1.79

0.363

0.32

0.308

115

0.7

Raisins, seeded

296

78.5

2.5

0.5

0

28

825

28

30

2.59

0.302

0.18

0.267

75

0.6

Raisins, seedless

299

79.2

3.1

0.5

0

11

749

50

32

1.88

0.318

0.22

0.299

101

0.6 0.2

Raspberries, raw

52

11.9

1.2

0.7

0

1

151

25

22

0.69

0.090

0.42

0.670

29

116

31.2

0.4

0.1

0

1

96

145

12

0.21

0.027

0.08

0.073

8

0.9

21

4.5

0.9

0.2

0

4

288

86

12

0.22

0.021

0.10

0.196

14

1.1

Rice, brown, long-grain, cooked

111

23.0

2.6

0.9

0

5

43

10

43

0.42

0.100

0.63

0.905

83

9.8

Rice, brown, medium-grain, cooked

112

23.5

2.3

0.8

0

1

79

10

44

0.53

0.081

0.62

1.097

77

Rhubarb, frozen, cooked, w/sugar Rhubarb, raw

Rice, white, glutinous, cooked

97

21.1

2.0

0.2

0

5

10

2

5

0.14

0.049

0.41

0.262

8

5.6

Rice, white, long-grain, regular, cooked

130

28.2

2.7

0.3

0

1

35

10

12

1.20

0.069

0.49

0.472

43

7.5

Rice, white, medium-grain, cooked

130

28.6

2.4

0.2

0

0

29

3

13

1.49

0.038

0.42

0.377

37

7.5

Rice, white, short-grain, cooked

130

28.7

2.4

0.2

0

0

26

1

8

1.46

0.072

0.40

0.357

33

7.5

Rockfish, Pacific, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

121

0.0

24.0

2.0

44

77

520

12

34

0.53

0.037

0.53

0.020

228

46.8

Rolls, hamburger or hotdog, plain

19.5

279

49.5

9.5

4.3

0

479

94

138

21

3.32

0.220

0.66

0.272

62

Rutabagas, boiled, w/o salt

39

8.7

1.3

0.2

0

20

326

48

23

0.53

0.041

0.35

0.174

56

0.7

Sablefish, cooked, dry heat

250

0.0

17.2

19.6

63

72

459

45

71

1.64

0.028

0.41

0.019

215

46.8

Sablefish, smoked

257

0.0

17.7

20.1

64

737

471

50

74

1.69

0.036

0.43

0.020

222

50.2

Salami, cooked, turkey

152

0.4

15.3

9.4

76

1004

216

40

22

1.25

0.190

2.32

0.020

266

26.4

Salami, dry or hard, pork

407

1.6

22.6

33.7

79

2260

378

13

22

1.30

0.160

4.20

0.070

229

25.4

Salami, dry or hard, pork, beef

385

3.8

23.2

30.1

100

2010

378

8

17

1.51

0.080

3.23

Salami, Italian, pork

425

1.2

21.7

37.0

80

1890

340

10

22

1.52

0.160

4.20

Salmon, Atlantic, farmed, cooked, dry heat

206

0.0

22.1

12.4

63

61

384

15

30

0.34

0.049

Salmon, Atlantic, farmed, raw

183

0.0

19.9

10.9

59

59

362

12

28

0.36

0.049

Salmon, Atlantic, wild, cooked, dry heat

182

0.0

25.4

8.1

71

56

628

15

37

1.03

Salmon, Atlantic, wild, raw

142

0.0

19.8

6.3

55

44

490

12

29

Salmon, Chinook, cooked, dry heat

231

0.0

25.7

13.4

85

60

505

28

Salmon, Chinook, raw

179

0.0

19.9

10.4

50

47

394

Salmon, Chinook, smoked

117

0.0

18.3

4.3

23

784

Salmon, Chinook, smoked (lox)

117

0.0

18.3

4.3

23

Salmon, chum, cooked, dry heat

154

0.0

25.8

4.8

Salmon, coho, farmed, cooked, dry heat

178

0.0

24.3

Salmon, coho, farmed, raw

160

0.0

Salmon, coho, wild, cooked, dry heat

139

Salmon, coho, wild, raw

142

26.1

0.070

229

25.4

0.43

0.016

252

41.4

0.40

0.015

233

36.5

0.321

0.82

0.021

256

46.8

0.80

0.250

0.64

0.016

200

36.5

122

0.91

0.053

0.56

0.019

371

46.8

26

95

0.25

0.041

0.44

0.015

289

36.5

175

11

18

0.85

0.230

0.31

0.017

164

32.4

2000

175

11

18

0.85

0.230

0.31

0.017

164

38.1

95

64

550

14

28

0.71

0.071

0.60

0.019

363

46.8

8.2

63

52

460

12

34

0.39

0.089

0.47

0.021

332

14.1

21.3

7.7

51

47

450

12

31

0.34

0.048

0.43

0.012

292

12.6

0.0

23.5

4.3

55

58

434

45

33

0.61

0.071

0.56

0.019

322

38.0

146

0.0

21.6

5.9

45

46

423

36

31

0.56

0.051

0.41

0.014

262

36.5

Salmon, pink, cooked, dry heat

149

0.0

25.6

4.4

67

86

414

17

33

0.99

0.099

0.71

0.019

295

57.2

Salmon, pink, raw

116

0.0

19.9

3.5

52

67

323

13

26

0.77

0.077

0.55

0.015

230

44.6

Salmon, sockeye, cooked, dry heat

216

0.0

27.3

11.0

87

66

375

7

31

0.55

0.067

0.51

0.020

276

37.8

Salmon, sockeye, raw

168

0.0

21.3

8.6

62

47

391

6

24

0.47

0.052

0.54

0.014

215

33.7

Sausage, chicken, beef, pork, skinless, smoked

216

8.1

13.6

14.3

120

1034

246

100

14

4.80

0.063

2.68

0.015

132

20.2

Sausage, Italian, pork, cooked

344

4.3

19.1

27.3

57

1207

304

21

18

1.43

0.080

2.39

Sausage, Italian, sweet, links

149

2.1

16.1

8.4

30

570

194

25

12

1.19

0.040

1.52

0.007

170

22.0

103

10.8


Food description

7-29 Energy kcal/ 100 g


Fat g/ 100 g


Sausage, Polish, beef w. chicken, hot

259

3.6

17.6

19.4

66

1540

237

12

14

0.88

0.090

1.93

0.049

136

Sausage, smoked link sausage, pork & beef

320

2.4

12.0

28.7

58

911

179

12

13

0.75

0.077

1.26

0.048

121

0.0

Sausage, turkey, breakfast links, mild

235

1.6

15.4

18.1

60

585

197

32

25

1.07

0.111

2.13

0.066

185

22.2

Scallops, (bay & sea), steamed

112

0.0

23.2

1.4

53

265

476

115

55

3.00

0.300

3.00

338

27.9

Scrapple, pork

213

14.1

8.1

13.9

49

659

158

7

13

1.89

0.212

1.06

76

17.4

Sea bass, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

124

0.0

23.6

2.6

53

87

328

13

53

0.37

0.024

0.52

0.020

248

46.8

Shad, American, cooked, dry heat

252

0.0

21.7

17.7

96

65

492

60

38

1.24

0.082

0.47

0.054

349

46.8

Shark, mixed species, batter-dipped & fried

228

6.4

18.6

13.8

59

122

155

50

43

1.11

0.042

0.48

0.050

194

34.0

Shortening, frying (heavy duty), beef tallow & cottonseed Shortening, household, soybean (hydrogenated) & palm Shrimp, mixed species, cooked, moist heat

900

0.0

0.0

100.0

100

0

0

0

0

0.00

0

0.0

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0.000

0

0.0

99

0.0

20.9

1.1

195

224

182

39

34

3.09

0.193

1.56

0.034

137

39.6

Shrimp, mixed species, imitation, made from surimi Shrimp, mixed species, raw

101

9.1

12.4

1.5

36

705

89

19

43

0.60

0.032

0.33

0.011

282

22.9

106

0.9

20.3

1.7

152

148

185

52

37

2.41

0.264

1.11

0.050

205

38.0

Smelt, rainbow, cooked, dry heat

124

0.0

22.6

3.1

90

77

372

77

38

1.15

0.178

2.12

0.900

295

46.8

90

2.0

16.1

1.4

50

70

382

10

250

3.50

0.400

1.00

Snapper, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

128

0.0

26.3

1.7

47

57

522

40

37

0.24

0.046

0.44

Sour cream, light

136

7.1

3.5

10.6

35

71

212

141

10

0.07

0.016

Sour cream, reduced fat

181

7.0

7.0

14.1

35

70

211

141

11

0.06

0.010

Soybeans, green, boiled, w/o salt

141

11.1

12.4

6.4

0

14

539

145

60

2.50

0.117

0.91

Soybeans, green, raw

147

11.1

13.0

6.8

0

15

620

197

65

3.55

0.128

0.99

0.547

194

1.5

Soybeans, mature cooked, boiled, w/o salt

173

9.9

16.6

9.0

0

1

515

102

86

5.14

0.407

1.15

0.824

245

7.3

Spaghetti, cooked, enriched, w. salt

157

30.6

5.8

0.9

0

128

45

7

18

1.33

0.103

0.50

0.317

58

26.4

Spaghetti, whole-wheat, cooked

124

26.5

5.3

0.5

0

3

44

15

30

1.06

0.167

0.81

1.379

89

25.9

Spinach, boiled, w/o salt

23

3.8

3.0

0.3

0

70

466

136

87

3.57

0.174

0.76

0.935

56

1.5

Spinach, raw

23

3.6

2.9

0.4

0

79

558

99

79

2.71

0.130

0.53

0.897

49

1.0

Squash, summer, all varieties, boiled, w/o salt

20

4.3

0.9

0.3

0

1

192

27

24

0.36

0.103

0.39

0.213

39

0.2

Squash, summer, all varieties, raw

16

3.4

1.2

0.2

0

2

262

15

17

0.35

0.051

0.29

0.175

38

0.2

Squash, summer, zucchini, includes skin, boiled, w/o salt Squash, summer, zucchini, includes skin, raw

16

3.9

0.6

0.1

0

3

253

13

22

0.35

0.086

0.18

0.178

40

0.2

16

3.4

1.2

0.2

0

10

262

15

17

0.35

0.051

0.29

0.175

38

0.2

Squash, winter, acorn, baked, w/o salt

56

14.6

1.1

0.1

0

4

437

44

43

0.93

0.086

0.17

0.242

45

0.7

Squash, winter, butternut, baked, w/o salt

40

10.5

0.9

0.1

0

4

284

41

29

0.60

0.065

0.13

0.172

27

0.5

Squash, winter, Hubbard, baked, w/o salt

50

10.8

2.5

0.6

0

8

358

17

22

0.47

0.045

0.15

0.170

23

0.6

Squash, zucchini, baby, raw

21

3.1

2.7

0.4

0

3

459

21

33

0.79

0.097

0.83

0.196

93

0.3

Snails, raw

Strawberries, raw

0.00

17.7

272

27.4

201

49.0

0.50

71

3.1

0.27

85

4.1

158

1.4

0.017

0.502

32

7.7

0.7

0.3

0

1

153

16

13

0.42

0.048

0.14

0.386

24

0.4

Sturgeon, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

135

0.0

20.7

5.2

77

69

364

17

45

0.90

0.053

0.54

0.030

271

16.2

Sturgeon, mixed species, raw

105

0.0

16.1

4.0

60

54

284

13

35

0.70

0.041

0.42

0.025

211

12.6

Sturgeon, mixed species, smoked

173

0.0

31.2

4.4

80

739

379

17

47

0.93

0.050

0.56

0.030

281

20.1

Sugars, brown

377

97.3

0.0

0.0

0

39

346

85

29

1.91

0.298

0.18

0.320

22

1.2

Sugars, granulated

387

100.0

0.0

0.0

0

0

2

1

0

0.01

0.000

0.00

0.000

0

0.6

Sugars, maple

354

90.9

0.1

0.2

0

11

274

90

19

1.61

0.099

6.06

4.422

3

0.8

Sweet potato, baked in skin, w/o salt

90

20.7

2.0

0.2

0

36

475

38

27

0.69

0.161

0.32

0.497

54

0.2

Sweet potato, boiled, w/o skin

76

17.7

1.4

0.1

0

27

230

27

18

0.72

0.094

0.20

0.266

32

0.2

Swordfish, cooked, dry heat

155

0.0

25.4

5.1

50

115

369

6

34

1.04

0.162

1.47

0.020

337

61.7

Swordfish, raw

121

0.0

19.8

4.0

39

90

288

4

27

0.81

0.126

1.15

0.019

263

48.1

Syrups, corn, dark

286

77.6

0.0

0.0

0

155

44

18

8

0.37

0.053

0.04

0.100

11

2.9

Syrups, corn, high-fructose

281

76.0

0.0

0.0

0

2

0

0

0

0.03

0.029

0.02

0.094

0

0.7

Syrups, maple

261

67.1

0.0

0.2

0

9

204

67

14

1.20

0.074

4.16

3.298

2

0.6

Syrups, table blends, cane & 15% maple

278

69.5

0.0

0.0

0

104

53

12

2

0.19

0.017

0.63

0.495

0

0.5

53

13.3

0.8

0.3

0

2

166

37

12

0.15

0.042

0.07

0.039

20

0.1

Tempeh, cooked

196

9.4

18.2

11.4

14

401

96

77

2.13

0.540

1.57

1.285

253

0.0

Tilefish, cooked, dry heat

147

0.0

24.5

4.7

64

59

512

26

33

0.31

0.052

0.53

0.015

236

51.5

96

0.0

17.5

2.3

50

53

433

26

28

0.25

0.041

0.37

0.010

187

36.5

Tangerines, (mandarin oranges), raw

Tilefish, raw


7-30

Food description Tofu, fried

Energy kcal/ 100 g


Fat g/ 100 g


271

10.5

17.2

20.2

0

16

146

372

60

4.87

0.398

1.99

1.495

287

28.5

Tomato juice, canned, w. salt

17

4.2

0.8

0.1

0

269

229

10

11

0.43

0.061

0.15

0.070

18

0.3

Tomatoes, green, raw

23

5.1

1.2

0.2

0

13

204

13

10

0.51

0.090

0.07

0.100

28

0.4

Tomatoes, orange, raw

16

3.2

1.2

0.2

0

42

212

5

8

0.47

0.062

0.14

0.088

29

0.4

Tomatoes, red, ripe, cooked

18

4.0

1.0

0.1

0

11

218

11

9

0.68

0.075

0.14

0.105

28

0.5

Tomatoes, red, ripe, raw, year-round average

18

3.9

0.9

0.2

0

5

237

10

11

0.27

0.059

0.17

0.114

24

0.0

Tomatoes, sun-dried

258

55.8

14.1

3.0

0

2095

3427

110

194

9.09

1.423

1.99

1.846

356

5.5

Tomatoes, yellow, raw

15

3.0

1.0

0.3

0

23

258

11

12

0.49

0.101

0.28

0.120

36

0.4

Trout, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

190

0.0

26.6

8.5

74

67

463

55

28

1.92

0.241

0.85

1.091

314

16.2

Trout, rainbow, farmed, cooked, dry heat

169

0.0

24.3

7.2

68

42

441

86

32

0.33

0.061

0.49

0.020

266

15.0

Trout, rainbow, wild, cooked, dry heat

150

0.0

22.9

5.8

69

56

448

86

31

0.38

0.058

0.51

0.021

269

13.2

Tuna, fresh, bluefin, cooked, dry heat

184

0.0

29.9

6.3

49

50

323

10

64

1.31

0.110

0.77

0.020

326

46.8

Tuna, fresh, bluefin, raw

144

0.0

23.3

4.9

38

39

252

8

50

1.02

0.086

0.60

0.015

254

36.5

Tuna, fresh, skipjack, raw

103

0.0

22.0

1.0

47

37

407

29

34

1.25

0.086

0.82

0.015

222

36.5

Tuna, fresh, yellowfin, raw

108

0.0

23.4

1.0

45

37

444

16

50

0.73

0.064

0.52

0.015

191

36.5

Tuna, skipjack, fresh, cooked, dry heat

132

0.0

28.2

1.3

60

47

522

37

44

1.60

0.110

1.05

0.019

285

46.8

Tuna, white, canned in oil

186

0.0

26.5

8.1

31

396

333

4

34

0.65

0.130

0.47

0.016

267

60.1

Tuna, white, canned in water

128

0.0

23.6

3.0

42

377

237

14

33

0.97

0.039

0.48

0.019

217

65.7

Tuna, yellowfin, fresh, cooked, dry heat

139

0.0

30.0

1.2

58

47

569

21

64

0.94

0.082

0.67

0.019

245

46.8

Turbot, European, cooked, dry heat

122

0.0

20.6

3.8

62

192

305

23

65

0.46

0.047

0.28

0.022

165

46.8

Turkey breast meat

104

4.2

17.1

1.7

43

1015

302

8

21

1.44

0.057

1.33

0.018

162

22.8

Turkey, all classes, breast, meat & skin, roasted

189

0.0

28.7

7.4

74

63

288

21

27

1.40

0.047

2.03

0.020

210

29.1

Turkey, all classes, dark meat, meat & skin, raw

160

0.0

18.9

8.8

72

71

261

17

20

1.69

0.137

2.95

0.021

170

26.4

Turkey, all classes, leg, meat & skin, roasted

208

0.0

27.9

9.8

85

77

280

32

23

2.30

0.154

4.27

0.023

199

37.8

Turkey, all classes, meat only, roasted

170

0.0

29.3

5.0

76

70

298

25

26

1.78

0.094

3.10

0.021

213

36.8

Turkey, all classes, wing, meat & skin, roasted

229

0.0

27.4

12.4

81

61

266

24

25

1.46

0.056

2.10

0.020

197

29.9

Turnip greens, boiled, w/o salt

20

4.4

1.1

0.2

0

29

203

137

22

0.80

0.253

0.14

0.337

29

0.9

Turnips, boiled, w/o salt

22

5.1

0.7

0.1

0

16

177

33

9

0.18

0.002

0.12

0.071

26

0.2

Turnips, raw

28

6.4

0.9

0.1

0

67

191

30

11

0.30

0.085

0.27

0.134

27

0.7

Veal, composite of retail cuts, fat, cooked

642

0.0

9.4

66.7

73

57

173

4

10

1.00

0.044

0.87

0.012

116

5.5

Veal, composite of retail cuts, lean & fat, cooked

231

0.0

30.1

11.4

114

87

325

22

26

1.15

0.114

4.76

0.036

239

12.3

Veal, composite of retail cuts, lean, cooked

196

0.0

31.9

6.6

118

89

338

24

28

1.16

0.120

5.10

0.038

250

13.0

Veal, ground, broiled

172

0.0

24.4

7.6

103

83

337

17

24

0.99

0.103

3.87

0.035

217

13.7

Veal, leg (top round), lean & fat, roasted

160

0.0

27.7

4.7

103

68

389

6

28

0.91

0.129

3.04

0.030

234

11.2

Veal, loin, lean & fat, roasted

217

0.0

24.8

12.3

103

93

325

19

25

0.87

0.110

3.03

0.029

212

11.0

Veal, rib, lean & fat, roasted

228

0.0

24.0

14.0

110

92

295

11

22

0.97

0.099

4.09

0.030

197

10.5

Veal, shoulder, arm, lean & fat, roasted

183

0.0

25.5

8.3

108

90

348

26

26

1.15

0.141

4.18

0.030

221

11.1

Veal, sirloin, lean & fat, roasted

202

0.0

25.1

10.5

102

83

351

13

26

0.92

0.129

3.35

0.029

223

11.1

Veal, sirloin, lean, roasted

168

0.0

26.3

6.2

104

85

365

14

27

0.91

0.136

3.54

0.030

231

11.5

Vinegar, distilled

18

0.0

0.0

0.0

0

2

2

6

1

0.03

0.006

0.01

0.055

4

0.5

Watercress, raw

11

1.3

2.3

0.1

0

41

330

120

21

0.20

0.077

0.11

0.244

60

0.9

Watermelon, raw

30

7.6

0.6

0.2

0

1

112

7

10

0.24

0.042

0.10

0.038

11

0.4

Wheat flour, whole-grain

339

72.6

13.7

1.9

0

5

405

34

138

3.88

0.382

2.93

3.799

346

70.7

Wheat flours, bread, unenriched

361

72.5

12.0

1.7

0

2

100

15

25

0.90

0.182

0.85

0.792

97

39.7

Wolffish, Atlantic, cooked, dry heat

123

0.0

22.4

3.1

59

109

385

8

38

0.12

0.037

1.00

0.019

256

46.8 36.5

Wolffish, Atlantic, raw

96

0.0

17.5

2.4

46

85

300

6

30

0.09

0.029

0.78

0.015

200

Yam, boiled, or baked, w/o salt

116

27.6

1.5

0.1

0

8

670

14

18

0.52

0.152

0.20

0.371

49

0.7

Yellowtail, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

187

0.0

29.7

6.7

71

50

538

29

38

0.63

0.058

0.67

0.019

201

46.8

Yogurt, fruit varieties, non-fat

94

19.0

4.4

0.2

2

58

194

152

15

0.07

0.011

0.74

0.035

119

6.0

Yogurt, plain, low fat, 12 grams protein per 8 oz

63

7.0

5.3

1.6

6

70

234

183

17

0.08

0.013

0.89

0.004

144

3.3

Yogurt, plain, skim milk, 13 grams protein per 8 oz

56

7.7

5.7

0.2

2

77

255

199

19

0.09

0.015

0.97

0.005

157

3.6

Yogurt, plain, whole milk, 8 grams protein per 8 oz

61

4.7

3.5

3.3

13

46

155

121

12

0.05

0.009

0.59

0.004

95

2.2

PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS Aluminon (qualitative test for aluminum). Aluminon is a trade name for the ammonium salt of aurintricarboxylic acid. Dissolve 1 g of the salt in 1 L of distilled water. Shake the solution well to insure thorough mixing. Bang’s reagent (for glucose estimation). Dissolve 100 g of K2CO3, 66 g of KCl and 160 g of KHCO3 in the order given in about 700 mL of water at 30°C. Add 4.4 g of CuSO4 and dilute to 1 L after the CO2 is evolved. This solution should be shaken only in such a manner as not to allow entry of air. After 24 hours 300 mL are diluted to 1 L with saturated KCl solution, shaken gently and used after 24 hours; 50 mL is equivalent to 10 mg glucose. Barfoed’s reagent (test for glucose). See Cupric acetate. Baudisch’s reagent. See Cupferron. Benedict’s solution (qualitative reagent for glucose). With the aid of heat, dissolve 173 g of sodium citrate and 100 g of Na2CO3 in 800 mL of water. Filter, if necessary, and dilute to 850 mL. Dissolve 17.3 g of CuSO4·5H2O in 100 mL of water. Pour the latter solution, with constant stirring, into the carbonate-citrate solution, and dilute to 1 L. Benzidine hydrochloride solution (for sulfite determination). Make a paste of 8 g of benzidine hydrochloride (C12H8(NH3)2·2HCl) and 20 mL of water, add 20 mL of HCl (sp. gr. 1.12) and dilute to 1 L with water. Each mL of this solution is equivalent to 0.00357 g of H2SO4. Bertrand’s reagent (glucose estimation). Consists of the following solutions: 1. Dissolve 200 g of Rochelle salt and 150 g of NaOH in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. 2. Dissolve 40 g of CuSO4 in enough water to make 1 L of solution. 3. Dissolve 50 g of Fe2(SO4)3 and 200 g of H2SO4 (sp. gr. 1.84) in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. 4. Dissolve 5 g of KMnO4 in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. Bial’s reagent (for pentose). Dissolve 1 g of orcinol (5-methyl1,3-benzenediol) in 500 mL of 30% HCl to which 30 drops of a 10% solution of FeCl3 has been added. Boutron — Boudet soap solution: 1. Dissolve 100 g of pure castile soap in about 2.5 L of 56% ethanol. 2. Dissolve 0.59 g of Ba(NO3)2 in 1 L of water. Adjust the castile soap solution so that 2.4 mL of it will give a permanent lather with 40 mL of solution (b). When adjusted, 2.4 mL of soap solution is equivalent to 220 parts per million of hardness (as CaCO3) for a 40 mL sample. See also Soap solution. Brucke’s reagent (protein precipitation). See Potassium iodidemercuric iodide. Clarke’s soap solution (estimation of hardness in water). 1. Dissolve 100 g of pure powdered castile soap in 1 L of 80% ethanol and allow to stand over night. 2. Prepare a solution of CaCl2 by dissolving 0.5 g of CaCO3 in HCl (sp. gr. 1.19), neutralize with NH4OH and make slightly alkaline to litmus, and dilute to 500 mL. One mL is equivalent to 1 mg of CaCO3.

Titrate (1) against (2) and dilute (1) with 80% ethanol until 1 mL of the resulting solution is equivalent to 1 mL of (2) after making allowance for the lather factor (the amount of standard soap solution required to produce a permanent lather in 50 mL of distilled water). One mL of the adjusted solution after subtracting the lather factor is equivalent to 1 mg of CaCO3. See also Soap solution. Cobalticyanide paper (Rinnmann’s test for Zn). Dissolve 4 g of K3Co(CN)6 and 1 g of KClO3 in 100 mL of water. Soak filter paper in solution and dry at 100°C. Apply drop of zinc solution and burn in an evaporating dish. A green disk is obtained if zinc is present. Cochineal. Extract 1 g of cochineal for 4 days with 20 mL of alcohol and 60 mL of distilled water. Filter. Congo red. Dissolve 0.5 g of congo red in 90 mL of distilled water and 10 mL of alcohol. Cupferron (Baudisch’s reagent for iron analysis). Dissolve 6 g of the ammonium salt of N-hydroxy-N-nitrosoaniline (cupferron) in 100 mL of H2O. Reagent good for 1 week only and must be kept in the dark. Cupric acetate (Barfoed’s reagent for reducing monosaccharides). Dissolve 66 g of cupric acetate and 10 mL of glacial acetic acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Cupric oxide, ammoniacal; Schweitzer’s reagent (dissolves cotton, linen, and silk, but not wool). 1. Dissolve 5 g of cupric sulfate in 100 mL of boiling water, and add sodium hydroxide until precipitation is complete. Wash the precipitate well, and dissolve it in a minimum quantity of ammonium hydroxide. 2. Bubble a slow stream of air through 300 mL of strong ammonium hydroxide containing 50 g of fine copper turnings. Continue for 1 hour. Cupric sulfate in glycerin-potassium hydroxide (reagent for silk). Dissolve 10 g of cupric sulfate, CuSO4·5H2O, in 100 mL of water and add 5 g of glycerol. Add KOH solution slowly until a deep blue solution is obtained. Cupron (precipitates copper). Dissolve 5 g of benzoinoxime in 100 mL of 95% ethanol. Cuprous chloride, acidic (reagent for CO in gas analysis). 1. Cover the bottom of a 2-L flask with a layer of cupric oxide about 0.5 inch deep, suspend a coil of copper wire so as to reach from the bottom to the top of the solution, and fill the flask with hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.10). Shake occasionally. When the solution becomes nearly colorless, transfer to reagent bottles, which should also contain copper wire. The stock bottle may be refilled with dilute hydrochloric acid until either the cupric oxide or the copper wire is used up. Copper sulfate may be substituted for copper oxide in the above procedure. 2. Dissolve 340 g of CuCl2·2H2O in 600 mL of conc. HCl and reduce the cupric chloride by adding 190 mL of a saturated solution of stannous chloride or until the solution is colorless. The stannous chloride is prepared by treating 300 g of metallic tin in a 500 mL flask with conc. HCl until no more tin goes into solution. 3. (Winkler method). Add a mixture of 86 g of CuO and 17 g of finely divided metallic Cu, made by the reduction of CuO with hydrogen, to a solution of HCl, made by dilut8-1

Section 8.indb 1

4/30/05 8:46:04 AM

Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents

8-2 ing 650 mL of conc. HCl with 325 mL of water. After the mixture has been added slowly and with frequent stirring, a spiral of copper wire is suspended in the bottle, reaching all the way to the bottom. Shake occasionally, and when the solution becomes colorless, it is ready for use. Cuprous chloride, ammoniacal (reagent for CO in gas analysis). 1. The acid solution of cuprous chloride as prepared above is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide until an ammonia odor persists. An excess of metallic copper must be kept in the solution. 2. Pour 800 mL of acidic cuprous chloride, prepared by the Winkler method, into about 4 L of water. Transfer the precipitate to a 250 mL graduate. After several hours, siphon off the liquid above the 50 mL mark and refill with 7.5% NH4OH solution which may be prepared by diluting 50 mL of conc. NH4OH with 150 mL of water. The solution is well shaken and allowed to stand for several hours. It should have a faint odor of ammonia. Dichlorofluorescein indicator. Dissolve 1 g in 1 L of 70% alcohol or 1 g of the sodium salt in 1 L of water. Dimethyglyoxime, 0.01 N. Dissolve 0.6 g of dimethylglyoxime (2,3-butanedione oxime) in 500 mL of 95% ethanol. This is an especially sensitive test for nickel, a very definite crimson color being produced. Diphenylamine (reagent for rayon). Dissolve 0.2 g in 100 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid. Diphenylamine sulfonate (for titration of iron with K2Cr2O7). Dissolve 0.32 g of the barium salt of diphenylamine sulfonic acid in 100 mL of water, add 0.5 g of sodium sulfate and filter off the precipitate of BaSO4. Diphenylcarbazide. Dissolve 0.2 g of diphenylcarbazide in 10 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 100 mL with 95% ethanol. Esbach’s reagent (estimation of protein). To a water solution of 10 g of picric acid and 20 g of citric acid, add sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. Eschka’s compound. Two parts of calcined (“light”) magnesia are thoroughly mixed with 1 part of anhydrous sodium carbonate. Fehling’s solution (reagent for reducing sugars.) 1. Copper sulfate solution. Dissolve 34.66 g of CuSO4·5H2O in water and dilute to 500 mL. 2. Alkaline tartrate solution. Dissolve 173 g of potassium sodium tartrate (Rochelle salt, KNaC4H4O6·4H2O) and 50 g of NaOH in water and dilute when cold to 500 mL. Mix equal volumes of the two solutions at the time of using. Ferric-alum indicator. Dissolve 140 g of ferric ammonium sulfate crystals in 400 mL of hot water. When cool, filter, and make up to a volume of 500 mL with dilute nitric acid. Folin’s mixture (for uric acid). To 650 mL of water add 500 g of (NH4)2SO4, 5 g of uranium acetate, and 6 g of glacial acetic acid. Dilute to 1 L. Formaldehyde — sulfuric acid (Marquis’ reagent for alkaloids). Add 10 mL of formaldehyde solution to 50 mL of sulfuric acid. Froehde’s reagent. See Sulfomolybdic acid. Fuchsin (reagent for linen). Dissolve 1 g of fuchsin in 100 mL of alcohol.

Section 8.indb 2

Fuchsin — sulfurous acid (Schiff’s reagent for aldehydes). Dissolve 0.5 g of fuchsin and 9 g of sodium bisulfite in 500 mL of water, and add 10 mL of HCl. Keep in well-stoppered bottles and protect from light. Gunzberg’s reagent (detection of HCl in gastric juice). Prepare as needed a solution containing 4 g of phloroglucinol (1,3,5benzenetriol) and 2 g of vanillin in 100 mL of absolute ethanol. Hager’s reagent. See Picric acid. Hanus solution (for iodine number). Dissolve 13.2 g of resublimed iodine in 1 L of glacial acetic acid which will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter. Add sufficient bromine to double the halogen content, determined by titration (3 mL is about the proper amount). The iodine may be dissolved by the aid of heat, but the solution should be cold when the bromine is added. Iodine, tincture of. To 50 mL of water add 70 g of I2 and 50 g of KI. Dilute to 1 L with alcohol. Iodo-potassium iodide (Wagner’s reagent for alkaloids). Dissolve 2 g of iodine and 6 g of KI in 100 mL of water. Litmus (indicator). Extract litmus powder three times with boiling alcohol, each treatment consuming an hour. Reject the alcoholic extract. Treat residue with an equal weight of cold water and filter; then exhaust with five times its weight of boiling water, cool and filter. Combine the aqueous extracts. Magnesia mixture (reagent for phosphates and arsenates). Dissolve 55 g of magnesium chloride and 105 g of ammonium chloride in water, barely acidify with hydrochloric acid, and dilute to 1 L. The ammonium hydroxide may be omitted until just previous to use. The reagent, if completely mixed and stored for any period of time, becomes turbid. Magnesium uranyl acetate. Dissolve 100 g of UO2(C2H3O2)2·2H2O in 60 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 500 mL. Dissolve 330 g of Mg(C2H3O2)2·4H2O in 60 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 200 mL. Heat solutions to the boiling point until clear, pour the magnesium solution into the uranyl solution, cool and dilute to 1 L. Let stand over night and filter if necessary. Marme’s reagent. See Potassium-cadmium iodide. Marquis’ reagent. See Formaldehyde-sulfuric acid. Mayer’s reagent (white precipitate with most alkaloids in slightly acid solutions). Dissolve 1.358 g of HgCl2 in 60 mL of water and pour into a solution of 5 g of KI in 10 mL of H2O. Add sufficient water to make 100 mL. Methyl orange indicator. Dissolve 1 g of methyl orange in 1 L of water. Filter, if necessary. Methyl orange, modified. Dissolve 2 g of methyl orange and 2.8 g of xylene cyanole FF in 1 L of 50% alcohol. Methyl red indicator. Dissolve 1 g of methyl red in 600 mL of alcohol and dilute with 400 mL of water. Methyl red, modified. Dissolve 0.50 g of methyl red and 1.25 g of xylene cyanole FF in 1 L of 90% alcohol. Or, dissolve 1.25 g of methyl red and 0.825 g of methylene blue in 1 L of 90% alcohol. Millon’s reagent (for albumins and phenols). Dissolve 1 part of mercury in 1 part of cold fuming nitric acid. Dilute with twice the volume of water and decant the clear solution after several hours. Molisch’s reagent. See 1-Naphthol. 1-Naphthol (Molisch’s reagent for wool). Dissolve 15 g of 1naphthol in 100 mL of alcohol or chloroform.

4/30/05 8:46:05 AM

Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents Nessler’s reagent (for ammonia). Dissolve 50 g of KI in the smallest possible quantity of cold water (50 mL). Add a saturated solution of mercuric chloride (about 22 g in 350 mL of water will be needed) until an excess is indicated by the formation of a precipitate. Then add 200 mL of 5 N NaOH and dilute to 1 L. Let settle, and draw off the clear liquid. Nickel oxide, ammoniacal (reagent for silk). Dissolve 5 g of nickel sulfate in 100 mL of water, and add sodium hydroxide solution until nickel hydroxide is completely precipitated. Wash the precipitate well and dissolve in 25 mL of concentrated ammonium hydroxide and 25 mL of water. Nitron (detection of nitrate radical). Dissolve 10 g of nitron (1,4diphenyl-3-(phenylamino)-1,2,4-triazolium hydroxide) in 5 mL of glacial acetic acid and 95 mL of water. The solution may be filtered with slight suction through an alumdum crucible and kept in a dark bottle. 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol. Make a saturated solution in 50% acetic acid (1 part of glacial acetic acid with 1 part of water). Does not keep well. Nylander’s solution (carbohydrates). Dissolve 20 g of bismuth subnitrate and 40 g of Rochelle salt in 1 L of 8% NaOH solution. Cool and filter. Obermayer’s reagent (for indoxyl in urine). Dissolve 4 g of FeCl3 in 1 L of HCl (sp. gr. 1.19). Oxine. Dissolve 14 g of 8-hydroxyquinoline in 30 mL of glacial acetic acid. Warm slightly, if necessary. Dilute to 1 L. Oxygen absorbent. Dissolve 300 g of ammonium chloride in 1 L of water and add 1 L of concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution. Shake the solution thoroughly. For use as an oxygen absorbent, a bottle half full of copper turnings is filled nearly full with the NH4Cl-NH4OH solution and the gas passed through. Pasteur’s salt solution. To 1 L of distilled water add 2.5 g of potassium phosphate, 0.25 g of calcium phosphate, 0.25 g of magnesium sulfate, and 12.00 g of ammonium tartrate. Pavy’s solution (glucose reagent). To 120 mL of Fehling’s solution, add 300 mL of NH4OH (sp. gr. 0.88) and dilute to 1 L with water. Phenanthroline ferrous ion indicator. Dissolve 1.485 g of 1,10phenanthroline monohydrate in 100 mL of 0.025 M ferrous sulfate solution. Phenolphthalein. Dissolve 1 g of phenolphthalein in 50 mL of alcohol and add 50 mL of water. Phenolsulfonic acid (determination of nitrogen as nitrate). Dissolve 25 g of phenol in 150 mL of conc. H2SO4, add 75 mL of fuming H2SO4 (15% SO3), stir well and heat for 2 hours at 100°C. Phloroglucinol solution (pentosans). Make a 3% phloroglucinol (1,3,5-benzenetriol) solution in alcohol. Keep in a dark bottle. Phosphomolybdic acid (Sonnenschein’s reagent for alkaloids). 1. Prepare ammonium phosphomolybdate and after washing with water, boil with nitric acid and expel NH3; evaporate to dryness and dissolve in 2 M nitric acid. 2. Dissolve ammonium molybdate in HNO3 and treat with phosphoric acid. Filter, wash the precipitate, and boil with aqua regia until the ammonium salt is decomposed. Evaporate to dryness. The residue dissolved in 10% HNO3 constitutes Sonnenschein’s reagent.

Section 8.indb 3

8-3 Phosphoric acid — sulfuric acid mixture. Dilute 150 mL of conc. H2SO4 and 100 mL of conc. H3PO4 (85%) with water to a volume of 1 L. Phosphotungstic acid (Schcibicr’s reagent for alkaloids). 1. Dissolve 20 g of sodium tungstate and 15 g of sodium phosphate in 100 mL of water containing a little nitric acid. 2. The reagent is a 10% solution of phosphotungstic acid in water. Thc.phosphotungstic acid is prepared by evaporating a mixture of 10 g of sodium tungstate dissolved in 5 g of phosphoric acid (sp. gr. 1.13) and enough boiling water to effect solution. Crystals of phosphotungstic acid separate. Picric acid (Hager’s reagent for alkaloids, wool and silk). Dissolve 1 g of picric acid in 100 mL of water. Potassium antimonate (reagent for sodium). Boil 22 g of potassium antimonate with 1 L of water until nearly all of the salt has dissolved, cool quickly, and add 35 mL of 10% potassium hydroxide. Filter after standing overnight. Potassium-cadmium iodide (Marme’s reagent for alkaloids). Add 2 g of CdI2 to a boiling solution of 4 g of KI in 12 mL of water, and then mix with 12 mL of saturated KI solution. Potassium hydroxide (for CO2 absorption). Dissolve 360 g of KOH in water and dilute to 1 L. Potassium iodide — mercuric iodide (Brucke’s reagent for proteins). Dissolve 50 g of KI in 500 mL of water, and saturate with mercuric iodide (about 120 g). Dilute to 1 L. Potassium pyrogallate (for oxygen absorption). For mixtures of gases containing less than 28% oxygen, add 100 mL of KOH solution (50 g of KOH to 100 mL of water) to 5 g of pyrogallol. For mixtures containing more than 28% oxygen the KOH solution should contain 120 g of KOH to 100 mL of water. Pyrogallol, alkaline. 1. Dissolve 75 g of pyrogallic acid in 75 mL of water. 2. Dissolve 500 g of KOH in 250 mL of water. When cool, adjust until sp. gr. is 1.55. For use, add 270 mL of solution (2) to 30 mL of solution (1). Rosolic acid (indicator). Dissolve 1 g of rosolic acid in 10 mL of alcohol and add 100 mL of water. Scheibler’s reagent. See Phosphotungstic acid. Schiff’s reagent. See Fuchsin-sulfurous acid. Schweitzer’s reagent. See Cupric oxide, ammoniacal. Soap solution (reagent for hardness in water). Dissolve 100 g of dry castile soap in 1 L of 80% alcohol (5 parts alcohol to 1 part water). Allow to stand several days and dilute with 70% to 80% alcohol until 6.4 mL produces a permanent lather with 20 mL of standard calcium solution. The latter solution is made by dissolving 0.2 g of CaCO3 in a small amount of dilute HCl, evaporating to dryness and making up to 1 L. Sodium bismuthate (oxidation of manganese). Heat 20 parts of NaOH nearly to redness in an iron or nickel crucible and add slowly 10 parts of basic bismuth nitrate which has been previously dried. Add 2 parts of sodium peroxide, and pour the brownish-yellow fused mass onto an iron plate to cool. When cold, break up in a mortar, extract with water, and collect on an asbestos filter. Sodium hydroxide (for CO2 absorption). Dissolve 330 g of NaOH in water and dilute to 1 L.

4/30/05 8:46:05 AM

8-4 Sodium nitroprusside (reagent for hydrogen sulfide and wool). Use a freshly prepared solution of 1 g of sodium nitroferricyanide in 10 mL of water. Sodium oxalate (primary standard). Dissolve 30 g of the commercial salt in 1 L of water, make slightly alkaline with sodium hydroxide, and let stand until perfectly clear. Filter and evaporate the filtrate to 100 mL. Cool and filter. Pulverize the residue and wash it several times with small volumes of water. The procedure is repeated until the mother liquor is free from sulfate and is neutral to phenolphthalein. Sodium plumbite (reagent for wool). Dissolve 5 g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL of water. Add 5 g of litharge (PbO) and boil until dissolved. Sodium polysulfide. Dissolve 480 g of Na2S·9H2O in 500 mL of water, add 40 g of NaOH and 18 g of sulfur. Stir thoroughly and dilute to 1 L with water. Sonnenschein’s reagent. See Phosphomolybdic acid. Starch solution. 1. Make a paste with 2 g of soluble starch and 0.01 g of HgI2 with a small amount of water. Add the mixture slowly to 1 L of boiling water and boil for a few minutes. Keep in a glass stoppered bottle. If other than soluble starch is used, the solution will not clear on boiling; it should be allowed to stand and the clear liquid decanted. 2. A solution of starch which keeps indefinitely is made as follows: Mix 500 mL of saturated NaCl solution (filtered), 80 mL of glacial acetic acid, 20 mL of water and 3 g of starch. Bring slowly to a boil and boil for 2 minutes. 3. Make a paste with 1 g of soluble starch and 5 mg of HgI2, using as little cold water as possible. Then pour about 200 mL of boiling water on the paste and stir immediately. This will give a clear solution if the paste is prepared correctly and the water actually boiling. Cool and add 4 g of KI. Starch solution decomposes on standing due to bacterial action, but this solution will keep well if stored under a layer of toluene. Stoke’s reagent. Dissolve 30 g of FeSO4 and 20 g of tartaric acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Just before using, add concentrated NH4OH until the precipitate first formed is redissolved. Sulfanilic acid (reagent for nitrites). Dissolve 0.5 g of sulfanilic acid in a mixture of 15 mL of glacial acetic acid and 135 mL of recently boiled water. Sulfomolybdic acid (Froehde’s reagent for alkaloids and glucosides). Dissolve 10 g of molybdic acid or sodium molybdate in 100 mL of conc. H2SO4. Tannic acid (reagent for albumin, alkaloids, and gelatin). Dissolve 10 g of tannic acid in 10 mL of alcohol and dilute with water to 100 mL.

Section 8.indb 4

Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents Titration mixture (residual chlorine in water analyasis). Prepare 1 L of dilute HCl (100 mL of HCl (sp. gr. 1.19) in sufficient water to make 1 L). Dissolve 1 g of o-tolidine in 100 mL of the dilute HCl and dilute to 1 L with dilute HCl solution. Trinitrophenol solution. See Picric acid. Turmeric tincture (reagent for borates). Digest ground turmeric root with several quantities of water which are discarded. Dry the residue and digest it several days with six times its weight of alcohol. Filter. Uffelmann’s reagent (turns yellow in presence of lactic acid). To a 2% solution of pure phenol in water, add a water solution of FeCl3 until the phenol solution becomes violet in color. Wagner’s reagent. See Iodo-potassium iodide. Wagner’s solution (used in phosphate rock analysis to prevent precipitation of iron and aluminum). Dissolve 25 g of citric acid and 1 g of salicylic acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Use 50 mL of the reagent. Wij’s iodine monochloride solution (for iodine number). Dissolve 13 g of resublimed iodine in 1 L of glacial acetic acid which will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter. Set aside 25 mL of this solution. Pass into the remainder of the solution dry chlorine gas (dried and washed by passing through H2SO4 (sp. gr. 1.84)) until the characteristic color of free iodine has been discharged. Now add the iodine solution which was reserved, until all free chlorine has been destroyed. A slight excess of iodine does little or no harm, but an excess of chlorine must be avoided. Preserve in well stoppered, amber colored bottles. Avoid use of solutions which have been prepared for more than 30 days. Wij’s special solution (for iodine number). To 200 mL of glacial acetic acid that will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter, add 12 g of dichloramine T (N,N-dichloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide), and 16.6 g of dry KI (in small quantities with continual shaking until all the KI has dissolved). Make up to 1 L with the same quality of acetic acid used above and preserve in a dark colored bottle. Zimmermann-Reinhardt reagent (determination of iron). Dissolve 70 g of MnSO4·4H2O in 500 mL of water, add 125 mL of conc. H2SO4 and 125 mL of 85% H3P04, and dilute to 1 L. Zinc chloride solution, basic (reagent for silk). Dissolve 1000 g of zinc chloride in 850 mL of water, and add 40 g of zinc oxide. Heat until solution is complete. Zinc uranyl acetate (reagent for sodium). Dissolve 10 g of UO2(C2H3O2)2·2H2O in 6 g of 30% acetic acid with heat, if necessary, and dilute to 50 mL. Dissolve 30 g of Zn(C2H3O2)2·H2O in 3 g of 30% acetic acid and dilute to 50 mL. Mix the two solutions, add 50 mg of NaCl, allow to stand overnight and filter.

4/30/05 8:46:06 AM

STANDARD SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS For each compound listed, the last column of this table gives the mass in grams which is contained in 1 liter of a solution whose amount-of-substance concentration divided by the equivalence factor of the compound equals 0.1 mol/L. In the older literature such a solution is often referred to as a “decinormal solution” (0.1 N).

Name Acetic acid Ammonia Ammonium ion Ammonium chloride Ammonium sulfate Ammonium thiocyanate Barium Barium carbonate Barium chloride hydrate Barium hydroxide Barium oxide Bromine Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium chloride Calcium chloride hydrate Calcium hydroxide Calcium oxide Chlorine Citric acid Cobalt Copper Copper oxide (cupric) Copper sulfate hydrate Hydrochloric acid Hydrocyanic acid Iodine Lactic acid Malic acid Magnesium Magnesium carbonate Magnesium chloride Magnesium chloride hydrate Magnesium oxide Manganese Manganese sulfate Mercuric chloride Nickel Nitric acid Oxalic acid Oxalic acid hydrate Oxalic acid anhydride Phosphoric acid Potassium Potassium bicarbonate Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride Potassium cyanide Potassium hydroxide

Formula HC2H3O2 NH3 NH4+ NH4Cl (NH4)2SO4 NH4CNS Ba BaCO3 BaCl2 · 2H2O Ba(OH)2 BaO Br Ca CaCO3 CaCl2 CaCl2 · 6H2O Ca(OH)2 CaO Cl C6H8O7 · H2O Co Cu CuO CuSO4 · 5H2O HCl HCN I C3H6O3 C4H6O5 Mg MgCO3 MgCl2 MgCl2 · 6H2O MgO Mn MnSO4 HgCl2 Ni HNO3 H2C2O4 H2C2O4 · 2H2O C2O3 H3PO4 K KHCO3 K2CO3 KCl KCN KOH

Reference Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (IUPAC), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978.

Atomic or molecular weight 60.0530 17.0306 18.0386 53.4916 132.1388 76.1204 137.34 197.3494 244.2767 171.3547 153.3394 79.909 40.08 100.0894 110.9860 219.0150 74.0947 56.0794 35.453 210.1418 58.9332 63.54 79.5394 249.6783 36.4610 27.0258 126.9044 90.0795 134.0894 24.312 84.3214 95.2180 203.2370 40.3114 54.938 150.9996 271.4960 58.71 63.0129 90.0358 126.0665 72.0205 97.9953 39.102 100.1193 138.2134 74.5550 65.1199 56.1094

Equivalence factor 1 1 1 1 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1/3 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/3 1 1 1/2 1 1 1

Mass in grams 6.0053 1.7031 1.8039 5.3492 6.6069 7.6120 6.867 9.8675 12.2138 8.5677 7.6670 7.9909 2.004 5.0045 5.5493 10.9508 3.7047 2.8040 3.5453 7.0047 2.9466 3.177 3.9770 12.4839 3.6461 2.7026 12.6904 9.0080 6.7045 1.2156 4.2161 4.7609 10.1623 2.0156 2.7469 7.5500 13.5748 2.9356 6.3013 4.5018 6.3033 3.6010 3.2665 3.9102 10.0119 6.9106 7.4555 6.5120 5.6109

8-5

Section 8.indb 5

4/30/05 8:46:07 AM

Standard Solutions of Acids, Bases, and Salts

8-6

Name Potassium oxide Potassium tartrate Silver Silver nitrate Sodium Sodium bicarbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium hydroxide Sodium oxide Sodium sulfide Succinic acid Sulfuric acid Tartaric acid Zinc Zinc sulfate hydrate

Section 8.indb 6

Formula K2O K2H4C4O6 Ag AgNO3 Na NaHCO3 Na2CO3 NaCl NaOH Na2O Na2S H2C4H4O4 H2SO4 C4H6O6 Zn ZnSO4 · 7H2O

Atomic or molecular weight 94.2034 226.2769 107.87 169.8749 22.9898 84.0071 105.9890 58.4428 39.9972 61.9790 78.0436 118.0900 98.0775 150.0888 65.37 287.5390

Equivalence factor 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1 1/2 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2

Mass in grams 4.7102 11.3139 10.787 16.9875 2.2990 8.4007 5.2995 5.8443 3.9997 3.0990 3.9022 5.9045 4.9039 7.5044 3.269 14.3769

4/30/05 8:46:07 AM

STANDARD SOLUTIONS OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REAGENTS For each reagent listed, the last column of this table gives the mass in grams which is contained in a solution whose amount-ofsubstance concentration divided by the equivalence factor of the compound equals 0.1 mol/L. The equivalence factor given refers to the most common reactions of the reagent. In the older literature such a solution is often called a “decinormal solution” (0.1 N).

Name Antimony Arsenic Arsenic trisulfide Arsenous oxide Barium peroxide Barium peroxide hydrate Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium hypochlorite Calcium oxide Chlorine Chromium trioxide Ferrous ammonium sulfate Hydroferrocyanic acid Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Iodine Iron Iron oxide (ferrous) Iron oxide (ferric) Lead peroxide Manganese dioxide Nitric acid Nitrogen trioxide Nitrogen pentoxide Oxalic acid Oxalic acid hydrate Oxygen Potassium dichromate Potassium chlorate Potassium chromate Potassium ferrocyanide Potassium ferrocyanide hydrate Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium perchlorate Potassium permanganate Sodium chlorate Sodium nitrate Sodium thiosulfate hydrate Stannous chloride Stannous oxide Sulfur dioxide Tin

Formula Sb As As2S3 As2O3 BaO2 BaO2 · 8H2O Ca CaCO3 Ca(OCl)2 CaO Cl CrO3 FeSO4(NH4)SO4 · 6H2O H4Fe(CN)6 H2O2 H2S I Fe FeO Fe2O3 PbO2 MnO2 HNO3 N2O3 N2O5 C2H2O4 C2H2O4 · 2H2O O K2Cr2O7 KClO3 K2CrO4 K4Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6 · 3H2O KI KNO3 KClO4 KMnO4 NaClO3 NaNO3 Na2S2O3 · 5H2O SnCl2 SnO SO2 Sn

Reference Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (IUPAC), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978.

Atomic or molecular weight 121.75 74.9216 246.0352 197.8414 169.3388 313.4615 40.08 100.0894 142.9848 56.0794 35.453 99.9942 392.0764 215.9860 34.0147 34.0799 126.9044 55.847 71.8464 159.6922 239.1888 86.9368 63.0129 76.0116 108.0104 90.0358 126.0665 15.9994 294.1918 122.5532 194.1076 368.3621 422.4081 166.0064 101.1069 138.5526 158.0376 106.4410 84.9947 248.1825 189.5960 134.6894 64.0628 118.69

Equivalence factor 1/2 1/2 1/4 1/4 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/4 1/2 1 1/3 1 1 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/6 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/6 1/6 1/3 1 1 1 1/3 1/8 1/5 1/6 1/3 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2

Mass in grams 6.0875 3.7461 6.1509 4.9460 8.4669 15.6730 2.004 5.0045 3.5746 2.8040 3.5453 3.3331 39.2076 21.5986 1.7007 1.7040 12.6904 5.5847 7.1846 7.9846 11.9594 4.3468 2.1004 1.9002 1.8001 4.5018 6.3033 0.8000 4.9032 2.0425 6.4733 36.8362 42.2408 16.6006 3.3702 1.7319 3.1608 1.7740 2.8332 24.8183 9.4798 6.7345 3.2031 5.935

8-7

Section 8.indb 7

4/30/05 8:46:08 AM

ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES G. Ackermann, L. Sommer, and D. Thorburn Burns Determination Aluminium

Alizarin Red S Aluminon

Reagents

Aluminon + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Chrome Azurol S Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Chromazol KS + Cetylpyridinium bromide Eriochrome Cyanine R Eriochrome Cyanine R + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide 8-Hydroxyquinoline Ammonia Antimony

Phenol + Sodium hypochlorite Brilliant Green Bromopyrogallol Red Rhodamine B

Arsenic

Silver diethyldithiocarbamate Silver diethyldithiocarbamate

Barium

Sulfonazo III

Beryllium

Beryllon II Chrome Azurol S Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Eriochrome Cyanine R Eriochrome Cyanine R + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Dithizone Pyrocatechol Violet Pyrocatechol Violet + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Thiourea Xylenol Orange

Bismuth

Boron

Azomethine H Carminic acid Curcumin Methylene Blue

Bromide Cadmium

Calcium

Cerium

Fluorescein Phenol Red 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol Cadion Dithizone 4–(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Chlorophosphonazo III Glyoxal-bis(2-hydroxyanil) Murexide Phthalein Purple N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine

Ref. Onishi, Part II a, p 28. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 587. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 16. (2), Onishi, IIa, p 21. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 590. (7) Huaxue Shiji, 8, 85, (1986) Onishi, Part IIa, p 26. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 605. (7) Marczenko, p 133. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 606. (7) Analyst, 107, 428, (1982). Fries/Getrost, p 19. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 25. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 611. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 613. (7), Analyst, 107, 1431, (1982). Fries/Getrost, p 22. (2), Marczenko, p 131. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 31. (5), Snell, Metals I , p 622. (7) Boltz, p 210 (1), Marczenko, p 413. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 604. (9) Onishi, Part IIa, p 102. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 384. (7) Talanta, 13, 507, (1966). Fries/Getrost, p 32. (2), Marczenko, p 141. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 93. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 404. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 36. (2) Fries/Getrost, p 41. (2), Marczenko, p 153. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 153. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 370. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 46. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1782. (8), Onishi, Part IIa, p 202. (5) Snell, Metals I, p 667. (7) Marczenko, p 163. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 672. (7) Marczenko, p 164. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 673. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 675. (7), Talanta, 31, 249, (1984). Zh. Anal. Khim., 33, 1298, (1978). Onishi, Part IIa, p 262. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 303. (7) Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 186, 418, (1962). Zh. Anal. Khim., 38, 216, (1983). Onishi, Part IIa, p 260. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 317. (7) Friez/Getrost, p 57. (2), Marczenko, p 172. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 320. (7) Snell, Nonmetals, p 165. (9) Boltz, p 14. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 65. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 170. (9), Williams, p 35. (11) Boltz, p 8. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 68. (2), Marczenko, p 180. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 180. (9), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 323, 266, (1986). Boltz, p 21. (1), Marczenko, p 183. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 205. (9), Talanta, 31, 547, (1984). Boltz, p 48. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 276., Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 301, 28 (1980). Boltz, p 44. (1), Marczenko, p 190. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 28. (9) Marczenko, p 197. (3) Onishi, Part IIa, p 323. (5) Fries/Getrost, p 78. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 315. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 279. (7), West, p 25. (10). Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 310, 51, (1982). Marczenko, p 207. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1744. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 86. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 352. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 1762. (8) Onishi, Part IIa, p 357. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1769. (8) Anal. Chim. Acta, 34, 71 (1966). Anal. Chim. Acta, 48, 155, (1969).

8-8

Section 8.indb 8

4/30/05 8:46:09 AM

Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances Determination

8-Hydroxyquinoline

Reagents

Chlorine

N,N-Diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine

Chromium

1,5-Diphenylcarbazide

Cobalt

4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Hydrogen peroxide Nitroso-R salt 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol 2-Nitroso-1-naphthol

Copper

4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Diphenylguanidine Bathocuproine Bathocuproine disulfonic acid Dithizone Neocuproine Cuprizone

Cyanide Fluoride Gallium

Germanium Gold

4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol + Tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride Barbituric Acid + Pyridine Barbituric Acid + Pyridine-4-carboxylic acid Alizarin Fluorine blue + Lanthanum(III) ion Eriochrome Cyanine R + Zirconium(IV) ion Pyrocatechol violet + Diphenylguanidine 8-Hydroxyquinoline 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Rhodamine B Xylenol Orange Xylenol Orange + 8-Hydroxyquinoline Brilliant Green + Molybdate Phenylfluorone 5-(4-Diethylaminobenzylidene) rhodanine Rhodamine B

Hafnium Indium

Iodide Iodine Iridium Iron

Arsenazo III Bromopyrogallol Red Chrome Azurol S Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Dithizone 8-Hydroxyquinoline 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Neocuproine + Copper(II) Starch Rhodamine 6G + Tin(II) N,N-Dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline Bathophenanthroline Bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid

Section 8.indb 9

8-9

Ref. Fries/Getrost, p 93. (2), Marczenko, p 220. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 383. (7) Boltz, p 92. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 101. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 225. (9), Analyst, 90, 187, (1965). Fries/Getrost, p 105. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 412. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 714. (7), West, p 12. (10) Snell, Metals I, p 736. (7), West, p 17. (10) West, p 17. (10), Anal. Chim. Acta, 67, 297, (1973). Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 304, 382, (1980). Fries/Getrost, p 118. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 454. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 953. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 111. (2), Marczenko, p 246. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 947. (5) Fries/Getrost, p 113. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 459. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 949. (7), West, p 45. (10) Snell, Metals I, p 969. (7), West, p 44. (10) Zh. Anal. Khim., 35, 1306, (1980). Fries/Getrost, p 135. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 148. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 137. (2), West, p 52. (10) Marczenko, p 258. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 529. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 199. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 217. (5), West, p 51. (10) Onishi, Part IIa, p 534. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 157. (7), West, p 53. (10) Anal. Chim. Acta, 138, 321, (1982). Fries/Getrost, p 153. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 653. (9) Anal. Chim. Acta, 99, 197, (1978). Boltz, p 129. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 158. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 333. (9), Williams, p 354. (11) Boltz, p 119. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 359. (2), Williams, p 357. (11) Snell, Metals I, p 500. (7) Onishi Pt IIa, p 582. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 505. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 512. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 513. (7) Marczenko, p 284. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 578. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 515. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 166. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 523. (7) Zh. Anal. Khim., 26, 75, (1971). Snell, Metals I, p 562. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 168. (2), Marczenko, p 292. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 607. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 570. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 173. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 631. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1516. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 175. (2), Marczenko, p 301. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 637. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 513. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1184. (8), Talanta, 19, 807, (1972). Snell, Metals I, p 469. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 474. (7) Anal. Chim. Acta, 67, 107, (1973). Fries/Getrost, p 179. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 672. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 474. (7) Onishi, Part IIa, p 670. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 475. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 480. (7) Marczenko, p 309. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 480. (7) Anal. Chim. Acta, 69, 321, (1974). Boltz, p 162. (1), Marczenko, p 316. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 307. (9) Marczenko, p 323. (3) Anal. Chem., 27, 1776, (1955). Fries/Getrost, p 189. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 729. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 763. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 191. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 772. (7)

4/30/05 8:46:10 AM

Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances

8-10 Determination

Reagents 2,2´-Bipyridyl Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide 1,10-Phenanthroline

Lanthanum Lead

1,10-Phenanthroline + Bromothymol Blue Ferrozine Arsenazo III Dithizone Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol

Lithium

Thoron

Magnesium

Eriochrome Black T 8-Hydroxyquinoline 8-Hydroxyquinoline + Butylamine Titan Yellow Xylidyl Blue

Manganese

Formaldoxime

Mercury

Dithizone

Molybdenum

Michler’s thioketone Xylenol Orange Bromopyrogallol Red + Cetylpyridium chloride Phenylfluorone Toluene-3,4-dithiol

Nickel

2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol Dimethylglyoxime Dimethylglyoxime + Oxidant 2,2´-Furildioxime 2-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol

Niobium

Nitrate

N-Benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine Pyrocatechol + EDTA or 2,2´Bipyridyl or 1-(2-thenoyl)3,3,3,-trifluoroacetone Bromopyrogallol red Bromopyrogallol red + Cetylpyridinium chloride 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Sulfochlorophenol S Xylenol Orange Brucine Chromotropic acid

Nitrite

Sulfanilamide + N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride Sulfanilamide + N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochlorine Sulfanilic acid + 1-Naphthylamine

Osmium Palladium

1,5-Diphenylcarbazide 2-(5 Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol

Section 8.indb 10

Ref. Snell, Metals I, p 750. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 757. (7), Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm., 45, 2656, (1980). Fries/Getrost, p 199. (2), Marczenko, p 331. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 725. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 795. (7) Zh. Anal. Khim., 25, 1348, (1970). Onishi, Part IIa, p 730. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 783. (7) Marczenko, p 468. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1910. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 207. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 824. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 2. (7), West, p 34. (10) Fries/Getrost, p 214. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 27. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 220. (2), Marczenko, p 347. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 34. (7) Onishi, Part IIa, p 863. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1726. (8), Talanta, 30, 587, (1983). Fries/Getrost, p 226. (2), Marczenko, p 355. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 13. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1932. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 11. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1938. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 228. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1938. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 234. (2), Marczenko, p 352. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1945. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 231. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 14. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1950. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 236. (2), Marczenko, p 364. (3), Onishi Part IIb, p 38. (6), Snell, Metals II, 1010. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 243. (2), Marczenko, p 373. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 66. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 107. (7), West, p 29. (10) Marczenko, p 375. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 126. (7) Talanta, 16, 1023, (1969) West, p 58. (10) Snell, Metals II, p 1311. (8), Microchem. J., 31, 56, (1985). Fries/Getrost, p 251. (2), Marczenko, p 384. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 96. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1301. (8) Marczenko, p 397. (3), Talanta 28, 189, (1981). Fries/Getrost, p 263. (2), Marczenko, p 393. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 125. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 887. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 263. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 125. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 887. (7) Marczenko, p 396. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 904. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 910. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 911. (7), West, p 39. (10), Anal. Chim. Acta, 82, 431, (1976). Snell, Metals II, p 1425. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1427. (8) Marczenko, p 407. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1426. (8) Talanta, 32, 189, (1985). Fries/Getrost, p 274. (2), Marczenko, p 406. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 160. (7), Snell, Metals II, p 1447. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 161. (7), Snell, Metals II, p 1430. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 164. (7) Boltz, p 227. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 280. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 546. (9) Boltz, p 229. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 281. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 548. (9), Williams, p 132. (11), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 320, 490, (1985). Fries/Getrost, p 279. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 559. (9) Boltz, p 241. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 585. (8), Analyst, 109, 1281, (1984). Boltz, p 237. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 285. (2), Marczenko, p 419. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 586. (9) Marczenko, p 428. (3) Talanta, 33, 939, (1986).

4/30/05 8:46:10 AM

Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances Determination

Dithizone

Reagents

2-Nitroso-1-naphthol Phosphate Platinum

Rare Earths

4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Rhodamine B + Molybdate Malachite Green + Molybdate Sulfochlorophenolazorhodamine Dithizone 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole Arsenazo I Arsenazo III

Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium

Scandium

Xylenol Orange 2,2´-Furildioxime 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 1,10-Phenanthroline Thiourea 1,4-Diphenylthiosemicarbazide Alizarin red S Arsenazo III Chrome Azurol S Xylenol Orange

Selenium

3,3´-Diaminobenzidine

Silver

2,3-Diaminonaphthaline Dithizone

Sulfate Sulfide

Eosin + 1,10-Phenanthroline Methylthymol blue + Barium (II) N,N,-Dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine

Sulfite

Pararosaniline + Formaldehyde

Tantalum

Tellurium

Methyl Violet 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Phenylfluorone Diethyldithiocarbamate

Thallium

Bismuthiol II Brilliant green Dithizone Rhodamine B

Thorium

Arsenazo III Thoron

Tin

Section 8.indb 11

Xylenol Orange Xylenol Orange + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Pyrocatechol violet (and + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) Gallein Phenylfluorone

8-11

Ref. Marczenko, p 440. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 227. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1577. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 294. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 226. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1581. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1583. (8) Analyst, 107, 708, (1982). Snell, Nonmetals, p 103. (9) Snell, Nonmetals, p 12. (9), Analyst, 108, 361, (1983). Onishi, Part IIb, p 253. (6), Talanta, 34, 87, (1987). Fries/Getrost, p 300. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 253. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1534. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 302. (2), Zh. Anal. Khim., 24, 1172, (1969). Marczenko, p 470. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 785. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1857. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 309. (2), Marczenko, p 468. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 786. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1862. (8) Onishi, Part IIa, p 787. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1874. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 310. (2), Marczenko, p 481. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 288. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1659. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 311. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1553. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 331. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1623. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 318. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, 329. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1626. (8) Marczenko, p 493. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 330. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 319. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 360. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 536. (7) Onishi, Part IIb, p 359. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 539. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 551. (7), Anal. Chim. Acta, 159, 309, (1984). Marczenko, p 501. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 357. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 547. (7) Boltz, p 391. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 323. (2), Marczenko, p 508. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 490. (9), West, p 4. (10). Snell, Nonmetals, p 501. (9) Fries/Getrost, p 328. (2), Marczenko, p 524. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 379. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 82. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 93. (7) Snell, Nonmetals, p 457. (9) Boltz, p 483. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 344. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 400. (9), Williams, p 578. (11) Boltz, p 478. (1), Marczenko, p 540. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 430. (9), Williams, p 591. (11) Marczenko, p 551. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1485. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1488. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 166. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1486. (8) Boltz, p 402. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 348. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 533. (9), Williams, p 220. (10) Boltz, p 401. (1), Marczenko, p 557. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 524. (9) Fries/Getrost, p 352. (2), Marczenko, p 567. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 426. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 45. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 355. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 426. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 54. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 354. (2), Marczenko, p 566. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 424. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 63. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 360. (2), Marczenko, p 575. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 460. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1820. (8) Marczenko, p 574. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 463. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 1835. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 1852. (7) Talanta, 26, 499, (1979). Marczenko, p 585. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 501. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 422. (7) Onishi, Part IIb, p 507, 510. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 432. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 368. (2), Marczenko, p 582. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 497. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 444. (7)

4/30/05 8:46:10 AM

Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances

8-12 Determination

Reagents Toluene-3,4-dithiol + Dispersant

Titanium

Chromotropic acid Diantipyrinylmethane Tiron

Tungsten

Pyrocatechol Violet Tetraphenylarsonium chloride + Thiocyanate Toluene-3,5-dithiol

Uranium

Arsenazo III 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)diethylaminophenol Chlorophosphonazo III 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol

Vanadium

N-Benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine 8-Hydroxyquinoline 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol

Yttrium

Alizarin Red S Arsenazo III Xylenol Orange

Zinc

Dithizone 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol Xylenol Orange Zircon

Zirconium

Alizarin Red S Arsenazo III Pyrocatechol Violet Morin Xylenol Orange

Reviews Sommer, L, Ackermann, G., Thorburn Burns, D., and Savvin, S. B., Pure and Applied Chem., 62, 2147, 1990. Sommer, L., Ackermann, G., and Thorburn Burns, D., Pure and Applied Chem., 62, 2323, 1990) Sommer, L., Komarek, J., and Thorburn Burns, D., Pure and Applied Chem., 64, 213, 1992. Savvin, S. B., Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 8, 55, 1979.

Monographs 1. Boltz, D. F., and Howell, J. A., Colorimetric Determination of Nonmetals, 2nd ed, Wiley, New York, 1978. 2. Fries, J. and Getrost, H., Organic Reagents for Trace Analysis, E Merck, Darmstadt, 1977. 3. Marczenko, Z., Separation and Spectrophotometric Determination of Elements, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1986.

Section 8.indb 12

Ref. Fries/Getrost, p 366. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 502. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 427. (7) Marczenko, p 593. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 551. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1080. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 545. (6), Snell, Metals II, 1085. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 376. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 549. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1114. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1265. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 596. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1278. (8) Marczenko, p 605. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 590. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1267. (8) Marczenko, p 611. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 627. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1356. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 388. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6) Snell, Metals II, p 1367. (8), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 306, 110, (1981). Fries/Getrost, p 386. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1387. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 395. (2), Marczenko, p 625. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1196. (8) Marczenko, p 623. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1209. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 404. (2), Marczenko, p 628. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1226. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 406. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 784. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1919. (8) Marczenko, p 468. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 786. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1921. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 406. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 787. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1923. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 408. (2), Marczenko, p 637. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 708. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1042. (8) Marczenko, p 639. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 719. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1056. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 417. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1062. (8), Talanta, 26, 693, (1979). Fries/Getrost, p 412. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 719. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1063. (8), West, p 23. (10) Fries/Getrost, p 421. (2), Marczenko, p 647. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 763. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1136. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 421. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 770. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1143. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 771. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1149. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 424. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 765. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1158. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 419. (2), Marczenko, p 648. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 767. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1167. (8) 4. Sandell, E. B. and Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. General Aspects, Part I, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. 5. Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. Part IIa: Individual Metals, Aluminium to Lithium, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1986. 6. Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. Part IIb: Individual Metals, Magnesium to Zinc, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1989. 7. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Metals Part 1, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. 8. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Metals Part 2, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. 9. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Nonmetals, J. Wiley, New York, 1981. 10. West, T. S. and Nürnberg, H. W., Eds., The Determination of Trace Metals in Natural Waters, Blackwell, Oxford, 1988. 11. Williams, W. J., Handbook of Anion Determination, Butterworth, London, 1979. 12. Townshend, A., Burns, D. T., Guilbault, G. G., Lobinski, R., Marczenko, Z., Newman, E., and Onishi, H., Dictionary of Analytical Reagents, Chapman & Hall, London, 1993.

4/30/05 8:46:11 AM

ACID-BASE INDICATORS A. K. Covington The first part of this table lists some common acid-base indicators in alphabetical order along with the approximate pH range(s) at which a color change occurs. Following this is a table of the same indicators ordered by pH range, which includes the nature of the color change, instructions on preparation of the indicator solution, and the acid dissociation constant pK, when available.

The color code is: C = colorless Pk = pink R = red O = orange

A = amber Y = yellow B = blue

B/G = blue-green V = violet P = purple

Reference Bishop, E., Ed., Indicators, Pergamon, Oxford, 1972. Indicator Alizarin Alizarin Red S Alizarin Yellow R Benzopurpurine 4B 4,4’-Bis(2-amino-1naphthylazo)-2,2’stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,4’-Bis(4-amino-1naphthylazo)-2,2’stilbenedisulfonic acid Brilliant Yellow Bromocresol Green Bromocresol Purple Bromophenol Blue Bromothymol Blue Chlorophenol Red Clayton Yellow Congo Red o-Cresolphthalein Cresol Red Crystal Violet Curcumin (Turmaric) p-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenylazo) benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 4-(4-Dimethylamino-1-naphylazo)-3methoxybenzenesulfonic acid 2-(p-Dimethylamino-phenylazo)pyridine N,N-Dimethyl-p-(m-tolylazo)aniline 2,4-Dinitrophenol 2-(2,4 Dinitrophenylazo)-1-naphthol-3,6disulfonic acid, disodium salt 6,8-Dinitro-2,4-(1H)quinazolinedione Erythrosin, disodium salt 4-(p-Ethoxyphenylazo)-m-phenylene-diamine monohydrochloride

pH Range 5.6-7.2; 11.0-12.4 4.6-6.0 10.1-12.0 2.2-4.2 3.0-4.0 8.0-9.0 6.6-7.8 3.8-5.4 5.2-6.8 3.0-4.6 6.0-7.6 5.2-6.8 12.2-13.2 3.0-5.0 8.2-9.8 0.0-1.0; 7.0-8.8 0.0-1.8 7.4-8.6 11.4-12.6 2.8-4.4 3.5-4.8 0.2-1.8; 4.4-5.6 2.6-4.8 2.0-4.7 6.0-7.0 6.4-8.0 2.2-3.6

Indicator Ethyl bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)ethanoate Ethyl Orange Ethyl Red Ethyl Violet 5,5’-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium salt Malachite Green Metacresol Purple Metanil Yellow Methyl Green Methyl Orange Methyl Red Methyl Violet p-Naphtholbenzein Neutral Red p-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol Orange IV Paramethyl Red Phenolphthalein Phenol Red 4-Phenylazodiphenylamine 4-Phenylazo-1-naphthylamine Propyl Red Quinaldine Red Resazurin Resorcin Blue Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium salt Thymol Blue Thymolphthalein 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Turmaric

pH Range 8.4-9.6 3.4-4.8 4.0-5.8 0.0-2.4 11.4-13.0 0.2-1.8 1.2-2.8; 7.4-9.0 1.2-2.4 0.2-1.8 3.2-4.4 4.8-6.0 0.0-1.6 8.2-10.0 6.8-8.0 5.4-6.6 6.8-8.6 1.4-2.8 1.0-3.0 8.2-10.0 6.6-8.0 1.2-2.6 4.0-5.6 4.8-6.6 1.4-3.2 3.8-6.4 4.4-6.2 3.0-4.2 1.2-2.8; 8.0-9.6 9.4-10.6 1.4-2.8 12.0-14.0 11.5-13.0 7.4-8.6

4.4-5.8

8-15

Section 8.indb 15

4/30/05 8:46:12 AM

Acid-Base Indicators

8-16

Section 8.indb 16

pH range 0.0-1.0 0.0-1.6 0.0-1.8 0.0-2.4 0.2-1.8 0.2-1.8 0.2-1.8 1.0-3.0 1.2-2.4 1.2-2.6 1.2-2.8 1.2-2.8 1.4-2.8 1.4-2.8 1.4-3.2 2.0-4.7 2.2-3.6 2.2-4.2 2.6-4.8 2.8-4.4 3.0-4.0

Color change R-Y Y-B Y-B Y-B Y-B/G Y-B Y-R R-Y R-Y R-Y R-Y R-Y R-Y O-Y C-R C-Y O-R V-R R-Y R-Y P-R

3.0-4.2

Y-B

3.0-4.6 3.0-5.0 3.2-4.4 3.4-4.8 3.5-4.8

Y-B B-R R-Y R-Y V-Y

3.8-5.4 3.8-6.4 4.0-5.6 4.0-5.8 4.4-5.6 4.4-5.8

Y-B O-V R-Y C-R R-Y O-Y

4.4-6.2 4.6-6.0 4.8-6.0 4.8-6.6 5.2-6.8 5.2-6.8 5.4-6.6 5.6-7.2 6.0-7.0

R-B Y-R R-Y R-Y Y-P Y-R C-Y Y-R Y-B

6.0-7.6 6.4-8.0 6.6-7.8 6.6-8.0 6.8-8.0 6.8-8.6 7.0-8.8 7.4-8.6 7.4-9.0 8.0-9.0

Y-B C-Y Y-R Y-R R-A C-Y Y-R Y-R Y-P B-R

8.0-9.6 8.2-10.0

Y-B O-B

Indicator Cresol Red Methyl Violet Crystal Violet Ethyl Violet Malachite Green Methyl Green 2-(p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridine Paramethyl Red Metanil Yellow 4-Phenylazodiphenylamine Thymol Blue Metacresol Purple Orange IV 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine Quinaldine Red 2,4-Dinitrophenol Erythrosin, disodium salt Benzopurpurine 4B N,N-Dimethyl-p-(m-tolylazo)aniline p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 4,4’-Bis(2-amino-1-naphthylazo)-2,2’stilbenedisulfonic acid Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium salt Bromophenol Blue Congo Red Methyl Orange Ethyl Orange 4-(4-Dimethylamino-1-naphylazo)-3methoxybenzenesulfonic acid Bromocresol Green Resazurin 4-Phenylazo-1-naphthylamine Ethyl Red 2-(p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridine 4-(p-Ethoxyphenylazo)-m-phenylenediamine monohydrochloride Resorcin Blue Alizarin Red S Methyl Red Propyl Red Bromocresol Purple Chlorophenol Red p-Nitrophenol Alizarin 2-(2,4-Dinitrophenylazo)-1-naphthol-3,6disulfonic acid, disodium salt Bromothymol Blue 6,8-Dinitro-2,4-(1H)quinazolinedione Brilliant Yellow Phenol Red Neutral Red m-Nitrophenol Cresol Red Turmaric (Curcumin) Metacresol Purple 4,4’-Bis(4-amino-1-naphthylazo)-2,2’stilbenedisulfonic acid Thymol Blue p-Naphtholbenzein

pK

1.3

1.65 1.51

2.63 3.96

Preparation 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water 0.01-0.05% in water 0.02% in water 0.1 g in 50 mL 50% v/v methanol-water water 0.1% in water 0.1% in ethanol ethanol 0.01% in water 0.01 g in 1 mL 1 M HCl + 50 mL ethanol + 49 mL water 0.1 g in 21.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 228.5 mL water 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water 0.01% in water water 1% in ethanol sat. solution in water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.1 g in 100 mL 90% v/v ethanol-water 0.1 g in 5.9 mL 0.05 M NaOH + 94.1 mL water 0.1% in ethanol

4.10 3.46 4.34 4.90

5.42

5.00 5.48 6.40 6.25 7.15

7.30

8.00 8.28 8.46 8.3 9.20

0.1 g in 14.9 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 235.1 mL water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.05-0.2% in water or aqueous ethanol 0.1% in 60% ethanol-water 0.1 g in 14.3 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 235.7 mL water water 0.1% in ethanol 0.1 g in 100 mL 50% v/v methanol-water 0.1% in ethanol 0.1% in ethanol 0.1% in water 0.2% in ethanol water 0.02 g in 100 mL 60% v/v ethanol-water ethanol 0.1 g in 18.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 231.5 mL water 0.1 g in 23.6 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 226.4 mL water 0.1% in water 0.1% in methanol 0.1% in water 0.1 g in 16 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 234 mL water 25 g in 115 mL 1 M NaOH + 50 mL water at 100°C 1% in water 0.1 g in 28.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 221.8 mL water 0.01 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 0.3% in water 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water ethanol 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water 0.1 g in 5.9 mL 0.05 M NaOH + 94.1 mL water 0.1 g in 21.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 228.5 mL water 1% in dil. alkali

4/30/05 8:46:13 AM

Acid-Base Indicators

Section 8.indb 17

pH range 8.2-10.0 8.2-9.8 8.4-9.6 9.4-10.6 10.1-12.0 11.0-12.4 11.4-12.6

Color change C-Pk C-R C-B C-B Y-R R-P Y-O

11.4-13.0 11.5-13.0 12.0-14.0 12.2-13.2

B-Y C-O C-O Y-A

8-17 Indicator Phenolphthalein o-Cresolphthalein Ethyl bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)ethanoate Thymolphthalein Alizarin Yellow R Alizarin p-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenylazo) benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 5,5’-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium salt 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Clayton Yellow

pK 9.5

Preparation 0.5 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 0.04% in ethanol sat. solution in 50% acetone-ethanol 0.04 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 0.01% in water 0.1% in methanol 0.1% in water water 0.1-0.5% in ethanol 0.1-0.5% in ethanol 0.1% in water

4/30/05 8:46:13 AM

FLUORESCENT INDICATORS Jack DeMent Fluorescent indicators are substances which show definite changes in fluorescence with change in pH. Some fluorescent materials are not suitable for indicators since their change in fluorescence is too gradual. Fluorescent indicators find greatest utility in the titration of opaque, highly turbid or deeply colored solutions. A long wavelength ultraviolet (“black light”) lamp in a dimly lighted room provides the best environment for titrations involving fluorescent indictors, although bright daylight is sometimes sufficient to evoke a response in the bright green, yellow and orange fluores-

cent indicators. Titrations are carried out in non-fluorescent glassware. One should check the glassware prior to use to make certain that it does not fluoresce due to the wavelengths of light involved in the titration. The meniscus of the liquid in the burette can be followed when a few particles of an insoluble fluorescent solid are dropped onto its surface. In this table the indicators are arranged by approximate pH range covered. In the case of some of the dyestuffs the end point may vary slightly with the source or manufacturer.

Indicator Benzoflavine 3,6-Dioxyphthalimide Eosine YS Erythrosine Esculin 4-Ethoxyacridone 3,6-Tetramethyldiaminooxanthone

C.I. — — 768 772 — — —

pH 0 to 2 From pH 0.3, yellow fl. 0, blue fl. 0,yellow colored 0, yellow colored 1.5, colorless 1.2, green fl. 1.2, green fl.

To pH 1.7, green fl. 2.4, green fl. 3.0, yellow fl. 3.6, yellow fl. 2, blue fl. 3.2, blue fl. 3.4, blue fl.

Chromotropic acid Fluorescein Magdala Red α-Naphthylamine β-Naphthylamine Phloxine Salicylic acid

— 766 — — — 774 —

pH 2 to 4 3.5, colorless 4, colorless 3.0, purple colored 3.4, colorless 2.8, colorless 3.4, colorless 2.5, colorless

4.5, blue fl 4.5, green fl. 4.0, fl 4.8, blue fl. 4.4, violet fl. 5.0, bright yellow fl. 3.5, blue fl.

Acridine Dichlorofluorescein 3,6-Dioxyxanthone Erythrosine β-Methylesculetin Neville-Winther acid Resorufin Quininic acid Quinine [first end point]

788 — — 772 — — — — —

pH 4 to 6 4.9, green fl. 4.0, colorless 5.4, colorless 4.0, colorless 4.0, colorless 6.0, colorless 4.4, yellow fl 4.4, yellow colored 5.0, blue fl.

5.1, violet colored 5.0, green fl. 7.6, blue-violet fl. 4.5, yellow-green fl. 6.2, blue fl 6.5, blue fl. 6.4, weak orange fl. 5.0, blue fl. 6.1, violet fl.

Acid R Phosphine Brilliant Diazol Yellow Cleves acid Coumaric acid 3,6-Dioxyphthalic dinitrile Magnesium 8-hydrozyquinolinate β-Methylumbelliferone 1-Naphthol-4-sulfonic acid Orcinaurine Patent Phosphine Thioflavine Umbelliferone

— — — — — — — — — 789 816 —

Acridine Orange Ethoxyphenylnaphthostilbazonium chloride

788 —

pH 6 to 8

(claimed for range pH 6.0–7.0) 7.5, violet, fl. 6.5, colorless 7.5, green fl. 6.5, colorless 9.0, green fl. 7.2, colorless 5.8, blue fl. 8.2, green fl. 7.5, golden fl. 6.5, colorless 7.5, blue fl. 7.0, colorless 6.5, blue fl. 6.0, colorless 8.0, green fl. 6.5, colorless (for the range pH 6.0–7.0, green-yellow fl.) (for the region pH 6.5–7.0, yellow fl.) 7.6, blue fl. 6.5, colorless

pH 8 to 10 8.4, orange colored 9, green fl.

10.4, green fl. 11, non-fl.

8-18

Section 8.indb 18

4/30/05 8:46:14 AM

Fluorescent Indicators

8-19

G Salt Naphthazol derivatives α-Naphthionic acid 2-Naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid β-Naphthol α-Naphtholsulfonic acid 1,4-Naphtholsulfonic acid Orcinsulfonphthalein Quinine [second end point] R-Salt Sodium 1-naphthol-2-sulfonate

— — — — — — — — — — —

Courmarin Eosine BN Papaverine (permanganate oxidized) Schaffers Salt SS-Acid (sodium salt)

— 771

Cotarnine α-Naphthionic acid β-Naphthionic acid

— — —

Section 8.indb 19

— — —

9.0, dull blue fl. 8.2, colorless 9, blue fl. 9.5, dark blue fl 8.6, colorless 8.0, dark blue fl. 8.2, dark blue fl. 8.6, yellow colored 9.5, violet fl. 9.0, dull blue fl. 9.0, dark blue fl. pH 10 to 12 9.8, deep green fl. 10.5, colorless 9.5, yellow fl. 5.0, violet fl. 10.0, violet fl. pH 12 to 14 12.0, yellow fl. 12, blue fl. 12, blue fl.

9.5, bright blue fl. 10.0, yellow or green fl. 11, green fl. Light blue fl. at higher pH Blue fl. at higher pH 9.0, bright violet fl. Light blue fl. at higher pH 10.0 fl. 10.0, colorless 9.5, bright blue fl. 10.0, bright violet fl. 12, light green fl. 14.0, yellow fl. 11.0, blue fl. 11.0, green-blue fl. 12.0, yellow-colored 13.0, white fl. 13, green fl. 13, violet fl.

4/30/05 8:46:25 AM

CONVERSION FORMULAS FOR CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS A = Weight percent of solute B = Molecular weight of solvent E = Molecular weight of solute F = Grams of solute per liter of solution Concentration of solute—SOUGHT

Section 8.indb 19

G = Molality M = Molarity N = Mole fraction R = Density of solution in grams per milliliter Concentration of solute—GIVEN

A

G

M

F

100G × E 1000 + G × E

M×E 10 R

F 10 R

—

B×G B × G + 1000

B× M M( B − E ) + 1000 R

B×F F ( B − E ) + 1000 R × E

1000 A E (100 − A)

1000N B−N ×B

—

1000 M 1000 R − ( M × E )

1000 F E (1000 R − F )

M

10R × A E

1000 R × N N × E + (1 − N )B

—

F E

F

10AR

1000 R × N × E N × E + (1 − N )B

M×E

—

A

—

N

A E A 100 − A + E B

G

N 100 N × E N × E + (1 − N )B

1000 R × G 1000 + E × G 1000 R × G × E 1000 + G × E

4/30/05 8:46:25 AM

Electrochemical Series Petr Vanýsek There are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E° values, at 298.15 K (25°C), and at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements. Thus, data for silver (Ag) precedes those for aluminum (Al). Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions which have E° values positive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential, and they range from 0.0000 V to + 3.4 V. Table 3 lists only those reduction potentials which have E° negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing potential and range from 0.0000 V to –4.10 V. The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all the data. Typically, the values with fewer significant figures have lower

reliability. The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to occasional revisions. Abbreviations: ac = acetate; bipy = 2,2´-dipyridine, or bipyridine; en = ethylenediamine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline.

References 1. Milazzo, G., Caroli, S., and Sharma, V. K. Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978. 2. Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985. 3. Bratsch, S. G. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1–21, 1989.

TABLE 1. Alphabetical Listing Reaction Ac3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ac Ag+ + e ⇌ Ag Ag2+ + e ⇌ Ag+ Ag(ac) + e ⇌ Ag + (ac)– AgBr + e ⇌ Ag + Br– AgBrO3 + e ⇌ Ag + BrO3– Ag2C2O4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + C2O42– AgCl + e ⇌ Ag + Cl– AgCN + e ⇌ Ag + CN– Ag2CO3 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + CO32– Ag2CrO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + CrO42– AgF + e ⇌ Ag + F– Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e ⇌ 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4– AgI + e ⇌ Ag + I– AgIO3 + e ⇌ Ag + IO3– Ag2MoO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + MoO42– AgNO2 + e ⇌ Ag + 2 NO2– Ag2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + 2 OH– Ag2O3 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 AgO + 2 OH– Ag3+ + 2 e ⇌ Ag+ Ag3+ + e ⇌ Ag2+ Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e ⇌ 2 Ag + 2 H2O 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Ag2O + 2 OH– AgOCN + e ⇌ Ag + OCN– Ag2S + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + S2– Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + H2S AgSCN + e ⇌ Ag + SCN– Ag2SeO3 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + SeO42– Ag2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + SO42– Ag2WO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + WO42– Al3+ + 3 e ⇌ Al Al(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ Al + 3 OH– Al(OH)4– + 3 e ⇌ Al + 4 OH– H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ Al + 4 OH– AlF63– + 3 e ⇌ Al + 6 F– Am4+ + e ⇌ Am3+ Am2+ + 2 e ⇌ Am Am3+ + 3 e ⇌ Am Am3+ + e ⇌ Am2+

8-20

E°/V –2.20 0.7996 1.980 0.643 0.07133 0.546 0.4647 0.22233 –0.017 0.47 0.4470 0.779 0.1478 –0.15224 0.354 0.4573 0.564 0.342 0.739 1.9 1.8 1.802 0.607 0.41 –0.691 –0.0366 0.08951 0.3629 0.654 0.4660 –1.662 –2.31 –2.328 –2.33 –2.069 2.60 –1.9 –2.048 –2.3

Reaction As + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ AsH3 As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 As + 3 H2O HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ As + 2 H2O AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ As + 4 OH– H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e– ⇌ HAsO2 + 2 H2O AsO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ AsO2– + 4 OH– At2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 At– Au+ + e ⇌ Au Au3+ + 2 e ⇌ Au+ Au3+ + 3 e ⇌ Au Au2+ + e – ⇌ Au+ AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Au+ + H2O AuBr2– + e ⇌ Au + 2 Br– AuBr4– + 3 e ⇌ Au + 4 Br– AuCl4– + 3 e ⇌ Au + 4 Cl– Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Au + 3 H2O H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e ⇌ BH4– + 8 OH– H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ B + 4 OH– H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ B + 3 H2O B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e ⇌ BH4– + 3 H2O Ba2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ba Ba2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ba(Hg) Ba(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ba + 2 OH– Be2+ + 2 e ⇌ Be Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 2 Be + 6 OH– p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ hydroquinone Bi+ + e ⇌ Bi Bi3+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi Bi3+ + 2 e ⇌ Bi+ Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ BiH3 BiCl4– + 3 e ⇌ Bi + 4 Cl– Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 Bi + 6 OH– Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi + H2O BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi + Cl– + H2O Bk4+ + e ⇌ Bk3+ Bk2+ + 2 e ⇌ Bk Bk3+ + e ⇌ Bk2+

E°/V –0.608 0.234 0.248 –0.68 0.560 –0.71 0.3 1.692 1.401 1.498 1.8 1.32 0.959 0.854 1.002 1.45 –1.24 –1.79 –0.8698 –0.481 –2.912 –1.570 –2.99 –1.847 –2.63 0.6992 0.5 0.308 0.2 –0.8 0.16 –0.46 1.593 0.320 0.1583 1.67 –1.6 –2.8

Electrochemical Series Reaction Br2(aq) + 2 e ⇌ 2 Br– Br2(l) + 2 e ⇌ 2 Br– HBrO + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Br– + H2O HBrO + H+ + e ⇌ 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O HBrO + H+ + e ⇌ 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O BrO– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Br– + 2 OH– BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e ⇌ 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Br– + 3 H2O BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ Br– + 6 OH– (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HCN 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ (CN)2 + 2 H2O (CNS)2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 CNS – CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HCOOH Ca+ + e ⇌ Ca Ca2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ca Ca(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ca + 2 OH– Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE) Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl Calomel electrode, saturated KCl (SCE) Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) Cd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cd Cd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cd(Hg) Cd(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cd(Hg) + 2 OH– CdSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Cd + SO42– Cd(OH)42– + 2 e ⇌ Cd + 4 OH– CdO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Cd + 2 OH– Ce3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ce Ce3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ce(Hg) Ce4+ + e ⇌ Ce3+ CeOH3+ + H+ + e ⇌ Ce3+ + H2O Cf4+ + e ⇌ Cf3+ Cf3+ + e ⇌ Cf2+ Cf3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cf Cf2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cf Cl2(g) + 2 e ⇌ 2 Cl– HClO + H + + e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + H2O HClO + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Cl– + H2O ClO– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Cl– + 2 OH– ClO2 + H+ + e ⇌ HClO2 HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HClO + H2O HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Cl– + 2 H2O ClO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ ClO– + 2 OH– ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Cl– + 4 OH– ClO2(aq) + e ⇌ ClO2– ClO3– + 2 H+ + e ⇌ ClO2 + H2O ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HClO2 + H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Cl– + 3 H2O ClO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ ClO2– + 2 OH– ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ Cl– + 6 OH– ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ ClO3– H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇌ Cl– + 4 H2O ClO4– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ ClO3– + 2 OH– Cm4+ + e ⇌ Cm3+ Cm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cm Co2+ + 2 e ⇌ Co Co3+ + e ⇌ Co2+

8-21 E°/V 1.0873 1.066 1.331 1.574 1.596 0.761 1.482 1.423 0.61 0.373 0.330 0.77 –0.199 –3.80 –2.868 –3.02 0.2800 0.2801 0.3337 0.2412 0.2360 –0.4030 –0.3521 –0.809 –0.246 –0.658 –0.783 –2.336 –1.4373 1.72 1.715 3.3 –1.6 –1.94 –2.12 1.35827 1.611 1.482 0.81 1.277 1.645 1.628 1.570 0.66 0.76 0.954 1.152 1.214 1.47 1.451 0.33 0.62 1.189 1.39 1.389 0.36 3.0 –2.04 –0.28 1.92

Reaction [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e ⇌ [Co(NH3)6]2+ Co(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Co + 2 OH– Co(OH)3 + e ⇌ Co(OH)2 + OH– Cr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cr Cr3+ + e ⇌ Cr2+ Cr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cr Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O CrO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Cr + 4 OH– HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Cr3+ + 4 H2O CrO2 + 4 H+ + e ⇌ Cr3+ + 2H2O Cr(V) + e ⇌ Cr(IV) CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH– Cr(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ Cr + 3 OH– Cs+ + e ⇌ Cs Cu+ + e ⇌ Cu Cu2+ + e ⇌ Cu+ Cu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cu Cu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cu(Hg) Cu3+ + e ⇌ Cu2+ Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2e ⇌ 2Cu2+ + 3 H2O Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e ⇌ [Cu(CN)2]– CuI2– + e ⇌ Cu + 2 I– Cu2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Cu + 2 OH– Cu(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cu + 2 OH– 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O 2 D+ + 2 e ⇌ D2 Dy2+ + 2 e ⇌ Dy Dy3+ + 3 e ⇌ Dy Dy3+ + e ⇌ Dy2+ Er2+ + 2 e ⇌ Er Er3+ + 3 e ⇌ Er Er3+ + e ⇌ Er2+ Es3+ + e ⇌ Es2+ Es3+ + 3 e ⇌ Es Es2+ + 2 e ⇌ Es Eu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Eu Eu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Eu Eu3+ + e ⇌ Eu2+ F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HF F2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 F– F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e ⇌ H2O + 2 F– Fe2+ + 2 e ⇌ Fe Fe3+ + 3 e ⇌ Fe Fe3+ + e ⇌ Fe2+ 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Fe2O3 + 5 H2O HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ FeOOH + 2 H2O HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Fe3+ + 4 H2O Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 FeOH+ + H2O [Fe(CN)6]3– + e ⇌ [Fe(CN)6]4– FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e Fe3+ + 4 H2O [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e ⇌ Fe(bipy)2]2+ [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e ⇌ Fe(bipy)3]2+ Fe(OH)3 + e ⇌ Fe(OH)2 + OH– [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Fe(phen)3]2+ [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) [Ferricinium]+ + e ⇌ ferrocene Fm3++ e ⇌ Fm2+ Fm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Fm Fm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Fm

E°/V 0.108 –0.73 0.17 –0.913 –0.407 –0.744 1.36 –1.2 1.350 1.48 1.34 –0.13 –1.48 –3.026 0.521 0.153 0.3419 0.345 2.4 2.0 1.103 0.00 –0.360 –0.222 –0.080 –0.013 –2.2 –2.295 –2.6 –2.0 –2.331 –3.0 –1.3 –1.91 –2.23 –2.812 –1.991 –0.36 3.053 2.866 2.153 –0.447 –0.037 0.771 2.09 2.08 2.07 0.16 0.358 2.20 0.78 1.03 –0.56 1.147 1.06 0.400 –1.1 –1.89 –2.30

Electrochemical Series

8-22 Reaction Fr+ + e ⇌ Fr Ga3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ga Ga+ + e ⇌ Ga GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e ⇌ Ga + H2O H2GaO–3 + H2O + 3 e ⇌ Ga + 4 OH– Gd3+ + 3 e ⇌ Gd Ge2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ge Ge4+ + 4 e ⇌ Ge Ge4+ + 2 e ⇌ Ge2+ GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ GeO + H2O H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Ge + 3 H2O 2 H+ + 2 e v H2 H2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 H– HO2 + H+ + e ⇌ H2O2 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2 + 2 OH– H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 H2O Hf4+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf + H2O HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf + 2 H2O HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e ⇌ Hf + 4 OH– Hg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Hg 2 Hg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Hg22+ Hg22+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2(ac)– Hg2Br2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 Br– Hg2Cl2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 Cl– Hg2HPO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + HPO42– Hg2I2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 I– Hg2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 OH– HgO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Hg + 2 OH– Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Hg + 2 H2O Hg2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + SO42– Ho2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ho Ho3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ho Ho3+ + e ⇌ Ho2+ I2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 I– I3– + 2 e ⇌ 3 I– H3IO62– + 2 e ⇌ IO–3 + 3 OH– H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e ⇌ IO3– + 3 H2O 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ I2 + 2 H2O HIO + H+ + 2 e ⇌ I– + H2O IO– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ I– + 2 OH– 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e ⇌ I2 + 6 H2O IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ I– + 3 H2O IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ IO– + 4 OH– IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ IO– + 6 OH– In+ + e ⇌ In In2+ + e ⇌ In+ In3+ + e ⇌ In2+ In3+ + 2 e ⇌ In+ In3+ + 3 e ⇌ In In(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ In + 3 OH– In(OH)4– + 3 e ⇌ In + 4 OH– In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 In + 6 OH– Ir3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ir [IrCl6]2– + e ⇌ [IrCl6]3– [IrCl6]3– + 3 e ⇌ Ir + 6 Cl– Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 Ir + 6 OH– K+ + e ⇌ K La3+ + 3 e ⇌ La

E°/V –2.9 –0.549 –0.2 –0.498 –1.219 –2.279 0.24 0.124 0.00 –0.118 –0.182 0.00000 –2.23 1.495 –0.8277 1.776 –1.55 –1.724 –1.505 –2.50 0.851 0.920 0.7973 0.51163 0.13923 0.26808 0.6359 –0.0405 0.123 0.0977 1.034 0.6125 –2.1 –2.33 –2.8 0.5355 0.536 0.7 1.601 1.439 0.987 0.485 1.195 1.085 0.15 0.26 –0.14 –0.40 –0.49 –0.443 –0.3382 –0.99 –1.007 –1.034 1.156 0.8665 0.77 0.098 –2.931 –2.379

Reaction La(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ La + 3 OH– Li+ + e ⇌ Li Lr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Lr Lu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Lu Md3+ + e ⇌ Md2+ Md3+ + 3 e ⇌ Md Md2+ + 2 e ⇌ Md Mg+ + e ⇌ Mg Mg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Mg Mg(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Mg + 2 OH– Mn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Mn Mn3+ + e ⇌ Mn2+ MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Mn2+ + 2 H2O MnO4– + e ⇌ MnO42– MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ MnO2 + 2 H2O MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e ⇌ Mn2+ + 4 H2O MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ MnO2 + 4 OH– MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ MnO2 + 4 OH– Mn(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Mn + 2 OH– Mn(OH)3 + e ⇌ Mn(OH)2 + OH– Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e ⇌ 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O Mo3+ + 3 e ⇌ Mo MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Mo + 4 H2O H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e ⇌ 7 Mo + 24 H2O MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Mo + 3 H2O N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 NH4OH 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HN3 N5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 NH4+ N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2 + H2O H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2 + 2 H2O N2O4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 NO2– N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 NHO2 N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ 2 NO + 2 H2O 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2H5+ + 2 H2O 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2O + H2O 2 NO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ N2O + 2 OH– HNO2 + H+ + e ⇌ NO + H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ H2N2O2 + 2 H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ N2O + 3 H2O NO2– + H2O + e ⇌ NO + 2 OH– 2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ N2O22– + 4 OH– 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ N2O + 6 OH– NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HNO2 + H2O NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ NO + 2 H2O 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2O4 + 2 H2O NO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ NO2– + 2 OH– 2 NO3– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ N2O4 + 4 OH– Na+ + e ⇌ Na Nb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Nb NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ NbO + H2O NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Nb + 2 H2O NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Nb + H2O Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 Nb + 5 H2O Nd3+ + 3 e ⇌ Nd Nd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Nd Nd3+ + e ⇌ Nd2+ Ni2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ni Ni(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ni + 2 OH– NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ni2+ + 2 H2O NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH–

E°/V –2.90 –3.0401 –1.96 –2.28 –0.1 –1.65 –2.40 –2.70 –2.372 –2.690 –1.185 1.5415 1.224 0.558 1.679 1.507 0.595 0.60 –1.56 0.15 1.485 –0.200 –0.152 0.082 0.075 0.092 –3.09 1.275 1.766 2.65 0.867 1.065 1.035 1.42 1.591 0.76 0.983 0.86 1.297 –0.46 –0.18 0.15 0.934 0.957 0.803 0.01 –0.85 –2.71 –1.099 –0.646 –0.690 –0.733 –0.644 –2.323 –2.1 –2.7 –0.257 –0.72 1.678 –0.490

Electrochemical Series Reaction No3+ + e ⇌ No2+ No3+ + 3 e ⇌ No No2+ + 2 e ⇌ No Np3+ + 3 e ⇌ Np Np4+ + e ⇌ Np3+ NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e ⇌ Np(OH)3 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2O2 O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ 2 H2O O2 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ HO2– + OH– O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2O2 + 2 OH– O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 4 OH– O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ O2 + H2O O3 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ O2 + 2 OH– O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2O OH + e ⇌ OH– HO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 3 OH– OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇌ Os + 4 H2O OsO4 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ OsO2 + 2 H2O [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e ⇌ [Os(bipy)2]2+ [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Os(bipy)3]2+ P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) P + 3 H2O + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) + 3 OH– H2P2– + e ⇌ P + 2 OH– H3PO2 + H+ + e ⇌ P + 2 H2O H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H3PO2 + H2O H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ P + 3 H2O HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2PO2– + 3 OH– HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ P + 5 OH– H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H3PO3 + H2O PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ HPO32– + 3 OH– Pa3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pa Pa4+ + 4 e ⇌ Pa Pa4+ + e ⇌ Pa3+ Pb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb Pb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb(Hg) PbBr2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 Br– PbCl2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 Cl– PbF2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 F– PbHPO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + HPO42– PbI2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 I– PbO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 OH– PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb2+ + 2 H2O HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 3 OH– PbO2 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ PbO + 2 OH– PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ PbSO4 + 2 H2O PbSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + SO42– PbSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb(Hg) + SO42– Pd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pd [PdCl4]2– + 2 e ⇌ Pd + 4 Cl– [PdCl6]2– + 2 e ⇌ [PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– Pd(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Pd + 2 OH– Pm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pm Pm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pm Pm3+ + e ⇌ Pm2+ Po4+ + 2 e ⇌ Po2+ Po4+ + 4 e ⇌ Po Pr4+ + e ⇌ Pr3+ Pr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pr Pr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pr

8-23 E°/V 1.4 –1.20 –2.50 –1.856 0.147 –0.962 0.695 1.229 –0.076 –0.146 0.401 2.076 1.24 2.421 2.02 0.878 0.838 1.02 0.81 0.80 –0.111 –0.063 –0.87 –1.82 –0.508 –0.499 –0.454 –1.65 –1.71 –0.276 –1.05 –1.34 –1.49 –1.9 –0.1262 –0.1205 –0.284 –0.2675 –0.3444 –0.465 –0.365 –0.580 1.455 –0.537 0.247 1.6913 –0.3588 –0.3505 0.951 0.591 1.288 0.07 –2.2 –2.30 –2.6 0.9 0.76 3.2 –2.0 –2.353

Reaction Pr3+ + e ⇌ Pr2+ Pt2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt [PtCl4]2– + 2 e ⇌ Pt + 4 Cl– [PtCl6]2– + 2 e ⇌ [PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl– Pt(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Pt + 2 OH– PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ PtO2 + H2O PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt(OH)22+ + H2O PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt + H2O PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ PtO + H2O PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Pt + 2 H2O Pu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pu Pu4+ + e ⇌ Pu3+ Pu5+ + e ⇌ Pu4+ PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pu(OH)4 PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e ⇌ PuO2OH + H2O Ra2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ra Rb+ + e ⇌ Rb Re3+ + 3 e ⇌ Re ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ ReO2 + 2 H2O ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Re + 2 H2O ReO4– + 2 H+ + e ⇌ ReO3 + H2O ReO4– + 4 H2O + 7 e ⇌ Re + 8 OH– ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇀ Re + 4 H2O Rh+ + e ⇌ Rh Rh3+ + 3 e ⇌ Rh [RhCl6]3– + 3 e ⇌ Rh + 6 Cl– RhOH2+ + H+ + 3 e ⇌ Rh + H2O Ru2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ru Ru3+ + e ⇌ Ru2+ RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ru2+ + 2 H2O RuO4– + e ⇌ RuO42– RuO4 + e ⇌ RuO4– RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇌ Ru + 4 H2O [Ru(bipy)3)3+ + e– ⇌ [Ru(bipy)3]2+ [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e– ⇌ [Ru(H2O)6]2+ [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e– ⇌ [Ru(NH3)6]2+ [Ru(en)3]3+ + e – ⇌ [Ru(en)3]2+ [Ru(CN)6]3– + e– ⇌ [Ru(CN)6]4– S + 2 e ⇌ S2– S + 2H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2S(aq) S + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SH– + OH– 2 S + 2 e ⇌ S22– S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 H2SO3 S2O82– + 2 e ⇌ 2 SO42– S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HSO4– S4O62– + 2 e ⇌ 2 S2O32– 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e ⇌ HS2O4– + 2 H2O H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ S + 3 H2O 2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ S2O42– + 4 OH– 2 SO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ S2O32– + 6 OH– SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2SO3 + H2O 2 SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ S2O62– + H2O SO42– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SO32– + 2 OH– Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ SbH3 Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 Sb + 3 H2O Sb2O5 (senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Sb2O5 (valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sb2O3 + 2 H2O

E°/V –3.1 1.18 0.755 0.68 0.14 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.01 1.00 –2.031 1.006 1.099 1.325 1.062 –2.8 –2.98 0.300 0.510 0.2513 0.768 –0.584 0.368 0.600 0.758 0.431 0.83 0.455 0.2487 1.120 0.59 1.00 1.40 1.038 1.24 0.23 0.10 0.210 0.86 –0.47627 0.142 –0.478 –0.42836 0.564 2.010 2.123 0.08 –0.056 0.449 –1.12 –0.571 0.172 –0.22 –0.93 –0.510 0.152 0.671 0.649


8-24 Reaction Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e ⇌ 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Sb + 2 H2O SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Sb + 4 OH– SbO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SbO2– + 2 OH– Sc3+ + 3 e ⇌ Sc Se + 2 e ⇌ Se2– Se + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Se(aq) H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Se + 3 H2O Se + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Se SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Se + 6 OH– SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2SeO3 + H2O SeO42– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SeO32– + 2 OH– SiF62– + 4 e ⇌ Si + 6 F– SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Si + H2O SiO2 (quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Si + 2 H2O SiO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Si + 6 OH– Sm3+ + e ⇌ Sm2+ Sm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Sm Sm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sm Sn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sn Sn4+ + 2 e ⇀ Sn2+ Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Sn2+ + 3 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e– ⇌ Sn2+ + 2 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sn + 2 H2O SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ SnOH+ + H2O SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Sn + 4 OH– HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Sn + 3 OH– Sn(OH)62– + 2 e ⇌ HSnO2– + 3 OH– + H2O Sr+ + e ⇌ Sr Sr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sr Sr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sr(Hg) Sr(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Sr + 2 OH– Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 Ta + 5 H2O Ta3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ta Tc2+ + 2 e ⇌ Tc TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ TcO2 + 2 H2O Tc3+ + e ⇌ Tc2+ TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ Tc + 4 H2O Tb4+ + e ⇌ Tb3+ Tb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tb Te + 2 e ⇌ Te2– Te + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Te Te4+ + 4 e ⇌ Te TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Te + 2 H2O TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Te + 6 OH– TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ Te + 4 H2O H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ TeO2 + 4 H2O Th4+ + 4 e ⇌ Th ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Th + 2 H2O Th(OH)4 + 4 e ⇌ Th + 4 OH– Ti2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ti Ti3+ + e ⇌ Ti2+ TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ti2+ + 2 H2O Ti3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ti TiOH3+ + H+ + e ⇌ Ti3+ + H2O

E°/V 0.581 0.212 –0.66 –0.59 –2.077 –0.924 –0.399 0.74 –0.082 –0.366 1.151 0.05 –1.24 –0.8 0.857 –1.697 –1.55 –2.304 –2.68 –0.1375 0.151 0.142 –0.094 –0.117 –0.194 –0.945 –0.909 –0.93 –4.10 –2.899 –1.793 –2.88 –0.750 –0.6 0.400 0.782 0.3 0.472 3.1 –2.28 –1.143 –0.793 0.568 0.593 –0.57 0.472 1.02 –1.899 –1.789 –2.48 –1.630 –0.9 –0.502 –1.37 –0.055

Reaction Tl+ + e ⇌ Tl Tl+ + e ⇌ Tl(Hg) Tl3+ + 2 e ⇌ Tl+ Tl3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tl TlBr + e ⇌ Tl + Br– TlCl + e ⇌ Tl + Cl– TlI + e ⇌ Tl + I– Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– TlOH + e ⇌ Tl + OH– Tl(OH)3 + 2 e ⇌ TlOH + 2 OH– Tl2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ Tl + SO42– Tm3+ + e ⇌ Tm2+ Tm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tm Tm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Tm U3+ + 3 e ⇌ U U4+ + e ⇌ U3+ UO2+ + 4 H+ + e ⇌ U4+ + 2 H2O UO22+ + e ⇌ UO+2 UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ U4+ + 2 H2O UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e ⇌ U + 2 H2O V2+ + 2 e ⇌ V V3+ + e ⇌ V2+ VO2+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ V3+ + H2O VO2+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ VO2+ + H2O V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 V + 5 H2O V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ VO2+ + 3 H2O V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e ⇌ V + 4 H2O [V(phen)3]3+ + e ⇌ [V(phen)3]2+ W3+ + 3 e ⇌ W W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 WO2 + H2O WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ W + 2 H2O WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ W + 3 H2O WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ WO2 + H2O 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ W2O5 + H2O H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ XeO3 + 3 H2O XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Xe + 3 H2O XeF + e ⇌ Xe + F– Y3+ + 3 e ⇌ Y Yb3+ + e ⇌ Yb2+ Yb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Yb Yb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Yb Zn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn Zn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn(Hg) ZnO22– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 4 OH– ZnSO4 · 7 H2O + 2 e = Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O (Saturated ZnSO4) ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn + H2O Zn(OH)42– + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 4 OH– Zn(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 2 OH– ZnO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 2 OH– ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Zr + 2 H2O ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e ⇌ Zr + 4 OH– Zr4+ + 4 e ⇌ Zr

E°/V –0.336 –0.3338 1.252 0.741 –0.658 –0.5568 –0.752 0.02 –0.34 –0.05 –0.4360 –2.2 –2.319 –2.4 –1.798 –0.607 0.612 0.062 0.327 –1.444 –1.175 –0.255 0.337 0.991 0.957 –0.242 1.00 –0.254 0.14 0.1 –0.031 –0.119 –0.090 0.036 –0.029 2.42 2.10 3.4 –2.372 –1.05 –2.19 –2.76 –0.7618 –0.7628 –1.215 –0.7993 –0.497 –1.199 –1.249 –1.260 –1.553 –2.36 –1.45


8-25

TABLE 2. Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than That of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode Reaction 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2 CuI2– + e ⇌ Cu + 2 I– Ge4+ + 2 e ⇌ Ge2+ NO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ NO2– + 2 OH– Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– SeO42– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SeO32– + 2 OH– WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ WO2 + H2O UO22+ + e = UO2+ Pd(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Pd + 2 OH– AgBr + e ⇌ Ag + Br– MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Mo + 3 H2O S4O62– + 2 e ⇌ 2 S2O32– H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e ⇌ 7 Mo + 24 H2O AgSCN + e ⇌ Ag + SCN– N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 NH4OH HgO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Hg + 2 OH– Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 Ir + 6 OH– 2 NO + 2 e ⇌ N2O22– [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e ⇌ [Ru(NH3)6]2+ W3+ + 3 e ⇌ W [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e ⇌ [Co(NH3)6]2+ Hg2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 OH– Ge4+ + 4 e ⇌ Ge Hg2Br2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 Br– Pt(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Pt + 2 OH– [V(phen)3]3+ + e ⇌ [V(phen)3]2+ S + 2H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2S(aq) Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Sn2+ + 3 H2O Np4+ + e ⇌ Np3+ Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e ⇌ 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4– IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ IO– + 4 OH– Mn(OH)3 + e ⇌ Mn(OH)2 + OH– 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ N2O + 6 OH– Sn4+ + 2 e ⇌ Sn2+ Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 Sb + 3 H2O Cu2+ + e ⇌ Cu+ BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi + Cl– + H2O BiCl4– + 3 e ⇌ Bi + 4 Cl– Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 FeOH+ + H2O Co(OH)3 + e ⇌ Co(OH)2 + OH– SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2SO3 + H2O Bi3+ + 2 e ⇌ Bi+ [Ru(en)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Ru(en)3]2+ SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Sb + 2 H2O AgCl + e ⇌ Ag + Cl– [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e ⇌ [Ru(H2O)6]2+ As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 As + 3 H2O Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) Ge2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ge Ru3+ + e ⇌ Ru2+ Calomel electrode, saturated KCl PbO2 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ PbO + 2 OH– HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ As + 2 H2O Ru3+ + e ⇀ Ru2+ ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Re + 2 H2O IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ I– + OH–

E°/V 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.036 0.062 0.07 0.07133 0.075 0.08 0.082 0.8951 0.092 0.0977 0.098 0.10 0.10 0.1 0.108 0.123 0.124 0.13923 0.14 0.14 0.142 0.142 0.147 0.1478 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.151 0.152 0.153 0.1583 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.172 0.2 0.210 0.212 0.22233 0.23 0.234 0.2360 0.24 0.24 0.2412 0.247 0.248 0.2487 0.2513 0.26

Reaction Hg2Cl2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 Cl– Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE) At2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 At– Re3+ + 3 e ⇌ Re Tc3+ + e ⇌ Tc2+ Bi3+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi + H2O

UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ U4+ + 2 H2O ClO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ ClO2– + 2 OH– 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ (CN)2 + 2 H2O Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl VO2+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ V3+ + H2O Cu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cu Ag2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + 2 OH– Cu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cu(Hg) AgIO3 + e ⇌ Ag + IO3– [Fe(CN)6]3– + e ⇌ [Fe(CN)6]4– ClO4– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ ClO–3 + 2 OH– Ag2SeO3 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + SeO32– ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ Re + 4 H2O (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HCN [Ferricinium]+ + e ⇌ ferrocene Tc2+ + 2 e ⇌ Tc O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 4 OH– AgOCN + e ⇌ Ag + OCN– [RhCl6]3– + 3 e ⇌ Rh + 6 Cl– Ag2CrO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + CrO42– H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ S + 3 H2O Ru2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ru Ag2MoO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + MoO42– Ag2C2O4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + C2O42– Ag2WO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + WO42– Ag2CO3 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + CO32– TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ Tc + 4 H2O TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ Te + 4 H2O IO– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ I– + 2 OH– NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH– Bi+ + e ⇌ Bi ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ ReO2 + 2 H2O Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2(ac)– Cu+ + e ⇌ Cu I2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 I– I3– + 2 e ⇌ 3 I– AgBrO3 + e ⇌ Ag + BrO3– MnO4– + e ⇌ MnO4– H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HAsO2 + 2 H2O S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 H2SO3 AgNO2 + e ⇌ Ag + NO2– Te4+ + 4 e ⇌ Te Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e ⇌ 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O RuO4– + e ⇌ RuO42– [PdCl4]2– + 2 e ⇌ Pd + 4 Cl– TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Te + 2 H2O MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ MnO2 + 4 OH– Rh2+ + 2 e ⇌ Rh

E°/V 0.26808 0.2800 0.2801 0.3 0.300 0.3 0.308 0.320 0.327 0.33 0.330 0.3337 0.337 0.3419 0.342 0.345 0.354 0.358 0.36 0.3629 0.368 0.373 0.400 0.400 0.401 0.41 0.431 0.4470 0.449 0.455 0.4573 0.4647 0.4660 0.47 0.472 0.472 0.485 0.490 0.5 0.510 0.51163 0.521 0.5355 0.536 0.546 0.558 0.560 0.564 0.564 0.568 0.581 0.59 0.591 0.593 0.595 0.600


8-26 Reaction Rh+ + e ⇌ Rh MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ MnO2 + 4 OH– 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Ag2O + 2 OH– BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ Br– + 6 OH– UO2+ + 4 H+ + e ⇌ U4+ + 2 H2O Hg2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + SO42– ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ Cl– + 6 OH– Hg2HPO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + HPO42– Ag(ac) + e ⇌ Ag + (ac)– Sb2O5(valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Ag2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + SO42– ClO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ ClO– + 2 OH– Sb2O5(senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sb2O5 + 2 H2O [PtCl6]2– + 2 e ⇌ [PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl– O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2O2 p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌⇌ hydroquinone H3IO62– + 2 e ⇌ IO3– + 3 OH– Ag2O3+ H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 AgO + 2 OH– Tl3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tl [PtCl4]2– + 2 e ⇌ Pt + 4 Cl– Rh3+ + 3 e ⇌ Rh ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Cl– + 4 OH– 2 NO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ N2O + 2 OH– Po4+ + 4 e ⇌ Po BrO– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Br– + 2 OH– ReO4– + 2 H+ +e ⇌ ReO3 + H2O (CNS)2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 CNS – [IrCl6]3– + 3 e ⇌ Ir + 6 Cl– Fe3+ + e ⇌ Fe2+ AgF + e ⇌ Ag + F– [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e ⇌ [Fe(bipy)2]2+ TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ TcO2 + 2 H2O Hg22+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg Ag+ + e ⇌ Ag [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Os(bipy)3]2+ 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2O4 + 2 H2O [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e ⇌ [Os(bipy)2]2+ RhOH2+ + H + 3 e ⇌ Rh + H2O OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇌ Os + 4 H2O ClO– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Cl– + 2 OH– Hg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Hg AuBr4– + 3 e ⇌ Au + 4 Br– SiO2(quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Si + 2 H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ H2N2O2 + H2O [Ru(CN)6]3– + e– ⇌ [Ru(CN)6]4– [IrCl6]2– + e ⇌ [IrCl6]3– N2O4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 NO2– HO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 3 OH– Po4+ + 2 e ⇌ Po2+ 2 Hg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Hg22+ NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HNO2 + H2O Pd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pd ClO2(aq) + e ⇌ ClO2– NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ NO + 2 H2O V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O AuBr2– + e ⇌ Au + 2 Br– HNO2 + H+ + e ⇌ NO + H2O

E°/V 0.600 0.60 0.607 0.61 0.612 0.6125 0.62 0.6359 0.643 0.649 0.654 0.66 0.671 0.68 0.695 0.6992 0.7 0.739 0.741 0.755 0.758 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.761 0.768 0.77 0.77 0.771 0.779 0.78 0.782 0.7973 0.7996 0.80 0.803 0.81 0.83 0.838 0.841 0.851 0.854 0.857 0.86 0.86 0.8665 0.867 0.878 0.9 0.920 0.934 0.951 0.954 0.957 0.957 0.959 0.983

Reaction HIO + H+ + 2 e ⇌ I– + H2O VO2+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ VO2+ + H2O PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Pt + 2 H2O RuO4 + e ⇌ RuO4– V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ VO2+ + 3 H2O AuCl4– + 3 e ⇌ Au + 4 Cl– Pu4+ + e ⇌ Pu3+ PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ PtO + H2O OsO4 + 4 H + 4 e ⇌ OsO2 + 2 H2O H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ TeO2 + 4 H2O [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Fe(bipy)3]2+ Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Hg + 2 H2O N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ 2 NO + 2 H2O RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇌ Ru + 4H2O [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e ⇌ PuO2OH + H2O N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HNO2 Br2(l) + 2 e ⇌ 2Br– IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ I– + 3 H2O Br2(aq) + 2 e ⇌ 2Br– Pu5+ + e ⇌ Pu4+ Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e ⇌ [Cu(CN)2]– RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ru2+ + 2 H2O [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e ⇌⇀ [Fe(phen)3]2+ SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2SeO3 + H2O ClO3– + 2 H+ + e ⇌ ClO2 + H2O Ir3+ + 3 e ⇀ Ir Pt2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ ClO3– + H2O 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e ⇌ I2 + 6 H2O PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt + H2O ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HClO2 + H2O MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Mn2+ + 2 H2O O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ 2 H2O O3 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ O2 + 2 OH– [Ru(bipy)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Ru(bipy)3]2+ Tl3+ + 2 e ⇌ Tl+ N2H5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 NH4+ ClO2 + H+ + e ⇌ HClO2 [PdCl6]2– + 2 e ⇌ [PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ N2O + 3 H2O AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Au+ + H2O PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H– + 2 e ⇌ Pu(OH)4 HBrO + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Br– + H2O Cr(V) + e ⇌ Cr(IV) HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Cr3+ + 4 H2O Cl2(g) + 2 e ⇌ 2Cl– Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇌ Cl– + 4 H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O No3+ + e ⇌ No2+ RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O Au3+ + 2 e ⇌ Au+ 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2H5+ + 2 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Br– + 3 H2O 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ I2 + 2 H2O Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Au– + 3 H2O

E°/V 0.987 0.991 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.002 1.006 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.034 1.035 1.038 1.06 1.062 1.065 1.066 1.085 1.0873 1.099 1.103 1.120 1.147 1.151 1.152 1.156 1.18 1.189 1.195 1.2 1.214 1.224 1.229 1.24 1.24 1.252 1.275 1.277 1.288 1.297 1.32 1.325 1.331 1.34 1.350 1.35827 1.36 1.389 1.39 1.4 1.40 1.401 1.42 1.423 1.439 1.45

Electrochemical Series Reaction 3IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Cl– + 3 H2O PbO2 +4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb2+ + 2 H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O CrO2 + 4 H+ + e ⇌ Cr3+ + 2 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e ⇌ 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O HClO + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Cl– + H2O Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e ⇌ 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O HO2 + H+ + e ⇌ H2O2 Au3+ + 3 e ⇌ Au PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt(OH)22+ + H2O MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e ⇌ Mn2+ + 4 H2O Mn3+ + e ⇌ Mn2– HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Cl– + 2 H2O HBrO + H+ + e ⇌ 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2O + H2O Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O HBrO + H+ + e ⇌ 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e ⇌ IO3– + 3 H2O HClO + H+ + e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + H2O HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HClO + H2O Bk4+ + e ⇌ Bk3+ NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ni2+ + 2 H2O MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇀ MnO2 + 2 H2O PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ PbSO4 + 2 H2O Au+ + e ⇌ Au PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ PtO2 + H2O CeOH3+ + H+ + e ⇌ Ce3+ + H2O Ce4+ + e ⇌ Ce3+ N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌ N2 + H2O H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 H2O

8-27 E°/V 1.451 1.455 1.47 1.48 1.482 1.482 1.485 1.495 1.498 1.5 1.507 1.5415 1.570 1.574 1.591 1.593 1.596 1.601 1.611 1.628 1.645 1.67 1.678 1.679 1.6913 1.692 1.7 1.715 1.72 1.766 1.776

Reaction Ag3+ + e ⇌ Ag2+ Au2+ + e– ⇌ Au+ Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e ⇌ 2 Ag + 2 H2O Co3+ + e ⇌ Co2–(2 molar H2SO4) Ag3+ + 2 e ⇌ Ag+ Co3+ + e ⇌ Co2+ Ag2+ + e ⇌ Ag+ Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 Cu2+ + 3 H2O S2O82– + 2 e ⇌ 2 SO42– OH + e ⇌ OH– HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Fe3+ + 4 H2O O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ O2 + H2O HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ FeOOH + 2 H2O 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Fe2O3 + 5 H2O XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Xe + 3 H2O S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HSO4– F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e ⇌ H2O + 2 F– FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Fe3+ + 4 H2O Cu3+ + e ⇌ Cu2+ H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ XeO3 + 3 H2O O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2O Am4+ + e ⇌ Am3+ H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2 + 2 H2O F2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 F– Cm4+ + e ⇌ Cm3+ F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HF Tb4+ + e ⇌ Tb3+ Pr4+ + e ⇌ Pr3+ Cf4+ + e ⇌ Cf3+ XeF + e ⇌ Xe + F–

E°/V 1.8 1.8 1.802 1.83 1.9 1.92 1.980 2.0 2.010 2.02 2.07 2.076 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.123 2.153 2.20 2.4 2.42 2.421 2.60 2.65 2.866 3.0 3.053 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

TABLE 3. Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than That of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode Reaction 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2 2 D+ + 2 e ⇌ D2 AgCN + e ⇌ Ag + CN– 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ W2O5 + H2O W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 WO2 + H2O Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + H2S Fe3+ + 3 e ⇌ Fe Hg2I2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 I– Tl(OH)3 + 2 e ⇌ TlOH + 2 OH– TiOH3+ + H+ + e ⇌ Ti3+ + H2O 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e ⇌ HS2O4– + 2 H2O P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) O2 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ HO2– + OH– 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O Se + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Se WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ W + 3 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Sn2+ + 2 H2O Md3+ + e ⇌ Md2+ P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sn + 2 H2O GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ GeO + H2O

E°/V 0.00000 –0.013 –0.017 –0.029 –0.031 –0.0366 –0.037 –0.0405 –0.05 –0.055 –0.056 –0.063 –0.076 –0.080 –0.082 –0.090 –0.094 –0.1 –0.111 –0.117 –0.118

Reaction WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ W + 2 H2O Pb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb(Hg) Pb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH– Sn2– + 2 e ⇌ Sn In+ + e ⇌ In O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2O2 + 2 OH– MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Mo + 4 H2O AgI + e ⇌ Ag + I– 2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ N2O22– + 4 OH– H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Ge + 3 H2O SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ SnOH+ + H2O CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HCOOH Mo3+ + 3 e ⇌ Mo Ga+ + e ⇌ Ga 2 SO22– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ S2O62– + H2O Cu(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cu + 2 OH– V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 V + 5 H2O CdSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Cd + SO42– V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e ⇌ V + 4 H2O V3+ + e ⇌ V2+

E°/V –0.119 –0.1205 –0.1262 –0.13 –0.1375 –0.14 –0.146 –0.152 –0.15224 –0.18 –0.182 –0.194 –0.199 –0.200 –0.2 –0.22 –0.222 –0.242 –0.246 –0.254 –0.255


8-28 Reaction Ni2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ni PbCl2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 Cl– H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H3PO3 + H2O Co2+ + 2 e ⇌ Co PbBr2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 Br– Tl+ + e ⇌ Tl(Hg) Tl+ + e ⇌ Tl In3+ + 3 e ⇌ In TlOH + e ⇌ Tl + OH– PbF2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 F– PbSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb(Hg) + SO42– Cd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cd(Hg) PbSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + SO42– Cu2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Cu + 2 OH– Eu3+ + e ⇌ Eu2+ PbI2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 I– SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Se + 6 OH– Se + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Se(aq) In2+ + e ⇌ In+ Cd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cd Cr3+ + e ⇌ Cr2+ 2 S + 2 e ⇌ S22– Tl2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ Tl + SO42– In3+ + 2 e ⇌ In+ Fe2+ + 2 e ⇌ Fe H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ P + 3 H2O Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 Bi + 6 OH– NO2– + H2O + e ⇌ NO + 2 OH PbHPO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + HPO42– S + 2 e ⇌ S2– S + H2O + 2 e ⇌ HS – + OH– B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e ⇌ BH4– + 3 H2O In3+ + e ⇌ In2+ ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn + H2O GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e ⇌ Ga + H2O H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H3PO2 + H2O TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ti2+ + 2 H2O H3PO2 + H+ + e ⇌ P + 2 H2O Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ SbH3 HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 3 OH– Ga3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ga TlCl + e ⇌ Tl + Cl– Fe(OH)3 + e ⇌ Fe(OH)2 + OH– TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Te + 6 OH– 2 SO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ S2O32– + 6 OH– PbO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 OH– ReO2– + 4 H2O + 7 e ⇌ Re + 8 OH– SbO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SbO2– + 2 OH– Ta3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ta U4+ + e ⇌ U3+ As + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ AsH3 Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 Nb + 5 H2O NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ NbO + H2O Cd(OH)42– + 2 e ⇌ Cd + 4 OH– TlBr + e ⇌ Tl + Br– SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Sb + 4 OH– AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ As + 4 OH–

E°/V –0.257 –0.2675 –0.276 –0.28 –0.284 –0.3338 –0.336 –0.3382 –0.34 –0.3444 –0.3505 –0.3521 –0.3588 –0.360 –0.36 –0.365 –0.366 –0.399 –0.40 –0.4030 –0.407 –0.42836 –0.4360 –0.443 –0.447 –0.454 –0.46 –0.46 –0.465 –0.47627 –0.478 –0.481 –0.49 –0.497 –0.498 –0.499 –0.502 –0.508 –0.510 –0.537 –0.549 –0.5568 –0.56 –0.57 –0.571 –0.580 –0.584 –0.59 –0.6 –0.607 –0.608 –0.644 –0.646 –0.658 –0.658 –0.66 –0.68

Reaction NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Nb + 2 H2O Ag2S + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + S2– AsO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ AsO2– + 4 OH– Ni(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ni + 2 OH– Co(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Co + 2 OH– NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Nb + H2O H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Se + 3 H2O Cr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cr Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 Ta + 5 H2O TlI + e ⇌ Tl + I– Zn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn Zn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn(Hg) CdO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Cd + 2 OH– Te + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Te ZnSO4.7H2O + 2 e ⇌ Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O (Saturated ZnSO4) Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ BiH3 SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Si + H2O Cd(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cd(Hg) + 2 OH– 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2 + 2 OH– 2 NO–3 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ N2O4 + 4 OH– H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ B + 3 H2O P + 3 H2O + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) + 3 OH– Ti3+ + e ⇌ Ti2+ HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Sn + 3 OH– Cr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cr Se + 2 e ⇌ Se2– SO42– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SO32– + 2 OH– Sn(OH)62– + 2 e ⇌ HSnO2– + 3 OH– + H2O SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Sn + 4 OH– In(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ In + 3 OH– NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e ⇌ Np(OH)3 In(OH)4– + 3 e ⇌ In + 4 OH– In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 In + 6 OH– PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ HPO32– + 3 OH– Yb3+ + e ⇌ Yb2+ Nb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Nb Fm3+ + e ⇌ Fm2+ 2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ S2O42– + 4 OH– Te + 2 e ⇌ Te2– V2+ + 2 e ⇌ V Mn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Mn Zn(OH)42– + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 4 OH– CrO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Cr + 4 OH– No3+ + 3 e ⇌ No ZnO2– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 4 OH– H2GaO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ Ga + 4 OH– H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e ⇌ BH4– + 8 OH– SiF62– + 4 e ⇌ Si + 6 F– Zn(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 2 OH– ZnO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 2 OH– Es3+ + e ⇌ Es2+ Pa3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pa Ti3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ti Ce3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ce(Hg) UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e ⇌ U + 2 H2O Zr4+ + 4 e ⇌ Zr

E°/V –0.690 –0.691 –0.71 –0.72 –0.73 –0.733 –0.74 –0.744 –0.750 –0.752 –0.7618 –0.7628 –0.783 –0.793 –0.7993 –0.8 –0.8 –0.809 –0.8277 –0.85 –0.8698 –0.87 –0.9 –0.909 –0.913 –0.924 –0.93 –0.93 –0.945 –0.99 –0.962 –1.007 –1.034 –1.05 –1.05 –1.099 –1.1 –1.12 –1.143 –1.175 –1.185 –1.199 –1.2 –1.20 –1.215 –1.219 –1.24 –1.24 –1.249 –1.260 –1.3 –1.34 –1.37 –1.4373 –1.444 –1.45

Electrochemical Series Reaction Cr(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ Cr + 3 OH– Pa4+ + 4 e ⇌ Pa HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf + 2 H2O Hf4+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf Sm3+ + e ⇌ Sm2+ ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Zr + 2 H2O Mn(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Mn + 2 OH– Ba2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ba(Hg) Bk2+ + 2 e ⇌ Bk Cf3+ + e ⇌ Cf2+ Ti2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ti Md3+ + 3 e ⇌ Md HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2PO2– + 3 OH– Al3+ + 3 e ⇌ Al SiO32– + H2O + 4 e ⇌ Si + 6 OH– HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ P + 5 OH– HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf + H2O ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Th + 2 H2O H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ B + 4 OH– Sr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sr(Hg) U3+ + 3 e ⇌ U H2PO–2 + e ⇌ P + 2 OH– Be2+ + 2 e ⇌ Be Np3+ + 3 e ⇌ Np Fm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Fm Th4+ + 4 e ⇌ Th Am2+ + 2 e ⇌ Am Pa4+ + e ⇌ Pa3+ Es3+ + 3 e ⇌ Es Cf3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cf Lr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Lr Eu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Eu Er2+ + 2 e ⇌ Er Pr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pr Pu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pu Cm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cm Am3+ + 3 e ⇌ Am AlF63– + 3 e ⇌ Al + 6 F– Sc3+ + 3 e ⇌ Sc Ho2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ho Nd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Nd Cf2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cf Yb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Yb Ac3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ac Dy2+ + 2 e ⇌ Dy Tm3+ + e ⇌ Tm2+ Pm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pm Es2+ + 2 e ⇌ Es H2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 H– Gd3+ + 3 e ⇌ Gd Tb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tb Lu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Lu Dy3+ + 3 e ⇌ Dy

8-29 E°/V –1.48 –1.49 –1.505 –1.55 –1.55 –1.553 –1.56 –1.570 –1.6 –1.6 –1.630 –1.65 –1.65 –1.662 –1.697 –1.71 –1.724 –1.789 –1.79 –1.793 –1.798 –1.82 –1.847 –1.856 –1.89 –1.899 –1.9 –1.9 –1.91 –1.94 –1.96 –1.991 –2.0 –2.0 –2.031 –2.04 –2.048 –2.069 –2.077 –2.1 –2.1 –2.12 –2.19 –2.20 –2.2 –2.2 –2.2 –2.23 –2.23 –2.279 –2.28 –2.28 –2.295

Reaction Am3+ + e ⇌ Am2+ Fm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Fm Pm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pm Sm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Sm Al(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ Al + 3 OH– Tm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tm Nd3+ + 3 e ⇌ Nd Al(OH)– + 3 e ⇌ Al + 4 OH– H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ Al + 4 OH– Ho3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ho Er3+ + 3 e ⇌ Er Ce3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ce Pr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pr ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e ⇌ Zr + 4 OH– Mg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Mg Y3+ + 3 e ⇌ Y La3+ + 3 e ⇌ La Tm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Tm Md2+ + 2 e ⇌ Md Th(OH)4 + 4 e ⇌ Th + 4 OH– HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e ⇌ Hf + 4 OH– No2+ + 2 e ⇌ No Dy3+ + e ⇌ Dy2+ Pm3+ + e ⇌ Pm2+ Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 2 Be + 6 OH– Sm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sm Mg(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Mg + 2 OH– Nd3+ + e ⇌ Nd2+ Mg+ + e ⇌ Mg Na+ + e ⇌ Na Yb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Yb Bk3+ + e ⇌ Bk2+ Ho3+ + e ⇌ Ho2+ Ra2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ra Eu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Eu Ca2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ca Sr(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Sr + 2 OH– Sr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sr Fr+ + e ⇌ Fr La(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ La + 3 OH– Ba2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ba K+ + e ⇌ K Rb+ + e ⇌ Rb Ba(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ba + 2 OH– Er3+ + e ⇌ Er2+ Ca(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ca + 2 OH– Cs+ + e ⇌ Cs Li+ + e ⇌ Li 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HN3 Pr3+ + e ⇌ Pr2+ Ca+ + e ⇌ Ca Sr+ + e ⇌ Sr

E°/V –2.3 –2.30 –2.30 –2.304 –2.31 –2.319 –2.323 –2.328 –2.33 –2.33 –2.331 –2.336 –2.353 –2.36 –2.372 –2.372 –2.379 –2.4 –2.40 –2.48 –2.50 –2.50 –2.6 –2.6 –2.63 –2.68 –2.690 –2.7 –2.70 –2.71 –2.76 –2.8 –2.8 –2.8 –2.812 –2.868 –2.88 –2.899 –2.9 –2.90 –2.912 –2.931 –2.98 –2.99 –3.0 –3.02 –3.026 –3.0401 –3.09 –3.1 –3.80 –4.10

REDUCTION AND OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR CERTAIN ION RADICALS Petr Vanýsek

There are two tables for ion radicals. The first table lists reduction potentials for organic compounds which produce anion radicals during reduction, a process described as A + e–  A–.. The second table lists oxidation potentials for organic compounds which produce cation radicals during oxidation, a process described as A  A+. + e–. To obtain reduction potential for a reverse reaction, the sign for the potential is changed. Unlike the table of the Electrochemical Series, which lists standard potentials, values for radicals are experimental values with experimental conditions given in the second column. Since the measurements leading to potentials for ion radicals are very dependent on conditions, an attempt to report standard potentials for radicals would serve no useful purpose. For the same reason, the potentials are also reported as experimental values, usually a half-wave potential (E1/2 in polarography) or a peak potential (Ep in cyclic voltammetry). Unless otherwise stated, the values are reported vs. SCE (saturated calomel electrode). To obtain a value vs.

normal hydrogen electrode, 0.241 V has to be added to the SCE values. All the ion radicals chosen for inclusion in the tables result from electrochemically reversible reactions. More detailed data on ion radicals can be found in the Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry of Elements, (A. J. Bard, Ed.), Vol. XI and XII in particular, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1978. Abbreviations are: CV — cyclic voltammetry; DMF — N,NDimethylformamide; E swp — potential sweep; E° — standard potential; Ep — peak potential; Ep/2 — half-peak potential; E1/2 — half wave potential; M — mol/L; MeCN — acetonitrile; pol — polarography; rot Pt dsk — rotated Pt disk; SCE — saturated calomel electrode; TBABF4 — tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate; TBAI — tetrabutylammonium iodide; TBAP — tetrabutylammonium perchlorate; TEABr — tetraethylammonium bromide; TEAP — tetraethylammonium perchlorate; THF — tetrahydrofuran; TPACF3SO3 — tetrapropylammonium trifluoromethanesulfite; TPAP — tetrapropylammonium perchlorate; and wr — wire.

Reduction Potentials (Products are Anion Radicals) Substance Acetone 1-Naphthyphenylacetylene 1-Naphthalenecarboxyaldehyde 2-Naphthalenecarboxyaldehyde 2-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 3-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 9-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 1-Anthracenecarboxaldehyde 1-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde 2-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde Anthracene

9,10-Dimethylanthracene 1-Phenylanthracene 2-Phenylanthracene 8-Phenylanthracene 9-Phenylanthracene 1,8-Diphenylanthracene 1,9-Diphenylanthracene 1,10-Diphenylanthracene 8,9-Diphenylanthracene 9,10-Diphenylanthracene 1,8,9-Triphenylanthracene 1,8,10-Triphenylanthracene 9,10-Dibiphenylanthracene Benz(a)anthracene Azulene Annulene Benzaldehyde Benzil Benzophenone Chrysene Fluoranthrene Cyclohexanone

Conditions/electrode/technique DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol DMF, 0.03 M TBAI/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF2/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt/E swp DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt/E swp MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBAP 0°C/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol DMSO, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol DMF/Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol

Potential V (vs. SCE) E1/2 = –2.84 E1/2 = –1.91 E1/2 = –0.91 E1/2 = –0.96 E1/2 = –1.00 E1/2 = –0.94 E1/2 = –0.83 E1/2 = –0.75 E1/2 = –0.76 E1/2 = –1.00 Ep = –2.00 E1/2 = –1.93 E1/2 = –2.07 E1/2 = –1.92 Ep = –2.08 Ep = –2.10 E1/2 = –1.91 E1/2 = –1.878 E1/2 = –1.875 E1/2 = –1.91 E1/2 = –1.93 E1/2 = –1.863 E1/2 = –1.88 E1/2 = –1.846 E1/2 = –1.786 E1/2 = –1.90 E1/2 = –1.83 E1/2 = –1.835 E1/2 = –1.85 E1/2 = –1.81 E1/2 = –1.94 E1/2 = –2.11 E1/2 = –2.40a E1/2 = –1.10c E1/2 = –1.23 E1/2 = –1.67 E1/2 = –1.04 E1/2 = –1.80 E° = –1.72 E1/2 = –2.73a Ep = –1.76 E1/2 = –2.79

8-30

Section 8.indb 30

4/30/05 8:46:39 AM

Reduction and Oxidation Potentials for Certain Ion Radicals Substance 5,5-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 1,2,3-Indanetrione hydrate (ninhydrin) Naphthacene Naphthalene

1-Phenylnaphthalene 1,2-Diphenylnaphthalene Cyclopentanone Phenanthrene Pentacene Perylene 1,3-Diphenyl-1,3-propanedione 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-1,3 propanedione Pyrene Diphenylsulfone Triphenylene 9,10-Anthraquinone 1,4-Benzoquinone 1,4-Naphthohydroquinone, dipotassium salt Rubrene Benzocyclooctatetraene sym-Dibenzocyclooctatetraene Ubiquinone-6 (9-Phenyl-fluorenyl)+ (Triphenylcyclopropenyl)+ (Triphenylmethyl)+ (Tribiphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-t-butyl-5-phenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-isopropylphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-methylphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-cyclopropylphenylmethyl)+ (Tropylium)+

Anthracene 9,10-Dimethylanthracene 9,10-Dipropylanthracene 1,8-Diphenylanthracene 8,9-Diphenylanthracene 9,10-Diphenylanthracene Perylene Pyrene Rubrene Tetracene 1,4-Dithiabenzene 1,4-Dithianaphthalene Thianthrene a b c d e

Section 8.indb 31

Conditions/electrode/technique DMF, 0.5 M/Hg/pol DMF, 0.2 M NaNO3/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt dsk/E swp MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV DMSO, 0.2 M TBAP/Hg/CV DMSO, TBAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, TEABr MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBAP, 20°/Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBAP, 20°/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV 10.2 M H2SO4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol H2SO4, 10.2 M/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol

Oxidation Potentials (Products are Cation Radicals)

CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TBABF4, –70°C/Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M LiClO4/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TPrACF3SO3/rot Pt wr/E swp CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TPrACF3SO3/rot Pt wr/E swp MeCN/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TBABF4, –70°C/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt dsk/rot MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt dsk/rot 0.1 M TPAP/Pt/CV

8-31 Potential V (vs. SCE) E1/2 = –1.71 E1/2 = –0.039 E1/2 = –1.53 Ep = –2.55 E1/2 = –2.56 E1/2 = –2.63 E1/2 = –2.50 E1/2 = –2.36 E1/2 = –2.25 E1/2 = –2.82 E1/2 = –2.47 E1/2 = –2.88a E1/2 = –1.40 E1/2 = –1.73 E1/2 = –1.42 E1/2 = –1.80 Ep = –2.14 E1/2 = –2.49a E1/2 = –2.16 E1/2 = –2.87a E1/2 = –1.01 Ep = –0.54 E1/2 = –1.55 Ep = –1.48 E1/2 = –1.410 E1/2 = –2.13 E1/2 = –2.29 Ep = –1.05e Ep = –0.01b Ep = –1.87 E1/2 = 0.27 Ep = –0.58b E1/2 = 0.19 E1/2 = 0.13 E1/2 = 0.07 E1/2 = 0.05 E1/2 = 0.01 E1/2 = –0.17 E1/2 = –1.55 E1/2 = –1.55 E1/2 = –1.57 E1/2 = –1.60 E1/2 = –1.87 E1/2 = –1.96 E1/2 = –2.05 Ep = +0.73d Ep = +1.0 Ep = +1.08 E1/2 = +1.34 E1/2 = +1.30 Ep = +1.22 Ep = +1.34 Ep = +1.25 Ep = +1.10 Ep = +0.35d E1/2 = +0.69 E1/2 = +0.80 E1/2 = +1.28

vs 0.01 M Ag/AgClO4 vs. Hg/Hg2SO4, 17 M H2SO4 vs Hg pool vs Ag/saturated AgNO3 vs Ag/0.01 M Ag+

4/30/05 8:46:39 AM

pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS A.K. Covington A Working Party of IUPAC, after extensive considerations over five years, has recently produced a report (1) which sets pH firmly within the International System of Units (SI). A summary of these important developments is given below. The concept of pH is unique amongst the commonly encountered physicochemical quantities in that, in terms of its definition, pH = − lg aH

(1)

/2 H2 + AgCl → Ag(s) + H+ + Cl-

1

yields the potential difference EI of the cell (corrected to 1 atm (101.325 kPa), the partial pressure of hydrogen gas used in electrochemistry in preference to 100 kPa) as EI= Eo – (RT /F)ln 10 lg [(mHγH/mo)(mClγCl/mo)]

(3)

which can be rearranged, since aH = mHγH/mo, to give the acidity function

it involves a single ion quantity, the activity of the hydrogen ion, which is immeasurable by any thermodynamically valid method and requires a convention for its evaluation. pH was originally defined by Sørensen (2) in terms of the concentration of hydrogen ions (in modern nomenclature) as pH = − lg (cH/co) where cH is the hydrogen ion concentration in mol dm-3, and co = 1 mol dm-3 is the standard amount concentration. Subsequently (3), it was accepted as more satisfactory to define pH in terms of the relative activity of hydrogen ions in solution

where Eo is the standard potential difference of the cell, and hence of the silver-silver chloride electrode, and γCl is the activity coefficient of the chloride ion. The standard potential difference of the silver/silver chloride electrode, Eo, is determined from a Harned cell in which only HCl is present at a fixed molality (e.g. m = 0.01 mol kg-1)

pH = − lg aH = − lg (mHγH /mo)

Pt | H2 | HCl (m)| AgCl | Ag

(2)

where aH is the relative (molality basis) activity and γH is the molal activity coefficient of the hydrogen ion H+ at the molality mH , and mo the standard molality. The quantity pH is intended to be a measure of the activity of hydrogen ions in solution. However, since it is defined in terms of a quantity that cannot be measured by a thermodynamically valid method, eqn.(2) can only be considered a notional definition of pH. pH being a single ion quantity, it is not determinable in terms of a fundamental (or base) unit of any measurement system, and there is difficulty providing a proper basis for the traceability of pH measurements. A satisfactory approach is now available in that pH determinations can be incorporated into the International System (SI) if they can be traced to measurements made using a method that fulfils the definition of a ‘primary method of measurement’ (4). The essential feature of a primary method is that it must operate according to a well-defined measurement equation in which all of the variables can be determined experimentally in terms of SI units. Any limitation in the determination of the experimental variables, or in the theory, must be included within the estimated uncertainty of the method if traceability to the SI is to be established. If a convention were used without an estimate of its uncertainty, true traceability to SI would not be established. The electrochemical cell without liquid junction, known as the Harned cell (5), fulfils the definition of a primary method for the measurement of the acidity function, p(aHγCl), and subsequently of the pH of buffer solutions. The Harned cell is written as Pt | H2 | buffer S, Cl- | AgCl | Ag

Cell I

and contains a standard buffer, S, with chloride ions, as potassium or sodium chloride, added in order to use the silver-silver chloride electrode as reference electrode. The application of the Nernst equation to the spontaneous cell reaction of Cell I:

8-32

p(aH γCl) = − lg(aHγCl) = (EI – Eo)/[(RT/F)ln10] + lg(mCl/mo) (4)

Cell Ia

The application of the Nernst equation to the HCl cell (Ia) gives EIa = Eo – (2RT /F)ln 10 lg[(mHCl/mo)(γ±HCl)]

(5)

where EIa has been corrected to 1 atmosphere partial pressure of hydrogen gas (101.325 kPa) and γ±HCl is the mean ionic activity coefficient of HCl. Values of the activity coefficient (γ±HCl) at molality 0.01 mol kg-1 and various temperatures were given by Bates and Robinson (6). The standard potential difference depends on the method of preparation of the electrodes, but individual determinations of the activity coefficient of HCl at 0.01 mol kg-1 are more uniform than values of Eo. Hence the practical determination of the potential difference of the cell with HCl at 0.01 mol kg-1 is recommended at 298.15 K at which the mean ionic activity coefficient is 0.904. (It is unnecessary to repeat the measurement of Eo at other temperatures but simply to correct published smoothed values by the observed difference in E0 at 298.15 K) In national metrology institutes (NMIs), measurements of Cells I and Ia are often done simultaneously in a thermostat bath. Subtracting eqn.(5) from (3) gives ∆E = EI - EIa = − (RT /F)ln 10{lg[(mHγH/mo)(mClγCl/mo)] − lg[(mHCl/mo) 2γ2±HCl]}

(6)

which is independent of the standard potential difference. Therefore, the subsequently calculated pH does not depend on the standard potential difference and hence does not depend on the assumption that the standard potential of the hydrogen electrode is zero at all temperatures. Therefore, the Harned cell gives an exact comparison between hydrogen ion activities at different temperatures. The quantity p(aHγCl) = − lg (aHγCl), on the left hand side of (4), is called the acidity function (5). To obtain the quantity pH according to eqn. (2) from the acidity function, it is necessary to evaluate lg γCl independently. This is done in two steps: (i) the

8-33

pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions

value of lg (aHgCl) at zero chloride molality, lg (aHgCl)o, is evaluated and (ii) a value for the activity of the chloride ion goCl , at zero chloride molality (sometimes referred to as the limiting or ‘trace’ activity coefficient) is calculated using the Bates-Guggenheim convention (7). The value of lg (aHgCl)o corresponding to zero chloride molality is determined by linear extrapolation of measurements using Harned cells with at least three added molalities of sodium or potassium chloride (I < 0.1 mol kg-1). The value of lg (aHgCl)o corresponding to zero chloride molality is determined by linear extrapolation of measurements using Harned cells with at least three added molalities of sodium or potassium chloride (I < 0.1 mol kg-1) in accord with eqn. (7): - lg (aHgCl) = - lg (aHgCl)o + SmCl

(7)

where S is an empirical, temperature dependent, constant. The Bates-Guggenheim convention (7) assumes that the trace activity coefficient of the chloride ion goCl is given by lg goCl = - A I 1/2 / ( 1 + Ba I 1/2)

(8)

where A is the Debye-Hückel temperature dependent constant (limiting slope), a is the mean distance of closest approach of the ions (ion size parameter), Ba is set equal to 1.5 (mol kg-1)-1/2 at all temperatures in the range 5-50 o C, and I is the ionic strength of the buffer (which for its evaluation requires knowledge of appropriate acid dissociation constants). The various stages in the assignment of primary standard pH values are combined in eqn. (9), which is derived from eqns. (4), (5) and (8) pH(PS) = lim mCl Æ 0 {(EI – Eo)/[(RT /F)ln 10] + lg (mCl/mo)} - AI1/2/[1 + 1.5 (I/mo)1/2] (9) In order for a particular buffer solution to be considered a primary buffer solution, it must be of the “highest metrological” quality (4) in accordance with the definition of a primary standard. It is recommended that it have the following attributes (9): 1. High buffer value in the range 0.016-0.07 (mol OH–)/ pH. 2. Small dilution value at half concentration (change in pH with change in buffer concentration) in the range 0.01-0.20. 3. Small dependence of pH on temperature less than ± 0.01 K-1. 4. Low residual liquid junction potential < 0.01 in pH. 5. Ionic strength ≤0.1 mol kg-1 to permit applicability of Bates-Guggenheim convention. 6. NMI certificate for specific batch. 7. Reproducible purity of preparation (lot to lot differences of |DpH(PS)| < 0.003). 8. Long term stability of stored solid material. Values for the above and other important parameters for the primary and secondary buffer materials are given in Table 1.

Primary Standard Buffers As there can be significant variations in the purity of samples of a buffer of the same nominal chemical composition, it is essential that the primary buffer material used has been certified with values that have been measured with Cell I. The Harned cell is used

by many national metrological institutes for accurate measurements of pH of buffer solutions. Typical values of the pH(PS) of the seven solutions from the six accepted primary standard reference buffers, which meet the conditions stated above, are listed in Table 2. Batch-to-batch variations in purity can result in changes in the pH value of samples of at most 0.003. The typical values in Table 2 should not be used in place of the certified value (from a Harned cell measurement) for a specific batch of buffer material. The required attributes listed above effectively limit the range of primary buffers available to between pH 3 and 10 (at 25 oC). Calcium hydroxide and potassium tetraoxalate are excluded because the contribution of hydroxide or hydrogen ions to the ionic strength is significant. Also excluded are the nitrogen bases of the type BH+ (such as tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and piperazine phosphate) and the zwitterionic buffers (e.g. HEPES and MOPS (10)). These do not comply because either the Bates-Guggenheim convention is not applicable, or the liquid junction potentials are high. This means the choice of primary standards is restricted to buffers derived from oxy-carbon, -phosphorus, -boron and mono, di- and tri-protic carboxylic acids. The uncertainties (11) associated with Harned cell measurements are calculated (1) to be 0.004 in pH at NMIs, with typical variation between batches of primary standard buffers of 0.003.

Secondary Standards Substances that do not fulfil all the criteria for primary standards, but to which pH values can be assigned using Cell I are considered to be secondary standards (Table 3). Reasons for their exclusion as primary standards include difficulties in achieving consistent and suitable chemical quality (e.g. acetic acid is a liquid), suspected high liquid junction potential, or inappropriateness of the Bates-Guggenheim convention (e.g. other charge-type buffers). The uncertainty is higher (e.g. 0.01) for biological buffers. Certain other substances, which cannot be used in cells containing hydrogen gas electrodes, are also classed as secondary standards. Calibration Procedures (a) One-point calibration A single point calibration is insufficient to determine both slope and one-point parameters. The theoretical value for the slope can be assumed but the practical slope may be up to 5% lower. Alternatively, a value for the practical slope can be assumed from the manufacturer’s prior calibration. The one-point calibration therefore yields only an estimate of pH(X). Since both parameters may change with age of the electrodes, this is not a reliable procedure. (b) Two-point calibration [target uncertainty: 0.02-0.03 at 25 oC] In the majority of practical applications, glass electrodes cells are calibrated by a two-point calibration, or bracketing, procedure using two standard buffer solutions, with pH values, pH(S1) and pH(S2), bracketing the unknown pH(X). Bracketing is often taken to mean that the pH(S1) and pH(S2) buffers selected from Table 2 should be those that are immediately above and below pH(X). This may not be appropriate in all situations and choice of a wider range may be better.


8-34

(c) Multi-point calibration [target uncertainty: 0.01-0.03 at 25 oC]. Multi-point calibration is carried out using up to five standard buffers . The use of more than five points yields no significant improvement in the statistical information obtainable. Details of uncertainty computations (11) have been given (1).

Measurement of pH and choice of pH Standard Solutions 1a) If pH is not required to better than ±0.05 any pH standard solution may be selected. 1b) If pH is required to ±0.002 and interpretation in terms of hydrogen ion concentration or activity is desired, choose a standard solution, pH(PS), to match X as closely as possible in terms of pH, composition and ionic strength. 2) Alternatively, a bracketing procedure may be adopted whereby two standard solutions are chosen whose pH values, pH(S1), pH(S2) are on either side of pH(X). Then if the corresponding potential difference measurements are E(S1), E(S2), E(X), then pH(X) is obtained from pH(X) = pH(S1) + [E(X) - E(S1)]/ %k where %k = 100[E(S2) - E(S1)]/[pH(S2) - pH(S1)] is the apparent percentage slope. This procedure is very easily done on some pH meters simply by adjusting downwards the slope factor control with the electrodes in S2. The purpose of the bracketing procedure is to compensate for deficiencies in the electrodes and measuring system.

Information to be given about the measurement of pH(X) The standard solutions selected for calibration of the pH meter system should be reported with the measurement as follows: System calibrated with pH(S) = .... at ...K. System calibrated with two primary standards, pH(PS1) =.... and pH(PS2) =....at ....K. System calibrated with n standards, pH(S1) =.... , pH(S2) =.... etc. at....K.

Interpretation of pH(X) in terms of hydrogen ion concentration The defined pH has no simple interpretation in terms of hydrogen ion concentration but the mean ionic activity coefficient of a typical 1:1 electrolyte can be used to obtain hydrogen ion concentration subject to an uncertainty of 3.9% in concentration, corresponding to 0.02 in pH.

References 1. Buck, R.P., Rondinini, S., Covington, A.K., Baucke, F.G.K., Brett, C.M.A., Camoes, M.F.C., Milton, M.J.T., Mussini, T., Naumann, R., Pratt, K.W., Spitzer, P., and Wilson, G.S. Pure Appl. Chem., 74, 2105, 2002. 2. Sørensen, S.P.L. Comp. Rend.Trav. Lab. Carlsberg, 8, 1, 1909. 3. Sørensen, S.P.L., and Linderstrøm-Lang, K.L., Comp. Rend. Trav. Lab. Carlsberg, 15, 1924. 4. BIPM, Com. Cons. Quantité de Matière 4, 1998. See also M.J.T. Milton and T.J. Quinn, Metrologia 38, 289, 2001. 5. Harned H.S., and Owen, B.B., The Physical Chemistry of Electrolytic Solutions, Ch 14, Reinhold, New York, 1958. 6. Bates R.G., and Robinson, R.A., J. Soln. Chem. 9, 455, 1980. 7. Bates R.G., and Guggenheim, E.A., Pure Appl. Chem. 1, 163, 1960. 8. International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM), Beuth, Berlin, 2nd. Edn. 1994. 9. Bates, R.G. Determination of pH, Wiley, New York, 1973. 10. Good, N.E. et al., Biochem. J. 5, 467, 1966. 11. Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty (GUM), BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, OIML, 1993.

TABLE 1. Summary of Useful Properties of Some Primary and Secondary Standard Buffer Substances and Solutions

Salt or solid substance

Formula

Molality/ mol kg-1

Molar mass/ g mol–1

Density/ g/mL

Amount Buffer pH b)/ Temperature conc. at Mass/g Dilution value (b 20oC/ to make value mol OH– coefficient/ DpH1/2 mol dm–3 1 dm3 dm-3 K–1

Potassium tetroxalate dihydrate

KH3C4O8◊2H2O

0.1

254.191

1.0091

0.09875

25.101

Potassium tetraoxalate dihydrate

KH3C4O8◊2H2O

0.05

254.191

1.0032

0.04965

12.620

0.186

0.070

0.001

Potassium hydrogen tartrate (sat at 25°C)

KHC4H4O6

0.0341

188.18

1.0036

0.034

6.4

0.049

0.027

- 0.0014

Potassium dihydrogen citrate

KH2C6H5O7

0.05

230.22

1.0029

0.04958

11.41

0.024

0.034

- 0.022

Potassium hydrogen phthalate

KHC8H4O4

0.05

204.44

1.0017

0.04958

10.12

0.052

0.016

0.00012

Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate +

Na2HPO4

0.025

141.958

1.0038

0.02492

3.5379

0.080

0.029

- 0.0028

8-35


Salt or solid substance

Formula

Molality/ mol kg-1

Molar mass/ g mol–1

potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate

KH2PO4

0.025

136.085

Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate +

Na2HPO4

0.03043

141.959

potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate

KH2PO4

0.00869

136.085

Disodium tetraborate decahydrate

Na2B4O7◊10H2O

0.05

381.367

Disodium tetraborate decahydrate

Na2B4O7◊10H2O

0.01

Sodium hydrogen carbonate +

NaHCO3

sodium carbonate Calcium hydroxide (sat. at 25°C)

Density/ g/mL

Amount Buffer pH b)/ Temperature conc. at Mass/g Dilution value (b 20oC/ to make value mol OH– coefficient/ DpH1/2 mol dm–3 1 dm3 dm-3 K–1 3.3912

1.0020

0.08665

4.302

0.07

0.016

- 0.0028

0.03032

1.179

1.0075

0.04985

19.012

381.367

1.0001

0.00998

3.806

0.01

0.020

- 0.0082

0.025

84.01

1.0013

0.02492

2.092

0.079

0.029

-0.0096

Na2CO3

0.025

105.99

Ca(OH)2

0.0203

74.09

0.9991

0.02025

1.5

-0.28

0.09

-0.033

2.640

TABLE 2. Typical Values of pH(PS) for Primary Standards at 0–50°C Temperature in °C Primary standards (PS)

0

5

10

15

20

Sat. potassium hydrogen tartrate (at 25°C)

25

30

35

37

40

50

3.557

3.552

3.549

3.548

3.547

3.549

0.05 mol kg-1 potassium dihydrogen citrate

3.863

3.840

3.820

3.802

3.788

3.776

3.766

3.759

3.756

3.754

3.749

0.05 mol kg-1 potassium hydrogen phthalate

4.000

3.998

3.997

3.998

4.000

4.005

4.011

4.018

4.022

4.027

4.050

0.025 mol kg-1 disodium hydrogen phosphate + 0.025 mol kg-1 potassium dihydrogen phosphate

6.984

6.951

6.923

6.900

6.881

6.865

6.853

6.844

6.841

6.838

6.833

0.03043 mol kg-1 disodium hydrogen phosphate + 0.008695 mol kg-1 potassium dihydrogen phosphate

7.534

7.500

7.472

7.448

7.429

7.413

7.400

7.389

7.386

7.380

7.367

0.01 mol kg-1 disodium tetraborate

9.464

9.395

9.332

9.276

9.225

9.180

9.139

9.102

9.088

9.068

9.011

10.317

10.245

10.179

10.118

10.062

10.012

9.966

9.926

9.910

9.889

9.828

-1

0.025 mol kg sodium hydrogen carbonate + 0.025 mol kg-1 sodium carbonate


8-36

TABLE 3. Values of pH(SS) of Some Secondary Standards from Harned Cell I Measurements Temperature in °C Secondary standards 0.05 mol kg-1 potassium tetroxalatea 0.05 mol kg-1 sodium hydrogen diglycolateb 0.1 mol dm-3 acetic acid + 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium acetate mol dm-3 acetic acid + 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium acetate 0.02 mol kg-1 piperazine phosphate c 0.05 mol kg-1 tris hydrochloride + 0.01667 mol kg-1 tris c 0.05 mol kg-1 disodium tetraborate Saturated (at 25 oC) calcium hydroxide a b c

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

37

40

50

1.67 4.68

1.67 3.47 4.67

1.67 3.47 4.67

1.67 3.48 4.66

1.68 3.48 4.66

1.68 3.49 4.65

1.68 3.50 4.65

1.69 3.52 4.66

1.69 3.53 4.66

1.71 3.56 4.68

4.74

4.73

4.73

4.72

4.72

4.72

4.72

4.73

4.73

4.75

6.58 8.47

6.51 8.30

6.45 8.14

6.39 7.99

6.34 7.84

6.29 7.70

6.24 7.56

6.16 7.38

6.14 7.31

6.06 7.07

9.51 13.42

9.43 13.21

9.36 13.00

9.30 12.81

9.25 12.63

9.19 12.45

9.15 12.29

9.09 12.07

9.07 11.98

9.01 11.71

Potassium trihydrogen dioxalate (KH3C4O8) Sodium hydrogen 2,2’-oxydiacetate 2-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3 propanediol or tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane

PRACTICAL pH MEASUREMENTS ON NATURAL WATERS A. K. Covington and W. Davison (1) Dilute solutions and freshwater including ‘acid-rain’ samples (I < 0.02 mol kg-1) Major problems could be encountered due to errors associated with the liquid junction. It is recommended that either a free diffusion junction is used or it is verified that the junction is working correctly using dilute solutions as follows. For commercial electrodes calibrated with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards, the pH(X) of dilute solutions should be within ±0.02 of those given in Table 1. The difference in determined pH(X) between a stirred and unstirred dilute solution should be < 0.02. The characteristics of glass electrodes are such that below pH 5 the readings should be stable within 2 min, but for pH 5 to 8.8 or so minutes may be necessary to attain stability. Interpretation of pH(X) measured in this way in terms of activity of hydrogen ion, aH+ is subject1 to an uncertainty of ±0.02 in pH. (2) Seawater Measurements made by calibration of electrodes with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards to obtain pH(X) are perfectly valid. However, the interpretation of pH(X) in terms of the activity of hydrogen ion is complicated by the non zero residual liquid junction potential as well as by systematic differences between electrode pairs, principally attributable to the reference electrode. For 35‰ salinity seawater (S = 0.035) aH+ calculated from pH(X) is typically 12% too low. Special seawater pH scales have been devised to overcome this problem: (i) The total hydrogen ion scale, pHT, is defined in terms of the sum of free and complexed (total) hydrogen ion concentrations, where CH = [H+] + [HSO4-] + [HF].

Values of pHF as a function of temperature have been assigned to the same set of pHT seawater buffers,and so alternatively can be used for calibration (Tables 2, 3) 2,3 (3) Estuarine water Prescriptions for seawater scale buffers are available for a range of salinities. Reliable estuarine pH measurements can be made by calibrating with a buffer of the same salinity as the sample. However, these buffers are difficult to prepare and their use presumes prior knowledge of salinity of the sample. Interpretable measurements of estuarine pH can be made by calibration with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards if the electrode pair is additionally calibrated using a 20‰ salinity seawater buffer.4 The difference between the assigned pHSWS of the seawater buffer and its measured pH(X) value using RVS or PS standards is ∆pH = pHSWS - pH(X) Values of ∆pH should be in the range of 0.08 to 0.18. It empirically corrects for differences between the two pH scales and for measurement errors associated with the electrode pair. The pH(X) of samples measured using IUPAC aqueous buffers, can be converted to pHT or pHF using the appropriate measured ∆pH: pHT = pH(X) - ∆pH or pHF = pH(X) - ∆pH This simple procedure is appropriate to pH measurement at salinities from 2‰ to 35‰. For salinities lower than 2‰ the procedures for freshwaters should be adopted.

T

So, pHT = - log TCH Calibration of the electrodes with a buffer having a composition similar to that of seawater, to which pHT has been assigned, results in values of pHT(X) (Tables 2, 3) which are accurately interpretable in terms of TCH. (ii) The free hydrogen ion scale, pHF, is defined, and fully interpretable, in terms of the concentration of free hydrogen ions. pHF = - log [H+]

References 1. Davison, W. and Harbinson, T. R., Analyst, 113, 709, 1988. 2. Culberson, C. H., in Marine Electrochemistry, Whitfield, M. and Jagner, D., Eds., Wiley, 1981. 3. Millero, F. J., Limnol. Oceanogr., 31, 839, 1986. 4. Covington, A. K., Whalley, P. D., Davison, W., and Whitfield, M., in The Determination of Trace Metals in Natural Waters, West, T. S. and Nurnberg, H. W., Eds., Blackwell, Oxford, 1988. 5. Koch, W. F., Marinenko, G., and Paule, R. C., J. Res. NBS, 91, 33, 1986.

8-37

Section 8.indb 37

4/30/05 8:46:41 AM

Practical pH Measurements on Natural Waters

8-38

TABLE 1. pH of Dilute Solutions at 25°C, Degassed and Equilibrated with Air, Suitable as Quality Control Standards Potassium hydrogen phthalate xKH2PO4 + xNa2HPO4 xKH2PO4 + 3.5xNa2HPO4 Na2B4O7 ⋅ 10H2O HCl SRM2694-Ia SRM2694-IIa

Ionic strength mmol kg–1 10.7 1.1 9.9 10 10 0.1 — —

Concentration(x) mmol kg–1 10 1 2.5 0.87 5 0.1 — —

pH pCO2 = 0

4.12 4.33 7.07 7.61 9.20 4.03 4.30 3.59

pH pCO2 = air 4.12 4.33 7.05 7.58 — 4.03 — —

Note: The pH of solutions near to pH 4 is virtually independent of temperature over the range of 5 to 30°C. a Simulated rainwater samples are available (Reference 5) from NIST containing sulfate, nitrate, chloride, fluoride, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium.

Solute NaCl Na2SO4 KCl CaCl2 MgCl2 Tris Tris ⋅ HCl

TABLE 2. Composition of Seawater Buffer of Salinity S = 35‰ at 25°C (Reference 3) mol dm–3 0.3666 0.02926 0.01058 0.01077 0.05518 0.06 0.06

mol kg–1 0.3493 0.02788 0.01008 0.01026 0.05258 0.05717 0.05717

g kg–1 20.416 3.96 0.752 1.139 5.006 6.926 9.010

g dm–3 20.946 4.063 0.772 1.169 5.139 7.106 9.244

Tris = tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (HOCH2)3CNH2. A 20‰ buffer is made by diluting the 35‰ in the ratio 20:35.

TABLE 3. Assigned Values of 20‰ and 35‰ Buffers on Free and Total Hydrogen Ion Scales. Calculated from Equations Provided by Millero (Reference 3) Temp (°C) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Section 8.indb 38

pHT S = 20‰ 8.683 8.513 8.351 8.195 8.045 7.901 7.762

pHT S = 35‰ 8.718 8.542 8.374 8.212 8.057 7.908 7.764

pHF S = 20‰ 8.759 8.597 8.442 8.292 8.149 8.011 7.879

pHF S = 35‰ 8.81 8.647 8.491 8.341 8.197 8.059 7.926

4/30/05 8:46:41 AM

BUFFER SOLUTIONS GIVING ROUND VALUES OF pH AT 25°C pH 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20

pH 8.00 8.10 8.20 8.30 8.40 8.50 8.60 8.70 8.80 8.90 9.00 9.10

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J.

F

A

x 67.0 52.8 42.5 33.6 26.6 20.7 16.2 13.0 10.2 8.1 6.5 5.10 3.9

x 20.5 19.7 18.8 17.7 16.6 15.2 13.5 11.6 9.6 7.1 4.6 2.0

pH 9.20 9.30 9.40 9.50 9.60 9.70 9.80 9.90 10.00 10.10 10.20 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.70 10.80

pH 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00

G

B

x 0.9 3.6 6.2 8.8 11.1 13.1 15.0 16.7 18.3 19.5 20.5 21.3 22.1 22.7 23.3 23.8 24.25

x 49.5 45.8 42.2 38.8 35.4 32.1 28.9 25.7 22.3 18.8 15.7 12.9 10.4 8.2 6.3 4.5 2.9 1.4 0.1

pH 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.10 5.20 5.30 5.40 5.50 5.60 5.70 5.80 5.90

pH 9.60 9.70 9.80 9.90 10.00 10.10 10.20 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.70 10.80 10.90 11.00

H

C

x 1.3 3.0 4.7 6.6 8.7 11.1 13.6 16.5 19.4 22.6 25.5 28.8 31.6 34.1 36.6 38.8 40.6 42.3 43.7

x 5.0 6.2 7.6 9.1 10.7 12.2 13.8 15.2 16.5 17.8 19.1 20.2 21.2 22.0 22.7

pH 5.80 5.90 6.00 6.10 6.20 6.30 6.40 6.50 6.60 6.70 6.80 6.90 7.00 7.10 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00

pH 10.90 11.00 11.10 11.20 11.30 11.40 11.50 11.60 11.70 11.80 11.90 12.00

D

I

x 3.6 4.6 5.6 6.8 8.1 9.7 11.6 13.9 16.4 19.3 22.4 25.9 29.1 32.1 34.7 37.0 39.1 40.9 42.4 43.5 44.5 45.3 46.1

x 3.3 4.1 5.1 6.3 7.6 9.1 11.1 13.5 16.2 19.4 23.0 26.9

pH 7.00 7.10 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00 8.10 8.20 8.30 8.40 8.50 8.60 8.70 8.80 8.90 9.00

pH 12.00 12.10 12.20 12.30 12.40 12.50 12.60 12.70 12.80 12.90 13.00

E

x 46.6 45.7 44.7 43.4 42.0 40.3 38.5 36.6 34.5 32.0 29.2 26.2 22.9 19.9 17.2 14.7 12.2 10.3 8.5 7.0 5.7

J

x 6.0 8.0 10.2 12.8 16.2 20.4 25.6 32.2 41.2 53.0 66.0

25 ml of 0.2 molar KCl + x ml of 0.2 molar HCl. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium hydrogen phthalate + x ml of 0.1 molar HCl. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium hydrogen phthalate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium dihydrogen phosphate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.1 molar tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane + x ml of 0.1 M HCl. 50 ml of 0.025 molar borax + x ml of 0.1 molar HCl. 50 ml of 0.025 molar borax + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.05 molar sodium bicarbonate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.05 molar disodium hydrogen phosphate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 25 ml of 0.2 molar KCl + x ml of 0.2 molar NaOH.

Final volume of mixtures = 100 ml.

References 1. Bower, V. E., and Bates, R. G., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 55, 197, 1955 (A–D). 2. Bates, R. G., and Bower, V. E., Anal. Chem., 28, 1322, 1956 (E–J).

8-39

Section 8.indb 39

4/30/05 8:46:42 AM

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES The data in this table are presented as values of pKa, defined as the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant Ka for the reaction

can be calculated from the equation OH−   NH 4 +    K b = K water /K a =  [ NH 3 ]

BH  B– + H+ Thus pKa = –log Ka , and the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] can be calculated from H+  B−  Ka =     [ BH ] In the case of bases, the entry in the table is for the conjugate acid; e.g., ammonium ion for ammonia. The OH– concentration in the system

where Kwater = 1.01 × 10–14 at 25 °C. Note that pKa + pKb = pKwater. All values refer to dilute aqueous solutions at zero ionic strength at the temperature indicated. The table is arranged alphabetically by compound name.

Reference 1. Perrin, D. D., Ionization Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution, Second Edition, Pergamon, Oxford, 1982.

NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OH– Name Aluminum(III) ion Ammonia Arsenic acid

Formula Al+3 NH3 H3AsO4

Arsenious acid Barium(II) ion Boric acid

H2AsO3 Ba+2 H3BO3

Calcium(II) ion Carbonic acid

Ca+2 H2CO3

Chlorous acid Chromic acid

HClO2 H2CrO4

Cyanic acid Germanic acid

HCNO H2GeO3

Hydrazine Hydrazoic acid Hydrocyanic acid Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen selenide

N2H4 HN3 HCN HF H2O2 H2Se

Hydrogen sulfide

H2S

Hydrogen telluride

H2Te

Hydroxylamine Hypobromous acid Hypochlorous acid Hypoiodous acid Iodic acid Lithium ion Magnesium(II) ion Nitrous acid Perchloric acid Periodic acid Phosphoric acid

NH2OH HBrO HClO HIO HIO3 Li+ Mg+2 HNO2 HClO4 HIO4 H3PO4

Step

1 2 3

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25

pKa 5.0 9.25 2.26 6.76 11.29 9.29 13.4 9.27 >14 12.6 6.35 10.33 1.94 0.74 6.49 3.46 9.01 12.3 8.1 4.6 9.21 3.20 11.62 3.89 11.0 7.05 19 2.6 11 5.94 8.55 7.40 10.5 0.78 13.8 11.4 3.25 -1.6 1.64 2.16

8-40

Section 8.indb 40

4/30/05 8:46:44 AM

Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases Name

Section 8.indb 41

Formula

Phosphorous acid

H3PO3

Pyrophosphoric acid

H4P2O7

Selenic acid Selenious acid

H2SeO4 H2SeO3

Silicic acid

H4SiO4

Sodium ion Strontium(II) ion Sulfamic acid Sulfuric acid Sulfurous acid

Na+ Sr+2 NH2SO3H H2SO4 H2SO3

Telluric acid

H2TeO4

Tellurous acid

H2TeO3

Tetrafluoroboric acid Thiocyanic acid Water

HBF4 HSCN H2O

8-41 Step 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 2 1 2 1 2 3 4

2 1 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 18 25 25 25 25 25

pKa 7.21 12.32 1.3 6.70 0.91 2.10 6.70 9.32 1.7 2.62 8.32 9.9 11.8 12 12 14.8 13.2 1.05 1.99 1.85 7.2 7.68 11.0 6.27 8.43 0.5 –1.8 13.995

4/30/05 8:46:45 AM

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES This table lists the dissociation (ionization) constants of over 1070 organic acids, bases, and amphoteric compounds. All data apply to dilute aqueous solutions and are presented as values of pKa, which is defined as the negative of the logarithm of the equilibrium constant Ka for the reaction HA  H+ + Ai.e., Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] where [H+], etc. represent the concentrations of the respective species in mol/L. It follows that pKa = pH + log[HA] – log[A-], so that a solution with 50% dissociation has pH equal to the pKa of the acid. Data for bases are presented as pKa values for the conjugate acid, i.e., for the reaction BH+  H+ + B In older literature, an ionization constant Kb was used for the reaction B + H2O  BH+ + OH- . This is related to Ka by Mol. form. CHNO CH2N2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3NO2 CH3NS2 CH4N2O CH4N2S CH4O CH4S CH5N CH5NO CH5N3 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HF3O2 C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2O3 C2H2O4

Name Cyanic acid Cyanamide Formaldehyde Formic acid Nitromethane Carbamodithioic acid Urea Thiourea Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine O-Methylhydroxylamine Guanidine Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic acid Dichloroacetic acid Glyoxylic acid Oxalic acid

C2H3BrO2 C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3O C2H3FO2 C2H3F3O C2H3IO2 C2H3NO4 C2H3N3 C2H3N3 C2H4N2 C2H4O C2H4OS C2H4O2 C2H4O2S C2H4O3 C2H5N

Bromoacetic acid Chloroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol Fluoroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Iodoacetic acid Nitroacetic acid 1H-1,2,3-Triazole 1H-1,2,4-Triazole Aminoacetonitrile Acetaldehyde Thioacetic acid Acetic acid Thioglycolic acid Glycolic acid Ethyleneimine

Step

1 2

t/°C 25 29 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

pKa 3.7 1.1 13.27 3.75 10.21 2.95 0.10 -1 15.5 10.33 10.66 12.5 13.6 10.04 0.66 0.52 1.35 3.18 1.25 3.81 2.90 2.87 12.24 2.59 12.37 3.18 1.48 1.17 2.27 5.34 13.57 3.33 4.756 3.68 3.83 8.04

pKa + pKb = pKwater = 14.00 (at 25°C) Compounds are listed by molecular formula in Hill order.

References 1. Perrin, D. D., Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution, Butterworths, London, 1965; Supplement, 1972. 2. Serjeant, E. P., and Dempsey, B., Ionization Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution, Pergamon, Oxford, 1979. 3. Albert, A., “Ionization Constants of Heterocyclic Substances”, in Katritzky, A. R., Ed., Physical Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, 1963. 4. Sober, H.A., Ed., CRC Handbook of Biochemistry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1968. 5. Perrin, D. D., Dempsey, B., and Serjeant, E. P., pKa Prediction for Organic Acids and Bases, Chapman and Hall, London, 1981. 6. Albert, A., and Serjeant, E. P., The Determination of Ionization Constants, Third Edition, Chapman and Hall, London, 1984. 7. Budavari, S., Ed., The Merck Index, Twelth Edition, Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996.

Mol. form. C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2

Name Acetamide Acetohydroxamic acid Nitroethane Glycine

C2H6N2 C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H7AsO2

Ethanimidamide Ethanol 2-Mercaptoethanol Ethyleneglycol Dimethylarsinic acid

C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H7NO3S

Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine

C2H7NS

2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid Cysteamine

C2H7N5

Biguanide

C2H8N2

1,2-Ethanediamine

C2H8O7P2

1-Hydroxy-1,1diphosphonoethane

C3H2O2 C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H3NO2 C3H3NS C3H3N3O3

2-Propynoic acid Oxazole Isoxazole Cyanoacetic acid Thiazole Cyanuric acid

C3H4N2 C3H4N2

1H-Pyrazole Imidazole

Step

1 2

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 4

1 2 3

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

25 25

25 33 25 25 25

25 25

pKa 15.1 8.70 8.46 2.35 9.78 12.1 15.5 9.72 15.1 1.57 6.27 10.65 10.73 9.50 1.5 9.06 8.27 10.53 11.52 2.93 9.92 6.86 1.35 2.87 7.03 11.3 1.84 0.8 -2.0 2.47 2.52 6.88 11.40 13.5 2.49 6.99

8-42

Section 8.indb 42

4/30/05 8:46:46 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form. C3H4N2S C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H4O4

Name 2-Thiazolamine Propargyl alcohol Acrylic acid Pyruvic acid Malonic acid

C3H4O5

Hydroxypropanedioic acid 3-Bromopropanoic acid 2-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Aminopropanenitrile

C3H5BrO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H6N2 C3H6N6 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2S C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H6O4 C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO2

1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6triamine Allyl alcohol Propanoic acid (Methylthio)acetic acid Lactic acid 3-Hydroxypropanoic acid Glyceric acid Allylamine Azetidine 2-Propanone oxime L-Alanine

C3H7NO2

β-Alanine

C3H7NO2

Sarcosine

C3H7NO2S

L-Cysteine

C3H7NO3

L-Serine

C3H7NO5S

DL-Cysteic acid

C3H7N3O2 C3H8O2

Glycocyamine

C3H8O3 C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C3H9NO C3H10N2

Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Glycerol Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 2-Methoxyethylamine Trimethylamine oxide 1,2-Propanediamine, (±)

C3H10N2

1,3-Propanediamine

C3H10N2O

1,3-Diamino-2-propanol

C3H11N3

1,2,3-Triaminopropane

C4H4FN3O C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O3 C4H4N2O5

Flucytosine Pyrazine Pyrimidine Pyridazine Uracil Barbituric acid Alloxanic acid

Section 8.indb 43

Step

1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 20 25 25 25 25 25

25 25 25 20 25

pKa 5.36 13.6 4.25 2.39 2.85 5.70 2.42 4.54 4.00 2.83 3.98 7.80 5.00

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

15.5 4.87 3.66 3.86 4.51 3.52 9.49 11.29 12.42 2.34 9.87 3.55 10.24 2.21 10.1 1.5 8.7 10.2 2.19 9.21 1.3 1.9 8.70 2.82 14.8

25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20

14.15 10.54 10.63 9.80 9.40 4.65 9.82 6.61 10.55 8.88 9.69 7.93 9.59 7.95 3.26 0.65 1.23 2.24 9.45 4.01 6.64

20 20 20 25 25 25

8-43 Mol. form. C4H4N4O2 C4H4O2 C4H4O4

Name 5-Nitropyrimidinamine 2-Butynoic acid Maleic acid

C4H4O4

Fumaric acid

C4H4O5

Oxaloacetic acid

C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5N3 C4H5N3 C4H5N3O

Pyrrole Succinimide 2-Pyrimidinamine 4-Pyrimidinamine Cytosine

C4H5N3O2 C4H6N2 C4H6N4O3 C4H6N4O3S2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O4

6-Methyl-1,2,4-triazine3,5(2H,4H)-dione 1-Methylimidazol Allantoin Acetazolamide trans-Crotonic acid 3-Butenoic acid Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 2-Oxobutanoic acid Acetoacetic acid Succinic acid

C4H6O4

Methylmalonic acid

C4H6O5

Malic acid

C4H6O6

DL-Tartaric acid

C4H6O6

meso-Tartaric acid

C4H6O6

L-Tartaric acid

C4H6O8 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7NO2 C4H7NO3 C4H7NO4

Dihydroxytartaric acid 2-Chlorobutanoic acid 3-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Cyanobutanoic acid N-Acetylglycine Iminodiacetic acid

C4H7NO4

L-Aspartic acid

C4H7N3O

Creatinine

C4H7N5 C4H8N2O3

2,4,6-Pyrimidinetriamine L-Asparagine

C4H8N2O3

N-Glycylglycine

C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H9N

Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) 4-Hydroxybutanoic acid Ethoxyacetic acid Pyrrolidine

Step

1 2 1 2 1 2 3

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20

pKa 0.35 2.62 1.92 6.23 3.02 4.38 2.55 4.37 13.03 -3.8 9.62 3.45 5.71 4.60 12.16 7.6

25 25

6.95 8.96 7.2 4.69 4.34 4.83 2.50 3.6 4.21 5.64 3.07 5.76 3.40 5.11 3.03 4.37 3.17 4.91 2.98 4.34 1.92 2.86 4.05 4.52 2.42 3.67 2.98 9.89 1.99 3.90 9.90 4.8 9.2 6.84 2.1 8.80 3.14 8.17 4.83 4.84 4.70 4.72 3.65 11.31

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

25 25

25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 25 18 25

4/30/05 8:46:48 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases

8-44 Mol. form. C4H9NO C4H9NO2

Name Morpholine 2-Methylalanine

C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2

N,N-Dimethylglycine DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

4-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2S

DL-Homocysteine

C4H9NO3

L-Threonine

C4H9NO3

L-Homoserine

C4H9N3O2

Creatine

C4H10N2

Piperazine

C4H10N2O2

2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid

C4H10O4 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO3

1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Diethylamine

C4H12N2

Tris(hydroxymethyl) methylamine 1,4-Butanediamine

C5H4BrN C5H4ClN C5H4ClN C5H4ClN C5H4FN C5H4N2O2 C5H4N4

3-Bromopyridine 2-Chloropyridine 3-Chloropyridine 4-Chloropyridine 2-Fluoropyridine 4-Nitropyridine 1H-Purine

C5H4N4O C5H4N4O C5H4N4O3 C5H4N4S

Hypoxanthine Allopurinol Uric acid

C5H4O2S C5H4O2S C5H4O3 C5H4O3 C5H5N C5H5NO

1,7-Dihydro-6Hpurine-6-thione 2-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 3-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 2-Furancarboxylic acid 3-Furancarboxylic acid Pyridine 2-Pyridinol

C5H5NO

3-Pyridinol

C5H5NO

4-Pyridinol

C5H5NO

2(1H)-Pyridinone

C5H5NO C5H5NO2

Pyridine-1-oxide

Section 8.indb 44

1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid

Step 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 12

25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 20

pKa 8.50 2.36 10.21 9.89 2.29 9.83 4.031 10.556 2.22 8.87 10.86 2.09 9.10 2.71 9.62 2.63 14.3 9.73 5.33 1.85 8.24 10.44 13.9 10.60 10.56 10.68 10.84 8.3 10.80 9.63 2.84 0.49 2.81 3.83 -0.44 1.61 2.30 8.96 8.7 10.2 3.89 7.77 11.17 3.49 4.1 3.16 3.9 5.23 0.75 11.65 4.79 8.75 3.20 11.12 0.75 11.65 0.79 4.45

Mol. form. C5H5NO2 C5H5N3O C5H5N5

Name

1H-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid Pyrazinecarboxamide Adenine

C5H5N5O C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2O2 C5H6O4

Guanine 2-Pyridinamine 3-Pyridinamine 4-Pyridinamine 2-Methylpyrazine Thymine

C5H6O4

trans-1-Propene-1,2dicarboxylic acid

C5H6O4 C5H6O5 C5H7NO3

1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid

1-Propene-2,3dicarboxylic acid 2-Oxoglutaric acid

C5H7NO3 C5H7N3 C5H7N3 C5H7N3O4 C5H8N2 C5H8N4O3S2 C5H8O2 C5H8O4 C5H8O4

5,5-Dimethyl-2,4oxazolidinedione L-Pyroglutamic acid 2,5-Pyridinediamine Methylaminopyrazine Azaserine 2,4-Dimethylimidazole Methazolamide trans-3-Pentenoic acid Dimethylmalonic acid Glutaric acid

C5H8O4

Methylsuccinic acid

C5H9NO2

L-Proline

C5H9NO3 C5H9NO3

5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid trans-4-Hydroxyproline

C5H9NO4

L-Glutamic acid

C5H9N3

Histamine

C5H10N2O3 C5H10N2O3

Glycylalanine L-Glutamine

C5H10N2O4

Glycylserine

C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O4 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO2

Pentanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid D-2-Deoxyribose L-Ribose D-Xylose Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 4-Methylmorpholine L-Valine

Step

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 20

pKa 5.00

40 20 25 25 27 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 37

0.5 4.3 9.83 9.92 6.82 6.04 9.11 1.45 9.94 1.82 7.43 3.09 4.75 3.85 5.45 2.47 4.68 6.13

25 20 25 25

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2

25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 20 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25

3.32 6.48 3.39 8.55 8.36 7.30 4.51 3.15 4.32 5.42 4.13 5.64 1.95 10.64 4.05 8.90 1.82 9.66 2.13 4.31 9.67 6.04 9.75 3.15 2.17 9.13 2.98 8.38 4.83 4.80 4.77 5.03 12.61 12.22 12.14 11.123 10.46 7.38 2.29 9.74

4/30/05 8:46:49 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form. C5H11NO2

Name DL-Norvaline

C5H11NO2

L-Norvaline

C5H11NO2

N-Propylglycine

C5H11NO2

5-Aminopentanoic acid

C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2S

Betaine L-Methionine

C5H12N2O C5H12N2O2

Tetramethylurea L-Ornithine

C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H14NO C5H14N2

Pentylamine 3-Pentanamine 3-Methyl-1-butanamine 2-Methyl-2-butanamine 2,2-Dimethylpropylamine Diethylmethylamine Choline 1,5-Pentanediamine

C6H3Cl3N2O2 C6H3N3O7 C6H4Cl2O C6H4N2O5 C6H4N2O5 C6H4N4 C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C6H5Br2N C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5Cl2N C6H5FO C6H5FO C6H5FO C6H5IO C6H5IO C6H5IO C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2

4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro2-pyridinecarboxlic acid 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol 2,3-Dichlorophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol 2,5-Dinitrophenol Pteridine 2-Bromophenol 3-Bromophenol 4-Bromophenol 3,5-Dibromoaniline 2-Chlorophenol 3-Chlorophenol 4-Chlorophenol 2,4-Dichloroaniline 2-Fluorophenol 3-Fluorophenol 4-Fluorophenol 2-Iodophenol 3-Iodophenol 4-Iodophenol 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Nitrobenzene 2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

C6H5NO2

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

C6H5NO2

4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5N3 C6H5N5O

2-Nitrophenol 3-Nitrophenol 4-Nitrophenol 1H-Benzotriazole

C6H5N5O2

Section 8.indb 45

2-Amino-4hydroxypteridine Xanthopterin

Step 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 2

t/°C

25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 17 25 19 25 25 25 25 25

24 25 25 15 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 0 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20

pKa 2.36 9.72 2.32 9.81 2.35 10.19 4.27 10.77 1.83 2.13 9.27 2 1.71 8.69 10.76 10.63 10.59 10.60 10.85 10.15 10.35 13.9 10.05 10.93 3.6 0.42 7.44 4.07 5.15 4.05 8.45 9.03 9.37 2.34 8.56 9.12 9.41 2.05 8.73 9.29 9.89 8.51 9.03 9.33 12.68 12.05 3.98 0.99 5.39 2.00 4.82 1.77 4.84 7.23 8.36 7.15 1.6 2.27 7.96 6.59

8-45 Mol. form. C6H6BrN C6H6BrN C6H6BrN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6FN C6H6FN C6H6FN C6H6IN C6H6IN C6H6IN C6H6N2O C6H6N2O

Name 2-Bromoaniline 3-Bromoaniline 4-Bromoaniline 2-Chloroaniline 3-Chloroaniline 4-Chloroaniline 2-Fluoroaniline 3-Fluoroaniline 4-Fluoroaniline 2-Iodoaniline 3-Iodoaniline 4-Iodoaniline 3-Pyridinecarboxamide

C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2

2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde oxime 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone

C6H6O2

Pyrocatechol

C6H6O2

Resorcinol

C6H6O2S C6H6O3S C6H6O4

Benzenesulfinic acid Benzenesulfonic acid

C6H6O4S C6H6O4S C6H6O6 C6H6O6

1 2 1 2 1 2

3-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid cis-1-Propene-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid

C6H6S C6H7BO2 C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7NO C6H7NO

3-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

4-Aminophenol

C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO3S

2-Methoxypyridine 3-Methoxypyridine 4-Methoxypyridine

C6H7NO3S


C6H8N2 C6H8N2

1 2

5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one

trans-1-Propene-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid Benzenethiol Benzeneboronic acid Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 2-Aminophenol

C6H7NO3S

Step 3

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2


4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid N-Methylpyridinamine o-Phenylenediamine

1

t/°C 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25

pKa 9.31 2.53 3.53 3.89 2.66 3.52 3.98 3.20 3.59 4.65 2.54 3.58 3.81 3.3 3.59 10.18 -0.25 2.46 1.02 9.99 9.85 11.4 9.34 12.6 9.32 11.1 1.3 0.70 7.9

25

9.07

25

9.11

25

1.95

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 25 25

2.80 4.46 6.62 8.83 4.87 6.00 5.70 5.99 4.78 9.97 4.37 9.82 5.48 10.30 3.28 4.78 6.58 2.46

25

3.74

25

3.23

20 20

9.65 4.57

4/30/05 8:46:51 AM


8-46 Mol. form.

Name

C6H8N2

m-Phenylenediamine

C6H8N2

p-Phenylenediamine

C6H8N2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O4

Phenylhydrazine 2,4-Hexadienoic acid 1,3-Cyclohexanedione

C6H8O6

2,2-Dimethyl-1,3dioxane-4,6-dione L-Ascorbic acid

C6H8O7

Citric acid

C6H8O7

Isocitric acid

C6H9NO6

Nitrilotriacetic acid

C6H9NO6

L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid

C6H9N3

4,6-Dimethylpyrimidinamine L-Histidine

C6H9N3O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11NO2

Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid Ethyl acetoacetate 3-Methylglutaric acid Adipic acid

C6H11NO3 C6H11NO4

2-Piperidinecarboxylic acid Adipamic acid 2-Aminoadipic acid

C6H11N3O4

N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine

C6H11N3O4

Glycylasparagine

C6H12N2

Triethylenediamine

C6H12N2O4S2

L-Cystine

C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H13N C6H13N C6H13N C6H13NO

Hexanoic acid 4-Methylpentanoic acid β-D-Fructose α-D-Glucose D-Mannose Cyclohexylamine 1-Methylpiperidine 1,2-Dimethylpyrrolidine N-Ethylmorpholine

Section 8.indb 46

Step 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 20 20 20 20 20 15 25 25

pKa 0.80 5.11 2.50 6.31 2.97 8.79 4.76 5.26 5.1

1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 4

25 16 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 20

4.04 11.7 3.13 4.76 6.40 3.29 4.71 6.40 3.03 3.07 10.70 1.7 3.2 4.75 9.9 4.82

1 2 3

25 25 25 25

1.80 6.04 9.33 4.99

25 25 18 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18

10.68 4.24 4.41 5.41 2.28 10.72 4.63 2.14 4.21 9.77 3.225 8.09 2.942 8.44 3.0 8.7 1 2.1 8.02 8.71 4.85 4.84 12.27 12.46 12.08 10.64 10.38 10.20 7.67

1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 4

25 18 25 25 25 25 25 26 25

Mol. form. C6H13NO2

L-Leucine

C6H13NO2

L-Isoleucine

C6H13NO2

L-Norleucine

C6H13NO2

6-Aminohexanoic acid

C6H13NO4

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine Citrulline

C6H13N3O3 C6H14N2 C6H14N2 C6H14N2

Name

cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine

C6H14N2O2

cis-2,5-Dimethylpiperazine L-Lysine

C6H14N4O2

L-Arginine

C6H14O6 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO3 C6H16N2

D-Mannitol Hexylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine Triethanolamine 1,6-Hexanediamine

C6H16N2

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl1,2-ethanediamine Hexamethyldisilazane Pentafluorobenzoic acid

C6H19NSi2 C7HF5O2 C7H3Br2NO C7H3N3O8 C7H4Cl3NO3 C7H4N2O6 C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5F3O C7H5F3O C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5NO C7H5NO C7H5NO C7H5NO3S C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4

3,5-Dibromo-4hydroxybenzonitrile 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid Triclopyr 2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid 2-Bromobenzoic acid 3-Bromobenzoic acid 4-Bromobenzoic acid 2-Chlorobenzoic acid 3-Chlorobenzoic acid 4-Chlorobenzoic acid 2-Fluorobenzoic acid 3-Fluorobenzoic acid 4-Fluorobenzoic acid 2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol 2-Iodobenzoic acid 3-Iodobenzoic acid 4-Iodobenzoic acid 2-Hydroxybenzonitrile 3-Hydroxybenzonitrile 4-Hydroxybenzonitrile Saccharin 2-Nitrobenzoic acid 3-Nitrobenzoic acid 4-Nitrobenzoic acid

Step 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20

pKa 2.33 9.74 2.32 9.76 2.34 9.83 4.37 10.80 8.35

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3

25 25 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 0 0 25 25

2.43 9.69 9.93 6.13 9.94 6.47 9.66 5.20 2.16 9.06 10.54 1.82 8.99 12.5 13.5 10.56 11.05 10.75 7.76 11.86 10.76 10.40 8.26 7.55 1.75 4.06

1 2 1 2

25

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25

0.65 2.68 1.43 2.85 3.81 3.96 2.90 3.84 4.00 3.27 3.86 4.15 8.95 8.68 2.86 3.87 4.00 6.86 8.61 7.97 11.68 2.17 3.46 3.43

4/30/05 8:46:53 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form. C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4

Name

2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid 2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid 2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid Chlorothiazide

C7H6ClN3O4S2 C7H6F3N C7H6F3N C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3

3-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 4-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 1H-Benzimidazole 2-Aminobenzonitrile 3-Aminobenzonitrile 4-Aminobenzonitrile Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Salicylaldehyde 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O3

3-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O3


C7H6O4


C7H6O4 C7H6O4

2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O4 C7H6O5


C7H6O5 C7H7NO C7H7NO2

3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid Benzamide Aniline-2-carboxylic acid

C7H7NO2

Aniline-3-carboxylic acid

C7H7NO2

Aniline-4-carboxylic acid

C7H7NO3 C7H8ClN3O4S2

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid Hydrochlorothiazide

C7H8N4O2 C7H8N4O2 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8OS C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8S C7H9N

Theobromine Theophylline o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol 4-(Methylthio)phenol 2-Methoxyphenol 3-Methoxyphenol 4-Methoxyphenol Benzenemethanethiol Benzylamine

Section 8.indb 47

Step 1 2 1

t/°C 25 25 25

pKa 2.43 4.78 2.15

1 2 1

25 25 25

2.16 4.76 2.80

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 19 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

6.85 9.45 3.49 2.45 5.53 0.77 2.75 1.74 14.90 4.204 8.37 8.98 7.61 2.98 13.6 4.08 9.92 4.57 9.46 3.11 8.55 14.0 2.97 4.48 8.83 12.6 4.04 1.68

25

4.41

25 25 25 25 25 25 25

˜13 2.17 4.85 3.07 4.79 2.50 4.87 3.25

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1

2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1

18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

7.9 9.2 7.89 8.77 10.29 10.09 10.26 9.53 9.98 9.65 10.21 9.43 9.34

8-47 Mol. form. C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NS C7H9NS C7H9N5

Name 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2-Ethylpyridine 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 2-Methoxyaniline 3-Methoxyaniline 4-Methoxyaniline 2-(Methylthio)aniline 4-(Methylthio)aniline 2-Dimethylaminopurine

C7H11N3O2

L-1-Methylhistidine

C7H11N3O2

L-3-Methylhistidine

C7H12O2 C7H12O4

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Heptanedioic acid

C7H12O4 C7H13NO4

Butylpropanedioic acid α-Ethylglutamic acid

C7H14O2 C7H14O6 C7H15N C7H15N C7H15NO3 C7H17N C7H17N C8H5NO2 C8H5NO2 C8H6N2 C8H6N2 C8H6N2 C8H6N2 C8H6N4O5 C8H6O3 C8H6O3 C8H6O4

Heptanoic acid α-Methylglucoside 1-Ethylpiperidine 1,2-Dimethylpiperidine,(±) Carnitine Heptylamine 2-Heptanamine 3-Cyanobenzoic acid 4-Cyanobenzoic acid Cinnoline Quinazoline Quinoxaline Phthalazine Nitrofurantoin 3-Formylbenzoic acid 4-Formylbenzoic acid Phthalic acid

C8H6O4

Isophthalic acid

C8H6O4

Terephthalic acid

C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO3 C8H7ClO3 C8H7NO4 C8H7NO4 C8H7NO4 C8H8F3N3O4S2

2-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 3-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 4-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid 3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid 3-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid 4-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid Hydroflumethiazide

Step

1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 5 25 25 25 25 23 25 25 25 19 25 25 20 29 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

pKa 4.45 4.71 5.08 4.85 5.89 6.57 6.99 6.40 6.65 6.46 6.15 4.53 4.20 5.36 3.45 4.35 4.00 10.24 1.69 6.48 8.85 1.92 6.56 8.73 4.91 4.71 5.58 2.96 3.846 7.838 4.89 13.71 10.45 10.22 3.80 10.67 10.7 3.60 3.55 2.37 3.43 0.56 3.47 7.2 3.84 3.77 2.943 5.432 3.70 4.60 3.54 4.34 4.07 4.14 4.19 3.05 3.10 4.00 3.97 3.85 8.9

4/30/05 8:46:54 AM


8-48 Mol. form. C8H8N2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O4 C8H9NO C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H10BrN C8H10ClN C8H10ClN C8H10N2O2

Name 2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 2-Methoxybenzoic acid 3-Methoxybenzoic acid 4-Methoxybenzoic acid Phenoxyacetic acid Mandelic acid

25 25

0.5 5.34

C9H6BrN C9H7ClO2

3-Bromoquinoline

25

5.10

C9H7ClO2

25

5.04

C9H7ClO2

trans-m-Chlorocinnamic acid

25 25

1.83 4.39 4.23

C9H7N C9H7N C9H7NO

trans-p-Chlorocinnamic acid Quinoline Isoquinoline 2-Quinolinol

20

3.83

C9H7NO

3-Quinolinol

20

4.39

C9H7NO

4-Quinolinol

25

2.62

C9H7NO

6-Quinolinol 8-Quinolinol

C9H7NO

7-Isoquinolinol

1 2 1 2

25 25 25 25

C9H7NO3 C9H7NO3 C9H7NO3 C9H7N7O2S C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2

2-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid 3-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid 4-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid Azathioprine 2-Quinolinamine 3-Quinolinamine 4-Quinolinamine 1-Isoquinolinamine 3-Isoquinolinamine cis-Cinnamic acid trans-Cinnamic acid

25 25

5.12 5.07 3.89 9.83 7.43 4.43 4.18 5.20 9.74 10.52 5.5 8.9 10.6 8.64 9.70 6.70 10.76 2.13 7.43 5.15

C9H7NO

1 2

25 25 25 25 25 28 25 28 25 25

25 15 15 25 25

6.84 5.4 4.52 3.80 3.80 3.18 3.25

2-(Methylamino)benzoic acid 3-(Methylamino)benzoic acid 4-(Methylamino)benzoic acid N-Phenylglycine 4-Bromo-N,Ndimethylaniline

1 2

3-Chloro-N,Ndimethylaniline 4-Chloro-N,Ndimethylaniline

C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO2

2-(2-Methoxyethyl)pyridine Dopamine

C8H11NO3

Norepinephrine

C8H11N3O6 C8H11N5

6-Azauridine Phenylbiguanide

C8H12N2O3 C8H12O2

Barbital

Section 8.indb 48

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

pKa 9.7 6.19 3.91 4.25 4.37 4.31 10.06 9.19 8.05 4.08 4.10 4.50 3.17 3.37 4.40

2,5-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid Acetanilide

N,N-Dimethyl-3nitroaniline N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline Benzeneethanamine 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 2-Ethoxyaniline 3-Ethoxyaniline 4-Ethoxyaniline 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

C8H13NO2 C8H14O2S2 C8H14O4 C8H15NO C8H15NO C8H16N2O3 C8H16N2O3

Step 2 1

5,5-Dimethyl-1,3cyclohexanedione Arecoline Thioctic acid Octanedioic acid Tropine Pseudotropine N-Glycylleucine N-Leucylglycine

1 2

1

1

t/°C

Mol. form.

Name

C8H16N2O4S2

Homocystine

C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17N C8H17N C8H17NO

Octanoic acid 2-Propylpentanoic acid 2-Propylpiperidine,(S) 2,2,4-Trimethylpiperidine

C8H19N C8H19N C8H19N C8H20N2

C9H8O4 C9H9Br2NO3 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9I2NO3

trans-6-Propyl-3piperidinol,(3S) Octylamine N-Methyl-2-heptanamine Dibutylamine 1,8-Octanediamine

Step 2 1 2 3 4

30

1 2

trans-o-Chlorocinnamic acid

α-Methylenebenezeneacetic acid 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 3


1

pKa 8.2 1.59 2.54 8.52 9.44 4.89 4.6 10.9 11.04 10.3

25 17 21 20 20 25 25

10.65 10.99 11.25 11.00 10.1 2.69 4.23

25

4.29

25

4.41

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 20 20 25 25 25

4.90 5.40 -0.31 11.76 4.28 8.08 2.23 11.28 5.15 8.90 4.91 9.81 5.68 8.90 2.98 3.03 2.93 8.2 7.34 4.91 9.17 7.62 5.05 3.88 4.44 4.35

20 20 20 20 20 25 25


3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid L-3,5-Diiodotyrosine

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25

25

25

3.48 2.17 6.45 7.60 4.58

25

4.59

25

4.61

25

2.12

4/30/05 8:46:56 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form.

Name

C9H9NO3 C9H9NO4

N-Benzoylglycine

C9H9NO4

3-(4-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid Carbendazim Sulfathiazole L-3-Iodotyrosine

C9H9N3O2 C9H9N3O2S2 C9H10INO3 C9H10N2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O3

3-(2-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid

2-Ethylbenzimidazole 3,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid Benzenepropanoic acid α-Methylbenzeneacetic acid α-Hydroxy-α-methylbenezeneacetic acid Methylclothiazide N-Allylaniline 1-Indanamine

C9H11Cl2N3O4S2 C9H11N C9H11N C9H11NO2 4-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate C9H11NO2 L-Phenylalanine C9H11NO2 C9H11NO3

L-Tyrosine

C9H11NO4

Levodopa

C9H12N2O2 C9H13N C9H13NO3

Tyrosineamide N-Isopropylaniline Epinephrine

C9H13N2O9P

5’-Uridylic acid

C9H13N3O5

Cytidine

C9H14ClNO C9H14N2O3 C9H14N3O8P

Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride Metharbital 3’-Cytidylic acid

C9H14N4O3

Carnosine

C9H15NO3S

Captopril

C9H15N5O C9H16O4

Minoxidil Nonanedioic acid

C9H18O2 C9H19N C9H19N

Nonanoic acid N-Butylpiperidine

C9H21N C10H7NO2

Section 8.indb 49

Step 2 3

2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine Nonylamine 8-Quinolinecarboxylic acid

1 2 3

1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2

t/°C 25 25 25 25

pKa 5.32 9.48 3.62 4.50

25

4.47

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

4.48 7.2 2.2 8.7 9.1 6.18 4.32 4.66 4.64 3.47

25 22

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

9.4 4.17 9.21 6.03 11.49 2.5 2.20 9.31 2.20 9.11 10.1 2.32 8.72 9.96 11.79 7.33 5.77 8.66 9.95 6.4 9.5 4.22 12.5 9.44

25 25 25 23 25

8.45 0.8 4.28 6.0 2.73 6.87 9.73 3.7 9.8 4.61 4.53 5.33 4.96 10.47 11.07

25 25

10.64 1.82

20 20 20

8-49 Mol. form. C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9NO C10H9NO C10H9NO2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H12N2 C10H12N2O

Name 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 5-Methylquinoline 5-Amino-1-naphthol 6-Methoxyquinoline 1H-Indole-3-acetic acid o-Methylcinnamic acid m-Methylcinnamic acid p-Methylcinnamic acid Tryptamine 5-Hydroxytryptamine

C10H12N2O5 C10H12N4O3 C10H12O

Dinoseb Dideoxyinosine

C10H12O2 C10H12O5 C10H13N5O4 C10H14N2

L-Nicotine

C10H14N5O7P

5’-Adenylic acid

C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H15N C10H15N C10H15NO C10H15NO C10H17N3O6S

2-tert-Butylphenol 3-tert-Butylphenol 4-tert-Butylphenol N-tert-Butylaniline N,N-Diethylaniline d-Ephedrine l-Ephedrine l-Glutathione

C10H18N4O5

L-Argininosuccinic acid

C10H18O4

Sebacic acid

C10H19N C10H19N C10H21N C10H21N

Bornylamine Neobornylamine Butylcyclohexylamine

C11H8O2 C11H11N C11H12I3NO2 C11H12N2O2

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2

1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethylpiperidine Decylamine 1H-Perimidine 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid Methyl-1-naphthylamine Iopanoic acid L-Tryptophan

t/°C 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25

25

5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-2naphthalenol Benzenebutanoic acid Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate Adenosine

C10H23N C11H8N2 C11H8O2

Step

1 2

pKa 9.39 9.63 3.92 4.16 5.83 5.67 5.20 3.97 5.03 4.75 4.50 4.44 4.56 10.2 9.8 11.1 4.62 9.12 10.48

25

4.76 8.11

25 25

25 25 25 30

3.6 12.4 8.02 3.12 3.8 6.2 10.62 10.12 10.23 7.00 6.57 10.139 9.958 2.12 3.59 8.75 9.65 1.62 2.70 4.26 9.58 4.59 5.59 10.17 10.01 11.23 11.25

25 20 25

10.64 6.35 3.69

25

4.16

27

3.67 4.8 2.46 9.41

25 25 25 25 25 10 10 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

25 25

4/30/05 8:46:57 AM


8-50 Mol. form. C11H12N4O3S C11H13F3N2O3S C11H13NO3 C11H13N3O3S C11H14N2O

Name Sulfamethoxypyridazine Mefluidide Hydrastinine Sulfisoxazole Cytisine

C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H16N2O2

2-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 4-tert-Butylbenzoic acid Pilocarpine

C11H16N4O4 C11H17N

Pentostatin

C11H17NO3 C11H17N3O8 C11H18ClNO3 C11H18N2O3 C11H25N C11H26NO2PS C12H6Cl4O2S C12H8N2 C12H8N2 C12H10O C12H10O C12H10O C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N3 C12H12N2

1,10-Phenanthroline Phenazine 2-Hydroxybiphenyl 3-Hydroxybiphenyl 4-Hydroxybiphenyl Diphenylamine 2-Aminobiphenyl 3-Aminobiphenyl 4-Aminobiphenyl 2-Benzylpyridine 4-Aminoazobenzene p-Benzidine

C12H12N2O3

Phenobarbital

C12H13N

1 2

Iocetamic acid

C12H14N4O2S C12H14N4O3S C12H17N3O4

Sulfacytine Agaritine

C12H20N2O2 C12H21N5O2S2

Aspergillic acid Nizatidine

C12H22O11 C12H22O11 C12H23N C12H27N C13H9N C13H9N C13H10N2 C13H10N2

Sucrose α-Maltose Dicyclohexylamine Dodecylamine Acridine Phenanthridine 9-Acridinamine 2-Phenylbenzimidazole

t/°C

25 25 25 25 25 25

25 25 25

1 2

1 2 1 2

25 20 25 25 25 25 25 18 18 25 25 20 20

25

N,N-Dimethyl-1naphthylamine N,N-Dimethyl-2naphthylamine Sulfamethazine

Section 8.indb 50

1 2

N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline Isoproterenol Tetrodotoxin Methoxamine hydrochloride Amobarbital Undecylamine Methylphosphonothioic acid S[2-[bis(1-isopropyl)amino]ethyl], O-ethylester Bithionol

C12H13I3N2O3 C12H13N

Step

25 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2

25 21 25 20 20 20 25 25

pKa 6.7 4.6 11.38 5 6.11 13.08 3.54 4.20 4.38 1.6 6.9 5.2 7.24 8.64 8.76 9.2 8.0 10.63 7.9

4.82 10.50 4.84 1.20 10.01 9.64 9.55 0.79 3.83 4.25 4.35 5.13 2.82 4.65 3.43 7.3 11.8 4 4.83 4.566 7.4 2.65 6.9 3.4 8.86 5.5 2.1 6.8 12.7 12.05 10.4 10.63 5.58 5.58 9.99 5.23 11.91

Mol. form. C13H10O2 C13H10O3 C13H10O3 C13H10O3 C13H11N3 C13H12Cl2O4 C13H12N2O C13H12N2O3S C13H13N C13H14N2O13 C13H15N3O3 C13H16ClNO C13H19NO4S C13H21N C13H29N C14H12F3NO4S2 C14H12O2 C14H12O3

Name 2-Phenylbenzoic acid 2-Phenoxybenzoic acid 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid 4-Phenoxybenzoic acid 3,6-Acridinediamine Ethacrynic acid Harmine Sulfabenzamide 4-Benzylaniline Harmaline Imazapyr Ketamine

Step

25 25 1 2

4-[(Dipropylamino)sulfonyl]benzoic acid 2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine (Tridecyl)amine Perfluidone α-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid

C14H18N4O3 C14H19NO2 C14H21N3O3S C14H22N2O3 C14H31N C15H10ClN3O3

α-Hydroxy-α-phenylbenezeneacetic acid Trimethoprim Methylphenidate Tolazamide Atenolol Tetradecylamine Clonazepam

C15H11I4NO4

L-Thyroxine

C15H14O3 C15H15NO2 C15H15N3O2

Fenoprofen Mefenamic acid Methyl Red

C15H17ClN4 C15H19NO2 C15H19N3O3

NeutralRed Tropacocaine Imazethapyr

C15H21N3O2

Physostigmine

C15H26N2

Sparteine

C15H33N C16H13ClN2O C16H14ClN3O C16H16N2O2

Pentadecylamine Valium Chlorodiazepoxide Lysergic acid

C16H17N3O4S

Cephalexin

C16H19N3O4S

Cephradine

C16H22N2

Lycodine

C16H35N C17H17NO2

Hexadecylamine Apomorphine

C17H19NO3 C17H19NO3

Piperine Morphine

C17H20N4O6

Riboflavin

t/°C 25 25 25 25 20

25 25 25

25

1 2 1 2 3

25

25 25 25

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

15

20 20 25

25

18 25 20

pKa 3.46 3.53 3.95 4.57 9.65 3.50 7.70 4.57 2.17 4.2 1.9 3.6 7.5 5.8 3.58 10.63 2.5 3.94 3.04 6.6 8.9 3.6 9.6 10.62 1.5 10.5 2.2 6.45 10.1 7.3 4.2 2.5 9.5 6.7 4.32 2.1 3.9 6.12 12.24 2.24 9.46 10.61 3.4 4.8 3.44 7.68 5.2 7.3 2.63 7.27 3.97 8.08 10.61 7.0 8.92 12.22 8.21 9.85 1.7

4/30/05 8:46:59 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form.

Name

C17H20O6 C17H23NO3 C17H27NO4 C18H19ClN4

Mycophenolic acid Hyoscyamine Nadolol Clozapine

C18H21NO3 C18H21N3O C18H32O2 C18H33ClN2O5S C18H39N C19H10Br4O5S C19H14O5S C19H16ClNO4 C19H17N3O4S2 C19H20N2O2 C19H21N C19H21NO3 C19H22N2O

Codeine Dibenzepin Linoleic acid Clindamycin Octadecylamine Bromophenol Blue Phenol Red Indomethacin Cephaloridine Phenylbutazone Protriptyline Thebaine Cinchonine

C19H22N2O

Cinchonidine

C19H22N2O2 C19H22O6 C19H23N3O2 C19H23N3O2 C20H14O4 C20H21NO4 C20H23N C20H23N7O7

Cupreine Gibberellic acid Ergometrinine Ergonovine Phenolphthalein Papaverine Amitriptyline Folinic acid

C20H24N2O2

Quinine

C20H24N2O2

Quinidine

C20H26N2O2 C21H14Br4O5S C21H16Br2O5S C21H18O5S C21H21NO6 C21H22N2O2

Hydroquinine Bromocresol Green Bromocresol Purple CresolRed Hydrastine Strychnine

Section 8.indb 51

Step 2

t/°C 25 21

1 2

25

1 2 1 2

15

25

1 2 3 1 2 1 2

25 25 20 20

25

pKa 9.69 4.5 9.7 9.67 3.70 7.60 8.21 8.25 7.6 7.6 10.60 4.0 7.9 4.5 3.2 4.5 8.2 6.05 5.85 9.92 5.80 10.03 6.57 4.0 7.3 6.8 9.7 6.4 9.4 3.1 4.8 10.4 8.52 4.13 5.4 10.0 5.33 4.7 6.3 8.3 7.8 8.26

8-51 Mol. form. C21H23ClFNO2 C21H31NO4 C21H35N3O7

Name Haloperidol Furethidine Lisinopril

C22H18O4 C22H22FN3O2 C22H23NO7 C22H25NO6 C22H25N3O

o-Cresolphthalein Droperidol Noscapine Colchicine Benzpiperylon

C22H33NO2 C23H26N2O4

Atisine Brucine

C24H40O4 C24H40O5 C25H29I2NO3 C25H41NO9 C26H43NO6 C26H45NO7S C27H28Br2O5S C27H38N2O4 C29H32O13 C29H40N2O4

Deoxycholic acid Cholic acid Amiodarone Aconine Glycocholic acid Taurocholic acid Bromothymol Blue Verapamil Etoposide Emetine

C30H23BrO4 C30H48O3 C31H36N2O11

Bromadiolone Oleanolic acid Novobiocin

C32H32O13S C33H40N2O9 C34H47NO11 C36H51NO11 C37H67NO13 C43H58N4O12

Teniposide Reserpine Aconitine Veratridine Erythromycin Rifampin

C45H73NO15 C46H56N4O10 C46H58N4O9

Solanine Vincristine Vinblastine

Step

t/°C

1 2 3 4

1 2

20

1 2

25

1 2

21

1 2

1 2

1 2

15

pKa 8.3 7.48 2.5 4.0 6.7 10.1 9.4 7.64 7.8 12.36 6.73 9.13 12.2 6.04 11.07 6.58 6.4 6.56 9.52 4.4 1.4 7.0 8.6 9.8 5.77 6.64 4.04 2.52 4.3 9.1 10.13 6.6 5.88 9.54 8.8 1.7 7.9 6.66 5.4 5.4 7.4

4/30/05 8:47:00 AM

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY This table gives properties of aqueous solutions of 66 substances as a function of concentration. All data refer to a temperature of 20°C. The properties are: Mass %: Mass of solute divided by total mass of solution, expressed as percent. m Molality (moles of solute per kg of water). c Molarity (moles of solute per liter of solution). ρ Density of solution in g/cm3.

Acetic acid Acetone Ammonia Ammonium chloride Ammonium sulfate Barium chloride Calcium chloride Cesium chloride Citric acid Copper sulfate Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA sodium) Ethanol Ethylene glycol Ferric chloride Formic acid D-Fructose D-Glucose Glycerol Hydrochloric acid Lactic acid Lactose

n

Index of refraction, relative to air, at a wavelength of 589 nm (sodium D line); the index of pure water at 20°C is 1.3330. ∆ Freezing point depression in °C relative to pure water. η Absolute (dynamic) viscosity in mPa s (equal to centipoise, cP); the viscosity of pure water at 20°C is 1.002 mPa s. Density data for aqueous solutions over a wider range of temperatures and pressures (and for other compounds) may be found in Reference 2. Solutes are listed in the following order:

Lithium chloride Magnesium chloride Magnesium sulfate Maltose Manganese(II) sulfate D-Mannitol Methanol Nitric acid Oxalic acid Phosphoric acid Potassium bicarbonate Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium permanganate Potassium hydrogen phosphate Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Potassium sulfate 1-Propanol

2-Propanol Silver nitrate Sodium acetate Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium citrate Sodium hydroxide Sodium nitrate Sodium phosphate Sodium hydrogen phosphate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Sodium sulfate Sodium thiosulfate Strontium chloride Sucrose Sulfuric acid Trichloroacetic acid Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine Urea Zinc sulfate

References 1. Wolf, A. V., Aqueous Solutions and Body Fluids, Hoeber, 1966. 2. Söhnel, O., and Novotny, P., Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985. Solute Acetic acid CH3COOH

Mass % 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

m/mol kg–1 0.084 0.168 0.340 0.515 0.694 0.876 1.063 1.253 1.448 1.647 1.850 2.271 2.711 3.172 3.655 4.163 4.697 5.259

c/mol L–1 0.083 0.166 0.333 0.501 0.669 0.837 1.006 1.175 1.345 1.515 1.685 2.028 2.372 2.718 3.065 3.414 3.764 4.116

ρ/g cm–3 0.9989 0.9996 1.0011 1.0025 1.0038 1.0052 1.0066 1.0080 1.0093 1.0107 1.0121 1.0147 1.0174 1.0200 1.0225 1.0250 1.0275 1.0299

n 1.3334 1.3337 1.3345 1.3352 1.3359 1.3366 1.3373 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3402 1.3416 1.3430 1.3444 1.3458 1.3472 1.3485 1.3498

∆/°C 0.16 0.32 0.63 0.94 1.26 1.58 1.90 2.23 2.56 2.89 3.23 3.91 4.61 5.33 6.06 6.81 7.57 8.36

η/mPa s 1.012 1.022 1.042 1.063 1.084 1.105 1.125 1.143 1.162 1.186 1.210 1.253 1.298 1.341 1.380 1.431 1.478 1.525

8-52

S08_15.indd 52

5/2/05 10:23:02 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 5.851 6.476 7.137 7.837 8.579 9.367 10.207 11.102 16.653 24.979 38.857 66.611 149.875 191.507 260.894 399.667 815.987

c/mol L–1 4.470 4.824 5.180 5.537 5.896 6.255 6.615 6.977 8.794 10.620 12.441 14.228 15.953 16.284 16.602 16.911 17.198 17.447

ρ/g cm–3 1.0323 1.0346 1.0369 1.0391 1.0413 1.0434 1.0454 1.0474 1.0562 1.0629 1.0673 1.0680 1.0644 1.0629 1.0606 1.0578 1.0538 1.0477

n 1.3512 1.3525 1.3537 1.3550 1.3562 1.3574 1.3586 1.3598 1.3653 1.3700 1.3738 1.3767 1.3771 1.3766 1.3759 1.3748 1.3734 1.3716

∆/°C 9.17 10.00 10.84 11.70 12.55 13.38

8-53

η/mPa s 1.572 1.613 1.669 1.715 1.762 1.812 1.852 1.912 2.158 2.409 2.629 2.720 2.386 2.240 2.036 1.813 1.535 1.223

Acetone (CH3)2CO

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

0.087 0.174 0.351 0.533 0.717 0.906 1.099 1.296 1.497 1.703 1.913

0.086 0.172 0.343 0.513 0.684 0.853 1.023 1.191 1.360 1.528 1.696

0.9975 0.9968 0.9954 0.9940 0.9926 0.9912 0.9899 0.9886 0.9874 0.9861 0.9849

1.3334 1.3337 1.3344 1.3352 1.3359 1.3366 1.3373 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3402

0.16 0.32 0.65 0.97 1.30 1.63 1.96 2.29 2.62 2.95 3.29

1.013 1.024 1.047 1.072 1.099 1.125 1.150 1.174 1.198 1.221 1.244

Ammonia NH3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

0.295 0.593 1.198 1.816 2.447 3.090 3.748 4.420 5.106 5.807 6.524 8.007 9.558 11.184 12.889 14.679 16.561 18.542 20.630 22.834 25.164

0.292 0.584 1.162 1.736 2.304 2.868 3.428 3.983 4.533 5.080 5.622 6.695 7.753 8.794 9.823 10.837 11.838 12.826 13.801 14.764 15.713

0.9960 0.9938 0.9895 0.9853 0.9811 0.9770 0.9730 0.9690 0.9651 0.9613 0.9575 0.9502 0.9431 0.9361 0.9294 0.9228 0.9164 0.9102 0.9040 0.8980 0.8920

1.3332 1.3335 1.3339 1.3344 1.3349 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3370 1.3376 1.3381 1.3393 1.3404 1.3416 1.3428 1.3440 1.3453 1.3465 1.3477 1.3490 1.3502

0.55 1.14 2.32 3.53 4.78 6.08 7.43 8.95 10.34 11.90 13.55 17.13 21.13 25.63 30.70 36.42 43.36 51.38 60.77 71.66 84.06

1.009 1.015 1.029 1.043 1.057 1.071 1.085 1.099 1.113 1.127 1.141 1.169 1.195 1.218 1.237 1.254 1.268 1.280 1.288

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

0.094 0.189 0.382 0.578 0.779 0.984 1.193 1.407

0.093 0.187 0.376 0.565 0.756 0.948 1.141 1.335

0.9998 1.0014 1.0045 1.0076 1.0107 1.0138 1.0168 1.0198

1.3340 1.3349 1.3369 1.3388 1.3407 1.3426 1.3445 1.3464

0.32 0.64 1.27 1.91 2.57 3.25 3.94 4.66

0.999 0.996 0.992 0.988 0.985 0.982 0.979 0.976

Ammonium chloride NH4Cl

Section 8.indb 53

4/30/05 8:47:03 AM

8-54 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

m/mol kg–1 1.626 1.849 2.077 2.549 3.043 3.561 4.104 4.674 5.273 5.903

c/mol L–1 1.529 1.726 1.923 2.320 2.722 3.128 3.537 3.951 4.368 4.789

ρ/g cm–3 1.0227 1.0257 1.0286 1.0344 1.0401 1.0457 1.0512 1.0567 1.0621 1.0674

n 1.3483 1.3502 1.3521 1.3559 1.3596 1.3634 1.3671 1.3708 1.3745 1.3782

∆/°C 5.40 6.16 6.95 8.60

η/mPa s 0.974 0.972 0.970 0.969 0.969 0.971 0.973 0.978 0.986 0.996

Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.038 0.076 0.154 0.234 0.315 0.398 0.483 0.570 0.658 0.748 0.841 1.032 1.232 1.441 1.661 1.892 2.134 2.390 2.659 2.943 3.243 3.561 3.898 4.257 4.638 5.045

0.038 0.076 0.153 0.231 0.309 0.389 0.469 0.551 0.633 0.716 0.800 0.971 1.145 1.323 1.504 1.688 1.876 2.067 2.262 2.460 2.661 2.866 3.073 3.284 3.499 3.716

1.0012 1.0042 1.0101 1.0160 1.0220 1.0279 1.0338 1.0397 1.0456 1.0515 1.0574 1.0691 1.0808 1.0924 1.1039 1.1154 1.1269 1.1383 1.1496 1.1609 1.1721 1.1833 1.1945 1.2056 1.2166 1.2277

1.3338 1.3346 1.3363 1.3379 1.3395 1.3411 1.3428 1.3444 1.3460 1.3476 1.3492 1.3523 1.3555 1.3586 1.3616 1.3647 1.3677 1.3707 1.3737 1.3766 1.3795 1.3824 1.3853 1.3881 1.3909 1.3938

0.17 0.33 0.63 0.92 1.21 1.49 1.77 2.05 2.33 2.61 2.89 3.47 4.07 4.69

1.008 1.014 1.027 1.041 1.057 1.073 1.090 1.108 1.127 1.147 1.168 1.210 1.256 1.305 1.359 1.421 1.490 1.566 1.650 1.743 1.847 1.961 2.086 2.222 2.371 2.530

Barium chloride BaCl2

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0

0.024 0.049 0.098 0.149 0.200 0.253 0.307 0.361 0.418 0.475 0.534 0.655 0.782 0.915 1.054 1.201 1.355 1.517 1.687

0.024 0.048 0.098 0.148 0.199 0.251 0.303 0.357 0.412 0.468 0.524 0.641 0.763 0.889 1.019 1.156 1.297 1.444 1.597

1.0026 1.0070 1.0159 1.0249 1.0341 1.0434 1.0528 1.0624 1.0721 1.0820 1.0921 1.1128 1.1342 1.1564 1.1793 1.2031 1.2277 1.2531 1.2793

1.3337 1.3345 1.3360 1.3375 1.3391 1.3406 1.3422 1.3438 1.3454 1.3470 1.3487 1.3520 1.3555 1.3591 1.3627 1.3664 1.3703 1.3741 1.3781

0.12 0.23 0.46 0.69 0.93 1.18 1.44 1.70 1.98 2.27 2.58 3.22 3.92 4.69

1.009 1.016 1.026 1.037 1.049 1.062 1.075 1.087 1.101 1.114 1.129 1.161 1.195 1.234 1.277 1.325 1.378 1.437 1.503

Calcium chloride CaCl2

0.5 1.0 2.0

0.045 0.091 0.184

0.045 0.091 0.183

1.0024 1.0065 1.0148

1.3342 1.3354 1.3378

0.22 0.44 0.88

1.015 1.028 1.050

Section 8.indb 54

4/30/05 8:47:04 AM


Cesium chloride CsCl

Citric acid (HO)C(COOH)3

Section 8.indb 55

Mass % 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 0.279 0.375 0.474 0.575 0.678 0.784 0.891 1.001 1.229 1.467 1.716 1.978 2.253 2.541 2.845 3.166 3.504 3.862 4.240 4.642 5.068 5.522 6.007

c/mol L–1 0.277 0.372 0.469 0.567 0.667 0.768 0.872 0.976 1.191 1.413 1.641 1.878 2.122 2.374 2.634 2.902 3.179 3.464 3.759 4.062 4.375 4.698 5.030

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 64.0

0.030 0.060 0.121 0.184 0.247 0.313 0.379 0.447 0.516 0.587 0.660 0.810 0.967 1.131 1.304 1.485 1.675 1.876 2.087 2.310 2.546 2.795 3.060 3.341 3.640 3.960 4.301 4.667 5.060 5.483 5.940 8.910 10.560

0.5 1.0 2.0

0.026 0.053 0.106

8-55

ρ/g cm–3 1.0232 1.0316 1.0401 1.0486 1.0572 1.0659 1.0747 1.0835 1.1014 1.1198 1.1386 1.1579 1.1775 1.1976 1.2180 1.2388 1.2600 1.2816 1.3036 1.3260 1.3488 1.3720 1.3957

n 1.3402 1.3426 1.3451 1.3475 1.3500 1.3525 1.3549 1.3575 1.3625 1.3677 1.3730 1.3784 1.3839 1.3895 1.3951 1.4008 1.4066 1.4124 1.4183 1.4242 1.4301 1.4361 1.4420

∆/°C 1.33 1.82 2.35 2.93 3.57 4.28 5.04 5.86 7.70 9.83 12.28 15.11 18.30 21.70 25.30 29.70 34.70 41.00 49.70

η/mPa s 1.078 1.110 1.143 1.175 1.208 1.242 1.279 1.319 1.408 1.508 1.625 1.764 1.930 2.127 2.356 2.645 3.000 3.467 4.035 4.820 5.807 7.321 8.997

0.030 0.060 0.120 0.182 0.245 0.308 0.373 0.438 0.505 0.573 0.641 0.782 0.928 1.079 1.235 1.397 1.564 1.737 1.917 2.103 2.296 2.497 2.705 2.921 3.146 3.380 3.624 3.877 4.142 4.418 4.706 6.368 7.163

1.0020 1.0058 1.0135 1.0214 1.0293 1.0374 1.0456 1.0540 1.0625 1.0711 1.0798 1.0978 1.1163 1.1355 1.1552 1.1756 1.1967 1.2185 1.2411 1.2644 1.2885 1.3135 1.3393 1.3661 1.3938 1.4226 1.4525 1.4835 1.5158 1.5495 1.5846 1.7868 1.8842

1.3334 1.3337 1.3345 1.3353 1.3361 1.3369 1.3377 1.3386 1.3394 1.3403 1.3412 1.3430 1.3448 1.3468 1.3487 1.3507 1.3528 1.3550 1.3572 1.3594 1.3617 1.3641 1.3666 1.3691 1.3717 1.3744 1.3771 1.3800 1.3829 1.3860 1.3892 1.4076 1.4167

0.10 0.20 0.40 0.61 0.81 1.02 1.22 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.06 2.51 2.97 3.46 3.96 4.49

1.000 0.997 0.992 0.988 0.984 0.980 0.977 0.974 0.971 0.969 0.966 0.961 0.955 0.950 0.945 0.939 0.934 0.930 0.926 0.924 0.922 0.922 0.924 0.926 0.930 0.934 0.940 0.947 0.956 0.967 0.981 1.120 1.238

0.026 0.052 0.105

1.0002 1.0022 1.0063

1.3336 1.3343 1.3356

0.05 0.11 0.21

1.013 1.024 1.048

4/30/05 8:47:05 AM

8-56

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity

Solute

Copper sulfate CuSO4

Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA sodium) Na2C10H14N2O8

Ethanol CH3CH2OH

Section 8.indb 56

Mass % 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

m/mol kg–1 0.161 0.217 0.274 0.332 0.392 0.453 0.515 0.578 0.710 0.847 0.991 1.143 1.301 1.468 1.644 1.829 2.024 2.231

c/mol L–1 0.158 0.211 0.265 0.320 0.374 0.430 0.485 0.541 0.655 0.771 0.889 1.008 1.130 1.254 1.380 1.508 1.639 1.772

ρ/g cm–3 1.0105 1.0147 1.0189 1.0232 1.0274 1.0316 1.0359 1.0402 1.0490 1.0580 1.0672 1.0764 1.0858 1.0953 1.1049 1.1147 1.1246 1.1346

n 1.3368 1.3381 1.3394 1.3407 1.3420 1.3433 1.3446 1.3459 1.3486 1.3514 1.3541 1.3569 1.3598 1.3626 1.3655 1.3684 1.3714 1.3744

∆/°C 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.65 0.76 0.88 1.00 1.12 1.38 1.66 1.95 2.26 2.57 2.88 3.21 3.55 3.89 4.25

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.031 0.063 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.330 0.400 0.472 0.545 0.620 0.696 0.854 1.020 1.193 1.375

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0

η/mPa s 1.073 1.098 1.125 1.153 1.183 1.214 1.247 1.283 1.357 1.436 1.525 1.625 1.740 1.872 2.017 2.178 2.356 2.549

0.031 0.063 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.399 0.471 0.543 0.618 0.694 0.850 1.013 1.182 1.360

1.0033 1.0085 1.0190 1.0296 1.0403 1.0511 1.0620 1.0730 1.0842 1.0955 1.1070 1.1304 1.1545 1.1796 1.2059

1.3339 1.3348 1.3367 1.3386 1.3405 1.3424 1.3443 1.3462 1.3481 1.3501 1.3520 1.3560 1.3601 1.3644 1.3689

0.08 0.14 0.26 0.37 0.48 0.59 0.70 0.82 0.93 1.05 1.18 1.45 1.75

1.017 1.036 1.084 1.129 1.173 1.221 1.276 1.336 1.400 1.469 1.543 1.701 1.889 2.136 2.449

0.015 0.030 0.045 0.061 0.076 0.092 0.108 0.124 0.140 0.157 0.173 0.190

0.015 0.030 0.045 0.060 0.075 0.090 0.106 0.121 0.137 0.152 0.168 0.184

1.0009 1.0036 1.0062 1.0089 1.0115 1.0142 1.0169 1.0196 1.0223 1.0250 1.0277 1.0305

1.3339 1.3348 1.3356 1.3365 1.3374 1.3383 1.3392 1.3400 1.3409 1.3418 1.3427 1.3436

0.07 0.14 0.21 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.52 0.58 0.65 0.71 0.77

1.017 1.032 1.046 1.062 1.077 1.093 1.109 1.125 1.142 1.160 1.178 1.197

0.109 0.219 0.443 0.671 0.904 1.142 1.385 1.634 1.887 2.147 2.412 2.960 3.534

0.108 0.216 0.432 0.646 0.860 1.074 1.286 1.498 1.710 1.921 2.131 2.551 2.967

0.9973 0.9963 0.9945 0.9927 0.9910 0.9893 0.9878 0.9862 0.9847 0.9833 0.9819 0.9792 0.9765

1.3333 1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3360 1.3367 1.3374 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3410 1.3425

0.20 0.40 0.81 1.23 1.65 2.09 2.54 2.99 3.47 3.96 4.47 5.56 6.73

1.023 1.046 1.095 1.140 1.183 1.228 1.279 1.331 1.385 1.442 1.501 1.627 1.761

4/30/05 8:47:06 AM


Ethylene glycol (CH2OH)2

Ferric chloride FeCl3

Section 8.indb 57

Mass % 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 4.134 4.765 5.427 6.122 6.855 7.626 8.441 9.303 10.215 11.182 12.210 13.304 14.471 15.718 17.055 18.490 20.036 21.706 32.559 50.648 86.824 195.355 249.620 340.062 520.946

c/mol L–1 3.382 3.795 4.205 4.613 5.018 5.419 5.817 6.212 6.601 6.987 7.370 7.747 8.120 8.488 8.853 9.213 9.568 9.919 11.605 13.183 14.649 15.980 16.225 16.466 16.697 16.920 17.133

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0

0.081 0.163 0.329 0.498 0.671 0.848 1.028 1.213 1.401 1.593 1.790 2.197 2.623 3.069 3.537 4.028 5.088 6.265 7.582 9.062 10.741 12.659 14.872 17.453 20.505 24.166

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

0.031 0.062 0.126 0.191 0.257 0.324

8-57

ρ/g cm–3 0.9739 0.9713 0.9687 0.9660 0.9632 0.9602 0.9571 0.9539 0.9504 0.9468 0.9431 0.9392 0.9352 0.9311 0.9269 0.9227 0.9183 0.9139 0.8911 0.8676 0.8436 0.8180 0.8125 0.8070 0.8013 0.7954 0.7893

n 1.3440 1.3455 1.3469 1.3484 1.3498 1.3511 1.3524 1.3535 1.3546 1.3557 1.3566 1.3575 1.3583 1.3590 1.3598 1.3604 1.3610 1.3616 1.3638 1.3652 1.3658 1.3650 1.3646 1.3642 1.3636 1.3630 1.3614

∆/°C 8.01 9.40 10.92 12.60 14.47 16.41 18.43 20.47 22.44 24.27 25.98 27.62 29.26 30.98 32.68 34.36 36.04 37.67 44.93

η/mPa s 1.890 2.019 2.142 2.259 2.370 2.476 2.581 2.667 2.726 2.768 2.803 2.829 2.846 2.852 2.850 2.843 2.832 2.813 2.547 2.214 1.881 1.542 1.475 1.407 1.342 1.273 1.203

0.080 0.161 0.322 0.484 0.646 0.809 0.972 1.136 1.299 1.464 1.628 1.959 2.292 2.626 2.962 3.300 3.981 4.669 5.364 6.067 6.776 7.491 8.212 8.939 9.671 10.406

0.9988 0.9995 1.0007 1.0019 1.0032 1.0044 1.0057 1.0070 1.0082 1.0095 1.0108 1.0134 1.0161 1.0188 1.0214 1.0241 1.0296 1.0350 1.0405 1.0460 1.0514 1.0567 1.0619 1.0670 1.0719 1.0765

1.3335 1.3339 1.3348 1.3358 1.3367 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3415 1.3425 1.3444 1.3464 1.3484 1.3503 1.3523 1.3564 1.3605 1.3646 1.3687 1.3728 1.3769 1.3811 1.3851 1.3892 1.3931

0.15 0.30 0.61 0.92 1.24 1.58 1.91 2.26 2.62 2.99 3.37 4.16 5.01 5.91 6.89 7.93 10.28 13.03 16.23 19.82 23.84 28.32 33.30 38.81 44.83 51.23

1.010 1.020 1.048 1.074 1.099 1.125 1.153 1.182 1.212 1.243 1.277 1.348 1.424 1.500 1.578 1.661 1.843 2.047 2.280 2.537 2.832 3.166 3.544 3.981 4.475 5.026

0.031 0.062 0.125 0.189 0.255 0.321

1.0025 1.0068 1.0153 1.0238 1.0323 1.0408

1.3344 1.3358 1.3386 1.3413 1.3441 1.3468

0.21 0.39 0.75 1.15 1.56 2.00

1.024 1.047 1.093 1.139 1.187 1.238

4/30/05 8:47:07 AM

8-58 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 0.394 0.464 0.536 0.610 0.685 0.841 1.004 1.174 1.353 1.541 1.947 2.398 2.901 3.468 4.110

c/mol L–1 0.388 0.457 0.526 0.597 0.669 0.817 0.969 1.126 1.289 1.457 1.810 2.189 2.595 3.030 3.496

ρ/g cm–3 1.0493 1.0580 1.0668 1.0760 1.0853 1.1040 1.1228 1.1420 1.1615 1.1816 1.2234 1.2679 1.3153 1.3654 1.4176

n 1.3496 1.3524 1.3552 1.3581 1.3611 1.3670 1.3730

∆/°C 2.48 2.99 3.57 4.19 4.85 6.38 8.22 10.45 13.08 16.14 23.79 33.61 49.16

η/mPa s 1.292 1.350 1.412 1.480 1.553 1.707 1.879 2.080 2.311 2.570 3.178 4.038 5.274 7.130 9.674

Formic acid HCOOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 28.0 36.0 44.0 52.0 60.0 68.0

0.109 0.219 0.443 0.672 0.905 1.143 1.387 1.635 1.889 2.149 2.414 2.962 3.537 4.138 4.769 5.431 8.449 12.220 17.070 23.535 32.587 46.166

0.109 0.217 0.436 0.655 0.876 1.097 1.320 1.544 1.768 1.994 2.221 2.678 3.139 3.605 4.074 4.548 6.481 8.477 10.529 12.633 14.813 17.054

0.9994 1.0006 1.0029 1.0053 1.0077 1.0102 1.0126 1.0150 1.0175 1.0199 1.0224 1.0273 1.0322 1.0371 1.0419 1.0467 1.0654 1.0839 1.1015 1.1183 1.1364 1.1544

1.3333 1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3371 1.3376 1.3382 1.3387 1.3397 1.3408 1.3418 1.3428 1.3437 1.3475 1.3511 1.3547 1.3581 1.3612 1.3641

0.21 0.42 0.82 1.24 1.67 2.10 2.53 2.97 3.40 3.84 4.27 5.19 6.11 7.06 8.08 9.11 13.10 17.65 22.93 29.69 38.26

1.006 1.011 1.017 1.195 1.032 1.039 1.046 1.052 1.058 1.064 1.070 1.082 1.094 1.106 1.119 1.132 1.179 1.227 1.281 1.340 1.410 1.490

D-Fructose C6H12O6

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0

0.028 0.056 0.113 0.172 0.231 0.292 0.354 0.418 0.483 0.549 0.617 0.757 0.904 1.057 1.218 1.388 1.566 1.753 1.950 2.159 2.379 2.612

0.028 0.056 0.112 0.168 0.225 0.283 0.340 0.399 0.458 0.517 0.576 0.697 0.820 0.945 1.072 1.201 1.332 1.465 1.600 1.738 1.878 2.020

1.0002 1.0021 1.0061 1.0101 1.0140 1.0181 1.0221 1.0262 1.0303 1.0344 1.0385 1.0469 1.0554 1.0640 1.0728 1.0816 1.0906 1.0996 1.1089 1.1182 1.1276 1.1372

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3373 1.3387 1.3402 1.3417 1.3431 1.3446 1.3461 1.3476 1.3507 1.3538 1.3569 1.3601 1.3634 1.3667 1.3700 1.3734 1.3768 1.3803 1.3839

0.05 0.10 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.66 0.78 0.90 1.03 1.16 1.43 1.71 2.01 2.32 2.64 3.05 3.43 3.82 4.20

1.015 1.028 1.054 1.080 1.106 1.134 1.165 1.198 1.232 1.270 1.309 1.391 1.483 1.587 1.703 1.837 1.986 2.154 2.348 2.562 2.817 3.112

Section 8.indb 58

4/30/05 8:47:08 AM


Mass % 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0

m/mol kg–1 2.859 3.122 3.402 3.700 4.019 4.361 4.728 5.124

c/mol L–1 2.164 2.312 2.461 2.613 2.767 2.925 3.084 3.247

ρ/g cm–3 1.1469 1.1568 1.1668 1.1769 1.1871 1.1975 1.2080 1.2187

n 1.3874 1.3911 1.3948 1.3985 1.4023 1.4062 1.4101 1.4141

∆/°C

8-59

η/mPa s 3.462 3.899 4.418 5.046 5.773 6.644 7.753 9.060

D-Glucose C6H12O6

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0

0.028 0.056 0.113 0.172 0.231 0.292 0.354 0.418 0.483 0.549 0.617 0.757 0.904 1.057 1.218 1.388 1.566 1.753 1.950 2.159 2.379 2.612 2.859 3.122 3.402 3.700 4.019 4.361 4.728 5.124 5.551 6.013 6.516 7.064 7.665 8.326

0.028 0.056 0.112 0.168 0.225 0.282 0.340 0.398 0.457 0.516 0.576 0.697 0.819 0.944 1.070 1.199 1.329 1.462 1.597 1.734 1.873 2.014 2.158 2.304 2.452 2.603 2.756 2.912 3.071 3.232 3.396 3.562 3.732 3.905 4.081 4.261

1.0001 1.0020 1.0058 1.0097 1.0136 1.0175 1.0214 1.0254 1.0294 1.0334 1.0375 1.0457 1.0540 1.0624 1.0710 1.0797 1.0884 1.0973 1.1063 1.1154 1.1246 1.1340 1.1434 1.1529 1.1626 1.1724 1.1823 1.1924 1.2026 1.2130 1.2235 1.2342 1.2451 1.2562 1.2676 1.2793

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3373 1.3387 1.3402 1.3417 1.3432 1.3447 1.3462 1.3477 1.3508 1.3539 1.3571 1.3603 1.3635 1.3668 1.3702 1.3736 1.3770 1.3805 1.3840 1.3876 1.3912 1.3949 1.3986 1.4024 1.4062 1.4101 1.4141 1.4181 1.4222 1.4263 1.4306 1.4349 1.4394

0.05 0.11 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.55 0.67 0.79 0.91 1.04 1.17 1.44 1.73 2.03 2.35 2.70 3.07 3.48 3.90 4.34 4.79

1.010 1.021 1.052 1.083 1.113 1.145 1.179 1.214 1.250 1.289 1.330 1.416 1.512 1.625 1.757 1.904 2.063 2.242 2.458 2.707 2.998 3.324 3.704 4.193 4.786 5.493 6.288 7.235 8.454 9.883 11.884 14.489 17.916 22.886 29.389 37.445

Glycerol CH2OHCHOHCH2OH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.055 0.110 0.222 0.336 0.452 0.572 0.693 0.817 0.944 1.074 1.207 1.481 1.768 2.068 2.384

0.054 0.109 0.218 0.327 0.438 0.548 0.659 0.771 0.883 0.996 1.109 1.337 1.568 1.800 2.035

0.9994 1.0005 1.0028 1.0051 1.0074 1.0097 1.0120 1.0144 1.0167 1.0191 1.0215 1.0262 1.0311 1.0360 1.0409

1.3336 1.3342 1.3353 1.3365 1.3376 1.3388 1.3400 1.3412 1.3424 1.3436 1.3448 1.3472 1.3496 1.3521 1.3547

0.07 0.18 0.41 0.63 0.85 1.08 1.32 1.56 1.81 2.06 2.32 2.88 3.47 4.09 4.76

1.011 1.022 1.048 1.074 1.100 1.127 1.157 1.188 1.220 1.256 1.291 1.365 1.445 1.533 1.630

Section 8.indb 59

4/30/05 8:47:09 AM

8-60


Solute

Mass % 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 68.0 72.0 76.0 80.0 84.0 88.0 92.0 96.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 2.715 3.429 4.223 5.110 6.108 7.239 8.532 10.024 11.764 13.820 16.288 19.305 23.075 27.923 34.387 43.436 57.009 79.632 124.878 260.615

c/mol L–1 2.271 2.752 3.242 3.742 4.252 4.771 5.300 5.838 6.385 6.944 7.512 8.092 8.680 9.277 9.884 10.498 11.121 11.753 12.392 13.039 13.694

ρ/g cm–3 1.0459 1.0561 1.0664 1.0770 1.0876 1.0984 1.1092 1.1200 1.1308 1.1419 1.1530 1.1643 1.1755 1.1866 1.1976 1.2085 1.2192 1.2299 1.2404 1.2508 1.2611

n 1.3572 1.3624 1.3676 1.3730 1.3785 1.3841 1.3897 1.3954 1.4011 1.4069 1.4129 1.4189 1.4249 1.4310 1.4370 1.4431 1.4492 1.4553 1.4613 1.4674 1.4735

∆/°C 5.46 7.01 8.77 10.74 12.96 15.50

η/mPa s 1.737 1.988 2.279 2.637 3.088 3.653 4.443 5.413 6.666 8.349 10.681 13.657 18.457 27.625 40.571 59.900 84.338 147.494 384.467 780.458

Hydrochloric acid HCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.138 0.277 0.560 0.848 1.143 1.444 1.751 2.064 2.385 2.713 3.047 3.740 4.465 5.224 6.020 6.857 7.736 8.661 9.636 10.666 11.754 12.907 14.129 15.427 16.810 18.284

0.137 0.275 0.553 0.833 1.117 1.403 1.691 1.983 2.277 2.574 2.873 3.481 4.099 4.729 5.370 6.023 6.687 7.362 8.049 8.748 9.456 10.175 10.904 11.642 12.388 13.140

1.0007 1.0031 1.0081 1.0130 1.0179 1.0228 1.0278 1.0327 1.0377 1.0426 1.0476 1.0576 1.0676 1.0777 1.0878 1.0980 1.1083 1.1185 1.1288 1.1391 1.1492 1.1594 1.1693 1.1791 1.1886 1.1977

1.3341 1.3353 1.3376 1.3399 1.3422 1.3445 1.3468 1.3491 1.3515 1.3538 1.3561 1.3607 1.3653 1.3700 1.3746 1.3792 1.3838 1.3884 1.3930 1.3976 1.4020 1.4066 1.4112 1.4158 1.4204 1.4250

0.49 0.99 2.08 3.28 4.58 5.98 7.52 9.22 11.10 13.15 15.40 20.51

1.008 1.015 1.029 1.044 1.059 1.075 1.091 1.108 1.125 1.143 1.161 1.199 1.239 1.282 1.326 1.374 1.426 1.483 1.547 1.620 1.705 1.799 1.900 2.002 2.105

Lactic acid CH3CHOHCOOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0

0.056 0.112 0.227 0.343 0.463 0.584 0.709 0.836 0.965 1.098 1.233 1.514

0.055 0.111 0.223 0.334 0.447 0.560 0.673 0.787 0.902 1.017 1.132 1.365

0.9992 1.0002 1.0023 1.0043 1.0065 1.0086 1.0108 1.0131 1.0153 1.0176 1.0199 1.0246

1.3335 1.3340 1.3350 1.3360 1.3370 1.3380 1.3390 1.3400 1.3410 1.3420 1.3430 1.3450

0.10 0.19 0.38 0.57 0.76 0.95 1.16 1.36 1.57 1.79 2.02 2.49

1.014 1.027 1.056 1.084 1.110 1.138 1.167 1.198 1.229 1.262 1.296 1.366

Section 8.indb 60

4/30/05 8:47:10 AM


Mass % 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 68.0 72.0 76.0 80.0

m/mol kg–1 1.807 2.115 2.437 2.775 3.506 4.317 5.224 6.244 7.401 8.722 10.247 12.026 14.129 16.652 19.736 23.590 28.546 35.154 44.405

c/mol L–1 1.600 1.837 2.076 2.318 2.807 3.305 3.811 4.325 4.847 5.377 5.917 6.466 7.023 7.588 8.161 8.741 9.328 9.922 10.522

ρ/g cm–3 1.0294 1.0342 1.0390 1.0439 1.0536 1.0632 1.0728 1.0822 1.0915 1.1008 1.1105 1.1201 1.1297 1.1392 1.1486 1.1579 1.1670 1.1760 1.1848

n 1.3470 1.3491 1.3511 1.3532 1.3573 1.3615 1.3657 1.3700 1.3743 1.3786 1.3828 1.3871 1.3914 1.3958 1.4001 1.4045 1.4088 1.4131 1.4173

∆/°C 2.99 3.48 3.96 4.44

8-61

η/mPa s 1.441 1.522 1.607 1.699 1.902 2.136 2.414 2.730 3.114 3.566 4.106 4.789 5.579 6.679 8.024 9.863 12.866 16.974 22.164

Lactose C12H22O11

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122 0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641

0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.119 0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.304 0.367 0.432 0.498 0.565

1.0002 1.0021 1.0061 1.0102 1.0143 1.0184 1.0225 1.0267 1.0308 1.0349 1.0390 1.0473 1.0558 1.0648 1.0746

1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3375 1.3390 1.3406 1.3421 1.3437 1.3453 1.3468 1.3484 1.3515 1.3548 1.3582 1.3619

0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.50

1.013 1.026 1.058 1.089 1.120 1.154 1.191 1.232 1.276 1.321 1.370 1.476 1.593 1.724 1.869

Lithium chloride LiCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

0.119 0.238 0.481 0.730 0.983 1.241 1.506 1.775 2.051 2.333 2.621 3.217 3.840 4.493 5.178 5.897 6.653 7.449 8.288 9.173 10.109

0.118 0.237 0.476 0.719 0.964 1.211 1.462 1.715 1.971 2.230 2.491 3.022 3.564 4.118 4.683 5.260 5.851 6.453 7.069 7.700 8.344

1.0012 1.0041 1.0099 1.0157 1.0215 1.0272 1.0330 1.0387 1.0444 1.0502 1.0560 1.0675 1.0792 1.0910 1.1029 1.1150 1.1274 1.1399 1.1527 1.1658 1.1791

1.3341 1.3351 1.3373 1.3394 1.3415 1.3436 1.3457 1.3478 1.3499 1.3520 1.3541 1.3583 1.3625 1.3668 1.3711 1.3755 1.3799 1.3844 1.3890 1.3936 1.3983

0.42 0.84 1.72 2.68 3.73 4.86 6.14 7.56 9.11 10.79 12.61 16.59 21.04

1.019 1.037 1.072 1.108 1.146 1.185 1.226 1.269 1.313 1.360 1.411 1.522 1.647 1.787 1.942 2.128 2.341 2.600 2.925 3.318 3.785

0.5 1.0 2.0

0.053 0.106 0.214

0.053 0.106 0.213

1.0022 1.0062 1.0144

1.3343 1.3356 1.3381

0.26 0.52 1.06

1.024 1.046 1.091

Magnesium chloride MgCl2

Section 8.indb 61

4/30/05 8:47:11 AM

8-62 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

m/mol kg–1 0.325 0.438 0.553 0.670 0.791 0.913 1.039 1.167 1.432 1.710 2.001 2.306 2.626 2.962 3.317 3.690 4.085 4.501

c/mol L–1 0.322 0.433 0.546 0.660 0.777 0.895 1.015 1.137 1.387 1.645 1.911 2.184 2.467 2.758 3.060 3.371 3.692 4.022

ρ/g cm–3 1.0226 1.0309 1.0394 1.0479 1.0564 1.0651 1.0738 1.0826 1.1005 1.1189 1.1372 1.1553 1.1742 1.1938 1.2140 1.2346 1.2555 1.2763

n 1.3406 1.3432 1.3457 1.3483 1.3508 1.3534 1.3560 1.3587 1.3641 1.3695 1.3749 1.3804 1.3859 1.3915 1.3972 1.4030 1.4089 1.4148

∆/°C 1.65 2.30 3.01

η/mPa s 1.139 1.188 1.241 1.298 1.358 1.423 1.493 1.570 1.745 1.956 2.207 2.507 2.867 3.323 3.917 4.694 5.709 7.017

Magnesium sulfate MgSO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0

0.042 0.084 0.170 0.257 0.346 0.437 0.530 0.625 0.722 0.822 0.923 1.133 1.352 1.582 1.824 2.077 2.343 2.624 2.919

0.042 0.084 0.169 0.256 0.345 0.436 0.528 0.623 0.719 0.817 0.917 1.122 1.336 1.557 1.788 2.027 2.275 2.532 2.800

1.0033 1.0084 1.0186 1.0289 1.0392 1.0497 1.0602 1.0708 1.0816 1.0924 1.1034 1.1257 1.1484 1.1717 1.1955 1.2198 1.2447 1.2701 1.2961

1.3340 1.3350 1.3371 1.3391 1.3411 1.3431 1.3451 1.3471 1.3492 1.3512 1.3532 1.3572 1.3613 1.3654 1.3694 1.3735 1.3776 1.3817 1.3858

0.10 0.19 0.36 0.52 0.69 0.87 1.05 1.24 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.31 2.86 3.67

1.027 1.054 1.112 1.177 1.249 1.328 1.411 1.498 1.593 1.702 1.829 2.104 2.412 2.809 3.360 4.147 5.199 6.498 8.066

Maltose C12H22O11

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 40.0

0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122 0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641 0.730 0.824 0.923 1.026 1.136 1.252 1.948

0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.119 0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.303 0.367 0.431 0.497 0.564 0.631 0.700 0.770 0.842 0.914 0.988 1.375

1.0003 1.0023 1.0063 1.0104 1.0144 1.0184 1.0224 1.0265 1.0305 1.0345 1.0385 1.0465 1.0545 1.0629 1.0716 1.0801 1.0894 1.0984 1.1080 1.1171 1.1269 1.1769

1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3374 1.3389 1.3404 1.3420 1.3435 1.3450 1.3466 1.3482 1.3513 1.3546 1.3578 1.3612 1.3644 1.3678 1.3714 1.3749 1.3785 1.3821 1.4013

0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.48 0.55 0.62 0.77 0.92 1.08 1.25 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.08 2.34 2.62 4.41

1.016 1.030 1.060 1.092 1.126 1.162 1.200 1.239 1.281 1.325 1.372 1.474 1.588 1.715 1.859 2.021 2.216 2.463 2.753 3.066 3.427 6.926

Section 8.indb 62

4/30/05 8:47:12 AM


Mass % 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0

m/mol kg–1 2.921 3.165 3.429 3.718 4.034 4.382

c/mol L–1 1.797 1.886 1.976 2.068 2.159 2.253

ρ/g cm–3 1.2304 1.2416 1.2528 1.2638 1.2740 1.2855

n 1.4217 1.4260 1.4308 1.4350 1.4394 1.4440

∆/°C

8-63

η/mPa s 17.786 22.034 28.757 38.226 49.298

Manganese(II) sulfate MnSO4

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

0.067 0.135 0.205 0.276 0.349 0.423 0.498 0.576 0.655 0.736 0.903 1.078 1.261 1.454 1.656

0.067 0.135 0.204 0.275 0.347 0.421 0.495 0.572 0.650 0.729 0.893 1.063 1.240 1.424 1.616

1.0080 1.0178 1.0277 1.0378 1.0480 1.0583 1.0688 1.0794 1.0902 1.1012 1.1236 1.1467 1.1705 1.1950 1.2203

1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3402 1.3420 1.3438 1.3457 1.3475 1.3494 1.3513 1.3551 1.3589 1.3629 1.3668 1.3708

0.16 0.31 0.44 0.57 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.28 1.44 1.80 2.21 2.67 3.19 3.80

1.046 1.090 1.137 1.187 1.242 1.301 1.363 1.431 1.505 1.587 1.779 2.005 2.272 2.580 2.938

D-Mannitol CH2(CHOH)4CH2OH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0

0.028 0.055 0.112 0.170 0.229 0.289 0.350 0.413 0.477 0.543 0.610 0.678 0.749 0.820 0.894 0.969

0.027 0.055 0.110 0.166 0.222 0.279 0.336 0.393 0.451 0.509 0.567 0.626 0.686 0.746 0.806 0.867

1.0000 1.0017 1.0053 1.0088 1.0124 1.0159 1.0195 1.0230 1.0266 1.0302 1.0338 1.0375 1.0412 1.0450 1.0489 1.0529

1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3374 1.3389 1.3403 1.3418 1.3433 1.3447 1.3462 1.3477 1.3491 1.3506 1.3521 1.3536 1.3552

0.05 0.10 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.66 0.77 0.90 1.02 1.15 1.28 1.41 1.55 1.69 1.84

1.019 1.032 1.057 1.081 1.107 1.135 1.166 1.200 1.236 1.275 1.314 1.355 1.398 1.443 1.489 1.537

Methanol CH3OH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

0.157 0.315 0.637 0.965 1.300 1.643 1.992 2.349 2.714 3.087 3.468 4.256 5.081 5.945 6.851 7.803 8.803 9.856 10.966 12.138 13.376

0.156 0.311 0.621 0.930 1.238 1.544 1.850 2.155 2.459 2.762 3.064 3.665 4.262 4.856 5.447 6.034 6.616 7.196 7.771 8.341 8.908

0.9973 0.9964 0.9947 0.9930 0.9913 0.9896 0.9880 0.9864 0.9848 0.9832 0.9816 0.9785 0.9755 0.9725 0.9695 0.9666 0.9636 0.9606 0.9576 0.9545 0.9514

1.3331 1.3332 1.3334 1.3336 1.3339 1.3341 1.3343 1.3346 1.3348 1.3351 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3370 1.3376 1.3381 1.3387 1.3392 1.3397 1.3402 1.3407

0.28 0.56 1.14 1.75 2.37 3.02 3.71 4.41 5.13 5.85 6.60 8.14 9.72 11.36 13.13 15.02 16.98 19.04 21.23 23.59 25.91

1.022 1.040 1.070 1.100 1.131 1.163 1.196 1.229 1.264 1.297 1.329 1.389 1.446 1.501 1.554 1.604 1.652 1.697 1.735 1.769 1.795

Section 8.indb 63

4/30/05 8:47:13 AM

8-64 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 14.688 16.078 17.556 19.129 20.807 31.211 46.816 72.826 124.844 280.899

c/mol L–1 9.470 10.028 10.580 11.127 11.669 14.288 16.749 19.040 21.144 23.045 24.710

ρ/g cm–3 0.9482 0.9450 0.9416 0.9382 0.9347 0.9156 0.8944 0.8715 0.8468 0.8204 0.7917

n 1.3411 1.3415 1.3419 1.3422 1.3425 1.3431 1.3426 1.3411 1.3385 1.3348 1.3290

∆/°C 28.15 30.48 32.97 35.60 38.60 54.50 74.50

η/mPa s 1.814 1.827 1.835 1.839 1.837 1.761 1.600 1.368 1.128 0.861 0.586

Nitric acid HNO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.080 0.160 0.324 0.491 0.661 0.835 1.013 1.194 1.380 1.570 1.763 2.164 2.583 3.023 3.484 3.967 4.476 5.011 5.576 6.172 6.801 7.468 8.175 8.927 9.727 10.580

0.079 0.159 0.320 0.483 0.648 0.814 0.982 1.152 1.324 1.498 1.673 2.030 2.395 2.768 3.149 3.539 3.937 4.344 4.760 5.185 5.618 6.060 6.512 6.971 7.439 7.913

1.0009 1.0037 1.0091 1.0146 1.0202 1.0257 1.0314 1.0370 1.0427 1.0485 1.0543 1.0660 1.0780 1.0901 1.1025 1.1150 1.1277 1.1406 1.1536 1.1668 1.1801 1.1934 1.2068 1.2202 1.2335 1.2466

1.3336 1.3343 1.3356 1.3368 1.3381 1.3394 1.3407 1.3421 1.3434 1.3447 1.3460 1.3487 1.3514 1.3541 1.3569 1.3596 1.3624 1.3652 1.3680 1.3708 1.3736 1.3763 1.3790 1.3817 1.3842 1.3867

0.28 0.56 1.12 1.70 2.32 2.96 3.63 4.33 5.05 5.81 6.60 8.27 10.08 12.04 14.16

1.004 1.005 1.007 1.010 1.014 1.018 1.022 1.027 1.032 1.038 1.044 1.058 1.075 1.094 1.116 1.141 1.169 1.199 1.233 1.271 1.311 1.354 1.400 1.450 1.504 1.561

Oxalic acid (COOH)2

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

0.056 0.112 0.169 0.227 0.285 0.343 0.403 0.463 0.523 0.585 0.709 0.836 0.966

0.056 0.111 0.167 0.224 0.281 0.337 0.395 0.452 0.510 0.568 0.684 0.802 0.920

1.0006 1.0030 1.0054 1.0079 1.0103 1.0126 1.0150 1.0174 1.0197 1.0220 1.0265 1.0310 1.0355

1.3336 1.3342 1.3347 1.3353 1.3359 1.3364 1.3370 1.3375 1.3381 1.3386 1.3397 1.3407 1.3418

0.16 0.30 0.44 0.57 0.71 0.84 0.97 1.09

1.013 1.023 1.033 1.044 1.055 1.065 1.076 1.086 1.097 1.108 1.129 1.150 1.172

Phosphoric acid H3PO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

0.051 0.103 0.208 0.316 0.425 0.537 0.651 0.768

0.051 0.102 0.206 0.311 0.416 0.523 0.631 0.740

1.0010 1.0038 1.0092 1.0146 1.0200 1.0254 1.0309 1.0363

1.3335 1.3340 1.3349 1.3358 1.3367 1.3376 1.3385 1.3394

0.12 0.24 0.46 0.69 0.93 1.16 1.38 1.62

1.010 1.020 1.050 1.079 1.108 1.138 1.169 1.200

Section 8.indb 64

4/30/05 8:47:14 AM


Mass % 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 0.887 1.009 1.134 1.392 1.661 1.944 2.240 2.551 2.878 3.223 3.585 3.968 4.373 4.802 5.257 5.740 6.254 6.803

c/mol L–1 0.850 0.962 1.075 1.304 1.538 1.777 2.022 2.273 2.529 2.791 3.059 3.333 3.614 3.901 4.194 4.495 4.803 5.117

ρ/g cm–3 1.0418 1.0474 1.0531 1.0647 1.0765 1.0885 1.1009 1.1135 1.1263 1.1395 1.1528 1.1665 1.1804 1.1945 1.2089 1.2236 1.2385 1.2536

n 1.3403 1.3413 1.3422 1.3441 1.3460 1.3480 1.3500 1.3520 1.3540 1.3561 1.3582 1.3604 1.3625 1.3647 1.3669 1.3691 1.3713 1.3735

∆/°C 1.88 2.16 2.45 3.01 3.76 4.45 5.25 6.23 7.38 8.69 10.12 11.64 13.23 14.94 16.81 18.85 21.09 23.58

8-65

η/mPa s 1.232 1.267 1.303 1.382 1.469 1.565 1.671 1.788 1.914 2.049 2.198 2.365 2.553 2.766 3.001 3.260 3.544 3.856

Potassium bicarbonate KHCO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

0.050 0.101 0.204 0.309 0.416 0.526 0.638 0.752 0.869 0.988 1.110 1.362 1.626 1.903 2.193 2.497 2.817 3.154

0.050 0.100 0.202 0.305 0.409 0.515 0.622 0.730 0.840 0.951 1.064 1.293 1.528 1.770 2.017 2.272 2.533 2.801

1.0014 1.0046 1.0114 1.0181 1.0247 1.0310 1.0379 1.0446 1.0514 1.0581 1.0650 1.0788 1.0929 1.1073 1.1221 1.1372 1.1527 1.1685

1.3335 1.3341 1.3353 1.3365 1.3376 1.3386 1.3397 1.3409 1.3419 1.3430 1.3441 1.3462 1.3484 1.3506 1.3528 1.3550 1.3572 1.3595

0.18 0.34 0.67 0.98 1.29 1.60 1.91 2.22 2.53 2.84 3.16 3.79 4.41

1.009 1.015 1.027 1.040 1.053 1.067 1.081 1.096 1.112 1.128 1.145 1.183 1.224 1.270 1.319 1.373 1.432 1.497

Potassium bromide KBr

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0

0.042 0.085 0.171 0.260 0.350 0.442 0.536 0.633 0.731 0.831 0.934 1.146 1.368 1.601 1.845 2.101 2.370 2.654 2.952 3.268 3.601 3.954 4.329

0.042 0.084 0.170 0.257 0.345 0.435 0.526 0.618 0.711 0.806 0.903 1.099 1.302 1.512 1.727 1.950 2.179 2.416 2.661 2.914 3.175 3.445 3.724

1.0018 1.0054 1.0127 1.0200 1.0275 1.0350 1.0426 1.0503 1.0581 1.0660 1.0740 1.0903 1.1070 1.1242 1.1419 1.1601 1.1788 1.1980 1.2179 1.2383 1.2593 1.2810 1.3033

1.3336 1.3342 1.3354 1.3366 1.3379 1.3391 1.3403 1.3416 1.3429 1.3441 1.3454 1.3481 1.3507 1.3535 1.3562 1.3591 1.3620 1.3650 1.3680 1.3711 1.3743 1.3776 1.3809

0.15 0.29 0.59 0.88 1.18 1.48 1.78 2.10 2.42 2.74 3.07 3.76 4.49 5.25 6.04 6.88 7.76 8.70 9.68 10.72 11.82 12.98

1.000 0.998 0.994 0.990 0.985 0.981 0.977 0.974 0.970 0.967 0.964 0.958 0.953 0.949 0.946 0.944 0.943 0.943 0.944 0.947 0.952 0.959 0.968

Section 8.indb 65

4/30/05 8:47:15 AM

8-66 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 36.0 38.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 4.727 5.150 5.602

c/mol L–1 4.012 4.311 4.620

ρ/g cm–3 1.3263 1.3501 1.3746

n 1.3843 1.3878 1.3914

∆/°C

η/mPa s 0.979 0.993 1.010

Potassium carbonate K2CO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 50.0

0.036 0.073 0.148 0.224 0.301 0.381 0.462 0.545 0.629 0.716 0.804 0.987 1.178 1.378 1.588 1.809 2.285 2.814 3.405 4.070 4.824 7.236

0.036 0.073 0.147 0.223 0.299 0.378 0.457 0.538 0.620 0.704 0.789 0.963 1.144 1.330 1.523 1.722 2.139 2.584 3.057 3.559 4.093 5.573

1.0027 1.0072 1.0163 1.0254 1.0345 1.0437 1.0529 1.0622 1.0715 1.0809 1.0904 1.1095 1.1291 1.1490 1.1692 1.1898 1.2320 1.2755 1.3204 1.3665 1.4142 1.5404

1.3339 1.3347 1.3365 1.3382 1.3399 1.3416 1.3433 1.3450 1.3467 1.3484 1.3501 1.3535 1.3569 1.3603 1.3637 1.3671 1.3739 1.3807 1.3874 1.3940 1.4006 1.4168

0.18 0.34 0.66 0.99 1.32 1.67 2.03 2.40 2.77 3.17 3.57 4.45 5.39 6.42 7.55 8.82 11.96 16.01 21.46 28.58 37.55

1.013 1.025 1.048 1.071 1.094 1.119 1.146 1.174 1.204 1.235 1.269 1.339 1.414 1.497 1.594 1.707 1.978 2.331 2.834 3.503 4.360 9.369

Potassium chloride KCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

0.067 0.135 0.274 0.415 0.559 0.706 0.856 1.010 1.166 1.327 1.490 1.829 2.184 2.555 2.944 3.353 3.783 4.236

0.067 0.135 0.271 0.409 0.549 0.691 0.835 0.980 1.127 1.276 1.426 1.733 2.048 2.370 2.701 3.039 3.386 3.742

1.0014 1.0046 1.0110 1.0174 1.0239 1.0304 1.0369 1.0434 1.0500 1.0566 1.0633 1.0768 1.0905 1.1043 1.1185 1.1328 1.1474 1.1623

1.3337 1.3343 1.3357 1.3371 1.3384 1.3398 1.3411 1.3425 1.3438 1.3452 1.3466 1.3493 1.3521 1.3549 1.3577 1.3606 1.3635 1.3665

0.23 0.46 0.92 1.38 1.85 2.32 2.80 3.29 3.80 4.30 4.81 5.88

1.000 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.997 0.996 0.994 0.992 0.990 0.989 0.988 0.990 0.994 0.999 1.004 1.012 1.024 1.040

Potassium hydroxide KOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.090 0.180 0.364 0.551 0.743 0.938 1.138 1.342 1.550 1.763 1.980 2.431 2.902 3.395 3.913

0.089 0.179 0.362 0.548 0.736 0.929 1.124 1.322 1.524 1.729 1.938 2.365 2.806 3.261 3.730

1.0025 1.0068 1.0155 1.0242 1.0330 1.0419 1.0509 1.0599 1.0690 1.0781 1.0873 1.1059 1.1246 1.1435 1.1626

1.3340 1.3350 1.3369 1.3388 1.3408 1.3427 1.3445 1.3464 1.3483 1.3502 1.3520 1.3558 1.3595 1.3632 1.3670

0.30 0.61 1.24 1.89 2.57 3.36 4.14 4.92

1.010 1.019 1.038 1.058 1.079 1.102 1.126 1.151 1.177 1.205 1.233 1.294 1.361 1.436 1.521

Section 8.indb 66

4/30/05 8:47:16 AM


Mass % 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 40.0 50.0

m/mol kg–1 4.456 5.027 5.629 6.262 6.931 7.639 11.882 17.824

c/mol L–1 4.213 4.711 5.223 5.750 6.293 6.851 9.896 13.389

8-67

ρ/g cm–3 1.1818 1.2014 1.2210 1.2408 1.2609 1.2813 1.3881 1.5024

n 1.3707 1.3744 1.3781 1.3818 1.3854 1.3889 1.4068 1.4247

∆/°C

η/mPa s 1.619 1.732 1.861 2.006 2.170 2.357 3.879 7.892

Potassium iodide KI

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.030 0.061 0.123 0.186 0.251 0.317 0.385 0.453 0.524 0.596 0.669 0.821 0.981 1.147 1.322 1.506 1.699 1.902 2.117 2.343 2.582 2.835 3.103 3.388 3.692 4.016

0.030 0.061 0.122 0.184 0.248 0.312 0.377 0.443 0.511 0.579 0.648 0.790 0.937 1.088 1.244 1.405 1.571 1.744 1.922 2.106 2.297 2.495 2.700 2.913 3.134 3.364

1.0019 1.0056 1.0131 1.0206 1.0282 1.0360 1.0438 1.0517 1.0598 1.0679 1.0762 1.0931 1.1105 1.1284 1.1469 1.1659 1.1856 1.2060 1.2270 1.2487 1.2712 1.2944 1.3185 1.3434 1.3692 1.3959

1.3337 1.3343 1.3357 1.3370 1.3384 1.3397 1.3411 1.3425 1.3440 1.3454 1.3469 1.3498 1.3529 1.3560 1.3593 1.3626 1.3661 1.3696 1.3733 1.3771 1.3810 1.3851 1.3893 1.3936 1.3981 1.4027

0.11 0.22 0.43 0.64 0.86 1.08 1.30 1.53 1.77 2.01 2.26 2.77 3.30 3.87 4.46 5.09 5.76 6.46 7.21 8.01 8.86 9.76 10.72 11.73 12.81 13.97

0.999 0.997 0.991 0.986 0.981 0.976 0.969 0.963 0.957 0.951 0.946 0.937 0.929 0.921 0.915 0.910 0.905 0.901 0.898 0.895 0.892 0.891 0.890 0.890 0.893 0.897

Potassium nitrate KNO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

0.050 0.100 0.202 0.306 0.412 0.521 0.631 0.744 0.860 0.978 1.099 1.349 1.610 1.884 2.171 2.473 2.790 3.123

0.050 0.099 0.200 0.302 0.405 0.509 0.615 0.722 0.830 0.940 1.051 1.277 1.509 1.747 1.991 2.240 2.497 2.759

1.0014 1.0045 1.0108 1.0171 1.0234 1.0298 1.0363 1.0428 1.0494 1.0560 1.0627 1.0762 1.0899 1.1039 1.1181 1.1326 1.1473 1.1623

1.3335 1.3339 1.3349 1.3358 1.3368 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3415 1.3425 1.3444 1.3463 1.3482 1.3502 1.3521 1.3541 1.3561

0.17 0.33 0.64 0.94 1.22 1.50 1.76 2.02 2.27 2.52 2.75

0.999 0.996 0.990 0.986 0.983 0.980 0.977 0.975 0.973 0.971 0.970 0.970 0.972 0.976 0.982 0.990 0.999 1.010

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0

0.032 0.064 0.096 0.129 0.196 0.264

0.032 0.064 0.096 0.128 0.193 0.260

1.0017 1.0051 1.0085 1.0118 1.0186 1.0254

0.11 0.22 0.32 0.43

1.001 1.000 0.999 0.998 0.995 0.992

Potassium permanganate KMnO4

Section 8.indb 67

4/30/05 8:47:17 AM

8-68


Solute

Mass % 5.0 6.0

m/mol kg–1 0.333 0.404

c/mol L–1 0.327 0.394

ρ/g cm–3 1.0322 1.0390

n

∆/°C

η/mPa s 0.989 0.985

Potassium hydrogen phosphate K2HPO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

0.029 0.058 0.087 0.117 0.147 0.178 0.208 0.239 0.271 0.302 0.366 0.432 0.499

0.029 0.058 0.087 0.117 0.146 0.176 0.207 0.237 0.268 0.299 0.362 0.426 0.491

1.0025 1.0068 1.0110 1.0153 1.0195 1.0238 1.0281 1.0324 1.0368 1.0412 1.0500 1.0590 1.0680

1.3338 1.3345 1.3353 1.3361 1.3368 1.3376 1.3384 1.3392 1.3399 1.3407 1.3422 1.3438 1.3453

0.13 0.25 0.37 0.49 0.61 0.73 0.86 0.97 1.10 1.22 1.46 1.70 1.95

1.013 1.023 1.034 1.046 1.057 1.069 1.081 1.094 1.107 1.120 1.147 1.177 1.209

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate KH2PO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

0.037 0.074 0.112 0.150 0.227 0.306 0.387 0.469 0.553 0.639 0.727 0.816

0.037 0.074 0.111 0.149 0.225 0.302 0.380 0.459 0.539 0.621 0.703 0.786

1.0018 1.0053 1.0089 1.0125 1.0197 1.0269 1.0342 1.0414 1.0486 1.0558 1.0630 1.0703

1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3365 1.3377 1.3388 1.3400 1.3411 1.3422 1.3434 1.3445

0.13 0.25 0.37 0.49 0.72 0.96 1.19 1.41 1.63 1.84 2.04 2.23

1.010 1.019 1.028 1.038 1.060 1.083 1.108 1.133 1.160 1.187 1.215 1.245

Potassium sulfate K2SO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

0.029 0.058 0.117 0.177 0.239 0.302 0.366 0.432 0.499 0.568 0.638

0.029 0.058 0.116 0.176 0.237 0.298 0.360 0.424 0.488 0.554 0.620

1.0022 1.0062 1.0143 1.0224 1.0306 1.0388 1.0470 1.0553 1.0637 1.0721 1.0806

1.3336 1.3343 1.3355 1.3368 1.3380 1.3393 1.3405 1.3417 1.3428 1.3440 1.3452

0.14 0.26 0.50 0.73 0.95 1.17

1.006 1.011 1.021 1.033 1.045 1.058 1.072 1.087 1.102 1.117 1.132

1-Propanol CH3CH2CH2OH

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0

0.168 0.340 0.515 0.693 0.876 1.062 1.252 1.447 1.646 1.849 2.269 2.709 3.169 3.652 4.160 5.254 6.471 7.830 9.359

0.166 0.331 0.496 0.660 0.823 0.987 1.149 1.312 1.474 1.635 1.958 2.278 2.595 2.911 3.223 3.838 4.441 5.033 5.613

0.9963 0.9946 0.9928 0.9911 0.9896 0.9882 0.9868 0.9855 0.9842 0.9829 0.9804 0.9779 0.9749 0.9719 0.9686 0.9612 0.9533 0.9452 0.9370

1.3339 1.3348 1.3357 1.3366 1.3376 1.3385 1.3394 1.3404 1.3414 1.3423 1.3442 1.3460 1.3477 1.3494 1.3510 1.3539 1.3566 1.3592 1.3614

0.31 0.61 0.93 1.24 1.57 1.91 2.26 2.61 2.99 3.36 4.09 4.91 5.78 6.67 7.76 9.12 10.17 10.66

1.051 1.100 1.152 1.208 1.267 1.325 1.387 1.449 1.514 1.577 1.710 1.849 1.986 2.106 2.218 2.432 2.612 2.765 2.900

Section 8.indb 68

4/30/05 8:47:19 AM


2-Propanol CH3CHOHCH3

Silver nitrate AgNO3

Sodium acetate CH3COONa

Section 8.indb 69

Mass % 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 11.093 24.958 66.556

c/mol L–1 6.182 8.860 11.275 13.368

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

0.168 0.340 0.515 0.693 0.876 1.062 1.252 1.447 1.646 1.849 2.269 2.709 3.169 3.652 4.160 11.093 24.958 66.556

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

∆/°C

8-69

ρ/g cm–3 0.9288 0.8875 0.8470 0.8034

n 1.3635 1.3734 1.3812 1.3852

η/mPa s 3.010 3.186 2.822 2.227

0.166 0.331 0.495 0.659 0.822 0.985 1.148 1.310 1.472 1.633 1.955 2.276 2.596 2.913 3.227 6.191 8.809 11.103 13.058

0.9960 0.9939 0.9920 0.9902 0.9884 0.9871 0.9855 0.9843 0.9831 0.9816 0.9793 0.9772 0.9751 0.9725 0.9696 0.9302 0.8824 0.8341 0.7848

1.3338 1.3346 1.3355 1.3364 1.3373 1.3382 1.3392 1.3400 1.3410 1.3420 1.3439 1.3459 1.3478 1.3496 1.3514 1.3642 1.3717 1.3742 1.3776

0.30 0.60 0.93 1.26 1.61 1.96 2.32 2.68 3.06 3.48 4.43 5.29 6.36 7.40 8.52

1.056 1.112 1.166 1.225 1.287 1.352 1.417 1.485 1.553 1.629 1.794 1.970 2.160 2.352 2.550

0.030 0.059 0.120 0.182 0.245 0.310 0.376 0.443 0.512 0.582 0.654 0.803 0.958 1.121 1.292 1.472 1.660 1.859 2.068 2.289 2.523 2.770 3.033 3.311 3.608 3.925

0.030 0.059 0.120 0.181 0.243 0.307 0.371 0.437 0.503 0.571 0.641 0.783 0.930 1.083 1.241 1.406 1.577 1.755 1.940 2.132 2.332 2.541 2.758 2.985 3.223 3.472

1.0027 1.0070 1.0154 1.0239 1.0327 1.0417 1.0506 1.0597 1.0690 1.0785 1.0882 1.1079 1.1284 1.1496 1.1715 1.1942 1.2177 1.2420 1.2672 1.2933 1.3204 1.3487 1.3780 1.4087 1.4407 1.4743

1.3336 1.3342 1.3352 1.3363 1.3374 1.3385 1.3396 1.3407 1.3419 1.3431 1.3443 1.3467 1.3493 1.3519 1.3546 1.3574 1.3602 1.3632 1.3662 1.3694 1.3726 1.3760 1.3795 1.3832 1.3871 1.3911

0.10 0.20 0.40 0.59 0.78 0.96 1.15 1.33 1.51 1.69 1.87 2.21 2.55 2.86

1.003 1.005 1.009 1.013 1.016 1.020 1.024 1.027 1.031 1.035 1.039 1.049 1.060 1.072 1.086 1.101 1.117 1.135 1.154 1.176 1.200 1.227 1.257 1.290 1.326 1.366

0.061 0.123 0.249 0.377 0.508 0.642 0.778 0.918 1.060

0.061 0.122 0.246 0.371 0.497 0.624 0.752 0.882 1.013

1.0008 1.0034 1.0085 1.0135 1.0184 1.0234 1.0283 1.0334 1.0386

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3386 1.3400 1.3414 1.3428 1.3442

0.22 0.43 0.88 1.34 1.82 2.32 2.85 3.40 3.98

1.021 1.040 1.080 1.124 1.171 1.222 1.278 1.337 1.401

4/30/05 8:47:20 AM

8-70 Solute

Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3

Sodium bromide NaBr

Sodium carbonate Na2CO3

Section 8.indb 70

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

m/mol kg–1 1.206 1.354 1.662 1.984 2.322 2.676 3.047 3.438 3.849 4.283 4.741 5.224

c/mol L–1 1.145 1.279 1.552 1.829 2.112 2.400 2.694 2.993 3.297 3.606 3.921 4.243

ρ/g cm–3 1.0440 1.0495 1.0607 1.0718 1.0830 1.0940 1.1050 1.1159 1.1268 1.1377 1.1488 1.1602

n 1.3456 1.3470 1.3498 1.3526 1.3554 1.3583 1.3611 1.3639 1.3666 1.3693 1.3720 1.3748

∆/°C 4.57

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

0.060 0.120 0.181 0.243 0.305 0.368 0.432 0.496 0.561 0.627 0.693 0.760

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

η/mPa s 1.468 1.539 1.688 1.855 2.054 2.284 2.567 2.948 3.400 3.877 4.388 4.940

0.060 0.120 0.180 0.241 0.302 0.364 0.426 0.489 0.552 0.615 0.679 0.743

1.0018 1.0054 1.0089 1.0125 1.0160 1.0196 1.0231 1.0266 1.0301 1.0337 1.0372 1.0408

1.3337 1.3344 1.3351 1.3357 1.3364 1.3370 1.3377 1.3383 1.3390 1.3396 1.3403 1.3409

0.20 0.40 0.59 0.78 0.98 1.16 1.35 1.54 1.72 1.90 2.08 2.26

1.015 1.028 1.042 1.057 1.071 1.086 1.102 1.118 1.134 1.151 1.168 1.185

0.049 0.098 0.198 0.301 0.405 0.512 0.620 0.732 0.845 0.961 1.080 1.325 1.582 1.851 2.133 2.430 2.741 3.069 3.415 3.780 4.165 4.574 5.007 5.467 5.957 6.479

0.049 0.098 0.197 0.298 0.400 0.504 0.610 0.717 0.826 0.937 1.050 1.281 1.519 1.765 2.020 2.283 2.555 2.837 3.129 3.431 3.744 4.069 4.406 4.755 5.119 5.496

1.0021 1.0060 1.0139 1.0218 1.0298 1.0380 1.0462 1.0546 1.0630 1.0716 1.0803 1.0981 1.1164 1.1352 1.1546 1.1745 1.1951 1.2163 1.2382 1.2608 1.2842 1.3083 1.3333 1.3592 1.3860 1.4138

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3386 1.3401 1.3415 1.3430 1.3445 1.3460 1.3475 1.3506 1.3538 1.3570 1.3604 1.3638 1.3673 1.3708 1.3745 1.3783 1.3822 1.3862 1.3903 1.3946 1.3990 1.4035

0.17 0.34 0.69 1.04 1.39 1.76 2.14 2.53 2.93 3.34 3.77 4.67 5.65 6.74

1.004 1.007 1.012 1.017 1.022 1.028 1.034 1.040 1.046 1.053 1.060 1.077 1.096 1.119 1.144 1.174 1.207 1.244 1.287 1.336 1.395 1.465 1.546 1.639 1.745 1.866

0.047 0.095 0.193 0.292 0.393 0.497 0.602 0.710

0.047 0.095 0.192 0.291 0.392 0.495 0.600 0.707

1.0034 1.0086 1.0190 1.0294 1.0398 1.0502 1.0606 1.0711

1.3341 1.3352 1.3375 1.3397 1.3419 1.3440 1.3462 1.3483

0.22 0.43 0.75 1.08 1.42 1.77 2.13

1.025 1.049 1.102 1.159 1.222 1.292 1.367 1.448

4/30/05 8:47:21 AM


Mass % 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0

m/mol kg–1 0.820 0.933 1.048 1.166 1.287 1.410 1.536 1.665

c/mol L–1 0.816 0.927 1.041 1.156 1.273 1.392 1.514 1.638

8-71

ρ/g cm–3 1.0816 1.0922 1.1029 1.1136 1.1244 1.1353 1.1463 1.1574

n 1.3504 1.3525 1.3547 1.3568 1.3589 1.3610 1.3631 1.3652

∆/°C

η/mPa s 1.538 1.638 1.754 1.884 2.028 2.186 2.361 2.551

Sodium chloride NaCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0

0.086 0.173 0.349 0.529 0.713 0.901 1.092 1.288 1.488 1.692 1.901 2.333 2.785 3.259 3.756 4.278 4.826 5.403 6.012

0.086 0.172 0.346 0.523 0.703 0.885 1.069 1.256 1.445 1.637 1.832 2.229 2.637 3.056 3.486 3.928 4.382 4.847 5.326

1.0018 1.0053 1.0125 1.0196 1.0268 1.0340 1.0413 1.0486 1.0559 1.0633 1.0707 1.0857 1.1008 1.1162 1.1319 1.1478 1.1640 1.1804 1.1972

1.3339 1.3347 1.3365 1.3383 1.3400 1.3418 1.3435 1.3453 1.3470 1.3488 1.3505 1.3541 1.3576 1.3612 1.3648 1.3684 1.3721 1.3757 1.3795

0.30 0.59 1.19 1.79 2.41 3.05 3.70 4.38 5.08 5.81 6.56 8.18 9.94 11.89 14.04 16.46 19.18

1.011 1.020 1.036 1.052 1.068 1.085 1.104 1.124 1.145 1.168 1.193 1.250 1.317 1.388 1.463 1.557 1.676 1.821 1.990

Sodium citrate (HO)C(COONa)3

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0

0.039 0.079 0.120 0.161 0.204 0.247 0.292 0.337 0.383 0.431 0.528 0.631 0.738 0.851 0.969 1.224 1.507 1.823 2.180

0.039 0.078 0.118 0.159 0.200 0.242 0.284 0.327 0.371 0.415 0.505 0.598 0.693 0.790 0.891 1.099 1.318 1.548 1.792

1.0049 1.0120 1.0186 1.0260 1.0331 1.0405 1.0482 1.0557 1.0632 1.0708 1.0861 1.1019 1.1173 1.1327 1.1492 1.1813 1.2151 1.2487 1.2843

1.3348 1.3366 1.3383 1.3401 1.3419 1.3437 1.3455 1.3473 1.3491 1.3509 1.3546 1.3583 1.3618 1.3656 1.3693 1.3767 1.3845 1.3923 1.4001

0.20 0.39 0.59 0.79 0.97 1.17 1.36 1.57 1.77 1.96 2.38 2.82 3.27 3.82 4.39

1.043 1.081 1.122 1.166 1.210 1.263 1.314 1.371 1.427 1.499 1.649 1.832 2.045 2.290 2.596 3.409 4.586 6.541 9.788

Sodium hydroxide NaOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0

0.126 0.253 0.510 0.773 1.042 1.316 1.596 1.882 2.174 2.473 2.778 3.409

0.125 0.252 0.510 0.774 1.043 1.317 1.597 1.883 2.174 2.470 2.772 3.393

1.0039 1.0095 1.0207 1.0318 1.0428 1.0538 1.0648 1.0758 1.0869 1.0979 1.1089 1.1309

1.3344 1.3358 1.3386 1.3414 1.3441 1.3467 1.3494 1.3520 1.3546 1.3572 1.3597 1.3648

0.43 0.86 1.74 2.64 3.59 4.57 5.60 6.69 7.87 9.12 10.47 13.42

1.027 1.054 1.112 1.176 1.248 1.329 1.416 1.510 1.616 1.737 1.882 2.201

Section 8.indb 71

4/30/05 8:47:22 AM

8-72


Solute

m/mol kg–1 4.070 4.412 4.762 5.488 6.250 7.052 7.895 8.784 9.723 10.715 11.766 12.880 14.064 15.324 16.668

c/mol L–1 4.036 4.365 4.701 5.387 6.096 6.827 7.579 8.352 9.145 9.958 10.791 11.643 12.512 13.398 14.300

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

0.059 0.119 0.240 0.364 0.490 0.619 0.751 0.886 1.023 1.164 1.307 1.604 1.915 2.583 2.941 5.042 7.844

Sodium phosphate Na3PO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0

Sodium hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Sodium nitrate NaNO3

Section 8.indb 72

Mass % 14.0 15.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

ρ/g cm–3 1.1530 1.1640 1.1751 1.1971 1.2192 1.2412 1.2631 1.2848 1.3064 1.3277 1.3488 1.3697 1.3901 1.4102 1.4299

n 1.3697 1.3722 1.3746 1.3793 1.3840 1.3885 1.3929 1.3971 1.4012 1.4051 1.4088 1.4123 1.4156 1.4186 1.4215

∆/°C 16.76

η/mPa s 2.568 2.789 3.043 3.698 4.619 5.765 7.100 8.744 10.832 13.517 16.844 20.751 25.290 30.461 36.312

0.059 0.118 0.238 0.359 0.483 0.607 0.734 0.862 0.991 1.123 1.256 1.527 1.806 2.387 2.689 4.326 6.200

1.0016 1.0050 1.0117 1.0185 1.0254 1.0322 1.0392 1.0462 1.0532 1.0603 1.0674 1.0819 1.0967 1.1272 1.1429 1.2256 1.3175

1.3336 1.3341 1.3353 1.3364 1.3375 1.3387 1.3398 1.3409 1.3421 1.3432 1.3443 1.3466 1.3489 1.3536 1.3559 1.3678 1.3802

0.20 0.40 0.79 1.18 1.56 1.94 2.32 2.70 3.08 3.46 3.84 4.60 5.37 6.98 7.81

1.004 1.007 1.012 1.018 1.025 1.032 1.040 1.049 1.059 1.069 1.081 1.107 1.138 1.215 1.263 1.609 2.226

0.031 0.062 0.093 0.124 0.156 0.189 0.221 0.254 0.287 0.321 0.355 0.389 0.424 0.459 0.495 0.530

0.031 0.062 0.093 0.125 0.157 0.189 0.222 0.255 0.289 0.323 0.357 0.392 0.427 0.462 0.498 0.535

1.0042 1.0100 1.0158 1.0216 1.0275 1.0335 1.0395 1.0456 1.0517 1.0579 1.0642 1.0705 1.0768 1.0832 1.0896 1.0961

1.3343 1.3356 1.3369 1.3381 1.3394 1.3406 1.3419 1.3432 1.3444 1.3457 1.3470 1.3482 1.3495 1.3507 1.3519 1.3532

0.19 0.37 0.53 0.67 0.79

1.033 1.064 1.094 1.126 1.161 1.198 1.238 1.281 1.327 1.375 1.426 1.480 1.538 1.598 1.662 1.729

0.035 0.071 0.107 0.144 0.181 0.218 0.255 0.293 0.332 0.371

0.035 0.071 0.107 0.143 0.180 0.217 0.255 0.292 0.331 0.369

1.0032 1.0082 1.0131 1.0180 1.0229 1.0279 1.0328 1.0378 1.0428 1.0478

1.3340 1.3349 1.3358 1.3368 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3414 1.3424

0.17 0.32 0.46

1.021 1.042 1.064 1.088 1.113 1.138 1.165 1.193 1.223 1.254

4/30/05 8:47:23 AM


Mass % 5.5

m/mol kg–1 0.410

c/mol L–1 0.408

ρ/g cm–3 1.0528

n 1.3433

∆/°C

8-73

η/mPa s 1.286

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.042 0.084 0.127 0.170 0.214 0.258 0.302 0.347 0.393 0.439 0.532 0.627 0.725 0.824 0.926 1.137 1.357 1.588 1.830 2.084 2.351 2.632 2.929 3.242 3.572 3.923 4.294 4.689 5.109 5.557

0.042 0.084 0.126 0.169 0.212 0.255 0.299 0.343 0.387 0.432 0.522 0.613 0.706 0.800 0.896 1.091 1.292 1.499 1.711 1.930 2.155 2.387 2.625 2.870 3.123 3.383 3.650 3.925 4.208 4.499

1.0019 1.0056 1.0094 1.0131 1.0168 1.0206 1.0244 1.0281 1.0319 1.0358 1.0434 1.0511 1.0589 1.0668 1.0747 1.0907 1.1070 1.1236 1.1404 1.1576 1.1752 1.1931 1.2113 1.2299 1.2488 1.2682 1.2879 1.3080 1.3285 1.3493

1.3336 1.3343 1.3349 1.3356 1.3362 1.3369 1.3375 1.3382 1.3388 1.3395 1.3408 1.3421 1.3434 1.3447 1.3460 1.3486 1.3512 1.3538 1.3565 1.3592 1.3618 1.3646 1.3673 1.3700 1.3728 1.3756 1.3784 1.3812 1.3840 1.3869

0.14 0.28 0.42 0.56 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.25 1.39 1.65 1.89 2.12 2.35 2.58 3.06 3.53 4.03 4.55 5.10

1.018 1.035 1.051 1.068 1.085 1.103 1.121 1.140 1.160 1.180 1.223 1.270 1.319 1.371 1.428 1.552 1.694 1.861 2.050 2.283 2.550 2.850 3.214 3.682 4.300 5.079 6.008 7.098 8.363 9.814

Sodium sulfate Na2SO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0

0.035 0.071 0.144 0.218 0.293 0.371 0.449 0.530 0.612 0.696 0.782 0.960 1.146 1.341 1.545 1.760 1.986

0.035 0.071 0.143 0.217 0.291 0.367 0.445 0.523 0.603 0.685 0.768 0.938 1.114 1.296 1.483 1.677 1.875

1.0027 1.0071 1.0161 1.0252 1.0343 1.0436 1.0526 1.0619 1.0713 1.0808 1.0905 1.1101 1.1301 1.1503 1.1705 1.1907 1.2106

1.3338 1.3345 1.3360 1.3376 1.3391 1.3406 1.3420 1.3435 1.3449 1.3464 1.3479 1.3509 1.3539 1.3567 1.3595 1.3620 1.3643

0.17 0.32 0.61 0.87 1.13 1.36 1.56

1.013 1.026 1.058 1.091 1.126 1.163 1.202 1.244 1.289 1.337 1.390 1.508 1.646 1.812 2.005 2.227 2.481

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0

0.032 0.064 0.129 0.196 0.264 0.333 0.404 0.476 0.550 0.626

0.032 0.064 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.398 0.468 0.539 0.611

1.0024 1.0065 1.0148 1.0231 1.0315 1.0399 1.0483 1.0568 1.0654 1.0740

1.3340 1.3351 1.3371 1.3392 1.3413 1.3434 1.3454 1.3475 1.3496 1.3517

0.14 0.28 0.57 0.84 1.09 1.34 1.59 1.83 2.06 2.30

1.012 1.023 1.044 1.066 1.090 1.115 1.141 1.169 1.199 1.231

Sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3

Section 8.indb 73

4/30/05 8:47:24 AM

8-74 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 0.703 0.862 1.030 1.205 1.388 1.581 2.711 4.216

c/mol L–1 0.685 0.835 0.990 1.150 1.315 1.485 2.417 3.498

ρ/g cm–3 1.0827 1.1003 1.1182 1.1365 1.1551 1.1740 1.2739 1.3827

n 1.3538 1.3581 1.3624 1.3667 1.3711 1.3756 1.3987 1.4229

∆/°C 2.55 3.06 3.60 4.17 4.76 5.37

η/mPa s 1.267 1.345 1.435 1.537 1.657 1.798 2.903 5.758

Strontium chloride SrCl2

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0

0.032 0.064 0.129 0.195 0.263 0.332 0.403 0.475 0.549 0.624 0.701 0.860 1.027 1.202 1.385 1.577 1.779 1.992 2.216 2.453 2.703 2.968 3.250 3.548

0.032 0.064 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.399 0.469 0.541 0.615 0.689 0.843 1.002 1.167 1.338 1.515 1.699 1.890 2.087 2.293 2.507 2.730 2.962 3.205

1.0027 1.0071 1.0161 1.0252 1.0344 1.0437 1.0532 1.0628 1.0726 1.0825 1.0925 1.1131 1.1342 1.1558 1.1780 1.2008 1.2241 1.2481 1.2728 1.2983 1.3248 1.3523 1.3811 1.4114

1.3339 1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3402 1.3421 1.3440 1.3459 1.3478 1.3498 1.3518 1.3558 1.3599 1.3641 1.3684 1.3728 1.3772 1.3817 1.3864 1.3911 1.3961 1.4013 1.4067 1.4124

0.16 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.26 1.61 1.98 2.38 2.80 3.25 3.74 4.81 6.03 7.41 8.98 10.74 12.74 14.99

1.012 1.021 1.039 1.057 1.076 1.096 1.116 1.136 1.157 1.180 1.204 1.258 1.317 1.383 1.460 1.549 1.650 1.765 1.897 2.056 2.245 2.527 2.846 3.206

Sucrose C12H22O11

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0

0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122 0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641 0.730 0.824 0.923 1.026 1.136 1.252 1.375 1.505 1.643 1.791 1.948 2.116

0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.118 0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.303 0.367 0.431 0.497 0.564 0.632 0.700 0.771 0.842 0.914 0.988 1.063 1.139 1.216 1.295 1.375 1.456

1.0002 1.0021 1.0060 1.0099 1.0139 1.0178 1.0218 1.0259 1.0299 1.0340 1.0381 1.0465 1.0549 1.0635 1.0722 1.0810 1.0899 1.0990 1.1082 1.1175 1.1270 1.1366 1.1464 1.1562 1.1663 1.1765 1.1868

1.3337 1.3344 1.3359 1.3373 1.3388 1.3403 1.3418 1.3433 1.3448 1.3463 1.3478 1.3509 1.3541 1.3573 1.3606 1.3639 1.3672 1.3706 1.3741 1.3776 1.3812 1.3848 1.3885 1.3922 1.3960 1.3999 1.4038

0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.49 0.55 0.63 0.77 0.93 1.10 1.27 1.47 1.67 1.89 2.12 2.37 2.64 2.94 3.27 3.63 4.02 4.45 4.93

1.015 1.028 1.055 1.084 1.114 1.146 1.179 1.215 1.254 1.294 1.336 1.429 1.534 1.653 1.790 1.945 2.124 2.331 2.573 2.855 3.187 3.762 4.052 4.621 5.315 6.162 7.234

Section 8.indb 74

4/30/05 8:47:25 AM


Sulfuric acid H2SO4

Trichloroacetic acid CCl3COOH

Section 8.indb 75

Mass % 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0

m/mol kg–1 2.295 2.489 2.697 2.921 4.382 6.817 11.686

c/mol L–1 1.539 1.623 1.709 1.796 2.255 2.755 3.299

8-75

ρ/g cm–3 1.1972 1.2079 1.2186 1.2295 1.2864 1.3472 1.4117

n 1.4078 1.4118 1.4159 1.4201 1.4419 1.4654 1.4906

∆/°C

η/mPa s 8.596 10.301 12.515 15.431 58.487 481.561

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0

0.051 0.103 0.208 0.315 0.425 0.537 0.651 0.767 0.887 1.008 1.133 1.390 1.660 1.942 2.238 2.549 2.876 3.220 3.582 3.965 4.370 4.798 5.252 5.735 6.249 6.797 7.383 8.011 8.685 9.411 10.196 11.045 11.969 12.976 14.080 15.294 23.790 40.783 91.762 117.251 159.734 244.698 499.592

0.051 0.102 0.206 0.311 0.418 0.526 0.635 0.746 0.858 0.972 1.087 1.322 1.563 1.810 2.064 2.324 2.592 2.866 3.147 3.435 3.729 4.030 4.339 4.656 4.981 5.313 5.655 6.005 6.364 6.734 7.113 7.502 7.901 8.312 8.734 9.168 11.494 14.088 16.649 17.109 17.550 17.966 18.346 18.663

1.0016 1.0049 1.0116 1.0183 1.0250 1.0318 1.0385 1.0453 1.0522 1.0591 1.0661 1.0802 1.0947 1.1094 1.1245 1.1398 1.1554 1.1714 1.1872 1.2031 1.2191 1.2353 1.2518 1.2685 1.2855 1.3028 1.3205 1.3386 1.3570 1.3759 1.3952 1.4149 1.4351 1.4558 1.4770 1.4987 1.6105 1.7272 1.8144 1.8240 1.8312 1.8355 1.8361 1.8305

1.3336 1.3342 1.3355 1.3367 1.3379 1.3391 1.3403 1.3415 1.3427 1.3439 1.3451 1.3475 1.3500 1.3525 1.3551 1.3576 1.3602 1.3628 1.3653 1.3677 1.3701 1.3725 1.3749 1.3773 1.3797 1.3821 1.3846 1.3870 1.3895 1.3920 1.3945 1.3971 1.3997 1.4024 1.4050 1.4077

0.21 0.42 0.80 1.17 1.60 2.05 2.50 2.95 3.49 4.08 4.64 5.93 7.49 9.26 11.29 13.64 16.48 19.85 24.29 29.65 36.21 44.76 55.28

1.010 1.019 1.036 1.059 1.085 1.112 1.136 1.159 1.182 1.206 1.230 1.282 1.337 1.399 1.470 1.546 1.624 1.706 1.797 1.894 2.001 2.122 2.255 2.392 2.533 2.690 2.872 3.073 3.299 3.546 3.826 4.142 4.499 4.906 5.354 5.917

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

0.031 0.062 0.125 0.189 0.255 0.322 0.391 0.461

0.031 0.061 0.123 0.186 0.249 0.313 0.377 0.442

1.0008 1.0034 1.0083 1.0133 1.0182 1.0230 1.0279 1.0328

1.3337 1.3343 1.3356 1.3369 1.3381 1.3394 1.3406 1.3418

0.11 0.21 0.42 0.64 0.86 1.08 1.30 1.53

1.011 1.021 1.044 1.069 1.096 1.123 1.150 1.177

4/30/05 8:47:26 AM

8-76


Solute

Mass % 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0

m/mol kg–1 0.532 0.605 0.680 0.835 0.996 1.166 1.343 1.530 1.933 2.380 2.880 3.443 4.080 4.809 5.650

c/mol L–1 0.508 0.574 0.641 0.777 0.916 1.058 1.203 1.351 1.654 1.968 2.294 2.632 2.984 3.349 3.726

ρ/g cm–3 1.0378 1.0428 1.0479 1.0583 1.0692 1.0806 1.0921 1.1035 1.1260 1.1485 1.1713 1.1947 1.2188 1.2435 1.2682

n 1.3431 1.3444 1.3456 1.3483 1.3510 1.3539 1.3568 1.3597 1.3652 1.3705 1.3759 1.3813 1.3868 1.3923 1.3977

∆/°C 1.76 1.99 2.23 2.73 3.26 3.82

η/mPa s 1.204 1.233 1.263 1.326 1.393 1.462 1.533 1.608 1.768 1.935 2.118 2.320 1.543 2.797 3.076

Tris (hydroxymethyl)methylamine H2NC(CH2OH)3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

0.041 0.083 0.168 0.255 0.344 0.434 0.527 0.621 0.718 0.816 0.917 1.126 1.344 1.572 1.812 2.064 3.538 5.503

0.041 0.083 0.166 0.249 0.333 0.417 0.502 0.587 0.672 0.758 0.844 1.019 1.194 1.372 1.552 1.733 2.670 3.657

0.9994 1.0006 1.0030 1.0054 1.0078 1.0103 1.0128 1.0153 1.0179 1.0204 1.0230 1.0282 1.0335 1.0389 1.0443 1.0498 1.0781 1.1076

1.3337 1.3344 1.3359 1.3374 1.3388 1.3403 1.3418 1.3433 1.3448 1.3463 1.3478 1.3508 1.3539 1.3570 1.3601 1.3633 1.3797 1.3970

0.08 0.16 0.31 0.47 0.64 0.80 0.97 1.15 1.33 1.51 1.70 2.08 2.47 2.90 3.36 3.85

1.014 1.027 1.054 1.083 1.115 1.148 1.182 1.218 1.256 1.295 1.337 1.427 1.527 1.642 1.772 1.920 2.998 5.208

Urea (NH2)2CO

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.084 0.168 0.340 0.515 0.694 0.876 1.063 1.253 1.448 1.647 1.850 2.270 2.710 3.171 3.655 4.163 4.696 5.258 5.850 6.475 7.136 7.835 8.577 9.366 10.205 11.100

0.083 0.167 0.334 0.502 0.672 0.842 1.013 1.185 1.358 1.531 1.706 2.059 2.415 2.775 3.139 3.506 3.878 4.253 4.632 5.014 5.401 5.791 6.185 6.584 6.988 7.397

0.9995 1.0007 1.0033 1.0058 1.0085 1.0111 1.0138 1.0165 1.0192 1.0220 1.0248 1.0304 1.0360 1.0417 1.0473 1.0530 1.0586 1.0643 1.0699 1.0756 1.0812 1.0869 1.0926 1.0984 1.1044 1.1106

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3387 1.3401 1.3416 1.3431 1.3446 1.3461 1.3476 1.3506 1.3537 1.3568 1.3599 1.3629 1.3661 1.3692 1.3723 1.3754 1.3785 1.3817 1.3848 1.3881 1.3913 1.3947

0.16 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.24 1.55 1.88 2.22 2.56 2.91 3.26 3.95 4.66 5.40 6.19 7.00 7.81 8.64 9.52 10.45 11.40 12.34 13.27 14.20 15.11 15.99

1.007 1.010 1.012 1.017 1.025 1.033 1.041 1.049 1.057 1.065 1.074 1.091 1.109 1.130 1.153 1.178 1.205 1.235 1.266 1.298 1.332 1.371 1.413 1.459 1.509 1.565

Section 8.indb 76

4/30/05 8:47:27 AM


Zinc sulfate ZnSO4

Section 8.indb 77

Mass % 42.0 44.0 46.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0

m/mol kg–1 12.057 13.082 14.183

c/mol L–1 7.812 8.234 8.665

0.031 0.063 0.126 0.192 0.258 0.326 0.395 0.466 0.539 0.613 0.688 0.845 1.008 1.180

0.031 0.062 0.126 0.191 0.258 0.326 0.395 0.465 0.537 0.611 0.686 0.840 1.002 1.170

ρ/g cm–3 1.1171 1.1239 1.1313

n 1.3982 1.4018 1.4056

∆/°C 16.83 17.62

1.0034 1.0085 1.0190 1.0296 1.0403 1.0511 1.0620 1.0730 1.0842 1.0956 1.1071 1.1308 1.1553 1.1806

1.3339 1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3403 1.3421 1.3439 1.3457 1.3475 1.3494 1.3513 1.3551 1.3590 1.3630

0.08 0.15 0.28 0.41 0.53 0.65 0.77 0.89 1.01 1.14 1.27 1.55 1.89 2.31

8-77

η/mPa s 1.629 1.700 1.780 1.021 1.040 1.081 1.126 1.175 1.227 1.283 1.341 1.403 1.470 1.545 1.716 1.918 2.152

4/30/05 8:47:28 AM

ION PRODUCT OF WATER SUBSTANCE William L. Marshall and E. U. Franck Pressure (bars) Saturated vapor 250 500 750 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000

0 14.938 14.83 14.72 14.62 14.53 14.34 14.21 14.08 13.97 13.87 13.77 13.60 13.44 13.31 13.18 13.04 12.91

25 13.995 13.90 13.82 13.73 13.66 13.53 13.40 13.28 13.18 13.09 13.00 12.83 12.68 12.55 12.43 12.31 12.21

50 13.275 13.19 13.11 13.04 12.96 12.85 12.73 12.62 12.53 12.44 12.35 12.19 12.05 11.93 11.82 11.71 11.62

Temperature (°C) 75 100 12.712 12.265 12.63 12.18 12.55 12.10 12.48 12.03 12.41 11.96 12.29 11.84 12.18 11.72 12.07 11.61 11.98 11.53 11.90 11.44 11.82 11.37 11.66 11.22 11.53 11.09 11.41 10.97 11.30 10.86 11.20 10.77 11.11 10.68

150 11.638 11.54 11.45 11.36 11.29 11.16 11.04 10.92 10.83 10.74 10.66 10.52 10.39 10.27 10.17 10.07 9.98

200 11.289 11.16 11.05 10.95 10.86 10.71 10.57 10.45 10.34 10.24 10.16 10.00 9.87 9.75 9.64 9.54 9.45

250 11.191 11.01 10.85 10.72 10.60 10.43 10.27 10.12 9.99 9.88 9.79 9.62 9.48 9.35 9.24 9.13 9.04

300 11.406 11.14 10.86 10.66 10.50 10.26 10.08 9.91 9.76 9.63 9.52 9.34 9.18 9.04 8.93 8.82 8.71

Pressure (bars) Saturated vapor 250 500 750 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000

350 12.30 11.77 11.14 10.79 10.54 10.22 9.98 9.79 9.61 9.47 9.34 9.13 8.96 8.81 8.68 8.57 8.46

400 — 19.43 11.88 11.17 10.77 10.29 9.98 9.74 9.54 9.37 9.22 8.99 8.80 8.64 8.50 8.37 8.25

450 — 21.59 13.74 11.89 11.19 10.48 10.07 9.77 9.53 9.33 9.16 8.90 8.69 8.51 8.36 8.22 8.09

500 — 22.40 16.13 13.01 11.81 10.77 10.23 9.86 9.57 9.34 9.15 8.85 8.62 8.42 8.25 8.10 7.96

Temperature (°C) 600 — 23.27 18.30 15.25 13.40 11.59 10.73 10.18 9.78 9.48 9.23 8.85 8.57 8.34 8.13 7.95 7.78

700 — 23.81 19.29 16.55 14.70 12.50 11.36 10.63 10.11 9.71 9.41 8.95 8.61 8.34 8.10 7.89 7.70

800 — 24.23 19.92 17.35 15.58 13.30 11.98 11.11 10.49 10.02 9.65 9.11 8.72 8.40 8.13 7.89 7.68

900 — 24.59 20.39 17.93 16.22 13.97 12.54 11.59 10.89 10.35 9.93 9.30 8.86 8.51 8.21 7.95 7.70

1000 — 24.93 20.80 18.39 16.72 14.50 12.97 12.02 11.24 10.62 10.13 9.42 8.97 8.64 8.38 8.12 7.85

Data in this table were calculated from the equation, log10 Kw* = A + B/T + C/T2 + D/T3 + (E + F/T + G/T2) log10 ρw*, where Kw* = Kw/(mol kg–1), and ρw* = ρw/(g cm–3). The parameters are: A = –4.098 B = –3245.2 K C = +2.2362 × 105 K2 D = –3.984 × 107 K3

E = +13.957 F = 1262.3 K G = +8.5641 × 105 K2

Reprinted with permission from W. L. Marshall and E. U. Franck, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 295, 1981.

8-78

Section 8.indb 78

4/30/05 8:47:29 AM

IONIZATION CONSTANT OF NORMAL AND HEAVY WATER This table gives the ionization constant in molality terms for H2O and D2O at temperatures from 0 to 100°C at the saturated vapor pressure. The quantity tabulated is –log KW, where KW is defined by KW = m+ × m–

References 1. Marshall W. L., and Franck, E. U., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 295, 1981. 2. Mesmer R. E., and Herting, D. L., J. Solution Chem., 7, 901, 1978.

and m+ and m– are the molalities, in mol/kg of water, for H+ and OH–, respectively.

t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

H2O 14.938 14.727 14.528 14.340 14.163 13.995 13.836 13.685 13.542 13.405 13.275 13.152 13.034 12.921 12.814 12.712 12.613 12.520 12.428 12.345 12.265

–log KW

D2O 15.972 15.743 15.527 15.324 15.132 14.951 14.779 14.616 14.462 14.316 14.176 14.044 13.918 13.798 13.683 13.574 13.470 13.371 13.276 13.186 13.099

8-79

Section 8.indb 79

4/30/05 8:47:29 AM

SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER L. H. Gevantman The values in this table are taken almost exclusively from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry “Solubility Data Series”. Unless noted, they comprise evaluated data fitted to a smoothing equation. The data at each temperature are then derived from the smoothing equation which expresses the mole fraction solubility X1 of the gas in solution as: ln X1 = A + B/T* + C ln T* where T* = T/100 K All values refer to a partial pressure of the gas of 101.325 kPa (one atmosphere).

The equation constants, the standard deviation for ln X1 (except where noted), and the temperature range over which the equation applies are given in the column headed Equation constants. There are two exceptions. The equation for methane has an added term, DT *. The equation for H2Se and H2S takes the form, ln X1 = A + B/T + C ln T + DT where T is the temperature in kelvin. Solubilities given for those gases which react with water, namely ozone, nitrogen oxides, chlorine and its oxides, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen selenide and sulfur dioxide, are recorded as bulk solubilities; i.e., all chemical species of the gas and its reaction products with water are included.

Gas Hydrogen (H2) Mr = 2.01588

T/K 288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

Solubility (X1) 1.510 × 10–5 1.455 × 10–5 1.411 × 10–5 1.377 × 10–5 1.350 × 10–5

Equation constants A = –48.1611 B = 55.2845 C = 16.8893 Std. dev. = ± 0.54% Temp. range = 273.15—353.15

Ref. 1

Deuterium (D2) Mr = 4.0282

283.15 288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15

1.675 × 10–5 ± 0.57% 1.595 × 10–5 ± 0.57% 1.512 × 10–5 ± 0.78% 1.460 × 10–5 ± 0.52% 1.395 × 10–5 ± 0.37%

Averaged experimental values

Helium (He) Ar = 4.0026

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

7.123 × 10–6 7.044 × 10–6 6.997 × 10–6 6.978 × 10–6 6.987 × 10–6

A = –41.4611 B = 42.5962 C = 14.0094 Std. dev. = ±0.54% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

2

Neon (Ne) Ar = 20.1797

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

8.702 × 10–6 8.395 × 10–6 8.152 × 10–6 7.966 × 10–6 7.829 × 10–6


2

Argon (Ar) Ar = 39.948

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.025 × 10–5 2.748 × 10–5 2.519 × 10–5 2.328 × 10–5 2.169 × 10–5


3

Krypton (Kr) Ar = 83.80

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

5.696 × 10–5 5.041 × 10–5 4.512 × 10–5 4.079 × 10–5 3.725 × 10–5


4

Xenon (Xe) Ar = 131.29

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

10.519 × 10–5 9.051 × 10–5 7.890 × 10–5 6.961 × 10–5 6.212 × 10–5


4

1

Temp. range = 278.15—303.15

8-80

S08_18.indd 80

5/4/05 10:14:55 AM

Solubility of Selected Gases in Water

S08_18.indd 81

8-81

Gas Radon-222(222Rn) Ar = 222

T/K 288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

Solubility (X1) 2.299 × 10–4 1.945 × 10–4 1.671 × 10–4 1.457 × 10–4 1.288 × 10–4

Equation constants A = –90.5481 B = 130.026 C = 35.0047 Std. dev. = ±1.02% Temp. range = 273.15—373.15

Ref.

Oxygen (O2) Mr = 31.9988

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.756 × 10–5 2.501 × 10–5 2.293 × 10–5 2.122 × 10–5 1.982 × 10–5


5

Ozone (O3) Mr = 47.9982

293.15

1.885 × 10–6 ± 10% pH = 7.0

Experimental value derived from Henry’s Law Constant Equation

5

Nitrogen (N2) Mr = 28.0134

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

1.386 × 10–5 1.274 × 10–5 1.183 × 10–5 1.108 × 10–5 1.047 × 10–5


6

Nitrous oxide (N2O) Mr = 44.0129

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

5.948 × 10–4 5.068 × 10–4 4.367 × 10–4 3.805 × 10–4 3.348 × 10–4


7

Nitric oxide (NO) Mr = 30.0061

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

4.163 × 10–5 3.786 × 10–5 3.477 × 10–5 3.222 × 10–5 3.012 × 10–5


7

Carbon monoxide (CO) Mr = 28.0104

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.095 × 10–5 1.918 × 10–5 1.774 × 10–5 1.657 × 10–5 1.562 × 10–5

Derived from Henry’s Law Constant Equation Std. dev. = ±0.043% Temp. range = 273.15—328.15

8

Carbon dioxide (CO2) Mr = 44.0098

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

8.21 × 10–4 7.07 × 10–4 6.15 × 10–4 5.41 × 10–4 4.80 × 10–4

Derived from Henry’s Law Constant Equation Std. dev. = ±1.1% Temp. range = 273.15—353.15

9

Hydrogen selenide (H2Se) Mr = 80.976

288.15 298.15 308.15

1.80 × 10–3 1.49 × 10–3 1.24 × 10–3

A = 9.15 B = 974 C = –3.542 D = 0.0042 Std. dev. = ±2.3 × 10–5 Temp. range = 288.15—343.15

10

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) Mr = 34.082

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.335 × 10–3 2.075 × 10–3 1.85 × 10–3 1.66 × 10–3 1.51 × 10–3

A = –24.912 B = 3477 C = 0.3993 D = 0.0157 Std. dev. = ±6.5 × 10–5 Temp. range = 283.15—603.15

10

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Mr = 64.0648

288.15 293.15

3.45 × 10–2 2.90 × 10–2

A = –25.2629 B = 45.7552

11

5/4/05 10:14:56 AM

Solubility of Selected Gases in Water

8-82 Gas

T/K 298.15 303.15 308.15

Solubility (X1) 2.46 × 10–2 2.10 × 10–2 1.80 × 10–2

Equation constants C = 5.6855 Std. dev. = ±1.8% Temp. range = 278.15—328.15

Chlorine (Cl2) Mr = 70.9054

283.15 293.15 303.15 313.15

2.48 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.88 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.50 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.23 × 10–3 ± 2%

Experimental data Temp. range = 283.15—333.15

11

Chlorine monoxide (Cl2O) Mr = 86.9048

273.15 276.61 283.15 293.15

5.25 × 10–1 ± 1% 4.54 × 10–1 ± 1% 4.273 × 10–1 ± 1% 3.353 × 10–1 ± 1%

Experimental data Temp. range = 273.15—293.15

11

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) Mr = 67.4515

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.67 × 10–2 2.20 × 10–2 1.823 × 10–2 1.513 × 10–2 1.259 × 10–2

A = 7.9163 B = 0.4791 C = 11.0593 Std. dev. = ±4.6% Temp. range = 283.15—333.15

11

Methane (CH4) Mr = 16.0428

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.122 × 10–5 2.806 × 10–5 2.552 × 10–5 2.346 × 10–5 2.180 × 10–5

A = –115.6477 B = 155.5756 C = 65.2553 D = –6.1698 Std. dev. = ±0.056% Temp. range = 273.15—328.15

12

Ethane (C2H6) Mr = 30.0696

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

4.556 × 10–5 3.907 × 10–5 3.401 × 10–5 3.002 × 10–5 2.686 × 10–5


13

Propane (C3H8) Mr = 44.097

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.813 × 10–5 3.200 × 10–5 2.732 × 10–5 2.370 × 10–5 2.088 × 10–5


14

Butane (C4H10) Mr = 58.123

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.274 × 10–5 2.687 × 10–5 2.244 × 10–5 1.906 × 10–5 1.645 × 10–5


14

2-Methyl propane (Isobutane) (C4H10) Mr = 58.123

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.333 × 10–5 1.947 × 10–5 1.659 × 10–5 1.443 × 10–5 1.278 × 10–5


14

References 1. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 5/6, Hydrogen and Deuterium, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. 2. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 1, Helium and Neon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979. 3. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 4, Argon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1980. 4. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 2, Krypton, Xenon and Radon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979.

S08_18.indd 82

Ref.

5. R. Battino, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 7, Oxygen and Ozone, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. 6. R. Battino, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 10, Nitrogen and Air, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1982. 7. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 8, Oxides of Nitrogen, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. 8. R. W. Cargill, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 43, Carbon Monoxide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1990. 9. R. Crovetto, Evaluation of Solubility Data for the System CO2-H2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 575, 1991.

5/4/05 10:14:56 AM

Solubility of Selected Gases in Water 10. P. G. T. Fogg and C. L. Young, Eds., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 32, Hydrogen Sulfide, Deuterium Sulfide, and Hydrogen Selenide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1988. 11. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 12, Sulfur Dioxide, Chlorine, Fluorine and Chlorine Oxides, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1983. 12. H. L. Clever and C. L. Young, Eds., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 27/28, Methane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1987.

S08_18.indd 83

8-83 13. W. Hayduk, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 9, Ethane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1982. 14. W. Hayduk, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 24, Propane, Butane and 2-Methylpropane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1986.

5/4/05 10:14:56 AM

SOLUBILITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES The solubility of CO2 in water, expressed as mole fraction of CO2 in the liquid phase, is given for pressures up to atmospheric and temperatures of 0 to 100°C. Note that 1 standard atmosphere equals 101.325 kPa. The references give data over a wider range of temperature and pressure. The estimated accuracy is about 2%.

t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

5 0.067 0.056 0.048 0.041 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.024 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.010

10 0.135 0.113 0.096 0.082 0.071 0.062 0.054 0.048 0.043 0.039 0.036 0.033 0.030 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.020 0.020

References 1. Carroll, J. J., Slupsky, J. D., and Mather, A. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1201, 1991. 2. Fernandez-Prini, R. and Crovetto, R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1231, 1989. 3. Crovetto, R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 575,1991.

1000 × mole fraction of CO2 in liquid phase Partial pressure of CO2 in kPa 20 30 40 0.269 0.404 0.538 0.226 0.338 0.451 0.191 0.287 0.382 0.164 0.245 0.327 0.141 0.212 0.283 0.123 0.185 0.247 0.109 0.163 0.218 0.097 0.145 0.193 0.087 0.130 0.173 0.078 0.117 0.156 0.071 0.107 0.142 0.065 0.098 0.131 0.060 0.090 0.121 0.056 0.084 0.112 0.052 0.079 0.105 0.049 0.074 0.099 0.047 0.070 0.093 0.044 0.067 0.089 0.042 0.064 0.085 0.041 0.061 0.082 0.039 0.059 0.079

50 0.671 0.564 0.477 0.409 0.353 0.308 0.271 0.242 0.216 0.196 0.178 0.163 0.150 0.140 0.131 0.123 0.116 0.111 0.106 0.102 0.098

100 1.337 1.123 0.950 0.814 0.704 0.614 0.541 0.481 0.431 0.389 0.354 0.325 0.300 0.279 0.261 0.245 0.232 0.221 0.211 0.203 0.196

8-84

Section 8.indb 84

4/30/05 8:47:33 AM

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The solubility in water of about 1250 organic compounds, including many compounds of environmental interest, is tabulated here. When data are available, values are given at several temperatures between 0 and 100°C. Solids, liquids, and gases are included; additional data on gases can be found in the table “Solubility of Selected Gases in Water” in Section 8. Solubility of solids is defined as the concentration of the compound in a solution that is in equilibrium with the solid phase at the specified temperature and one atmosphere pressure. For liquids whose water mixtures separate into two phases, the solubility given here is the concentration of the specified compound in the water-rich phase at equilibrium. In the case of gases (i.e., compounds whose vapor pressure at the specified temperature exceeds one atmosphere), the solubility is defined here as the concentration in the water phase when the partial pressure of the compound above the solution is 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Values for gases are marked with an asterisk. The primary solubility values in this tables are expressed as mass percent of solute, S = 100w2, where the mass fraction w2 is defined as

w2 = m2/(m1 + m2),

where m2 is the mass of solute and m1 the mass of water. For convenience, the solubility expressed in grams of solute per liter of solution is tabulated in the adjacent column to mass percent. The conversion between these two measures involves the density of the solution, which usually is not readily available. For compounds with low solubility (say, S < 1%), the error from approximating the density is generally less than the uncertainty in the experimental solubility measurement, so that little accuracy is lost in the conversion. However, this may not be true for more soluble compounds; for that reason, some values in the table are indicated as approximate (≈). The mass fraction w2 is related to other common measures of solubility as follows: Molality: Molarity Mole fraction: Mass of solute per 100 g of H2O: Mass of solute per liter of solution:

m2 = 1000w2/M2(1 – w2) c2 = 1000ρw2/M2 x2 = (w2/M2)/{(w2/M2) + (1 – w2)/M1} r2 = 100w2/(1 – w2) 1000ρw2

Here M2 is the molar mass of the solute, M1 = 18.015 g/mol is the molar mass of water, and ρ is the density of the solution in g/mL. Data have been selected from evaluated sources wherever possible, in particular the IUPAC Solubility Data Series (References 1–4, 35, 36, 38, 39, and 42). Many values come from experimental measurements reported in the Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data and the Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, as well as critical review papers in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. The primary source for each value is listed in the column following the solubility values; additional references of interest are sometimes given. Many of the references contain solubility data at other temperatures and pH values and in the presence of other compounds. The user is cautioned that wide variations of data are found in the literature for the lower solubility compounds.

The table also contains values of the Henry’s Law constant kH, which provides a measure of the partition of a substance between the atmosphere and the aqueous phase. Here kH is defined as the limit of p2/c2 as the concentration approaches zero, where p2 is the partial pressure of the solute above the solution and c2 is the concentration in the solution at equilibrium (other formulations of Henry’s Law are often used; see Reference 5). The values of kH listed here are based on direct experimental measurement whenever available, but many of them are simply calculated as the ratio of the pure compound vapor pressure to the solubility. This approximation is reliable only for compounds of very low solubility. In fact, values of kH found in the literature frequently differ by a factor of two or three, and variations over an order of magnitude are not unusual (Reference 5). Therefore the data given here should be taken only as a rough indication of the true Henry’s Law constant, which is difficult to measure precisely. All values of kH refer to 25°C. If the vapor pressure of the compound at 25°C is greater than one atmosphere, it can be assumed that the kH value has been calculated as 101.325/c2 kPa m3/mol. The source of the Henry’s Law data is given in the last column. The air–water partition coefficient (i.e., ratio of air concentration to water concentration when both are expressed in the same units) is equal to kH/RT or kH/2.48 in the units used here. Compounds are listed by systematic name. To locate a compound by molecular formula or CAS Registry Number, use the indexes to the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” in Section 3, which point to the entry in that table from which the name can be determined.

References 1. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 15, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. 2. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 20, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 3. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 37, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. 4. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 38, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. 5. Mackay, D., and Shiu, W. Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 10, 1175, 1981. 6. Pearlman, R. S., and Yalkowsky, S. H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 13, 975, 1984. 7. Shiu, W. Y., and Mackay, D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 911, 1986. 8. Varhanickova, D., Lee, S. C., Shiu, W. Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 40, 620, 1995. 9. Miller, M. M., Ghodbane, S., Wasik, S. P., Tewari, Y. B., and Martire, D. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data 29, 184, 1984. 10. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 11. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. I, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 12. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. II, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 13. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. III, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993.

* In the following table indicates a value of S for a gas at a partial pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm) in equilibrium with the solution.

8-85

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-86

14. Horvath, A. L., Halogenated Hydrocarbons, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982. 15. Howard, P. H., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. I, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 16. Howard, P. H., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. II, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990. 17. Banergee, S., Yalkowsky, S. H., and Valvani, S. C., Environ. Sci. Technol., 14, 1227, 1980. 18. Gevantman, L., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th Edition, p. 6-3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996. 19. Wilhelm, E., Battino, R., and Wilcock, R. J., Chem. Rev. 77, 219, 1977. 20. Stephenson, R. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 37, 80, 1992. 21. Stephenson, R. M., Stuart, J., and Tabak, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 29, 287, 1984. 22. Shiu, W.-Y., and Ma, K.-C, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 29, 41, 2000. 23. Lun, R., Varhanickova, D., Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42, 951 (1997). 24. Huang, G.-L., Xiao, H., Chi, J., Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 411, 2000. 25. Horvath, A. L., Getzen, F. W., and Maczynska, Z., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 28, 395, 2000 [IUPAC No. 67]. 26. Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research, Third Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 27. Stephen, H., and Stephen, T., Solubilities of Organic and Inorganic Compounds, Macmillan, New York, 1963. 28. Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 42, 27, 1997. 29. Hinz, H.-J., ed., Thermodynamic Data for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986. 30. Budavari, S., ed., The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 1996. 31. Bamford, H. A., Poster, D. L., and Baker, J. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 1069, 2000. 32. Lide, D. R., and Milne, G. W. A., Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 33. Apelblat, A., and Manzurola, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 21, 1005, 1989. 34. Apelblat, A., and Manzurola, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 22, 289, 1990. 35. Horvath, A. L., and Getzen, F. W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 649, 1999 [IUPAC No. 68]. 36. Sazonov, V. P., Marsh, K. N., and Hefter, G. T., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 1165, 2000 [IUPAC No. 71]. 37. Verbruggen, E. M. J., Hermens, J. L. M., and Tolls, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 1435, 2000.

Acenaphthene

Name

Mol. Form. C12H10

Acenaphthylene Acephate Acetamide Acetanilide

C12H8 C4H10NO3PS C2H5NO C8H9NO

Acetazolamide Acetohexamide Acetonitrile

C4H6N4O3S2 C15H20N2O4S C2H3N

Acetophenone

C8H8O

Acetylene

C2H2

Mol. Wt t/°C 154.207 0 25 50 152.192 20 183.166 20 59.067 20 135.163 20 70 222.246 30 324.396 37 41.052 –3 –10 120.149 25 80 26.037 25

38. Sazonov, V. P., Shaw, D. G., and Marsh, K. N., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31, 1, 2002 [IUPAC No. 77]. 39. Sazonov, V. P., and Shaw, D. G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31, 989, 2002 [IUPAC No. 78]. 40. Yalkowsky, S. H., and He, Y., Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2003. 41. Shiu, W.-Y., and Ma, K.-C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 387, 2000. 42. Shaw, D. G., and Maczynski, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35, 687, 2006 [IUPAC No. 81, Part 11]. 43. Nordstrom, F. L., and Rasmuson, A. C., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 1668, 2006. 44. Nordstrom, F. L., and Rasmuson, A. C., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 1775, 2006. 45. Sapoundjiev, D., Lorenz, H,. and Seidel-Morgenstern, A., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 1562, 2006. 46. Marche, C., Ferronato, C., and Jose, J., J. Chem. Eng. Data 48, 967, 2003. 47. Lu, J., Wang, X., Yang, X., and Ching, C., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 1593, 2006. 48. Achard, C., Jaoui, M., Schwing, M., and Rogalski, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 504, 1996. 49. Shareef, A., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 879, 2006. 50. Clever, H. L., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 34, 201, 2005 [IUPAC No. 80]. 51. Jaoui, M., Achard, C., and Rogalski, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 297, 2002. 52. Fichan, I., Larroche, C., and Gros, J. B., J. Chem. Eng. Data 44, 56, 1999. 53. Freire, M. G., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 50, 237, 2005. 54. Domanska, U., and Kozlowska, M. K., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 456, 2002. 55. Phelan, J. M., and Barnett, J. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 375, 2001. 56. Long, B-W., Wang, L-S., and Wu, J-S., J. Chem. Eng. Data 50, 136, 2005. 57. Marche, C., Ferronato, C., and Jose, J., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 937, 2004. 58. Oleszek-Kudlak, S., Shibata, E., and Nakamura, T., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 570, 2004. 59. Lynch, J. C., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 1549, 2001. 60. Xiao, H., Li, N., and Wania, F., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 173, 2004. 61. Ma, J. H. Y., Hung, H., Shiu, W-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 619, 2001. 62. Carta, R., and Tola, G., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 414, 1996; 44, 563, 1999.

Solubility, S Mass% 0.00015 0.000380 0.00092 0.0016 ≈28 40.8 0.52 2.7 0.10 0.0013 40.5 31.7 0.55 1.204 0.1081*

g/L 0.0015 0.00380 0.0092 0.016 394 — 5.2 28 1.0 0.013 — — 5.5 12.2 1.081*

Ref.

4 22 4 28 40 10 27 27 40 40 39 39 28 20 19

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 0.01217

22

0.012

28

0.00108

28

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds Mol. Wt t/°C 180.158 259.054 179.217 25 56.063 20 71.078 20 53.063 20 135.128 25 267.242 25 269.768 23 89.094 25 89.094 25 190.263 20 364.910 25 136.112 25 227.330 20 223.227 25

Name 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid Acridine Acrolein Acrylamide Acrylonitrile Adenine Adenosine Alachlor L-Alanine β-Alanine Aldicarb Aldrin Allopurinol Ametryn 2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione 4-Aminoazobenzene

Mol. Form. C9H8O4 C9H7BrO4 C13H9N C3H4O C3H5NO C3H3N C5H5N5 C10H13N5O4 C14H20ClNO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C7H14N2O2S C12H8Cl6 C5H4N4O C9H17N5S C14H9NO2 C12H11N3

4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid 4-Amino-N-[(butylamino)carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide 3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid 6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2H-purin-2-one 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol 6-Aminohexanoic acid 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 2-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid 4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone 2-Aminophenol 3-Aminophenol

C6H8N2O2S C6H7NO3S C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C11H17N3O3S

172.205 173.190 103.120 103.120 271.336

C7H5Cl2NO2 C5H5N5O C8H11NO C6H13NO2 C7H7NO3 C4H9NO2 C5H7N3O C6H7NO C6H7NO

206.027 151.127 137.179 131.173 153.136 103.120 125.129 109.126 109.126

4-Aminophenol Aminopyrine Amitriptyline Amobarbital Anilazine Aniline Aniline-2-carboxylic acid Aniline-4-carboxylic acid Aniline hydrochloride Anisole

C6H7NO C13H17N3O C20H23N C11H18N2O3 C9H5Cl3N4 C6H7N C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C6H8ClN C7H8O

109.126 231.293 277.404 226.272 275.522 93.127 137.137 137.137 129.588 108.138

Anthracene

C14H10

178.229

9,10-Anthracenedione Apomorphine L-Arginine L-Ascorbic acid

C14H8O2 C17H17NO2 C6H14N4O2 C6H8O6

208.213 267.323 174.201 176.124

L-Asparagine

C4H8N2O3

132.118

197.235

25 97 20 7 25 25 37 25 25 15 25 20 25 25 20 20 70 20 25 24 25 20 25 20 25 15 20 81 0 25 50 25 25 25 25 50 25

8-87 Solubility, S

Mass% 0.25 0.07 0.00466 20.8 ≈27 7.35 0.104 0.51 0.024 14.30 47.1 0.60 0.00002 0.057 0.0190 0.000016 0.0030 0.068 0.71 0.59 17.4 55.6 0.053 0.070 0.006 1.03 46 0.20 12.1 0.45 1.92 2.56 ≈24 1.55 4.8 0.00097 0.06 0.001 3.38 0.349 0.54 15.1 0.203 0.294 0.0000022 0.0000044 0.000029 0.00014 2.0 15.44 25.22 41.00 2.45

g/L 2.5 0.7 0.0466 ≈250 371 79.3 1.04 5.1 0.24 ≈170 — 6.02 0.0002 0.57 0.190 0.00016 0.030 0.68 7.14 5.9 ≈210 — 0.53 0.70 0.06 10.4 — 2.0 ≈135 4.5 19.6 26.3 319 15.7 50 0.0097 0.6 0.01 35.0 3.49 5.39 ≈180 2.0 2.9 0.000022 0.000044 0.00029 0.0014 20 ≈185 — — 25.1

Ref. 27 30 6 10 40 10 29 29 40 26 26 40 40 40 40 40

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref.

40 40 40 27 26 26 40 40 26 40 29 40 26 26 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 10 40 40 27 20 20 4,42 22,42 42, 40 40 26 33 33 26

14

15

0.025 0.025

13 13

0.00396

22


8-88

Name L-Aspartic acid Atrazine Atropine Azinphos-methyl trans-Azobenzene Bayleton Bendiocarb Bentazon Benzaldehyde Benzamide Benz[a]anthracene

Mol. Form. C4H7NO4 C8H14ClN5 C17H23NO3 C10H12N3O3PS2 C12H10N2 C14H16ClN3O2 C11H13NO4 C10H12N2O3S C7H6O C7H7NO C18H12

Benzene

C6H6

Benzeneacetic acid 1,2-Benzenediamine

C8H8O2 C6H8N2

Mol. Wt t/°C 133.104 25 215.684 25 289.370 20 317.324 20 182.220 20 293.749 20 223.226 25 240.278 20 106.122 20 121.137 12 228.288 10 25 78.112 10 25 50 136.149 25

1,3-Benzenediamine 1,4-Benzenediamine 1,2-Benzenedicarboxamide Benzeneethanol 1,2,3-Benzenetriol 1,3,5-Benzenetriol p-Benzidine 1H-Benzimidazole

C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C8H8N2O2 C8H10O C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C12H12N2 C7H6N2

108.141 108.141 108.141 164.162 122.164 126.110 126.110 184.236 118.136

1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxaldehyde Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene 11H-Benzo[a]fluorene 11H-Benzo[b]fluorene Benzoic acid

C8H6O3 C20H12 C20H12 C17H12 C17H12 C7H6O2

150.132 252.309 252.309 216.277 216.277 122.122

Benzoin Benzonitrile Benzo[ghi]perylene Benzophenone 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one

C14H12O2 C7H5N C22H12 C13H10O C9H6O2

212.244 103.122 276.330 182.217 146.143

Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[e]pyrene

C20H12 C20H12

252.309 252.309

C13H9N C6H4O2 C8H6S C22H14 C7H5NO C9H9NO3 C14H10O4 C16H15NO3 C9H10O2 C7H8O C8H8O2

179.217 108.095 134.199 278.346 119.121 179.172 242.227 269.295 150.174 108.138 136.149

Benzo[f ]quinoline p-Benzoquinone Benzo[b]thiophene Benzo[b]triphenylene Benzoxazole N-Benzoylglycine Benzoyl peroxide N-Benzoyl-L-phenylalanine Benzyl acetate Benzyl alcohol Benzyl formate

20 20 24 30 25 25 20 24 15 20 20 20 25 25 25 95 25 25 25 20 20 60 25 8 17 25 25 25 20 25 20 25 20 25 25 20 20

Solubility, S Mass% 0.501 0.007 0.3 0.00209 0.03 0.026 0.004 0.050 0.3 0.577 0.00000038 0.00000093 0.178 0.178 0.208 1.71

g/L 5.01 0.07 3 0.0209 0.3 0.26 0.04 0.50 3 5.77 0.0000038 0.0000093 1.78 1.78 2.08 17.4

Ref. 26 26 40 40 27 40 40 40 10 27 42 22,42 3 22 3 27

3.02 3.48 3.45 0.59 1.72 38.5 1.12 0.0360 0.33 0.201 0.35 0.0000002 0.00000008 0.0000045 0.0000002 0.34 6.4 0.03 0.2 0.000000026 0.0075 0.190 0.69 0.00000043 0.00000032 0.00000044 0.00000048 0.0079 1.36 0.0130 0.0000027 0.834 0.37 0.000016 0.085 0.150 0.08 1.07

31.1 36.1 35.7 5.9 17.5 — 11.3 0.360 3.3 2.01 3.5 0.000002 0.0000008 0.000045 0.000002 3.4 68 0.3 2 0.00000026 0.075 1.90 6.95 0.0000043 0.0000032 0.0000044 0.0000048 0.079 13.8 0.130 0.000027 8.34 3.7 0.00016 0.85 1.50 0.8 10.8

40 40 40 40 40 27 27 40 54 6 40 40 40 4,42 4,42 27 26 40 10 4,42 40 40 40 22,42 42 22,42 42 6 27 6 4 6 29 40 29 40 10 20


0.00058

22

0.557

22

0.000075

12

0.0000465

22

0.0000467

22


Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt

C23H22ClF3O2 C10H16N2O3S C12H10

422.868 244.310 154.207

2,2′-Bipyridine 2,2-Biquinoline Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfone Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether

C10H8N2 C18H12N2 C12H12N2O2S C4H8Cl2O

156.184 256.301 248.300 143.012

1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Borneol, (-)Bromacil Bromobenzene

C14H9Cl5O

370.485

C24H38O4 C15H16O2 C8H4F6 C10H18O C9H13BrN2O2 C6H5Br

390.557 228.287 214.108 154.249 261.115 157.008

2-Bromobenzoic acid 3-Bromobenzoic acid 4-Bromobenzoic acid 1-Bromobutane 4-Bromo-1-butene 1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane Bromochloromethane 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C4H9Br C4H7Br C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C2H4BrCl CH2BrCl C3H6BrCl C2HBrClF3

201.018 201.018 201.018 137.018 135.003 191.453 191.453 191.453 143.410 129.384 157.437 197.381

Bromodichloromethane Bromoethane

CHBrCl2 C2H5Br

163.829 108.965

1-Bromoheptane 1-Bromohexane 1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene Bromomethane 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Bromooctane 1-Bromopentane 4-Bromophenol 1-Bromopropane

C7H15Br C6H13Br C6H4BrI CH3Br C5H11Br C4H9Br C8H17Br C5H11Br C6H5BrO C3H7Br

179.098 165.071 282.904 94.939 151.045 137.018 193.125 151.045 173.007 122.992

2-Bromopropane 3-Bromopropene 4-Bromotoluene Bromotrifluoromethane Brucine

C3H7Br C3H5Br C7H7Br CBrF3 C23H26N2O4

122.992 120.976 171.035 148.910 394.463

Bifenthrin Biotin Biphenyl

8-89 Solubility, S

t/°C 80 25 25 0 25 50 25 24 25 20 81 25

Mass% 1.43 0.00001 0.035 0.000272 0.00054 0.0022 0.61 0.000102 0.016 1.04 1.26 0.00013

g/L 14.5 0.0001 0.35 0.00272 0.0054 0.022 6.1 0.00102 0.16 10.4 12.8 0.0013

Ref. 20 32 40 4 22,58 4 40 6 40 20 20 40

25 25 25 25 25 10 25 40 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 10 25 40 30 0 25 25 25 25 20 16 18 25 25 25 0 25 20 25 25 25 20

0.000027 0.0300 0.0041 0.046 0.082 0.0387 0.0445 0.0516 0.185 0.040 0.0056 0.087 0.076 0.0124 0.0118 0.00442 0.683 1.7 0.223 0.52 0.41 0.40 0.300 1.05 0.90 0.00067 0.00258 0.000794 1.80* 0.020 0.051 0.000167 0.0127 1.86 0.298 0.234 0.32 0.38 0.011 0.032* 0.012

0.00027 0.30 0.041 0.046 0.82 0.387 0.445 0.516 1.85 0.40 0.056 0.87 0.76 0.124 0.118 0.0442 6.83 17 2.23 5.2 4.1 4.0 3.00 10.6 9.0 0.0067 0.0258 0.00794 18.3* 0.20 0.51 0.00167 0.127 19.0 2.98 2.34 3.2 3.8 0.11 0.32* 0.12

40 49 2 52 40 2 2 2 27 27 27 35 35 2 2 2 25 10 35 25 25 25 40 25 25 35 35 2 5 35 35 35 35 2 35 35 35 35 2 14 27


0.0280

22

0.003

13

0.250

28

1.2

13

0.18

13

1.23

13

0.63

13

3.8 1.27

13 13


8-90

1,3-Butadiene Butanal Butanamide Butane 2,3-Butanedione

Name

Mol. Form. C4H6 C4H8O C4H9NO C4H10 C4H6O2

Butanenitrile 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol 1-Butanethiol 1-Butanol

C4H7N C4H10O4 C4H10S C4H10O

2-Butanol

C4H10O

2-Butanone

C4H8O

trans-2-Butenal

C4H6O

Mol. Wt t/°C 54.091 25 72.106 25 87.120 25 58.122 25 86.090 20 80 69.106 20 122.120 20 90.187 20 74.121 0 25 50 74.121 10 25 50 72.106 25 70

1-Butene trans-2-Butenoic acid cis-2-Buten-1-ol Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Butyl 4-aminobenzoate Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene, (±)tert-Butylbenzene Butyl ethyl ether

C4H8 C4H6O2 C4H8O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C11H15NO2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C6H14O

70.090 56.107 86.090 72.106 116.158 116.158 193.243 134.218 134.218 134.218 102.174

Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate 4-tert-Butylphenol Butyl propanoate Butyl stearate Butyl vinyl ether 1-Butyne Caffeine Camphor, (+) trans-Camphoric acid, (±)Cantharidin Caprolactam Captafol Captan Carbaryl Carbazole Carbofuran Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carboxin Carminic acid Carnosine Carvenol Carvenone, (S)Carvone, (±)-

C11H14O3 C10H14O C7H14O2 C22H44O2 C6H12O C4H6 C8H10N4O2 C10H16O C10H16O4 C10H12O4 C6H11NO C10H9Cl4NO2S C9H8Cl3NO2S C12H11NO2 C12H9N C12H15NO3 CO2 CS2 CO C12H13NO2S C22H20O13 C9H14N4O3 C10H16O C10H16O C10H14O

194.227 150.217 130.185 340.583 100.158 54.091 194.191 152.233 200.232 196.200 113.157 349.061 300.590 201.221 167.206 221.252 44.010 76.141 28.010 235.302 492.386 226.232 152.233 152.233 150.217

20 25 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 20 70 25 25 22 25 20 25 25 20 25 20 25 20 20 20 22 20 25 20 25 25 20 25 25 15 15

Solubility, S Mass% 0.0735* 7.1 ≈19 0.00724* 31.7 21.8 3.3 38.0 0.0597 10.4 7.4 6.4 23.9 18.1 14.0 25.9 18.1

g/L 0.735* 76 230 0.0724* — — 34 — 0.597 ≈115 80 68 ≈300 ≈210 ≈165 — ≈220

15.6 0.0222* 7.1 16.6 0.68 0.62 0.018 0.00138 0.0014 0.0032 0.65 0.39 0.020 0.058 0.572 0.2 0.3 0.287* 2.12 0.01 0.8 0.003 84.0 0.000142 0.00005 0.0102 0.000120 0.032 0.1501* 0.210 0.00276* 0.017 0.13 24.4 0.29 0.22 0.13

≈185 0.222* 76 ≈200 6.8 6.2 0.18 0.0138 0.014 0.032 6.5 3.9 0.20 0.58 5.72 2 3 2.87* 21.7 0.1 8 0.03 — 0.00142 0.0005 0.102 0.00120 0.32 1.501* 2.10 0.0276* 0.17 1.3 — 2.9 2.2 1.3

Ref.

5 10 40 18 20 20 10 27 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 20

10 5 26 10 10 10 40 22 4 4 20 20 40 40 27 10 10 5 29 10 27 40 10 40 40 40 6 40 18 10 18 40 40 26 52 27 27

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 20.7 13

95.9

5

25.6

13

1.33 1.89 1.28

22 11 11

1.91

5


(S)-Carvone Cephalexin Chloramphenicol Chlordane 2-Chloroaniline 3-Chloroaniline 4-Chloroaniline Chlorobenzene

Name

Mol. Form. C10H14O C16H17N3O4S C11H12Cl2N2O5 C10H6Cl8 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H5Cl

Mol. Wt t/°C 150.217 25 347.389 25 323.129 25 409.779 25 127.572 25 127.572 20 127.572 20 112.557 10 25 45 325.186 20 156.567 25 156.567 25 156.567 25 188.652 25 92.567 1 25

Solubility, S Mass% 0.132 1.2 0.38 0.000185 0.876 0.54 0.275 0.0387 0.0484 0.055 0.001 0.209 0.040 0.072 0.00055 0.062 0.087

g/L 1.32 12 3.8 0.00185 8.76 5.44 2.75 0.387 0.484 0.55 0.01 2.09 0.40 0.72 0.0055 0.62 0.87

0.107 0.092 2.80 3.38 0.2 0.251 0.30* 0.89 0.52 0.34 0.00092 0.45 0.67* 0.27* 0.0502 1.05* 0.00136 0.0047 0.0064 0.013

1.07 0.92 29 35 2 2.51 3.0* 8.9 5.2 3.4 0.0092 4.5 6.7* 2.7* 0.502 10.6* 0.0136 0.047 0.064 0.13

35 35 20 20 40 40 10 2 2 2 40 25 25 5 40 14 35 35 35 8

0.93

8

0.0689 0.0674 0.0311 5.35* 84 67 0.493 0.1 3.6 6.8 4.0 1.17 9.2 2.9

2 2 2 5 20 20 10 10 2 2 2 40 35 35

Chlorobenzilate 2-Chlorobenzoic acid 3-Chlorobenzoic acid 4-Chlorobenzoic acid 2-Chlorobiphenyl 1-Chlorobutane

C16H14Cl2O3 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C12H9Cl C4H9Cl

2-Chlorobutane

C4H9Cl

3-Chloro-2-butanone

C4H7ClO

106.551

Chlorodiazepoxide Chlorodibromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane 4-Chloro-2,5-dimethylphenol 4-Chloro-2,6-dimethylphenol 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Chloroethane

C16H14ClN3O CHBr2Cl CHClF2 C8H9ClO C8H9ClO C8H9ClO C6H3ClN2O4 C2H5Cl

299.754 208.280 86.469 156.609 156.609 156.609 202.552 64.514

Chloroethene 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene Chlorofluoromethane 1-Chloroheptane 1-Chlorohexane

C2H3Cl C6H4ClF CH2ClF C7H15Cl C6H13Cl

62.498 130.547 68.478 134.647 120.620

2-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde 3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde 1-Chloro-2-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-3-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-4-iodobenzene Chloromethane 1-Chloro-2-methoxyethane

C8H7ClO3

186.593

0 25 19 92 20 30 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 25 25 25 25 5 25 25

C8H7ClO3

186.593

25

0.093

C6H4ClI C6H4ClI C6H4ClI CH3Cl C3H7ClO

238.453 238.453 238.453 50.488 94.540

(Chloromethyl)benzene 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol 4-Chloro-2-methylphenol 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane

C7H7Cl C8H17Cl C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C9H9ClO3 C4H9Cl C4H9Cl

126.584 148.674 142.583 142.583 142.583 200.618 92.567 92.567

25 25 25 25 20 70 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 15

0.00689 0.00674 0.00311 0.535* 7.79 6.31 0.0493 0.01 0.36 0.68 0.40 0.117 0.92 0.29

92.567

8-91

Ref. 52 40 40 40 10 40 40 2 41 2,61 32 27 27 27 7 35 35


0.32

0.0701

28

7

1.54

13

3.0

13

1.02 2.68

13 13

0.98

13


8-92

Name 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 3-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid 5-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid 1-Chlorooctane Chloropentafluoroethane 1-Chloropentane

Mol. Form. C4H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C7H4ClNO4 C7H4ClNO4 C8H17Cl C2ClF5 C5H11Cl

3-Chloropentane 5-Chloro-2-pentanone

C5H11Cl C5H9ClO

2-Chlorophenol 3-Chlorophenol

C6H5ClO C6H5ClO

Mol. Wt t/°C 90.552 25 162.616 25 162.616 25 157.555 20 157.555 20 157.555 20 201.565 25 201.565 25 148.674 25 154.466 25 106.594 5 25 106.594 25 120.577 22 71 128.556 25 128.556 128.556 198.648 78.541 78.541

4-Chlorophenol N′-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane

C6H5ClO C9H11ClN2O C3H7Cl C3H7Cl

3-Chloropropene

C3H5Cl

Chloropropham 1-Chlorotetradecane Chlorothalonil Chlorothiazide 2-Chlorotoluene 3-Chlorotoluene 4-Chlorotoluene Chlorotrifluoromethane 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane 2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene Chlorpyrifos Chlorsulfuron Cholic acid Chrysene

C10H12ClNO2 C14H29Cl C8Cl4N2 C7H6ClN3O4S2 C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl CClF3 C3H4ClF3 C6H2ClN3O6 C9H11Cl3NO3PS C12H12ClN5O4S C24H40O5 C18H12

213.661 232.833 265.911 295.724 126.584 126.584 126.584 104.459 132.512 247.549 350.586 357.773 408.572 228.288

trans-Cinnamaldehyde trans-Cinnamic acid

C9H8O C9H8O2

132.159 148.159

Citric acid Clopyralid Clorophene Cocaine Codeine Colchicine Coronene Creatine o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Crufomate

C6H8O7 C6H3Cl2NO2 C13H11ClO C17H21NO4 C18H21NO3 C22H25NO6 C24H12 C4H9N3O2 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C12H19ClNO3P

192.124 192.000 218.678 303.354 299.365 399.437 300.352 131.133 108.138 108.138 108.138 291.711

76.525

25 25 25 25 0 20 25 50 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 15 20 25 20 7 25 25 20 98 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 25 40 40 40 20

Solubility, S Mass% 0.916 0.00224 0.00117 0.0441 0.0273 0.0453 0.047 0.96 0.0345 0.006* 0.020 0.0201 0.025 4.7 13.5 2.27 2.2 2.55 0.023 0.250 0.44 0.30 0.40 0.13 0.0080 0.0232 0.00006 0.0283 0.0117 0.0117 0.0123 0.009* 0.133 0.018 0.000073 2.71 0.028 0.00000007 0.00000019 0.135 0.1 0.59 59 0.1 0.42 0.17 0.79 4 0.000000014 1.6 3.08 2.51 2.26 0.50

g/L 9.16 0.0224 0.0117 0.441 0.273 0.453 0.47 9.6 0.345 0.06* 0.20 0.201 0.25 49 ≈155 22.7 22 25.4 0.23 2.50 4.4 3.0 4.0 1.3 0.080 0.232 0.0006 0.283 0.117 0.117 0.123 0.09* 1.33 0.18 0.00073 27.9 0.28 0.0000007 0.0000019 1.35 1 5.9 — 1 4.2 1.7 7.9 4 0.00000014 16 31.8 25.8 23.1 5.0

Ref.

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 0.12 5 0.0363 28 0.0335 28

5 5 5 40 40 40 27 27 35 10 260 35 35 2.37 35 20 20 2,48,51 2 2,48,51 26 35 35 35 35 35 40 35 40 40 61 61 61 10 35 40 40 32 26 42 22,42 40 26 26 26 40 40 27 27 26 4,42 26 10 10 10 40

13 13

1.41

13

1.10

5

6.9

13

0.000065

22

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds Mol. Wt t/°C 240.692 25 84.076 20 52.034 25 61.471 0 84.080 25 129.074 25 98.186 25 112.169 20 92 92.139 25 96.170 25 80.128 25 84.159 25 128.169 15 100.158 10 25 40

Name Cyanazine 2-Cyanoacetamide Cyanogen Cyanogen chloride Cyanoguanidine Cyanuric acid Cycloheptane Cycloheptanone

Mol. Form. C9H13ClN6 C3H4N2O C2N2 CClN C2H4N4 C3H3N3O3 C7H14 C7H12O

1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene Cycloheptene 1,4-Cyclohexadiene Cyclohexane Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Cyclohexanol

C7H8 C7H12 C6H8 C6H12 C7H12O2 C6H12O

Cyclohexanone

C6H10O

Cyclohexanone oxime Cyclohexene Cyclohexyl butanoate

C6H11NO C6H10 C10H18O2

113.157 82.143 170.249

Cyclooctane 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Cyclopentane Cyclopentanone

C8H16 C5H6 C5H10 C5H8O

112.213 66.102 70.133 84.117

Cyclopentene Cyclopropane Cyfluthrin Cygon Cyhalothrin Cypermethrin L-Cystine Cytisine Cytosine Daminozide Dazomet Decabromobiphenyl ether Decachlorobiphenyl cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decane Decanedioic acid Decanoic acid 1-Decanol 4-Decanone

C5H8 C3H6 C22H18Cl2FNO3 C5H12NO3PS2 C23H19ClF3NO3 C22H19Cl2NO3 C6H12N2O4S2 C11H14N2O C4H5N3O C6H12N2O3 C5H10N2S2 C12Br10O C12Cl10 C10H18 C10H18 C10H22 C10H18O4 C10H20O2 C10H22O C10H20O

68.118 42.080 434.287 229.258 449.850 416.297 240.300 190.241 111.102 160.170 162.276 959.167 498.658 138.250 138.250 142.282 202.248 172.265 158.281 156.265

1-Decene 2′-Deoxyadenosine Dexamethasone Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

C10H20 C10H13N5O3 C22H29FO5 C21H13N C22H14

140.266 251.242 392.460 279.335 278.346

98.142

25 80 25 25 20 90 25 25 25 20 80 25 25 20 20 20 20 25 16 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 20 20 25 20 80 25 25 25 25 25

8-93 Solubility, S

Mass% 0.0171 11.5 0.8* 5.7 3.8 0.259 0.0030 3.61 2.82 0.064 0.0066 0.08 0.0058 0.201 4.62 3.8 3.30 8.8 6.8 1.57 0.016 0.11 0.09 0.00079 0.068 0.0157 31.0 24.8 0.054 0.0484* 0.0000002 2.6 0.0000005 0.000001 0.0166 ≈30 0.73 9.1 0.12 0.0000025 0.00000000012 0.000089 0.000089 0.0000015 0.10 0.015 0.0037 0.0238 0.0064 0.00057 0.67 0.009 0.000016 0.00000005

g/L 0.171 130 8* 60 40 2.59 0.030 37 29 0.64 0.066 0.8 0.058 2.01 48.4 40 34.1 96 73 15.9 0.16 1.1 0.90 0.0079 0.68 0.157 — — 0.54 0.484* 0.000002 27 0.000005 0.00001 0.166 439 7.3 100 1.2 0.000025 0.0000000012 0.00089 0.00089 0.000015 1.0 0.15 0.037 0.238 0.064 0.0057 6.7 0.09 0.00016 0.0000005

Ref. 40 40 30 40 40 40 3 20 20 3 3 3 3 27 1 1 1


9.59

13

0.47 4.9 1.03 19.4

13 13 13 13

20 20 40 3 4.57 20 20 4 10.7 3 3 19.1 20 20 3 6.56 19 32 40 32 32 62 40 29 40 40 40 7 0.0208 37 4 3 4 479 40 26 1 20 20 4 29 40 6 42,4

13

13 13

13

7 13 13


8-94

1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane 3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile Dibromomethane

C3Br2F6

Mol. Wt t/°C 278.346 27 267.324 24 168.191 25 184.257 25 198.260 35 235.904 25 235.904 25 235.904 25 215.915 25 222.306 20 236.333 20 256.751 20 187.861 20 50 80 309.830 21

C7H3Br2NO CH2Br2

276.913 173.835

2,4-Dibromophenol 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Dibutylamine Dibutyl ether

C6H4Br2O C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C2Br2F4 C8H19N C8H18O

251.903 201.888 201.888 259.823 129.244 130.228

Dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl sebacate o-Dichlorobenzene

C16H22O4 C18H34O4 C6H4Cl2

278.344 314.461 147.002

C6H4Cl2

147.002

C6H4Cl2

147.002

3,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol 4,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol 3,3′-Dichloro-p-benzidine 2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane

C6H4Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2O2 C12H10Cl2N2 C12H8Cl2 C12H8Cl2 C14H10Cl4

179.001 179.001 253.126 223.098 223.098 320.041

1,1-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane 2,3-Dichlorobutane, (±)1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane Dichlorodifluoromethane 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin 1,1-Dichloroethane

C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C2H2Cl2F2 CCl2F2 C5H6Cl2N2O2 C2H4Cl2

127.013 127.013 127.013 134.940 120.914 197.019 98.959

Name Dibenz[a,j]anthracene 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole Dibenzofuran Dibenzothiophene Dibenzyl ether o-Dibromobenzene m-Dibromobenzene p-Dibromobenzene 1,4-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloroethane 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane 1,2-Dibromoethane

m-Dichlorobenzene

p-Dichlorobenzene

Mol. Form. C22H14 C20H13N C12H8O C12H8S C14H14O C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C4H8Br2 C2H3Br2Cl C3H5Br2Cl C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H4Br2


g/L 0.000012 0.0000104 0.00475 0.00103 0.040 0.0748 0.064 0.020 0.35 0.60 1.23 0.70 3.1 3.9 5.4 0.068

Ref. 4,42 6 41 6 10 2 2 2 35 25 35 25 20 20 20 35

25 20 90 25 25 25 25 20 20 90 25 20 25 35 55 10 25 50 10 25 50 25 25 25 25 25 25

0.013 1.28 1.51 0.2 0.143 0.169 0.00030 0.47 0.023 0.010 0.00112 0.004 0.0094 0.0108 0.0139 0.0103 0.0120 0.0165 0.00512 0.0080 0.0167 0.78 1.19 0.00031 0.0002 0.00014 0.000009

0.13 11.5 15.3 2 1.43 1.69 0.0030 4.7 0.3 0.10 0.0112 0.04 0.094 0.108 0.139 0.103 0.120 0.165 0.0512 0.080 0.167 7.8 12.0 0.0031 0.002 0.0014 0.00009

40 20 20 2 10 35 25 10 20 20 15 10 2,58,61 2,58,61 2,58,61 41,2 41,2 2 2 41 2 8 8 40 7 7 40

45 25 25 20 24 20 20 0 25

0.000024 0.050 0.16 0.056 0.49 0.028* 0.050 0.62 0.50

0.00024 0.50 1.6 0.56 4.9 0.28* 0.50 6.2 5.0

40 35 35 35 25 5 40 25 25


0.011

12

0.066

13

0.086

13

0.48

13

0.195

28

0.376

11

0.244

28

0.0201

7

41

0.63

13

13


Name

Solubility, S

C2H4Cl2

98.959

C2H2Cl2

96.943

C2H2Cl2

96.943

C2H2Cl2

96.943

C2H3Cl2F CHCl2F C3Cl2F6

116.949

t/°C 50 0 25 50 100 5 25 50 90 10 25 40 10 25 40 25

102.923 220.928

25 21

0.95* 0.0096

9.5* 0.096

10 35

C10H12Cl2

203.108

25

0.00049

0.0049

23

CH2Cl2 C8H6Cl2O3 C7H6Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C7H6Cl2O C7H6Cl2O C10H4Cl2O2 C6H3Cl2NO2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C13H10Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O C8H6Cl2O3 C10H10Cl2O3 C9H8Cl2O3 C3H6Cl2

84.933 221.038 161.029 141.038 177.028 177.028 227.044 192.000 141.038 141.038 141.038 269.123 163.001 163.001 163.001 221.038 249.090 235.064 112.986

1,3-Dichloropropane

C3H6Cl2

112.986

cis-1,3-Dichloropropene trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 2,3-Dichloropropene 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 2,6-Dichlorotoluene 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Diclofop-methyl Dieldrin Diethanolamine

C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl2 C2Cl2F4 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C2HCl2F3 C16H14Cl2O4 C12H8Cl6O C4H11NO2

110.970 110.970 110.970 170.921 161.029 161.029 152.930 341.186 380.909 105.136

25 25 30 25 25 25 25 20 25 19 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 5 25 40 5 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 20

1.73 0.45 0.025 0.029 0.0283 0.0673 0.00001 0.0121 0.029 0.02 0.029 0.003 0.82 0.55 0.262 0.07 0.0046 0.083 0.270 0.274 0.297 0.218 0.280 0.27 0.28 0.215 0.013* 0.00260 0.00233 0.46 0.0003 0.000020 95.4

17.6 4.5 0.25 0.29 0.283 0.673 0.0001 0.121 0.29 0.2 0.29 0.03 8.22 5.52 2.62 0.7 0.046 0.83 2.70 2.74 2.97 2.18 2.80 2.7 2.8 2.15 0.13* 0.0260 0.0233 4.6 0.003 0.00020 —

1,2-Dichloroethane

1,1-Dichloroethene

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene

trans-1,2-Dichloroethene

1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane Dichlorofluoromethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane 1,4-Dichloro-5-isopropyl-2-methylbenzene Dichloromethane 3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (Dichloromethyl)benzene 2,3-Dichloro-2-methylbutane 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylphenol 2,6-Dichloro-4-methylphenol 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthalenedione 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene 1,2-Dichloropentane 1,5-Dichloropentane 2,3-Dichloropentane Dichlorophene 2,3-Dichlorophenol 2,4-Dichlorophenol 2,6-Dichlorophenol (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid 4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid 2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±)-

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt

8-95

Mass% 0.50 0.92 0.86 1.05 2.17 0.310 0.242 0.225 0.355 0.76 0.64 0.66 0.53 0.45 0.41 0.042

g/L 5.0 9.2 8.6 10.6 22.1 3.10 2.42 2.25 3.55 7.6 6.4 6.6 5.3 4.5 4.1 0.42

Ref. 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25


0.14

13

2.62

13

0.46

13

0.96

13

20 0.30 40 10 35 2 2 40 40 35 35 35 40 40 24,48,51 40 40 40 40 35 35 0.29 35 35 35 5 0.24 5 0.18 5 0.36 10 127 61 61 25 32 40 10

13

13

5 5 5 13


8-96

Name 1,1-Diethoxyethane 1,2-Diethoxyethane 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide o-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene Diethyl carbonate Diethyl ether Diethyl glutarate

Mol. Form. C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C14H22N2O

Mol. Wt t/°C 118.174 25 118.174 20 234.337 25

C10H14 C10H14 C5H10O3 C4H10O C9H16O4

134.218 134.218 118.131 74.121 188.221

Diethyl maleate

C8H12O4

172.179

Diethyl malonate

C7H12O4

160.168

Diethyl phthalate trans-Diethylstilbestrol Diethyl succinate Diethyl sulfide Diflubenzuron o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene 1,1-Difluoroethane Digitoxin Diglycolic acid

C12H14O4 C18H20O2 C8H14O4 C4H10S C14H9ClF2N2O2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C2H4F2 C41H64O13 C4H6O5

222.237 268.351 174.195 90.187 310.683 114.093 114.093 114.093 66.050 764.939 134.088

Digoxin Dihexyl ether

C41H64O14 C12H26O

780.939 186.333

1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one 1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene

C20H14 C7H6N2O C21H16

2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1H)pyrimidinone 1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran

Solubility, S Mass% 5 21.0 0.38

5

g/L

— 3.8

Ref. 10 10 40

254.325 134.135 268.352

20 20 20 25 30 91 20 91 20 91 25 20 20 25 20 25 25 25 20 25 24 50 25 20 90 27 24 25

0.0071 0.0025 1.8 6.04 1.20 0.91 1.56 1.75 2.26 2.47 0.12 0.01 0.19 0.307 0.00002 0.114 0.114 0.122 0.29* 0.0004 40.03 59.9 0.0059 0.019 0.019 0.00000035 0.37 0.00000022

0.071 0.025 18 64.2 12.2 9.2 15.9 17.8 23.2 25 1.2 0.1 1.9 3.07 0.0002 1.14 1.14 1.22 2.9* 0.004 — — 0.059 0.19 0.19 0.0000035 3.7 0.0000022

40 40 40 10 20 20 20 20 20 20 40 40 40 40 40 2 2 2 50 40 34 34 40 20 20 6,42 54 6,42

C7H10N2OS

170.231

27 25

0.00000028 0.120

0.0000028 1.20

42 40

C5H4N4S C5H8O

152.178 84.117

1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

C14H8O4 C7H6O4

240.212 154.121

3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,12α) 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene3,11,20-trione 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20trione o-Diiodobenzene m-Diiodobenzene p-Diiodobenzene cis-1,2-Diiodoethene trans-1,2-Diiodoethene Diiodomethane 3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

C24H40O4

392.573

25 20 82 25 14 80 20

C21H26O5

358.428

25

0.012

0.12

40

C21H28O5

360.444

25

0.028

0.28

30

C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C2H2I2 C2H2I2 CH2I2 C9H9I2NO3

329.905 329.905 329.905 279.846 279.846 267.836 432.981

25 25 25 25 25 30 25

0.00192 0.000185 0.000893 0.046 0.015 0.124 0.062

0.0192 0.00185 0.00893 0.46 0.15 1.24 0.62

2 2 2 25 25 10 26

0.0124 1.04 2.26 0.0000096 1.8 21.3 0.001

0.124 10.5 23 0.000096 18 — 0.01


0.088

13

0.032

13

40 20 20 40 26 26 40


Diisopentyl ether Diisopropyl ether

Name

Mol. Form. C10H22O C6H14O


C8H10O2

3,3′-Dimethoxybenzidine Dimethoxymethane 4-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene 2′,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene 2,5-Dimethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 9,10-Dimethylanthracene Dimethylarsinic acid 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol

C14H16N2O2 C3H8O2 C14H15N3 C14H15N3 C8H11N C8H11N C16H14 C2H7AsO2 C20H16 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O

Mol. Wt t/°C 158.281 20 102.174 20 61 138.164 20 92 244.289 25 76.095 16 225.289 20 225.289 37 121.180 20 121.180 25 206.282 25 137.998 25 256.341 25 86.175 25 86.175 25

C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O

102.174 102.174 102.174 100.158

2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane

C6H12 C8H16 C8H16

84.159 112.213 112.213

Dimethyl ether Dimethylglyoxime 3,5-Dimethyl-4-heptanol 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone

C2H6O C4H8N2O2 C9H20O C9H18O

46.068 116.119 144.254 142.238

1,2-Dimethyl-1H-imidazole Dimethyl maleate Dimethyl malonate

C5H8N2 C6H8O4 C5H8O4

96.131 144.126 132.116

1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,5-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene Dimethyl oxalate 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,3-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone

C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C4H6O4 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O

156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 118.089 100.202 100.202 100.202 100.202 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 114.185

N,N-Dimethyl-N′-phenylurea Dimethyl phthalate 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol

C9H12N2O C10H10O4 C5H12O

164.203 194.184 88.148

2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol, (±)3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone

25 25 25 19 90 30 25 30 100 24 20 15 21 91 19 25 19 90 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 90 25 25 25

8-97 Solubility, S

Mass% 0.02 0.79 0.22 0.716 1.073 0.006 24.4 0.00014 0.0007 0.66 0.111 0.0000056 ≈41 0.0000061 0.0021 0.0021 0.8 4.2 2.4 1.97 1.14 0.046 0.00060 0.00050 0.00293 35.3* 0.06 0.072 0.045 0.037 94.3 8.0 14.9 29.8 0.0008 0.00114 0.00031 0.00025 0.00017 5.82 0.00044 0.00052 0.00042 0.00059 1.5 1.3 0.82 1.6 0.70 0.52 0.30 0.32 0.40 3.5

g/L 0.2 12 2.2 7.21 10.9 0.06 — 0.0014 0.007 6.6 1.11 0.000056 684 0.000061 0.021 0.021 8 44 25 18.4 11.5 0.46 0.0060 0.0050 0.0293 — 0.6 0.72 0.43 0.37 — 87 ≈175 — 0.008 0.0114 0.0031 0.0025 0.0017 61.8 0.0044 0.0052 0.0042 0.0059 15 13 8.2 16 7.0 5.9 3.0 3.2 4.0 36


Ref. 10 20 0.26 20 20 20 40 10 40 40 27 40 4,42 40 42 3 199 3 144 1 1 1 20 20 3 4 4,57 4,57 10 40 1 20 20 54 10 20 20 4 4 4 4 4 27 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 20 20 40 15 1

36 88.2

13

13 13

5 5

0.077

13

0.036

28

318 175 323 186

5 5 13 5


8-98

Name 4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol Dimethyl succinate

Mol. Form. C11H16O C6H10O4

Dimethyl sulfate Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl terephthalate Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate N,N-Dimethyl-N′-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea 2,4-Dinitroaniline 1,2-Dinitrobenzene 1,3-Dinitrobenzene 1,4-Dinitrobenzene 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid 2,4-Dinitrophenol

C2H6O4S C2H6S C2H6OS C10H10O4 C10H6Cl4O4 C10H11F3N2O

Mol. Wt t/°C 164.244 25 146.141 21 92 126.132 18 62.134 25 78.133 25 194.184 25 331.965 25 232.201 20

C6H5N3O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C7H4N2O6 C6H4N2O5

183.122 168.107 168.107 168.107 212.116 184.106

Diphenamid Diphenylamine

C16H17NO C12H11N

239.312 169.222

1,2-Diphenylethane Diphenyl ether Diphenylmethane Diphenyl phthalate 1,3-Diphenyl-1-triazene N,N′-Diphenylurea Dipropylamine Dipropyl ether Diuron Docosane Dodecane Dodecanedioic acid Dodecanoic acid 1-Dodecanol Droperidol Eicosane Emetine Endrin l-Ephedrine Epichlorohydrin

C14H14 C12H10O C13H12 C20H14O4 C12H11N3 C13H12N2O C6H15N C6H14O C9H10Cl2N2O C22H46 C12H26 C12H22O4 C12H24O2 C12H26O C22H22FN3O2 C20H42 C29H40N2O4 C12H8Cl6O C10H15NO C3H5ClO

182.261 170.206 168.234 318.323 197.235 212.246 101.190 102.174 233.093 310.600 170.334 230.301 200.318 186.333 379.427 282.547 480.639 380.909 165.232 92.524

Epinephrine 1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane 2,3-Epoxy-α-pinane Erythromycin

C9H13NO3 C8H12O2 C10H16O C37H67NO13

183.204 140.180 152.233 733.927

Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol (17β) Estrone Ethane 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate Ethinylestradiol Ethoxybenzene 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide

C18H24O2 C18H22O2 C2H6 C6H10O4 C20H24O2 C8H10O C6H12O3 C10H13NO2

272.383 270.367 30.069 146.141 296.404 122.164 132.157 179.216

25 20 20 20 25 25 35 27 20 50 25 25 25 24 20 20 20 25 25 22 25 20 20 25 30 25 15 25 25 20 65 20 20 25 30 80 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

Solubility, S Mass% 0.017 12.4 17.1 2.7 2 25.3 0.00328 0.00005 0.0105

g/L 0.17 ≈140 ≈205 28 20 — 0.0328 0.0005 0.105

0.0078 0.21 2.09 1.30 0.134 0.069 0.098 0.026 0.0055 0.0058 0.00044 0.00180 0.00014 0.000008 0.050 0.015 2.5 0.49 0.0042 0.0000006 0.00000037 0.004 0.0055 0.0004 0.00041 0.00000019 0.096 0.000026 0.57 6.58 7.2 0.018 13.4 0.039 0.12 0.04 0.000151 0.000130 0.00568* 13.3 0.000921 0.12 14 0.0502

0.078 2.1 21.3 13.1 1.34 0.69 0.98 0.26 0.055 0.058 0.0044 0.0180 0.0014 0.00008 0.50 0.15 26 4.9 0.042 0.000006 0.0000037 0.04 0.055 0.004 0.0041 0.0000019 0.96 0.00026 5.69 70.4 77.9 0.18 155 0.39 1.2 0.4 0.00151 0.00130 0.0568* 153 0.00921 1.2 ≈165 0.502

Ref. 40 20 20 27 10 10 40 40 40


40 27 27 27 27 48,51 48,51 32 40 40 6 0.017 6 0.027 4,42 0.001 40 40 40 10 10 0.26 40 37 4 750 40 26 1 40 4,42 40 40 40 10 0.003 40 40 40 52 40 40 49 49 18 50.6 40 49 10 30 40

12 13 12

13

5

13

5


Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetoacetate Ethyl acrylate Ethylbenzene

Name

Mol. Form. C4H8O2 C6H10O3 C5H8O2 C8H10

Ethyl benzoate Ethyl butanoate 2-Ethyl-1-butanol Ethyl carbamate Ethyl cyanoacetate Ethylcyclohexane

C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C6H14O C3H7NO2 C5H7NO2 C8H16

Ethylcyclopentane Ethyl decanoate Ethylene Ethyleneimine

C7H14 C12H24O2 C2H4 C2H5N

Ethyl formate Ethyl heptanoate Ethyl hexanoate 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Ethylhexylamine Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, (+)

Mol. Wt t/°C 88.106 25 130.141 25 100.117 25 106.165 0 25 40 150.174 25 116.158 20 102.174 25 89.094 15 113.116 20 112.213 30 100 98.186 20 200.318 20 28.053 25

C3H6O2 C9H18O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H19N C9H10O3 C7H14O2

43.068 74.079 158.238 144.212 130.228 129.244 166.173 130.185

Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl N-methylcarbamate 1-Ethylnaphthalene 2-Ethylnaphthalene O-Ethyl O-p-nitrophenyl benzenethiophosphonate N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea Ethyl nonanoate Ethyl octanoate Ethyl pentanoate 3-Ethyl-3-pentanol 4-Ethylphenol Ethyl propanoate Ethyl N-propylcarbamate 2-Ethyltoluene 4-Ethyltoluene Ethyl vinyl ether Etoposide Eucalyptol

C7H14O2 C4H9NO2 C12H12 C12H12 C14H14NO4PS

130.185 103.120 156.223 156.223 323.304

C3H7N3O2 C11H22O2 C10H20O2 C7H14O2 C7H16O C8H10O C5H10O2 C6H13NO2 C9H12 C9H12 C4H8O C29H32O13 C10H18O

117.107 186.292 172.265 130.185 116.201 122.164 102.132 131.173 120.191 120.191 72.106 588.556 154.249

Fenamiphos Fenbutatin oxide α-Fenchol, (+)Fenoxycarb Ferbam Fluoranthene

C13H22NO3PS C60H78OSn2 C10H18O C17H19NO4 C9H18FeN3S6 C16H10

303.358 1052.68 154.249 301.338 416.494 202.250

9H-Fluorene

C13H10

166.218

20 25 20 20 25 20 25 19 91 20 15 25 25 22 20 20 20 25 25 20 20 15 25 25 20 20 21 50 20 23 25 20 20 20 25 0 25 50

8-99 Solubility, S

Mass% 8.08 12 1.50 0.020 0.0161 0.0200 0.083 0.49 1.0 48 25.9 0.00061 0.00212 0.012 0.0015 0.01336*

g/L 87.9 ≈135 15.2 0.20 0.161 0.200 0.83 4.9 10 — — 0.0061 0.0212 0.12 0.015 0.1336*

0.90 11.8 0.029 0.063 0.01 0.25 0.0080 0.257 0.151 0.2 69 0.00101 0.00080 0.00031

9.12 ≈135 0.29 0.63 0.1 2.5 0.080 2.58 1.51 2 — 0.0101 0.0080 0.0031

1.3 0.003 0.007 0.3 1.7 0.59 1.92 7.70 0.0093 0.0094 0.9 0.02 0.379 0.170 0.0329 0.0000005 0.083 0.0006 0.013 0.000017 0.000021 0.00007 0.00019 0.00063

13 0.03 0.07 3 17 5.9 19.6 83.4 0.093 0.094 9 0.2 3.79 1.70 0.329 0.000005 0.83 0.006 0.13 0.00017 0.00021 0.0007 0.0019 0.0063

Ref. 10 10 10 4 22 4 20 10 1 27 10 4,57 4,57 3 27 19 40 10 27 27 1 10 40 20 20 10 27 4 4 40 40 27 27 27 1 40 10 27 5 5 10 40 40 40 40 32 52 32 40 42, 22,42 4,42 22,42 4,42


0.843

21.7

22

5

0.039 0.078

12 12

0.529 0.500

13 13

0.00096

22

0.00787

22


8-100

Fluorescein Fluorobenzene

Name

Mol. Form. C20H12O5 C6H5F

2-Fluorobenzoic acid 3-Fluorobenzoic acid 4-Fluorobenzoic acid Fluoroethane Fluoromethane

C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C2H5F CH3F

1-Fluoropropane 2-Fluoropropane 5-Fluorouracil Folic acid

C3H7F C3H7F C4H3FN2O2 C19H19N7O6

Folpet β-D-Fructose

C9H4Cl3NO2S C6H12O6

Mol. Wt t/°C 332.306 20 96.102 19 80 140.112 25 140.112 25 140.112 25 48.059 25 34.033 0 25 80 62.086 14 62.086 15 130.077 22 441.397 0 100 296.558 20

C4H4O C5H4O3

180.155 68.074 112.084

Furfural Galactaric acid D-Galactose D-Glucitol α-D-Glucose

C5H4O2 C6H10O8 C6H12O6 C6H14O6 C6H12O6

96.085 210.138 180.155 182.171 180.155

DL-Glutamic acid L-Glutamic acid L-Glutamine Glycerol triacetate Glycine Glycolic acid

C5H9NO4 C5H9NO4 C5H10N2O3 C9H14O6 C2H5NO2 C2H4O3

147.130 147.130 146.144 218.203 75.067 76.051

N-Glycylglycine Glyphosate Guanidinoacetic acid Guanine Guanosine Haloperidol Heptachlor 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl Heptadecanoic acid 1,6-Heptadiyne Heptanal Heptane

C4H8N2O3 C3H8NO5P C3H7N3O2 C5H5N5O C10H13N5O5 C21H23ClFNO2 C10H5Cl7 C12H3Cl7 C17H34O2 C7H8 C7H14O C7H16

132.118 169.074 117.107 151.127 283.241 375.865 373.318 395.323 270.451 92.139 114.185 100.202

Heptanedioic acid

C7H12O4

160.168

Heptanoic acid 1-Heptanol

C7H14O2 C7H16O

130.185 116.201

Furan 2-Furancarboxylic acid

20 25 25 50 20 14 20 20 15 30 80 25 25 25 25 25 25 55 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 20 25 11 25 50 75 100 25 50 15 10 25

Solubility, S Mass% 0.005 0.170 0.188 0.72 0.15 0.12 0.216* 0.420* 0.201* 0.082* 0.386* 0.366* 1.10 0.001 0.05 0.00010 ≈31 1 4.758 25.16 8.2 0.33 40.6 ≈41 45.0 54.6 81.5 2.30 0.85 4.0 5.8 19.3 71.21 77.95 18.8 1.2 0.5 0.0068 0.0500 0.0003 0.0000056 0.0000002 0.00042 0.125 0.124 0.000242 0.000341 0.000570 0.001078 6.347 42.80 0.24 0.25 0.174

g/L 0.05 1.70 1.88 7.2 1.5 1.2 2.16* 4.20* 2.01* 0.82* 3.86* 3.66* 11.1 0.01 0.5 0.0010 444 10 50.0 — 89 3.3 — 689 — — — 23.5 8.5 42 62 206 — — 201 12 5 0.068 0.500 0.003 0.000056 0.000002 0.0042 1.25 1.24 0.00242 0.00341 0.00570 0.01078 67.77 — 2.4 2.5 1.74

Ref. 27 20 20 27 27 27 14 50 50 50 14 14 40 26 26 40

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 0.70 0.70

40 10 0.54 33 33 10 40 27 40 27 27 27 29 26 26 10 47,62 34 34 29,47 32 26 29 29 40 40 7 0.0054 26 3 27 46 46 209 46 46 33 33 27 1 1 0.00562

11 11

13

7

13

28


Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt

8-101 Solubility, S

t/°C 50 30 25 25 25 90 20 90 20 90 25 25 20 80 25 25 35 55

Mass% 0.12 0.33 0.43 0.47 0.435 0.353 0.479 0.309 0.457 0.316 0.032 0.015 0.028 0.020 0.0094 0.00000096 0.0000018 0.0000038

g/L 1.2 3.3 4.3 4.7 4.3 3.53 4.8 3.1 4.57 3.16 0.32 0.15 0.28 0.20 0.094 0.0000096 0.000018 0.000038

Ref.

1 1 1 1 20 20 20 20 20 20 3 3 20 20 3 58 58 58

2-Heptanol, (±)3-Heptanol, (S)4-Heptanol 2-Heptanone

C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O

116.201 116.201 116.201 114.185

3-Heptanone

C7H14O

114.185

4-Heptanone

C7H14O

114.185

1-Heptene trans-2-Heptene Heptyl butanoate

C7H14 C7H14 C11H22O2

98.186 98.186 186.292

1-Heptyne Hexachlorobenzene

C7H12 C6Cl6

96.170 284.782

2,2′,3,3′,4,4′-Hexachlorobiphenyl

C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C4Cl6 C6H6Cl6

360.878 360.878 360.878 260.761 290.830

25 25 25 25 25

0.00000006 0.0000003 0.0000004 0.41 0.00078

0.0000006 0.000003 0.000004 4.1 0.0078

7 41 41 35 60

C6H6Cl6

290.830

45 25

0.0015 0.00018

0.015 0.0018

60 60 60

2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β) 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5β,6β) 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2β,3α,4β,5α,6β) Hexachloroethane Hexachloropropene Hexacosafluorododecane Hexacosane Hexadecane Hexadecanoic acid 1-Hexadecanol 1,5-Hexadiene Hexafluorobenzene

C6H6Cl6

290.830

25

0.00002

0.0002

C2Cl6 C3Cl6 C12F26 C26H54 C16H34 C16H32O2 C16H34O C6H10 C6F6

236.739 248.750 638.086 366.707 226.441 256.424 242.440 82.143 186.054

Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine

C3H6N6O6

222.116

Hexamethylenetetramine Hexane

C6H12N4 C6H14

140.186 86.175

25 20 20 25 25 20 25 25 8 28 67 3 20 25 34 12 25 50 75 100 5 20 15 100 20 60

0.005 0.00118 0.00000096 0.00000017 0.0000004 0.00072 0.000003 0.017 0.0778 0.0616 0.0636 0.0014 0.0037 0.0060 0.0086 44.8 0.00098 0.00114 0.00167 0.00291 ≈42 0.80 1.48 61.5 0.96 1.16

0.05 0.0118 0.0000096 0.0000017 0.000004 0.0072 0.00003 0.17 0.778 0.616 0.636 0.014 0.037 0.060 0.086 — 0.0098 0.0114 0.0167 0.0291 711 8.0 15.0 — 9.6 11.7

1,6-Hexanediamine Hexanedinitrile 1,6-Hexanedioic acid

C6H16N2 C6H8N2 C6H10O4

116.204 108.141 146.141

Hexanoic acid

C6H12O2

116.158


0.0171 0.0171

40.3 42.2

28 28

13 13

4.47 0.131

13 11

0.0354 0.818

31 7

25 0.85 35 35 37,42 37,42 26 1 3 53 53 53 59 59 17 59 27 46 46 46 183 46 40 16 26 26 26 26

13

13


8-102

1-Hexanol

Name

Mol. Form. C6H14O

2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 2-Hexanone


Hexatriacontane Hexazinone 1-Hexene trans-2-Hexene 1-Hexen-3-ol 4-Hexen-2-ol Hexyl acetate sec-Hexyl acetate Hexylbenzene 4-Hexyl-1,3-benzenediol

C36H74 C12H20N4O2 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C12H18 C12H18O2

Mol. Wt t/°C 102.174 0 25 50 102.174 25 102.174 25 100.158 20 81 506.973 25 252.313 25 84.159 25 84.159 25 100.158 25 100.158 25 144.212 20 144.212 20 162.271 25


C10H20O2 C6H10 C6H9N3O2 C8H16N2O4S2 C4H9NO3

194.270 172.265 82.143 155.154 268.354 119.119

18 29 25 25 25 25

0.05 0.021 0.036 4.17 0.02 52.4

Hydramethylnon Hydrochlorothiazide Hydrocortisone Hydroflumethiazide p-Hydroquinone 17-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, (17β) 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 2-Hydroxybenzamide

C25H24F6N4 C7H8ClN3O4S2 C21H30O5 C8H8F3N3O4S2 C6H6O2 C19H28O2 C7H6O2 C7H7NO2

494.476 297.740 362.460 331.293 110.111 288.424 122.122 137.137

α-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±)2-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C8H8O3 C7H6O3

152.148 138.121


C7H6O3

138.121

2-Hydroxybiphenyl 4-Hydroxybiphenyl 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2,6dicarboxylic acid N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline Hyoscyamine Hypoxanthine Ibuprofen

C12H10O C12H10O C8H8O3 C7H4O7

170.206 170.206 152.148 200.103

20 25 25 37 25 25 30 10 25 50 25 10 25 50 15 75 25 25 25 25

0.0000006 0.007 0.029 0.068 7.42 0.0024 1.27 0.122 0.241 0.737 11.3 0.119 0.189 0.521 0.8 2.5 0.07 0.0056 0.247 0.84

C8H9NO2 C5H9NO3 C17H23NO3 C5H4N4O C13H18O2

151.163 131.130 289.370 136.112 206.281

Imazaquin Imidazole 2,4-Imidazolidinedione

C17H17N3O3 C3H4N2 C3H4N2O2

311.335 68.077 100.076

25 25 20 25 25 60 20 19 25

1.3 26.5 0.36 0.070 0.0011 0.0048 0.009 67.3 3.93

Hexyl butanoate 1-Hexyne L-Histidine Homocystine L-Homoserine

g/L 7.9 6.0 5.1 14 16 17.8 11.6 0.0000017 33 0.053 0.067 25.9 39.6 0.2 1.3 0.0021 0.5 0.21 0.36 43.5 0.2 —

0.000006 0.07 0.29 0.68 80.1 0.024 12.9 1.22 2.42 7.42 ≈125 1.19 1.89 5.24 8 26 0.7 0.056 2.47 8.4 13 — 3.6 0.70 0.011 0.048 0.09 — 40.9

Ref.

1 1 1 1 1 20 20 37,42 40 3 3 1 1 10 10 4 40 20 3 26 26 26

32 40 40 40 27 40 40 44 44 44 27 33,43 33,43 33,43 26 27 40 40 8 27 40 26 40 29 40 40 32 54 29


41.8

4.14

5

13


Name Imidodicarbonic diamide Iminodiacetic acid Indan 1H-Indazole Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene 1H-Indole Indomethacin Inosine Iodobenzene

Mol. Form. C2H5N3O2 C4H7NO4 C9H10 C7H6N2 C22H12 C8H7N C19H16ClNO4 C10H12N4O5 C6H5I

Mol. Wt t/°C 103.080 15 133.104 5 118.175 25 118.136 20 276.330 20 117.149 20 357.788 25 268.226 20 204.008 10 25 45 248.018 25 248.018 25 248.018 25 184.018 17 155.965 0 25

2-Iodobenzoic acid 3-Iodobenzoic acid 4-Iodobenzoic acid 1-Iodobutane Iodoethane

C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C4H9I C2H5I

1-Iodoheptane Iodomethane 1-Iodopropane

C7H15I CH3I C3H7I

226.098 141.939 169.992

2-Iodopropane

C3H7I

169.992

trans-β-Ionone Iopanoic acid Iprodione Isobutanal Isobutane Isobutene Isobutyl acetate Isobutylbenzene Isobutyl formate Isobutyl isobutanoate Isobutyl propanoate

C13H20O C11H12I3NO2 C13H13Cl2N3O3 C4H8O C4H10 C4H8 C6H12O2 C10H14 C5H10O2 C8H16O2 C7H14O2

192.297 570.932 330.166 72.106 58.122 56.107 116.158 134.218 102.132 144.212 130.185

1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione L-Isoleucine Isoniazid Isopentane Isopentyl acetate Isopentyl formate Isophorone

C8H5NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H7N3O C5H12 C7H14O2 C6H12O2 C9H14O

147.132 131.173 137.139 72.149 130.185 116.158 138.206

Isophthalic acid

C8H6O4

166.132

Isopropenylbenzene Isopropyl acetate Isopropylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene Isopropyl phenylcarbamate Isoquinoline

C9H10 C5H10O2 C9H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H13NO2 C9H7N

118.175 102.132 120.191 134.218 134.218 134.218 179.216 129.159

25 20 0 20 0 20 25 37 20 20 25 25 20 25 22 20 19 91 25 25 25 25 20 22 20 80 25 50 80 20 20 25 25 25 25 20 20

8-103 Solubility, S

Mass% 1.5 2.32 0.010 0.0827 0.00000002 0.187 0.001 1.6 0.0193 0.0226 0.0279 0.095 0.016 0.0027 0.021 0.44 0.40 0.00035 1.4 0.114 0.100 0.167 0.140 0.017 0.034 0.0013 9.1 0.00535* 0.0263* 0.63 0.0010 1.0 0.5 0.225 0.142 0.036 3.31 11.0 0.00485 0.2 0.3 1.57 1.27 0.0154 0.0395 0.123 0.0116 2.9 0.0050 0.00482 0.00425 0.0051 0.01 0.452

g/L 15 23.7 0.10 0.827 0.0000002 1.87 0.01 16 0.193 0.226 0.279 0.95 0.16 0.027 0.21 4.4 4.0 0.0035 14 1.14 1.00 1.67 1.40 0.17 0.34 0.013 100 0.0535* 0.263* 6.3 0.010 10 5 2.26 1.42 0.36 34.2 123 0.0485 2 3 16.0 12.9 0.154 0.395 1.23 0.116 30 0.050 0.0482 0.0425 0.051 0.1 4.52

Ref. 40 40 4 6 40 6 40 29 2 2 2 27 27 27 10 25 25


0.078

11

1.87

13

0.52

13

35 10 0.54 35 35 0.93 35 35 52 40 40 10 18 120 5 21.6 10 4 3.32 10 10 20 20 40 26 40 3 479 10 27 20 20 56 56 56 40 10 22 1.466 23 23 23 0.80 40 6

13 13

5 13 11

13

22

5


8-104

Mol. Wt t/°C 236.136 25 490.636 100 208.235 25 411.490 20 131.173 25 197.188 25 136.234 0 25 154.249 25 249.093 25 146.187 25 116.073 25 134.088 26 104.062 0 20 50

Name Isosorbide dinitrate Kepone L-Lanthionine Lasiocarpine L-Leucine Levodopa d-Limonene

Mol. Form. C6H8N2O8 C10Cl10O C6H12N2O4S C21H33NO7 C6H13NO2 C9H11NO4 C10H16

Linalol Linuron L-Lysine Maleic acid Malic acid Malonic acid

C10H18O C9H10Cl2N2O2 C6H14N2O2 C4H4O4 C4H6O5 C3H4O4

Malononitrile α-Maltose D-Mannitol Mefenamic acid Melphalan Mercury(II) phenyl acetate Mesityl oxide Methacrylic acid Methane Methazolamide Methazole Methidathion L-Methionine Methomyl Methoxsalen 2-Methoxyaniline 4-Methoxyaniline 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde 4-Methoxybenzoic acid Methoxychlor 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane

C3H2N2 C12H22O11 C6H14O6 C15H15NO2 C13H18Cl2N2O2 C8H8HgO2 C6H10O C4H6O2 CH4 C5H8N4O3S2 C9H6Cl2N2O3 C6H11N2O4PS3 C5H11NO2S C5H10N2O2S C12H8O4 C7H9NO C7H9NO C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C16H15Cl3O2 C6H14O

66.061 342.296 182.171 241.286 305.200 336.74 98.142 86.090 16.043 236.273 261.061 302.330 149.212 162.210 216.190 123.152 123.152 136.149 152.148 345.648 102.174

4-Methoxyphenol Methyclothiazide Methyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2-Methylacrylonitrile 2-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2-Methylanthracene

C7H8O2 C9H11Cl2N3O4S2 C3H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H5N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C15H12

124.138 360.237 74.079 86.090 67.090 107.153 107.153 107.153 192.256

9-Methylanthracene 9-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 10-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 2-Methylbenzenesulfonamide 3-Methylbenzenesulfonamide 4-Methylbenzenesulfonamide

C15H12 C19H14 C19H14 C7H9NO2S C7H9NO2S C7H9NO2S

192.256 242.314 242.314 171.217 171.217 171.217

20 20 25 20 30 20 20 20 25 15 24 20 25 25 30 25 20 25 25 25 20 79 20 20 20 25 20 20 21 25 6 25 25 27 25 25 25 25

Solubility, S Mass% 0.055 0.4 0.15 0.67 2.32 ≈0.5 0.001 0.0020 0.156 0.0075 0.58 44.1 59 37.9 42.4 48.1 10.6 51.9 17.7 0.0026 0.44 0.2 2.89 8.9 0.00227* 0.0472 0.00015 0.0187 5.3 5.5 0.0048 1.24 1.14 0.429 0.023 0.000005 1.10 0.36 2.51 0.005 24.5 4.94 2.57 1.66 7.35 0.56 0.0000007 0.0000021 0.000026 0.0000066 0.0000055 0.162 0.78 0.316

g/L 0.55 4 1.5 6.75 23.2 ≈5 0.0097 0.020 1.56 0.075 5.8 — — — — — 118 — ≈215 0.026 4.4 2 29.8 98 0.0227* 0.472 0.0015 0.187 56 58 0.048 12.6 11.5 4.29 0.23 0.00005 12.7 3.6 25.7 0.05 — 52.0 26.3 16.9 79.3 5.62 0.000007 0.00021 0.00026 0.000066 0.000055 1.62 7.8 3.16

Ref. 40 40 26 40 62 26 4 52 52 40 26 26 26 26 26 26 40 27 27 40 40 30 10 10 18 40 40 40 26 40 40 40 40 40 27 40 20 20 40 40 10 10 10 10 10 40 42 22,42 4,42 4,42 4,42 27 27 27


67.4

5


Name 2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole Methyl benzoate 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene

Mol. Form. C8H8N2 C8H8O2 C5H8

Methyl butanoate 3-Methylbutanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-butanol, (±)3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±)3-Methyl-2-butanone

C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O

3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Methyl tert-butyl ether

C5H10 C5H10 C5H12O

Methyl carbamate

C2H5NO2

Mol. Wt t/°C 132.163 20 136.149 20 68.118 25 50 102.132 102.132 20 88.148 25 88.148 25 88.148 25 88.148 25 86.132 18 80 70.133 25 70.133 25 88.148 0 20 49

C19H14 C7H14

75.067 242.314 98.186

2-Methylcyclohexanone, (±)-

C7H12O

112.169

4-Methylcyclohexanone

C7H12O

112.169

1-Methylcyclohexene Methylcyclopentane 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene

C7H12 C6H12 C7H6N2O4

96.170 84.159 182.134

2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol Methyl formate 3-Methylheptane, (S)2-Methyl-2-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanone

C7H6N2O5 C2H4O2 C8H18 C8H18O C8H16O

198.133 60.052 114.229 130.228 128.212

2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 2-Methyl-2-hexanol 5-Methyl-2-hexanol 3-Methyl-3-hexanol 5-Methyl-2-hexanone

C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O

100.202 100.202 116.201 116.201 116.201 114.185

5-Methyl-3-hexanone

C7H14O

114.185

Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate 2-Methyl-1H-imidazole 3-Methyl-1H-indole 3-Methylisoquinoline Methyl isothiocyanate Methylmalonic acid

C8H8O3 C4H6N2 C9H9N C10H9N C2H3NS C4H6O4

152.148 82.104 131.174 143.185 73.117 118.089

Methyl methacrylate

C5H8O2

100.117

5-Methylchrysene Methylcyclohexane

15 27 26 100 20 90 20 80 25 25 12 32 62 25 25 30 20 90 25 25 25 25 25 19 90 20 81 25 18 20 20 20 0 20 20

8-105 Solubility, S

Mass% 0.145 0.21 0.061 0.076* 1.6 4.0 3.0 2.7 11.0 5.6 6.7 3.9 0.013* 0.041 8.3 4.2 1.9

g/L 1.45 2.1 0.61 0.76* 16 42 31 28 ≈120 59 72 41 0.13* 0.41 37.6 44 19

69 0.0000062 0.00151 0.00548 1.98 1.54 2.43 1.95 0.0052 0.0043 0.0130 0.0270 0.0983 0.0130 23 0.000079 0.25 0.192 0.131 0.00025 0.00026 1.0 0.49 1.2 0.537 0.417 0.47 0.32 0.24 23.2 0.050 0.092 0.75 30.1 40 1.56

— 0.000062 0.0151 0.019 20.2 15.6 25 19.9 0.052 0.043 0.130 0.270 0.984 0.130 — 0.00079 2.5 1.92 1.31 0.0025 0.0026 10 4.9 12 5.40 4.19 4.7 3.2 2.4 ≈300 0.50 0.92 7.6 — — 15.9

Ref.

6 10 3 3 30 26 3 1 1 1 20 20 3 3 20 20 20


7.78

54.7 0.070

27 4,42 3 43.3 3 20 20 20 20 3 3 36.7 55 55 55 40 10 4 376 1 20 20 3 346 3 249 1 1 1 20 20 20 20 40 54 6 6 40 26 26 10

5

5 13

13

5

5

5 13


8-106

Name 2-Methyl-3-(2-methylphenyl)-4(3H)quinazolinone 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea 4-Methyloctane Methyloxirane Methyl parathion

Mol. Form. C16H14N2O

Mol. Wt t/°C 250.294 23

C11H10 C11H10 C11H8O2 C2H5N3O2 C9H20 C3H6O C8H10NO5PS

142.197 142.197 172.181 103.080 128.255 58.079 263.208

2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanone

C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H12O

86.175 86.175 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 100.158

2-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 1-Methylphenanthrene

C6H12 C6H12 C15H12

84.159 84.159 192.256

Methylprednisolone Methyl propanoate 2-Methylpropanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-propanol

C22H30O5 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H10O

374.470 88.106 88.106 74.121

Methyl propyl ether 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate Methyl salicylate 17-Methyltestosterone 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran

C4H10O C9H18N2O4

74.121 218.250

C8H8O3 C20H30O2 C5H10O

152.148 302.451 86.132

N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline Methylthiouracil 1-Methyl-2,3,4-trinitrobenzene

C7H5N5O8 C5H6N2OS C7H5N3O6

287.144 142.179 227.131

Metronidazole Mirex Morphine β-Myrcene Naphthacene Naphthalene

C6H9N3O3 C10Cl12 C17H19NO3 C10H16 C18H12 C10H8

171.153 545.543 285.338 136.234 228.288 128.171

C12H10O2 C11H8O2

186.206 172.181

1-Naphthaleneacetic acid 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid

25 25 25 14 25 20 10 20 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 27 25 25 19 90 25 25 7 25 25

Solubility, S Mass% 0.03

0.3

g/L

20 0 25 50 25 25

0.00281 0.0025 0.016 2.3 0.0000115 40.5 0.00218 0.00380 0.0059 0.00137 0.00129 0.81 0.76 3.2 1.9 1.5 2.0 4.3 1.92 1.22 0.0078 0.0048 0.0000095 0.0000269 0.012 6 22.8 11.5 8.1 6.5 3.5 0.33

0.0281 0.025 0.16 24 0.000115 — 0.0218 0.0380 0.059 0.0137 0.0129 8.1 7.6 33 19 15 20 45 17 12.4 0.078 0.048 0.000095 0.000269 0.12 6 — ≈130 88 70 36 3.3

30 25 19 71 20 25 14 23 61 20 25 20 25 25 10 25 50 25 25

0.74 0.0033 14.4 6.0 0.0074 0.0533 0.0091 0.0116 0.0643 0.93 0.0000085 0.015 0.030 0.00000007 0.0019 0.00316 0.0082 0.0415 0.0058

7.4 0.033 ≈160 64 0.074 0.533 0.091 0.116 0.643 9.4 0.000085 0.15 0.30 0.0000007 0.019 0.0316 0.082 0.415 0.058

Ref. 40


22 0.045 4 0.051 40 40 4 1000 10 0.0087 40 40 40 3 176 3 170 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 20 3 28.1 3 63.2 42 4,42 40 30 10 1 1 0.00273 1 30 40 10 40 20 20 40 40 55,59 55,59 55,59 40 40 27 52 4,42 4 22 4 40 27

22 12

5 13

13 13

5 5

28

0.67

13

0.000004

12

0.043

22


Name 1-Naphthalenylthiourea 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol

Mol. Form. C11H10N2S C10H8O C10H8O

1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine Narceine Neopentane Nitrapyrin 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline 2-Nitroanisole 4-Nitroanisole 3-Nitrobenzaldehyde 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde Nitrobenzene

C10H9N C10H9N C23H27NO8 C5H12 C6H3Cl4N C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H5NO3 C7H5NO3 C6H5NO2

Mol. Wt t/°C 202.275 20 144.170 20 144.170 20 80 143.185 20 143.185 20 445.462 13 72.149 25 230.907 20 138.124 30 138.124 30 138.124 30 153.136 30 153.136 30 151.120 25 151.120 25

C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C2H5NO2

123.110 167.120 167.120 167.120 75.067

Nitrofen Nitrofurantoin Nitrofurazone Nitroguanidine Nitromethane

C12H7Cl2NO3 C8H6N4O5 C6H6N4O4 CH4N4O2 CH3NO2

284.095 238.158 198.137 104.069 61.041

1-Nitronaphthalene 2-Nitrophenol 3-Nitrophenol 4-Nitrophenol 1-Nitropropane

C10H7NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C3H7NO2

173.169 139.109 139.109 139.109 89.094

2-Nitropropane

C3H7NO2

89.094

N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosodiphenylamine 2-Nitrotoluene 3-Nitrotoluene 4-Nitrotoluene 2,2′,3,3′,4,5,5′,6,6′-Nonachlorobiphenyl 1,8-Nonadiyne Nonane

C4H10N2O C12H10N2O C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C12HCl9 C9H12 C9H20

102.134 198.219 137.137 137.137 137.137 464.213 120.191 128.255

Nonanedioic acid

C9H16O4

188.221

Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol, (±)3-Nonanol, (±)4-Nonanol 5-Nonanol

C9H18O2 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O

158.238 144.254 144.254 144.254 144.254 144.254

2-Nitrobenzoic acid 3-Nitrobenzoic acid 4-Nitrobenzoic acid Nitroethane

25 25 25 25 25 50 22 30 20 25 0 25 50 18 25 20 20 25 90 25 90 24 25 30 30 30 25 25 25 50 25 65 20 25 15 15 15 15

8-107 Solubility, S

Mass% 0.06 0.111 0.064 0.67 0.17 0.0189 0.078 0.00332* 0.0040 1.47 0.121 0.073 0.169 0.059 0.16 0.23 0.21 0.55 0.256 0.0422 4.4 5.3 0.00095 0.011 0.0238 1.2 9.2 11.0 14.8 0.005 0.170 2.14 1.56 1.54 2.29 1.75 2.36 9.6 0.0035 0.065 0.050 0.044 0.0000000018 0.0125 0.000017 0.000022 0.1780 1.322 0.0284 0.014 0.026 0.032 0.0026 0.0032

g/L 0.6 1.11 0.64 6.7 1.7 0.189 0.78 0.0332* 0.040 14.9 1.21 0.73 1.69 0.59 1.6 2.3 2.1 5.58 2.56 0.422 46 56 0.0095 0.11 0.238 12 101 ≈125 ≈175 0.05 1.70 21.9 15.60 15.6 23 17.8 24 106 0.035 0.65 0.50 0.44 0.000000018 0.125 0.00017 0.00022 1.780 13.40 0.284 0.14 0.26 0.32 0.026 0.032


Ref. 40 40 40 40 40 40 27 3 220 40 27 27 27 10 27 27 27

17 40 40 40 38 38 40 40 40 40 36 36 36 40 48,51 27 48,51 38 20 38 20 40 17 27 27 27 7 4 4 333 4 34 34 26 1 1 1 1 1

13

13


8-108

2-Nonanone

Name

Mol. Form. C9H18O

3-Nonanone

C9H18O

5-Nonanone

C9H18O

1-Nonene Nonyl formate

C9H18 C10H20O2

4-Nonylphenol 1-Nonyne Norethisterone Norflurazon L-Norleucine L-Norvaline Noscapine 2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′-Octachlorobiphenyl

C15H24O C9H16 C20H26O2 C12H9ClF3N3O C6H13NO2 C5H11NO2 C22H23NO7 C12H2Cl8

Mol. Wt t/°C 142.238 20 70 142.238 30 80 142.238 20 80 126.239 25 172.265 10 90 220.351 25 124.223 25 298.419 25 303.666 25 131.173 25 117.147 25 413.421 25

C5Cl8 C28H58 C18H38 C18H38O C8H18

429.768 343.678 394.761 254.495 270.494 114.229

Octanedioic acid

C8H14O4

174.195

Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone

C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O

144.212 130.228 130.228 128.212

3-Octanone

C8H16O

128.212

1-Octene Octyl acetate

C8H16 C10H20O2

112.213 172.265

1-Octyne Orotic acid Oryzalin Ouabain Oxalic acid

C8H14 C5H4N2O4 C12H18N4O6S C29H44O12 C2H2O4

110.197 156.097 346.359 584.652 90.035

Oxamyl 4-Oxopentanoic acid

C7H13N3O3S C5H8O3

219.261 116.116

4-Oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid Papaverine Paraldehyde Parathion Pendimethalin Pentachlorobenzene 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,5,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl

C7H4O6 C20H21NO4 C6H12O3 C10H14NO5PS C13H19N3O4 C6HCl5 C12H5Cl5 C12H5Cl5

184.103 339.386 132.157 291.261 281.308 250.337 326.433 326.433

Octachloro-1,3-pentadiene Octacosane Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Octane

25 20 22 25 34 25 50 75 100 25 50 25 25 25 25 91 20 91 25 19 92 25 18 25 25 20 80 25 10 25 25 37 25 20 20 25 25 25


g/L 0.38 0.34 0.56 0.46 0.54 0.29 0.00112 0.12 0.39 0.00636 0.0072 0.0063 0.028 15 107 0.3

0.00000015 0.000020 0.0000006 0.00000021 0.000011 0.000073 0.000102 0.000179 0.000377 0.2416 0.5570 0.080 0.054 0.4 0.113 0.094 0.137 0.106 0.00027 0.020 0.012 0.0024 0.18 0.00024 1.3 8.69 45.8 ≈21 63.6 83.97 1.45 0.0037 11 0.00129 0.00003 0.000050 0.0000008 0.000001

0.0000015 0.00020 0.000006 0.0000021 0.00011 0.00073 0.00102 0.00179 0.00377 2.416 5.570 0.80 0.54 4 1.13 0.94 1.37 1.06 0.0027 0.20 0.12 0.024 1.8 0.0024 13 95.1 — 280 — — 14.7 0.037 ≈125 0.0129 0.0003 0.00050 0.000008 0.00001

Ref. 20 20 20 20 20 20 40 20 20 40 4 40 40 26 26 40


41 0.0381 35 37 37,42 1 46 311 47 46 46 34 34 26 1 1 10 20 20 20 4 96.3 20 20 4 7.87 26 40 40 27 27 40 34 34 27 40 30 40 40 41 0.085 7 7 0.0421

7

13

13

13

11 31

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds Mol. Wt t/°C 202.294 25 295.335 20 266.336 25 264.364 25 242.398 20 228.414 25 68.118 25 136.147 15 316.138 20 86.132 25 72.149 25 132.116 25 50 100.117 20 80 102.132 16

Name Pentachloroethane Pentachloronitrobenzene Pentachlorophenol 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorotoluene Pentadecanoic acid 1-Pentadecanol 1,4-Pentadiene Pentaerythritol Pentaerythritol tetranitrate Pentanal Pentane Pentanedioic acid

Mol. Form. C2HCl5 C6Cl5NO2 C6HCl5O C7H3Cl5 C15H30O2 C15H32O C5H8 C5H12O4 C5H8N4O12 C5H10O C5H12 C5H8O4

2,4-Pentanedione

C5H8O2

Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol

C5H10O2 C5H12O

2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Pentanone


88.148 88.148 86.132

3-Pentanone

C5H10O

86.132

1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene Pentyl acetate sec-Pentyl acetate (S)Pentylbenzene Pentylcyclopentane Pentyl propanoate 1-Pentyne Perfluorocyclobutane

C5H10 C5H10 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C11H16 C10H20 C8H16O2 C5H8 C4F8

70.133 70.133 130.185 130.185 148.245 140.266 144.212 68.118 200.030

Perfluorodecane Perfluoroheptane Perfluorohexane Perfluoro-2-methylpentane Perfluorooctane Perfluoropentane Perfluoropropane Perfluoropropene Permethrin Perylene Phenanthrene

C10F22 C7F16 C6F14 C6F14 C8F18 C5F12 C3F8 C3F6 C21H20Cl2O3 C20H12 C14H10

538.072 388.049 338.042 338.042 438.057 288.035 188.019 150.022 391.288 252.309 178.229

Phenmedipham Phenobarbital

C16H16N2O4 C12H12N2O3

Phenol

C6H6O

88.148

300.309 232.234 94.111

0 25 50 25 25 25 80 25 80 25 25 20 25 25 25 20 25 5 25 45 20 25 25 25 25 25 15 25 20 25 0 10 25 50 25 25 45 15

8-109 Solubility, S

Mass% 0.049 0.000044 0.0021 0.0000028 0.0012 0.000010 0.056 5.3 0.0002 1.2 0.0041 58.3 78.06 16.1 32.2 3.6 3.1 2.20 1.8 4.3 5.6 5.5 3.8 4.72 3.16 0.0148 0.0203 0.17 0.2 0.00105 0.0000115 0.1 0.157 0.00638* 0.00247* 0.00158* 0.000031 0.0000013 0.0000098 0.000017 0.00000017 0.00012 0.0015* 0.0194* 0.00002 0.00000004 0.000039 0.000047 0.00012 0.00042 0.00047 0.12 0.26 7.60

g/L 0.49 0.00044 0.021 0.000028 0.012 0.00010 0.56 56 0.002 12 0.041 — — ≈200 — 37 32 22.4 18 45 59 58 40 49.5 33 0.148 0.203 1.7 2 0.0105 0.000115 1 1.57 0.0638* 0.0247* 0.0158* 0.00031 0.000013 0.000098 0.00017 0.0000017 0.0012 0.015* 0.194* 0.0002 0.0000004 0.00039 0.00047 0.0012 0.0042 0.0047 1.2 2.6 76.04

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 0.25 13

Ref. 25 40 24,48,51 61 26 1 3 12 30 40 40 3 128 33 33 20 20 26

1 1 1 21 21 20 0.00847 20 0.00847 20 20 3 40.3 3 22.8 10 27 5 1.69 4 185 27 3 2.5 50 50 50 35 35 35 35 35 35 14 14 32 4,42 0.000003 42 4,42 22,42 0.00324 4,42 32 40 40 48,51

5

13

28 28

5 5

11 5 5

12

22


8-110

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt

Phenolphthalein 10H-Phenothiazine 2-Phenoxyethanol Phenyl acetate

C20H14O4 C12H9NS C8H10O2 C8H8O2

318.323 199.271 138.164 136.149

DL-Phenylalanine L-Phenylalanine Phenylbutazone 1-Phenyl-1-propanone

C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C19H20N2O2 C9H10O

165.189 165.189 308.374 134.174

Phenylthiourea Phenytoin Phosalone Phosmet Phthalic acid

C7H8N2S C15H12N2O2 C12H15ClNO4PS2 C11H12NO4PS2 C8H6O4

152.217 252.268 367.808 317.321

Phthalic anhydride Picene α-Pinene, (-) β-Pinene, (1S)2,5-Piperazinedione 2-Pivaloyl-1,3-indandione Prednisolone Progesterone

C8H4O3 C22H14 C10H16 C10H16 C4H6N2O2 C14H14O3 C21H28O5 C21H30O2

148.116 278.346 136.234 136.234 114.103 230.259 360.444 314.462

L-Proline Prometone Prometryn Propachlor Propanal Propane Propanenitrile Propanil Propazine Propene 1-Propene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid trans-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid

C5H9NO2 C10H19N5O C10H19N5S C11H14ClNO C3H6O C3H8 C3H5N C9H9Cl2NO C9H16ClN5 C3H6 C5H6O4 C6H6O6

115.131 225.291 241.357 211.688 58.079 44.096 55.079 218.079 229.710 42.080 130.100 174.108

Propoxur Propyl acetate Propylbenzene Propyl butanoate Propylcyclopentane Propyl formate Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Propyl propanoate Propyne Propyzamide Pyrene

C11H15NO3 C5H10O2 C9H12 C7H14O2 C8H16 C4H8O2 C10H12O3 C6H12O2 C3H4 C12H11Cl2NO C16H10

209.242 102.132 120.191 130.185 112.213 88.106 180.200 116.158 40.064 256.127 202.250

166.132

Solubility, S t/°C 25 35 20 25 20 20 91 25 25 25 19 80 25 37 20 25 25 65 27 27 25 25 25 25 25 25 41 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 20 20 25 20 25 90 20 20 25 17 25 22 25 25 25 25 0 15 25 50

Mass% 8.40 9.31 0.018 0.00016 2.53 0.59 0.91 1.40 2.71 0.0034 0.32 0.24 2.55 0.0038 0.00026 0.0025

g/L 84.05 93.10 0.18 0.0016 26.0 5.9 9.2 14.2 27.9 0.034 3.2 2.4 26.1 0.038 0.0026 0.025

Ref. 48,51 48,51 27 40 40 20 20 29 26 40 20 20 27 40 40 40

0.6977 3.575 0.62 0.00000025 0.00050 0.00110 1.64 0.0018 0.03 0.00088 0.00206 61.9 0.075 0.0048 0.07 30.6 0.00669* 10.3 0.013 0.00086 0.0200* 7.7 20.9 52.5 0.193 2.3 0.0052 0.162 0.00020 2.05 0.04 0.6 0.364* 0.0015 0.0000049 0.0000069 0.0000139 0.000053

6.977 37.08 6.20 0.0000025 0.0050 0.0110 16.6 0.018 0.3 0.0088 0.0206 — 0.75 0.048 0.7 — 0.0669* ≈115 0.13 0.0086 0.200* 83 — — 1.93 34 0.052 1.62 0.0020 20.9 0.4 6 3.64* 0.015 0.000049 0.000069 0.000139 0.00053

33 33 40 4,42 52 52 29 40 40 40 40 26 40 32 40 10 18 10 40 40 5 26 26 26 40 10 22 27 4 10 40 27 5 32 42 42 22,42 4,42


71.6

5

21.3

5

1.041 90.2

1.11

0.00092

22 5

5

22


Name 3-Pyridinecarboxamide 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid Pyrocatechol Pyrrole Quinic acid Quinidine Quinine Quinoline 8-Quinolinol Quinoxaline Raffinose Reserpine Resorcinol Riboflavin Ronnel Rotenone

Mol. Form. C6H6N2O C6H5NO2 C6H6O2 C4H5N C7H12O6 C20H24N2O2 C20H24N2O2 C9H7N C9H7NO C8H6N2 C18H32O16 C33H40N2O9 C6H6O2 C17H20N4O6 C8H8Cl3O3PS C23H22O6

Mol. Wt 122.124 123.110 110.111 67.090 192.166 324.417 324.417 129.159 145.158 130.147 504.437 608.679 110.111 376.364 321.546

C7H5NO3S

394.417 183.185

Salicylaldehyde Sarcosine L-Serine Shikimic acid Silvex Solanine L-Sorbose Stearic acid trans-Stilbene Streptozotocin Strychnine Styrene

C7H6O2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO3 C7H10O5 C9H7Cl3O3 C45H73NO15 C6H12O6 C18H36O2 C14H12 C8H15N3O7 C21H22N2O2 C8H8

122.122 89.094 105.093 174.151 269.509 868.060 180.155 284.478 180.245 265.221 334.412 104.150

Succinamide Succinic acid

C4H8N2O2 C4H6O4

116.119 118.089

Succinonitrile Sucrose

C4H4N2 C12H22O11

80.088 342.296

Sulfamethazine Sulfamethoxazole Sulfathiazole Sulfisoxazole DL-Tartaric acid

C12H14N4O2S C10H11N3O3S C9H9N3O2S2 C11H13N3O3S C4H6O6

278.330 253.277 255.316 267.304 150.087

L-Tartaric acid

C4H6O6

150.087

Tebuthiuron Terbacil o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl α-Terpineol

C9H16N4OS C9H13ClN2O2 C18H14 C18H14 C18H14 C10H18O

228.314 216.664 230.304 230.304 230.304 154.249

Saccharin

8-111 Solubility, S

t/°C 75 20 20 20 25 9 20 25 20 25 50 20 30 20 25 20

Mass% 0.000231 ≈33 1.8 31.1 4.5 29 0.020 0.057 0.633 0.065 54 12.5 0.0073 63.7 0.0075 0.00011

g/L 0.00231 500 18 — 47 — 0.20 0.57 6.33 0.65 — ≈145 0.073 — 0.075 0.0011

Ref. 42 40 40 27 10 26 27 27 6 40 6 27 40 27 40 40

25 25 100 86 25 25

0.000017 0.40 4.0 1.68 30.0 20 15 0.014 0.0026 ≈26 0.00029 0.000029 0.50 0.013 0.0321 0.046 18.4 7.71 55 11.5 67.1 72.3 83.0 0.053 0.0281 0.048 0.03 8.95 17.1 65 58 77 0.23 0.071 0.000124 0.000152 0.00000180 0.189

0.00017 4.0 42 17.0 — ≈200 ≈175 0.14 0.026 355 0.0029 0.00029 5.07 0.13 0.321 0.46 ≈225 83.5 — ≈130 — — — 0.53 0.281 0.48 0.3 98 ≈200 — — — 2.3 0.71 0.00124 0.00152 0.000018 1.89

40 27 27 10 26 26 26 40 40 40 26 4,42 40 27 22 4 27 27 27 10 27 27 27 40 40 40 40 26 26 26 26 26 40 40 40,42 40,42 40,42 52

25 15 17 20 25 25 20 25 50 50 25 100 25 20 50 100 20 25 20 37 0 20 100 20 100 20 25 25 25 25 25


0.040

12

0.286 0.30

22 13


8-112

Name 1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane

Mol. Form. C6H2Br4 C2H2Br4

Tetrabromomethane 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2-benzenediol 2,2′,4′,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane

CBr4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4O2 C12H6Cl4 C12H6Cl4 C6Cl4O2

Mol. Wt t/°C 393.696 25 345.653 0 25 50 100 331.627 30 215.892 25 215.892 25 215.892 25 247.891 25 291.988 25 291.988 25 245.875 20

C12H4Cl4O2 C2Cl4F2 C2H2Cl4

321.971 203.830 167.849

C2H2Cl4

167.849

C2Cl4

165.833

Tetrachloromethane

CCl4

153.823

2,3,4,6-Tetrachloro-5-methylphenol 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol 1,1,1,3-Tetrachloro-2,2,3,3tetrafluoropropane Tetracosane Tetradecane Tetradecanoic acid 1-Tetradecanol Tetraethylsilane Tetrafluoroethene

C7H4Cl4O C6H2Cl4O C3Cl4F4

245.918 231.891 253.838

C24H50 C14H30 C14H28O2 C14H30O C8H20Si C2F4

338.654 198.388 228.371 214.387 144.331 100.015

Tetrafluoromethane

CF4

Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran

C6H12O3

132.157

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydropyran

C10H12 C5H10O

132.202 86.132

1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyl-4,4′diaminobenzophenone Tetramethylsilane Theophylline Thioacetamide Thiourea

C10H14 C17H20N2O

134.218 268.353

C4H12Si C7H8N4O2 C2H5NS CH4N2S

88.224 180.165 75.133 76.121

2-Thioxo-4-thiazolidinone

C3H3NOS2

133.192

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

Tetrachloroethene

88.005

22 27 0 25 50 5 25 50 0 20 80 25 75 25 25 21 22 25 20 25 25 25 70 0 25 50 21 90 20 20 81 25 20 25 20 25 20 80 25

Solubility, S Mass% 0.00000434 0.052 0.068 0.106 0.307 0.024 0.0007 0.00035 0.000060 0.071 0.0000016 0.000002 0.025 0.0000000019 0.016 0.120 0.107 0.123 0.302 0.283 0.318 0.0273 0.0286 0.0380 0.065 0.115 0.00061 0.017 0.0052 0.0000004 0.00000023 0.0020 0.000031 0.0000325 0.0158* 0.0090* 0.00390* 0.00185* 0.00134* 32 19 0.0045 8.57 4.29 0.000348 0.04 0.00196 0.52 12.3 10.6 ≈37 0.225

g/L 0.0000434 0.52 0.68 1.06 3.07 0.24 0.007 0.0035 0.00060 0.71 0.000016 0.00002 0.25 0.000000019 0.16 1.20 1.07 1.23 3.02 2.83 3.18 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.65 11.5 0.0061 0.17 0.052 0.000004 0.0000023 0.020 0.00031 0.000325 0.158* 0.090* 0.0390* 0.0185* 0.0134* — ≈235 0.045 87.1 45 0.00348 0.4 0.0196 5.2 140 ≈120 580 2.25

Ref.

2 25 25 25 25 14 41 41 41 8 9 7 40

40 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 2 24 35 37 5,42 26 1 10 19,50 50 50 19,50 50 20 20 40 20 20 4 40 10 29 40 40 40 40


0.144 0.59 0.122

11 11 11

0.24

13

0.026

13

1.73

13

2.99 2.99

13 13

2.55

11


Thiram DL-Threonine

Name

Mol. Form. C6H12N2S4 C4H9NO3

Mol. Wt t/°C 240.432 20 119.119 10 20 40 119.119 10 20 40 242.228 25 126.114 25 150.217 311.400 30 270.347 25 212.290 25 92.139 25 45 90

L-Threonine

C4H9NO3

Thymidine Thymine Thymol Tolazamide Tolbutamide o-Tolidine Toluene

C10H14N2O5 C5H6N2O2 C10H14O C14H21N3O3S C12H18N2O3S C14H16N2 C7H8

p-Toluenesulfonic acid o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine

C7H8O3S C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C3H6N6

172.202 136.149 136.149 136.149 126.120

1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine 1,2,4-Tribromobenzene 1,3,5-Tribromobenzene 1,1,2-Tribromoethane Tribromofluoromethane Tribromomethane 2,4,6-Tribromophenol Tributylamine Tributyl phosphate Tributyrin Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

C2H4N4 C6H3Br3 C6H3Br3 C2H3Br3 CBr3F CHBr3 C6H3Br3O C12H27N C12H27O4P C15H26O6 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3

84.080 314.800 314.800 266.757 270.721 252.731 330.799 185.349 266.313 302.363 147.387 163.387 181.447 181.447

C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3O2 C12H7Cl3 C12H7Cl3 C14H9Cl5

181.447 213.446 257.543 257.543 354.486

C8H7Cl3O C2H3Cl3

225.500 133.404

C2H3Cl3

133.404

C2HCl3

131.388

1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 3,4,5-Trichloro-1,2-benzenediol 2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane 2,4,6-Trichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol 1,1,1-Trichloroethane

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

Trichloroethene

8-113 Solubility, S

Mass% 0.003 14.34 15.69 19.84 7.34 8.31 10.78 5.1 0.35 0.1 0.0065 0.011 0.13 0.0519 0.063 0.12

g/L 0.03 ≈165 ≈180 ≈240 79 90 119 54 3.5 1 0.065 0.11 1.3 0.519 0.63 1.2

40 25 25 25 20 95 23 25 25 20 25 25 15 25 25 20 25 25 25 15 25 45 25 25 25 25 25

≈33 0.118 0.098 0.345 0.323 4.2 22 0.0010 0.0000789 0.050 0.040 0.30 0.0007 0.0142 0.039 0.010 ≈39 92.3 0.0021 0.0029 0.0037 0.0047 0.0008 0.051 0.000014 0.00002 0.0000001

500 1.18 0.98 3.45 3.23 44 — 0.010 0.000789 0.50 0.40 3.0 0.007 0.142 0.39 0.10 650 — 0.021 0.029 0.037 0.047 0.008 0.51 0.00014 0.0002 0.000001

25 0 25 50 0 25 50 0 25 60

0.00050 0.134 0.129 0.138 0.425 0.459 0.536 0.145 0.128 0.133

0.0050 1.34 1.29 1.38 4.25 4.59 5.36 1.45 1.28 1.33

Ref. 40 45 45 45 45 45 45 29 29 30 40 40 40 22,61 61 22 40 27 27 27 40 40 26 2 2 25 14 5 2 40 10 40 40 27 41 61 41,61 61 41 8 7 7 40 2 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25


0.660

22

0.047

13

0.242

11

0.277

11

1.1

11

0.0379 0.0495

31 7

1.76

13

0.092

13

1.03

13


8-114

Name Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane

Mol. Form. CCl3F CHCl3

1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methylbenzene (Trichloromethyl)benzene 2,4,6-Trichloro-3-methylphenol Trichloronitromethane

C7H5Cl3 C7H5Cl3 C7H5Cl3O CCl3NO2

1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,3,3,3pentafluoropropane 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 1,2,3-Trichloropropane

C3Cl3F5

Mol. Wt t/°C 137.368 20 119.378 25 59 195.474 25 195.474 5 211.473 25 164.376 0 25 237.383 21

C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O C8H5Cl3O3 C3H5Cl3

197.446 197.446 255.483 147.431

1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tri-p-cresyl phosphate Tridecane Tridecanoic acid Triethylamine Triethylamine hydrochloride Trifluoromethane 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

C2Cl3F3 C21H21O4P C13H28 C13H26O2 C6H15N C6H16ClN CHF3 C7H6O5

187.375 368.363 184.361 214.344 101.190 137.651 70.014 170.120

Triiodomethane Trimethoprim 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 1,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene 2,6,8-Trimethyl-4-nonanone

CHI3 C14H18N4O3 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C7H16O C9H18 C8H16 C9H20 C13H14 C12H24O

393.732 290.318 120.191 120.191 120.191 116.201 126.239 112.213 128.255 170.250 184.318

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane Trimethyl phosphate 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid Trinitroglycerol

C8H18 C8H18 C3H9O4P C6H3N3O6 C7H3N3O8 C3H5N3O9

114.229 114.229 140.074 213.104 257.114 227.087

2,4,6-Trinitrophenol

C6H3N3O7

229.104

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

C7H5N3O6

227.131

2,4,6-Trinitro-N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)aniline 1,3,5-Trioxane Triphenylene Triphenyl phosphate Triphenyltin hydroxide Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine

C12H5N7O12

439.208

25 25 25 10 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 15 100 25 25 25 25 25 40 25 25 25 25 10 80 25 25 25 15 23 25 80 25 90 20 100 17

C3H6O3 C18H12 C18H15O4P C18H16OSn C4H11NO3

90.078 228.288 326.283 367.029 121.135

25 25 24 20 25

Solubility, S Mass% 0.11 0.80 0.79 0.00023 0.0053 0.0112 0.227 0.162 0.0058

g/L 1.1 8.0 7.9 0.0023 0.053 0.112 2.27 1.62 0.058

Ref.

0.1 0.069 0.028 0.14 0.20 0.017 0.00004 0.000000033 0.0033 5.5 57.8 0.15* 0.94 25.0 0.012 0.04 0.0070 0.0057 0.0050 2.2 0.000177 0.00037 0.00008 0.00021 0.012 0.014 0.00022 0.00018 ≈33 0.028 1.97 0.13 0.34 1.25 4.9 0.012 0.15 0.0060

1 0.692 0.28 1.4 2.0 0.17 0.0004 0.0000003 0.033 58 — 1.5* 9.4 — 0.12 0.4 0.070 0.057 0.050 22 0.00177 0.0037 0.0008 0.0021 0.12 0.14 0.0022 0.0018 500 0.28 20.1 1.3 3.4 12.7 51 0.12 1.5 0.060

2 24,48,51 40 35 35 25 40 37 26 10 27 14,50 27 27 14 40 22 22 22 1 4 4 4 4,42 20 20 4 4 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

17.4 0.0000043 0.000073 0.0001 ≈41

≈210 0.000043 0.00073 0.001 699

5 20 20 61 10 2 40 40 35

30 4,42 40 32 40

Henry Const. kH kPa m3mol–1 Ref. 10.2 13 0.43 13 0.43 13

0.038 32

13 13

0.343 0.569 0.781

22 22 22

105 159 246

13 5 13

307 206

13 13

0.00001

12


L-Tryptophan DL-Tyrosine L-Tyrosine Undecane Uracil Urea

Name

Mol. Form. C11H12N2O2 C9H11NO3 C9H11NO3 C11H24 C4H4N2O2 CH4N2O

Mol. Wt t/°C 204.225 25 181.188 25 181.188 25 156.309 25 112.087 25 60.055 5 25 168.111 20 117.147 25 284.739 25 285.257 20 286.110 20 86.090 20 108.181 25 308.328 20 152.112 20

Uric acid L-Valine Valium Vidarabine Vinclozolin Vinyl acetate 4-Vinylcyclohexene Warfarin Xanthine o-Xylene

C5H4N4O3 C5H11NO2 C16H13ClN2O C10H15N5O5 C12H9Cl2NO3 C4H6O2 C8H12 C19H16O4 C5H4N4O2 C8H10

m-Xylene

C8H10

106.165

C8H10

106.165

C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C5H10O5 C6H12N2S4Zn

122.164 122.164 122.164 122.164 122.164 122.164 150.130 305.841

p-Xylene

2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol D-Xylose Ziram

106.165

25 45 0 25 40 0 25 40 25 25 25 25 25 29 25 20

8-115 Solubility, S

Mass% 1.30 0.35 0.0507 0.0000004 0.27 44 54.4 0.002 8.13 0.005 0.051 0.1 2.0 0.005 0.004 0.05 0.0171 0.021 0.0203 0.0161 0.022 0.0160 0.0181 0.022 0.457 0.787 0.354 0.60 0.477 0.62 ≈30 0.0065

* Indicates a value of S for a gas at a partial pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm) in equilibrium with the solution.

g/L 13.1 3.5 0.507 0.000004 2.7 — — 0.02 88.4 0.05 0.51 1 20 0.05 0.04 0.5 0.171 0.21 0.203 0.161 0.22 0.160 0.181 0.22 4.57 7.87 3.54 6.05 4.77 6.2 432 0.065

Ref. 26 30 62 37 29 26 26 26 26 40 40 32 10 4 40 26 22 4 4 22 4 4 22 4 40 10 40 40 40 10 40 40


0.551

22

0.730

22

0.690

22

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES The solubility of over 300 common inorganic compounds in water is tabulated here as a function of temperature. Solubility is defined as the concentration of the compound in a solution that is in equilibrium with a solid phase at the specified temperature. In this table the solid phase is generally the most stable crystalline phase at the temperature in question. An asterisk * on solubility values in adjacent columns indicates that the solid phase changes between those two temperatures (usually from one hydrated phase to another or from a hydrate to the anhydrous solid). In such cases the slope of the solubility vs. temperature curve may show a discontinuity. All solubility values are expressed as mass percent of solute, 100⋅w2, where w2 = m2/(m1 + m2) and m2 is the mass of solute and m1 the mass of water. This quantity is related to other common measures of solubility as follows: Molarity: c2 = 1000 ρw2/M2 Molality: m2 = 1000w2/M2(1-w2) Mole fraction: x2 = (w2/M2)/{(w2/M2) + (1-w2)/M1} Mass of solute per 100 g of H2O: r2 = 100w2/(1-w2) Here M2 is the molar mass of the solute and M1 = 18.015 g/mol is the molar mass of water. ρ is the density of the solution in g cm-3. The data in the table have been derived from the references indicated; in many cases the data have been refitted or interpolated in order to present solubility at rounded values of temperature. Where available, values were taken from the IUPAC Solubility Data Series (Reference 1) or the related papers in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data (References 2 to 5), which present carefully evaluated data.

Compound AgBrO3 AgClO2 AgClO3 AgClO4 AgNO2 AgNO3 Ag2SO4 AlCl3 Al(ClO4)3 AlF3 Al(NO3)3 Al2(SO4)3 As2O3 BaBr2 Ba(BrO3)2 Ba(C2H3O2)2 BaCl2 Ba(ClO2)2 Ba(ClO3)2 Ba(ClO4)2 BaF2 BaI2

0°C

10°C

20°C

0.17

0.31

0.47

81.6 0.155 55.9 0.56 30.84 54.9 0.25 37.0 27.5 1.19 47.6 0.285 37.0 23.30 30.5 16.90 67.30

83.0

84.2

62.3 0.67 30.91

67.8 0.78 31.03

0.34 38.2

0.44 39.9

1.48 48.5 0.442

1.80 49.5 0.656

24.88

26.33

21.23 70.96 0.158 64.7

23.66 74.30

62.5

67.3

25°C 0.193 0.55 15 84.8 0.413 70.1 0.83 31.10 0.50 40.8 27.8 2.01 50.0 0.788 44.2 27.03 31.3 27.50 75.75 0.161 68.8

30°C

40°C

The solubility of sparingly soluble compounds that do not appear in this table may be calculated from the data in the table “Solubility Product Constants”. Solubility of inorganic gases may be found in the table “Solubility of Selected Gases in Water”. Compounds are listed alphabetically by chemical formula in the most commonly used form (e.g., NaCl, NH4NO3, etc.).

References 1. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Volumes 1 to 53 were published by Pergamon Press, Oxford, from 1979 to 1994; subsequent volumes were published by Oxford University Press, Oxford. The number following the colon is the volume number in the series. 2. Clever, H. L., and Johnston, F. J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 751, 1980. 3. Marcus, Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 1307, 1980. 4. Clever, H. L., Johnson, S. A., and Derrick, M. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 631, 1985. 5. Clever, H. L., Johnson, S. A., and Derrick, M. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 941, 1992. 6. Söhnel, O., and Novotny, P., Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985. 7. Krumgalz, B.S., Mineral Solubility in Water at Various Temperatures, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Ltd., Haifa, 1994. 8. Potter, R. W., and Clynne, M. A., J. Research U.S. Geological Survey, 6, 701, 1978; Clynne, M. A., and Potter, R. W., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 24, 338, 1979. 9. Marshal, W. L., and Slusher, R., J. Phys. Chem., 70, 4015, 1966; Knacke, O., and Gans, W., Zeit. Phys. Chem., NF, 104, 41, 1977. 10. Stephen, H., and Stephen, T., Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds, Vol. 1, Macmillan, New York, 1963.

50°C

60°C

70°C

80°C

0.64

0.82

1.02

1.22

1.44

1.66

90°C 1.32 1.88

100°C

85.3

86.3

86.9

87.5

87.9

88.3

88.6

88.8

72.3 0.88 31.18

76.1 0.97 31.37

79.2 1.05 31.60

81.7 1.13 31.87

83.8 1.20 32.17

85.4 1.26 32.51

87.8 1.39 33.32

0.56 42.0 28.2 2.27 50.4 0.935

0.68 44.5 29.2 2.86 51.4 1.30

0.81 47.3 30.7 3.43 52.5 1.74

0.96 50.4 32.6 4.11 53.5 2.27

1.11 53.8* 34.9 4.89 54.5 2.90

1.28

86.7 1.32 32.90 64.4 1.45

37.6 5.77 55.5 3.61

40.7 6.72 56.6 4.40

27.70

29.00

30.27

31.53

32.81

34.14

35.54

29.43 77.05

33.16 79.23

36.69 80.92

40.05 82.21

43.04 83.16

45.90 83.88

48.70 84.43

37.05 44.7 51.17 84.90

69.1

69.5

70.1

70.7

71.3

72.0

72.7

73.4

2.11

1.64 61.5* 44.2 7.71 57.6 5.25

Ref. 7 7 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 6 7 10 6 1:14 7 8 7 1:14 7 7 6

8-112

Section 8.indb 112

4/30/05 8:47:37 AM

Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures Compound Ba(IO3)2 Ba(NO2)2 Ba(NO3)2 Ba(OH)2 BaS Ba(SCN)2 BaSO3 BeCl2 Be(ClO4)2 BeSO4 CaBr2 CaCl2 Ca(ClO3)2 Ca(ClO4)2 CaF2 CaI2 Ca(IO3)2 Ca(NO2)2 Ca(NO3)2 CaSO3 CaSO4 CdBr2 CdC2O4 CdCl2 Cd(ClO4)2 CdF2 CdI2 Cd(IO3)2 Cd(NO3)2 CdSO4 CdSeO4 Ce(NO3)3 CoCl2 Co(ClO4)2 CoF2 CoI2 Co(NO2)2 Co(NO3)2 CoSO4 Co(SCN)2 CrO3 CsBr CsBrO3 CsCl CsClO3 CsClO4 CsI CsIO3 CsNO3 CsOH Cs2SO4 CuBr2 CuCl2 Cu(ClO4)2 CuF2 Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 CuSeO4 Dy(NO3)3 Er(NO3)3 Eu(NO3)3

Section 8.indb 113

0°C 0.0182 31.1 4.7 1.67 2.79

10°C 0.0262 36.6 6.3

20°C 0.0342 41.8 8.2

4.78

6.97

26.69 55 36.70 63.2

27.58 56 39.19 64.2

28.61 59 42.13 65.5

0.0013 64.6 0.082 38.6 50.1

66.0 0.155 39.5 53.1

0.174 36.0

0.191 43.0

67.6 0.243 44.5 56.7 0.0059 0.202 49.9

47.2

50.1

53.2

44.1

5.82 44.9

4.65 45.8

55.4 43.1 42.04 57.99 30.30 50.0

57.1 43.1 40.59 59.80 32.60

59.6 43.2 39.02 61.89 34.87

58.00 0.076 45.5 19.9

61.78

65.35

47.0 23.0

49.4 26.1

62.2

62.3

62.6

1.16 61.83 2.40 0.79 30.9 1.08 8.46

1.93 63.48 3.87 1.01 37.2 1.58 13.0

3.01 64.96 5.94 1.51 43.2 2.21 18.6

62.6

63.4

64.1

40.8 54.3

41.7

42.6

45.2 12.4 10.6 58.79 61.58 55.2

49.8 14.4

56.3 16.7

59.99 63.15 56.7

61.49 64.84 58.5

40.5

25°C 0.0396 44.3 9.3 4.68 8.21 62.6 0.0011 41.7 59.5 29.22 61 44.83* 66.3 65.3 0.0016 68.3 0.305 48.6 59.0 0.0054 0.205 53.4 0.0060 54.6 58.7 4.18 46.3 0.091 61.0 43.4 38.18 63.05 35.99 53.0 1.4 66.99 0.49 50.8 27.7 50.7 62.8 55.2 3.69 65.64 7.22 1.96 45.9 2.59 21.8 64.5 55.8 43.1 0.075 59.2 18.0 16.0 62.35 65.75 59.4

8-113

30°C 0.045* 46.8 10.2 8.4 9.58

40°C 0.058* 51.6 12.4 19 12.67

50°C 0.073 56.2 14.7 33 16.18

60°C 0.090 60.5 17.0 52 20.05

70°C 0.109 64.6 19.3 74 24.19

80°C 0.131 68.5 21.5 100 28.55

90°C 0.156 72.1 23.5

100°C 0.182 75.6 25.5

33.04

37.61

29.90 63 49.12* 67.2

31.51 68 52.85* 69.0

33.39 71 56.05* 71.0

35.50 73 56.73 73.2

37.78

40.21

42.72

45.28

57.44 75.5*

58.21 77.4*

59.04 77.7

59.94 78.0

69.0 0.384*

70.8 0.517*

72.4 0.590

74.0 0.652

76.0 0.811*

78.0 0.665*

79.6 0.668

81.0

60.9 0.0049 0.208 56.4

65.4 0.0041 0.210 60.3*

77.8 0.0035 0.207 60.3*

78.1 0.0030 0.201 60.5

78.2 0.0026 0.193 60.7

78.3 0.0023 0.184 60.9

78.4 0.0020 0.173 61.3

78.5 0.0019 0.163 61.6

56.3*

57.3*

57.5

57.8

58.1

58.51

58.98

3.76 46.8

59.5 66.9

47.9

49.0

50.2

51.5

52.7

54.1

55.4

62.8 43.6 37.29 64.31* 37.10

66.5 44.1 35.35 67.0* 39.27

70.6 43.5 33.15 68.6 41.38

86.1 42.5 30.65 71.1* 43.46

86.5 41.4 27.84 74.9* 45.50

86.8 40.2 24.69 79.2 47.51

87.1 38.5 21.24 80.9 49.51

87.4 36.7 17.49 83.1 51.50

68.51

71.17

73.41

75.29

76.89

78.28

79.52

80.70

52.4 29.2

56.0 32.3

60.1 34.4

62.6 35.9

64.9 35.5

67.7 33.2

30.6

27.8

63.0

63.5

64.1

64.7

65.5

66.2

67.1

67.9

4.46 66.29 8.69 2.57 48.6 3.02 25.1 75 64.8

6.32 67.50 12.15 4.28 53.3 3.96 32.0

8.60 68.60 16.33 6.55 57.3 5.06 39.0

11.32 69.61 21.14 9.29 60.7 6.29 45.7

14.45 70.54 26.45 12.41 63.6 7.70 51.9

17.96 71.40 32.10 15.80 65.9 9.20 57.3

21.83 72.21 37.89 19.39 67.7 10.79 62.1

25.98 72.96 43.42 23.07 69.2 12.45 66.2

65.5

66.1

66.7

67.3

67.8

68.3

68.8

43.7 59.3

44.8

46.0

47.2

48.5

49.9

51.3

52.7

61.1 19.3

62.0 22.2

63.1 25.4

64.5 28.8

65.9 32.4

67.5 36.3

69.2 40.3

71.0 43.5

63.29 66.69 60.4

65.43 68.70 62.5

68.04 70.96 64.6

71.58 73.64

77.75

Ref. 1:14 10 6 7 7 7 1:26 7 7 7 10 8 1:14 7 10 7 1:14 7 6 1:26 9 6 5 6 7 5 6 5 6 6 5 1:13 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 7 6 7 1:30 1:47 1:30 7 6 1:30 6 7 6 7 6 7 7 6 6 7 1:13 1:13 1:13

4/30/05 8:47:38 AM

Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures

8-114 Compound FeBr2 FeCl2 FeCl3 Fe(ClO4)2 FeF3 Fe(NO3)3 Fe(NO3)2 FeSO4 Gd(NO3)3 HIO3 H3BO3 HgBr2 Hg(CN)2 HgCl2 HgI2 Hg(SCN)2 Hg2Cl2 Hg2(ClO4)2 Hg2SO4 Ho(NO3)3 KBF4 KBr KBrO3 KC2H3O2 KCl KClO3 KClO4 KF KHCO3 KHSO4 KH2PO4 KI KIO3 KIO4 KMnO4 KNO2 KNO3 KOH KSCN K2CO3 K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 K2HAsO4 K2HPO4 K2MoO4 K2SO3 K2SO4 K2S2O3 K2S2O5 K2SeO3 K2SeO4 K3AsO4 K3Fe(CN)6 K3PO4 K4Fe(CN)6 LaCl3 La(NO3)3 LiBr LiBrO3 LiC2H3O2 LiCl

Section 8.indb 114

0°C 33.2* 42.7 63.39

10°C

20°C

44.9

47.9

40.15 41.44 13.5 56.3 73.45 2.61 0.26 6.57 4.24

17.0 57.7 74.10 3.57 0.37 7.83 5.05

20.8 59.2 74.98 4.77 0.52 9.33 6.17 0.0041

73.8 0.038

0.043

0.048

0.28 35.0 2.97 68.40 21.74 3.03 0.70 30.90 18.62 27.1 11.74 56.0 4.53 0.16 2.74 73.7 12.0 48.7 63.8 51.3 37.1 4.30 48.5* 57.0

0.34 37.3 4.48 70.29 23.61 4.67 1.10 39.8 21.73 29.7 14.91 57.6 5.96 0.22 4.12 74.6 17.6 50.8 66.4 51.7 38.1 7.12

0.45 39.4 6.42 72.09 25.39 6.74 1.67 47.3 24.92 32.3 18.25 59.0 7.57 0.37 5.96 75.3 24.2 53.2 69.1 52.3 38.9 10.9

59.1

61.5

51.30 7.11 49.0* 22.1 68.4* 52.70 51.5* 23.9 44.3 12.5 49.0 55.0 58.4 61.03 23.76 40.45

51.39 8.46

51.49 9.95

26.7

31.1

52.93

53.17

27.6

31.1

17.3 48.5 56.9 60.1 62.62 26.49 42.46*

22.0 48.6 58.9 62.7 64.44 29.42 45.29*

25°C 54.6 39.4* 47.7 67.76 5.59 46.57 46.67 22.8 60.1 75.48 5.48 0.61 10.2 6.81 0.0055 0.070 0.0004 79.8* 0.051 63.8 0.55 40.4 7.55 72.92 26.22 7.93 2.04 50.41 26.6 33.6 19.97 59.7 8.44 0.51 7.06 75.7 27.7 54.7 70.4 52.7 39.4 13.1 63.6* 62.7 64.7 51.55 10.7 62.3* 33.1 68.5* 53.30 55.6* 32.8 51.4 23.9 48.9 60.0 64.4 65.44 31.02 45.81

30°C

40°C

50°C

60°C

70°C

80°C

51.6

74.8

76.7

84.6

84.3

84.3

84.4

100°C 64.8* 48.7* 84.7

24.8 61.0 76.03 6.27 0.72 11.1 7.62 0.0072

28.8 62.9 77.20 8.10 0.96 13.1 9.53 0.0122

32.8 65.2 78.46 10.3 1.26 15.5 12.02 0.0199

35.5 67.9 79.78 12.9 1.63 18.2 15.18

33.6 71.5 81.13 15.9 2.08 21.2 19.16

30.4

27.1

24.0

82.48 19.3 2.61 24.6 24.06

83.82 23.1 3.23 28.3 29.90

85.14 27.3 3.95 32.3 36.62

0.054

0.059

0.065

0.070

0.076

0.082

0.088

85.3* 0.093

0.75 41.4 8.79 73.70 27.04 9.21 2.47 53.2 28.13 35.0 21.77 60.4 9.34 0.70 8.28 76.0 31.3 56.1 71.6 53.1 39.8 15.5

1.38 43.2 11.57 75.08 28.59 12.06 3.54

2.09 44.8 14.71 76.27 30.04 15.26 4.94

2.82 46.2 18.14 77.31 31.40 18.78 6.74

3.58 47.6 21.79 78.22 32.66 22.65 8.99

5.12 49.8 29.42 79.80 34.99 31.53 14.94

5.90 50.8 33.28 80.55 36.05 36.65 18.67

31.32 37.8 25.28 61.6 11.09 1.24 11.11 76.7 38.6 57.9 74.1 54.0 40.5 20.8

34.46 40.5 28.95 62.8 13.22 1.96 14.42 77.4 45.7 58.6 76.5 54.9 41.3 26.3

37.51 43.4 32.76 63.8 15.29 2.83 18.16 78.0 52.2 59.5 78.9 56.0 41.9 31.7

40.45 46.2 36.75 64.8 17.41 3.82

4.34 48.8 25.57 79.04 33.86 26.88 11.71 60.0 49.02 40.96 65.7 19.58 4.89

51.82 45.41 66.6 21.78 6.02

54.6 50.12 67.4 24.03 7.17

78.5 58.0 60.6 81.1 57.2 42.6 36.9

79.1 63.0 61.8 83.3 58.4 43.2 41.5

79.6 67.3 63.1 85.3 59.6 43.8 45.5

64.1

67.7*

80.1 70.8 64.6 87.3 61.0 44.3 48.9 79.8*

51.62 11.4

51.76 12.9

51.93 14.2

52.11 15.5

52.32 16.7

52.54 17.7

35.2

39.0

42.6

46.0

49.1

52.0

66.5 52.79 18.6 75.7* 54.6

53.43

53.70

53.99

54.30

54.61

54.94

55.26

34.3

37.2

39.6

41.7

43.5

45.0

46.1

25.6 49.3 61.1 65.9 66.51 32.72 46.25

29.2 50.5 63.6 67.8 68.90 36.48 47.30

32.5 52.1 66.3 68.3 71.68* 40.65 48.47

35.5 54.0 69.9* 69.0 73.24* 45.15 49.78

38.2 56.3 74.1* 69.8 74.43 49.93 51.27

40.6 58.9

41.4 61.7

43.1

70.7 75.66 54.91 52.98

71.7 76.93 60.04 54.98*

72.8 78.32 65.26 56.34*

72.7*

90°C

53.06 19.3

68.5* 55.60 73* 47.0

Ref. 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 6 1:13 1:30 6 4 6 4 4 4 3 7 4 1:13 10 6 1:30 7 1:47 1:30 6 7 6 6 1:31 6 1:30 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 1:31 7 1:26 6 7 1:26 7 7 7 6 7 6 6 1:13 6 1:30 7 1:47

4/30/05 8:47:40 AM

Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures Compound LiClO3 LiClO4 LiF LiH2PO4 LiI LiIO3 LiNO2 LiNO3 LiOH LiSCN Li2CO3 Li2C2O4 Li2HPO3 Li2SO4 Li3PO4 Lu(NO3)3 MgBr2 Mg(BrO3)2 Mg(C2H3O2)2 MgC2O4 MgCl2 Mg(ClO3)2 Mg(ClO4)2 MgCrO4 MgCr2O7 MgF2 MgI2 Mg(IO3)2 Mg(NO2)2 Mg(NO3)2 MgSO3 MgSO4 MgS2O3 MgSeO4 MnBr2 MnCl2 MnF2 Mn(IO3)2 Mn(NO3)2 MnSO4 NH4Br NH4Cl NH4ClO4 NH4F NH4HCO3 NH4H2AsO4 NH4H2PO4 NH4I NH4IO3 NH4NO2 NH4NO3 NH4SCN (NH4)2C2O4 (NH4)2HPO4 (NH4)2S2O5 (NH4)2S2O8 (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2SeO3 (NH4)2SeO4 (NH4)3PO4

Section 8.indb 115

8-115

0°C 73.2 30.1 0.120 55.8 59.4

10°C 75.6* 32.6 0.126

20°C 80.8* 35.5 0.131

25°C 82.1 37.0 0.134

30°C 83.4 38.6

40°C 85.9* 41.9

50°C 87.1* 45.5

60°C 88.2 49.2

70°C 89.6 53.2

80°C 91.3 57.2

90°C 93.4 61.3

100°C 95.7 71.4

60.5

61.7

63.0

64.3

65.8

67.3

68.8

81.3

81.7

82.6

41 34.8 10.8

45 37.6 10.8

49 42.7 11.0

53 57.9 11.3

56 60.1 11.7

60 62.2 12.2

63 64.0 12.7

66 65.7 13.4

68 67.2 14.2

68.5 15.1

69.7 16.1

1.54

1.43

1.33

1.24

1.15

1.07

0.99

0.92

0.85

0.78

0.72

9.07 26.3

8.40 25.9

7.77 25.6

7.18 25.3

6.64 25.0

6.16 24.8

5.71 24.5

5.30 24.3

4.91 24.0

4.53 23.8

4.16 23.6

49.3 43.0 36.18

49.8 45.2 37.55

50.3 48.0 38.92

50.9 51.0

51.5 54.3

52.1 57.9

52.8 61.6

53.5 65.3

54.2 69.0*

55.0 70.9*

55.7 71.7

33.96 53.35 47.8 32.06*

34.85 54.40 48.7

35.58 56.81 49.6

36.20 60.91* 50.5

36.77 65.46* 51.3

37.34 67.33 52.1

37.97 69.27

38.71 71.01

39.62 72.44

40.75 73.48

42.15

54.7 3.19*

56.1 6.70*

58.2 7.92

38.4 0.32 18.2 30.7 31.4* 56.00 38.7 0.80*

39.5 0.37 21.7

40.8 0.46 25.1

57.72 40.6

59.39 42.5

62.3 43.8 51 50.5 11.1 54.5 1.28 5.87 7.47 25.5 0.027 71.1 50.6 49.4 39.61 0.038 35.90 58.66 50.1 35.39* 58.9 0.013 59.4 8.52 47 41.6 0.52 26.3 34.1 35.7* 60.19 43.6 1.01* 0.27 61.7 38.9 43.9 28.34 19.7 45.5 19.9 34.5 28.8 64.0 3.70 68.8 68.0 64.4 4.94 41.0 70.5 45.49 39.1 43.3 54.7 54.02 15.5

50.5 34.6 37.5 22.92 10.8 41.7 10.6 25.2 17.8 60.7

37.3 40.2 25.12 14.1 43.2 13.7 29.0 22.0 62.1

38.6 42.7 27.27 17.8 44.7 17.6 32.7 26.4 63.4

55.7 54.0

59.0 60.1

64.9 65.5

2.31 36.4 65.5 37.00 32.2 41.3 49.0

3.11 38.2 67.9 40.45 34.9 42.1 51.1

4.25 40.0 69.8 43.84 37.7 42.9 53.4

67.0 60.8 9.11

63.9 10.45

65.0 11.99

65.0 13.7

65.0 15.6

65.0 17.6

65.1 19.6

65.2

42.4 0.61 28.2

44.1 0.87* 30.9

45.9 0.85* 33.4

47.9 0.76 35.6

50.0 0.69 36.9

52.2 0.64 35.9

70.6 0.62 34.7

72.0 0.60 33.3

60.96 44.7

62.41 47.0

63.75 49.4

65.01 54.1

66.19 54.7

67.32 55.2

68.42 55.7

47* 69.50 56.1 0.48

0.34 38.9 45.1 29.39 21.7 46.3 22.4 36.3 31.2 64.6 4.20

37.7 47.3 31.46 25.8 47.8 27.9 39.7 36.2 65.8 5.64

36.3 49.4 33.50 29.8 49.3 34.2 43.1 41.6 66.8 7.63

34.6 51.3 35.49 33.6 50.9 41.4 46.2 47.2 67.8

32.8 53.0 37.46 37.3 52.5 49.3 49.3 53.0 68.7

30.8 54.6 39.40 40.7 54.1 58.1 52.2 59.2 69.6

28.8 56.1 41.33 43.8

26.7 57.4 43.24 46.6

67.6 55.0 65.7 70.4

78.0 72.4 71.1

70.3

74.3

77.7

80.8

85.8

88.2

90.3

5.73 42.0 71.3 47.11 40.6 43.8 56.0

7.56 44.1 72.3 50.25 43.7 44.7 58.9

9.73 46.2 72.9 53.28 47.0 45.6 62.0

12.2 48.5 73.1 56.23 50.6 46.6 65.4

83.4 81.1 15.1 50.9

18.3 53.3

21.8 55.9

25.7 58.6

59.13 54.5 47.5 69.1

62.00 58.9 48.5

49.5

50.5

Ref. 1:30 6 7 7 6 1:30 10 6 6 7 7 7 7 6 1:31 1:13 6 1:14 7 7 8 1:14 6 7 7 7 6 1:14 7 6 1:26 6 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 6 7 1:47 6 7 7 7 7 6 1:30 7 6 7 7 7 1:26 7 1:26 6 7 7 7

4/30/05 8:47:42 AM

Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures

8-116 Compound NaBr NaBrO3 NaCHO2 NaC2H3O2 NaCl NaClO NaClO2 NaClO3 NaClO4 NaF NaHCO3 NaHSO4 NaH2PO4 NaI NaIO3 NaIO4 NaNO2 NaNO3 NaOH NaSCN Na2B4O7 Na2CO3 Na2C2O4 Na2CrO4 Na2Cr2O7 Na2HAsO4 Na2HPO4 Na2MoO4 Na2S Na2SO3 Na2SO4 Na2S2O3 Na2S2O5 Na2SeO3 Na2SeO4 Na2WO4 Na3PO4 Na4P2O7 NdCl3 Nd(NO3)3 NiCl2 Ni(ClO4)2 NiF2 NiI2 Ni(NO3)2 NiSO4 Ni(SCN)2 NiSeO4 PbBr2 PbCl2 Pb(ClO4)2 PbF2 PbI2 Pb(IO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 PbSO4 PrCl3 Pr(NO3)3 RbBr RbBrO3 RbCl

Section 8.indb 116

0°C 44.4 20.0 30.8 26.5 26.28 22.7

10°C 45.9 23.22 37.9 28.8 26.32

20°C 47.7 26.65 45.7 31.8 26.41

44.27 61.9 3.52 6.48

46.67 64.1 3.72 7.59

49.3 66.2 3.89 8.73

36.54 61.2 2.43

41.07 62.4 4.40

46.00 63.9 7.78*

41.9 42.2 30

43.4 44.4 39 52.9 1.71 10.8 2.95 32.3 63.1

45.1 46.6 46 57.1 2.50 17.9 3.30 44.6 64.4

4.19 38.8 13.2 16.1 36.3 38.4

7.51 39.4 15.7 20.9 16.13 40.6 39.5

11.7 41.6 4.28 2.23 49.0 55.76 34.7 51.1

41.9 7.30 3.28 49.3 57.49 36.1

42.3 10.8 4.81 49.7 59.37 38.5

55.40 44.1 21.4

57.68 46.0 24.4

59.78 48.4 27.4

21.6 0.449 0.66

0.620 0.81

26.2* 0.841 0.98

0.041

0.0603 0.052

0.0649 0.067

28.46 0.0033 48.0 57.50 47.4 0.97 43.58

32.13 0.0038 48.1 59.20 50.1 1.55 45.65

35.67 0.0042 48.6 61.16 52.6 2.36 47.53

1.23 6.44 2.62 22.6 62.1 5.6* 1.66 30.6 11.1 12.0 33.1

25°C 48.6 28.28 48.7 33.5 26.45 44.4 97.0* 50.1 67.2 3.97 9.32 22.2 48.68 64.8 8.65* 12.62 45.9 47.7 50 60.2 3.07 23.5 3.48 46.7 65.2 29.3* 10.55 39.4 17.1 23.5 21.94 43.3 40.0 47.3* 36.9* 42.6 12.6 6.62 50.0 60.38 40.3 52.8 2.50 60.69 49.8 28.8 35.48 0.966 1.07 81.5 0.0670 0.076 0.0025 37.38 0.0044 49.0 62.24 53.8 2.87 48.42

30°C 49.6 29.86 50.6 35.5 26.52

40°C 51.6 32.83 52.0 39.9 26.67

50°C 53.7 35.55 53.5 45.1 26.84

60°C 54.1 38.05 55.0 58.3 27.03

70°C 54.3 40.37

80°C 54.5 42.52

90°C 54.7

100°C 54.9

59.3 27.25

60.5 27.50

61.7 27.78

62.9 28.05

51.2 68.3 4.05 9.91

53.6 70.4 4.20 11.13

55.5 72.5 4.34 12.40

95.3* 57.0 74.1 4.46 13.70

58.5 74.7 4.57 15.02

60.5 75.4 4.66 16.37

63.3 76.1 4.75 17.73

51.54 65.7 9.60

57.89* 67.7 11.67

61.7* 69.8 13.99

62.3* 72.0 16.52

65.9 74.7 19.25*

68.7 74.8 21.1*

67.1 76.7 4.82 19.10 33.3

74.9 22.9

75.1 24.7

46.8 48.8 53 62.7 3.82 28.7 3.65 46.9 66.1

48.7 51.0 58 63.5 6.02 32.8 4.00 48.9 68.0

50.7 53.2 63 64.2 9.7 32.2 4.36 51.0 70.1

52.8 55.3 67 65.0 14.9 31.7 4.71 53.4 72.3

55.0 57.5 71 65.9 17.1 31.3 5.06 55.3 74.6

57.2 59.6 74 66.9 19.9 31.1 5.41 55.5 77.0

59.5 61.7 76 67.9 23.5 30.9 5.75 55.8 79.6

16.34* 39.8 18.6 26.3* 29.22* 45.9 40.6

35.17* 40.3 22.1 27.3* 32.35* 52.0 41.8

44.64* 41.0 26.7 25.9 31.55 62.3 43.0

45.20 41.7 28.1 24.8 30.90 65.7 44.2

46.81 42.6 30.2 23.7 30.39 68.8 45.5

48.78 43.5 33.0 22.8 30.02 69.4 46.8

50.52 44.5 36.4 22.1 29.79 70.1 48.1

42.9 14.1 7.00 50.4 61.43 41.7

43.6 16.6 10.10 51.2 63.69 42.1

44.4 22.9 14.38 52.2 66.27 43.2

45.3 28.4 20.07 53.3 69.47 45.0

46.2 32.4 27.31 54.5

47.3 37.6 36.03 55.8

48.4 40.4 32.37 57.1

61.8 63.8 79 69.0 28.0 30.9 6.08 56.1 80.7 67* 51.53 45.5 41.0 21.5 29.67 71.0 49.5 45* 42.1* 49.5 43.5 30.67 58.5

46.1

46.2

46.4

46.6

61.50 51.3 30.3*

62.80 54.6 32.0*

63.73 58.3 34.1

64.38 61.0 35.8

64.80 63.1 37.7

65.09 65.6 39.9

2.52 65.30 67.9 42.3

69.0 44.8

1.118 1.17

1.46 1.39

1.89 1.64

1.93

2.24

2.60

0.0693 0.086

0.112

0.144

0.187

0.243

0.315

39.05 0.0047 49.5 63.40* 54.9 3.45 49.27

42.22 0.0052 50.8 65.7* 57.0 4.87 50.86

45.17 0.0058 52.3 67.8 58.8 6.64 52.34

47.90

50.42

52.72

54.1 70.2 60.6 8.78 53.67

56.1 73.4 62.1 11.29 54.92

58.3

45.6*

63.5 14.15 56.08

2.99

3.42

54.82

56.75

64.8 17.32 57.16

65.9 20.76 58.15

Ref. 6 1:30 6 6 1:47 7 7 1:30 6 6 7 10 1:31 6 1:30 7 6 6 10 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 1:31 6 6 1:26 8 6 1:26 7 7 6 6 6 6 1:13 6 7 7 7 6 6 7 7 2 2 7 2 2 7 2 2 6 1:13 6 1:30 1:47

4/30/05 8:47:43 AM

Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures Compound RbClO3 RbClO4 RbF RbHCO3 RbI RbIO3 RbNO3 RbOH Rb2CrO4 Rb2SO4 SbCl3 SbF3 Sc(NO3)3 Sm(NO3)3 SmCl3 SnCl2 SnI2 SrBr2 Sr(BrO3)2 SrCl2 Sr(ClO2)2 Sr(ClO3)2 Sr(ClO4)2 SrF2 SrI2 Sr(IO3)2 Sr(MnO4)2 Sr(NO2)2 Sr(NO3)2 Sr(OH)2 SrSO3 SrSO4 SrS2O3 Tb(NO3)3 Tl2SO4 Tm(NO3)3 UO2(NO3)2 Y(NO3)3 Yb(NO3)3 ZnBr2 ZnC2O4 ZnCl2 Zn(ClO4)2 ZnF2 ZnI2 Zn(IO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO3 ZnSO4 ZnSeO4

Section 8.indb 117

0°C 2.10 1

10°C 3.38

20°C 5.14

55.8 1.09 16.4

58.6 1.53 25.0

75 53.7 61.1 2.07 34.6

30.0

32.5

59.3 56.33 48.0 64

61.6 58.08 48.2

38.27 27.3 85.7 79.4 57.0 54.83 46 46.0 18.53 31.94 13.0 63.29 70.04* 0.011 62.5 0.102 2.5

48.3 22.00 32.93 13.6 63.42

0.97 50.6 25.39 34.43 14.1 63.64

62.8 0.126

63.5 0.152

28.2 0.9

34.6

41.0

8.8

13.2

2.65

3.56

17.7 60.6 4.61

49.52 55.57

51.82 56.93

54.42 58.75

79.3

80.1 0.0010 76.6

81.8 0.0019 79.0

81.1

81.2

47.8

50.8

29.1 33.06

32.0 34.98

81.3 0.58 54.4 0.1786 35.0 37.38

44.29*

8-117

25°C 6.22 1.5

30°C 7.45

40°C 10.35

50°C 13.85

60°C 17.93

70°C 22.53

80°C 27.57

90°C 32.96

100°C 38.60 17

62.3 2.38 39.4

63.4 2.74 44.2 63.4

65.4 3.52 53.1

67.2 4.41 60.8

68.8 5.42 67.2

70.3 6.52 72.2

71.6 7.74 76.1

72.7 9.00 79.0

73.8 10.36 81.2

34.8

36.9

38.7

40.3

41.8

43.0

44.1

44.9

63.9 60.08 48.6

66.2 62.38 49.2

68.5 65.05* 50.0

68.1*

70.8

74.2

52.9 28.59 36.43 14.5 63.93

55.2 31.55 38.93 14.9 64.29 78.44*

57.6 34.21 41.94 15.3 64.70

59.9 36.57 45.44* 15.6 65.16

62.3 38.64* 46.81* 15.9 65.65

64.6 40.2* 47.69

66.8 40.8 48.70

3.87 69.0 41.0 49.87

66.18

66.74

67.31

64.5 0.179

65.8 0.206

67.3 0.233

69.0 0.259

70.8 0.284

72.7 0.307

74.7 0.328

79.2 0.346

41.9 47.0

44.3 47.4

47.9

48.4

48.9

49.5

50.1

58.6 50.7

22.2

26.8

5.80

7.09

8.46

9.89

11.33

12.77

14.18

15.53

57.55 61.11*

61.59 63.3*

67.07 64.9

67.9

72.5

84.1

85.6

85.8

86.1

86.3

86.6

86.8

87.1

81.4

81.8

82.4 48.70

83.0

83.7

84.4

85.2

86.0

81.5 0.69 58.5 0.1794 38.2 40.34

81.7 0.77 79.1 0.1803 41.3

82.0 0.82 80.1 0.1812 43.0

82.3

82.6

83.0

83.3

83.7

87.5

89.9

42.1

41.0

39.9

38.8

37.6

43.26 33.7 90.8 83.1 62.8 59.05 48.4

51.7 27.02 35.37 14.3 63.77 75.35* 0.021 63.9 0.165

44.5 2.2 0.0015 0.0135 20.0 61.02 5.19 67.9 55.85 59.86 70.5 83.0 0.0026 80.3 46.27* 1.53 81.4 0.64 54.6 0.1790 36.6 38.79

Ref. 1:30 7 7 7 6 1:30 6 7 7 6 7 7 1:13 1:13 6 7 7 6 1:14 8 7 1:14 7 7 6 1:14 7 7 6 7 1:26 7 7 1:13 6 1:13 1:55 1:13 1:13 6 5 6 7 5 6 5 6 5 6 5

4/30/05 8:47:44 AM

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS The solubility product constant Ksp is a useful parameter for calculating the aqueous solubility of sparingly soluble compounds under various conditions. It may be determined by direct measurement or calculated from the standard Gibbs energies of formation ∆fG° of the species involved at their standard states. Thus if Ksp = [M+]m, [A–]n is the equilibrium constant for the reaction MmAn(s)  mM+(aq) + nA– (aq), where MmAn is the slightly soluble substance and M+ and A- are the ions produced in solution by the dissociation of MmAn, then the Gibbs energy change is ∆G° = m ∆fG° (M+,aq) + n ∆fG° (A–,aq) –∆fG° (MmAn, s) The solubility product constant is calculated from the equation ln Ksp = –∆ G°/RT The first table below gives selected values of Ksp at 25°C. Many of these have been calculated from standard state thermodynamic data in References 1 and 2; other values are taken from publications of the IUPAC Solubility Data Project (References 3 to 7). The above formulation is not convenient for treating sulfides because the S -2 ion is usually not present in significant concentrations (see Reference 8). This is due to the hydrolysis reaction S -2 + H2O  HS – + OH–

Compound Aluminum phosphate Barium bromate Barium carbonate Barium chromate Barium fluoride Barium hydroxide octahydrate Barium iodate Barium iodate monohydrate Barium molybdate Barium nitrate Barium selenate Barium sulfate Barium sulfite Beryllium hydroxide Bismuth arsenate Bismuth iodide Cadmium arsenate Cadmium carbonate Cadmium fluoride Cadmium hydroxide Cadmium iodate Cadmium oxalate trihydrate Cadmium phosphate Calcium carbonate (calcite) Calcium fluoride Calcium hydroxide

Formula AlPO4

Ksp 9.84 ⋅ 10–21

Ba(BrO3)2 BaCO3 BaCrO4 BaF2 Ba(OH)2 ⋅ 8H2O

2.43 ⋅ 10–4 2.58 ⋅ 10–9 1.17 ⋅ 10–10 1.84 ⋅ 10–7 2.55 ⋅ 10–4

Ba(IO3)2 Ba(IO3)2 ⋅ H2O BaMoO4 Ba(NO3)2 BaSeO4 BaSO4 BaSO3 Be(OH)2 BiAsO4 BiI3 Cd3(AsO4)2 CdCO3 CdF2 Cd(OH)2 Cd(IO3)2 CdC2O4 ⋅ 3H2O Cd3(PO4)2 CaCO3 CaF2 Ca(OH)2

4.01 ⋅ 10–9 1.67 ⋅ 10–9 3.54 ⋅ 10–8 4.64 ⋅ 10–3 3.40 ⋅ 10–8 1.08 ⋅ 10–10 5.0 ⋅ 10–10 6.92 ⋅ 10–22 4.43 ⋅ 10–10 7.71 ⋅ 10–19 2.2 ⋅ 10–33 1.0 ⋅ 10–12 6.44 ⋅ 10–3 7.2 ⋅ 10–15 2.5 ⋅ 10–8 1.42 ⋅ 10–8 2.53 ⋅ 10–33 3.36 ⋅ 10–9 3.45 ⋅ 10–11 5.02 ⋅ 10–6

which is strongly shifted to the right except in very basic solutions. Furthermore, the equilibrium constant for this reaction, which depends on the second ionization constant of H2S, is poorly known. Therefore it is more useful in the case of sulfides to define a different solubility product Kspa based on the reaction MmSn(s) + 2H+  mM+ + nH2S (aq) Values of Kspa , taken from Reference 8, are given for several sulfides in the auxiliary table following the main table. Additional discussion of sulfide equilibria may be found in References 7 and 9.

References 1. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Garvin, D., Parker, V. B., and White, H. J., CODATA Thermodynamic Tables, Hemisphere, New York, 1987. 3. Solubility Data Series (53 Volumes), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979–1992. 4. Clever, H. L., and Johnston, F. J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 751, 1980. 5. Marcus, Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 1307, 1980. 6. Clever, H. L., Johnson, S. A., and Derrick, M. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 631, 1985. 7. Clever, H. L., Johnson, S. A., and Derrick, M. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 941, 1992. 8. Myers, R. J., J. Chem. Educ., 63, 687, 1986. 9. Licht, S., J. Electrochem. Soc., 135, 2971, 1988. Compound Calcium iodate Calcium iodate hexahydrate Calcium molybdate Calcium oxalate monohydrate Calcium phosphate Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfate dihydrate Calcium sulfite hemihydrate Cesium perchlorate Cesium periodate Cobalt(II) arsenate Cobalt(II) hydroxide (blue) Cobalt(II) iodate dihydrate Cobalt(II) phosphate Copper(I) bromide Copper(I) chloride Copper(I) cyanide Copper(I) iodide Copper(I) thiocyanate Copper(II) arsenate Copper(II) iodate monohydrate Copper(II) oxalate Copper(II) phosphate Europium(III) hydroxide Gallium(III) hydroxide Iron(II) carbonate

Formula Ca(IO3)2 Ca(IO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O CaMoO4 CaC2O4 ⋅ H2O Ca3(PO4)2 CaSO4 CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2O CaSO3 ⋅ 0.5H2O CsClO4 CsIO4 Co3(AsO4)2 Co(OH)2 Co(IO3)2 ⋅ 2H2O Co3(PO4)2 CuBr CuCl CuCN CuI CuSCN Cu3(AsO4)2 Cu(IO3)2 ⋅ H2O

Ksp 6.47 ⋅ 10–6 7.10 ⋅ 10–7 1.46 ⋅ 10–8 2.32 ⋅ 10–9 2.07 ⋅ 10–33 4.93 ⋅ 10–5 3.14 ⋅ 10–5 3.1 ⋅ 10–7 3.95 ⋅ 10–3 5.16 ⋅ 10–6 6.80 ⋅ 10–29 5.92 ⋅ 10–15 1.21 ⋅ 10–2 2.05 ⋅ 10–35 6.27 ⋅ 10–9 1.72 ⋅ 10–7 3.47 ⋅ 10–20 1.27 ⋅ 10–12 1.77 ⋅ 10–13 7.95 ⋅ 10–36 6.94 ⋅ 10–8

CuC2O4 Cu3(PO4)2 Eu(OH)3 Ga(OH)3 FeCO3

4.43 ⋅ 10–10 1.40 ⋅ 10–37 9.38 ⋅ 10–27 7.28 ⋅ 10–36 3.13 ⋅ 10–11

8-118

Section 8.indb 118

4/30/05 8:47:46 AM

Solubility Product Constants Compound Iron(II) fluoride Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(III) hydroxide Iron(III) phosphate dihydrate Lanthanum iodate Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) carbonate Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) fluoride Lead(II) hydroxide Lead(II) iodate Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) selenate Lead(II) sulfate Lithium carbonate Lithium fluoride Lithium phosphate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium carbonate trihydrate Magnesium carbonate pentahydrate Magnesium fluoride Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium oxalate dihydrate Magnesium phosphate Manganese(II) carbonate Manganese(II) iodate Manganese(II) oxalate dihydrate Mercury(I) bromide Mercury(I) carbonate Mercury(I) chloride Mercury(I) fluoride Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(I) oxalate Mercury(I) sulfate Mercury(I) thiocyanate Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) iodide Neodymium carbonate Nickel(II) carbonate Nickel(II) hydroxide Nickel(II) iodate Nickel(II) phosphate Palladium(II) thiocyanate Potassium hexachloroplatinate Potassium perchlorate Potassium periodate Praseodymium hydroxide

Section 8.indb 119

8-119

Formula FeF2 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 FePO4 ⋅ 2H2O La(IO3)3 PbBr2 PbCO3 PbCl2 PbF2 Pb(OH)2 Pb(IO3)2 PbI2 PbSeO4 PbSO4 Li2CO3 LiF Li3PO4 MgCO3 MgCO3 ⋅ 3H2O

Ksp 2.36 ⋅ 10–6 4.87 ⋅ 10–17 2.79 ⋅ 10–39 9.91 ⋅ 10–16 7.50 ⋅ 10–12 6.60 ⋅ 10–6 7.40 ⋅ 10–14 1.70 ⋅ 10–5 3.3 ⋅ 10–8 1.43 ⋅ 10–20 3.69 ⋅ 10–13 9.8 ⋅ 10–9 1.37 ⋅ 10–7 2.53 ⋅ 10–8 8.15 ⋅ 10–4 1.84 ⋅ 10–3 2.37 ⋅ 10–11 6.82 ⋅ 10–6 2.38 ⋅ 10–6

MgCO3 ⋅ 5H2O

3.79 ⋅ 10–6

MgF2 Mg(OH)2 MgC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O Mg3(PO4)2 MnCO3 Mn(IO3)2 MnC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O

5.16 ⋅ 10–11 5.61 ⋅ 10–12 4.83 ⋅ 10–6 1.04 ⋅ 10–24 2.24 ⋅ 10–11 4.37 ⋅ 10–7 1.70 ⋅ 10–7

Hg2Br2 Hg2CO3 Hg2Cl2 Hg2F2 Hg2I2 Hg2C2O4 Hg2SO4 Hg2(SCN)2 HgBr2 HgI2 Nd2(CO3)3 NiCO3 Ni(OH)2 Ni(IO3)2 Ni3(PO4)2 Pd(SCN)2 K2PtCl6

6.40 ⋅ 10–23 3.6 ⋅ 10–17 1.43 ⋅ 10–18 3.10 ⋅ 10–6 5.2 ⋅ 10–29 1.75 ⋅ 10–13 6.5 ⋅ 10–7 3.2 ⋅ 10–20 6.2 ⋅ 10–20 2.9 ⋅ 10–29 1.08 ⋅ 10–33 1.42 ⋅ 10–7 5.48 ⋅ 10–16 4.71 ⋅ 10–5 4.74 ⋅ 10–32 4.39 ⋅ 10–23 7.48 ⋅ 10–6

KClO4 KIO4 Pr(OH)3

1.05 ⋅ 10–2 3.71 ⋅ 10–4 3.39 ⋅ 10–24

Compound Radium iodate Radium sulfate Rubidium perchlorate Scandium fluoride Scandium hydroxide Silver(I) acetate Silver(I) arsenate Silver(I) bromate Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) carbonate Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) chromate Silver(I) cyanide Silver(I) iodate Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) oxalate Silver(I) phosphate Silver(I) sulfate Silver(I) sulfite Silver(I) thiocyanate Strontium arsenate Strontium carbonate Strontium fluoride Strontium iodate Strontium iodate monohydrate Strontium iodate hexahydrate Strontium sulfate Thallium(I) bromate Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) chromate Thallium(I) iodate Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) thiocyanate Thallium(III) hydroxide Tin(II) hydroxide Yttrium carbonate Yttrium fluoride Yttrium hydroxide Yttrium iodate Zinc arsenate Zinc carbonate Zinc carbonate monohydrate Zinc fluoride Zinc hydroxide Zinc iodate dihydrate Zinc oxalate dihydrate Zinc selenide Zinc selenite monohydrate

Formula Ra(IO3)2 RaSO4 RbClO4 ScF3 Sc(OH)3 AgCH3COO Ag3AsO4 AgBrO3 AgBr Ag2CO3 AgCl Ag2CrO4 AgCN AgIO3 AgI Ag2C2O4 Ag3PO4 Ag2SO4 Ag2SO3 AgSCN Sr3(AsO4)2 SrCO3 SrF2 Sr(IO3)2 Sr(IO3)2 ⋅ H2O

Ksp 1.16 ⋅ 10–9 3.66 ⋅ 10–11 3.00 ⋅ 10–3 5.81 ⋅ 10–24 2.22 ⋅ 10–31 1.94 ⋅ 10–3 1.03 ⋅ 10–22 5.38 ⋅ 10–5 5.35 ⋅ 10–13 8.46 ⋅ 10–12 1.77 ⋅ 10–10 1.12 ⋅ 10–12 5.97 ⋅ 10–17 3.17 ⋅ 10–8 8.52 ⋅ 10–17 5.40 ⋅ 10–12 8.89 ⋅ 10–17 1.20 ⋅ 10–5 1.50 ⋅ 10–14 1.03 ⋅ 10–12 4.29 ⋅ 10–19 5.60 ⋅ 10–10 4.33 ⋅ 10–9 1.14 ⋅ 10–7 3.77 ⋅ 10–7

Sr(IO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O SrSO4 TlBrO3 TlBr TlCl Tl2CrO4 TlIO3 TlI TlSCN Tl(OH)3 Sn(OH)2 Y2(CO3)3 YF3 Y(OH)3 Y(IO3)3 Zn3(AsO4)2 ZnCO3 ZnCO3 ⋅ H2O ZnF2 Zn(OH)2 Zn(IO3)2 ⋅ 2H2O ZnC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O ZnSe ZnSeO3 ⋅ H2O

4.55 ⋅ 10–7 3.44 ⋅ 10–7 1.10 ⋅ 10–4 3.71 ⋅ 10–6 1.86 ⋅ 10–4 8.67 ⋅ 10–13 3.12 ⋅ 10–6 5.54 ⋅ 10–8 1.57 ⋅ 10–4 1.68 ⋅ 10–44 5.45 ⋅ 10–27 1.03 ⋅ 10–31 8.62 ⋅ 10–21 1.00 ⋅ 10–22 1.12 ⋅ 10–10 2.8 ⋅ 10–28 1.46 ⋅ 10–10 5.42 ⋅ 10–11 3.04 ⋅ 10–2 3 ⋅ 10–17 4.1 ⋅ 10–6 1.38 ⋅ 10–9 3.6 ⋅ 10–26 1.59 ⋅ 10–7

4/30/05 8:47:47 AM

Solubility Product Constants

8-120 Sulfides Compound Cadmium sulfide Copper(II) sulfide Iron(II) sulfide Lead(II) sulfide Manganese(II) sulfide (green) Mercury(II) sulfide (red) Mercury(II) sulfide (black) Silver(I) sulfide Tin(II) sulfide Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) Zinc sulfide (wurtzite)

Section 8.indb 120

Formula CdS CuS FeS PbS MnS HgS HgS Ag2S SnS ZnS ZnS

Kspa 8 ⋅ 10–7 6 ⋅ 10–16 6 ⋅ 102 3 ⋅ 10–7 3 ⋅ 107 4 ⋅ 10–33 2 ⋅ 10–32 6 ⋅ 10–30 1 ⋅ 10–5 2 ⋅ 10–4 3 ⋅ 10–2

4/30/05 8:47:47 AM

SOLUBILITY CHART Abbreviations: W, soluble in water; A, insoluble in water but soluble in acids; w, sparingly soluble in water but soluble in acids; a, insoluble in water and only sparingly soluble in acids; I, insoluble No. 1

Acetate

5

—(C2H3O2) Arsenate —(AsO4) Arsenite —(AsO3) Benzoate —(C7H5O2) Bromide

6

Carbonate

7

Chlorate —(ClO3) Chloride

2 3 4

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Chromate —(CrO4) Citrate —(C6H5O7) Cyanide Ferricy’de —(Fe(CN)6) Ferrocy’de —(Fe(CN)6) Fluoride

16

Formate —(CHO2) Hydroxide

17

Iodide

18

Nitrate

19

Oxalate —(C2O4) Oxide

20 21

Phosphate

22 23

Silicate, —(SiO3) Sulfate

24

Sulfide

25

Tartrate —(C4H4O6) Thiocy’te

26

Al W

NH4 W

Al(—)3 a Al(—)

NH4(—) W (NH4)3(—) W NH4AsO2 W NH4(—) W NH4Br W (NH4)2CO3 W NH4(—) W NH4Cl W (NH4)2(—) W (NH4)3(—) W NH4CN W (NH4)3(—) W (NH4)4(—) W NH4F W NH4(—) W NH4OH W NH4I W NH4NO3 W (NH4)2(—)

W AlBr2

W Al(—)3 W AlCl3

W Al(—)

w Al4(—)3 W AlF3 W Al(—)3 A Al(OH)3 W AlI3 W Al(NO3)3 A Al2(—)3 a Al2O3 A AlPO4 I Al2(—)3 W Al2(SO4)3 d Al2S3 w Al2(—)3

W NH4H2PO4

W (NH4)2SO4 W (NH4)2S W (NH4)2(—) W NH4CNS

Sb

A Sb(—) A Sb(—)

d SbBr3

W SbCl3

W SbF3

d SbI3

w Sb2O3

A Sb2(SO4)3 A Sb2S3 W Sb2(—)3

in water and acids; d, decomposes in water. * Indicates two modifications of the salt.

Ba W

Bi W

Cd W

Ca W

Cr W

Co W

Cu W

Ba(—)2 w Ba3(—)2

Bi(—)3 A Bi(—)

Cd(—)2 A Cd3(—)2

Cr(—)3

W Ba(—)2 W BaBr2 w BaCO3 W Ba(—)2 W BaCl2 A Ba(—) w Ba3(—)2 W Ba(CN)2 w Ba3(—)2 W Ba2(—) w BaF2 W Ba(—)2 W Ba(OH)2 W BaI2 W Ba(NO3)2 w Ba(—) W BaO A Ba3(PO4)2 W Ba(—) a BaSO4 d BaS w Ba(—) W Ba(CNS)2

A Bi(—)3 d BiBr3

W Cd(—)2 W CdBr2 A CdCO3 W Cd(—)2 W CdCl2 A Cd(—) A Cd3(—)2 W Cd(CN)2 A Cd3(—)2 A Cd2(—) W CdF2 W Cd(—)2 A Cd(OH)2 W CdI2 W Cd(NO3)2 w Cd(—) A CdO A Cd3(PO4)2 A Cd(—) W CdSO4 A CdS A Cd(—)

Ca(—)2 w Ca3(—)2 w Ca3(—)2 W Ca(—)2 W CaBr2 w CaCO3 W Ca(—)2 W CaCl2 W Ca(—) w Ca3(—)2 W Ca(CN)2 W Ca3(—)2 W Ca2(—) w CaF2 W Ca(—)2 W Ca(OH)2 W CaI2 W Ca(NO3)2 A Ca(—) w CaO w Ca3(PO4)2 w Ca(—) w CaSO4 w CaS w Ca(—) W Ca(CNS)

Co(—)2 A Co3(—)2 A Co3H6(—)4 W Co(—)2 W CoBr2 A CoCO3 W Co(—)2 W CoCl2 A Co(—) w Co3(—)2 A Co(CN)2 I Co3(—)2 I Co2(—) W CoF2 W Co(—)2 A Co(OH)2 W CoI2 W Co(NO3)2 A Co(—) A CoO A Co3(PO4)2 A Co2SiO4 W CoSO4 A CoS A Co(—) W Co(CNS)2

Cu(—)2 A Cu3(—)2 A CuH(—) w Cu(—)2 W CuBr2

W Bi(—)3 d BiCl3

A Bi(—) w Bi(CN)3

W BiF3 W Bi(—)3 A Bi(OH)3 A BiI3 d Bi(NO3)3 A Bi2(—)3 A Bi2O3 A BiPO4

d Bi2(SO4)3 A Bi2S3 A Bi2(—)3

W(I)* CrBr3 W CrCO3

I CrCl3

A Cr(CN)3

W(a)* CrF3

A Cr(OH)3 W CrI3 W Cr(NO3)3 W Cr(—) a Cr2O3 w Cr2(PO4)2

W(I)* Cr2(SO4)3 d Cr2S3 d

W Cu(—)2 W CuCl2

A Cu(CN)2 I Cu3(—)2 I Cu2(—) w CuF2 W Cu(—)2 A Cu(OH)2 a CuI W Cu(NO3)2 A Cu(—) A CuO A Cu3(PO4)2 A Cu(—) W CuSO4 A CuS A Cu(—) d CuCNS

Au (I) Au (II) W W

w AuBr

w AuCl

w AuCN

H W

Fe (II)

Fe (III)

C2H4O2 W H3AsO4

Fe(—)2 A Fe3(—)2

Fe2(—)6 A Fe(—)

W AuBr3

W C7H6O2 W HBr

A Fe2(—)6 W FeBr3

W AuCl3

W HClO3 W HCl

W Fe(—)2 W FeBr2 w FeCO3 W Fe(—)2 W FeCl2

W Au(CN)3

W AuOH a AuI

A Au(OH)3 a AuI3

Au2O

A Au2O3 H3PO4

I Au2S I

I Au2S3 I

W C6H8O7 W HCN W H3(—) W H4(—) W HF W CH2O2

W HI W HNO3 W C2H2O4 W H2O2 W Fe3(PO4)2 I H2SiO3 W H2SO4 W H2S W C4H6O6 W CNSH

a Fe(CN)2 I Fe3(—)2 I Fe2(—) w FeF2 W Fe(—)2 A Fe(OH)2 W FeI2 W Fe(NO3)2 A Fe(—) A FeO A FePO4

W FeSO4 A FeS A Fe(—) W Fe(CNS)2

W Fe(—)3 W FeCl3 A Fe2(—)3 W Fe(—)

a Fe4(—)3 w FeF3 W Fe(—)3 A Fe(OH)3 W FeI3 W Fe(NO)3 W Fe2(—)3 A Fe2O3 w

w Fe(SO4)3 d Fe2S3 d Fe2(—)3 W Fe(CNS)3

8-122

Section 8.indb 122

4/30/05 8:47:51 AM

Solubility Chart No. 1

5

Acetate —(C2H3O2) Arsenate —(AsO4) Arsenite —(AsO3) Benzoate —(C7H5O2) Bromide

6

Carbonate

7

Chlorate —(ClO3) Chloride

2 3 4

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Chromate —(CrO4) Citrate —(C6H5O7) Cyanide Ferricy’de —Fe(CN)6 Ferrocy’de —Fe(CN)6 Fluoride

16

Formate —(CHO2) Hydroxide

17

Iodide

18

Nitrate

19 20

Oxalate —(C2O4) Oxide

21

Phosphate

22 23

Silicate —(SiO3) Sulfate

24

Sulfide

25

Tartrate —(C4H4O6) Thiocy’te

26

Section 8.indb 123

Pb W Pb(—)2 A PbH(—)

w Pb(—)2 W PbBr2 A PbCO3 W Pb(—)2 W PbCl2 A Pb(—) W Pb3(—)2 w Pb(CN)2 w Pb3(—)2 a Pb2(—) w PbF2 W Pb(—)2 w Pb(OH)2 w PbI2 W Pb(NO3)2 A Pb(—) w PbO A Pb3(PO4)2 A Pb(—) w PbSO4 A PbS A Pb(—) w Pb(CNS)2

8-123

Mg W Mg(—)2 A Mg3(—) W Mg3(—)2 W Mg(—)2 W MgBr2 w MgCO3 W Mg(—)2 W MgCl2 W Mg(—) W Mg3(—)2 W Mg(CN)2 W Mg3(—)2 W Mg2(—) w MgF2 W Mg(—)2 A Mg(OH)2 W MgI2 W Mg(NO3)2 w Mg(—) A MgO w Mg3(PO4)2 A Mg(—) W MgSO4 d MgS w Mg(—) W Mg(CNS)2

Mn W Mn(—)2 w MnH(—) A Mn3H6(—)4 W Mn(—)2 W MnBr2 w MnCO3 W Mn(—)2 W MnCl2

w MnH(—)

A Mn2(—) A MnF2 W Mn(—)2 A Mn(OH)2 W MnI2 W Mn(NO3)2 w Mn(—) A MnO w Mn3(PO4)2 I Mn(—) W MnSO4 A MnS w Mn(—) W Mn(CNS)2

Hg (I) w Hg(—) A Hg3(—) A Hg3(—) A Hg2(—)2 A HgBr A Hg2CO3 W Hg(—) a HgCl w Hg2(—) w Hg3(—) A HgCN

d HgF w Hg(—)

A HgI W HgNO3 a Hg2(—) A Hg2O A Hg3PO4

w Hg2SO4 I Hg2S I Hg2(—) A HgCNS

Hg (II) W Hg(—)2 w Hg3(—)2 A Hg3(—) w Hg(—)2 W HgBr2

W Hg(—)2 W HgCl2 w Hg(—)

W Hg(CN)2 A Hg3(—)2 I Hg2(—) d HgF2 W Hg(—)2 A Hg(OH)2 w HgI2 W Hg(NO3)2 A Hg(—) w HgO A Hg3(PO4)2

d HgSO4 I HgS I w Hg(CNS)2

Ni W Ni(—)2 A Ni3(—)2 A Ni3H6(—)4 w Ni(—)2 W NiBr2 w NiCO3 W Ni(—)2 W NiCl2 A Ni(—) W Ni3(—)2 a Ni(CN)2 I Ni3(—)2 I Ni2(—) w NiF2 W Ni(—)2 w Ni(OH)2 W NiI2 W Ni(NO3)2 A Ni(—) A NiO A Ni3(PO4)2

W NiSO4 A NiS A Ni(—)

K W K(—) W K3(—) W K3AsO3 W K(—) W KBr W K2CO3 W K(—) W KCl W K2(—) W K3(—) W KCN W K3(—) W K4(—) W KF W K(—) W KOH W KI W KNO3 W K2(—) W K2O W K3PO4 W K2(—) W K2SO4 W K2S W K2(—) W KCNS

Pt

w PtBr4

W PtCl4

I Pt(CN)2

W PtF4

A Pt(OH)4 I PtI2 W Pt(NO3)4

A PtO

W Pt(SO4)2 I PtS I

Ag w Ag(—) A Ag3(—) A Ag3(—) w Ag(—) a AgBr A Ag2CO3 W Ag(—) a AgCl w Ag2(—) w Ag3(—) a AgCN I Ag3(—) I Ag4(—) W AgF W Ag(—)

I AgI W AgNO3 a Ag2(—) w Ag2O A Ag3PO4

w Ag2SO4 A Ag2S A Ag2(—) I AgCNS

Na W Na(—) W Na3(—) W Na2H(—) W Na(—) W NaBr W Na2CO3 W Na(—) W NaCl W Ma2(—) W Na3(—) W NaCN W Na3(—) W Na4(—) W NaF W Na(—) W NaOH W NaI W NaNO3 W Na2(—) d Na2O W Na3PO4 W Na2(—) W Na2SO4 W Na2S W Na2(—) W NaCNS

Sn (IV) W Sn(—)4

Sn (II) d Sn(—)2

A Sn3(—)2

W SnBr4

W SnBr2

W SnCl4 W Sn(—)2

W Sn(—)2 W SnCl2 A Sn(—)

W SnF4

A Sn3(—)2 a Sn2(—) W SnF2

w Sn(OH)4 d SnI4

A SnO2

W Sn(SO4)2 A SnS2 A

A Sn(OH)2 W SnI2 d Sn(NO3)2 A Sn(—) A SnO A Sn3(PO4)

W SnSO4 A SnS A Sn(—)

Sr W Sr(—)2 w SrH(—) w Sr3(—)2

W SrBr2 w SrCO3 W Sr(—)2 W SrCl2 w Sr(—) A SrH(—) W Sr(CN)2 W Sr3(—)2 W Sr2(—) w SrF2 W Sr(—)2 W Sr(OH)2 W SrI2 W Sr(NO3)2 w Sr(—) W SrO A Sr3(PO4)2 A Sr(—) w SrSO4 W SrS W Sr(—) W Sr(CNS)2

Zn W Zn(—)2 A Zn3(—)2

W Zn(—)2 W ZnBr2 w ZnCO3 W Zn(—)2 W ZnCl2 w Zn(—) w Zn3(—)2 A Zn(CN)2 A Zn3(—)2 I Zn2(—) w ZnF2 W Zn(—)2 A Zn(OH)2 W ZnI2 W Zn(NO3)2 A Zn(—) w ZnO A Zn3(PO4)2 A Zn(—) W ZnSO4 A ZnS A Zn(—) W Zn(CNS)2

4/30/05 8:47:54 AM

REDUCTION OF WEIGHINGS IN AIR TO VACUO When the mass M of a body is determined in air, a correction is necessary for the buoyancy of the air. The corrected mass is given by M + kM/1000, where k is a function of the material used for the weights, given by k = 1000ρair(1/ρbody - 1/ρweight ) and ρ is density. The table below is computed for an air density of 0.0012 g/cm3 and for densities of three common weights: Density of body (g/cm3) 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

Value of k for weights of: Pt-Ir Brass Quartz or Al 2.34 2.26 1.95 1.94 1.86 1.55 1.66 1.57 1.26 1.44 1.36 1.05 1.28 1.19 0.88 1.14 1.06 0.75 1.04 0.95 0.64 0.94 0.86 0.55 0.87 0.78 0.47 0.80 0.72 0.40 0.74 0.66 0.35 0.69 0.61 0.30 0.65 0.56 0.25

platinum-iridium (21.6 g/cm3), brass (8.5 g/cm3), and aluminum or quartz (2.65 g/cm3).

References 1. Kaye, G. W. C., and Laby, T. H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 16th Edition, pp. 25-28, Longman, London, 1995. 2. Giacomo, P., Metrologia, 18, 33, 1982. 3. Davis, R. S., Metrologia, 29, 67, 1992. Density of body (g/cm3) 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 22.0

Value of k for weights of: Pt-Ir Brass Quartz or Al 0.61 0.53 0.21 0.58 0.49 0.18 0.54 0.46 0.15 0.42 0.34 0.03 0.34 0.26 -0.05 0.24 0.16 -0.15 0.14 0.06 -0.25 0.09 0.01 -0.30 0.06 -0.02 -0.33 0.02 -0.06 -0.37 0.00 -0.08 -0.39 0.00 -0.09 -0.40

For a more accurate calculation, use the following values of the density of air (assuming 50% relative humidity and 0.04% CO2): P/kPa 85 90 95 100 105

10°C 0.001043 0.001105 0.001166 0.001228 0.001290

Air temperature 20°C 0.001005 0.001065 0.001124 0.001184 0.001243

30°C 0.000968 0.001025 0.001083 0.001140 0.001198

Formulas for calculating the density of air over more extended ranges of temperature, pressure, and humidity may be found in the references.

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VOLUME OF ONE GRAM OF WATER The following table, which is designed for gravimetric calibration of volumetric apparatus, gives the specific volume of water at standard atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature.

t/°C 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Reference Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, pp. 25-27, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.

Volume of 1 g H2O in cm3 1.0002980 1.0003928 1.0005007 1.0006212 1.0007542 1.0008992 1.0010561 1.0012246 1.0014044 1.0015952 1.0017969 1.0020092 1.0022320 1.0024649 1.0027079 1.0029607 1.0032234 1.0034956 1.0037771 1.0040679 1.0043679

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PROPERTIES OF CARRIER GASES FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY The following is a list of carrier gases sometimes used in gas chromatography, with properties relevant to the design of chromatographic systems. All data refer to normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Mr : Molecular weight (relative molar mass) ρ25 : Density at 25°C in g/L λ : Thermal conductivity in mW/m °C η : Viscosity in µPa s (equal to 10-3 cp) cp : Specific heat at 25°C in J/g °C

Gas Hydrogen Helium Argon Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Methane Ethane Ethylene Propane

Mr 2.016 4.003 39.95 28.01 32.00 28.01 44.01 146.05 16.04 30.07 28.05 44.10

ρ 25 g L-1 0.0824 0.1636 1.6329 1.1449 1.3080 1.1449 1.7989 5.9696 0.6556 1.2291 1.1465 1.8025

References 1. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989.

At 25°C

λ mW/m °C 185.9 154.6 17.8 25.9 26.2 24.8 16.7 13.1 34.5 20.9 20.5 17.9

η µPa s 8.9 19.9 22.7 17.9 20.7 17.8 14.9 28.1 11.1 9.4 10.3 8.3

At 250°C

λ mW/m °C 280 230 27.7 39.6 42.6 40.7 35.5 15.3 75.0 57.7 53.8 49.2

η µPa s 13.1 29.5 35.3 26.8 31.8 26.5 24.9 24.8 17.6 15.5 17.2 14.0

cp(25 °C) J/g °C 14.3 5.20 0.521 1.039 0.919 1.039 0.843 0.664 2.23 1.75 1.53 1.67

8-126

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SOLVENTS FOR ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRY This table lists some solvents commonly used for sample preparation for ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The properties given are: λc: cutoff wavelength, below which the solvent absorption becomes excessive. ε: dielectric constant (relative permittivity); the temperature in °C is given as a superscript. tb: normal boiling point. Name Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Benzene 2-Butanol Butyl acetate Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride 1-Chlorobutane Chloroform Cyclohexane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Diethyl ether N,N-Dimethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Glycerol Heptane Hexadecane Hexane Methanol Methylcyclohexane Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl isobutyl ketone 2-Methyl-1-propanol N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Nitromethane Pentane Pentyl acetate 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyridine Tetrachloroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

References 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/6, Static Dielectric Constants of Pure Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures, Springer–Verlag, Heidelberg, 1991.

λc/nm 260 330 190 280 260 254 380 265 220 245 210 226 235 218 268 270 265 215 210 255 240 210 210 207 197 200 210 210 210 330 335 230 285 380 210 212 210 210 330 290 220 286 231 215 191 290 290 290

ε 6.2020 21.0120 36.6420 2.2820 17.2620 5.0720 2.6320 2.2420 7.2820 4.8120 2.0220 10.4220 8.9325 4.2720 38.8521 38.2520 47.2420 2.2220 25.320 6.0820 7.3024 13.3825 17.225 46.5320 1.9220 2.0520 1.8920 33.020 2.0220 18.5620 13.1120 17.9320 32.5520 37.2720 1.8420 4.7920 20.820 20.1820 13.2620 2.2730 7.5222 2.3823 2.4125 1.9420 80.1020 2.5620 2.3620 2.2720

tb/°C 117.9 56.0 81.6 80.0 99.5 126.1 46 76.8 78.6 61.1 80.7 83.5 40 34.5 165 153 189 101.5 78.2 77.1 85 135 124.1 290 98.5 286.8 68.7 64.6 100.9 79.5 116.5 107.8 202 101.1 36.0 149.2 97.2 82.3 115.2 121.3 65 110.6 47.7 99.2 100.0 144.5 139.1 138.3

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13

C CHEMICAL SHIFTS OF USEFUL NMR SOLVENTS

The following table gives the expected carbon-13 chemical shifts, relative to tetramethylsilane, for various useful NMR solvents. In some solvents, slight changes can occur with change of concentration.2,3

References 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. Solvent Acetic acid-d4 Acetone Acetone-d6 Acetonitrile-d3 Benzene Benzene-d6 Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Chloroform-d3 Cyclohexane-d12 Dichloromethane-d2 Dimethylformamide-d7 Dimethylsulfoxide-d6 Dioxane-d8 Formic acid-d2 Methanol-d4 Nitromethane-d3 Pyridine Pyridine-d5 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane-d2 Tetrahydrofuran-d8 Trichlorofluoromethane

2. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., and Morrill, T. C., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, Now York, 1981. 3. Rahman, A. U., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Basic Principles, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986. 4. Pretsch, E., Clerc, T., Seibl, J., and Simon, W., Spectral Data for Structure Determination of Organic Compounds, Second Edition, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1989.

Formula CD3COOD (CH3)2C=O (CD3)2C=O CD3C≡N C6H6 C6D6 CS2 CCl4 CHCl3 CDC13 C6D12 CD2C12 (CD3)2NCDO (CD3)2S=O C4D3O2 DCOOD CD3OD CD3NO2 C5H5N C5D5N CDC12CDC12 C4D8O CFC13

Chemical shift (ppm) 20.0 (CD3) 205.8 (C=O) 30.7 (CH3) 206.7 (C=O) 29.2 (CD3) 204.1 (C=O) 1.3 (CD3) 117.1 (C≡N) 128.5 128.4 192.3 96.0 77.2 77.05 27.5 53.6 31 (CD3) 36 (CD3) 162.4 (C=O) 39.6 67.4 165.5 49.3 57.3 123.6 (C3) 135.7 (C4) 149.8 (C2) 123.9 (C3) 135.9 (C4) 150.2 (C2) 75.5 25.8 (C2) 67.9 (C1) 117.6

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MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS The strongest peaks in the mass spectra of 200 important solvents are listed in this table. The e/m value for each peak is followed by the relative intensity in parentheses, with the strongest peak assigned an intensity of 100. The peaks for each compound are listed in order of decreasing intensity. Solvents are listed in alphabetical order by common name. Data on the physical properties of the same compounds may be found in Section 15 in the table “Properties of Common Laboratory Solvents”. Compound

References 1. NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Database, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899. 2. Lide, D. R., and Milne, G. W. A., Eds., Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. (Also available as a CD ROM database.)

e/m (intensity)

Acetal (1,1-Diethoxyethane)

44(100)

43(92)

29(77)

31(76)

45(74)

27(52)

72(48)

73(23)

28(17)

46(15)

Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylacetone Acrylonitrile Adiponitrile Allyl alcohol Allylamine

43(100) 43(100) 41(100) 43(100) 53(100) 41(100) 57(100) 30(100)

45(87) 15(34) 40(46) 85(31) 26(85) 68(50) 31(34) 56(80)

60(57) 58(23) 39(13) 100(20) 52(79) 54(42) 29(32) 28(76)

15(42) 27(9) 14(9) 27(12) 51(34) 40(21) 28(31) 57(33)

42(14) 14(9) 38(6) 42(10) 27(13) 55(20) 58(25) 39(21)

29(13) 42(8) 28(4) 29(10) 50(8) 27(17) 39(22)

14(13) 26(7) 26(4) 41(7) 25(7) 39(16) 27(20) 27(18)

28(7) 29(5) 25(3) 39(7) 38(5) 28(13) 30(16) 26(13)

18(6) 28(5) 42(2) 31(5) 54(3) 52(7) 32(14) 41(8)

16(6) 39(4) 27(2) 26(5) 37(3) 42(6) 26(11) 18(8)

2-Aminoisobutanol Benzal chloride Benzaldehyde Benzene Benzonitrile Benzyl chloride Bromochloromethane Bromoform (Tribromomethane) Butyl acetate Butyl alcohol sec-Butyl alcohol tert-Butyl alcohol Butylamine tert-Butylamine Butyl methyl ketone p-tert-Butyltoluene γ-Butyrolactone Caprolactam Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Chlorobenzene Chloroform Chloropentafluoroethane Cumene (Isopropylbenzene) Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexylamine Cyclopentane Cyclopentanone p-Cymene (1-Methyl-4-isopropylbenzene) cis-Decalin trans-Decalin Diacetone alcohol 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromofluoromethane Dibromomethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Dibutylamine

58(100) 125(100) 51(100) 78(100) 103(100) 91(100) 49(100) 173(100) 43(100) 31(100) 45(100) 59(100) 30(100) 58(100) 43(100) 133(100) 28(100) 55(100) 76(100) 117(100) 65(100) 112(100) 83(100) 85(100) 105(100) 56(100) 57(100) 55(100) 56(100) 42(100) 55(100) 119(100)

41(18) 127(32) 77(81) 77(20) 76(34) 126(20) 130(67) 171(50) 56(34) 56(81) 31(22) 31(33) 73(10) 41(21) 58(60) 105(38) 42(74) 113(87) 32(22) 119(98) 45(31) 77(63) 85(64) 69(61) 120(25) 84(71) 44(68) 42(85) 43(23) 70(30) 28(50) 91(42)

18(17) 160(14) 50(55) 52(19) 50(13) 65(14) 128(52) 175(49) 41(17) 41(62) 27(22) 41(22) 28(5) 42(15) 57(17) 41(23) 29(48) 30(81) 44(17) 121(31) 85(14) 114(33) 47(35) 31(38) 77(13) 41(70) 41(68) 41(34) 28(17) 55(29) 84(42) 134(33)

42(13) 89(13) 106(44) 51(17) 104(9) 92(9) 51(31) 93(22) 27(16) 43(60) 59(20) 43(18) 41(3) 18(9) 100(16) 148(18) 27(33) 56(66) 78(9) 82(24) 31(10) 51(29) 35(19) 87(32) 51(12) 27(37) 39(51) 27(33) 99(10) 41(29) 41(38) 39(27)

28(11) 162(9) 105(43) 50(15) 75(7) 39(9) 93(23) 91(22) 29(15) 27(50) 29(18) 29(13) 27(3) 30(8) 29(15) 93(16) 41(27) 84(60) 38(6) 47(23) 64(8) 50(14) 48(16) 50(17) 79(10) 55(36) 32(40) 98(31) 70(8) 39(22) 56(29) 41(20)

56(10) 63(9) 52(26) 39(12) 51(7) 63(8) 81(20) 79(18) 73(11) 42(31) 43(13) 27(11) 18(3) 15(8) 41(13) 91(14) 56(25) 85(57) 28(5) 84(16) 44(7) 75(8) 49(12) 35(8) 106(9) 39(35) 43(38) 39(27) 57(6) 27(15) 27(24) 117(18)

30(10) 126(8) 78(16) 79(6) 77(5) 128(6) 79(20) 81(17) 61(10) 29(31) 41(12) 57(10) 44(2) 39(7) 85(8) 115(13) 86(24) 42(51) 77(3) 35(14) 35(6) 113(7) 87(10) 119(6) 39(9) 42(30) 31(32) 69(26) 30(6) 40(7) 39(19) 65(18)

29(8) 62(7) 39(13) 76(5) 52(4) 45(6) 95(17) 94(13) 28(7) 28(17) 44(8) 42(4) 42(2) 57(6) 27(8) 134(11) 26(18) 41(33) 64(1) 49(8) 26(6) 78(5) 37(6) 66(4) 27(8) 69(23) 42(22) 70(20) 93(5) 29(5) 42(15) 77(17)

43(6) 105(5) 27(10) 74(4) 39(4) 89(5) 132(16) 92(13) 55(6) 39(16) 18(8) 60(3) 31(2) 28(6) 71(7) 39(11) 85(10) 28(26) 46(1) 28(8) 87(5) 76(5) 50(5) 100(3) 103(6) 28(18) 67(18) 43(14) 54(4) 28(4) 26(9) 27(16)

59(5) 39(5) 74(8) 38(4) 74(3) 125(3) 47(8) 254(11) 39(6) 55(12) 28(5) 28(3) 29(2) 59(4) 59(5) 116(10) 39(10) 43(17) 39(1) 36(6) 81(4) 28(4) 84(4) 47(3) 91(5) 43(14) 82(16) 28(14) 41(4) 43(3) 29(7) 120(15)

67(100) 41(100) 43(100) 27(100) 111(100) 174(100) 179(100) 86(100)

81(87) 68(91) 59(41) 107(77) 113(98) 93(96) 181(97) 72(52)

41(81) 67(88) 58(17) 109(72) 192(29) 95(84) 129(34) 30(48)

138(67) 82(67) 101(10) 26(24) 43(16) 172(53) 131(33) 44(40)

96(62) 27(65) 41(9) 28(10) 41(16) 176(50) 100(17) 29(31)

82(62) 96(61) 31(9) 81(5) 190(15) 91(11) 31(13) 57(24)

39(50) 95(55) 83(6) 79(5) 194(14) 81(9) 260(12) 41(21)

55(45) 138(51) 56(6) 25(5) 81(9) 79(9) 50(8) 73(15)

27(44) 81(51) 55(6) 95(4) 79(9) 94(5) 69(7) 28(15)

95(42) 29(51) 29(6) 93(4) 122(7) 65(5) 262(6) 43(13)

29(20)

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Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents

8-130 Compound

o-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane (Ethylidene dichloride) 1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene dichloride) 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Dichloroethyl ether Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Diethanolamine Diethylamine Diethyl carbonate Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (Diglyme) Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Carbitol) Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethylenetriamine Diethyl ether Diisobutyl ketone (Isovalerone) Diisopropyl ether N,N-Dimethylacetamide Dimethylamine Dimethyl disulfide N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane 1,3-Dioxolane Dipentene Epichlorohydrin Ethanolamine (Glycinol) Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetoacetate Ethyl alcohol Ethylamine Ethylbenzene Ethyl bromide (Bromoethane) Ethyl chloride (Cloroethane) Ethylene carbonate Ethylenediamine (1,2-Ethanediamine) Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol diethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Cellosolve) Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Ethyl formate Furan Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Glycerol Heptane 1-Heptanol Hexane 1-Hexanol (Caproyl alcohol) Hexylene glycol

Section 8.indb 130

e/m (intensity)

146(100) 63(100)

148(64) 27(71)

111(38) 65(31)

75(23) 26(19)

113(12) 83(11)

74(12) 85(7)

50(11) 61(7)

150(10) 35(6)

73(9) 98(5)

147(7) 62(5)

62(100)

27(91)

49(40)

64(32)

26(31)

63(19)

98(14)

51(13)

61(12)

100(9)

61(100) 61(100) 61(100) 93(100) 49(100)

96(61) 96(73) 96(67) 63(74) 84(64)

98(38) 98(47) 98(43) 27(38) 86(39)

63(32) 63(32) 26(34) 95(32) 51(31)

26(16) 26(30) 63(32) 65(24) 47(14)

60(15) 60(21) 60(24) 31(9) 48(8)

62(7) 25(13) 25(15) 49(4) 88(6)

25(7) 35(12) 62(10) 28(4) 50(3)

100(6) 62(9) 100(7) 94(3) 85(2)

35(6) 100(8) 47(7) 62(3) 83(2)

63(100) 85(100) 30(100) 30(100) 29(100) 45(100) 59(100)

62(71) 135(52) 74(82) 58(81) 45(70) 75(23) 58(43)

27(57) 87(33) 28(77) 44(28) 31(53) 31(20) 31(34)

41(49) 137(17) 56(69) 73(18) 27(39) 44(16) 29(32)

39(32) 101(9) 18(50) 29(18) 91(24) 27(14) 45(28)

65(31) 31(9) 42(46) 28(17) 28(15) 76(12) 28(19)

76(27) 103(6) 29(36) 72(12) 63(11) 29(12) 89(15)

64(25) 100(6) 27(34) 42(11) 26(10) 43(11) 43(9)

49(13) 50(5) 45(30) 27(11) 30(6) 42(9) 27(5)

77(12) 69(4) 43(19) 59(4) 43(5) 41(4) 60(4)

45(100)

59(56)

72(37)

73(22)

60(14)

31(13)

75(11)

44(9)

104(8)

103(7)

43(100)

29(51)

31(42)

45(40)

59(24)

72(18)

44(10)

73(9)

42(9)

30(6)

45(100)

31(42)

59(41)

29(38)

28(32)

58(21)

43(14)

27(13)

44(11)

32(10)

44(100) 31(100) 57(100) 45(100) 44(100) 44(100) 94(100) 73(100) 63(100) 28(100) 73(100) 68(100) 57(100) 30(100) 43(100) 43(100) 31(100) 30(100) 91(100) 108(100) 64(100) 29(100) 30(100)

73(59) 29(63) 85(82) 43(39) 87(69) 45(81) 45(63) 44(86) 78(70) 29(37) 29(56) 93(50) 27(39) 18(30) 29(46) 29(24) 45(44) 28(32) 106(31) 110(97) 28(91) 44(62) 18(13)

30(35) 59(40) 41(46) 87(15) 43(46) 18(32) 79(59) 42(36) 15(40) 88(31) 44(53) 67(44) 29(32) 28(15) 27(33) 88(18) 46(18) 44(20) 51(14) 29(62) 29(84) 43(54) 42(6)

19(18) 27(35) 43(39) 41(12) 45(23) 28(30) 46(38) 30(22) 45(35) 58(24) 45(28) 94(22) 49(25) 42(7) 45(32) 28(16) 27(18) 45(19) 39(10) 27(51) 27(75) 88(40) 43(5)

56(16) 45(33) 58(33) 59(10) 42(19) 43(19) 47(26) 28(20) 29(16) 31(17) 28(21) 39(22) 31(22) 31(6) 61(28) 85(14) 29(15) 27(13) 77(8) 28(35) 66(32) 30(16) 27(5)

28(16) 74(23) 28(30) 27(8) 72(15) 42(15) 15(18) 29(8) 61(13) 15(17) 43(20) 107(18) 62(18) 17(6) 28(25) 27(12) 43(14) 15(10) 65(8) 26(14) 26(28) 28(11) 44(4)

27(16) 15(17) 26(30) 39(4) 15(11) 15(9) 48(14) 43(7) 46(12) 27(15) 27(13) 92(18) 28(16) 61(5) 42(18) 42(11) 30(6) 42(9) 105(7) 93(6) 49(25) 45(7) 29(4)

42(11) 43(9) 39(22) 69(3) 30(8) 46(5) 61(12) 72(6) 31(11) 30(13) 31(7) 53(18) 92(1) 15(5) 73(11) 60(9) 42(3) 29(8) 92(7) 32(6) 51(8) 58(6) 17(4)

99(8) 28(9) 42(12) 42(3) 28(5) 41(5) 64(11) 58(5) 48(10) 43(11) 74(5) 136(16)

43(8) 26(9) 142(11) 31(3) 88(4) 27(5) 96(9) 74(4) 47(10) 26(9) 42(3) 79(16)

43(3) 88(10) 130(6) 19(3) 41(5) 78(7) 95(5) 63(6) 42(6) 15(4)

29(3) 70(10) 45(6) 14(3) 40(5) 27(6) 81(5) 65(4) 73(4) 41(3)

31(100) 31(100) 45(100) 57(100) 31(100)

33(35) 59(71) 60(13) 45(38) 29(52)

29(13) 29(58) 29(13) 29(35) 59(50)

32(11) 45(43) 90(7) 41(31) 27(27)

43(6) 27(33) 58(6) 87(16) 45(26)

27(5) 74(27) 31(5) 27(12) 72(14)

28(4) 43(15) 28(5) 56(11) 43(14)

62(3) 15(14) 43(4) 31(9) 15(14)

30(3) 28(12) 59(3) 75(7) 28(8)

44(2) 44(10) 46(2) 28(7) 26(6)

43(100)

31(34)

59(31)

72(28)

44(25)

29(24)

45(12)

27(11)

15(11)

87(7)

45(100) 43(100)

31(15) 45(48)

29(14) 58(42)

28(11) 29(10)

47(9) 42(4)

76(6) 31(4)

43(6) 73(3)

58(4) 27(3)

46(4) 59(2)

27(4) 26(2)

31(100) 68(100) 39(100) 98(100) 61(100) 43(100) 41(100) 57(100) 56(100) 59(100)

28(73) 39(64) 96(55) 41(65) 43(90) 41(56) 70(87) 43(78) 43(78) 43(61)

27(51) 40(9) 95(52) 39(59) 31(57) 29(49) 56(86) 41(77) 31(74) 56(25)

29(38) 38(9) 38(38) 81(55) 44(54) 57(47) 31(78) 29(61) 41(71) 45(17)

45(34) 42(6) 29(35) 53(53) 29(38) 27(46) 43(72) 27(57) 27(64) 41(16)

26(17) 29(6) 37(29) 97(51) 18(32) 71(45) 29(70) 56(45) 29(59) 57(13)

74(11) 37(5) 40(11) 42(49) 27(12) 56(27) 55(67) 42(39) 55(58) 42(13)

43(9) 69(4) 97(9) 69(39) 42(11) 42(26) 27(65) 39(27) 42(53) 85(11)

47(8) 34(2) 50(7) 70(36) 60(10) 39(23) 42(54) 28(16) 39(37) 61(10)

56(4) 67(1) 42(7) 29(28) 45(10) 70(18) 69(41) 86(14) 69(27) 31(10)

4/30/05 8:48:01 AM

Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents Compound

Hexyl methyl ketone Isobutyl acetate Isobutyl alcohol Isobutylamine Isopentyl acetate Isophorone Isopropyl acetate Isopropyl alcohol Isoquinoline d-Limonene (Citrene) 2,6-Lutidine (2,6-Dimethylpyridine) Mesitylene (1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene) Mesityl oxide Methyl acetate Methylal (Dimethoxymethane) Methyl alcohol Methylamine Methyl benzoate Methylcyclohexane Methyl ethyl ketone N-Methylformamide Methyl formate Methyl iodide (Iodomethane) Methyl isobutyl ketone Methyl isopentyl ketone 2-Methylpentane 4-Methyl-2-pentanol Methyl pentyl ketone Methyl propyl ketone N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Morpholine Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Octane 1-Octanol Pentachloroethane Pentamethylene glycol (1,5-Pentanediol) Pentane 1-Pentanol (Amyl alcohol) Pentyl acetate (Amyl acetate) 2-Picoline (2-Methylpyridine) α-Pinene β-Pinene Piperidine (Hexahydropyridine) Propanenitrile Propyl acetate Propyl alcohol Propylamine Propylbenzene 1,2-Propylene glycol Pseudocumene (1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene) Pyridine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine 2-Pyrrolidone Quinoline Styrene Sulfolane α-Terpinene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2difluoroethane Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane

Section 8.indb 131

8-131 e/m (intensity)

43(100) 43(100) 43(100) 30(100) 43(100) 82(100) 43(100) 45(100) 129(100) 68(100) 107(100)

58(79) 56(26) 33(73) 28(9) 70(49) 39(20) 61(17) 43(19) 102(26) 93(50) 39(39)

41(56) 73(15) 31(72) 41(6) 55(38) 138(17) 41(14) 27(17) 51(20) 67(49) 106(29)

59(52) 41(10) 41(66) 73(5) 61(15) 54(13) 87(9) 29(12) 128(18) 41(22) 66(22)

71(49) 29(5) 42(60) 27(5) 42(15) 27(12) 59(8) 41(7) 50(11) 94(21) 92(18)

27(46) 71(3) 27(43) 39(4) 41(14) 41(10) 27(8) 31(6) 130(10) 79(21) 65(18)

29(36) 57(3) 29(18) 29(3) 27(12) 53(8) 42(7) 19(6) 75(10) 39(21) 38(12)

39(27) 39(3) 39(17) 15(3) 87(11) 83(7) 39(4) 42(5) 76(9) 136(20) 27(11)

57(18) 27(3) 28(8) 58(2) 29(10) 29(7) 45(3) 44(4) 103(8) 53(19) 79(9)

55(17) 86(2) 74(6) 56(2) 73(9) 55(6) 44(2) 59(3) 74(7) 121(16) 63(9)

105(100)

120(64)

119(15)

77(13)

39(11)

106(9)

91(9)

51(8)

27(7)

121(6)

55(100) 43(100) 45(100) 31(100) 30(100) 105(100) 83(100) 43(100) 59(100) 31(100) 142(100) 43(100) 43(100) 43(100) 45(100) 43(100) 43(100) 99(100) 57(100) 77(100) 29(100) 30(100) 43(100) 43(100) 43(100) 41(100) 167(100) 31(100)

83(89) 74(52) 75(61) 29(72) 31(87) 77(81) 55(82) 72(24) 30(54) 29(63) 127(38) 58(84) 58(34) 42(53) 43(47) 58(60) 41(17) 44(89) 29(100) 51(59) 30(12) 61(64) 27(93) 41(73) 57(30) 56(85) 165(91) 56(85)

43(73) 28(38) 29(59) 32(67) 28(56) 51(45) 41(60) 29(19) 28(34) 32(34) 141(14) 29(65) 27(14) 41(35) 69(30) 71(14) 86(12) 98(80) 87(69) 123(42) 28(11) 46(39) 41(90) 27(71) 85(25) 43(82) 117(90) 41(67)

29(42) 42(19) 31(13) 15(42) 29(19) 136(24) 98(44) 27(12) 29(13) 60(28) 15(13) 41(56) 41(13) 27(31) 41(27) 41(11) 42(12) 42(60) 28(69) 50(25) 26(9) 28(30) 39(34) 39(30) 41(25) 55(81) 119(89) 57(59)

98(36) 59(17) 30(6) 28(12) 32(15) 50(18) 42(35) 57(7) 58(8) 30(7) 139(5) 57(44) 15(13) 71(29) 27(19) 27(11) 27(11) 41(38) 30(38) 30(15) 27(8) 45(8) 30(25) 30(18) 71(19) 31(69) 83(58) 55(51)

39(32) 44(8) 15(6) 14(10) 15(12) 106(8) 56(30) 42(5) 15(7) 28(7) 140(4) 27(42) 57(11) 39(20) 39(13) 59(9) 39(8) 43(17) 56(33) 65(14) 43(5) 27(8) 44(20) 15(11) 29(17) 27(69) 169(54) 44(45)

27(28) 32(8) 47(5) 30(9) 27(9) 78(6) 27(29) 26(4) 60(3) 44(2) 128(3) 39(31) 39(9) 29(18) 29(12) 39(8) 71(7) 28(17) 86(28) 39(10) 41(5) 44(7) 42(20) 42(9) 56(14) 29(68) 130(43) 29(37)

53(11) 29(6) 76(2) 13(6)

41(10) 31(4) 46(2) 12(3)

56(5) 75(2) 44(2) 16(2)

28(6) 39(27) 28(3) 41(3) 18(2) 14(1) 85(19) 71(8) 57(11) 87(11) 29(8) 58(7) 71(13) 31(28) 93(9) 14(5) 29(7) 26(20) 28(8) 70(10) 42(62) 132(42) 43(31)

39(5) 69(23) 44(2) 27(3) 61(1) 13(1) 100(14) 59(8) 15(10) 84(10) 42(5) 45(7) 39(11) 27(12) 74(7) 15(3) 60(5) 28(13) 26(8) 42(10) 70(53) 60(40) 68(29)

27(5) 70(22) 39(2) 31(2) 59(1) 71(0) 42(14) 29(8) 70(7) 57(10) 114(4) 44(3) 70(10) 15(7) 78(6) 46(2) 43(4) 54(12) 38(6) 27(10) 69(48) 85(37) 27(26)

43(100) 42(100) 43(100) 93(100) 93(100) 93(100) 84(100) 28(100) 43(100) 31(100) 30(100) 91(100) 45(100) 105(100)

42(55) 70(72) 70(90) 66(41) 92(30) 41(64) 85(53) 54(63) 61(19) 27(19) 28(13) 120(21) 18(46) 120(56)

41(45) 55(65) 42(52) 39(31) 39(24) 69(47) 56(46) 26(20) 31(18) 29(18) 59(8) 92(10) 29(21) 119(17)

27(42) 41(56) 28(51) 92(20) 41(23) 39(33) 57(43) 27(17) 27(15) 59(11) 27(7) 38(10) 43(19) 77(15)

29(26) 31(47) 61(50) 78(19) 77(22) 27(31) 28(41) 52(11) 42(11) 42(9) 41(5) 65(9) 31(18) 39(15)

39(19) 29(41) 55(41) 51(19) 91(21) 79(20) 29(37) 55(10) 73(9) 60(7) 42(3) 78(6) 27(17) 51(11)

57(13) 27(26) 73(21) 65(16) 27(21) 77(18) 44(34) 51(9) 41(9) 41(7) 39(3) 51(6) 28(11) 91(10)

28(9) 57(22) 41(20) 38(13) 79(18) 53(14) 42(30) 15(9) 29(9) 28(7) 29(3) 27(5) 19(8) 27(10)

15(9) 28(22) 29(14) 50(12) 121(13) 94(13) 30(30) 53(7) 59(5) 43(3) 26(3) 63(4) 44(6) 106(9)

72(8) 43(21) 69(11) 52(11) 53(10) 91(13) 43(25) 25(7) 39(5) 32(3) 18(3) 105(3) 61(5) 79(7)

79(100) 67(100) 43(100) 85(100) 129(100) 104(100) 41(100) 121(100) 167(100)

52(62) 41(58) 28(52) 42(43) 51(28) 103(41) 28(94) 93(85) 169(96)

51(31) 39(58) 70(33) 41(36) 76(25) 78(32) 56(82) 136(43) 117(85)

50(19) 40(51) 71(26) 28(33) 128(24) 51(28) 55(72) 91(40) 119(82)

78(11) 28(42) 42(22) 30(29) 44(24) 77(23) 120(37) 77(34) 171(31)

53(7) 38(20) 41(20) 56(16) 50(20) 105(12) 27(32) 39(33) 85(29)

39(7) 37(12) 27(16) 84(14) 32(19) 50(12) 39(19) 27(33) 121(26)

80(6) 66(7) 39(15) 40(12) 75(18) 52(11) 29(17) 79(27) 82(14)

27(3) 68(5) 29(10) 27(12) 74(12) 39(11) 26(11) 41(26) 47(14)

77(2) 27(3) 30(9) 29(9) 103(11) 102(10) 48(5) 43(18) 101(13)

101(100)

103(64)

167(54)

169(52)

117(19)

119(18)

171(17)

105(11)

31(11)

132(9)

4/30/05 8:48:02 AM

Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents

8-132 Compound

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Tetraethylene glycol Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydropyran Tetramethylsilane Toluene o-Toluidine Triacetin Tributylamine 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethylene Trichlorofluoromethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Triethanolamine Triethylamine Triethylene glycol Triethyl phosphate Trimethylamine Trimethylene glycol (1,3-Propanediol) Trimethyl phosphate Veratrole o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

Section 8.indb 132

e/m (intensity)

131(100) 83(100) 166(100) 45(100) 42(100) 104(100) 41(100) 73(100) 91(100) 106(100) 43(100) 142(100) 97(100) 97(100) 95(100) 101(100) 101(100) 118(100) 86(100) 45(100) 99(100) 58(100) 28(100)

133(96) 85(63) 164(82) 89(10) 41(52) 132(53) 28(64) 43(14) 92(73) 107(83) 103(44) 100(19) 99(64) 83(95) 130(90) 103(66) 151(68) 56(69) 30(68) 58(11) 81(71) 59(47) 58(93)

117(76) 95(11) 131(71) 44(8) 27(33) 91(43) 56(57) 45(12) 39(20) 77(17) 145(34) 143(11) 61(58) 99(62) 132(85) 66(13) 103(64) 45(60) 58(37) 89(9) 155(56) 30(29) 31(76)

119(73) 87(10) 129(71) 43(6) 72(29) 51(17) 45(57) 74(8) 65(14) 79(13) 116(17) 29(8) 26(31) 85(60) 60(65) 105(11) 85(45) 42(56) 28(24) 31(8) 82(45) 42(26) 57(70)

95(34) 168(8) 168(45) 31(6) 71(27) 39(17) 29(51) 29(7) 63(11) 39(12) 115(13) 185(7) 27(24) 61(58) 97(64) 35(11) 31(45) 44(27) 29(23) 29(8) 45(45) 44(17) 29(40)

135(31) 133(8) 94(38) 29(6) 39(24) 131(15) 27(49) 15(5) 51(11) 53(10) 44(10) 57(6) 117(19) 26(23) 35(40) 47(9) 153(44) 43(25) 27(19) 75(7) 109(44) 15(14) 27(26)

121(23) 131(8) 47(31) 27(6) 43(22) 117(15) 85(47) 75(4) 50(7) 52(10) 86(9) 44(6) 63(19) 96(21) 134(27) 31(8) 35(20) 41(14) 44(18) 44(7) 127(41) 28(10) 45(24)

97(23) 96(8) 96(24) 101(5) 29(22) 115(14) 86(42) 44(4) 27(6) 54(9) 28(8) 41(6) 119(18) 63(19) 47(26) 82(4) 66(19) 116(8) 101(17) 43(7) 43(24) 18(10) 43(23)

61(19) 61(8) 133(20) 75(5) 40(13) 78(13) 39(28) 42(4) 93(5) 51(9) 73(7) 30(5) 35(17) 27(17) 62(21) 68(4) 47(18) 57(8) 42(16) 27(7) 125(16) 43(8) 19(18)

60(18) 60(8) 59(17) 28(5) 15(10) 77(13) 55(23) 31(4) 90(5) 28(9) 42(7) 86(4) 62(11) 98(15) 59(13) 37(4) 87(14) 86(7) 56(8) 28(5) 111(14) 57(7) 30(17)

110(100) 138(100) 91(100) 91(100) 91(100)

109(35) 95(65) 106(40) 106(65) 106(62)

79(34) 77(48) 39(21) 105(29) 105(30)

95(25) 123(44) 105(17) 39(18) 51(16)

80(23) 52(42) 51(17) 51(15) 39(16)

15(20) 41(33) 77(15) 77(14) 77(13)

140(18) 65(30) 27(12) 27(10) 27(11)

47(10) 51(29) 65(10) 92(8) 92(7)

31(7) 39(19) 92(8) 79(8) 78(7)

139(5) 63(17) 79(8) 78(8) 65(7)

4/30/05 8:48:03 AM

SOLUBILITY OF COMMON SALTS AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURES This table gives the aqueous solubility of selected salts at temperatures from 10°C to 40°C. Values are given in molality terms.

Salt BaCl2 Ca(NO3)2 CuSO4 FeSO4 KBr KIO3 K2CO3 LiCl Mg(NO3)2 MnCl2 NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NaBr NaCl NaNO2 NaNO3 RbCl ZnSO4

10°C 1.603 6.896 1.055 1.352 5.002 0.291 7.756 19.296 4.403 5.421 6.199 18.809 5.494 8.258 6.110 11.111 9.395 6.911 2.911

15°C 1.659 7.398 1.153 1.533 5.237 0.333 7.846 19.456 4.523 5.644 6.566 21.163 5.589 8.546 6.121 11.484 9.819 7.180 3.116

20°C 1.716 7.986 1.260 1.729 5.471 0.378 7.948 19.670 4.656 5.884 6.943 23.721 5.688 8.856 6.136 11.883 10.261 7.449 3.336

References 1. 2. 3. 4.

Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 24, 619, 1992. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 63, 1993. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 1513, 1993. Apelblat, A. and Korin, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 30, 59, 1998.

25°C 1.774 8.675 1.376 1.940 5.703 0.426 8.063 19.935 4.800 6.143 7.331 26.496 5.790 9.191 6.153 12.310 10.723 7.717 3.573

30°C

35°C

40°C

1.834 9.480 1.502 2.165 5.932 0.478 8.191

1.895 10.421 1.639 2.405 6.157 0.534 8.331

1.958

4.958 6.422

5.130 6.721

5.314

5.896 9.550 6.174 12.766 11.204 7.986 3.827

6.005 9.937 6.197 13.253 11.706 8.253 4.099

0.593 8.483

10.351 6.222 13.772 12.230 8.520 4.194

Ref. 1 1 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 1

8-121

Section 8.indb 121

4/30/05 8:47:48 AM

FLAME AND BEAD TESTS Flame Colorations

Bluish — Phosphates with sulfuric acid. Feeble — Antimony compounds. Ammonium compounds. Whitish — Zinc.

Violet

Potassium compounds. Purple red through blue glass. Easily obscured by sodium flame. Bluish-green through green glass. Rubidium and cesium compounds impart same flame as potassium compounds.

Reds

Carmine — Lithium compounds. Violet through blue glass. Invisible through green glass. Masked by barium flame. Scarlet — Strontium compounds. Violet through blue glass. Yellowish through green glass. Masked by barium flame. Yellowish — Calcium compounds. Greenish through blue glass. Green through green glass. Masked by barium flame.

Blues

Azure — Copper chloride. Copper bromide gives azure blue followed by green. Other copper compounds give same coloration when moistened with hydrochloric acid. Light blue — Lead, arsenic, selenium.

Yellow

Yellow — All sodium compounds. Invisible with blue glass.

Greens

Emerald — Copper compounds except the halides, and when not moistened with hydrochloric acid. Pure green — Compounds of thallium and tellurium. Yellowish — Barium compounds. Some molybdenum compounds. Borates, especially when treated with sulfuric acid or when burned with alcohol.

Substance Aluminum Antimony Barium Bismuth Cadmium Calcium Cerium Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Lead Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Silicon Silver Strontium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium

Substance Aluminum Antimony Barium Bismuth Cadmium Calcium

Bead Tests Abbreviations employed: s = saturated; ss = supersaturated; ns = not saturated; h = hot; c = cold

Borax Beads

Oxidizing flame Colorless (h, c, ns); opaque (ss) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h, ss) Colorless (ns) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h, ss) Colorless Colorless (ns) Red (h) Green (c) Blue (h, c) Green (h); blue (c) Yellow or brownish red (h, ns) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h, ss) Colorless (ns) Violet (h, c) Colorless Brown; red (c) Colorless (h, c); opaque (ss) Colorless (ns) Colorless (ns) Colorless (h, c); opaque (ss) Colorless Colorless Yellow or brownish (h, ns) Colorless

Beads of Microcosmic Salt NaNH4HPO4

Oxidizing flame Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless (ns) Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless (ns) Colorless (ns) Colorless; opaque (s)

Reducing flame Colorless; opaque (s) Gray and opaque Gray and opaque Gray and opaque Colorless (h, c) Green Blue (h, c) Red (c); opaque (ss); colorless (h) Green (ss) Gray and opaque Colorless (h, c) Yellow or brown (h) Gray and opaque Colorless; opaque (s) Gray and opaque Colorless; opaque (s) Yellow (h); violet (c) Brown Green Green

Reducing flame Colorless; not clear (ss) Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss) Gray and opaque Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss)

8-13

Section 8.indb 13

4/30/05 8:46:12 AM

Flame and Bead Tests

8-14

Substance Cerium Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Lead Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Silver Strontium Tin Titanium Uranium Vanadium Zinc

Substance Manganese

Section 8.indb 14

Beads of Microcosmic Salt NaNH4HPO4

Oxidizing flame Yellow or brownish red (h, s) Red (h, s); green (c) Blue (h, c) Blue (c); green (h) Yellow or brown (h, s) Colorless (ns) Colorless; opaque (s) Violet (h, c) Colorless; green (h) Yellow (c); red (h, s) Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless (ns) Green; yellow or brownish Yellow Colorless (ns)

Oxidizing flame Green

Sodium Carbonate Bead

Reducing flame Colorless Green (c) Blue (h, c) Red and opaque (c) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h) Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss) Colorless Green (h) Yellow (c); red (h); gray and opaque Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss) Colorless Violet (c); yellow or brownish (h) Green (h) (h, s) Green Gray and opaque

Reducing flame Colorless

4/30/05 8:46:12 AM

SOLUBILITY OF HYDROCARBONS IN SEAWATER Concern about pollution of the oceans has stimulated measurements of the solubility of organic compounds in seawater. This table gives the solubility of several hydrocarbons in seawater. The data are derived from a review in the IUPAC Solubility Data Series (Reference 1). Solubility is expressed in this table as parts per million by mass, i.e.,

The temperature and salinity of each measurement are given in the table. Salinity is a standardized measure of the concentration of dissolved salts, as explained in the table “Properties of Seawater” in Section 14. Salinity values in the open oceans at mid-latitude typically fall between 34 and 36. Reference 1 gives details of the method of measurement and an indication of the reliability of the measurements.

S/ppm(mass) = 106 × w2 = 106 × m2/(m1 + m2)

Reference

where m1 and m2 are the masses of solvent (seawater) and solute, respectively, under saturation conditions, and w2 is the mass fraction. Since the solubilities in this table are very low, the value of S is effectively the mass of hydrocarbon in grams per 1000 kg of seawater. Name Acenaphthene

1. Shaw, David G., and Maczynski, A., IUPAC-NIST Solubility Data Series 81. Hydrocarbons with Water and Seawater — Revised and Updated. Part 12. C5-C26 Hydrocarbons with Seawater, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35, 785, 2006.

Mol. Form. Salinity t/°C C12H10 35 15 Acenaphthene C12H10 35 25 Anthracene C14H10 35 25 Benz[a]anthracene C18H12 35 25 Benzene C6H6 34.4 0 Benzene C6H6 35 25 Benzo[ghi]perylene C22H12 6 25 Benzo[a]pyrene C20H12 6 25 Benzo[e]pyrene C20H12 30 25 Benzo[b]triphenylene C22H14 6 25 Biphenyl C12H10 35 25 Butylbenzene C10H14 34.5 25 sec-Butylbenzene C10H14 34.5 25 tert-Butylbenzene C10H14 34.5 25 Chrysene C18H12 35 25 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene C22H14 6 25 Dibenz[a,j]anthracene C22H14 6 25 Dodecane C12H26 35 25 Eicosane C20H42 35 25 Ethylbenzene C8H10 34.4 0 Ethylbenzene C8H10 34.4 10 Ethylbenzene C8H10 34.4 25 Fluoranthene C16H10 35 25 9H-Fluorene C13H10 35 25 Heptane C7H16 6 25 Hexacosane C26H54 35 25 Hexadecane C16H34 35 25 Hexane C6H14 35.3 25 Isopropylbenzene C9H12 34.5 25 2-Methylanthracene C15H12 35 25 Methylcyclopentane C6H12 34.5 25 1-Methylnaphthalene C11H10 30 25 1-Methylphenanthrene C15H12 35 25 Naphthalene C10H8 35 25 Nonane C9H20 6 25 Octadecane C18H38 35 25 Pentane C5H12 34.5 25 Phenanthrene C14H10 34 25

8-126

S/ppm (mass)

0.21 1.8 0.031 0.0056 1320 1360 0.00021 0.00013 0.0033 0.027 4.76 7.1 12 21 0.0011 0.021 0.010 0.0029 0.0008 140 129 111 0.124 1.2 10.3 0.0001 0.0004 7.9 43 0.013 29 23 0.20 22.8 0.43 0.0008 28 0.69

Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Seawater Name Pyrene Tetradecane Toluene Toluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Undecane o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

8-127 Mol. Form. Salinity t/°C C16H10 35 25 C14H30 35 25 C7H8 34.4 0 C7H8 35 25 C9H12 34.5 25 C9H12 34.5 25 C9H12 34.5 25 C11H24 6 25 C8H10 34.5 25 C8H10 34.5 25 C8H10 34.5 25

S/ppm (mass) 0.086 0.0017 450 387 49 40 31 0.01 130 106 111

Solubility of organic compounds in pressurized hot water Liquid water at elevated temperatures and pressures, but still in the subcritical region, is of interest as a solvent in various laboratory and industrial processes. In effect, this means water at a temperature between about 100°C and 373°C, the critical temperature, and at pressures up to 400 bar or greater. Since the dielectric constant of water decreases with increasing temperature, the solubility of many compounds, especially non-polar compounds, increases dramatically at higher temperature. The fact that solubility can be fine-tuned by controlling temperature and pressure makes pressurized hot water a useful tool in various extraction and reaction processes. This table gives a sample of the variations of solubility with temperature and pressure for several compounds, mostly hydrocarbons. The solubility is expressed in both mole fraction of solute, x2, and mass percent, 100w2, where w2 is the mass fraction. More information is available in the references.

Name Acenaphthene Anthracene

Benz[a]anthracene

Benzene

Carbazole

Chrysene

8-128

Mol. Form. t/°C 25 C12H10 250 C14H10 25 50 100 100 150 200 250 300 C18H12 25 60 100 120 150 C6H6 25 25 25 50 100 150 200 200 C12H9N 25 25 50 100 150 200 C18H12 25

References 1. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 38, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. 2. Shaw, D. G., and Maczynski, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35, 687, 2006. 3. Stephenson, R. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 37, 80, 1992. 4. Lun, R., Varhanickova, D., Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 42, 951, 1997. 5. Miller, D. J., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 43, 1043, 1998. 6. Miller, D. J., and Hawthorne, S. B., J. Chem. Eng. Data 45, 78, 2000. 7. Ma, J. H. Y., Hung, H., Shiu, W-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 619, 2001. 8. Marche, C., Ferronato, C., and Jose, J., J. Chem. Eng. Data 48, 967, 2003. 9. Oleszek-Kudlak, S., Shibata, E., and Nakamura, T., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 570, 2004. 10. Marche, C., Ferronato, C., and Jose, J., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 937, 2004. 11. Andersson, T. A., Hartonen, K. M., and Riekkola, M-L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 50, 1177, 2005. 12. Karasek, P., Planeta, J., and Roth, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 616, 2006. 13. Shiu, W.-Y., and Ma, K.-C, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 41, 2000.

p/bar 1 50 1 50 45 39 50 77 50 100 1 50 50 52 49 1 65 400 65 65 65 65 400 1 54 56 54 54 52 1

Solubility 103x2 Mass% 0.000444 0.000380 1.25 1.06 0.0000074 0.0000044 0.000017 0.000017 0.00032 0.00032 0.000457 0.00045 0.0102 0.0101 0.13 0.13 0.497 0.49 3.78 3.62 0.00000073 0.00000093 0.00000846 0.0000107 0.000113 0.000143 0.000418 0.00053 0.00296 0.00375 0.40 0.178 0.40 0.173 0.33 0.143 0.47 0.203 0.89 0.38 2.2 0.95 5.0 2.13 4.1 1.75 0.00013 0.00012 0.00011 0.000102 0.00045 0.00042 0.0099 0.0092 0.162 0.150 1.9 1.74 0.00000016 0.00000019

Ref. 13 11 2 5 5 12 11 12 11 11 2 12 12 12 12 13 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 2

Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water Name

Mol. Form. t/°C p/bar 25 32 50 36 100 38 150 43 200 45 225 62 25 1 o-Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 50 65 100 65 150 65 200 65 trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane C8H16 25 1 101 7 131 7 151 7 170 7 Ethylcyclohexane C8H16 25 1 100 7 131 7 151 7 171 7 Heptane C7H16 25 1 50 7 100 7 125 7 150 7 170 7 Hexane C6H14 25 1 100 7 125 7 150 7 170 7 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene C10H14 25 1 50 60 100 60 150 60 200 60 Methylcyclohexane C7H14 25 1 100 7 131 7 151 7 171 7 Naphthalene C10H8 25 1 40 50 50 50 65 50 75 50 Octane C8H18 25 1 100 7 125 7 150 7 170 7 200 65 Perylene C20H12 25 1

8-129 Solubility 103x2 Mass% 0.00000063 0.0000008 0.000001 0.0000013 0.000013 0.000016 0.00060 0.00076 0.0158 0.020 0.0758 0.096 0.018 0.0094 0.023 0.019 0.055 0.045 0.18 0.15 0.57 0.46 0.008 0.00050 0.0047 0.0029 0.0108 0.0067 0.0223 0.0139 0.0356 0.0222 0.00098 0.00061 0.00340 0.00212 0.0085 0.0053 0.01665 0.0104 0.0334 0.0208 0.0004352 0.000242 0.000613 0.00034096 0.001938 0.00108 0.00400 0.00222 0.00878 0.00488 0.01701 0.00946 0.002045 0.00098 0.006074 0.0029 0.01192 0.0057 0.02555 0.0122 0.04935 0.0236 0.0030 0.0051 0.0040 0.0030 0.011 0.0082 0.043 0.032 0.20 0.15 0.00293 0.00151 0.01006 0.0055 0.0244 0.0133 0.0423 0.0231 0.0708 0.0386 0.00444 0.00316 0.00692 0.0049 0.0114 0.0081 0.0264 0.0188 0.0435 0.0309 0.0001158 0.000073 0.0005943 0.000377 0.0014163 0.000898 0.0036957 0.00234 0.0083483 0.00529 0.029 0.018 0.00000003 0.00000004

Ref. 5 5 5 5 5 5 9 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 13 12 12 12 12 8 8 8 8 8 6 2

Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water

8-130

Name

Pyrene

p-Terphenyl

Tetrachloroethene

Toluene

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

Triphenylene

m-Xylene

Mol. Form. t/°C p/bar 50 50 100 45 150 47 200 48 25 1 C16H10 100 50 100 200 140 50 200 50 250 50 300 50 C18H14 25 1 100 49 140 51 180 55 200 53 210 54 C2Cl4 25 1 50 65 100 65 150 65 200 65 C7H8 25 1 50 50 100 50 150 50 200 50 C8H18 25 1 50 65 100 65 150 65 200 65 C18H12 25 1 100 51 140 50 180 64 195 60 C8H10 25 1 50 60 100 60 150 60 200 60

Solubility 103x2 Mass% 0.00000029 0.0000004 0.00000210 0.00000294 0.000120 0.000168 0.0050 0.0070 0.000012 0.0000139 0.000637 0.00072 0.00078 0.00087 0.0054 0.0061 0.0492 0.055 0.205 0.23 1.41 1.56 0.00000141 0.00000180 0.0000219 0.000028 0.000372 0.000476 0.00626 0.0080 0.0241 0.0308 0.0393 0.0502 0.0285 0.0286 0.027 0.025 0.059 0.054 0.18 0.17 0.59 0.54 0.107 0.0519 0.125 0.064 0.27 0.138 0.66 0.337 1.9 0.96 0.00035 0.00022 0.00052 0.00033 0.0020 0.00127 0.0102 0.0065 0.061 0.0387 0.0000034 0.0000043 0.0000899 0.000114 0.00126 0.00160 0.0123 0.0156 0.0283 0.0359 0.028 0.0161 0.036 0.021 0.085 0.050 0.27 0.159 0.88 0.516

Ref. 5 5 5 5 2 11 5 11 11 11 11 2 12 12 12 12 12 3 6 6 6 6 7,13 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6 6 2 12 12 12 12 13 6 6 6 6

BOND LENGTHS IN CRYSTALLINE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The following table gives average interatomic distances for bonds between the elements H, B, C, N, O, F, Si, P, S, Cl, As, Se, Br, Te, and I as determined from X-ray and neutron diffraction measurements on organic crystals. The table has been derived from an analysis of high-precision structure data on about 10,000 crystals contained in the 1985 version of the Cambridge Structural Database, which is maintained by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center. The explanation of the columns is: Column 1:

Column 2:

Column 3:

Bond As(3)–As(3) As–B As–BR As(4)–C

As(3)–C As(3)–Cl As(6)–F As(3)–I As(3)–N(3) As(4)=N(2) As(4)–O As(3)–O As(4)=O As(3)=P(3) As(3)–P(3) As(3)–S As(4)=S As(3)–Se(2) As(3)–Si(4) As(3)–Te(2) B(n)–B(n) B(4)–B(4) B(4)–B(3) B(3)–B(3) B(6)–BR B(4)–BR B(n)–C

B(n)–C B(n)–Cl

Specification of elements in the bond, with coordination number given in parentheses, and bond type (single, double, etc.). For carbon, the hybridization state is given. Substructure in which the bond is found. The target bond is set in boldface. Where X is not specified, it denotes any element type. C# indicates any sp3 carbon atom, and C* denotes an sp3 carbon whose bonds, in addition to those specified in the linear formulation, are to C and H atoms only. d is the unweighted mean in Å units of all the values for that bond length found in the sample.

Substructure X2–As–As–X2 see CUDLOC (2.065), CUDLUI (2.041) see CODDEE, CODDII (2.346–3.203) X3–As–CH3 (X)2(C,O,S=)As–Csp3 As–Car in Ph4As+ (X)2(C,O,S=)As–Car X2–As–Csp3 X2–As–Car X2–As–Cl in AsF6– see OPIMAS (2.579, 2.590) X2–As–N–X2 see TPASSN (1.837) (X)2(O=)As–OH see ASAZOC, PHASOC01 (1.787–1.845) X3–As=O see BELNIP (2.350, 2.362) see BUTHAZ10 (2.124) X2–As–S X3–As=S see COSDIX, ESEARS (2.355–2.401) see BICGEZ, MESIAD (2.351–2.365) see ETEARS (2.571, 2.576) n = 5–7 in boron cages see CETTAW (2.041) see COFVOI (1.698) X2–B–B–X2 n = 5–7: B–C in cages n = 3–4: B–Csp3 not cages n = 4: B–Car n = 4: B–Car in Ph4B– n = 3: B–Car B(5)–Cl and B(3)–Cl

Column 4: Column 5: Column 6: Column 7: Column 8: Column 9:

m is the median in Å units of all values. σ is the standard deviation in the sample. q1 is the lower quartile for the sample (i.e., 25% of values are less than q1 and 75% exceed it). qu is the upper quartile for the sample. n is number of observations in the sample. Notes refer to the footnotes in Appendix 1.

References to special cases are given in a shorthand form and listed in Appendix 2. Further information on the method of analysis of the data may be found in the reference cited below. The table is reprinted with permission of the authors, the Royal Society of Chemistry, and the International Union of Crystallography.

Reference Frank H. Allen, Olga Kennard, David G. Watson, Lee Brammer, A. Guy Orpen, and Robin Taylor, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. II, S1–S19, 1987.

d 2.459

m 2.457

σ 0.011

q1 2.456

qu 2.466

n 8

1.903 1.927 1.905 1.922 1.963 1.956 2.268 1.678

1.907 1.929 1.909 1.927 1.965 1.956 2.256 1.676

0.016 0.017 0.012 0.016 0.017 0.015 0.039 0.020

1.893 1.921 1.897 1.908 1.948 1.944 2.247 1.659

1.916 1.937 1.912 1.934 1.978 1.964 2.281 1.695

12 16 108 36 6 41 10 36

1.858

1.858

0.029

1.839

1.873

19

1.710

1.712

0.017

1.695

1.726

6

1.661

1.661

0.016

1.652

1.667

9

2.275 2.083

2.266 2.082

0.032 0.004

2.247 2.080

2.298 2.086

14 9

1.775

1.773

0.031

1.763

1.786

688

1.701 1.967 2.017 1.716 1.597 1.606 1.643 1.556 1.751

1.700 1.971 2.008 1.717 1.599 1.607 1.643 1.552 1.751

0.014 0.014 0.031 0.020 0.022 0.012 0.006 0.015 0.011

1.691 1.954 1.990 1.707 1.585 1.596 1.641 1.546 1.743

1.712 1.979 2.044 1.728 1.611 1.615 1.645 1.566 1.761

8 7 15 96 29 41 16 24 14

Note

† †

† † †

† † 1

9-1

Section 09 book.indb 1

5/3/05 12:08:14 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-2 Bond B(4)–F B(4)–I B(4)–N(3) B(3)–N(3)

B(4)–O B(3)–O(2) B(n)–P B(4)–S B(3)–S Br–Br Br–C

– Br(2)–Cl Br–I Br–N Br–O Br–P Br–S(2) Br–S(3) Br–S(3)+ Br–SE Br–Si Br–Te

Csp3–Csp3


Substructure B(4)–Cl B–F (B neutral) B––F in BF4– see TMPBTI (2.220, 2.253) X3–B–N(=C)(X) in pyrazaboles X2–B–N–C2: all coplanar for τ(BN) > 30º see BOGSUL, BUSHAY, CILRUK (1.434–1.530) S2–B–N–X2 B––O in BO–4 for neutral B–O see Note 3 X2–B–O–X n = 4: B–P n = 3: see BUPSIB10 (1.892, 1.893) B(4)–S(3) B(4)–S(2) N–B–S2 (=X–)(N–)B–S see BEPZEB, TPASTB Br–C* Br–Csp3 (cyclopropane) Br–Csp2 Br–Car (mono-Br + m.p-Br2) Br–Car (o-Br2) see TEACBR (2.362–2.402) see DTHIBR10 (2.646), TPHOSI (2.695) see NBBZAM (1.843) see CIYFOF see CISTED (2.366) see BEMLIO (2.206) see CIWYIQ (2.435, 2.453) see THINBR (2.321) see CIFZUM (2.508, 2.619) see BIZJAV (2.284) In Br6Te2– see CUGBAH (2.692–2.716) Br–Te(4) see BETUTE10 (3.079, 3.015) Br–Te(3) see BTUPTE (2.835) C#–CH2–CH3 (C#)2–CH–CH3 (C#)3–C–CH3 C#–CH2–CH2–C# (C#)2–CH–CH2–C# (C#)3–C–CH2–C# (C#)2–CH–CH–(C#)2 (C#)3–C–CH–(C#)2 (C#)3–C–C–(C#)3 C*–C* (overall) in cyclopropane (any subst.) in cyclobutane (any subst.) in cyclopentane (C,H-subst.) in cyclohexane (C,H-subst.) cyclopropyl-C* (exocyclic) cyclobutyl-C* (exocyclic) cyclopentyl-C* (exocyclic) cyclohexyl-C* (exocyclic) in cyclobutene (any subst.) in cyclopentene (C,H-subst.) in cyclohexene (C,H-subst.) in oxirane (epoxide) in aziridine

d 1.833 1.366 1.365

m 1.833 1.368 1.372

σ 0.013 0.017 0.029

q1 1.821 1.356 1.352

qu 1.843 1.375 1.390

n 22 25 84

1.611 1.549 1.404

1.617 1.552 1.404

0.013 0.015 0.014

1.601 1.536 1.389

1.625 1.560 1.408

8 10 40

1.447 1.468

1.443 1.468

0.013 0.022

1.435 1.453

1.470 1.479

14 24

1.367 1.922

1.367 1.927

0.024 0.027

1.349 1.900

1.382 1.954

35 10

1.930 1.896 1.806 1.851 2.542 1.966 1.910 1.883 1.899 1.875

1.927 1.896 1.806 1.854 2.548 1.967 1.910 1.881 1.899 1.872

0.009 0.004 0.010 0.013 0.015 0.029 0.010 0.015 0.012 0.011

1.925 1.893 1.799 1.842 2.526 1.951 1.900 1.874 1.892 1.864

1.934 1.899 1.816 1.859 2.551 1.983 1.914 1.894 1.906 1.884

10 6 28 10 4 100 8 31 119 8

1.581

1.581

0.007

1.574

1.587

4

Note

2

3

4 4 4 4 †

† † †

1.513 1.524 1.534 1.524 1.531 1.538 1.542 1.556 1.588 1.530 1.510 1.554 1.543 1.535 1.518 1.529 1.540 1.539 1.573 1.541 1.541 1.466 1.480

1.514 1.526 1.534 1.524 1.531 1.539 1.542 1.556 1.580 1.530 1.509 1.553 1.543 1.535 1.518 1.529 1.541 1.538 1.574 1.539 1.541 1.466 1.481

0.014 0.015 0.011 0.014 0.012 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.025 0.015 0.026 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.019 0.016 0.017 0.016 0.017 0.015 0.020 0.015 0.021

1.507 1.518 1.527 1.516 1.524 1.533 1.536 1.549 1.566 1.521 1.497 1.540 1.532 1.525 1.505 1.519 1.527 1.529 1.566 1.532 1.528 1.458 1.465

1.523 1.534 1.541 1.532 1.538 1.544 1.549 1.562 1.610 1.539 1.523 1.567 1.554 1.545 1.531 1.539 1.549 1.549 1.586 1.549 1.554 1.474 1.496

192 226 825 2459 1217 330 321 215 21 5777 888 679 1641 2814 366 376 956 2682 25 208 586 249 67

5,6 7 8

7 8

8

9 9

5/3/05 12:08:16 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond

Csp3–Csp2

Csp3–Csp2

Csp3–Car

Csp3–Csp1

Csp2–Csp2


Substructure in oxetane in azetidine oxiranyl-C* (exocyclic) aziridinyl-C* (exocyclic) CH3–C=C C#–CH2–C=C (C#)2–CH–C=C (C#)3–C–C=C C*–C=C (overall) C*–C=C (endocyclic) in cyclopropene in cyclobutene in cyclopentene in cyclohexene in cyclopentadiene in cyclohexa-1,3-diene C*–C=C (exocyclic): cyclopropenyl-C* cyclobutenyl-C* cyclopentenyl-C* cyclohexenyl-C* C*CH=O in aldehydes (C*)2–C=O in ketones in cyclobutanone in cyclopentanone acyclic and 6 + rings C*–COOH in carboxylic acids C*–COO– in carboxylate anions C*–C(=O)(–OC*) in acyclic esters in β-lactones in γ-lactones in δ-lactones cyclopropyl (C)–C=O in ketones, acids and esters C*–C(=O)(–NH2) in acyclic amides C*–C(=O)(–NHC*) in acyclic amides C*–C(=O)[–N(C*)2] in acyclic amides CH3–Car C#–CH2–Car (C#)2–CH–Car (C#)3–C–Car C*–Car (overall) cyclopropyl (C)–Car C*–C≡C C#–C≡C C*–C≡N cyclopropyl (C)–C≡N C=C–C=C (conjugated) (unconjugated) (overall) C=C–C=C–C=C C=C–C=C (endocyclic in TCNQ) C=C–C(=O)(–C*) (conjugated) (unconjugated) (overall) C=C–C(=O)–C=C in benzoquinone (C,H-subst. only) in benzoquinone (any subst.)

9-3 d 1.541 1.548 1.509 1.512 1.503 1.502 1.510 1.522 1.507

m 1.541 1.543 1.507 1.512 1.504 1.502 1.510 1.522 1.507

σ 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.016 0.015

q1 1.527 1.536 1.497 1.496 1.497 1.494 1.501 1.511 1.499

qu 1.557 1.558 1.519 1.526 1.509 1.510 1.518 1.533 1.517

n 16 22 333 13 215 483 564 193 1456

Note

1.509 1.513 1.512 1.506 1.502 1.504

1.508 1.512 1.512 1.505 1.503 1.504

0.016 0.018 0.014 0.016 0.019 0.017

1.500 1.500 1.502 1.495 1.490 1.491

1.516 1.525 1.521 1.516 1.515 1.517

20 50 208 391 18 56

10 8

1.478 1.489 1.504 1.511 1.510

1.475 1.483 1.506 1.511 1.510

0.012 0.015 0.012 0.013 0.008

1.470 1.479 1.495 1.502 1.501

1.485 1.496 1.512 1.519 1.518

7 11 115 292 7

10 8

1.511 1.529 1.514 1.509 1.502 1.520

1.511 1.530 1.514 1.509 1.502 1.521

0.015 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.014 0.011

1.501 1.514 1.505 1.499 1.495 1.516

1.521 1.545 1.523 1.519 1.510 1.528

952 18 312 626 176 57

11

1.497 1.519 1.512 1.504 1.486 1.514 1.506 1.505 1.506 1.510 1.515 1.527 1.513 1.490 1.466 1.472 1.470 1.444

1.496 1.519 1.512 1.502 1.485 1.512 1.505 1.505 1.507 1.510 1.515 1.530 1.513 1.490 1.465 1.472 1.469 1.447

0.018 0.020 0.015 0.013 0.018 0.016 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.009 0.011 0.016 0.014 0.015 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.010

1.484 1.500 1.501 1.495 1.474 1.506 1.498 1.496 1.501 1.505 1.508 1.517 1.505 1.479 1.460 1.464 1.463 1.436

1.509 1.538 1.521 1.517 1.497 1.526 1.515 1.517 1.513 1.516 1.522 1.539 1.521 1.503 1.469 1.481 1.479 1.451

553 4 110 27 105 32 78 15 454 674 363 308 1813 90 21 88 106 38

12 13 12 12 7 14 14 14

1.455 1.478 1.460 1.443 1.432

1.455 1.476 1.460 1.445 1.433

0.011 0.012 0.015 0.013 0.012

1.447 1.470 1.450 1.431 1.424

1.463 1.479 1.470 1.454 1.441

30 8 38 29 280

16,18 17,18

1.464 1.484 1.465

1.462 1.486 1.462

0.018 0.017 0.018

1.453 1.475 1.453

1.476 1.497 1.478

211 14 226

16,18 17,18

1.478 1.478

1.476 1.478

0.011 0.031

1.469 1.464

1.488 1.498

28 172

9 9

5

7 15 15 7b 7

18 19

5/3/05 12:08:18 PM


9-4 Bond

Csp2–Car Csp2–Car

Csp2–Csp1 Car–Car Car–Csp1 Csp1–Csp1 Csp2=Csp2


Substructure non-quinonoid C=C–COOH C=C–COOC* C=C–COO– HOOC–COOH HOOC–COO– – OOC–COO– formal Csp2–Csp2 single bond in selected non-fused heterocycles: in 1H-pyrrole (C3–C4) in furan (C3–C4) in thiophene (C3–C4) in pyrazole (C3–C4) in isoxazole (C3–C4) in furazan (C3–C4) in furoxan (C3–C4) C=C–Car (conjugated) (overall) cyclopropenyl (C=C)–Car Car–C(=O)–C* Car–C(=O)–Car Car–COOH Car–C(=O)(–OC*) Car–COO– Car–C(–O)–NH2 Car–C=N–C# (conjugated) (unconjugated) (overall) in indole (C3–C3a) C=C–C≡C C=C–C≡N in TCNQ in biphenyls (ortho subst. all H) (≥1 non-H ortho-subst.) Car–C≡C Car–C≡N C≡C–C=C C*–CH=CH2 (C*)2–C=CH2 C*–CH=CH–C* (cis) (trans) (overall) (C*)2–C=CH–C* (C*2–C=C–(C*)2 (C*,H)2–C=C–(C*,H)2 (overall) in cyclopropene (any subst.) in cyclobutene (any subst.) in cyclopentene (C,H-subst.) in cyclohexene (C,H-subst.) C=C=C (allenes, any subst.) C=C–C=C (C,H subst., conjugated) C=C–C=C–C=C (C,H subst., conjugated) C=C–Car (C,H subst., conjugated) C=C in cyclopenta-1,3-diene (any subst.) C=C in cyclohexa-1,3-diene (any subst.) in C=C–C=O (C,H subst., conjugated) (C,H subst., unconjugated)

d 1.456 1.475 1.488 1.502 1.538 1.549 1.564

m 1.455 1.476 1.489 1.499 1.537 1.552 1.559

σ 0.012 0.015 0.014 0.017 0.007 0.009 0.022

q1 1.447 1.461 1.478 1.488 1.535 1.546 1.554

qu 1.464 1.488 1.497 1.510 1.541 1.553 1.568

n 28 22 113 11 9 13 9

Note

1.412 1.423 1.424 1.410 1.425 1.428 1.417

1.410 1.423 1.425 1.412 1.425 1.427 1.417

0.016 0.016 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.007 0.006

1.401 1.412 1.415 1.400 1.413 1.422 1.412

1.427 1.433 1.433 1.418 1.438 1.435 1.422

29 62 40 20 9 6 14

1.470 1.488 1.483 1.447 1.488 1.480 1.484 1.487 1.504 1.500

1.470 1.490 1.483 1.448 1.489 1.481 1.485 1.487 1.509 1.503

0.015 0.012 0.015 0.006 0.016 0.017 0.014 0.012 0.014 0.020

1.463 1.480 1.472 1.441 1.478 1.468 1.474 1.480 1.495 1.498

1.480 1.496 1.494 1.452 1.500 1.494 1.491 1.494 1.512 1.510

37 87 124 8 84 58 75 218 26 19

16,18 17,18

1.476 1.491 1.485 1.434 1.431 1.427 1.487 1.490 1.434 1.443 1.377 1.299 1.321

1.478 1.490 1.487 1.434 1.427 1.427 1.488 1.491 1.436 1.444 1.378 1.300 1.321

0.014 0.008 0.013 0.011 0.014 0.010 0.007 0.010 0.006 0.008 0.012 0.027 0.013

1.466 1.485 1.481 1.428 1.425 1.420 1.484 1.486 1.430 1.436 1.374 1.280 1.313

1.486 1.496 1.493 1.439 1.441 1.433 1.493 1.495 1.437 1.448 1.384 1.311 1.328

27 48 75 40 11 280 30 212 37 31 21 42 77

16 17

1.317 1.312 1.316 1.326 1.331 1.322 1.294 1.335 1.323 1.326 1.307 1.330 1.345 1.339 1.341 1.332

1.318 1.311 1.317 1.328 1.330 1.323 1.288 1.335 1.324 1.325 1.307 1.330 1.345 1.340 1.341 1.332

0.013 0.011 0.015 0.011 0.009 0.014 0.017 0.019 0.013 0.012 0.005 0.014 0.012 0.011 0.017 0.013

1.310 1.304 1.309 1.319 1.326 1.315 1.284 1.324 1.314 1.318 1.303 1.322 1.337 1.334 1.328 1.323

1.323 1.320 1.323 1.334 1.334 1.331 1.302 1.347 1.331 1.334 1.310 1.338 1.350 1.346 1.356 1.341

106 19 127 168 89 493 10 25 104 196 18 76 58 124 18 56

1.340 1.331

1.340 1.330

0.013 0.008

1.332 1.326

1.348 1.339

211 14

10

7b 19

5 10 8

16 16 16

16,18 17,18

5/3/05 12:08:20 PM


Car  Car

Car  Car

Csp1≡Csp1

Csp3–Cl


Substructure (C,H subst., overall) in cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ones in p-benzoquinones (C*,H subst.) (any subst.) in TCNQ (endocyclic) (exocyclic) C=C–OH in enol tautomers in heterocycles (any subst.): 1H-pyrrole (C2–C3, C4–C5) furan (C2–C3, C4–C5) thiophene (C2–C3, C4–C5) pyrazole (C4–C5) imidazole (C4–C5) isoxazole (C4–C5) indole (C2–C3) in phenyl rings with C*, H subst. only H–C  C–H C*–C  C–H C*–C  C–C* C  C (overall) F–C  C–F Cl–C  C–Cl in naphthalene (D2h, any subst.) C1–C2 C2–C3 C1–C8a C4a–C8a in anthracene (D2h, any subst.) C1–C2 C2–C3 C1–C9a C4a–C9a C9–C9a in pyridine (C,H subst.) (any subst.) in pyridinium cation (N+ –H; C,H subst. on C) C2–C3 C3–C4 (N+ –X; C,H subst. on C) C2–C3 C3–C4 in pyrazine (H subst. on C) (any subst. on C) in pyrimidine (C,H subst. on C) X–C≡C–X C,H–C≡C–C,H in C≡C–C(sp2,ar) in C≡C–C≡C in CH≡C–C# Omitting 1,2-dichlorides: C–CH2–Cl C2–CH–Cl C3–C–Cl X–CH2–Cl (X = C,H,N,O) X2–CH–Cl (X = C,H,N,O) X3–C–Cl (X = C,H,N,O) X2–C–Cl2 (X = C,H,N,O) X–C–Cl3 (X = C,H,N,O)

9-5 d 1.340 1.329

m 1.339 1.327

σ 0.013 0.011

q1 1.332 1.321

qu 1.348 1.335

n 226 28

Note

1.333 1.349

1.337 1.339

0.011 0.030

1.325 1.330

1.338 1.364

14 86

1.352 1.392 1.362

1.353 1.391 1.360

0.010 0.017 0.020

1.345 1.379 1.349

1.358 1.405 1.370

142 139 54

1.375 1.341 1.362 1.369 1.360 1.341 1.364

1.377 1.342 1.359 1.372 1.361 1.336 1.363

0.018 0.021 0.025 0.019 0.014 0.012 0.012

1.361 1.329 1.346 1.362 1.352 1.331 1.355

1.388 1.351 1.377 1.383 1.367 1.355 1.371

58 125 60 20 44 9 40

1.380 1.387 1.397 1.384 1.372 1.388

1.381 1.388 1.397 1.384 1.374 1.389

0.013 0.010 0.009 0.013 0.011 0.014

1.372 1.382 1.392 1.375 1.366 1.380

1.388 1.393 1.403 1.391 1.380 1.398

2191 891 182 3264 84 152

1.364 1.406 1.420 1.422

1.364 1.406 1.419 1.424

0.014 0.014 0.012 0.011

1.356 1.397 1.412 1.417

1.373 1.415 1.426 1.429

440 218 440 109

1.356 1.410 1.430 1.435 1.400 1.379 1.380

1.356 1.410 1.430 1.436 1.402 1.381 1.380

0.009 0.010 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.015

1.350 1.401 1.426 1.429 1.395 1.371 1.371

1.360 1.416 1.434 1.440 1.406 1.387 1.389

56 34 56 34 68 276 537

1.373 1.379

1.375 1.380

0.012 0.011

1.368 1.371

1.380 1.388

30 30

1.373 1.383 1.379 1.405 1.387 1.183 1.181 1.189 1.192 1.174

1.372 1.385 1.377 1.405 1.389 1.183 1.181 1.193 1.192 1.174

0.019 0.019 0.010 0.024 0.018 0.014 0.014 0.010 0.010 0.011

1.362 1.372 1.370 1.388 1.379 1.174 1.173 1.181 1.187 1.167

1.382 1.394 1.388 1.420 1.400 1.193 1.192 1.195 1.197 1.180

151 151 10 60 28 119 104 38 42 42

15 15 15 15 15

1.790 1.803 1.849 1.790 1.805 1.843 1.779 1.768

1.790 1.802 1.856 1.791 1.803 1.838 1.776 1.765

0.007 0.003 0.011 0.011 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.011

1.783 1.800 1.837 1.783 1.800 1.835 1.769 1.761

1.795 1.807 1.858 1.797 1.812 1.858 1.790 1.776

13 8 5 37 26 7 18 33

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

19 19

4 4

20 20

5/3/05 12:08:22 PM


9-6 Bond

Csp2–Cl

Car–Cl Csp1Cl Csp3–F

Csp2–F Car–F Csp3–H

Csp2–H Car–H Csp3–I Car–I Csp3–N(4)

Csp3–N(3)


Substructure Cl–CH(–C)–CH(–C)–Cl Cl–C(–C2)–C(–C2)–Cl cyclopropyl–Cl C=C–Cl (C,H,N,O subst. on C) C=C–Cl2 (C,H,N,O subst. on C) Cl–C=C–Cl Car–Cl (mono–Cl + m,p-Cl2) Car–Cl (o–Cl2) see HCLENE10 (1.634, 1.646) Omitting 1,2-difluorides C–CH2–F and C2–CH–F C3–C–F (C*,H)2–C–F2 C*–C–F3 F–C*–C*–F X3–C–F (X = C,H,N,O) X2–C–F2 (X = C,H,N,O) X–C–F3 (X = C,H,N,O) F–C(–X)2–C(–X)2–F (X = C,H,N,O) F–C(–X)2–NO2 (X = any subst.) C=C–F (C,H,N,O subst. on C) Car–F (mono-F + m,p-F2) Car–F (o-F2) C–C–H3 (methyl) C2–C–H2 (primary) C3–C–H (secondary) C2,3–C–H (primary and secondary) X–C–H3 (methyl) X2–C–H2 (primary) X3–C–H (secondary) X2,3–C–H (primary and secondary) C–C=C–H Car–H C*–I Car–I C*–NH3+ (C*)2–NH2+ (C*)3–NH+ (C*)4–N+ C*–N+ (overall) C*–N+ in N-subst. pyridinium C*–NH2 (Nsp3: pyramidal) (C*)2–NH (Nsp3: pyramidal) (C*)3–N (Nsp3: pyramidal) C*–Nsp3 (overall) Csp3–Nsp3 in aziridine in azetidine in tetrahydropyrrole in piperidine Csp3–Nsp2 (N planar) in: acyclic amides C*–NH–C=O β-lactams C*–N(–X)–C=O (endo) γ-lactams C*–NH–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (exo) δ-lactams C*–NH–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (exo)

d 1.793 1.762 1.755 1.734 1.720 1.713 1.739 1.720

m 1.793 1.760 1.756 1.729 1.716 1.711 1.741 1.720

σ 0.013 0.010 0.011 0.019 0.013 0.011 0.010 0.010

q1 1.786 1.757 1.749 1.719 1.708 1.705 1.734 1.713

qu 1.800 1.765 1.763 1.748 1.729 1.720 1.745 1.717

n 66 54 64 63 20 80 340 364

Note 4 4

1.399 1.428 1.349 1.336 1.371 1.386 1.351 1.322 1.373 1.320 1.340 1.363 1.340 1.059 1.092 1.099 1.093 1.066 1.092 1.099 1.094 1.077 1.083 2.162 2.095 1.488 1.494 1.502 1.510 1.499 1.485 1.469 1.469 1.469 1.469

1.399 1.431 1.347 1.334 1.374 1.389 1.349 1.323 1.374 1.319 1.340 1.362 1.340 1.061 1.095 1.097 1.095 1.074 1.095 1.099 1.096 1.079 1.083 2.159 2.095 1.488 1.493 1.502 1.509 1.498 1.484 1.470 1.467 1.468 1.468

0.017 0.009 0.012 0.007 0.007 0.033 0.013 0.015 0.009 0.009 0.013 0.008 0.009 0.030 0.013 0.004 0.012 0.028 0.012 0.007 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.015 0.015 0.013 0.016 0.015 0.020 0.018 0.009 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.014

1.389 1.421 1.342 1.330 1.362 1.373 1.342 1.314 1.362 1.312 1.334 1.357 1.336 1.039 1.088 1.095 1.089 1.049 1.088 1.095 1.091 1.074 1.080 2.149 2.089 1.482 1.484 1.491 1.496 1.488 1.477 1.462 1.461 1.460 1.460

1.408 1.435 1.356 1.344 1.375 1.408 1.356 1.332 1.377 1.327 1.346 1.368 1.344 1.083 1.099 1.103 1.100 1.087 1.099 1.103 1.100 1.085 1.087 2.179 2.104 1.495 1.503 1.512 1.523 1.510 1.490 1.474 1.477 1.476 1.476

25 11 58 12 26 70 58 309 30 18 34 38 167 83 100 14 118 160 230 117 348 14 218 15 51 298 249 509 319 1370 32 19 152 1042 1201

1.472 1.484 1.475 1.473

1.471 1.481 1.473 1.473

0.016 0.018 0.016 0.013

1.464 1.472 1.464 1.460

1.482 1.495 1.483 1.479

134 21 66 240

1.454 1.464

1.451 1.465

0.011 0.012

1.446 1.458

1.461 1.475

78 23

23 14 13

1.457 1.462 1.458

1.458 1.461 1.456

0.011 0.010 0.014

1.449 1.453 1.448

1.465 1.466 1.465

20 15 15

13 13 13

1.478 1.479 1.468

1.472 1.476 1.471

0.016 0.007 0.009

1.467 1.475 1.462

1.491 1.482 1.477

6 15 15

14 14 14

4 4 4 4 4

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 4 4

22 5,22 5,22

5/3/05 12:08:24 PM


Csp3–N(2) Csp2–N(3)

Csp2–N(2) Car–N(4) Car–N(3)

Car–N(3)


Substructure nitro compounds (1,2-dinitro omitted): C–CH2–NO2 C2–CH–NO2 C3–C–NO2 C2–C–(NO2)2 1,2-dinitro: NO2–C*–C*–NO2 C#–N=N C*–N=C–Car C=C–NH2 Nsp2 planar C=C–NH–C# Nsp2 planar C=C–N–(C#)2 Nsp2 planar Nsp3 pyramidal Csp2–Nsp2 (N planar) in: acyclic amides NH2–C=O C*–NH–C=O (C*)2–N–C=O β-lactams C*–NH–C=O γ-lactams C*–NH–C=O C*–N(–C*)–C=O δ-lactams C*–NH–C=O (C*)–N(–C*)–C=O peptides C#–N(–X)–C(–C#)(=O) ureas (NH2)2–C=O (C#–NH)2–C=O [(C#)n–N]2–C=O thioureas (X2N)2–C=S imides [C#–C(=O)]2–NH [C#–C(=O)]2–N–C# [Csp2–C(=O)]2–N–C# [Csp2–C(=O)]2–N–Csp2 guanidinium [C–(NH2)3]+ (unsubst.) (any subst.) in heterocyclic systems (any subst.) 1H-pyrrole (N1–C2, N1–C5) indole (N1–C2) pyrazole (N1–C5) imidazole (N1–C2) imidazole (N1–C5) in imidazole (N3–C4) Car–N+–(C,H)3 Car–NH2 (Nsp2: planar) (Nsp3: pyramidal) (overall) Car–NH–C# (Nsp2: planar) (Nsp3: pyramidal) (overall) Car–N–(C#)2 (Nsp2: planar) (Nsp3: pyramidal) (overall) in indole (N1–C7a) Car–NO2

9-7 d

m

σ

q1

qu

n

Note

1.485 1.509 1.533 1.537 1.552 1.493 1.465 1.336 1.339

1.483 1.509 1.533 1.536 1.550 1.493 1.468 1.344 1.340

0.020 0.011 0.013 0.016 0.023 0.020 0.011 0.017 0.016

1.478 1.502 1.530 1.525 1.536 1.477 1.461 1.317 1.327

1.502 1.511 1.539 1.550 1.572 1.506 1.472 1.348 1.351

8 12 17 19 32 54 75 10 17

1.355 1.416

1.358 1.418

0.014 0.018

1.341 1.397

1.363 1.432

22 18

23 22 23

1.325 1.334 1.346 1.385

1.323 1.333 1.342 1.388

0.009 0.011 0.011 0.019

1.318 1.326 1.339 1.374

1.331 1.343 1.356 1.396

32 78 5 23

14 14 14 13

1.331 1.347

1.331 1.344

0.011 0.014

1.326 1.335

1.337 1.359

20 15

13 13

1.334 1.352 1.333

1.334 1.353 1.334

0.006 0.010 0.013

1.330 1.344 1.326

1.339 1.356 1.340

6 15 380

14 14 24

1.334 1.347 1.363 1.346

1.334 1.345 1.359 1.343

0.008 0.010 0.014 0.023

1.329 1.341 1.354 1.328

1.339 1.354 1.370 1.361

48 26 40 192

25,26 25 25,27

1.376 1.389 1.396 1.409 1.321 1.328

1.377 1.383 1.396 1.406 1.320 1.325

0.012 0.017 0.010 0.020 0.008 0.015

1.369 1.376 1.389 1.391 1.314 1.317

1.383 1.404 1.403 1.419 1.327 1.333

64 38 46 28 39 140

1.372 1.370 1.357 1.349 1.370 1.376 1.465

1.374 1.370 1.359 1.349 1.370 1.377 1.466

0.016 0.012 0.012 0.018 0.010 0.011 0.007

1.363 1.364 1.347 1.338 1.365 1.369 1.461

1.384 1.377 1.365 1.358 1.377 1.384 1.470

58 40 20 44 44 44 23

1.355 1.394 1.375

1.360 1.396 1.377

0.020 0.011 0.025

1.340 1.385 1.363

1.372 1.403 1.394

33 25 98

23 22 28

1.353 1.419 1.380

1.353 1.423 1.364

0.007 0.017 0.032

1.347 1.412 1.353

1.359 1.432 1.412

16 8 31

23 22 28

1.371 1.426 1.390 1.372 1.468

1.370 1.425 1.385 1.372 1.469

0.016 0.011 0.030 0.007 0.014

1.363 1.421 1.366 1.367 1.460

1.382 1.431 1.420 1.376 1.476

41 22 69 40 556

23 22 28

23 23

5/3/05 12:08:26 PM


9-8 Bond Car–N(2) Csp2=N(3) Csp2=N(2)

Car  N(3)

Car  N(2)

Csp1≡N(2) Csp1≡N(1)

Csp3–O(2)


Substructure Car–N=N in furoxan (+N2=C3) Car–C=N–C# (C,H)2–C=N–OH in oximes S–C=N–X in pyrazole (N2=C3) in imidazole (C2=N3) in isoxazole (N2=C3) in furazan (N2=C3, C4=N5) in furoxan (C4=N5) C  N+–H (pyrimidinium) C  N+–C* (pyrimidinium) C  N+–O– (pyrimidinium) C  N (pyridine) C  N (pyrazine) C  N  C (pyrimidine) N  C  N (pyrimidine) C  N (pyrimidine) (overall) in any 6-membered N-containing aromatic ring: H–C  N  C–H H–C  N  C–C* C*–C  N  C–C* C  N  C (overall) X–S–N≡C– (isothiocyanide) C*–C≡N C=C–C≡N in TCNQ Car–C≡N X–C≡N (S–C≡N)– in alcohols CH3–OH C–CH2–OH C2–CH–OH C3–C–OH C*–OH (overall) in dialkyl ethers CH3–O–C* C–CH2–O–C* C2–CH–O–C* C3–C–O–C* C*–O–C* (overall) in aryl alkyl ethers CH3–O–Car C–CH2–O–Car C2–CH–O–Car C3–C–O–Car C*–O–Car (overall) in alkyl esters of carboxylic acids CH3–O–C(=O)–C* C–CH2–O–C(=O)–C* C2–CH–O–C(=O)–C* C3–C–O–C(=O)–C* C*–O–C(=O)–C* (overall) in alkyl esters of α,β-unsaturated acids: C*–O–C(=O)–C=C (overall) in alkyl esters of benzoic acid C*–O–C(=O)–C(phenyl) (overall) in ring systems oxirane (epoxides) (any subst.) oxetane (any subst.) tetrahydrofuran (C,H subst.)

d 1.431 1.316 1.279 1.281 1.302 1.329 1.313 1.314 1.298 1.304 1.335 1.346 1.362 1.337 1.336 1.339 1.333 1.336

m 1.435 1.316 1.279 1.280 1.302 1.331 1.314 1.315 1.299 1.306 1.334 1.346 1.359 1.338 1.335 1.338 1.335 1.337

σ 0.020 0.009 0.008 0.013 0.021 0.014 0.011 0.009 0.006 0.008 0.015 0.010 0.013 0.012 0.022 0.015 0.013 0.014

q1 1.422 1.311 1.275 1.273 1.285 1.315 1.307 1.305 1.294 1.300 1.325 1.340 1.353 1.330 1.319 1.333 1.326 1.331

qu 1.442 1.324 1.285 1.288 1.319 1.339 1.319 1.320 1.303 1.308 1.342 1.352 1.369 1.344 1.347 1.342 1.337 1.339

n 26 14 75 67 36 20 44 9 12 14 30 64 56 269 120 28 28 56

1.334 1.339 1.345 1.336 1.144 1.136 1.144 1.138 1.144 1.155

1.334 1.341 1.345 1.337 1.147 1.137 1.144 1.138 1.141 1.156

0.014 0.013 0.008 0.014 0.006 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.012 0.012

1.327 1.336 1.342 1.329 1.140 1.131 1.139 1.133 1.138 1.147

1.341 1.345 1.348 1.344 1.148 1.142 1.149 1.143 1.151 1.165

146 38 24 204 6 140 284 31 10 14

1.413 1.426 1.432 1.440 1.432

1.414 1.426 1.431 1.440 1.431

0.018 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.013

1.395 1.420 1.425 1.432 1.424

1.425 1.431 1.439 1.449 1.441

17 75 266 106 464

1.416 1.426 1.429 1.452 1.426

1.418 1.424 1.430 1.450 1.425

0.016 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.019

1.405 1.418 1.420 1.445 1.414

1.426 1.435 1.437 1.458 1.437

110 34 53 39 236

1.424 1.431 1.447 1.470 1.429

1.424 1.430 1.446 1.469 1.427

0.012 0.013 0.020 0.018 0.018

1.417 1.422 1.435 1.456 1.419

1.431 1.438 1.466 1.483 1.436

616 188 58 55 917

1.448 1.452 1.460 1.477 1.450

1.449 1.453 1.460 1.475 1.451

0.010 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.014

1.442 1.445 1.454 1.472 1.442

1.455 1.458 1.465 1.484 1.459

200 32 78 6 314

1.453

1.452

0.013

1.444

1.459

112

1.454

1.454

0.012

1.446

1.463

219

1.446 1.463 1.442

1.446 1.460 1.441

0.014 0.015 0.017

1.438 1.451 1.430

1.456 1.474 1.451

498 16 154

Note

19

29

5 29

12,29

9

5/3/05 12:08:28 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond Csp3–O(2)

Csp2–O(2)


Substructure tetrahydropyran (C,H subst.) β-lactones: C*–O–C(=O) γ-lactones: C*–O–C(=O) δ-lactones: C*–O–C(=O) O–C–O system in gem-diols, and pyranose and furanose sugars: HO–C*–OH C5–O5–C1–O1H in pyranoses O1 axial (α): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1 equatorial (β): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 α + β (overall): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 C4–O4–C1–O1H in furanoses (overall values) C4–O4 O4–C1 C1–O1 C5–O5–C1–O1–C* in pyranoses O1 axial (α): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* O1 equatorial (β): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* α + β (overall): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* C4–O4–C1–O1–C* in furanoses (overall values) C4–O4 O4–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* Miscellaneous: C#–O–SiX3 C*–O–SO2–C in enols: C=C–OH in enol esters: C=C–O–C* in acids: C*–C(=O)–OH C=C–C(=O)–OH Car–C(=O)–OH in esters: C*–C(=O)–O–C* C=C–C(=O)–O–C* Car–C(=O)–O–C* C*–C(=O)–O–C=C C*–C(=O)–O–C=C

9-9 d 1.441 1.492 1.464 1.461

m 1.442 1.494 1.464 1.464

σ 0.015 0.010 0.012 0.017

q1 1.431 1.481 1.455 1.452

qu 1.451 1.501 1.473 1.473

n 22 4 110 27

1.397

1.401

0.012

1.388

1.405

18

1.439 1.427 1.403

1.440 1.426 1.400

0.008 0.012 0.012

1.432 1.421 1.391

1.445 1.432 1.412

29 29 29

1.435 1.430 1.393

1.436 1.431 1.393

0.008 0.010 0.007

1.429 1.424 1.386

1.440 1.436 1.399

17 17 17

1.439 1.430 1.401

1.440 1.429 1.399

0.008 0.012 0.011

1.432 1.421 1.392

1.446 1.436 1.407

60 60 60

1.442 1.432 1.404

1.446 1.432 1.405

0.012 0.012 0.013

1.436 1.421 1.397

1.449 1.443 1.409

18 18 18

1.439 1.417 1.409 1.435

1.438 1.417 1.409 1.435

0.010 0.009 0.014 0.013

1.433 1.410 1.401 1.427

1.446 1.424 1.417 1.443

67 67 67 67

1.434 1.424 1.390 1.437

1.435 1.424 1.390 1.438

0.006 0.008 0.011 0.013

1.429 1.418 1.381 1.428

1.439 1.431 1.400 1.445

39 39 39 39

1.436 1.419 1.402 1.436

1.436 1.419 1.403 1.436

0.009 0.011 0.016 0.013

1.431 1.412 1.391 1.428

1.442 1.426 1.413 1.445

126 126 126 126

1.443 1.421 1.410 1.439

1.445 1.418 1.409 1.437

0.013 0.012 0.014 0.014

1.429 1.413 1.401 1.429

1.453 1.431 1.420 1.449

23 23 23 23

1.416 1.465 1.333 1.354

1.416 1.461 1.331 1.353

0.017 0.014 0.017 0.016

1.405 1.454 1.324 1.341

1.428 1.475 1.342 1.363

29 33 53 40

1.308 1.293 1.305

1.311 1.295 1.311

0.019 0.019 0.020

1.298 1.279 1.291

1.320 1.307 1.317

174 22 75

1.336 1.332 1.337 1.362 1.407

1.337 1.331 1.335 1.359 1.405

0.014 0.011 0.013 0.018 0.017

1.328 1.324 1.329 1.351 1.394

1.346 1.339 1.344 1.374 1.420

551 112 219 26 26

Note 16 12 12 30,31

12,29 12

5/3/05 12:08:30 PM


9-10 Bond

Car–O(2) Car–O(2) Csp2=O(1)

Csp3–P(4)


Substructure C*–C(=O)–O–Car in anhydrides: O=C–O–C=O in ring systems: furan (O1–C2, O1–C5) isoxazole (O1–C5) β-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* γ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* δ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* in phenols: Car–OH in aryl alkyl ethers: Car–O–C* in diaryl ethers: Car–O–Car in esters: Car–O–C(=O)–C* in aldehydes and ketones: C*–CH=O (C*)2–C=O (C#)2–C=O in cyclobutanones in cyclopentanones in cyclohexanones C=C–C=O (C=C)2–C=O Car–C=O (Car)2–C=O C=O in benzoquinones delocalized double bonds in carboxylate anions: H–C  O2– (formate) C*–C  O2– C=C–C  O2– Car–C  O2– HOOC–C  O2– (hydrogen oxalate) – O2  C–C  O2– (oxalate) in carboxylic acids (X–COOH) C*–C(=O)–OH C=C–C(=O)–OH Car–C(=O)–OH in esters: C*–C(=O)–O–C* C=C–C(=O)–O–C* Car–C(=O)–O–C* C*–C(=O)–O–C=C C*–C(=O)–O–Car in anhydrides: O=C–O–C=O in β-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* γ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* δ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* in amides: NH2–C(–C*)=O (C*–)(C*,H–)N–C(–C*)=O β-lactams: C*–NH–C=O γ-lactams: C*–NH–C=O C*–N(–C*)–C=O δ-lactams: C*–NH–C=O C*–N(–C*)–C=O in ureas: (NH)2)2–C=O (C#–NH)2–C=O [(C#)n–N]2–C=O C3–P+–C* C2–P(=O)–CH3

d 1.360 1.386

m 1.359 1.386

σ 0.011 0.011

q1 1.355 1.379

qu 1.367 1.393

n 40 70

Note 12

1.368 1.354 1.359 1.350 1.339 1.362 1.370 1.384 1.401

1.369 1.354 1.359 1.349 1.339 1.364 1.370 1.381 1.401

0.015 0.010 0.013 0.012 0.016 0.015 0.011 0.014 0.010

1.359 1.345 1.348 1.342 1.332 1.353 1.363 1.375 1.394

1.377 1.360 1.371 1.359 1.347 1.373 1.377 1.391 1.408

125 9 4 110 27 551 920 132 40

1.192 1.210

1.192 1.210

0.005 0.008

1.188 1.206

1.197 1.215

7 474

1.198 1.208 1.211 1.222 1.233 1.221 1.230 1.222

1.198 1.208 1.211 1.222 1.229 1.218 1.226 1.220

0.007 0.007 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.014 0.015 0.013

1.194 1.203 1.207 1.216 1.226 1.212 1.220 1.211

1.204 1.212 1.216 1.229 1.242 1.229 1.238 1.231

12 155 312 225 28 85 66 86

1.242 1.254 1.250 1.255 1.243 1.251

1.243 1.253 1.248 1.253 1.247 1.251

0.012 0.010 0.017 0.010 0.015 0.007

1.234 1.247 1.238 1.249 1.232 1.248

1.252 1.261 1.261 1.262 1.256 1.254

24 114 52 22 26 18

1.214 1.229 1.226

1.214 1.226 1.223

0.019 0.017 0.020

1.203 1.218 1.211

1.224 1.237 1.241

175 22 75

1.196 1.199 1.202 1.190 1.187 1.187 1.193 1.201 1.205

1.196 1.198 1.201 1.190 1.188 1.187 1.193 1.202 1.207

0.010 0.009 0.009 0.014 0.011 0.010 0.006 0.009 0.008

1.190 1.193 1.196 1.184 1.181 1.184 1.187 1.196 1.201

1.202 1.203 1.207 1.198 1.195 1.193 1.198 1.206 1.209

551 113 218 26 40 70 4 109 27

13 12 12

1.234 1.231 1.198

1.233 1.231 1.200

0.012 0.012 0.012

1.225 1.224 1.193

1.243 1.238 1.204

32 378 23

14 14 13

1.235 1.225

1.235 1.226

0.008 0.011

1.232 1.217

1.240 1.233

20 15

13 13

1.240 1.233

1.241 1.233

0.003 0.007

1.237 1.229

1.243 1.239

6 15

14 14

1.256 1.241 1.230 1.800 1.791

1.256 1.237 1.230 1.802 1.790

0.007 0.011 0.007 0.015 0.006

1.249 1.235 1.224 1.790 1.786

1.261 1.245 1.234 1.812 1.795

24 13 20 35 10

25,26 25 25,27 33

13 12 12 29,32 12

5

12 12 12

5/3/05 12:08:32 PM


Csp3–P(3) Car–P(4)

Car–P(3) Csp3–S(4)

Csp3–S(3)

Csp3–S(2) Csp3–S(2)

Csp2–S(2)

Car–S(4)

Car–S(3) Car–S(2)

Csp1–S(2) Csp1–S(1) Csp2=S(1)

Csp3–Se Csp2–Se(2) Car–Se(3) Csp3–Si(5) Csp3–Si(4)

Car–Si(4)


Substructure C2–P(=O)–CH2–C C2–P(=O)–CH–C2 C2–P(=O)–C–C3 C2–P(=O)–C* (overall) C2–P–C* C3–P+–Car C2–P(=O)–Car Ph3–P=N+=P–Ph3 C2–P–Car (N)2P–Car(P  N aromatic) C*–SO2–C (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–SO2–C (overall) C*–SO2–O–X C*–SO2–N–X2 C*–S(=O)–C (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–S(=O)–C (overall) CH3–S+–X2 C*–S+–X2 (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–S+–X2 (overall) C*–SH CH3–S–C* C–CH2–S–C* C2–CH–S–C* C3–C–S–C* C*–S–C* (overall) in thiirane in thiirane: see ZCMXSP (1.817, 1.844) in tetrahydrothiophene in tetrahydrothiopyran C–CH2–S–S–X C3–C–S–S–X C*–S–S–X (overall) C=C–S–C* C=C–S–C=C (in tetrathiafulvalene) C=C–S–C=C (in thiophene) O=C–S–C# Car–SO2–C Car–SO2–O–X Car–SO2–N–X2 Car–S(=O)–C Car–S+–X2 Car–S–C* Car–S–Car Car–S–Car (in phenothiazine) Car–S–S–X N≡C–S–X (N≡C–S)– (C*)2–C=S: see IPMUDS (1.599) (Car)2–C=S: see CELDOM (1.611) (X)2–C=S (X = C,N,O,S) X2N–C(=S)–S–X (X2N)2–C=S (thioureas) N–C(S)2 C#–Se C=C–Se–C=C (in tetraselenafulvalene) Ph3–Se+ C#–Si––X4 CH3–Si–X3 C*–Si–X3 (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–Si–X3 (overall) Car–Si–X3

9-11 d 1.806 1.821 1.841 1.813 1.855 1.793 1.801 1.795 1.836 1.795 1.786 1.779 1.745 1.758 1.818 1.809 1.786 1.823 1.804 1.808 1.789 1.817 1.819 1.856 1.819 1.834

m 1.806 1.821 1.842 1.811 1.857 1.792 1.802 1.795 1.837 1.793 1.782 1.778 1.744 1.756 1.814 1.806 1.787 1.820 1.794 1.805 1.787 1.816 1.819 1.860 1.817 1.835

σ 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.017 0.019 0.011 0.011 0.008 0.010 0.011 0.018 0.020 0.009 0.018 0.024 0.025 0.007 0.016 0.025 0.010 0.008 0.013 0.011 0.011 0.019 0.025

q1 1.801 1.815 1.835 1.800 1.840 1.786 1.796 1.789 1.830 1.788 1.774 1.764 1.738 1.746 1.802 1.793 1.779 1.812 1.788 1.800 1.784 1.808 1.811 1.854 1.809 1.810

qu 1.813 1.828 1.847 1.822 1.870 1.800 1.807 1.800 1.844 1.803 1.797 1.790 1.754 1.773 1.829 1.820 1.792 1.834 1.820 1.819 1.794 1.824 1.825 1.863 1.827 1.858

n 45 15 14 84 23 276 98 197 102 43 75 94 7 17 69 88 21 18 41 6 9 92 32 26 242 4

1.827 1.823 1.823 1.863 1.833 1.751 1.741 1.712 1.762 1.763 1.752 1.758 1.790 1.778 1.773 1.768 1.764 1.777 1.679 1.630

1.826 1.821 1.820 1.865 1.828 1.755 1.741 1.712 1.759 1.764 1.750 1.759 1.790 1.779 1.774 1.767 1.764 1.777 1.683 1.630

0.018 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.022 0.017 0.011 0.013 0.018 0.009 0.008 0.013 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.012 0.026 0.014

1.811 1.812 1.813 1.848 1.818 1.740 1.733 1.703 1.747 1.756 1.749 1.749 1.783 1.771 1.765 1.762 1.760 1.767 1.645 1.619

1.837 1.832 1.832 1.878 1.848 1.764 1.750 1.722 1.778 1.769 1.756 1.765 1.798 1.787 1.779 1.774 1.769 1.785 1.698 1.641

20 24 41 11 59 61 88 60 20 96 27 106 41 10 44 158 48 47 10 14

1.671 1.660 1.681 1.720 1.970 1.893 1.930 1.874 1.857 1.888 1.863 1.868

1.675 1.660 1.684 1.721 1.967 1.895 1.929 1.876 1.857 1.887 1.861 1.868

0.024 0.016 0.020 0.012 0.032 0.013 0.006 0.015 0.018 0.023 0.024 0.014

1.656 1.648 1.669 1.709 1.948 1.882 1.924 1.859 1.848 1.872 1.850 1.857

1.689 1.674 1.693 1.731 1.998 1.902 1.936 1.884 1.869 1.905 1.875 1.878

245 38 96 20 21 32 13 9 552 124 681 178

Note

34 34

9

35

5/3/05 12:08:34 PM


9-12 Bond Csp1–Si(4) Csp3–Te Car–Te Csp2=Te Cl–Cl Cl–I Cl–N Cl–O(1) Cl–P Cl–S

Cl–Se Cl–Si(4) Cl–Te

F–N(3) F–P(6) F–P(3) F–S

F–Si(6) F–Si(5) F–Si(4) F–Te H–N(4) H–N(3) H–O(2)

I–I I–N I–O I–P(3) I–S I–Te(4) N(4)–N(3) N(3)–N(3)

N(3)–N(2) N(2)  N(2)


Substructure C≡C–Si–X3 C#–Te Car–Te see CEDCUJ (2.044) see PHASCL (2.306, 2.227) see CMBIDZ (2.563), HXPASC (2.541, 2.513), METAMM (2.552), BQUINI (2.416, 2.718) see BECTAE (1.743–1.757), BOGPOC (1.705) in CIO–4 (N)2P–Cl (N  P aromatic) Cl–P (overall) Cl–S (overall) see also longer bonds in CILSAR (2.283), BIHXIZ (2.357), CANLUY (2.749)

d 1.837 2.158 2.116

m 1.840 2.159 2.115

σ 0.012 0.030 0.020

q1 1.824 2.128 2.104

qu 1.849 2.177 2.130

n 8 13 72

Note

1.414 1.997 2.008 2.072

1.419 1.994 2.001 2.079

0.026 0.015 0.035 0.023

1.403 1.989 1.986 2.047

1.431 2.004 2.028 2.091

252 46 111 6

2.072 2.020 2.520

2.075 2.012 2.515

0.009 0.015 0.034

2.066 2.007 2.493

2.078 2.036 2.537

5 5 22

1.406 1.579 1.495 1.640

1.404 1.587 1.497 1.646

0.016 0.025 0.016 0.011

1.395 1.563 1.481 1.626

1.416 1.598 1.510 1.649

9 72 10 6

1.527 1.694 1.636 1.588

1.528 1.701 1.639 1.587

0.004 0.013 0.035 0.014

1.524 1.677 1.602 1.581

1.530 1.703 1.657 1.599

24 6 10 24

37

1.033 1.009 0.967 0.967 1.015 2.917

1.036 1.010 0.969 0.970 1.017 2.918

0.022 0.019 0.010 0.010 0.017 0.011

1.026 0.997 0.959 0.959 1.001 2.907

1.045 1.023 0.974 0.974 1.031 2.927

87 95 63 73 16 6

21 21 21 21 21,38

2.144

2.144

0.028

2.127

2.164

6

see BIRGUE10, BIRHAL10, CTCNSE (2.234–2.851)

Cl–Si–X3 (monochloro) Cl2–Si–X2 and Cl3–Si–X Cl–Te in range 2.34–2.60 see also longer bonds in BARRIV, BOJPUL, CETUTE, EPHTEA, OPNTEC10 (2.73–2.94) F–N–C2 and F2–N–C in hexafluorophosphate, PF–6 (N)2P–F(N  P aromatic) 43 observations in range 1.409–1.770 in a wide variety of environments; F–S(6) in F2–SO2–C2 (see FPSULF10, BETJOZ) F–S(4) in F2–S(=O)–N (see BUDTEZ) in SiF62 – F–Si––X4 F–Si–X3 see CUCPlZ (F–Te(6) = 1.942, 1.937), FPHTEL(F– Te(4) = 2.006) X3–N+–H X3–N–H in alcohols C*–O–H C#–O–H in acids O=C–O–H in I–3 see BZPRIB, CMBIDZ, HMTITI, HMTNTI, IFORAM, IODMAM (2.042–2.475) X–I–O(see BZPRIB, CAJMAB, IBZDAC11) for IO–6 see BOVMEE (1.829–1.912) see CEHKAB (2.490–2.493) sec DTHIBR10 (2.687), ISUREA10 (2.629), BZTPPI (3.251) I–Te–X3 X3–N+–N0–X2 (N0 planar) (C)(C,H)–Na–Nb(C)(C,H) Na, Nb pyramidal Na pyramidal, Nb planar Na, Nb planar overall in pyrazole (N1–N2) in pyridaznium (Nl+N2) N  N (aromatic) in pyridazine with C,H as ortho substituents with N,Cl as ortho substituents

36

† 2.926 1.414

2.928 1.414

0.026 0.005

2.902 1.412

2.944 1.418

8 13

1.454 1.420 1.401 1.425 1.366 1.350

1.452 1.420 1.401 1.425 1.366 1.349

0.021 0.015 0.018 0.027 0.019 0.010

1.444 1.407 1.384 1.407 1.350 1.345

1.457 1.433 1.418 1.443 1.375 1.361

44 68 40 139 20 7

1.304 1.368

1.300 1.373

0.019 0.011

1.287 1.362

1.326 1.375

6 9

5,39 40 40 40

5/3/05 12:08:36 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond N(2)=N(2)

N(2)=N(1) N(3)–O(2)

N(3)–O(1) N(2)–O(2)

N(3)=O(1)

N(3)–P(4)

N(3)–P(3)

N(2)=P(4) N(2)=P(3) N(2)  P(3)

N(3)–S(4)

N(3)–S(2)

N(2)–S(2) N(2)  S(2) N(2)=S(2) N(3)–SE N(2)–Se N(2)=Se


Substructure C#–N=N–C# cis trans (overall) Car–N=N–Car X–N=N=N (azides) X–N=N=N (azides) (C,H)2–N–OH (Nsp2: planar) C2–N–O–C (Nsp3: pyramidal) (Nsp2: planar) in furoxan (N2–O1) (C)2N+–O– in pyridine N-oxides in furoxan (+N2–O6–) in oximes (C#)2–C=N–OH (H)(Csp2)–C=N–OH (C#)(Csp2)–C=N–OH (Csp2)2–C=N–OH (C,H)2–C=N–OH (overall) in furazan (O1–N2, O1–N5) in furoxan (O1–N5) in isoxazole (O1–N2) in nitrate ions NO3– in nitro groups C*–NO2 C#–NO2 Car–NO2 C–NO2 (overall) X2–P(=X)–NX2 Nsp2: planar Nsp3: pyramidal (overall) subsets of this group are: O2–P(=S)–NX2 C–P(=S)–(NX2)2 O–P(=S)–(NX2)2 P(=O)–(NX2)3 –NX–P(–X)–NX–P(–X)–(P2N2 ring) –NX–P(=S)–NX–P(=S)–(P2N2 ring) in P-substituted phosphazenes: (N)2P–N (amino) (aziridinyl) Ph3–P=N+=P–Ph3 Ph3–P=N–C,S N  P aromatic in phosphazenes in P  N  S C–SO2–NH2 C–SO2–NH–C# C–SO2–N–C(#)2 C–S–NX2 Nsp2: planar (for Nsp3 pyramidal see MODIAZ: 1.765) X–S–NX2 Nsp2: planar C=N–S–X N  S aromatic in P  N  S N=S in N=S=N and N=S=S see COJCUZ (1.830), DSEMOR10 (1.846, 1.852), MORTRS10 (1.841) see SEBZQI (1.805), NAPSEZ10 (1.809, 1.820) see CISMUM (1.790, 1.791)

9-13 d

m

σ

q1

qu

n

1.245 1.222 1.240 1.255 1.216 1.124 1.396

1.244 1.222 1.241 1.253 1.226 1.128 1.394

0.009 0.006 0.012 0.016 0.028 0.015 0.012

1.239 1.218 1.230 1.247 1.202 1.114 1.390

1.252 1.227 1.251 1.262 1.237 1.137 1.401

21 6 27 13 19 19 28

1.463 1.397 1.438 1.304 1.234

1.465 1.394 1.436 1.299 1.234

0.012 0.011 0.009 0.015 0.008

1.457 1.388 1.430 1.291 1.228

1.468 1.409 1.447 1.316 1.240

22 12 14 11 14

1.416 1.390 1.402 1.378 1.394 1.385 1.380 1.425 1.239

1.418 1.390 1.403 1.377 1.395 1.383 1.380 1.425 1.240

0.006 0.011 0.010 0.017 0.018 0.013 0.011 0.010 0.020

1.416 1.380 1.393 1.365 1.379 1.378 1.370 1.417 1.227

1.420 1.401 1.410 1.393 1.408 1.392 1.388 1.434 1.251

7 20 18 16 67 12 14 9 105

1.212 1.210 1.217 1.218

1.214 1.210 1.218 1.219

0.012 0.011 0.011 0.013

1.206 1.203 1.211 1.210

1.221 1.218 1.215 1.226

84 251 1116 1733

1.652 1.683 1.662

1.651 1.683 1.662

0.024 0.005 0.029

1.634 1.680 1.639

1.670 1.686 1.682

205 6 358

1.628 1.691 1.652 1.663 1.730 1.697

1.624 1.694 1.654 1.668 1.721 1.697

0.015 0.018 0.014 0.026 0.017 0.015

1.615 1.678 1.642 1.640 1.716 1.690

1.634 1.703 1.664 1.679 1.748 1.703

9 28 28 78 20 44

1.637 1.672 1.571 1.599

1.638 1.674 1.573 1.597

0.014 0.010 0.013 0.018

1.625 1.665 1.563 1.580

1.651 1.676 1.580 1.615

16 15 66 7

1.582 1.604 1.600 1.633 1.642 1.710

1.582 1.606 1.601 1.633 1.641 1.707

0.019 0.009 0.012 0.019 0.024 0.019

1.571 1.594 1.591 1.615 1.623 1.698

1.594 1.612 1.610 1.652 1.659 1.722

126 36 14 47 38 22

1.707 1.656 1.560 1.541

1.705 1.663 1.558 1.546

0.012 0.027 0.011 0.022

1.699 1.632 1.554 1.521

1.715 1.677 1.563 1.558

30 36 37 37

Note

35 35 35 23 23

5/3/05 12:08:38 PM


9-14 Bond N(3)–Si(5) N(3)–Si(4)

N(2)–Si(4) N–Te O(2)–O(2)

O(2)–P(5)

O(2)–P(4)

O(2)–P(3) O(1)=P(4)

O(2)–S(4)

O(1)=S(4)

O(1)=S(3) O–Se O(2)–Si(5) O(2)–Si(4) O(2)–Si(4)

O(2)–Te(6) O(2)–Te(4) P(4)–P(4)


Substructure see DMESIP01, BOJLER, CASSAQ, CASYOK, CECXEN, CINTEY, CIPBUY, FMESIB, MNPSIL, PNPOSI (1.973–2.344) X3–Si–NX2 (overall) subsets of this group are: X3–Si–NHX X3–Si–NX–Si–X3 acyclic N–Si–N in 4-membered rings N–Si–N in 5-membered rings X3–Si–N––Si–X3 see ACLTEP (2.402), BIBLAZ (1.980), CESSAU (2.023) C*–O–O–C*,H τ(OO) = 70–85º τ(OO) ca. 180º overall O=C–O–O–C=O see ACBZPO01 (1.446), CEYLUN (1.452), CIMHIP (1.454) Si–O–O–Si X–P–(OX)4 trigonal bipyramidal: axial equatorial square pyramidal C–O–P( O)32 – (H–O)2–P( O)2– (C–O)2–P( O)2– (C#–O)3–P=O (Car–O)3–P=O X–O–P(=O)–(C,N)2 (X–O)2–P(=O)–(C,N) (N)2P–O–C (N  P aromatic) C–O–P( O)32– (delocalized) (H–O)2–P( O)2– (delocalized) (C–O)2–P( O)2– (delocalized) (C–O)3–P=O C3–P=O N3–P=O (C)2(N)–P=O (C,N)2(O)–P=O (C,N)(O)2–P=O C–O–SO2–C C–O–SO2–CH3 C–O–SO2–Car C–SO2–C X–SO2–NX2 C–SO2–N–(C,H)2 C–SO2–O–C in SO42– C–S(=O)–C see BAPPAJ, BIRGUE10, BIRHAL10, CXMSEO, DGLYSE, SPSEBU (1.597 for O=Se to 1.974 for O–Se) (X–O)3–Si–(N)(C) X3–Si–O–X (overall) subsets of this group are: X3–Si–O–C# X3–Si–O–Si–X3 X3–Si–O–O–Si–X3 (X–O)6–Te (X–O)2–Te–X2 X3–P–P–X3

d

m

σ

q1

qu

n

1.748

1.746

0.022

1.735

1.757

170

1.714 1.743 1.742 1.741 1.711

1.719 1.744 1.742 1.742 1.712

0.014 0.016 0.009 0.019 0.019

1.702 1.731 1.735 1.726 1.693

1.727 1.755 1.748 1.749 1.729

16 45 53 33 15

1.464 1.482 1.469

1.464 1.480 1.471

0.009 0.005 0.012

1.458 1.478 1.461

1.472 1.486 1.478

12 5 17

1.496

1.499

0.005

1.490

1.499

10

1.689 1.619 1.662 1.621 1.560 1.608 1.558 1.587 1.590 1.571 1.573 1.513 1.503 1.483 1.449 1.489 1.461 1.487 1.467 1.457 1.577 1.569 1.580 1.436 1.428 1.430 1.423 1.472 1.497

1.685 1.622 1.661 1.622 1.561 1.607 1.554 1.588 1.585 1.572 1.573 1.512 1.503 1.485 1.448 1.486 1.462 1.489 1.462 1.458 1.576 1.569 1.578 1.437 1.428 1.430 1.423 1.473 1.498

0.024 0.024 0.020 0.007 0.009 0.013 0.011 0.014 0.016 0.013 0.011 0.008 0.005 0.008 0.007 0.010 0.014 0.007 0.007 0.009 0.015 0.013 0.015 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.013 0.013

1.675 1.604 1.649 1.615 1.555 1.599 1.550 1.572 1.577 1.563 1.563 1.508 1.499 1.474 1.446 1.481 1.449 1.479 1.462 1.454 1.566 1.556 1.571 1.431 1.422 1.425 1.418 1.463 1.489

1.712 1.628 1.673 1.628 1.566 1.615 1.564 1.599 1.601 1.579 1.584 1.518 1.508 1.490 1.452 1.496 1.470 1.493 1.472 1.462 1.584 1.582 1.588 1.442 1.434 1.435 1.428 1.481 1.505

20 20 28 12 16 16 30 19 33 70 16 42 16 16 18 72 26 5 33 35 41 7 27 316 326 206 82 104 90

1.663 1.631

1.658 1.630

0.023 0.022

1.650 1.617

1.665 1.646

21 191

1.645 1.622 1.680 1.927 2.133 2.256

1.647 1.625 1.676 1.927 2.136 2.259

0.012 0.014 0.008 0.020 0.054 0.025

1.634 1.614 1.673 1.908 2.078 2.243

1.652 1.631 1.688 1.942 2.177 2.277

29 70 10 16 12 6

Note

41

42

5

5/3/05 12:08:40 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond P(4)–P(3) P(3)–P(3) P(4)=P(4) P(3)=P(3) P(4)=S(1)

P(4)=Se(1) P(3)–Si(4) P(4)=Te(1) S(2)–S(2)

S(2)–S(1) S–Se(4) S–Se(2) S(2)–Si(4) S(2)–Te Se(2)–Se(2) Se(2)–Te(2) Si(4)–Si(4) Te–Te

Substructure see CECHEX (2.197), COZPIQ (2.249) X2–P–P–X2 see BUTSUE (2.054) see BALXOB (2.034) C3–P=S (N,O)2(C)–P=S (N,O)3–P=S X3–P=Se X2–P–Si–X3: 3- and 4-rings excluded (see BOPFER, BOPFIV, CASTOF10, COZVIW: 2.201–2.317) see MOPHTE (2.356), TTEBPZ (2.327) C–S–S–C τ(SS) = 75–105º τ(SS) = 0–20º (overall) in polysulphide chain–S–S–S– X–N=S–S see BUWZUO (2.264, 2.269) X–Se–S (any) X3–Si–S–X X–S–Te (any) X=S–Te (any) X–Se–Se–X see BAWFUA, BAWGAH (2.524–2.561) X3–Si–Si–X3 3–membered rings excluded: see CIHRAM (2.511) see CAHJOK (2.751, 2.704)

Appendix 1. (Footnotes to Table) 1. Sample dominated by B–CH3. For longer bonds in B––CH3 see LITMEB10 [B(4)–CH3 = 1.621–1.644Å]. 2. p(π)–p(π) Bonding with Bsp2 and Nsp2 coplanar (τBN = 0 ± 15º) predominates. See G. Schmidt, R. Boese, and D. Bläser, Z. Naturforsch., 1982, 37b, 1230. 3. 84 observations range from 1.38 to 1.61 Å and individual values depend on substituents on B and O. For a discussion of borinic acid adducts see S. J. Rettig and J. Trotter, Can. J. Chem., 1982, 60, 2957. 4. See M. Kaftory in ‘The Chemistry of Functional Groups. Supplement D: The Chemistry of Halides, Pseudohalides, and Azides’, S. Patai and Z. Rappoport, Eds., Wiley: New York, 1983, Part 2, ch. 24. 5. Bonds which are endocyclic or exocyclic to any 3- or 4-membered rings have been omitted from all averages in this section. 6. The overall average given here is for Csp3–Csp3 bonds which carry only C or H substituents. The value cited reflects the relative abundance of each ‘substitution’ group. The ‘mean of means’ for the 9 subgroups is 1.538 (σ = 0.022) Å. 7. See F. H. Allen, (a) Acta Crystallogr., 1980, B36, 81; (b) 1981, B37, 890. 8. See F. H. Allen, Acta Crystallogr., 1984, B40, 64. 9. See F. H. Allen, Tetrahedron, 1982, 38, 2843. 10. See F. H. Allen, Tetrahedron, 1982, 38, 645. 11. Cyclopropanones and cyclobutanones excluded. 12. See W. B. Schweizer and J. D. Dunitz, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 1547. 13. See L. Norskov-Lauritsen, H.-B. Bürgi, P. Hoffmann, and H. R. Schmidt, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1985, 68, 76. 14. See P. Chakrabarti and J. D. Dunitz, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 1555. 15. See J. L. Hencher in ‘The Chemistry of the C≡C Triple Bond,’ S. Patai, Ed., Wiley, New York, 1978, ch. 2. 16. Conjugated: torsion angle about central C–C single bond is 0 ± 20º (cis) or 180 ± 20º (trans). 17. Unconjugated: torsion angle about central C–C single bond is 20– 160º.


9-15 d

m

σ

q1

qu

2.214

2.210

0.022

2.200

2.224

41

1.954 1.922 1.913 2.093 2.264

1.952 1.924 1.914 2.099 2.260

0.005 0.014 0.014 0.019 0.019

1.950 1.913 1.906 2.075 2.249

1.957 1.927 1.921 2.108 2.283

13 26 50 12 22

2.031 2.070 2.048 2.051 1.897

2.029 2.068 2.045 2.050 1.896

0.015 0.022 0.026 0.022 0.012

2.021 2.057 2.028 2.037 1.887

2.038 2.077 2.068 2.065 1.908

46 28 99 126 5

2.193 2.145 2.405 2.682 2.340

2.195 2.138 2.406 2.686 2.340

0.015 0.020 0.022 0.035 0.024

2.174 2.130 2.383 2.673 2.315

2.207 2.158 2.424 2.694 2.361

9 19 10 28 15

2.359

2.359

0.012

2.349

2.366

42

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.

n

Note

†

Other conjugative substituents excluded. TCNQ is tetracyanoquinodimethane. No difference detected between C2  C3 and C3  C4 bonds. Derived from neutron diffraction results only. Nsp3: pyramidal; mean valence angle at N is in range 108–114º. Nsp2: planar; mean valence angle at N is ≥ 117.5º. Cyclic and acyclic peptides. See R. H. Blessing, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 2776. See L. Lebioda, Acta Crystallogr., 1980, B36, 271. n = 3 or 4, i.e. tri- or tetra-substituted ureas. Overall value also includes structures with mean valence angle at N in the range 115–118º. See F. H. Allen and A. J. Kirby, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 6197. See A. J. Kirby, ‘The Anomeric Effect and Related Stereoelectronic Effects at Oxygen,’ Springer, Berlin, 1983. See B. Fuchs, L. Schleifer, and E. Tartakovsky, Nouv. J. Chim., 1984, 8, 275. See S. C. Nyburg and C. H. Faerman, J. Mol. Struct., 1986, 140, 347. Sample dominated by P–CH3 and P–CH2–C. Sample dominated by C* = methyl. See A. Kalman, M. Czugler, and G. Argay, Acta Crystallogr., 1981, B37, 868. Bimodal distribution resolved into 22 ‘short’ bonds and 5 longer outliers. All 24 observations come from BUDTEZ. ‘Long’ O–H bonds in centrosymmetric O---H---O H–bonded dimers are excluded. N–N bond length also dependent on torsion angle about N–N bond and on nature of substituent C atoms; these effects are ignored here. N pyramidal has average angle at N in range 100–113.5º; N planar has average angle of ≥ 117.5º. See R. R. Holmes and J. A. Deiters, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1977, 99, 3318. No detectable variation in S=O bond length with type of C-substituent.

5/3/05 12:08:41 PM


9-16

Appendix 2

Short-form references to individual CSD entries cited by reference code in the Table. A full list of CSD bibliographic entries is given in SUP 56701. ACBZPO01 ACLTEP ASAZOC BALXOB BAPPAJ BARRIV BAWFUA BAWGAH BECTAE BELNIP BEMLIO BEPZEB BETJOZ BETUTE10 BIBLAZ BICGEZ BIHXIZ BIRGUE10 BIRHAL10 BIZJAV BOGPOC BOGSUL BOJLER BOJPUL BOPFER BOPFIV BOVMEE BQUINI BTUPTE BUDTEZ BUPSIB10 BUSHAY BUTHAZ10 BUTSUE BUWZUO BZPRIB BZTPPI CAHJOK CAJMAB CANLUY CASSAQ CASTOF10 CASYOK CECHEX CECXEN CEDCUJ CEHKAB CELDOM CESSAU CETTAW CETUTE CEYLUN CIFZUM CIHRAM CILRUK CILSAR CIMHIP CINTEY CIPBUY CISMUM CISTED


J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97, 6729. J. Organomet. Chem., 1980, 184, 417. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1979, 249, 120. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 4587. Inorg. Chem., 1981, 20, 3071. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1981, 35, 443. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1981, 10, 1345. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1981, 10, 1353. J. Org. Chem., 1981, 46, 5048, 1981. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 299. Chem. Ber., 1982, 115, 1126. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1982, 11, 175. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 1683. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1976, 30, 719. Zh. Strukt. Khim., 1981, 22, 118. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1982, 486, 90. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1982, 982. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1983, 38, 20. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 1410. J. Organomet. Chem., 1982, 238, C1. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 1402. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 1230. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1982, 493, 53. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1982, 36, 829. Chem. Ber., 1983, 116, 146. Chem. Ber., 1983, 116, 146. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1982, 38, 1048. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1979, 35, 1930. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1975, 29, 738. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1983, 38, 454. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1981, 474, 31. Z. Naturforsch., Teil. B, 1983, 38, 692. Inorg. Chem., 1984, 23, 2582. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1983, 862. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser A, 1983, 37, 219. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1981, 36, 922. Inorg. Chem., 1978, 17, 894. Inorg. Chem., 1983, 22, 1809. Chem. Z, 1983, 107, 169. Tetrahedron Lett., 1983, 24, 4337. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 101. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 1879. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 107. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1984, 508, 61. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 207. J. Org. Chem., 1983, 48, 5149. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 139. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 556. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 653. Chem. Ber., 1984, 117, 1089. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser A, 1975, 29, 763. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim., 1983, 2744. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser A, 1984, 38, 289. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1984, 23, 302. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1984, 1023. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1984, 1021. Acta Crystallogr., C, 1984, 40, 1458. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1984, 274, 615. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 281. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 485. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1984, 511, 95.

CIWYIQ CIYFOF CMBIDZ CODDEE CODDII COFVOI COJCUZ COSDIX COZPIQ COZVIW CTCNSE CUCPIZ CUDLOC CUDLUI CUGBAH CXMSEO DGLYSE DMESIP01 DSEMOR10 DTHIBR10 EPHTEA ESEARS ETEARS FMESIB FPHTEL FPSULF10 HCLENE10 HMTITI HMTNTI HXPASC IBZDAC11 IFORAM IODMAM IPMUDS ISUREA10 LITMEB10 MESIAD METAMM MNPSIL MODIAZ MOPHTE MORTRS10 NAPSEZ10 NBBZAM OPIMAS OPNTEC10 PHASCL PHASOC01 PNPOSI SEBZQI SPSEBU TEACBR THINBR TMPBTI TPASSN TPASTB TPHOSI TTEBPZ ZCMXSP

Inorg. Chem., 1984, 23, 1946. Inorg. Chem., 1984, 23, 1790. J. Org. Chem., 1979, 44, 1447. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1257. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1257. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1027. Chem. Ber., 1984, 117, 2686. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1344. Chem. Ber., 1984, 117, 2063. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1984, 515, 7. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 5430. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 7529. J. Cryst. Spectrosc., 1985, 15, 53. J. Cryst. Spectrosc., 1985, 15, 53. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1985, 41, 476. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1973, 29, 595. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1975, 31, 1785. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 895. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1980, 628. Inorg. Chem., 1971, 10, 697. Inorg. Chem., 1980, 19, 2487. J. Chem. Soc. C, 1971, 1511. J. Chem. Soc. C, 1971, 1511. J. Organomet. Chem., 1980, 197, 275. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1980, 2306. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 1683. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1982, 38, 3139. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1975, 31, 1505. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1974, 409, 237. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1975, 1381. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1979, 854. Monatsh. Chem., 1974, 105, 621. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1977, 33, 3209. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1973, 29, 2128. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1972, 28, 643. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97, 6401. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1980, 35, 789. Acta Crystallogr., 1964, 17, 1336. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1969, 91, 4134. J. Heterocycl. Chem., 1980, 17, 1217. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1980, 34, 333. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1980, 628. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 5070. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1977, 32, 1416. Aust. J. Chem., 1977, 30, 2417. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1982, 251. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1981, 37, 1357. Aust. J. Chem., 1975, 28, 15. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1968, 90, 5102. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1977, 325. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1979, 33, 403. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1974, 3, 753. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1970, 92, 4002. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1975, 31, 1116. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1977, 514. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1976, 5, 39. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1979, 34, 1064. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1979, 34, 256. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1977, 6, 93.

5/3/05 12:08:42 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules This table is reprinted from Kagaku Benran, 3rd Edition, Vol. II, pp. 649–661 (1984), with permission of the publisher, Maruzen Company, LTD. (Copyright 1984 by the Chemical Society of Japan). Translation was carried out by Kozo Kuchitsu. Internuclear distances and bond angles are represented in units of Å (1 Å = 10–10 m) and degrees, respectively. The same but inequivalent atoms are discriminated by subscripts a, b, etc. In some molecules ax for axial and eq for equatorial are also used. All measurements were made in the gas phase. The methods used are abbreviated as follows. UV: ultraviolet (including visible) spectroscopy; IR: infrared spectroscopy; R: Raman spectroscopy; MW: microwave spectroscopy; ED: electron diffraction; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; LMR: laser magnetic resonance; EPR: electron paramagnetic resonance; MBE: molecular beam electric resonance. If two methods were used jointly for structure determination, they are listed together, as (ED, MW). If the numerical values listed refer to the equilibrium values, they are specified by re and θe. In other cases the listed values represent various average values in vibrational states; it is frequently the case that they represent the rs structure derived from several isotopic species for MW or the rg structure (i.e., the average internuclear distances at thermal equilibrium) for ED. These internuclear distances for the same atom pair with different definitions may sometimes differ as much

as 0.01 Å. Appropriate comments are made on the symmetry and conformation in the equilibrium structure. In general, the numerical values listed in the following tables contain uncertainties in the last digits. However, for certain molecules such as diatomic molecules, with experimental uncertainties of the order of 10–5 Å or smaller, numerical values are listed to four decimal places.

References 1. L. E. Sutton, Ed., Tables of Interatomic Distances and Configuration in Molecules and Ions, The Chemical Society Special Publication, No. 11, 18, The Chemical Society (London), 1958, 1965. 2. K.-H. Hellwege, Ed., Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relations in Science and Technology, New Series, II/7, J. H. Callomon, E. Hirota, K. Kuchitsu, W. J. Lafferty, A. G. Maki, C. S. Pote, with assistance of I. Buck and B. Starck, Structure Data of Free Polyatomic Molecules, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1976. 3. K. P. Huber and G. Herzberg, Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., London, 1979. 4. B. Starck, Microwave Catalogue and Supplements, private communication. 5. B. Starck, Electron Diffraction Catalogue and Supplements, private communication.

STRUCTURES OF ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Compounds are arranged in alphabetical order by their chemical formulas (Lengths in Å and Angles in Degrees) Compound AgBr AgCl AgF AgH AgI AgO AlBr AlCl AlF AlH AlI AlO Al2Br6

Ag—Br (re) Ag—Cl (re) Ag—F (re) Ag—H (re) Ag—I (re) Ag—O (re) Al—Br (re) Al—Cl (re) Al—F (re) Al—H (re) Al—I (re) Al—O (re) Bra

2.3931 2.2808 1.9832 1.617 2.5446 2.0030 2.295 2.1301 1.6544 1.6482 2.5371 1.6176 Bra

Brb Al

Al Brb

Bra

Structure

Bra

Al2Cl6

AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 AsF5

As—Br As—Cl As—F Fa

Fb

As Fa

Fb

2.324 2.165 1.710 As—Fa

1.711

Al—Bra Al—Brb ∠BrbAlBrb ∠BraAlBra (D2h) Al—Cla Al—Clb ∠ClbAlClb ∠ClaAlCla (D2h) ∠BrAsBr ∠ClAsCl ∠FAsF As—Fb (D3h)

2.22 2.38 82 118

Method MW MW MW UV MW UV UV MW MW UV MW UV ED

2.04 2.24 87 122

ED

99.6 98.6 95.9 1.656

ED ED, MW ED, MW

Fb

9-19

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules

9-20 Compound AsH3 AsI3 AuH BBr3 BCl3 BF BF2H BF2OH BF3 BH BH3PH3 BI3 BN BO BO2 BS B2H6

As—H (re) As—I Au—H (re) B—Br B—Cl B—F (re) B—H B—F ∠FBF B—F B—H (re) B—P ∠PBH ∠HPH B—I B—N (re) B—O (re) B—O B—S Ha Hb

B Ha B3H3O3 B3H6N3 BaH BaO BaS BeF BeH BeH2 BeO BiBr BiBr3 BiCl BiCl3 BiF BiH BiI BiO BrCN BrCl BrF BrF3

1.189 1.32 118

1.937 103.6 101.3

1.511 2.557 1.5237 1.893 1.742 1.2626

1.313 1.2325

2.118 1.281 1.2045 1.265 1.6091

∠HAsH (θe) ∠IAsI

Hb

B—O B—N ∠NBN Ba—H (re) Ba—O (re) Ba—S (re) Be—F (re) Be—H (re) Be—H(re) Be—O (re) Bi—Br (re) Bi—Br Bi—Cl (re) Bi—Cl Bi—F (re) Bi—H (re) Bi—I (re) Bi—O (re) C—N (re) Br—Cl (re) Br—F (re) Fa Br Fa

B—F B—O ∠FBO

1.311 1.34 123

B—H 1.212 ∠BPH 116.9 staggered form

2.2318 1.9397 2.5074 1.3609 1.3431 1.3264 1.3308 2.6095 2.63 2.4716 2.423 2.0516 1.805 2.8005 1.934 1.157 2.1361 1.7590

BrO Br2 CBr4 CCl CClF3 CCl3F

Br—F (average) 1.753 (Br—Feq) – (Br—Fax) = 0.069 85.1 ∠FaxBrFeq 1.7172 Br—O (re) Br—Br (re) 2.2811 C—Br 1.935 C—Cl 1.6512 C—Cl 1.752 C—Cl 1.754

CCl4 CF CF3I

C—Cl C—F (re) C—I

2.138

1.767 1.2718

(D3h) P—H ∠HBH

118.3 0.941 114.1

1.399 114.6

(D3h)

B—Ha B—Hb B···B ∠HaBHa ∠HbBHb ∠BOB≅∠OBO

Ha 1.376

∠FBF O—H ∠BOH

B—H ∠BNB

Br—Fa ∠FaBrFb

1.26 121

1.19 1.33 1.77 122 97 120 N—H (C2)

1.05

∠BrBiBr

90

(C3v)

∠ClBiCl

100

(C3v)

C—Br (re)

1.790

1.810 86.2

Br—Fb (C2v)

Method MW, IR ED UV ED ED UV MW MW ED, IR UV MW

ED UV EPR UV UV IR, ED

linear

Ha

1.435 118

92.1 100.2

(D3h) (D3h)

B

Fb BrF5

Structure

1.721

ED ED UV MW MBE UV UV IR UV MW ED MW ED MW UV MW UV IR MW MW MW

ED, MW (C4v)

∠FCF ∠ClCCl (C3v)

108.6 111

MW R ED UV ED, MW MW

∠FCF

108.1

ED EPR ED, MW

(Td) C—F C—F

1.325 1.362 (Td)

C—F

1.330

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound CF4 CH CI4 CN CO COBr2 COClF COCl2 COF2 CO2 CP CS CS2 C2 C3O2 CaH CaO CaS CdH CdBr2 CdCl2 CdI2 ClCN ClF ClF3 ClO ClOH ClO2 ClO3(OH)

9-21

Structure C—F 1.323 1.1199 C—H (re) C—I 2.15 1.1718 C—N (re) 1.1283 C—O (re) C—O 1.178 ∠BrCBr 112.3 C—F 1.334 C—O 1.173 ∠FCCl 108.8 ∠ClCO 127.5 C—O 1.179 ∠ClCCl 111.8 C—F 1.3157 ∠FCF 107.71 C—O (re) 1.1600 1.562 C—P (re) 1.5349 C—S (re) C—S (re) 1.5526 C—C (re) 1.2425 C—O 1.163 linear (large-amplitude bending vibration) 2.002 Ca—H (re) 1.8221 Ca—O (re) 2.3178 Ca—S (re) 1.781 Cd—H (re) Cd—Br 2.35 Cd—Cl 2.24 Cd—I 2.56 1.629 C—Cl (re) 1.6283 Cl—F (re) Cl—Fa 1.698 Fa Cl Fa ∠FaClFb Fb Cl—O (re) O—Cl Cl—O Oa—Cl H Ob

1.5696 1.690 1.470 1.407

O—H

0.975

∠OaClOa

Method ED UV ED MW MW ED, MW

(Td) (Td) C—Br

1.923 C—Cl

1.725

ED, MW

C—Cl

1.742

ED, MW

C—O

1.172

ED, MW

1.289

IR UV MW IR UV ED

C—C

UV UV UV EPR ED ED ED MW MW MW

linear linear linear C—N (re)

1.160

87.5

Cl—Fb (C2v)

1.598

∠OClO Ob—Cl 114.3

∠HOCl 117.38 1.639 ∠OaClOb

102.5

∠ClOCl

110.89

Cr—C

1.92

UV MW UV ED

1.159 ∠HOF

UV MW MW MW UV MW MW MW MW MW UV MW MW MW

104.1

MW, UV MW, IR MW ED

Cl Oa O Oa a Cl2 Cl2O CoH Cr (CO)6 CrO CsBr CsCl CsF CsH CsI CsOH CuBr CuCl CuF CuH CuI FCN FOH

Cl—Cl (re) Cl—O Co—H (re) C—O ∠CrCO Cr—O (re) Cs—Br (re) Cs—Cl (re) Cs—F (re) Cs—H (re) Cs—I (re) Cs—O (re) Cu—Br (re) Cu—Cl (re) Cu—F (re) Cu—H (re) Cu—I (re) C—F O—H

0.96

1.9878 1.6959 1.542 1.16 180 1.615 3.0723 2.9063 2.3454 2.4938 3.3152 2.395 2.1734 2.0512 1.7449 1.4626 2.3383 1.262

O—H (re)

O—F

1.442

C—N

0.97

97.2


9-22 Compound F2 Fe(CO)5

HBr HCN

F—F (re) Fe—C (average) (Fe—C)eq – (Fe—C)ax C—O (average) Ga—Br (re) Ga—Cl (re) Ga—F (re) Ga—F Ga—I (re) Ga—I Gd—I Ge—H ∠HGeH Ge—Br Ge—H ∠HGeH Ge—Cl Ge—Cl Ge—H ∠HGeH Ge—F (re) Ge—H (re) Ge—H Ge—O (re) Ge—S (re) Ge—Se (re) Ge—Te (re) Ge—H ∠HGeH H—Br (re) C—H (re)

HCNO

H—C

HCl HF HI HNCO

H—Cl (re) H—F (re) H—I (re) N—H ∠HNC N—H ∠HNC N—H

GaBr GaCl GaF GaF3 GaI GaI3 GdI3 GeBrH3 GeBr4 GeClH3 GeCl2 GeCl4 GeFH3 GeF2 GeH GeH4 GeO GeS GeSe GeTe Ge2H6

HNCS HNO HNO2

1.4119 1.821 1.153 2.3525 2.2017 1.7744 1.88 2.5747 2.458 2.841 1.526 106.2 2.272 1.537 111.0 2.183 2.113 1.522 113.0 1.7321 1.5880 1.5251 1.6246 2.0121 2.1346 2.3402 1.541 106.4 1.4145 1.0655

1.027

0.986 128.0 0.989 135.0 1.063

1.2746 0.9169 1.6090

HNSO

N—H ∠HNS

1.029 115.8

H2 H 2O H2O2

H—H (re) 0.7414 O—H (re) 0.9575 O—O 1.475 dihedral angle of internal rotation H—S (re) 1.3356

Method R ED

0.020

(D3h)

(D3h) (D3h) ∠IGdI Ge—Br

108 2.299

(Td) Ge—Cl

2.150

∠ClGeCl (Td) Ge—F

1.732

∠FGeF (θe)

97.17

(C3v)

100.3

N—C

1.161

Ge—Ge ∠GeGeH

2.403 112.5

C—N (re) linear

1.1532

1.209

N—C 1.216 ∠NCS 180 N—O 1.212 s-trans conformer Ob—H N—Ob N—Oa ∠OaNOb ∠NObH Oc—H N—Oa ∠HOcN ∠OcNOb

0.958 1.432 1.170 110.7 102.1 0.96 1.20 102.2 115.9

N—S ∠NSO planar

1.512 120.4

ED ED MW, IR MW UV IR, R MW MW MW MW ED MW MW, IR

N—O linear

1.207

MW

C—O

1.166

MW MW MW MW

C—S

1.561

MW

∠HNO s-cis conformer 0.98 1.39 1.19 114 104 N—Oc N—Ob ∠OcNOa planar

108.6

UV MW

1.41 1.21 113.9

MW

1.451

MW

S—O

∠HOH (θe) ∠OOH 119.8 ∠HSH (θe)

MW MW MW ED MW ED ED MW, IR ED IR, MW

(Td)

C—N

HNO3

H2S

Structure

104.51 94.8 (C2) 92.12

UV MW, IR IR MW, IR

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound H2SO4

H2S2 HfCl4 HgCl2 HgH HgI2 IBr ICN ICl IF5 IO I2 InBr InCl InF InH InI IrF6 KBr KCl KF KH KI KOH K2 KrF2 LiBr LiCl LiF LiH LiI Li2 Li2Cl2

LuCl3 MgF MgH MgO MnH Mo(CO)6 MoCl4O MoF6 NClH2 NCl3 NF2 NH2 NH2CN

9-23

Structure O—H 0.97 Ob 1.422 S—Oc 101.3 ∠OaSOb Oa Ha 108.6 ∠OaSOc S dihedral angle between the HaOaS and OaSOc planes Od Oc dihedral angle between the HaOaS and OaSOb planes dihedral angle between the HaSOb and OcSOd planes S—S 2.055 S—H 1.327 dihedral angle of internal rotation 90.6 (C2) Hf—Cl 2.33 (Td) Hg—Cl 2.252 linear 1.7404 Hg—H (re) Hg—I 2.553 linear 2.4691 I—Br (re) C—I 1.995 C—N 2.3210 I—Cl (re) I—F (average) 1.860 (I—F)eq – (I—F)ax 82.1 (C4v) ∠FaxIFeq 1.8676 I—O (re) I—I (re) 2.6663 2.5432 In—Br (re) 2.4012 In—Cl (re) 1.9854 In—F (re) 1.8376 In—H (re) 2.7537 In—I (re) Ir—F 1.830 (Oh) 2.8208 K—Br (re) 2.6667 K—Cl (re) 2.1716 K—F (re) 2.244 K—H (re) 3.0478 K—I (re) O—H 0.91 K—O K—K (re) 3.9051 Kr—F 1.89 linear 2.1704 Li—Br (re) 2.0207 Li—Cl (re) 1.5639 Li—F (re) 1.5949 Li—H (re) 2.3919 Li—I (re) Li—Li (re) 2.6729 Li—Cl Li Cl—Cl Cl Cl ∠ClLiCl Li

Hb

Lu—Cl Mg—F (re) Mg—H (re) Mg—O (re) Mn—H (re) Mo—C Mo—Cl ∠ClMoCl Mo—F N—H ∠HNCl N—Cl N—F N—H N—H

2.063

2.417 1.7500 1.7297 1.749 1.7308 2.279 87.2 1.820 1.017 103.7 1.759 1.3528 1.024 1.00

∠ClLuCl

C—O

1.145

Mo—O (C4v) (Oh) N—Cl ∠HNH ∠ClNCl ∠FNF ∠HNH Na—C

S—Oa ∠HaOaS ∠OcSOd ∠OaSOd

∠SSH

1.159 0.03

2.212 linear

2.23 3.61 108 112

(Oh) 1.658

1.748 107 107.1 103.18 103.3 1.35

20.8 90.9 88.4

Method MW

1.574 108.5 123.3 106.4

91.3

(C2)

ED, MW ED ED UV ED MW MW MW ED, MW MW R MW MW MW UV MW ED MW MW MW UV MW MW UV ED MW MW MW MW MW UV ED

(C3v) ED UV UV UV UV ED ED ED MW, IR ED MW UV MW


9-24 Compound

Structure C—Nb 1.160 ∠HNH angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond

H Na

C Nb

114 142

Method

H NH2NO2 NH3 NH4Cl NF2CN NH NH2OH NO NOCl NOF NO2 NO2Cl NO2F NS N2 N2H4

N2O N2O3

N2O4

NaBr NaCl NaF NaH NaI Na2 NbCl5 NbO Ni(CO)4 NiH NpF6 OCS OCSe OF OF2 O(SiH3)2 O2 O2F2 O3

N—N 1.427 N—H ∠HNH 115.2 ∠ONO dihedral angle between the NH2 and NNO2 planes N—H (re) 1.012 ∠HNH (θe) N—H 1.22 N—Cl 2.54 F2Nb—C≡Na C—Na 1.158 1.399 ∠NaCNb 174 Nb—F 105.4 ∠FNbF 102.8 ∠CNbF 1.0362 N—H (re) N—H 1.02 N—O 1.453 ∠HNH 107 ∠HNO 103.3 The bisector of H—N—H angle is trans to the O—H bond 1.1506 N—O (re) N—Cl 1.975 N—O 1.14 O—N 1.136 N—F 1.512 N—O 1.193 ∠ONO N—Cl 1.840 N—O ∠ONO 130.6 (C2v) N—O 1.1798 N—F ∠ONO 136 (C2v) 1.4940 N—S (re) N—N (re) 1.0977 N—H 1.021 N—N ∠HNH 106.6 (assumed) ∠NNHa 106 dihedral angle of internal rotation ∠NNHb Ha: the H atom closer to the C2 axis, Hb: the H atom farther from the C2 axis N—N (re) 1.1284 N—O (re) Na—Nb 1.864 Oa Ob 1.202 Nb—Ob Na Nb 105.05 ∠OaNaNb Oc ∠NaNbOb 112.72 117.47 ∠NaNbOc N—N 1.782 O O ∠ONO 135.4 N N O O Na—Br (re) Na—Cl (re) Na—F (re) Na—H (re) Na—I (re) Na—Na (re) Nb—Cleq Nb—O (re) Ni—C Ni—H (re) Np—F C—O (re) C—O O—F (re) O—F (re) Si—H ∠SiOSi O—O (re) O—O ∠OOF O—O (re)

2.241 1.838

2.5020 2.3609 1.9260 1.8873 2.7115 3.0789 1.691 1.476 1.981 1.1578 1.159 1.3579 1.4053 1.486 144.1 1.2074 1.217 109.5 1.2716

1.005 130.1 128.2 106.7 (C3v) C—Nb

1.386

O—H ∠NOH

0.962 101.4

∠ONCl ∠FNO 134.1 1.202

113 110.1

1.467

1.1841 Na—Oa Nb—Oc

N—O (D2h)

2.338 (D3h)

ED

C—O

1.141

(Td)

(Oh) C—S (re) C—Se

1.5601 1.709

∠FOF (θe) Si—O

103.07 1.634

1.575 87.5 117.47

IR ED MW

LMR MW

IR MW MW MW MW MW IR UV ED, MW

1.449 112 91

Nb—Clax

F—O dihedral angle of internal rotation ∠OOO (θe)

MW

1.142 1.217

1.190

MW, IR MW

ED

MW MW MW UV MW UV

(C2v)

(C2) (C2v)

UV ED UV ED MW MW LMR MW ED MW MW MW

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound OsF6 OsO4 PBr3 PCl3 PCl5

Os—F Os—O P—Br P—Cl Cla

1.831 1.712 2.220 2.039 Clb

9-25

Structure

P—Cla

(Oh) (Td) ∠BrPBr ∠ClPCl 2.124

Clb P Cla

PF PF3 PF5 PH PH2 PH3 PN PO POCl3 POF3 P2 P2F4 P4 P4O6 PbH PbO PbS PbSe PbTe PrI3 PtO PuF6 RbBr RbCl RbF RbH RbI RbOH ReClO3 ReF6 RuO4 SCSe SCTe SCl2 SF SF2 SF6 SO SOCl2 SOF2 SOF4

SO2 SO2Cl2

101.0 100.27 P—Clb (D3h)

2.020

Method ED ED ED ED ED

Clb

1.5896 P—F (re) P—F 1.570 ∠FPF P—Fax 1.577 P—Feq 1.534 1.4223 P—H (re) P—H 1.418 ∠HPH P—H 1.4200 ∠HPH 1.4909 N—P (re) 1.4759 O—P (re) P—O 1.449 P—Cl ∠ClPCl 103.3 P—O 1.436 P—F 1.524 P—P (re) 1.8931 P—F 1.587 P—P ∠PPF 95.4 ∠FPF The two PF2 planes are trans to each other (the gauche conformer is less than 10%) P—P 2.21 (Td) P—O 1.638 ∠POP 126.4 1.839 Pb—H (re) 1.9218 Pb—O (re) 2.2869 Pb—S (re) 2.4022 Pb—Se (re) 2.5950 Pb—Te (re) Pr—I 2.904 ∠IPrI 113 1.7273 Pt—O (re) Pu—F 1.971 (Oh) 2.9447 Rb—Br (re) 2.7869 Rb—Cl (re) 2.2703 Rb—F (re) 2.367 Rb—H (re) 3.1768 Rb—I (re) Rb—O 2.301 O—H 0.957 Re—O 1.702 Re—Cl ∠ClReO 109.4 (C3v) Re—F 1.832 (Oh) Ru—O 1.706 (Td) C—Se 1.693 C—S C—S 1.557 C—Te S—Cl 2.006 ∠ClSCl 103.0 1.6006 S—F (re) S—F 1.5921 ∠FSF S—F 1.561 (Oh) 1.4811 S—O (re) S—O 1.44 S—Cl ∠ClSCl 97.2 ∠OSCl S—O 1.420 S—F ∠OSF 106.2 ∠FSF S—O 1.403 Fb Fb 1.552 S—Fb Fa S F a 124.9 ∠OSFb O 110.2 ∠FbSFb S—O (re) 1.4308 ∠OSO (θe) S—O 1.404 S—Cl 2.011

UV ED, MW ED LMR UV MW MW UV ED

97.8 (D3h) 91.70 93.345

1.993 ∠FPF

101.3

2.281 99.1

ED ED UV MW MW MW MW ED UV ED MW MW MW UV MW MW MW

(Td)

(C3v)

linear 2.229

ED ED MW MW ED MW MW ED MW MW

1.553 1.904 (C2v) 98.20

2.072 108.0 1.583 92.2 S—Fa ∠OSFa ∠FaSFb (C2v) 119.329 ∠OSO

ED, MW UV ED

ED 1.575 90.7 89.6

123.5

ED

MW ED


9-26 Compound

S2O2

∠ClSCl S—O ∠FSF S—O Si—H S—S (re) S—Br ∠SSBr S—Cl ∠SSCl S—O

S8

S

SO2F2 SO3 S(SiH3)2 S2 S2Br2 S2Cl2

100.0 1.397 97 1.494

1.458

S S

S S

S S

SbCl3 SbH3 SeF SeF6 SeO SeOF2 SeO2 SeO3 Se2 Se6 SiBrF3 SiBrH3 SiClH3 SiCl4 SiF SiFH3 SiF2 SiF3H SiF4 SiH SiH3I SiH4 SiN SiO SiS SiSe Si2 Si2Cl6 Si2F6 Si2H6 SnCl4 SnH

1.4198 1.8892 2.24 105 2.057 108.2

Structure (C2v) S—F 1.530 (C2v) Si—S

2.136

Method

(D3h)

S—S dihedral angle of internal rotation S—S dihedral angle of internal rotation S—S 2.025 S—S ∠SSS (D4d)

2.07 105

∠OSO

123

∠SiSSi

97.4

1.98 83.5 1.931 84.1 (C2) ∠OSS 112.8 planar cis form

ED IR ED R ED ED MW ED

S

Sb—Cl Sb—H Se—F Se—F Se—O (re) Se—O ∠OSeF Se—O (re) Se—O Se—Se (re) Se—Se Si—F ∠FSiBr Si—H ∠HSiBr Si—H ∠HSiCl Si—Cl Si—F Si—H ∠HSiH Si—F (re) Si—H (re) ∠HSiF (θe) Si—F Si—H (re) Si—H ∠HSH Si—H N—Si (re) Si—O (re) Si—S (re) Se—Si (re) Si—Si (re) Si—Si ∠ClSiCl Si—Si ∠FSiF Si—H ∠SiSiH Sn—Cl Sn—H (re)

2.333 ∠ClSbCl 97.2 1.704 ∠HSbH 91.6 1.742 1.69 (Oh) 1.6393 1.576 Se—F 1.730 104.82 ∠FSeF 92.22 1.6076 ∠OSeO (θe) 113.83 1.69 (D3h) 2.1660 2.34 ∠SeSeSe 102 six-membered ring with chair conformation 1.560 Si—Br 2.153 108.5 (C3v) 1.485 Si—Br 2.210 107.8 (C3v) 1.482 Si—Cl 2.048 107.9 (C3v) 2.019 (T4) 1.6008 1.484 Si—F 1.593 110.63 (C3v) 1.590 ∠FSiF (θe) 100.8 1.4468 Si—F (re) 1.5624 110.64 1.553 (Td) 1.5201 1.485 Si—I 2.437 107.8 1.4798 (Td) 1.572 1.5097 1.9293 2.0583 2.246 2.32 Si—Cl 2.009 109.7 2.317 Si—F 1.564 108.6 1.492 Si—Si 2.331 110.3 ∠HSiH 108.6 staggered form (assumed) 2.280 (Td) 1.7815

ED MW MW ED MW MW MW ED UV ED MW MW MW ED UV MW, IR MW MW ED UV MW IR UV MW MW MW UV ED ED ED

ED UV

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound SnH4 SnO SnS SnSe SnTe SrH SrO SrS TaCl5 TaO TeF6 Te2 ThCl4 ThF4 TlBr TlCl TlF TlH TlI TiBr4 TiCl4 TiO TiS UF6 V(CO)6 VCl3O VCl4 VF5 VO W(CO)6 WClF5

Sn—H Sn—O S—Sn (re) Se—Sn (re) Sn—Te (re) Sr—H (re) Sr—O (re) S—Sr (re) Ta—Cleq Ta—O (re) Te—F Te—Te (re) Th—Cl Th—F Tl—Br (re) Tl—Cl (re) Tl—F (re) Tl—H (re) Tl—I (re) Ti—Br Ti—Cl Ti—O (re) Ti—S (re) U—F V—C V—O ∠ClVCl V—Cl V—F (average) V—O (re) W—C Cl F b

Fb W Fb F

Fb

9-27

Structure 1.711 (Td) 1.8325 2.2090 2.3256 2.5228 2.1455 1.9198 2.4405 2.227 Ta—Clax 2.369 (D3h) 1.6875 1.815 (Oh) 2.5574 2.58 (Td) 2.14 (Td) 2.6182 2.4848 2.0844 1.870 2.8137 2.339 (Td) 2.170 (Td) 1.620 2.0825 1.996 (Oh) 2.015 C—O 1.138 (Oh, involving dynamic Jahn-Teller effect) 1.570 V—Cl 2.142 111.3 2.138 (Td, involving dynamic Jahn-Teller effect) 1.71 1.5893 2.059 C—O 1.149 (Oh) W—Cl 2.251 W—F (average) 1.836 88.7 ∠FaWFb

Method R, IR MW MW MW MW UV MW UV ED UV ED UV ED ED MW MW MW UV MW ED ED UV UV ED ED ED, MW ED ED UV ED MW

a

WF4O WF6 XeF2 XeF4 XeF6 XeO4 ZnH ZrCl4 ZrF4 ZrO

W—O ∠FWF W—F Xe—F Xe—F Xe—F Xe—O Zn—H (re) Zr—Cl Zr—F Zr—O (re)

1.666 86.2 1.832 1.977 1.94 1.890 1.736 1.5949 2.32 1.902 1.7116

W—F 1.847 (C4v) (Oh) linear (D4h) (large-amplitude bending vibration around the Oh structure) (Td) (Td) (Td)

ED ED IR ED ED ED UV ED ED UV


9-28

STRUCTURES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES

Compounds are arranged in alphabetical order by chemical name; cross references are given for common synonyms (lengths in Å and angles in degrees) Compound

Structure

Acetaldehyde

O Cb H 3

Ca H

Acetamide CH3CONH2

Ca—Cb ∠HCbH C—O C—C C—H ∠CCN

1.515 109.8 1.220 1.519 1.124 115.1

Acetic acid

Oa C

CH3

Ob H

Acetone (CH3)2CO Acetonitrile CH3CN Acetonitrile oxide CH3CNO Acetyl chloride CH3COCl Acetyl cyanide → Pyruvonitrile Acetylene HC≡CH Acrolein → Acrylaldehyde Acrylaldehyde

C—H ∠CCOb C—C C—H ∠HCH

1.10 110.6 1.520 1.103 108.5

C—H C—N C—C N—O C—H C—C ∠HCH ∠CCCl C—H (re)

Cc Ca

Acrylonitrile

Acryloyl chloride

Ca Cb H Allene

C—C

124.1 115.3 1.380 1.022 122.0

C—C C—Oa C—Ob

1.520 1.214 1.364

∠CCOa

126.6

ED

ED

C—C ∠CCH C—N (C3v) C—O C—Cl ∠OCCl

ED, MW

1.187 1.798 121.2

ED, MW

1.060

C—C (re)

1.203

IR

Cb—Cc Ca—Cb Cc—O Ca—H Cc—H ∠CbCcO other CCH angles (average)

1.484 1.345 1.217 1.10 1.13 123.3 122

ED, MW

1.343 1.438 1.167 1.114 121.7 120 1.48 1.35 1.19 120 (assumed) 121.5 (assumed) 123 116 127 1.087

ED, MW

O

H

H

∠CbCaO ∠CbCaH C—N N—H ∠NCO

ED, MW

1.107 1.159 1.442 1.217 1.105 1.506 108.6 111.6

∠CaCbCc 120.3 114 ∠HCcCb planar s-trans form

∠CbCcN C—H Cc—Cl H

1.210 1.107 1.128

ED, MW

Cb

H

Ca—O Cb—H Ca—H

C—O 1.213 ∠CCC 116.0 symmetry axis of each methyl group is tilted 2° from the C—C bond

H H

Method

Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—N Ca—H ∠CaCbCc 178 ∠HCC 1.086 (assumed) Cb—Cc 1.82 Ca—Cb Cc—O ∠CaCbH Cl ∠CbCaH Cc ∠CaCbCc O ∠CbCcCl ∠CbCcO 1.3084 C—H

1.468 109.7 1.169

MW

MW

IR

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules CH2=C=CH2 Allyl chloride

Compound

Structure 118.2

∠HCH

∠CCCl Aniline C6H5NH2 Azetidine

Aziridine

Azomethane CH3N=NCH3 Benzene C6H6 p-Benzoquinone

Biacetyl CH3COCOCH3

109.6

Method cis conformer skew conformer CCCCl

C—Cl 1.811 ∠CCCl 115.2 C—Cl 1.809 dihedral angle of internal rotation 122.4

C—C 1.392 C—N N—H 0.998 ∠HNH dihedral angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond C—N CH2 CH2 C—C CH2 NH C—H N—H 1.03 ∠CNC ∠CCC 86.9 ∠CCN dihedral angle between the CCC and CNC planes N—H Ha N—C Hb N Hb C—C C C C—H Hc Hc ∠CNC ∠HaNC 115.7 ∠HbCC ∠HbCHc 118.3 ∠HcCC ∠HbCN 114.3 ∠HcCN C—N 1.482 N—N ∠CNN 112.3 trans conformer C—C 1.399 C—H

C—O C—H ∠CCC

Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane

1.215 1.108 116.2

Ha Ca

Hb Cb Hc

Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene

9-29

Ca Ha

∠CbCaHa ∠CaCaHa

Hb Cb

HCb

130.4 128.4

C aH Ca H

1.431 113.9 140.6 1.482 1.553 1.107 92.2 85.8 147 1.016 1.475 1.481 1.084 60.3 109.3 117.8 119.3

MW

1.247

ED

1.101

ED, IR

Ca—O Cb—Cb Ca—Cb ∠CbCaCb

1.225 1.344 1.481 118.1

ED

C—C (average) ∠CCO trans conformer Ca—Ca Ca—Cb Ca—Ha Cb—Hb, Cb—Hc ∠HbCbHc

1.524 119.5

ED

1.497 1.498 1.071 1.093 115.6

MW

Cb H

Cb H

∠CaCbCa 60.0 dihedral angle between the two CaCaCb planes Ca—Cb 1.535 1.343 Cb—Cb 1.573 Ca—Cc C—H 1.12 94 ∠CaCcCa

dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane C7H12

ED

MW

Hc

H2 Cc HCb

MW

See the preceding molecule for the labels of the C atoms Ca—Cb 1.54 Cb—Cb 1.56 C—C (average) Ca—Cc 93.1 dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes –CaCcCa

(C2v) 1.56 1.549

121.7

ED

115.6 ED

113.1


9-30 Compound Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene

Structure

H Ca

HCb HCb

Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane

Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane C5H8 Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane

Cb H

Ca H

1.345 1.574 1.524

Method ED

117.3

Ca—Cb HCa(CbH2CbH2)3CaH 1.55 ∠CaCbCb Cb—Cb C—C (average) 1.542 large-amplitude torsional motion about the D3h symmetry axis C—C 1.557 ∠CCC

1.54 109.7

ED

74.2

ED

Ca—Ca Cb—Cb Ca—Cb CcH2 Ca—Cc Dihedral angle between the CaCaCbCb and CaCaCc planes C—C (intra-ring) (inter-ring) torsional dihedral angle between the two rings

1.536 1.565 1.528 1.507 112.7 1.396 1.49

MW

Cb H 2

Cb H2

Biphenyl

Cb H

Cb—Cb Ca—Ca Ca—Cb dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes

CaH

Ca H

∼40

4,4′-Bipyridyl

C—C, C—N (intra-ring)

Bis (cyclopentadienyl) beryllium (C5H5)2Be Bis (cyclopentadienyl) iron → Ferrocene Bis (cyclopentadienyl) lead (C5H5)2Pb Bis (cyclopentadienyl) manganese (C5H5)2Mn Bis (cyclopentadienyl) nickel (C5H5)2Ni Bis (cyclopentadienyl) ruthenium (C5H5)2Ru Bis (cyclopentadienyl) tin (C5H5)2Sn Bis (trifluoromethyl) peroxide CF3OOCF3

Be—(cyclopentadienyl plane) 1.470, 1.92 C—C 1.423 (C5v) (The Be atom has two equilibrium positions)

ED

C—C 1.430 Pb—C 2.79 dihedral angle between the two C5H5 planes 40∼50 (The two rings are not parallel.) Mn—C 2.383 C—C 1.429 (D5h)

ED ED

Ni—C

2.196

C—C

ED

C—C

1.439

Ru—C

C—C C—H O—O C—F ∠FCF

1.431 1.14 1.42 1.320 109.0

Borine carbonyl BH3CO

B—H C—O ∠BCO Br

1.194 1.131 180

Sn—C (D5h) C—O ∠COO COOC dihedral angle of internal rotation B—C ∠HBH (C3v) C—H Cc—Cd Cb—Cc C—Br Ca—Cb ∠CbCaCb

Bromobenzene

Ca Cb H

HCb

CcH

HCc Cd H Bromoform CHBr3 Bromoiodoacetylene IC≡CBr

C—Br ∠BrCBr C—I C—Br

1.924 111.7 1.972 1.795

1.375 C—C (inter-ring) torsional dihedral angle between the two rings

ED

C—H (C3v) C—C

ED

1.465 ∼37

1.430 (D5h) 2.196

ED

2.71

ED

1.399 107

ED

123 1.540 113.9

MW

1.072 1.401 1.375 1.85 1.42 117.4

MW

1.11

ED, MW

1.206

ED

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules 1,3-Butadiene

Compound

9-31

Structure

CaH2 Cb H

Cb H CaH2

1,3-Butadiyne

Butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 2-Butanone → Ethyl methyl ketone Butatriene 2-Butene

3-Buten-1-yne → Vinylacetylene tert-Butyl chloride (CH3)3CCl tert-Butyl cyanide → Pivalonitrile 2-Butyne

Carbon C2 Carbon C3 Carbon suboxide → Tricarbon dioxide Carbon tetrabromide CBr4 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 Carbon tetrafluoride CF4 Carbon tetraiodide CI4 Carbonyl cyanide CO(CN)2 Chloroacetylene HC≡CCl Chlorobenzene C6H5Cl Chlorobromoacetylene ClC≡CBr Chlorocyanoacetylene ClC≡CCN Chloroethane → Ethyl chloride 2-Chloroethanol ClCH2CH2OH

Chloroethylene → Vinyl chloride Chloroform CHCl3 Chloroiodoacetylene ClC≡CI Chloromethane → Methyl chloride

∠CbCaH HCa≡Cb—Cb≡CaH Ca—Cb

120.9 1.218

C—C 1.531 ∠CCC 113.8 trans conformer 54%

Cb—Cb Ca—Cb C—H (average) ∠CCC

Method ED

1.467 1.349 1.108 124.4

anti conformer (C2h) C—H 1.09 Cb—Cb 1.384 linear C—H 1.117 ∠CCH 111.0 dihedral angle for the gauche conformer

ED

ED 65

H2Ca=Cb=Cb=CaH2 1.32 Ca—Cb CaH3—CbH=CbH—CaH3 cis conformer Ca—Cb 1.346 Cb—Cb 125.4 ∠CaCbCb

C—H Cb—Cb

1.08 1.28

1.506 1.347 123.8

trans conformer 1.508

C—H C—Cl ∠CCH

1.102 1.828 110.8

C—C ∠CCCl ∠CCC

1.528 107.3 111.6

C—H 1.214 110.7 1.3119 1.277

1.116 Ca—Cb

ED 1.468

CaH3—Cb≡Cb—CaH3 Cb—Cb ∠CbCaH C—C (re) C—C

ED

(D2h)

ED

ED, MW

linear

UV UV

C—Br

1.935

(Td)

ED

C—Cl

1.767

(Td)

ED

C—F

1.323

(Td)

ED

C—I

2.15

(Td)

ED

C—O C—N ∠CCN C—H C—Cl C—C C—H ∠CC(H)C Cl—C C—Br C—Cl C—CN

1.209 1.153 180 1.0550 1.6368 1.400 1.083 120 1.636 1.784 1.624 1.362

C—C ∠CCC

1.466 115

ED, MW

C—C

1.2033

MW

C—Cl ∠CC(Cl)C

1.737 121.7

ED

C—C

1.206

ED

C—C C—N

1.205 1.160

ED

1.519 1.093

ED

C—O 1.413 C—C C—Cl 1.801 C—H O—H 1.033 ∠CCCl 110.7 fraction of the gauche conformer at 37°C is 92 ∼ 94%, dihedral angle of internal rotation 62.4 C—H ∠ClCCl C—Cl C—C

1.100 C—Cl 111.3 (C3v) 1.63 C—I 1.209 (assumed)

∠CCO

113.8

1.758

MW

1.99

MW


9-32 Compound 3-Chloropropene → Allyl chloride Cyanamide H2NaCNb Cyanoacetylene H—Cb≡Ca—Cc≡N Cyanocyclopropane C3H5CaN Cyanogen (CN)2 Cyclobutane (CH2)4 Cyclobutanone

Cyclobutene

Cyclohexane C6H12 Cyclohexene

Cyclooctatetraene

1,3-Cyclopentadiene

Structure 1.346 C—Nb Na—C N—H 1.00 ∠HNH dihedral angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond 1.058 Ca—Cb Cb—H Ca—Cc 1.378 Cc—N C—C (ring) 1.513 C—Ca C—H 1.107 Ca—N ∠HCH 114.6 ∠CaCH C—N 1.163 C—C

1.160 114 142 1.205 1.159 1.472 1.157 119.6 1.393 linear 1.555

C—H 1.113 C—C dihedral angle between the two CCC planes 145 Ca—Cb 1.527 Cb H 2 1.556 Cb—Cc CcH2 Ca O 93.1 ∠CbCaCb Cb H2 88.0 ∠CaCbCc Cb—Cb 1.342 Ca—Ca 1.566 Ca—H 1.094 Ca—Cb 1.517 Cb—H 1.083 ∠CbCbH 133.5 ∠CaCbCb 94.2 85.8 ∠CaCaH 114.5 ∠CaCaCb ∠HCaH 109.2 dihedral angle between the CH2 plane and the Ca—Ca bond 135.8 C—C 1.536 C—H 1.119 ∠CCC 111.3 chair form Ca—Ca 1.334 HCa CaH 1.50 Ca—Cb H2 Cb Cb H2 1.52 Cb—Cc CcH2 CcH2 1.54 Cc—Cc 123.4 ∠CaCbCc 112.0 ∠CaCaCb 110.9 (C2) half-chair form ∠CbCcCc Ca—Cb 1.476 C—H 1.100 1.340 Ca—Ca,Cb—Cb 126.1 ∠CbCaCa, ∠CaCbCb dihedral angle between the CaCaCaCa and CaCbCbCa planes tub form (D2d) Ca—Cb CaH2 Cb—Cc HCb Cb H Cc—Cc ∠CaCbCc HC C H c

Cyclopentadienylindium

Method

c

∠CbCcCc

109.4

∠CbCaCb In—C C—C (C5v)

MW

MW MW

ED ED MW

MW

ED ED

ED

136.9 1.509 1.342 1.469 109.3 102.8 2.621 1.426

MW

ED

Cyclopentane (CH2)5

C—H 1.114 C—C 1.546 ∠CCH 111.7 (The out-of-plane vibration of the C atoms is essentially free pseudorotation; average value of the displacements of the C atoms from the molecular plane 0.43)

ED

Cyclopentene

Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—Cc CcH CcH ∠CbCaCb 110.0 ∠CaCbCc ∠CbCcCc dihedral angle between the CbCaCb and CbCcCcCb planes C—C 1.512 C—H ∠HCH 114.0

ED

CaH2

H 2 Cb

Cyclopropane (CH2)3

Cb H 2

1.546 1.519 1.342 104.0 103.0 151.2 1.083

R

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound Cyclopropanone

H 2 Cb

Structure C—H Cb—Cb ∠CaCbCb

∠HCbH

114

H 2 Cb Ca O

Cyclopropene

Ca H 2 Cb H

HCb

Decalin C10H18 Dewer benzene → Bicyclo[2.2.0] hexa-2,5-diene Diacetylene → 1,3-Butadiyne 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

2,3-Diaza-1,3-butadiene → Formaldehyde azine Diazirine

Ca—H ∠HCaH C—C (average) ∠CCC (average)

1.112 118 1.530 111.4

N N

Diazoacetonitrile

H Cb Ca Na

Dibromomethane CH2Br2 2,2′-Dichlorobiphenyl C6H4Cl—C6H4Cl

trans-1,4-Dichlorocyclohexane C6H10Cl2

1,1-Dichloroethane CHCl2CH3 1,2-Dichloroethane CH2ClCH2Cl

1,1-Dichloroethylene CH2=CCl2 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene

1.086 1.575 57.7

Nb Nc

Ca—Cb Ca—O

1.475 1.191

dihedral angle between the CH2 plane and the Cb—Cb bond Cb—Cb 1.304 1.519 Ca—Cb 1.077 Cb—H ∠CbCbH 133 C—H (average)

C—N C—C ∠NCC ∠CNC large-amplitude torsional motion about the D3h symmetry axis

CH2

Diazomethane CH2N2 1,2-Dibromoethane CH2BrCH2Br

9-33

C—H C—N N—N ∠HCH Cb—Nb Nb—Nc Ca—Na C—H Ca—Cb

151

Method MW

ED

1.113

ED

1.472 1.562 110.2 108.7

ED

1.09 1.482 1.228 117 1.280 1.132 1.165 1.082 1.424

MW

117 ∠CaCbNb 119.5 ∠CaCbH C—H 1.075 C—N 1.32 N—N 1.12 ∠HCH 126.0 linear C—C 1.506 C—Br 1.950 C—H 1.108 ∠CCBr 109.5 fraction of the trans conformer at 25°C 95% ∠CCH 110 C—H 1.08 C—Br 1.924 ∠HCBr 109 ∠BrCBr 113.2 C—C 1.398 C—C inter-ring 1.495 C—Cl 1.732 C—H 1.10 ∠CCCl 121.4 ∠CCH 126 dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings 74 (defined to be 0 for that of the cis conformer) C—H 1.102 C—Cl 1.810 C—C 1.530 ∠CCC 111.5 ∠CCCl (ee) 108.6 ∠CCCl (aa) 110.6 ∠HCCl (ee) 111.5 ∠HCCl (aa) 107.6 ee 49% aa 51% e: equatorial, a: axial C—Cl 1.766 C—C 1.540 ∠ClCCl 112.0 ∠CCCl 111.0 C—C 1.531 C—Cl 1.790 C—H 1.11 ∠CCCl 109.0 ∠CCH 113 fraction of the trans conformer at room temperature 73%, that of the gauche conformer 27% C—C 1.32 (assumed) C—Cl 1.73 ∠ClCC 123 (C2v) C—Cl 1.718 C—C 1.354

MW

MW, IR ED

ED ED

ED

MW ED

MW ED


9-34 Compound CHCl=CHCl Dichloromethane CH2Cl2 1,1-Difluoroethane CH3CHF2 1,2-Difluoroethane CH2FCH2F 1,1-Difluoroethane CH2=CF2 cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene CHF=CHF Difluoromethane CH2F2 Dimethoxymethane

Dimethylacetylene → 2-Butyne Dimethylamine (CH)2NH Dimethylberyllium (CH3)2Be Dimethylcadmium (CH3)2Cd Dimethyl carbonate

Structure ∠ClCC 123.8 1.087 C—Cl (re) C—H (re) ∠HCH (θe) 111.5 ∠ClCCl (θe) C—C 1.498 C—H (average) C—F 1.364 ∠CCH (average) ∠CCF 110.7 dihedral angle between the two CCF planes C—F 1.389 C—C C—H 1.103 ∠CCF dihedral angle of internal rotation ∠CCH 111 fraction of the gauche conformer at 22°C 94% C—C 1.340 C—F C—H 1.091 ∠CCF ∠CCH 119.0 C—C 1.33 C—F C—H 1.099 ∠CCF ∠CCH 124.1 C—H 1.093 C—F ∠HCH 113.7 ∠FCF Ca—O Cb—O C—H (average)

S,S′-Dimethyl dithiocarbonate

Dimethyl ether (CH3)2O Dimethylglyoxal → Biacetyl N,N′-Dimethylhydrazine

ED

1.315 124.7

ED, MW

1.342 122.0

ED, MW

1.357 108.3 1.432 1.382 1.108

MW ED

114.3

C—H C—N ∠CNH ∠HCH Be—C ∠BeCH C—Cd

1.106 1.455 107 107 1.698 113.9 2.112

N—H ∠CNC ∠NCH

1.00 111.8 112

ED

C—H CBeC linear ∠HCH

1.127

ED

108.4

R

Cb—Ob Cb—Oa Ca—Oa

1.209 1.34 1.42

ED

∠CbOaCa Cb—Na ∠CaNCa

114.5 1.338 115.5

CaH3 Oa Ob

∠OaCbOa Cb—Nb Ca—Na ∠CaNCb CH3 Hb

Ht

Dimethyl disulfide (CH3)2S2

ED

∠OCO

B

Dimethyl diselenide (CH3)2Se2

MW, IR

114.6 110.3

Cb

1,2-Dimethyldiborane

1.765 112.0 1.081 111.0 118.9 1.503 110.3 109

∠COC ∠OCH

CaH3 Oa Dimethylcyanamide (CaH3)2Na—Cb≡Nb

Method

107 1.161 1.463 116.0 CH3

B Hb

Ht

B—B B—C B—Hb

1.799 1.580 1.358 (cis), 1.365 (trans)

1.24 122.6 (cis), 121.8 (trans) 1.13 C—Se 2.326 ∠CSeSe dihedral angle between the CSeSe and SeSeC planes 108 1.816 S—S 1.105 ∠SSC 111.3 CSSC dihedral angle of internal rotation Cb—O CaH3 SCb SCaH3 Cb—S O Ca—S ∠OCS 124.9 ∠CSC syn-syn conformer C—O 1.416 C—H ∠COC 112 ∠HCH

B—Ht ∠BBC C—H Se—Se ∠HCSe C—S C—H ∠SCH

N—N

1.42

C—N

ED

1.95 98.9 2.029 103.2 85 1.206 1.777 1.802 99.3

ED

ED 88

ED

ED

1.121 108

ED

1.46

ED

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound CH3NH—NHCH3 Dimethylmercury (CH3)2Hg Dimethylphosphine (CH3)2PH Dimethyl selenide (CH3)2Se Dimethyl sulfide (CH3)2S Dimethyl sulfone (CH3)2SO2 Dimethyl sulfoxide (CH3)2SO Dimethylzinc (CH3)2Zn 1,4-Dioxane

CH2 CH2 O

O

9-35

Structure N—H 1.03 C—H CNNC dihedral angle of internal rotation ∠NNC 112 C—Hg 2.083 C—H Hg···H 2.71 C—P 1.848 P—H ∠CPC 99.7 ∠CPH C—H 1.093 Se—C ∠CSeC 96.2 ∠SeCH ∠HCH 110.3 C—S 1.807 C—H ∠CSC 99.05 ∠HCH C—H 1.114 S—O S—C 1.771 ∠CSC ∠OSO 121 C—H 1.081 C—S S—O 1.485 ∠CSC ∠CSO 106.7 ∠HCH dihedral angle between the SCC plane and the S—O bond Zn—C 1.929 ∠HCH C—C C—H ∠CCO

1.523 1.112 109.2

1.12 90 1.160 (assumed) 1.419 97.0 1.943 108.7

Method

ED MW MW

1.116 109.3 1.435 102

ED, MW

1.799 96.6 110.3 115.5 107.7

MW

ED

R

C—O ∠COC chair form

1.423 112.45

ED

C—H staggered conformation Ca—H Ca—Cb S—H ∠CaCbH ∠CaSH C—C O—H Cb—H ∠COH ∠CaCbH

1.0940

MW

1.090 1.530 1.350 109.7 96.4 1.512 0.971 1.09 105 110

MW

CH2 CH2 Ethanal → Acetaldehyde Ethane C2H6 Ethanethiol

Ethanol

Ethyl chloride

Ethylene CH2=CH2 Ethylenediamine H2NCH2CH2NH2 Ethylene dibromide → 1,2Dibromoethane Ethylene dichloride → 1,2Dichloroethane Ethyleneimine → Aziridine Ethylene oxide CH2

O CH2 Ethylene sulfide → Thiirane

C—C 1.5351 ∠CCH 111.17 CbH3—CaH2—SH 1.093 Cb—H 1.829 Ca—S 109.6 ∠CbCaH 108.3 ∠CbCaS CbH3CaH2OH C—O 1.431 1.10 Ca—H ∠CCO 107.8 111 ∠CbCaH staggered conformation

∠HbCbHb ∠CbCaHa C—H ∠CCH C—N C—H gauche conformer

C—C C—Cl C—H Ca—Ha=Cb—Hb (assumed) ∠CCCl ∠HaCaHa

109.8 110.6 1.087 C—C 121.3 1.469 C—C 1.11 ∠CCN dihedral angle between the NCC and CCN planes

C—C 1.466 C—H C—O 1.431 ∠HCH dihedral angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond

MW

1.528 1.802 1.103

ED, MW

110.7 109.2 1.339

MW

1.545 110.2

ED

1.085 116.6 158.0

64

MW


9-36 Compound Ethyl methyl ether C2H5OCH3

Ethyl methyl ketone

Structure C—O (average) 1.418 C—H (average) 1.118 ∠OCC 109.4 fraction of the trans conformer at 20°C O

C—C ∠COC ∠HCH 80%

C—C (average) Cc—O Cc C—H (average) Cb H 2 CdH3 ∠CaCbCc trans conformer ∠CbCcO, ∠CdCcO 121.9 C—S (average) 1.813 C—C C—H 1.111 ∠CSC ∠SCC 114.0 ∠HCH fraction of the gauche conformer at 20°C 75% C—C 1.440 C—H Fe—C 2.064 (D5h) C—H 1.098 C—F ∠FCF 108.8 (C3v) C—H 1.116 C—O ∠HCH 116.5 1.418 H2C=N—N=CH2 N—N C—N 1.277 C—H ∠CNN 111.4 ∠HCN fraction of the trans conformer at –30°C 91% C aH 3

Ethyl methyl sulfide C2H5SCH3 Ferrocene (C5H5)2Fe Fluoroform CHF3 Formaldehyde H2CO Formaldehyde azine

Formaldehyde dimethylacetal → Dimethoxymethane Formaldoxime

Ha

Formamide

N—O ∠HbCN ∠HaCN

Hc N

Formic acid

Formic acid dimer

Ob—H ∠HCOa ∠CObH

Formyl radical

C—Oa C—Ob

1.202 1.343

1.097 124.9

C—H ∠HCO

C—H ∠OaCOb planar Oa···Ob C—Oa C—Ob ∠OaCOb ∠COaOb 1.110 127.43

1.13 107.7

Ca—Cd Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—Cc Cb—H Cc—H ∠CbCaCb ∠CbCcCc

MW

ED, MW

MW

H 0.972 124.1 106.3

Fulvene

Cd—H ∠CaCbCc

ED

1.094 120.7

125.0

C Ob

MW

∠NCO

Oa H

1.208

1.212 119.2

Ha

C—O ∠CNH (average)

MW

0.956 110.2 102.7 1.125 1.027 1.368

C

Hb

1.332

O—Hc ∠CNO ∠NOHc C—Ha N—H C—N

O

ED

ED

1.408 115.6 121.8

Hb

ED

1.104

1.085 1.086 1.276

N

C

1.518 1.219 1.102 113.5 95% 1.536 97 110

C—Ha C—Hb C—N

OHc

Method ED

1.520 111.9 109.0

2.703 1.220 1.323 126.2 108.5 C—O 1.349 1.470 1.355 1.476 1.078 1.080 106.6 109

ED

1.1712

MW MW

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound

2-Furaldehyde

Furan

Furfural → 2-Furaldehyde Glycolaldehyde

Structure 124.7 117

∠CaCbH ∠HCdH

Hexafluoroethane F3CCF3 Hexafluoropropene CF2=CFCF3 1,3,5-Hexatriene

Iminocyanide radical HNCN Iodocyanoacetylene I—Ca≡Cb—Cc≡N Isobutane (CbH3)3CaH Isobutylene → 2-Methylpropene Ketene CH2=C=O Malononitrile CaH2(CbN)2

126.4

Ca—Ce Ce—Ob Ce—H ∠CeCaCb

1.458 1.250 1.088 133.9

Method

MW

121.6

∠CaCbCb ∠CbCaO ∠CbCbHb

∠CaOCa ∠OCaHa

106.6 115.9

Cb—Ob Ca—Oa Ca—Cb Oa—Ha Cb—Hc Ca—Hb ∠CaCbHc ∠CaOaHa ∠HbCaHb

1.209 1.437 1.499 1.051 1.102 1.093 115.3 101.6 107.6

MW

1.212 121.2 (C2h (assumed)) 1.769

ED, UV

Hc

106.1 110.7 128.0

Ob

Ha H b Ca Hb Oa

Hexachloroethane Cl3CCCl3 2,4-Hexadiyne

∠CbCcH

116.9 ∠CaCeO ∠CaCeH trans conformer (with respect to the Oa and Ob atoms) Cb—Cb O Ha Ha Ca—Cb Ca Ca Ca—O Cb Cb Ca—Ha Cb—Hb Hb Hb

Cb

Glyoxal CHOCHO

9-37

122.7 ∠CaCbOb 111.5 ∠CbCaOa 109.2 ∠CbCaHb 109.7 ∠HbCaOa C—C 1.526 C—O C—H 1.132 ∠CCO ∠HCO 112 trans conformer C—C 1.56 C—Cl ∠CCCl 110.0 CaH3—Cb≡Cc—Cc≡Cb—CaH3 1.450 Cb—Cc Ca—Cb 1.377 Ca—H Cc—Cc C—C 1.545 C—F ∠CCF 109.8 staggered conformation average value of the C=C and C—F distances C—C 1.513 ∠CCC 124 ∠FCC (CF) ∠FCC (CF2) 110 ∠FCC (CF3) H2Ca=CbH—CcH=CcH—CbH=CaH2 1.337 Cb—Cc Ca—Cb 1.368 ∠CaCbCc Cc—Cc 124.4 ∠CbCcCc N—H 1.034 N···N ∠HNC 116.5 ∠NCN 1.985 Ca—Cb I—Ca Cb—Cc 1.370 Cc—N 1.122 Cb—H Ca—H Ca—Cb 1.535 ∠CbCaCb 111.4 ∠CaCbH C—C C—H C—H C—N ∠HCH

1.317 1.080 1.091 1.147 108.4

C—O ∠HCH C—C ∠CCC ∠CCN

1.431 1.361 1.362 1.075 1.077

1.208 1.09 1.326 1.329 127.8 120

1.458 121.7 2.470 ∼180 1.207 1.160 1.113 110.8

1.161 123.0 1.480 110.4 176.6

MW

ED ED

ED ED

ED

UV MW ED, MW

MW MW


9-38 Compound Methane CH4 Methanethiol CH3SH

Methanol CH3OH

Methyl radical ·CH3 N-Methylacetamide

Structure (The two N atoms are bent away from each other in the plane of Cb—Ca—Cb.) 1.0870 (Td) C—H (re)

MW

C—H 1.0936 C—O O—H 0.9451 ∠HCH ∠COH 108.53 angle between the CH3 symmetry axis and the C—O bond (The axis of the CH3 group is tilted away from the H atom with respect to the C—O bond.) C—H 1.08 planar

MW

H3 Ca

H Cb

Methyl azide

Methyl bromide CH3Br Methyl chloride CH3Cl Methyldiazirine

Methylene :CH2 Methylenecyclopropane

N CcH3

Cb—N ∠CbNCc ∠NCbO ∠CaCbN

1.386 119.7 121.8 114.1

3.27 UV

Ca—Cb N—Cc C—H

1.520 1.469 1.107

Cb—O

1.225

Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—Cc

CcH2 Cb

CaH2

1.09 ∠CcCbCc Cc—H 114.3 ∠HCcH ∠HCaH dihedral angle between the CcH2 plane and the Cc—Cc bond Cb—Cc Cc H 2 Cc—O O Cb Ca H 2 Ca—Cb

CcH2

Methyl fluoride CH3F

1.4246 108.63

N—H 1.010 C—N C—H 1.099 ∠HNH ∠HNC 110.3 ∠HCH dihedral angle between the CH3 symmetry axis and the C—N bond (The axis of the CH3 group is tilted away from the NH2 group with respect to the C—N bond.) C—H CH3 C—Na Na Nb Nc Na—Nb 1.113 ∠CNaNb Nb—Nc NNN linear 1.086 C—Br (re) C—H (re) ∠HCH (θe) 111.2 (C3v) C—H 1.090 C—Cl ∠HCH 110.8 C—N 1.481 C—C N CH3 CH N—N 1.235 ∠NCN N dihedral angle between the CNN plane and the 122.3 C—C bond C—H 1.078 ∠HCH 130

CcH2

3-Methyleneoxetane

MW

C—H 1.09 C—S 1.819 S—H 1.34 ∠HSC 96.5 ∠HCH 109.8 angle between the CH3 symmetry axis and the C—S bond 2.2 (The axis of the CH3 group is tilted away from the H atom with respect to the C—S bond.)

O

Methylacetylene → Propyne Methylal → Dimethoxymethane Methylamine CH3NH2

Method

C—H ∠HCcH C—H (re) C—F (re)

1.09 (assumed) 114 (assumed) 1.095 1.382

1.471 107.1 108.0 2.9 1.09 1.468 1.216 116.8

ED

MW

ED

1.933

MW, IR

1.785

MW, IR

1.501 49.3

MW

1.332 1.457 1.542 63.9 113.5 150.8 1.52 1.45 1.33

∠CcCbCc ∠HCaH

87 120 (assumed

∠HCH (θe)

110.45 (C3v)

LMR MW

MW

MW, IR

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound Methyl formate

Structure

CaH3

Ob

Oa Cb Hb

Methylgermane CH3GeH3 Methyl hypochlorite CH3OCl Methylidyne radical :CH Methylidyne phosphide HCP Methyl iodide CH3I Methyl isocyanide Methylketene

114

Ge—H ∠HCH

1.529 108.4

MW

O—Cl ∠HCH

1.674 109.6

MW

1.0692

C—P (re)

1.5398

MW

C—H (re) ∠HCH (θe) CaH3—N≡Cb N—Cb

1.084 111.2 Ca—H 1.166

C—I (re) (C3v) 1.102 ∠NCaH O—Ca Cb—Cc Cc—H

2.132

MW, IR

Ca—N 1.424 109.12 1.171 1.518 1.10

MW

Cb—H ∠CaCbCc ∠CcCbH

1.083 122.6 123.7

C—H (C3v) C—Ha C—Hb C—O O—N

1.15

CcH3 Ca

Ca—Cb ∠OCaCb ∠CaCbH ∠HCH Hg—Cl Hg—C

O 1.306 180.5 113.7 109.2 2.282 1.99

H a Oa

Ha

N

Hb

O

Ob 1.205 110 112.7 112.4 1.858

N—Oa ∠OCHa ∠CON ∠ONOb C—P

CaH3

Hc Cb

Cc

CaH3

Methylstannane CH3SnH3 Methyl thiocyanate

∠COC

H—C (re)

C

Methylsilane CH3SiH3

1.08 1.206 1.393 1.101 (assumed)

127 110 1.083 1.945 109.3 1.103 1.389 112.8 1.1198

Cb

Methylphosphine CH3PH2 2-Methylpropane → Isobutane 2-Methylpropene

Method ED

Ca—H Cb—Ob C—O (average) Cb—H

∠OaCbOb ∠OaCaH C—H C—Ge ∠HGeH C—H O—C ∠COCl C—H (re)

H

Methylmercury chloride CH3HgCl Methyl nitrate

9-39

H

∠HCaCb (average) ∠CaCbCa ∠HCaH C—H Si—H ∠HSiH C—Sn

111.4 115.6 107.9 1.093 1.485 108.3 2.143

C aH 3 S Cb

N

∠CaSCb 99.0

S—Cb Cb—N ∠HCH

UV

MW

MW, NMR MW

1.10 1.09 1.437 1.402

N—Ob ∠OCHb ∠ONOa

103 118.1

C—H

1.094

ED

Ca—H Cc—Hc Ca—Cb Cb—Cc ∠HcCcHc

1.119 1.10 1.508 1.342 118.5

ED, MW

∠CaCbCc ∠CbCcH C—Si ∠HCH (C3v) Sn—H (C3v) 1.684 1.170

122.2 121 1.867 107.7

S—Ca C—H

1.824 1.081

110.6

∠HCS

108.3

MW

1.700

MW MW


9-40 Naphthalene

Compound

Neopentane C(CH3)4 Nickelocene → Bis (cyclopentadienyl) nickel Nitromethane CH3NO2 N-Nitrosodimethylamine (CH3)2NNO Nitrosomethane CH3NO Norbornane → Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane Norbornadiene → Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta2,5-diene 1,2,5-Oxadiazole

Structure

C—H

1.114

ED

C—H N—O ∠ONO N—O C—N ∠CNC C—N C—H ∠NCH

1.088 (assumed) 1.224 125.3 1.235 1.461 123.2 1.49 1.084 109.0

C—N ∠NCH

1.489 107

MW

N—N ∠ONN ∠CNN N—O ∠CNO

1.344 113.6 116.4 1.22 112.6

ED

O—N C—N C—C C—H ∠NCH O—C C—N N—N C—H ∠NCH

H Oa

Ob C

C

Oa

Ob H

Cl

O C

O

Oxirane → Ethylene oxide

Method ED

1.537 112

Oxalic acid

Oxetane

1.37 1.41 1.42 1.42 1.40 119.4

C—C ∠CCH

1,3,4-Oxadiazole

Oxalyl dichloride

Ca—Cb Cb—Cb Ca—Cc Cc—Cc C—C (average) ∠CaCcCc

C Cl

1.380 1.300 1.421 1.076 120.9 1.348 1.297 1.399 1.075 128.5 C—C C—Oa C—Ob Ob—H ∠CCOa ∠OaCOb ∠CObH C—O C—C C—Cl

∠NON ∠ONC ∠CCN ∠CCH planar ∠COC ∠OCN ∠CNN ∠OCH planar

MW

110.4 105.8 109.0 130.2

MW

102.0 113.4 105.6 118.1

MW

1.544 1.205 1.336 1.05 123.1 125.0 104

ED

1.182 1.534 1.744

∠CCO 124.2 ∠CCCl 111.7 fraction of the trans conformer at 0°C 68%, that of the gauche conformer 32% C—O 1.448 C—C 1.546 C—H (average) 1.090 ∠COC 92 ∠CCC 85 ∠OCC 92 ∠HCH (average) 109.9

ED

MW

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Phenol

Compound

Phosphirane

Structure

C—P C—C ∠CPC

CH2 PH CH2

Piperazine

l-Propenyl chloride Propiolaldehyde

Propylene → Propene Propylene oxide

Pyrazine

1.867 1.502 47.4

CH2

∠CNC

109.0

Ca—Cb Cb—Cc C—C ∠CCC

1.397 1.084 1.076 1.082 1.364 0.956 109.0 P—H C—H ∠HCH

95.7

Method MW

1.43 MW 1.09 114.4

1.540 1.467 1.110

ED

110.4

1.495 1.536

∠CCN (C2h) Ca—N ∠CcCbCc

1.159 110.5

MW

1.532 112

C—H ∠HCH

1.107 107

ED

Ca—Ha Ca—Cb Cc—Hd Cb—Cc ∠CbCaHa,b,c

1.104 1.341 1.117 1.506 121.3

ED, MW

∠CbCcHd 110.7 CH3—CbH=CaH—Cl Ca—Cl 121.9 ∠CbCaCl HaCa≡Cb—CcHcO 1.211 Ca—Cb 1.130 Cc—Hc 124.2 ∠CbCcO 178.6 ∠CaCbCc

∠CaCbCc 1.728 trans conformer Ca—Ha Cb—Cc Cc—O ∠CbCcHc planar

124.3 MW

CaH3 Cb H

Ca—Cb 1.51 121.0 ∠CaCbCc dihedral angle between the CbCcO plane 123.8 and the CaCb bond

CcH2 O

Propynal → Propiolaldehyde Propyne

C—C (average) Cb—H Cc—H Cd—H Ca—O O—H ∠COH

118 ∠HPC 95.2 ∠CCH dihedral angle between the PCC plane and the PH bond C—C CH2 CH2 C—N NH NH C—H

CH2

Pivalonitrile (CcH3)3Cb—Ca≡N Propadiene → Allene Propane C3H8 Propenal → Acrylaldehyde Propene

9-41

H3Cc—Cb≡CaH Cc—Cb Ca—H

Pyridazine

1.459 1.056

H H Cb C b HCa

CaH N

∠NCC

N

123.7

Cc—H Cb—Ca ∠HCcCb C—C 1.339 C—H 1.115 ∠CCH 123.9 N—Ca Ca—Cb N—N Cb—Cb ∠NNC

1.085 1.453 1.214 113.7

1.105 1.206 110.2 C—N 1.403 ∠CCN 115.6 1.341 1.393 1.330 1.375 119.3

ED, MW

MW

MW

ED

ED, MW


9-42 Pyridine

Compound

Pyrimidine

Structure

∠CaNCa ∠CaCbCc ∠NCaHa

Pyrrole

∠NCaCb ∠CbCcCb ∠CcCbHb N—C 1.340 ∠NCN 127.6 (C2v assumed)

116.8 118.5 115.9

H N Ha

Ca

Ca

H b Cb

Pyruvonitrile

Ha

Cb H b

Cb—Hb ∠NCaCb ∠NCaHa

1.077 107.7 121.5 O

CaH3

Cb Cc N

Ruthenocene → Bis (cyclopentadienyl) ruthenium Silacyclobutane

Spiropentane

Succinonitrile

Tetrachloroethylene CCl2=CCl2 Tetracyanoethylene (CN)2C=C(CN)2 Tetrafluoro-1,3-dithietane

Tetrafluoroethylene CF2=CF2 Tetrahydrofuran

N—Ca Cb—Cc Cb—Hb Ca—Cb Ca—Ha Cc—Hc

Ca—Cb ∠CaCbO ∠CCN

1.518 124.5 179

∠FCS C—C ∠CCF C—H

1.370 1.417 1.382 0.996 1.076 109.8 107.4 127.1 1.12 1.17 1.208 1.477

∠HCH ∠CaCbCc

109.2 114.2

CH2

113.7 1.31 123.8 1.115

123.9 118.3 121.3 C—C 1.393 ∠CNC 115.5

N—Ca Cb—Cb Ca—Cb N—H Ca—Ha ∠CaNCa ∠CaCbCb ∠CbCbH C—H C—N C—O Cb—Cc

Si—C C—C CH2 SiH2 Si—H C—H 1.14 ∠CSiC ∠SiCC 84.8 ∠CCC dihedral angle between the CCC and CSiC planes Cb—Cb Cb H 2 H 2 Cb Ca—Cb Ca C—H H 2 Cb Cb H 2 ∠CbCaCb ∠HCH 118 (D2d) C—C 1.561 C—C(N) CH2 CN C—N 1.161 C—H CH2 CN ∠CCC 110.4 fraction of the anti conformer at 170°C 74%, dihedral angle of CCCC for the gauche conformer C—Cl 1.718 C—C ∠ClCCl 115.7 C—N 1.162 C—C C=C 1.357 ∠CC=C C—S S C—F F2 C CF2 ∠CSC S CH2

1.340 1.394 1.081 1.395 1.084 1.077

(D2h assumed) C—F (D2h assumed) C—O

Method MW

ED

MW

ED, MW

1.892 1.600 1.47 80.7 99.8 146 1.52 1.47 1.09 62

ED

1.465 1.09

ED

75 1.354

ED

ED

1.435 121.1 1.785 1.314 83.2

ED ED

1.319

ED

1.428

ED

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound

CH2 CH2 O

9-43

Structure C—C 1.536 The skeletal bending vibration of the molecular plane is essentially free pseudorotation.

Method

CH2 CH2 Tetrahydropyran

H2 C H2 C

CH2

H2 C

CH2 O

Tetrahydrothiophene

CH2 CH2 S

C—O C—C C—H ∠COC ∠OCC

1.420 1.531 1.116 111.5 111.8

∠CCC (C) chair form C—S C—C ∠SCC

108

∠CCC (O)

111

1.839 1.536 106.1

C—H ∠CSC ∠CCC

1.120 93.4 105.0

Ge—C ∠GeCH Pb—C

1.945 108 2.238

C—H (Td excluding the H atoms) (Td excluding the H atoms)

1.12

C—H ∠HCH C—Sn C—H S N N

1.115 109.8 2.144 1.12 S—N C—N C—C C—H S—C N—N C—N C—H ∠NCH

C—Si (Td excluding the H atoms)

1.875

ED

CH2 CH2 Tetramethylgermane (CH3)4Ge Tetramethyllead (CH3)4Pb Tetramethylsilane (CH3)4Si Tetramethylstannane (CH3)4Sn 1,2,5-Thiadiazole

1,3,4-Thiadiazole

Thietane

Thiirane

Thioformaldehyde CH2S Thioformamide

Thiolane → Tetrahydrothiophene Thiophene

ED

1.847 1.549 1.100 112 154

C—S ∠HaNHb ∠HbNC ∠NCHc

C—Hc ∠HaNC ∠NCS ∠SCHc

1.10 117.9 125.3 127

Ca—Ha Cb—Hb Ca—S Ca—Cb Cb—Cb ∠CaSCa

1.078 1.081 1.714 1.370 1.423 92.2

Hb

1.626 121.7 120.4 108

ED ED

(Td excluding the H atoms) 1.631 ∠NSN 1.328 ∠CCN 1.420 ∠CCH HC CH 1.079 planar 1.721 ∠CSC S 1.371 ∠SCN HC CH 1.302 ∠CCN N N 1.08 ∠SCH 123.5 C—S C—C C—H (average) ∠CSC 76.8 ∠HCH (average) dihedral angle between the CCC and CSC planes C—C 1.484 ∠HCH H2 C C—H 1.083 ∠CSC S C—S 1.815 ∠CCS H2 C dihedral angle between the CH2 plane and the C—C bond 152 C—S 1.611 C—H ∠HCH 116.9 N—Ha S Ha N—Hb C N C—N

Hc

ED

99.6 113.8 126.2

MW

86.4 114.6 112.2 121.9 planar

MW

116 48.3 65.9

ED, MW

MW

1.093

MW

1.002 1.007 1.358

MW

MW


9-44 Compound

Toluene

1,1,1-Tribromoethane CH3CBr3 Tribromomethane → Bromoform Tri-tert-butyl methane HCa[Cb(CcH3)3]3 Tricarbon dioxide OCCCO Trichloroacetonitrile CCl3CN 1,1,1-Trichloroethane CH3CCl3 Trichloro(methyl)germane CH3GeCl3 Trichloro(methyl)silane CH3SiCl3 Trichloro(methyl)stannane CH3SnCl3 Triethylenediamine → 1,4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octane Trifluoroacetic acid

1,1,1-Trifluoroethane CH3CF3 Trifluoromethane → Fluoroform 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,2,2-trichloroethane CF3CCl3 Trimethylaluminium (CH3)3Al Trimethylamine (CH3)3N Trimethylarsine (CH3)3As Trimethylbismuth (CH3)3Bi Trimethylborane (CH3)3B Trimethyleneimine → Azetidine Trimethylphosphine (CH3)3P

∠SCaCb ∠SCaHa

C—Br C—C ∠BrCBr

Structure 115.5 ∠CaCbCb 119.9 ∠CbCbHb C—C (ring) 1.399 C—H (average) 1.11 the difference between the C—H(CH3) and C—H(ring): about 0.01 1.93 C—H 1.51 (assumed) ∠CCBr 111 ∠CCH

1.611 C—H Ca—Cb Cb—Cc 1.548 ∠CaCbCc C—O 1.163 C—C linear (with a large-amplitude bending vibration) C—N 1.165 C—C C—Cl 1.763 ∠ClCCl C—H 1.090 C—C C—Cl 1.771 ∠HCH ∠CCH 108.9 ∠ClCCl ∠CCCl 109.6 Ge—Cl 2.132 Ge—C C—H 1.103 (assumed) ∠ClGeCl ∠GeCH 110.5 (assumed) C—Si 1.876 Si—Cl (C3v) Sn—Cl 2.304 Sn—C C—H 1.100 ∠CSnCl ∠ClSnCl 104.7 ∠SnCH

C—CH3

112.5 124.3

Method

1.524

ED

1.095 (assumed) 108 109.0 (assumed)

MW

1.111 113.0 1.289

ED

1.460 110.0 1.541 110.0 109.4

ED

ED

MW

1.89 106.4

ED, MW

2.021

MW

2.10 113.9 108

ED

C—F C—C C—Oa

1.325 1.546 1.192

ED

C—Ob ∠CCOa ∠CCF C—C C—H ∠CCH

1.35 126.8 109.5 1.494 1.081 112

O—H ∠CCOb

0.96 (assumed) 111.1

C—F ∠CCF

1.340 119.2

ED

C—C C—Cl ∠CCCl C—H ∠AlCH C—N ∠CNC C—As ∠AsCH Bi—C ∠CBiC C—B ∠CBC

1.54 1.77 109.6 1.113 111.7 1.458 110.9 1.979 111.4 2.263 97.1 1.578 120.0

C—F ∠CCF staggered conformation Al—C ∠CAlC C—H ∠HCH ∠CAsC

1.33 110

MW

1.957 120 1.100 110 98.8

ED

ED

C—H

1.07

ED

C—H ∠BCH

1.114 112.5

ED

C—P ∠CPC

1.847 98.6

C—H ∠PCH

1.091 110.7

ED

ED

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules 1,3,5-Trioxane

Compound

9-45

Structure

O H2 C

CH2

O

C—O ∠OCO ∠COC

O

1.422 112.2 110.3

Method MW

C H2 Triphenylamine (C6H5)3N

C—C 1.392 C—N 1.42 ED ∠CNC 116 (C3) torsional dihedral angle of the two phenyl rings 47° (defined to be 0 when the symmetry axis is contained in the phenyl planes)

Tropone

O Ca HCb

Cb H

HCc

CcH Cd H

Cd H

∠CbCcCd Vinylacetylene

126

Ha

Hc Ca C b

Hb

Cc Cd Hd

Vinyl chloride

∠CbCcCd ∠HbCaCb ∠CcCdHd

178 122 182

Hc

Cl C

Hb ∠CCCl ∠CCHb

C Ha 122.5 120

Ca—O Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—Cd Cd—Cd ∠CbCaCb ∠CaCbCc

1.23 1.45 1.36 1.46 1.34 122 133

∠CcCdCd Cb—Cc Ca—Cb Cc—Cd Ca—Ha Cd—Hd ∠CaCbCc

130 (C2v) 1.434 1.344 1.215 1.11 1.09 123.1

∠HaCaCb ∠HcCbCa

119 122

C—C C—Cl C—H

1.342 1.730 1.09

∠CCHa ∠CCHc

124 121.1

ED

ED, MW

ED, MW

DIPOLE MOMENTS This table gives selected values of the electric dipole moment for over 800 molecules. When available, values determined by microwave spectroscopy, molecular beam electric resonance, and other high-resolution spectroscopic techniques were selected. Otherwise, the values come from measurements of the dielectric constant in the gas phase or, if these do not exist, in the liquid phase. Entries are listed alphabetically; compounds not containing carbon are listed first, followed by compounds containing carbon. The dipole moment is given in debye units (D). The conversion factor to SI units is 1 D = 3.33564 × 10–30 C m. Dipole moments of individual conformers (rotational isomers) are given when they have been measured. The conformers are designated as gauche, trans, axial, etc. The meaning of these terms can be found in the references. In some cases an average value, obtained from measurements on the bulk gas, is also given. Other information on molecules that have been studied by spectroscopy, such as the components of the dipole moment in the molecular framework and the variation with vibrational state and isotopic species, is given in the references. When the accuracy of a value is explicitly stated (i.e., 1.234 ± 0.005), the stated uncertainty generally indicates two or three standard deviations. When no uncertainty is given, the value may be assumed to be precise to a few units in the last decimal place. However, if more than three decimal places are given, the exact interpretation of the final digits may require analysis of the vibrational averaging. Values measured in the gas phase that are questionable because of undetermined error sources are indicated as approximate (≈). Values obtained by liquid phase measurements, which sometimes have large errors because of association effects, are enclosed in brackets, e.g., [1.8].

References 1. Nelson, R. D., Lide, D. R., and Maryott, A. A., Selected Values of Electric Dipole Moments for Molecules in the Gas Phase, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. — Nat. Bur. Stnds. 10, 1967. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/6 (1974), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/14a (1982), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 4. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/14b (1983), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 5. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/19c (1992), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 6. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/24c (2002), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 7. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 8. Kasuya, T., Lafferty, W. J., and Lide, D. R., J. Chem. Phys. 48, 1, 1968. 9. Kirchhoff, W. H., and Lide, D. R., J. Chem. Phys. 51, 467, 1969. 10. Durig, J. R., Li, Y. S., and Rizzolo, J. J., J. Chem. Phys. 77, 5885, 1982. 11. Ogata, T., Mochizuki, A. and Yamashita, E., J. Chem. Phys. 87, 2531, 1987. 12. Rego, A., and Cox, A. P., J. Chem. Phys. 89, 124, 1988. 13. Tyblewski, M., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 97, 6168, 1992. 14. Kawashima, Y., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 99, 820, 1993. 15. Caminati, W., Melandri, S., and Favero, L., J. Chem. Phys. 100, 8569, 1994. 16. Cederberg, J., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 3361, 1996.

17. Bauder, A., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 106, 7558, 1997. 18. Muller, H. S. P., Miller, C. E., and Cohen, E. A., J. Chem. Phys. 107, 8292, 1997. 19. Burgh, D. J., Suenram, R. D., and Stevens, W. J., J. Chem. Phys. 111, 3526, 1999. 20. Blake, T. A., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 98, 6031, 1993. 21. Ruoff, R. S., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 89, 138, 1988. 22. Muenter, J. S., J. Chem. Phys. 90, 4048, 1989. 23. Peterson, J. I., Suenram, R. D., and Lovas, F. J., J. Chem. Phys. 90, 5964, 1989. 24. Suenram, R. D., Lovas, F. J., and Matsumura, K., Astrophys. J. Lett. 342, 103, 1989. 25. Groner, P., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 91, 1434, 1989. 26. Suenram, R. D., Lovas, F. J., Fraser, G. T., and Matsumura, K., J. Chem. Phys. 92, 4724, 1990. 27. Andrews, A. M., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 93, 7030, 1990. 28. Peterson, K. I., Suenram, R. D., and Lovas, F. J., J. Chem. Phys. 94, 106, 1991. 29. Iida, M., Ohshima, Y., and Endo, Y., J. Chem. Phys. 95, 4772, 1991. 30. Andrews, A. M., Hillig, K. W., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 96, 1784, 1992. 31. Ruoff, R. S., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 96, 3441, 1992. 32. Germann, T. C., Tschopp, S. L., and Gutowsky, H. S., J. Chem. Phys. 97, 1619, 1992. 33. Taleb-Bendiab, A., Hillig, K. W., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 97, 2996, 1992. 34. Taleb-Bendiab, A., Hillig, K. W., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 98, 3627, 1993. 35. Xu, L-W., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 100, 15, 1994. 36. Peterson, K. I., Suenram, R. D., and Lovas, F. J., J. Chem. Phys. 102, 7807, 1995. 37. Tatamitani, Y., and Ogata, T., J. Chem. Phys. 121, 9885, 2004. 38. Medvedev, I., et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 148, 593, 2003. 39. Lesarri, A., Suenram, R. D., and Brugh, D., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 9651, 2002. 40. Arunan, E., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 9766, 2002. 41. Smith, T. C., Clouthier, D. J., and Steimle, T. C., J. Chem. Phys. 115, 817, 2001. 42. Peebles, S. A., Sun, L., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 110, 6804, 1999. 43. Namiki, K. C., Robinson, J. S., and Steimle, T. C., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 5283, 1998. 44. Peebles, S. A., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 5276, 1998. 45. Sauer, B. E., Wang, J., and Hinds, E. A., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 7412, 1996. 46. Fry, J. L., Drouin, B. J., and Miller, C. E., J. Chem. Phys. 124, 084304, 2006. 47. Christiansen, J. J., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 231, 131, 2005. 48. Kisiel, Z., et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 325, 523, 2000. 49. Lovas, F. J., et al., Astrophys. J. Lett. 455, 201, 1995. 50. Suenram, R. D., and Lovas, F. J., Astrophys. J. Lett. 429, 89, 1994. 51. Biermann, S., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 9754, 1996. 52. McGlone, S., and Bauder, A., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 5383, 1998. 53. Peebles, S. A., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 111, 10511, 1999. 54. Plusquellic, D. F., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 115, 3057, 2001. 55. Muller, H. S. P., and Cohen, E. A., J. Chem. Phys. 116, 2407, 2002. 56. Andrews, A. M., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 98, 791, 1993. 57. Lovas, F. J., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 92, 891, 1990. 58. Klots, T. D., Emilsson, T., and Gutowsky, H. S., J. Chem. Phys. 97, 5335, 1992. 59. Careless, A. J., Kroto, H. W., and Landsberg, B. M., Chem. Phys. 1, 371, 1973. 60. Costain, C. C., and Kroto, H. W., Can. J. Phys. 50, 1453, 1972. 61. Kroto, H. W., Nixon, J. F., and Ohno, K., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 90, 367, 1981. 62. Kroto, H. W., Nixon, J. F., and Simmons, N. P. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 82, 185, 1980. 63. Kroto, H. W., Nixon, J. F., and Ohno, K., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 77, 270, 1979.

9-47

Dipole Moments

9-48 Name

Mol. Form.

Compounds not containing carbon Aluminum monofluoride AlF Ammonia H 3N Arsenic(III) chloride AsCl3 Arsenic(III) fluoride AsF3 Arsine AsH3 Barium oxide BaO Barium sulfide BaS Bromine chloride BrCl Bromine dioxide BrO2 Bromine fluoride BrF Bromine monoxide BrO Bromine pentafluoride BrF5 Bromosilane BrH3Si Bromotrifluorosilane BrF3Si Calcium monochloride CaCl Cesium chloride ClCs Cesium fluoride CsF Cesium sodium CsNa Chlorine fluoride ClF Chlorine oxide (ClO) ClO Chlorine trifluoride ClF3 Chloroborane BClH2 Chlorogermane ClGeH3 Chlorosilane ClH3Si Chlorosyl fluoride ClFO Chlorotrifluorosilane ClF3Si Chromium monoxide CrO Copper(I) fluoride CuF Copper(II) oxide CuO Dichlorosilane Cl2H2Si Difluoramine F2HN Difluorine dioxide F2O2 Difluoroborane BF2H cis-Difluorodiazine F2N2 Difluorosilane F2H2Si Difluorosilylene F2Si Disiloxane H6OSi2 Fluoramine FH2N Fluorine azide FN3 Fluorine monoxide F2O Fluorine oxide FO Fluoroborane BF Fluorogermane FGeH3 Fluorosilane FH3Si Gallium monofluoride FGa Germanium(II) fluoride F2Ge Germanium(II) oxide GeO Germanium(II) selenide GeSe Germanium(II) sulfide GeS Germanium(II) telluride GeTe Germylazide GeH3N3 Hafnium monoxide HfO Hafnium(IV) oxide HfO2 Hexaborane(10) B6H10

μ/D 1.53 ± 0.15 1.4718 ± 0.0002 1.59 ± 0.08 2.59 ± 0.05 0.217 ± 0.003 7.954 ± 0.003 10.86 ± 0.02 0.519 ± 0.004 2.8 ± 0.3 1.422 ± 0.016 1.76 ± 0.04 1.51 ± 0.15 1.319 0.83 ± 0.01 ≈3.6 10.387 ± 0.004 7.884 ± 0.001 4.75 ± 0.20 0.888061 1.297 ± 0.001 0.6 ± 0.1 0.75 ± 0.05 2.13 ± 0.02 1.31 ± 0.01 1.93 ± 0.02 0.636 ± 0.004 3.88 ± 0.13 5.77 ± 0.29 4.5 ± 0.5 1.17 ± 0.02 1.92 ± 0.02 1.44 ± 0.07 0.971 ± 0.010 0.16 ± 0.01 1.55 ± 0.02 1.23 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.02 2.27 ± 0.18 ≈1.3 0.308180 0.0043 ± 0.0004 ≈0.5 2.33 ± 0.12 1.2969 ± 0.0006 2.45 ± 0.05 2.61 ± 0.02 3.2823 ± 0.0001 1.65 ± 0.05 2.00 ± 0.06 1.06 ± 0.07 2.58 ± 0.02 3.431 ± 0.005 7.92 ± 0.01 2.50 ± 0.05

Ref. 1 5 1 1 5 5 3 3 18 3 2 1 3 5 4 2 2 2 5 5 1 14 1 1 55 5 5 2 5 1 1 1 8 1 1 2 1 5 5 5 5 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 25 26 39 3

Hydrazine

Name

Hydrazoic acid Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Hydroxyl Hydroxylamine Hypochlorous acid Hypofluorous acid Imidogen Indium(I) chloride Indium(I) fluoride Iodine bromide Iodine chloride Iodine fluoride Iodine monoxide Iodine pentafluoride Lanthanum monoxide Lead(II) oxide Lead(II) sulfide Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium fluoride–sodium fluoride complex Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide Lithium iodide Lithium monoxide Lithium potassium Lithium rubidium Lithium sodium Magnesium oxide Mercapto Nitric acid Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen sulfide Nitrogen trichloride Nitrogen trifluoride Nitrogen trioxide Nitrosyl bromide Nitrosyl fluoride Nitrosyl hydride Nitrous acid (cis) Nitrous acid (trans) Nitrous oxide Nitryl chloride Nitryl fluoride Ozone Pentaborane(9) Perchloryl fluoride Peroxynitrous acid

Mol. Form. H4N2 HN3 BrH ClH FH HI H2O2 H2S HO H3NO ClHO FHO HN ClIn FIn BrI ClI FI IO F5I LaO OPb PbS BrLi ClLi FLi FLi•FNa

1.75 ± 0.09 1.70 ± 0.09 0.8272 ± 0.0003 1.1086 ± 0.0003 1.826178 0.448 ± 0.001 1.573 ± 0.001 0.97833 1.655 ± 0.001 0.59 ± 0.05 ≈1.3 2.23 ± 0.11 1.39 ± 0.07 3.79 ± 0.19 3.40 ± 0.07 0.726 ± 0.003 1.24 ± 0.02 1.948 ± 0.020 2.45 ± 0.05 2.18 ± 0.11 3.207 ± 0.011 4.64 ± 0.50 3.59 ± 0.18 7.268 ± 0.001 7.12887 6.3274 ± 0.0002 2.62 ± 0.02

μ/D

HLi HLiO ILi LiO KLi LiRb LiNa MgO HS HNO3 NO NO2 NS Cl3N F3N N2O3 BrNO FNO HNO HNO2 HNO2 N2O ClNO2 FNO2 O3 B5H9 ClFO3 HNO3

5.884 ± 0.001 4.754 ± 0.002 7.428 ± 0.001 6.84 ± 0.03 3.45 ± 0.20 4.0 ± 0.1 0.463 ± 0.002 6.2 ± 0.6 0.7580 ± 0.0001 2.17 ± 0.02 0.15872 0.316 ± 0.010 1.81 ± 0.02 0.39 ± 0.01 0.235 ± 0.004 2.122 ± 0.010 ≈1.8 1.730 ± 0.003 1.62 ± 0.03 1.423 ± 0.005 1.855 ± 0.016 0.16083 0.53 0.466 ± 0.005 0.53373 2.13 ± 0.04 0.023 ± 0.001 1.07 ± 0.002

Ref.

1 3 3 3 2 2 3 5 5 2 2 3 3 2 2 5 2 3 2 1 26 2 2 2 2 3 51 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 5 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 3 46

Dipole Moments Name Phosphine Phosphorothioc trifluoride Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus nitride Phosphoryl chloride Phosphoryl fluoride Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium fluoride Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium sodium Rubidium bromide Rubidium chloride Rubidium fluoride Rubidium iodide Rubidium sodium Selenium dioxide Selenium tetrafluoride Silicon monosulfide Silicon monoxide Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) fluoride Silver(I) iodide Sodium bromide Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Sodium iodide Stibine Strontium oxide Sulfur dichloride Sulfur difluoride Sulfur dioxide Sulfur monofluoride Sulfur monoxide Sulfur oxide (SSO) Sulfur tetrafluoride Sulfuryl chloride Sulfuryl fluoride Tetraborane(10) Tetrafluorohydrazine (gauche) Tetrafluorosilane–ammonia complex Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) fluoride Thallium(I) iodide Thionitrosyl chloride (NSCl) Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Thionyl chloride Thionyl fluoride Tin(II) oxide

9-49 Mol. Form. H 3P F3PS Cl3P F3P OP NP Cl3OP F3OP BrK ClK FK HKO IK KNa BrRb ClRb FRb IRb NaRb O2Se F4Se SSi OSi AgBr AgCl AgF AgI BrNa ClNa FNa INa H3Sb OSr Cl2S F2S O2S FS OS OS2 F4S Cl2O2S F2O2S B4H10 F4N2

μ/D Ref. 0.5740 ± 0.0003 3 0.64 ± 0.02 1 0.56 ± 0.02 2 1.03 ± 0.01 1 1.88 ± 0.07 5 2.7470 ± 0.0001 2 2.54 ± 0.05 2 1.8685 ± 0.0001 3 10.628 ± 0.001 2 10.269 ± 0.001 2 8.585 ± 0.003 2 7.415 ± 0.002 16 ≈10.8 2 2.693 ± 0.014 3 ≈10.9 2 10.510 ± 0.005 2 8.5465 ± 0.0005 2 ≈11.5 2 3.1 ± 0.3 2 2.62 ± 0.05 2 1.78 ± 0.09 2 1.73 ± 0.09 2 3.0982 2 5.62 ± 0.03 5 6.08 ± 0.06 5 6.22 ± 0.30 2 4.55 ± 0.05 5 9.1183 ± 0.0006 2 9.00117 2 8.156 ± 0.001 2 9.236 ± 0.003 2 0.12 ± 0.05 1 8.900 ± 0.003 2 0.36 ± 0.01 3 1.05 ± 0.05 2 1.63305 3 0.794 ± 0.02 3 1.55 ± 0.02 1 1.47 ± 0.03 1 0.632 ± 0.003 1 1.81 ± 0.04 1 1.12 ± 0.02 1 0.486 ± 0.002 3 0.257 ± 0.002 5

F4Si•H3N

5.61 ± 0.02

BrTl ClTl FTl ITl ClNS FNS Cl2OS F2OS OSn

4.49 ± 0.05 4.54299 4.2282 ± 0.0008 4.61 ± 0.07 1.87 ± 0.02 1.902 ± 0.012 1.45 ± 0.03 1.63 ± 0.01 4.32 ± 0.22

31 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2

Name Tin(II) sulfide Titanium(II) oxide Trichlorofluorosilane Trichlorosilane Trifluoramine oxide 1,1,1-Trifluorodisilane Trifluoroiodosilane Trifluorosilane Water Water dimer–hydrogen bromide complex Water dimer–hydrogen chloride complex Ytterbium monofluoride Yttrium monoxide Zirconium(II) oxide Zirconium(IV) oxide

Mol. Form. SSn OTi Cl3FSi

μ/D 3.18 ± 0.16 2.96 ± 0.05

Cl3HSi F3NO F3H3Si2 F3ISi F3HSi H2O H4O2•BrH

0.49 ± 0.01 0.86 ± 0.01 0.0390 ± 0.0004 2.03 ± 0.10 1.11 ± 0.03 1.27 ± 0.03 1.8546 ± 0.0040 2.281 ± 0.003

2 2 9 3 5 1 3 48

H4O2•ClH

2.328 ± 0.003

48

FYb OY OZr O2Zr

3.91 ± 0.04 4.524 ± 0.007 2.55 ± 0.01 7.80 ± 0.02

45 26 26 19

≈0.85 2.750 ± 0.006 3.68 ± 0.03 1.70 ± 0.03 ≈2.8 2.88 ± 0.03 3.92519 3.02 ± 0.06 2.72 ± 0.14 0.161 ± 0.001

1 3 5 2 1 1 5 1 1 22

0.311 ± 0.001

32

1.23 ± 0.02

53

3.29 ± 0.03

32

2.96 ± 0.03 2.552 ± 0.003 3.117 ± 0.004 3.92 ± 0.07 1.55 ± 0.08 1.60 ± 0.08 ≈1.2 1.13 ± 0.02 1.38 ± 0.07 0.80 ± 0.02 [3.0] [3.5] 1.14 ± 0.02

1 5 5 5 3 1 1 3 1 1 7 7 40

0.136 ± 0.002 2.061 ± 0.002

58 33

Compounds containing carbon Acenaphthene C12H10 Acetaldehyde C2H4O Acetamide C2H5NO Acetic acid C2H4O2 Acetic anhydride C4H6O3 Acetone C3H6O Acetonitrile C2H3N Acetophenone C8H8O Acetyl chloride C2H3ClO Acetylene–carbon dioxide C2H2•CO2 complex Acetylene–carbon monoxide C2H2•CO complex Acetylene–carbon oxysulfide C2H2•C3O3S3 trimer complex Acetylene–hydrogen cyanide C2H2•CHN complex Acetyl fluoride C2H3FO Acrolein (cis) C3H4O Acrolein (trans) C3H4O Acrylonitrile C3H3N Allyl alcohol (gauche) C3H6O Allyl alcohol (average) C3H6O Allylamine C3H7N Aniline C6H7N Anisole C7H8O Azulene C10H8 Benzaldehyde C7H6O Benzeneacetonitrile C8H7N Benzene–hydrogen sulfide C6H6•H2S complex Benzene–krypton complex C6H6•Kr Benzene–sulfur dioxide C6H6•O2S complex Benzenethiol C6H6S Benzonitrile C7H5N Benzyl acetate C9H10O2 Benzyl alcohol C7H8O Benzyl benzoate C14H12O2

[1.23] 4.18 ± 0.08 [1.22] 1.71 ± 0.09 [2.06]

Ref. 2 5

7 1 7 1 7

Dipole Moments

9-50 Name Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Borane carbonyl Bromoacetylene Bromobenzene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane Bromochlorofluoromethane Bromochloromethane 1-Bromodecane Bromoethane Bromoethene Bromofluoroacetylene 1-Bromoheptane Bromomethane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Bromopentane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropene 3-Bromopropene Bromotrifluoromethane 1,2-Butadiene Butanal 1,4-Butanediol Butanenitrile (gauche) Butanenitrile (anti) 1-Butanethiol Butanoic acid 1-Butanol 2-Butanone trans-2-Butenal 1-Butene (cis) 1-Butene (skew) cis-2-Butene cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butenoic acid cis-2-Buten-1-ol trans-2-Buten-1-ol 1-Buten-3-yne 2-Butoxyethanol Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine tert-Butylbenzene Butyl ethyl ether Butyl formate Butyl stearate Butyl vinyl ether

Mol. Form. C4H13N3 C4H8Cl2O C24H38O4 CH3BO C2HBr C6H5Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C2H4BrCl CHBrClF CH2BrCl C10H21Br C2H5Br C2H3Br C2BrF C7H15Br CH3Br C4H9Br C10H7Br C5H11Br C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H5Br C3H5Br CBrF3 C4H6 C4H8O C4H10O2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H10S C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H8O C4H6O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H6O2 C4H8O C4H8O C4H4 C6H14O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C10H14 C6H14O C5H10O2 C22H44O2 C6H12O

μ/D Ref. [1.89] 7 [2.58] 7 [2.84] 7 1.698 ± 0.020 3 0.22962 5 1.70 ± 0.03 1 2.08 ± 0.10 1 2.23 ± 0.11 1 [1.2] 7 1.5 ± 0.3 17 [1.66] 7 [1.93] 7 2.04 ± 0.02 5 1.42 ± 0.03 1 0.448 ± 0.002 5 2.16 ± 0.11 1 1.8203 ± 0.0004 5 [2.17] 7 [1.55] 7 2.20 ± 0.11 1 2.18 ± 0.11 1 2.21 ± 0.11 1 [1.51] 7 ≈1.9 1 0.65 ± 0.05 1 0.403 ± 0.002 1 2.72 ± 0.05 1 [2.58] 7 3.91 ± 0.04 5 3.73 ± 0.06 5 [1.53] 7 [1.65] 7 1.66 ± 0.03 1 2.779 ± 0.015 2 3.67 ± 0.07 1 0.438 ± 0.007 2 0.359 ± 0.011 2 0.253 ± 0.005 2 [2.48] 7 [2.45] 7 [2.13] 7 1.96 ± 0.03 5 1.90 ± 0.02 5 0.22 ± 0.02 3 [2.08] 7 [1.87] 7 [1.87] 7 ≈1.0 1 [1.28] 7 [1.29] 7 ≈0.83 1 [1.24] 7 [2.03] 7 [1.88] 7 [1.25] 7

Name 1-Butyne γ-Butyrolactone Calcium methoxide Camphor, (+) Caprolactam Carboimidic difluoride Carbon dioxide dimer–water complex Carbon dioxide–mercury complex Carbon dioxide–water dimer complex Carbon disulfide–sulfur dioxide complex Carbon monoselenide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide dimer– water complex Carbon oxyselenide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon oxysulfide–carbon dioxide dimer complex Carbon oxysulfide–water complex Carbonyl chloride Carbonyl fluoride Chloroacetyl chloride Chloroacetylene 2-Chloroaniline Chlorobenzene 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane Chlorocyclohexane (axial) Chlorocyclohexane (equitorial) 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Chloroethene 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane Chlorofluoromethane Chloromethane (Chloromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Chloronaphthalene 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 1-Chlorooctane Chloropentafluoroethane 1-Chloropentane 4-Chlorophenol 1-Chloropropane (gauche) 1-Chloropropane (trans)

Mol. Form. C4H6 C4H6O2 CH3CaO C10H16O C6H11NO CHF2N C2O4•H2O

μ/D 0.782 ± 0.004 4.27 ± 0.03 1.58 ± 0.08 [3.1] [3.9] 1.393 ± 0.001 1.989 ± 0.002

Ref. 5 3 43 7 7 5 23

CO2•Hg

0.107 ± 0.003

29

CO2•H4O2

1.746 ± 0.010

28

CO2•O2S

1.096 ± 0.001

42

CSe CS CO C2O2•H2O

1.99 ± 0.04 1.958 ± 0.005 0.10980 1.57 ± 0.05

3 2 3 36

COSe COS COS•C2O4

0.73 ± 0.02 0.715189 0.69 ± 0.05

1 5 44

COS•H2O

2.668 ± 0.003

37

CCl2O CF2O C2H2Cl2O C2HCl C6H6ClN C6H5Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C6H11Cl C6H11Cl

1.17 ± 0.01 0.95 ± 0.01 2.23 ± 0.11 0.44408 [1.77] 1.69 ± 0.03 2.05 ± 0.04 2.04 ± 0.10 1.91 ± 0.02 2.44 ± 0.07

1 1 1 5 7 1 1 1 5 5

C2H3ClF2 CHClF2 C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H3Cl C2H4ClF CH2ClF CH3Cl C7H7Cl C5H11Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C10H7Cl C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C8H17Cl C2ClF5 C5H11Cl C6H5ClO C3H7Cl C3H7Cl

2.14 ± 0.04 1.42 ± 0.03 2.05 ± 0.02 1.78 ± 0.09 1.45 ± 0.03 2.068 ± 0.014 1.82 ± 0.04 1.8963 ± 0.0002 [1.82] [1.92] 2.00 ± 0.10 2.13 ± 0.04 [1.57] 4.64 ± 0.09 3.73 ± 0.07 2.83 ± 0.06 [2.00] 0.52 ± 0.05 2.16 ± 0.11 2.11 ± 0.11 2.02 ± 0.03 1.95 ± 0.02

1 1 1 1 1 3 1 5 7 7 1 1 7 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 5 5

Dipole Moments Name 1-Chloropropane (average) 2-Chloropropane cis-1-Chloropropene trans-1-Chloropropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene 4-Chloropyridine 2-Chlorotoluene 3-Chlorotoluene 4-Chlorotoluene Chlorotrifluoroethene Chlorotrifluoromethane o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformamide Cyanogen azide (NCN3) Cyanogen chloride Cyanogen fluoride Cyanogen iodide Cyanomethylmercury Cyclobutanecarbonitrile Cyclobutanone Cyclobutene 1,3-Cycloheptadiene 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2dione Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene (half-chair) Cyclohexylamine 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2,4-Cyclopentadien-1-one Cyclopentanone Cyclopentene 3-Cyclopenten-1-one Cyclopropane-sulfur dioxide complex Cyclopropanone Cyclopropene Cyclopropylamine Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Diacetone alcohol Diazomethane Dibromodifluoromethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane 1,2-Dibromopropane Dibutylamine Dibutyl ether Dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl sebacate Dibutyl sulfide o-Dichlorobenzene

9-51 Mol. Form. C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C5H4ClN C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C2ClF3 CClF3 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O CH2N2 C3HN C2H2N2O CN4 CClN CFN CIN C2H3HgN C5H7N C4H6O C4H6 C7H10 C7H6O C6H4O2

μ/D Ref. 2.05 ± 0.04 1 2.17 ± 0.11 1 1.67 ± 0.08 1 1.97 ± 0.10 1 1.647 ± 0.010 3 1.94 ± 0.10 1 0.756 ± 0.005 3 1.56 ± 0.08 1 [1.82] 7 2.21 ± 0.04 1 0.40 ± 0.10 1 0.50 ± 0.01 1 [1.45] 7 [1.48] 7 [1.48] 7 4.28 ± 0.10 5 3.73172 5 4.10 ± 0.12 47 2.96 ± 0.07 60 2.8331 ± 0.0002 3 2.120 ± 0.001 3 3.67 ± 0.02 5 4.7 ± 0.1 12 4.04 ± 0.04 5 2.89 ± 0.03 2 0.132 ± 0.001 1 0.740 3 4.1 ± 0.3 3 4.23 ± 0.02 3

C6H10O C6H10 C6H13N C5H6 C5H4O C5H8O C5H8 C5H6O C3H6•O2S

3.246 ± 0.006 0.332 ± 0.012 [1.26] 0.419 ± 0.004 3.132 ± 0.007 ≈3.3 0.20 ± 0.02 2.79 ± 0.03 1.681 ± 0.001

5 2 7 1 3 1 1 3 30

C3H4O C3H4 C3H7N C5H8O C6H12O2 CH2N2 CBr2F2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C3H6Br2 C8H19N C8H18O C16H22O4 C18H34O4 C8H18S C6H4Cl2

2.67 ± 0.13 0.454 ± 0.010 1.19 ± 0.01 2.62 ± 0.25 [3.24] 1.50 ± 0.01 0.66 ± 0.05 [1.19] 1.43 ± 0.03 [1.2] [0.98] 1.17 ± 0.06 [2.82] [2.48] [1.61] 2.50 ± 0.05

2 1 2 2 7 1 1 7 1 7 7 1 7 7 7 1

Name m-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobutane 1,1-Dichloro-2,2difluoroethene Dichlorodifluoromethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene Dichlorofluoromethane 1,1-Dichloro-2fluoropropene Dichloromethane (Dichloromethyl)benzene Dichloromethylborane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene Diethanolamine 1,1-Diethoxyethane Diethylamine Diethyl carbonate Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethyl ether Diethyl malonate Diethyl oxalate Diethyl sulfide (trans-trans) Diethyl sulfide (transgauche) Diethyl sulfide (gauchegauche) o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene 1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane (gauche) 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene Difluoromethane Difluoromethylborane Difluoromethylene 1,1-Difluoro-1-propene 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin 3,6-Dihydro-1,2-dioxin 2,3-Dihydrofuran 2,5-Dihydrofuran

Mol. Form. C6H4Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C2Cl2F2

1.72 ± 0.09 2.22 ± 0.11 0.50

CCl2F2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 CHCl2F C3H3Cl2F

0.51 ± 0.05 2.06 ± 0.04 [1.83] 1.34 ± 0.01 1.90 ± 0.04 1.29 ± 0.03 2.43 ± 0.02

1 1 7 1 1 1 3

CH2Cl2 C7H6Cl2 CH3BCl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C2Cl2F4

1.60 ± 0.03 [2.07] 1.419 ± 0.013 [1.85] 2.08 ± 0.04 ≈0.5

1 7 5 7 1 1

C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C6H14O2 C4H11N C5H10O3 C4H10O3 C6H14O3

[1.70] [2.95] [2.8] [1.38] 0.92 ± 0.05 1.10 ± 0.06 [2.31] [1.97]

7 7 7 7 1 1 7 7

C6H14O3

[1.6]

7

C8H16O4

[1.8]

7

C5H12O3

[1.6]

7

C4H10O C7H12O4 C6H10O4 C4H10S C4H10S

1.098 ± 0.001 [2.54] [2.49] 1.556 ± 0.004 1.591 ± 0.009

38 7 7 54 54

C4H10S

1.645 ± 0.001

54

C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H10F2 C3H2F2

2.46 ± 0.05 1.51 ± 0.02 2.556 ± 0.010

2 2 3

2.98 ± 0.02 2.27 ± 0.05 2.67 ± 0.13 1.3893 ± 0.0002 2.42 ± 0.02 1.9785 ± 0.02 1.668 ± 0.003 0.47 ± 0.02 0.889 ± 0.007 0.939 ± 0.008 2.329 ± 0.001 1.32 ± 0.03 1.63 ± 0.01

3 1 2 5 1 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 5

C2H4F2 C2H4F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 CH2F2 CH3BF2 CF2 C3H4F2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O C4H6O

μ/D

Ref.

1 1 7

Dipole Moments

9-52 Name Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)furanone Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)furanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene Diiodomethane Diisopentyl ether Diisopropylamine Diisopropyl ether Diketene 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene Dimethoxymethane N,N-Dimethylacetamide Dimethylamine N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane 3,3-Dimethylcyclopropene Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethylformamide 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Dimethyl maleate 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 2,2-Dimethylpropanal 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,3-Dioxane 1,3-Dioxolane Dipentyl ether Diphenyl ether Dipropylamine Dipropyl ether 1,3-Dithiane Divinyl ether Epichlorohydrin 1,2-Epoxybutane 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate 1,2-Ethanedithiol Ethanethiol (gauche) Ethanethiol (trans) Ethanol (gauche) Ethanol (trans) Ethanol (average) Ethanolamine Ethoxybenzene 2-Ethoxyethanol

Mol. Form. C5H8O2

μ/D 4.56 ± 0.02

Ref. 5

C5H8O2

4.71 ± 0.05

5

C5H8O C5H8O C4H6S C4H6S CH2I2 C10H22O C6H15N C6H14O C4H4O2 C8H10O2 C3H8O2 C4H9NO C2H7N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C9H18O C6H8O4 C7H14O C5H10O C5H9N C7H9N C7H9N C2H6S C2H6OS C4H8O2 C3H6O2 C10H22O C12H10O C6H15N C6H14O C4H8S2 C4H6O C3H5ClO C4H8O C2H8N2 C6H10O4 C2H6S2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H7NO C8H10O C4H10O2

1.400 ± 0.008 1.283 ± 0.005 1.61 ± 0.20 1.75 ± 0.01 [1.08] [1.23] [1.15] 1.13 ± 0.10 3.53 ± 0.07 [1.29] [0.74] [3.7] 1.01 ± 0.02 1.68 ± 0.17 [1.40] [1.63] 0.661 ± 0.004 0.142 ± 0.001 0.287 ± 0.003 [1.85] 1.30 ± 0.01 3.82 ± 0.08 [2.66] [2.48] [2.74] 2.66 ± 0.05 3.95 ± 0.04 [2.30] [1.66] 1.554 ± 0.004 3.96 ± 0.04 2.06 ± 0.04 1.19 ± 0.06 [1.20] ≈1.3 [1.03] 1.21 ± 0.06 2.14 ± 0.04 0.78 ± 0.05 [1.8] 1.891 ± 0.011 1.99 ± 0.10 [2.34] 2.03 ± 0.08 1.61 ± 0.08 1.58 ± 0.08 1.68 ± 0.03 1.44 ± 0.03 1.69 ± 0.03 [2.27] 1.45 ± 0.15 [2.08]

5 3 5 3 7 7 7 1 1 7 7 7 2 1 7 7 1 3 3 7 1 1 7 7 7 2 1 7 7 3 1 2 3 7 1 7 1 5 2 7 3 1 7 5 3 3 3 2 1 7 1 7

Name 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Ethylamine (gauche) Ethylamine (trans) Ethylamine (average) Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate Ethyl butanoate Ethyl trans-cinnamate Ethyl cyanate Ethyl cyanoacetate Ethylene carbonate Ethylene glycol (average) Ethyleneimine Ethylene–sulfur dioxide complex Ethylene–water complex Ethyl formate (gauche) Ethyl formate (trans) Ethyl formate (average) 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Ethyl lactate Ethyl methyl ether (trans) Ethyl methyl sulfide (gauche) Ethyl methyl sulfide (trans) Ethyl propanoate Ethyl vinyl ether Fluoroacetylene Fluorobenzene Fluorocyclohexane (equitorial) Fluorocyclohexane (axial) 1-Fluorocyclohexene Fluoroethane Fluoroethene Fluoromethane Fluoromethylidyne (Fluoromethylidyne) phosphine (FCP) Fluoromethylsilane 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene 1-Fluoropropane (gauche) 1-Fluoropropane (trans) 2-Fluoropropane cis-1-Fluoropropene trans-1-Fluoropropene 2-Fluoropropene 3-Fluoropropene (gauche) 3-Fluoropropene (cis) 3-Fluoropropyne 3-Fluoropyridine 2-Fluorotoluene 3-Fluorotoluene 4-Fluorotoluene

Mol. Form. C6H12O3 C4H8O2 C5H8O2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C11H12O2 C3H5NO C5H7NO2 C3H4O3 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4•O2S C2H4•H2O C3H6O2

μ/D

[2.25] 1.78 ± 0.09 [1.96] 1.210 ± 0.015 1.304 ± 0.011 1.22 ± 0.10 0.59 ± 0.05 2.00 ± 0.10 [1.74] [1.84] 4.72 ± 0.09 [2.17] [4.9] 2.36 ± 0.10 1.90 ± 0.01 1.650 ± 0.003 1.10 ± 0.01

Ref.

7 1 7 5 5 1 1 1 7 7 5 7 7 5 1 27 56

C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C8H18O C10H20O2 C5H10O3 C3H8O C3H8S C3H8S C5H10O2 C4H8O C2HF C6H5F C6H11F

1.81 ± 0.02 1.98 ± 0.02 1.93 [1.74] [1.8] [2.4] 1.17 ± 0.02 1.593 ± 0.004 1.56 ± 0.03 [1.74] [1.26] 0.7207 ± 0.0003 1.60 ± 0.08 2.11 ± 0.04

2 2 1 7 7 7 3 5 3 7 7 3 1 2

C6H11F C6H9F C2H5F C2H3F CH3F CF CFP

1.81 ± 0.04 1.942 ± 0.010 1.937 ± 0.007 1.468 ± 0.003 1.858 ± 0.002 0.645 ± 0.005 0.279 ± 0.001

2 5 5 5 3 3 62

CH5FSi C6H4FNO2 C3H7F C3H7F C3H7F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H3F C5H4FN C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F

1.700 ± 0.008 2.87 ± 0.06 1.90 ± 0.10 2.05 ± 0.04 1.958 ± 0.001 1.46 ± 0.03 ≈1.9 1.61 ± 0.03 1.939 ± 0.015 1.765 ± 0.014 1.73 ± 0.02 2.09 ± 0.26 1.37 ± 0.07 1.82 ± 0.04 2.00 ± 0.10

5 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 1 2 1

Dipole Moments Name Formaldehyde Formaldehyde dimer Formamide Formic acid Formyl fluoride Fulminic acid Fulvene Furan Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Glycerol Glycine (Conformer I) Glycine (Conformer II) Glycolaldehyde Glyoxal (cis) 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone Hexamethylphosphoric triamide Hexanoic acid 2-Hexanone sec-Hexyl acetate 1-Hexyne Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen cyanide trimer Hydrogen isocyanide p-Hydroquinone 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile (gauche) Imidazole Iodoacetylene Iodobenzene 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane Iodoethane Iodoethene Iodomethane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane Iodomethylsilane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Isobutanal (gauche) Isobutanal (trans) Isobutane Isobutene Isobutyl acetate Isobutylamine Isobutyl formate Isobutyl isobutanoate Isocyanic acid (HNCO) Isocyanobenzene Isocyanocyclopropane 2-Isocyanopropane Isopentane

9-53 Mol. Form. CH2O C2H4O2 CH3NO CH2O2 CHFO CHNO C6H6 C4H4O C5H4O2 C5H6O2 C3H8O3 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H4O2 C2H2O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C6H18N3OP

μ/D 2.332 ± 0.002 0.858 ± 0.005 3.73 ± 0.07 1.425 ± 0.002 2.081 ± 0.001 3.09934 0.4236 ± 0.013 0.66 ± 0.01 [3.54] [1.92] [2.56] 1.147 ± 0.005 5.45 ± 0.05 2.73 ± 0.05 4.8 ± 0.2 [1.71] [1.71] [2.59] [2.78] [5.5]

C6H12O2 C6H12O C8H16O2 C6H10 CHN C3H3N3 CHN C6H6O2 C3H5NO

[1.13] [2.66] [1.9] 0.83 ± 0.05 2.985188 10.6 3.05 ± 0.15 2.38 ± 0.05 3.17 ± 0.02

C3H4N2 C2HI C6H5I C4H9I C4H9I C2H5I C2H3I CH3I C4H9I CH5ISi C3H7I C3H7I C4H8O C4H8O C4H10 C4H8 C6H12O2 C4H11N C5H10O2 C8H16O2 CHNO C7H5N C4H5N C4H7N C5H12

3.8 ± 0.4 0.02525 1.70 ± 0.09 [1.93] 2.12 ± 0.11 1.976 ± 0.002 1.311 ± 0.005 1.6406 ± 0.0004 [1.87] 1.862 ± 0.005 2.04 ± 0.10 [1.95] 2.69 ± 0.01 2.86 ± 0.01 0.132 ± 0.002 0.503 ± 0.010 [1.86] [1.27] [1.88] [1.9] ≈1.6 4.018 ± 0.003 4.03 ± 0.10 4.055 ± 0.001 0.13 ± 0.05

Ref. 3 57 1 5 5 5 2 1 7 7 7 49 49 2 2 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 1 5 21 3 15 5 2 5 1 7 1 5 5 5 7 5 1 7 5 5 1 1 7 7 7 7 2 5 3 5 1

Name Isopentyl acetate Isopropylamine Isopropylbenzene Isopropyl methyl ether Isoquinoline Isoxazole Isoxazole–carbon monoxide complex Ketene Mesityl oxide Methacrylic acid Methanethiol Methanol 2-Methoxyethanol (gauche) 2-Methoxyethyl acetate 1-Methoxy-1,2-propadiene N-Methylacetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2-Methylacrylonitrile Methylamine 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline Methyl azide Methyl benzoate 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 3-Methylbutanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butene (gauche) 3-Methyl-1-butene (trans) 3-Methyl-2-butenenitrile 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne Methyl cyanate cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol 3-Methylcyclopentanone 3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1one Methylcyclopropane Methyldiborane(6) Methyldifluorophosphine Methylenecyclohexane Methylenecyclopropene Methylenephosphine (CH2 = PH) N-Methylformamide Methyl formate 2-Methylfuran 3-Methylfuran 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone Methyl hydroperoxide Methylidyne Methyl isocyanate Methyl isothiocyanate

Mol. Form. C7H14O2 C3H9N C9H12 C4H10O C9H7N C3H3NO C3H3NO•CO

μ/D

[1.86] 1.19 ± 0.06 ≈0.79 1.247 ± 0.003 2.73 ± 0.14 2.95 ± 0.04 2.873 ± 0.004

Ref.

7 3 1 5 1 3 52

C2H2O C6H10O C4H6O2 CH4S CH4O C3H8O2 C5H10O3 C4H6O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C4H6O2

1.42215 [2.79] [1.65] 1.52 ± 0.08 1.70 ± 0.02 2.36 ± 0.05 [2.13] 0.963 ± 0.020 [4.3] 1.72 ± 0.09

3 7 7 1 1 2 7 5 7 1

C4H5N CH5N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N CH3N3 C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H7N C5H6 C2H3NO C7H14O C7H14O C6H10O C6H8O

[1.77] 3.69 ± 0.18 1.31 ± 0.03 [1.60] [1.45] [1.52] 2.17 ± 0.04 [1.94] 0.25 ± 0.01 [0.63] [1.88] [1.82] 0.398 ± 0.004 0.320 ± 0.010 4.61 ± 0.13 0.513 ± 0.02 4.26 ± 0.18 [1.91] [1.75] 3.14 ± 0.03 4.33 ± 0.002

7 1 1 7 7 7 2 7 1 7 7 7 3 3 10 2 5 7 7 5 5

C4H8 CH8B2 CH3F2P C7H12 C4H4 CH3P

0.139 ± 0.004 0.566 ± 0.006 2.056 ± 0.006 0.62 ± 0.01 1.90 ± 0.01 0.869 ± 0.003

2 3 3 5 5 61

C2H5NO C2H4O2 C5H6O C5H6O C5H6O2 CH4O2 CH C2H3NO C2H3NS

3.83 ± 0.08 1.77 ± 0.04 0.65 ± 0.05 1.03 ± 0.02 4.08 ± 0.02 ≈0.65 ≈1.46 ≈2.8 3.453 ± 0.003

1 1 2 2 5 13 2 1 5

Dipole Moments

9-54 Name 4-Methylisoxazole Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloxazole 4-Methyloxazole 5-Methyloxazole Methyloxirane 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol 4-Methylpentanenitrile Methylphosphonic difluoride N-Methylpropanamide 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol 2-Methylpropanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methylpropenal 2-Methyl-2-propenol (skew) Methyl propyl ether (transtrans) 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 2-Methylpyrimidine 5-Methylpyrimidine N-Methylpyrrolidine N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone Methyl salicylate Methylsilane Methyl silyl ether 3-Methylthietane 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene Methyl vinyl ether Morpholine 2-Nitroanisole Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Nonanoic acid 2,5-Norbornadiene cis-9-Octadecenoic acid Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 1,4-Oxathiane Oxazole Oxetane 2-Oxetanone 3-Oxetanone Oxirane Paraldehyde Pentachloroethane cis-1,3-Pentadiene

Mol. Form. C4H5NO C5H8O2 C4H5NO C4H5NO C4H5NO C3H6O C6H14O2 C6H11N CH3F2OP C4H9NO C4H7N C4H10S C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H6O C4H8O C4H10O

μ/D 3.583 ± 0.005 [1.67] 1.37 ± 0.07 1.08 ± 0.05 2.16 ± 0.04 2.01 ± 0.02 [2.9] [3.5] 3.69 ± 0.26 3.61 4.29 ± 0.09 1.66 ± 0.03 [1.08] 1.64 ± 0.08 [1.66] 2.68 ± 0.13 1.295 ± 0.022 1.107 ± 0.013

C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H11N C5H9NO C8H8O3 CH6Si CH6OSi C4H8S C5H6S C5H6S C3H6O C4H9NO C7H7NO3 C6H5NO2 C2H5NO2 CH3NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C9H18O2 C7H8 C18H34O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C4H8OS C3H3NO C3H6O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C2H4O C6H12O3 C2HCl5 C5H8

1.85 ± 0.04 [2.40] 2.70 ± 0.02 1.676 ± 0.010 2.881 ± 0.006 0.572 ± 0.003 [4.1] [2.47] 0.73456 1.15 ± 0.02 2.046 ± 0.009 0.674 ± 0.005 0.914 ± 0.015 0.965 ± 0.002 1.55 ± 0.03 [5.0] 4.22 ± 0.08 3.23 ± 0.03 3.46 ± 0.02 3.66 ± 0.07 3.73 ± 0.07 [0.79] 0.0587 ± 0.0001 [1.18] [1.15] [1.76] [1.71] [2.70] 0.295 ± 0.003 1.503 ± 0.030 1.94 ± 0.01 4.18 ± 0.03 0.887 ± 0.005 1.89 ± 0.01 1.43 ± 0.07 0.92 ± 0.05 0.500 ± 0.015

Ref. 5 7 5 5 5 1 7 7 3 7 3 3 7 1 7 1 5 3 2 7 2 3 3 5 7 7 5 2 5 2 3 5 3 7 1 2 1 1 1 7 5 7 7 7 7 7 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 2

Name trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,3-Pentadiyne 1,5-Pentanediol 2,4-Pentanedione Pentanenitrile Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1,2,3-Pentatriene 1-Pentene 1-Penten-3-yne cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans-3-Penten-1-yne Pentyl acetate Pentyl formate 1-Pentyne (gauche) 1-Pentyne (trans) Perfluoropyridine Phenol Phenylacetylene Phenylsilane 1-Phosphapropyne (CH3CP) Piperidine (equitorial) Piperidine (axial) Piperidine (average) Propanal (gauche) Propanal (cis) Propanal (average) Propane 1,2-Propanediol 1,3-Propanediol Propanenitrile 1-Propanethiol (gauche) 1-Propanethiol (trans) 2-Propanethiol (gauche) 2-Propanethiol (trans) Propanoic acid (cis) Propanoic acid (average) 1-Propanol (gauche) 1-Propanol (trans) 2-Propanol (trans) Propargyl alcohol Propene Propene–sulfur dioxide complex Propyl acetate Propylamine Propylene carbonate Propyleneimine (cis) Propyleneimine (trans) Propyl formate 2-Propynal Propyne

Mol. Form. C5H8 C5H4 C5H12O2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H6 C5H10 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C7H14O2 C6H12O2 C5H8 C5H8 C5F5N C6H6O C8H6 C6H8Si C2H3P C5H11N C5H11N C5H11N C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H8 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H5N C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H4O C3H6 C3H6•O2S

0.585 ± 0.010 1.207 ± 0.001 [2.5] [2.78] 4.12 ± 0.08 [1.61] [1.7] [1.66] [1.64] [2.70] [2.82] 0.51 ± 0.05 ≈0.5 0.66 ± 0.02 0.78 ± 0.02 1.06 ± 0.05 1.75 ± 0.10 1.90 ± 0.10 0.769 ± 0.028 0.842 ± 0.010 0.98 ± 0.08 1.224 ± 0.008 0.656 ± 0.005 0.845 ± 0.012 1.499 ± 0.001 0.82 ± 0.02 1.19 ± 0.02 [1.19] 2.86 ± 0.01 2.52 ± 0.05 2.72 0.084 ± 0.001 [2.25] [2.55] 4.05 ± 0.03 1.683 ± 0.010 1.60 ± 0.08 1.53 ± 0.03 1.61 ± 0.03 1.46 ± 0.07 1.75 ± 0.09 1.58 ± 0.03 1.55 ± 0.03 1.58 ± 0.03 1.13 ± 0.06 0.366 ± 0.001 1.34 ± 0.003

μ/D

C5H10O2 C3H9N C4H6O3 C3H7N C3H7N C4H8O2 C3H2O C3H4

[1.78] 1.17 ± 0.06 [4.9] 1.77 ± 0.09 1.57 ± 0.03 [1.89] 2.78 ± 0.02 0.784 ± 0.001

Ref.

2 5 7 7 1 7 7 7 7 7 7 11 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 63 3 3 3 5 1 1 1 7 7 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 35 7 1 7 2 2 7 5 3

Dipole Moments Name Propyne-argon complex 4H-Pyran-4-one 4H-Pyran-4-thione 1H-Pyrazole Pyridazine Pyridine 2-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile 4-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Pyrimidine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine 2-Pyrrolidone Quinoline Salicylaldehyde Selenoformaldehyde Silicon dicarbide Silicon methylidyne Styrene Succinonitrile Sulfolane 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane Tetrahydrofuran Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Tetrahydropyran (chair) Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine Tetrahydrothiophene Tetramethylurea 1H-Tetrazole Thiacyclohexane 1,2,5-Thiadiazole Thietane Thietane 1,1-dioxide Thiocarbonyl fluoride Thioformaldehyde Thiophene 2-Thiophenecarbonitrile 3-Thiophenecarbonitrile 4H-Thiopyran-4-thione Toluene

9-55 Mol. Form. C3H4•Ar C5H4O2 C5H4OS C3H4N2 C4H4N2 C5H5N C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO C4H4N2 C4H5N C4H9N C4H7NO C9H7N C7H6O2 CH2Se C2Si CHSi C8H8 C4H4N2 C4H8O2S C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C2H2F4 C4H8O C5H10O2 C5H10O C5H8O2 C5H9N C4H8S C5H12N2O CH2N4 C5H10S C2H2N2S C3H6S C3H6O2S CF2S CH2S C4H4S C5H3NS C5H3NS C5H4S2 C7H8

μ/D Ref. 0.730 ± 0.005 20 3.79 ± 0.02 5 3.95 ± 0.05 5 2.20 ± 0.01 3 4.22 ± 0.02 2 2.215 ± 0.010 3 5.78 ± 0.11 3 3.66 ± 0.11 3 1.96 ± 0.03 3 1.44 3 1.66 3 3.56 ± 0.07 3 2.334 ± 0.010 2 1.767 ± 0.001 5 [1.57] 7 [3.5] 7 2.29 ± 0.11 1 [2.86] 7 1.41 ± 0.01 5 2.393 ± 0.006 24 0.066 ± 0.002 41 0.123 ± 0.003 5 [3.7] 7 [4.8] 7 [1.38] 7 1.32 ± 0.07 1 2.42 ± 0.05 3 1.46 ± 0.06 3 1.80 ± 0.22 5 1.75 ± 0.04 2 [2.1] 7 1.58 ± 0.03 3 1.720 ± 0.003 3 1.007 ± 0.003 3 [1.90] 7 [3.5] 7 2.19 ± 0.05 3 1.781 ± 0.010 3 1.579 ± 0.007 3 1.85 ± 0.09 1 4.8 ± 0.1 5 0.080 59 1.6491 ± 0.0004 3 0.55 ± 0.01 2 4.59 ± 0.02 3 4.13 ± 0.02 3 3.9 ± 0.2 5 0.375 ± 0.010 3

Name Toluene-sulfur dioxide complex 1H-1,2,4-Triazole Tribromomethane Tributylamine Tributyl borate Tributyl phosphate Tricarbon monosulfide 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethene Trichloroethylsilane Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane (Trichloromethyl)benzene Trichloromethylsilane Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Tri-m-cresyl phosphate Tri-p-cresyl phosphate

Mol. Form. C7H8•O2S

μ/D 1.87 ± 0.03 2.7 ± 0.1 0.99 ± 0.02 [0.78] [0.77] [3.07] 3.704 ± 0.009 1.755 ± 0.015 [1.4] [0.8] [2.04] 0.46 ± 0.02 1.04 ± 0.02 [2.03] 1.91 ± 0.01 [2.87] [3.05]

Triethanolamine Triethylamine Triethyl phosphate Trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetonitrile 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Trifluoroethene Trifluoroiodomethane Trifluoroisocyanomethane Trifluoromethane (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Trifluoromethylsilane (Trifluoromethyl)silane 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyne Trimethylamine Trimethyl phosphate 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 1,3,5-Trioxane Vinyl acetate Vinyl formate 2-Vinylfuran Vinylsilane o-Xylene 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol

C2H3N3 CHBr3 C12H27N C12H27BO3 C12H27O4P C3S C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2HCl3 C2H5Cl3Si CCl3F CHCl3 C7H5Cl3 CH3Cl3Si C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C6H15NO3 C6H15N C6H15O4P C2HF3O2 C2F3N C6H3F3 C2H3F3 C2HF3 CF3I C2F3N CHF3 C7H5F3 CH3F3Si CH3F3Si C3H3F3 C3HF3 C3H9N C3H9O4P C8H11N C3H6O3 C4H6O2 C3H4O2 C6H6O C2H6Si C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O

[3.18] [3.57] 0.66 ± 0.05 [3.12] 2.28 ± 0.25 1.262 ± 0.010 1.402 ± 0.009 2.347 ± 0.005 1.32 ± 0.03 1.048 ± 0.003 1.153 ± 0.010 1.65150 2.86 ± 0.06 2.3394 ± 0.0002 2.32 ± 0.02 2.45 ± 0.05 2.317 ± 0.013 0.612 ± 0.003 [3.18] [2.05] 2.08 ± 0.02 [1.79] 1.49 ± 0.01 0.69 ± 0.07 0.657 ± 0.002 0.640 ± 0.005 [1.4] [1.45] [1.40] [1.56] [1.55]

Ref. 34 3 1 7 7 7 50 2 7 7 7 2 2 7 2 7 7 7 7 1 7 1 3 5 3 2 3 5 3 1 5 5 1 5 1 7 7 1 7 1 5 5 2 7 7 7 7 7

BOND DISSOCIATION ENERGIES Yu-Ran Luo Bond dissociation energy (enthalpy) is also referred to as bond disruption energy, bond energy, bond strength, or binding energy (abbreviation: BDE, BE, or D). It is defined as the standard enthalpy change of the following fission: R−X → R + X. The BDE, denoted by Do(R−X), is usually derived by the thermochemical equation Do(R−X) = ∆f Ho(R) + ∆f Ho(X) – ∆f Ho(RX). The enthalpy of formation ∆f Ho of a large number of atoms, free radicals, ions, clusters and compounds is available from the Website of NIST, NASA, CODATA, and IUPAC. Most authors prefer to use the BDE values at 298.15 K. The following seven tables provide essential information of experimental BDE values of R−X and R+−X bonds.

(1) Table 1: Bond Dissociation Energies in Diatomic Molecules (2) Table 2: Enthalpy of Formation of Gaseous Atoms (3) Table 3: Bond Dissociation Energies in Polyatomic Molecules (4) Table 4: Enthalpies of Formation of Free Radicals and Other Transient Species (5) Table 5: Bond Dissociation Energies of Some Common Organic Molecules (6) Table 6: Bond Dissociation Energies in Diatomic Cations (7) Table 7: Bond Dissociation Energies in Polyatomic Cations The data in these tables have been revised through September 2006.

TABLE 1. Bond Dissociation Energies in Diatomic Molecules The BDEs in diatomic species have usually been measured by spectroscopy or mass spectrometry. In the absence of data on the enthalpy function, the values at 0 K, Do(A−B), are converted to Do298 by the approximate equation: Do298(A−B) ≈ Do(A−B) + (3/2)RT = Do(A−B) + 3.7181 kJ mol–1 This table has been arranged in alphabetical order of the atoms A in the diatomics A−B and all data are taken from the Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies, by Yu-Ran Luo, CRC Press, 2007, which contains detailed references.

A-B Ac−O Ag−Ag Ag−Al Ag−Au Ag−Bi Ag−Br Ag−Cl Ag−Cu Ag−D Ag−Dy Ag−Eu Ag−F Ag−Ga Ag−Ge Ag−H Ag−Ho Ag−I Ag−In Ag−Li Ag−Mn Ag−Na Ag−Nd Ag−O Ag−S Ag−Se Ag−Si Ag−Sn Ag−Te Al−Al Al−Ar Al−As

9-56

Do298/kJ mol–1 794 162.9 ± 2.9 183.7 ± 9.2 202.5 ± 9.6 192 ± 42 280.3 ± 1.3 279.1 ± 8.4 171.5 ± 9.6 226.8 130 ± 19 127 ± 13 356.9 ± 5.8 159 ± 17 174.5 ± 21 202.4 ± 9.6 124 ± 19 234 ± 29 166.5 ± 4.9 186.1 99.2 ± 21 133.1 ± 12.6 211 321 ± 24 202.5 ± 5.9 >211 129 285 ± 13 247 ± 23 165 ± 50 442.7 ± 13.5 376 ± 29 170 ± 6 449.4 ± 1.0 488.2 ± 1.9 355.1 ± 5.8 >53.1 ± 6.8 208.4 ± 9.6 584 ± 42 ≥435.67 ± 0.77 843.85 ± 0.10 115 19 ± 8 58.2 ± 10.6 20.3 ± 10 7.55 64.9 ± 3.0 ~24.9 95.8 ± 3.9 98.64 ± 0.29 6.4 ~9.04 37 ± 19 ~28.6 40.87 ± 0.13 509 ± 15 >251 220 ± 7 576.8 ± 9.6 688 ± 11 501.7 ± 20.3 404.7 ± 0.2

A+ –B + Nb −Xe Nd+ −Au Nd+ −Br Nd+ −Cl Nd+ −F Nd+ −I Nd+ −O Ne+ −H Ne+ −He Ne+ −Ne Ni+ −Ar Ni+ −Br Ni+ −C Ni+ −Cl Ni+ −D Ni+ −F Ni+ −H Ni+ −He Ni+ −I Ni+ −Ne Ni+ −Ni Ni+ −O Ni+ −S Ni+ −Si Np+ −F Np+ −O O+ −Ar O+ −F O+ −H O+ −N O+ −O Os+ −H Os+ −O P+ −C P+ −Cl P+ −F P+ −H P+ −N P+ −O P+ −P P+ −S Pa+ −O Pb+ −Br Pb+ −Cl Pb+ −F Pb+ −O Pb+ −Pb Pb+ −S Pb+ −Se Pb+ −Te Pd+ −C Pd+ −H Pd+ −O Pd+ −Pd Pd+ −S Pd+ −Si Pr+ −Au Pr+ −Br Pr+ −Cl Pr+ −F

Do298 kJ/ mol–1 73.28 ± 0.12 267 ± 84 352.9 441.4 309.6 596 ± 32 753 ± 15 1239 13.0 ± 0.8 125.29 ± 1.93 53.9 >289 418 192 ± 4 166.0 ± 7.7 ≥456 158.1 ± 7.7 12.4 ± 0.4 >297 9.9 ± 0.4 208 275.9 ± 7.7 241.0 ± 3.9 326 ± 6.7 730 ± 100 ≥752 33.8 301.8 ± 8.4 487.9 ± 0.34 1050.64 ± 0.13 647.75 ± 0.17 238.9 418 ± 50 512 ± 42 289 490.6 ± 8.4 329.6 ± 2.1 483 ± 21 791.3 ± 8.4 481 ± 50 606 ± 34 ~800 260 ± 63 285 ± 63 347 ± 32 247 ± 8.4 214 ± 29 293 ± 50 169.4 ± 6.3 163 ± 63 528 ± 5 208.4 ± 8.7 145 ± 11 197 ± 29 197 ± 6 289 ± 50 317 ± 81 357.7 445.0 557 ± 63

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-76 A+ –B + Pr −I Pr+ −O Pt+ −Ar Pt+ −B Pt+ −C Pt+ −Cl Pt+ −H Pt+ −N Pt+ −O Pt+ −Pt Pt+ −Si Pt+ −Xe Pu+ −F Pu+ −O Rb+ −Ar Rb+ −Br Rb+ −Cl Rb+ −I Rb+ −Kr Rb+ −Na Rb+ −Ne Rb+ −O Rb+ −Rb Rb+ −Xe Re+ −C Re+ −H Re+ −O Rh+ −C Rh+ −H Rh+ −O Rh+ −S Ru+ −C Ru+ −H Ru+ −O Ru+ −S S+ −C S+ −F S+ −H S+ −N S+ −O S+ −P S+ −S Sc+ −C Sc+ −Cl Sc+ −F Sc+ −Fe Sc+ −H Sc+ −O

Do298 kJ/ mol–1 317.0 796 ± 15 36.4 ± 8.7 398 ± 105 530.5 ± 4.8 249.8 ± 14.5 275 ± 5 326.9 ± 9.6 318.4 ± 6.7 318 ± 23 515 ± 50 86.6 ± 28.9 562 ± 50 655 12.0 17.6v5.1 10.5 ± 10.5 27 ± 42 14.9 50.1 ± 3.9 6.95 29 75.6 ± 9.6 21.5 497.7 ± 3.9 224.7 ± 6.7 435 ± 59 414 ± 17 164.8 ± 3.8 295.0 ± 5.8 226 ± 13 453.5 ± 10.6 160.2 ± 5.0 372 ± 5 288 ± 6 620.8 ± 1.3 343.5 ± 4.8 348.2 ± 1.7 516 ± 34 524.3 ± 0.4 573 ± 21 522.4 ± 0.5 326 ± 6 410 ± 42 605 ± 32 201 ± 21 235 ± 8 689 ± 5

A+ –B + Sc −S Sc+ −Se Sc+ −Si Se+ −F Se+ −H Se+ −P Se+ −S Se+ −Se Si+ −Au Si+ −B Si+ −Br Si+ −C Si+ −Cl Si+ −F Si+ −H Si+ −O Si+ −P Si+ −Pd Si+ −Pt Si+ −S Si+ −Si Si+ −Te Sm+ −Br Sm+ −Cl Sm+ −F Sm+ −I Sm+ −O Sn+ −Br Sn+ −Cu Sn+ −F Sn+ −O Sn+ −S Sn+ −Se Sn+ −Sn Sn+ −Te Sr+ −Ar Sr+ −Br Sr+ −Cl Sr+ −F Sr+ −H Sr+ −I Sr+ −Kr Sr+ −Ne Sr+ −O Sr+ −Sr Ta+ −H Ta+ −O Ta+ −-Ta

Do298 kJ/ mol–1 529.7 ± 17.4 475.8 ± 8.4 242.3 ± 10.5 364 ± 42 304 514 ± 25 392 ± 19 413 ± 19 175 ± 50 351 ± 15 276 ± 96 365 ± 50 591.0 ± 0.6 684.1 ± 5.4 316.6 ± 2.1 478 ± 13.4 272 ± 50 237 ± 50 525 ± 50 387.5 ± 6.0 334 ± 19 347 ± 50 343.3 435.4 620.9 299.1 569 ± 15 335 ± 50 184 ± 96 364 ± 29 281 ± 10 240 ± 19 174 ± 6.3 193 168.7 ± 8.4 13.32 ± 2.92 378.1 ± 8.4 427 ± 8.4 615 ± 50 209 ± 5 308.2 18.13 ± 6.94 4.52 ± 9.6 298.7 108.5 ± 1.6 230 ± 6 787 ± 63 666

A+ –B + Tb −Cu Tb+ −O Tc+ −H Tc+ −O Te+ −H Te+ −O Te+ −P Te+ −Se Te+ −Te Th+ −Cl Th+ −F Th+ −O Th+ −Pt Th+ −Rh Ti+ −C Ti+ −Cl Ti+ −F Ti+ −H Ti+ −N Ti+ −O Ti+ −Pt Ti+ −S Ti+ −Si Ti+ −Ti Tl+ −Br Tl+ −Cl Tl+ −F Tl+ −I Tl+ −Tl Tm+ −Br Tm+ −Cl Tm+ −F Tm+ −I Tm+ −O U+ −Br U+ −C U+ −Cl U+ −D U+ −F U+ −H U+ −N U+ −O U+ −P U+ −S V+ −Ar V+ −C V+ −D V+ −Fe

Do298 kJ/ mol–1 245 ± 34 722 ± 15 197.5 >167 305 ± 12 339 ± 50 415 ± 97 342 ± 19 278 ± 29 499 ± 29 682 ± 29 875 ± 16 388 ± 193 504 ± 67 395 ± 23 426.8 ≥456 226.6 ± 10.6 501 ± 13 667 ± 7 82 ± 96 461.1 ± 6.8 249 ± 16 229 52 ± 50 26 ± 4 13 ± 21 133 ± 21 22 ± 50 312.2 407.9 537 ± 16 266.8 482 ± 15 345 ± 29 300 ± 96 431 ± 34 283.4 ± 9.6 668 ± 29 284 ± 8 ~485 757 ± 42 186 518 ± 29 39.39 ± 0.12 373 ± 13.5 202 ± 6 314 ± 21

A+ –B + V −H V+ −Kr V+ −N V+ −Nb V+ −O V+ −S V+ −Si V+ −V V+ −Xe W+ −C W+ −F W+ −H W+ −O Xe+ −Ar Xe+ −H Xe+ −Kr Xe+ −N Xe+ −Ne Xe+ −Xe Y+ −C Y+ −F Y+ −H Y+ −O Y+ −Pt Y+ −S Y+ −Si Y+ −Te Y+ −Y Yb+ −Br Yb+ −Cl Yb+ −F Yb+ −I Yb+ −O Yb+ −Yb Zn+ −Ar Zn+ −H Zn+ −O Zn+ −S Zn+ −Si Zn+ −Zn Zr+ −Ar Zr+ −C Zr+ −H Zr+ −N Zr+ −O Zr+ −S Zr+ −Zr

Do298 kJ/ mol–1 202 ± 6 49.46 ± 0.18 448.6 ± 5.8 403.5 ± 0.2 581.6 ± 9.6 358.9 ± 8.7 229 ± 15 302 66.4 ± 0.6 483 ± 21 444 ± 96 222.5 ± 5 695 ± 42 13.4 355 41.65 ± 0.08 66.4 ± 9.6 2.1 ± 0.8 99.6 281 ± 12 677 ± 21 260.5 ± 5.8 718 ± 25 466 ± 192 533.9 ± 8 243 ± 13 360 ± 96 281 ± 21 307.4 399.6 557.5 ± 14.4 262.0 376 ± 15 238 ± 96 28.7 ± 1.2 216 ± 15 161.1 ± 4.8 198 ± 12 274.1 ± 9.6 60 ± 19 36.09 ± 0.24 445.8 ± 15.4 218.8 ± 9.6 443 ± 46 753 ± 11 549.0 ± 9.6 407.0 ± 9.6


9-77 TABLE 7. Bond Dissociation Energies in Polyatomic Cations

This table has been arranged on the basis of the Periodic Table with the IUPAC notation for Groups 1 to 18 (see inside front cover of this Handbook). The boldface in the species indicates the dissociated fragment.

Reference Yu-Ran Luo, Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies, CRC Press, 2007. Bond (1) Group 1 Li+−H2 Li+−CO Li+−H2O Li+−NH3 Li+−CH4 Li+−CH3OH Li+−CH3OCH3 Li+−pyridine Li+−Gly (glycine) Na+−H2 Na+−N2 Na+−CO Na+−CO2 Na+−SO2 Na+−O3 Na+−H2O Na+(H2O)−H2O Na+(H2O)2−H2O Na+(H2O)3−H2O Na+(glycine)−H2O Na+(glutamine)−H2O Na+−NH3 Na+−HNO3 Na+−CH4 Na+−CH3OH Na+−CH3CN Na+−C2H4 Na+−CH3OCH3 Na+−CH3C(O)H Na+− MeCOMe Na+−C6H6 Na+−pyrrole Na+ −Gly (glycine) Na+ −Ala (alanine) Na+−GlyGly (glycylglycine) K+−H2 K+−CO2 K+−H2O K+(H2O)2−H2O K+(H2O)3−H2O K+(H2O)4−H2O K+(H2O)5−H2O K+(H2O)6−H2O K+−NH3 K+−C6H6 K+−adenine K+−indole K+−Phe (phenylalanine) K+−Tyr (tyrosine) Rb+−H2O

Do298/kJ mol–1 27.2 57 ± 13 139 ± 8 156 ± 8 130 156 ± 8 167 ± 10 183.0 ± 14.5 220 ± 9 10.4 ± 0.8 33.5 31 ± 8 66.5 79.1 52.3 91.2 ± 6.3 82.0 ± 5.8 66.1 52.7 ± 0.8 75.1 ± 5.3 52 ± 1 106.2 ± 5.4 86.2 30.1 98.8 ± 5.7 125.5 ± 9.6 44.6 ± 4.4 101.4 ± 5.7 114.4 ± 3.4 131.3 ± 4.1 97.0 ± 5.9 103.7 ± 4.8 166.7 ± 5.1 167 ± 4 203 ± 8 6.1 ± 0.8 35.6 74.9 67.4 55.2 11.8 44.8 41.8 79 ± 7 80.3 95.1 ± 3.2 104.6 ± 12.6 150.5 ± 5.8 165.0 ± 5.8 66.9 ± 12.6

Rb −NH3 Rb+−CH3CN Rb+−C6H5OH Cs+−H2O Cs+−C6H5NH2

Do298/kJ mol–1 78.2 86.6 ± 1.3 70.2 ± 3.7 57.3 70.8 ± 4.5

(2) Group 2 CH3Be+−CH3 tert-C(CH3)3Be+−tert-C(CH3)3 Mg+−OH Mg+−CO Mg+−CO2 Mg+−H2O Mg+−NH3 Mg+−CH4 Mg+−MeOH Mg+−C6H6 Mg+−pyridine Mg+−imidazole Mg2+(H2O)5−H2O Mg2+(Me2CO)5−Me2CO Ca+−OH Ca+−H2O Ca+−C6H6 Ca+−imidazole Ca2+(H2O)4−H2O Ca2+(Me2CO)5−Me2CO Sr+−CO Sr+−CO2 Sr+−H2O Sr+−C6H6 Sr2+(H2O)5−H2O Ba+−OH Ba2+(H2O)4−H2O

192.9 ± 13.4 121.8 ± 13.4 314 ± 33 43.1 ± 5.8 58.4 ± 5.8 122.5 ± 12.5 158.9 ± 11.6 29.8 ± 6.8 147.6 ± 6.8 155.2 200.0 ± 6.4 243.9 ± 10.4 101.3 93.3 435.1 ± 14.5 117.2 134 186.3 ± 3.9 110.0 ± 5.9 101.3 20.3 41.9 144.3 117 87.4 530.7 ± 19.3 90.8

(3) Group 3 Sc+−H2 Sc+−CH2 Sc+−CH3 Sc+−C2H2 Sc+−C2H4 Sc+−C6H6 Sc+−H2O Sc+−NH Sc+−NH2 Sc+−pyridine Y+−CH2 Y+−CH3 Y+−C2H2 Y+−C2H4 Y+−CO Y+−CS Y+(O)−CO2

23.0 ± 1.3 412 ± 22 233 ± 10 240 ± 20 ≥131 222 ± 21 131 483 ± 10 347 ± 5 231.5 ± 10.3 398 ± 13 249 ± 5.0 218 ± 13 >138 29.9 ± 10.6 137.0 ± 7.7 86 ± 5

+

Bond

La −CH La+−CH2 La+−CH3 La+−C2H2 La+−C2H4 Lu+−CH2 Lu+−CH3 U+(F)−F U+(F)2−F U+(F)3−F U+(F)4−F U+(F)5−F +

Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 523 ± 33 401 ± 7 217 ± 15 262 ± 30 192.5 >230 ± 6 176 ± 20 552 ± 44 523 ± 38 381 ± 19 243 ± 17 26 ± 11

(4) Group 4 Ti+−CH Ti+−CH2 Ti+−CH3 Ti+−CH4 Ti+−C2H2 Ti+−C2H4 Ti+−C6H6 Ti+−CO Ti+−H2O Ti+−NH Ti+−NH2 Ti+−NH3 Ti+−pyridine Ti+−imidazole Zr+−CH Zr+−CH2 Zr+−CH3 Zr+−C2H2 Zr+−CO Zr+−CS Hf+−CH2 Hf+−C2H2

478 ± 5 391 ± 15 213.8 ± 3 70.3 ± 2.5 213 ± 13 146 ± 11 259 ± 9 117.7 ± 5.8 157.7 ± 5.9 466 ± 12 356 ± 13 197 ± 7 217.2 ± 9.3 ≤232.4 ± 8.2 568 ± 13 444.8 ± 5 227.7 ± 9.6 273 ± 14 77 ± 10 257.6 ± 10.6 427 ± 38 150.6

(5) Group 5 (CO)6V+−H V+−H2 V+−CH V+−CH2 V+−CH3 V+−C2H2 V+−C2H4 V+−(η5-C5H5) V+−C6H6 V+−CO V+−CO2 V+−H2O V+−NH V+−NH2 V+−NH3

220 ± 14 42.7 ± 2.1 470 ± 5 326 ± 6 193 ± 7 172 ± 8 124 ± 8 530.7 234 ± 10 114.8 ± 2.9 72.4 ± 3.8 149.8 ± 5.0 423 ± 29 293 ± 6 192 ± 11


9-78 V −pyridine V+−imidazole Nb+−H2 Nb+−CH Nb+−CH2 Nb+−CH3 Nb+−CH3NH2 Nb+−C3H6 (NbFe)+−C3H4 Nb+−CO Nb+−CS Nb7+−N2 Ta+−CH Ta+−CH2 Ta+−CH3 Ta+−C6H6

Do298/kJ mol–1 218.7 ± 13.5 ≤243.4 ± 8.0 61.9 581 ± 19 428.4 ± 8.7 198.8 ± 10.6 134 117.7 >163 95.5 ± 4.8 242.2 ± 10.6 209

(7) Group 7 (CO)5Mn+−H Mn+−H2 Mn+−CH2 Mn+−CH3 Mn+(CO)5−CH3 Mn+(CO)5−CH4 Mn+−(η5-C5H5) Mn+−C6H6 Mn+−OH Mn+−CO Mn+−H2O Mn+−CH3OH

172 ± 10 7.9 ± 1.7 295 ± 13 215 ± 10 132 ± 15 >30 326.1 ± 9.6 145 ± 10 332 ± 24 25 ± 10 121.8 ± 5.9 134 ± 29

+

Bond

Bond Mn −OC(CH3)2 Mn+−CS Mn+−NH2 Mn+−NH3 Tc+−CH2 Tc+−C2H2 Re+(CH3)(CO)5−H (PMe3)(CO)2Re+−H

Do298/kJ mol–1 159 ± 14 80.0 ± 21 254 ± 20 147 ± 8 464 234.3

(10) Group 10 (CO)4Ni+−H (η5-C5H5)(NO)Ni+−H (η5-C5H5)(η5-C5H5)Ni+−H Ni+−H2 Ni+−CH Ni+−CH2 Ni+−CH3 Ni+−CH4 Ni+−OH Ni+−CO Ni+−CO2 Ni+−H2O Ni+−CS Ni+−N2 Ni+−NO Ni+−NH2 Ni+−NH3 Pd+−CH Pd+−CH2 Pd+−CH3 Pd+−CH4 Pd+−CS Pd+−C2H2 Pt+–H2 Pt+–CH Pt+–CH2 Pt+–CH3 Pt+–CH4 Pt+–O2 Pt+–CO Pt+–CO2 Pt+–NH3 Pt+–C2H4

248 ± 9 315 ± 14 215 ± 13 72.4 ± 1.3 301.0 ± 11.6 306 ± 4 169.8 ± 6.8 96.5 ± 4 235 ± 19 175 ± 11 104 ± 1 183.7 ± 3.3 234.5 ± 9.6 110.9 ± 10.5 227.6 ± 7.5 232.5 ± 7.7 238 ± 19 536 ± 10 463 ± 3 258 ± 8 170.8 ± 7.7 200 ± 14 >28.9 ± 4.8 146.7 ± 11.6 536.4 ± 9.6 471 257.6 ± 7.7 170.8 ± 7.7 64.6 ± 4.8 218.1 ± 8.7 59.8 ± 4.8 274 ± 12 229.7

(11) Group 11 Cu+−H2 Cu+−CH2 Cu+−CH3 Cu+−C2H2 Cu+−C2H4 Cu+−C6H6 Cu+−CO Cu+−N2 Cu+−NO Cu+−H2O

51.9 ± 0.4 267.3 ± 6.8 111 ± 7 >21.2 ± 9.6 176 ± 14 218.0 ± 9.6 149 ± 7 89 ± 30 109.0 ± 4.8 160.7 ± 7.5

+

Bond Dissociation Energies Cu −NH2 Cu+−NH3 Cu+−CS Cu+−SiH Cu+−SiH2 Cu+−SiH3 Ag+−CH2 Ag+−CH3 Ag+−C2H5 Ag+−C6H6 Ag+−O2 Ag+−CO Ag+−H2O Ag+−CS Ag+−NH3 Au+−CH2 Au+−C2H4 Au+−C6H6 Au+−CO Au+−H2O Au+−H2S Au+−NH3 Au+−PH3 +

Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 192 ± 13 237 ± 15 238.3 ± 11.6 246 ± 27 ≥231 ± 7 97 ± 25 ≥107 ± 4 66.6 ± 4.8 65.7 ± 7.5 167 ± 19 29.7 ± 0.8 89 ± 5 134 ± 8 152 ± 20 170 ± 13 ≤372 ± 3 344.5 289 ± 29 201 ± 8 164.0 ± 9.6 230 ± 25 297 ± 29 402 ± 33

(12) Group 12 Zn+−H2 Zn+−CH3 Zn+−OH Zn+−H2O Zn+−NO Zn+−pyrimidine Zn+−CS Cd+−CH3 Cd+(CH3)−CH3 Cd+−C6H6 Hg+−CH3 Hg+(CH3)−CH3

15.7 ± 1.7 280 ± 7 127.2 163 76.2 ± 9.6 209.6 ± 7.7 149 ± 23 228 ± 3 109 ± 3 136 ± 19 285 ± 3 96 ± 3

(13) Group 13 B+−H2 HB+−H2 (CH3)2B+−CH3 Al+−H2 Al+−N2 Al+−CO2 Al+−H2O Al+−MeOH Al+−EtC(O)Et Al+−C6H6 Al+−pyridine Al+−phenol Al+−imidazole Ga+−NH3 In+−NH3

15.9 ± 0.8 61.5 ± 2.1 32.6 ± 4.2 5.6 ± 0.6 5.6 ≥29.3 104 ± 15 139.7 191.2 147.3 ± 8.4 190.3 ± 10.3 154.8 ± 16.7 232.4 ± 8.2 122.5 111.0

(14) Group 14 C58+−C2 C60+−C2 C62+−C2 C78+−C2 HC2+−H

955 ± 15 822.0 ± 12.5 846.2 ± 10.6 938.8 ± 10.6 574.749

9-79 Bond

C6H5 −H C2H3+−Cl C2H5+−Br C6H5+−Br CH3+−H2 CH5+−H2 C2H5+−H2 CO+−N2 H2CH+−N2 CO+−CO CO+(CO)−CO CO+(CO)2−CO CO+(CO)3−CO (CO2)+−CO2 (CO2)+(CO2)−CO2 (CO2)+(CO2)2−CO2 (CO2)+(CO2)3−CO2 CH3+−N2O CH3+−SO2 CH3+−OCS CH3+−CS2 CH3+−H2O CH3+(H2O)−H2O CH3+(H2O)2−H2O CH3+(H2O)3−H2O CH3+(H2O)4−H2O CH3+−H2S CH2+−CH2O CH3+−NH3 (CH3)+−CH3 CH3+−CH4 CF3+−CH4 (CH5)+−CH4 C6H6+−CH4 CH3+−CH3F CH3+−CF3Cl CH3+−CH3Cl tert-C4H9+−CH3OH tert-C4H9+−CH3CN tert-C4H9+−SO2F2 CH3+−C2H3O CH3+−CF3ClOCl tert--C4H9+−(CH3)2S tert-C4H9+−C2H5OH tert-C4H9+−C3H8 tert-C4H9+−t-C4H9Cl tert-C4H9+−(CH3)3CH tert-C4H9+−C6H6 (C6H6)+−C6H6 (C6H6)+−indole C6F6+−C6F6 C60+−C60 PhSiH2+−H Si+(CH3)3−Cl SiH3+−CO SiF3+−CO (CH3)3Si+−H2O (CH3)3Si+−NH3 Si+(CH3)(Cl)2−CH3 Si+(CH3)2(Cl)−CH3 +

Do298/kJ mol–1 376.3 ± 4.8 247 ± 4.8 126.4 266.3 186 7.9 ± 0.4 17 67.5 ± 19.3 31.8 173.7 ± 14.6 52.3 30.2 18.4 70.3 34.7 21.3 20.1 ± 1.3 221.3 253.6 239.3 251.9 279 106.3 87.9 61.9 48.5 344.8 303.0 ± 2.9 431.4 209.2 ± 4.2 166.5 19.0 28.7 ± 1.3 12.0 230 221 259 63 85 43.5 338.7 ± 2.9 252 185 85 27.6 339 30.1 92 73.6 54.8 30.1 ± 4 35.89 ± 7.72 159 178.5 ± 1.9 ≥151 174.1 ± 1.3 125.9 ± 7.9 194.6 60.8 ± 2.9 41.5 ± 1.9

Si −CH3 Si+(CH3)−CH3 Si+(CH3)2−CH3 Si+(CH3)3−CH3 (CH3)3Si+−CH3OH (CH3)3Si+−(C2H5)2O (CH3)3Si+−C6H6 (CH3)3Si+−CH3NH2 (CH3)3Ge+−H2O (C2H5)3Ge+−H2O (CH3)3Sn+−NH3 (CH3)3Sn+−H2O (CH3)3Sn+−(CH3)2CO (CH3)3Sn+−C3H7SH Pb+−H2O Pb+−NH3 Pb+−CH3OH Pb+−CH3NH2 Pb+−C6H6

Do298/kJ mol–1 413.9 ± 5.8 123 ± 48 513 ± 27 66.6 ± 5.8 164.0 184.9 100.0 231.8 119.7 ± 2.1 104.2 ± 2.1 154 108 157 143 93.7 118.4 ± 0.8 97.5 ± 0.8 148.1 ± 1.3 110 ± 2

(15) Group 15 H2N+−H H3N+−H Me3N+−H Et3N+−H (imidazole)+ −Zn N2H+−H2 ON+−O2 N+−N2 ON+−N2 N2+−N2 HN2+−N2 N3+−N2 O2N+−N2 H4N+−N2 ON+−NO ON+−CO ON+−O3 ON+−CO2 N2O+−ON2 NO+−ON2 (HON2)+−ON2 ON+−H2O ON+(H2O)−H2O ON+(H2O)2−H2O H4N+−H2O H4N+(H2O)−H2O H4N+(H2O)2−H2O H4N+(H2O)3−H2O H4N+(H2O)4−H2O (glycine)H+−H2O (tryptophan)H+−H2O (tryptophanylglicine)H+−H2O H4N+−H2S H+(NH3)−NH3 H+(NH3)2−NH3 H+(NH3)3−NH3 H+(NH3)4−NH3 H+(NH3)5−NH3 H+(NH3)6−NH3 NH4+−CH4

544.43 ± 0.10 515.1 376 362 216.1 ± 3.9 24.7 ± 0.8 14.2 303.8 21.3 102.3 ± 14.6 60.7 18.8 ± 1.3 19.2 ± 1.3 54 ± 21 59.4 ± 0.8 27.2 ± 1.3 67 87.4 56.9 49.8 44.8 164.0 140.2 93.3 71.1 64.0 54.4 49.0 43.1 100.8 115.6 104.6 100.4 82.8 43.5 41.0 78.0 66.4 137.7 229.3 77.0 71.5 62.8 144 74 96.5 ± 9.6 33.5 115.8 ± 19.3 136.4 195.4 94.1 125.1 166 150.6 104.2 46.4 57.7 63.6

OCS −OCS OCS+−CO2 SO2+−CO2 H3S+−H2O thiopheneH+−H2O H3S+−H2S H3S+−CH4 (CH3)2Se•+−Se(CH3)2 (CH3)2Te•+−Te(CH3)2

Do298/kJ mol–1 100.0 72.0 42.7 91.6 42.7 53.6 ± 6.3 16.3 ~95 ± 3 97 ± 2

(17) Group 17 HF+−HF (H2Cl)+ −Cl HCl+−HCl Cl+−CCl3 Cl+−C2H3 HBr+−HBr I+−CH3 I+(CH3I)−CH3 I+(CH3I)2−CH3

≥138 39.6 83.9 446.7 ± 9.6 685.0 ± 4.8 96 330.0 51.1 112.9

(18) Group 18 He+(He)1−He He+(He)2−He Ne+(Ne)−Ne Ne+(Ne)2−Ne Ar+(Ar)−Ar Ar+(Ar)2−Ar Ar+(N2)−Ar Ar+(N2)(Ar)−Ar Ar+(N2)(Ar)2−Ar Kr+(Kr)−Kr Kr+(Kr)2−Kr Xe+(Xe)−Xe Xe+(Xe)2−Xe Ar+−H2 Ar+−N2 Ar+(N2)−N2 Ar+(N2)2−N2 Ar+−CO Ar+(CO)−CO Kr+−CO Kr+−CO2

17.6 2.7 ± 0.6 10.3 ± 0.6 3.3 ± 0.6 20.4 ± 0.6 7.0 ± 0.6 25.1 7.1 7.1 23.3 ± 0.6 9.0 ± 0.6 25.2 ± 0.6 11.0 ± 0.6 93.7 127.6 31.0 10.9 75 ± 17 13 103.3 ± 7.5 79.1 ± 2.9

+

Bond

ELECTRONEGATIVITY Electronegativity is a parameter originally introduced by Pauling which describes, on a relative basis, the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract bonding electrons. While electronegativity is not a precisely defined molecular property, the electronegativity difference between two atoms provides a useful measure of the polarity and ionic character of the bond between them. This table gives the electronegativity X, on the Pauling scale, for the most common oxidation state. Other scales are described in the references. Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Symbol H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge

X 2.20 — 0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98 — 0.93 1.31 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16 — 0.82 1.00 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 1.88 1.91 1.90 1.65 1.81 2.01

Z 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

References 1. Pauling, L., The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Third Edition, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1960. 2. Allen, L. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 9003, 1989. 3. Allred, A. L., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 17, 215, 1961.

Symbol As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd

X 2.18 2.55 2.96 — 0.82 0.95 1.22 1.33 1.6 2.16 2.10 2.2 2.28 2.20 1.93 1.69 1.78 1.96 2.05 2.1 2.66 2.60 0.79 0.89 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.14 — 1.17 — 1.20

Z 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94

Symbol Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu

X — 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 — 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 — 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.3

9-77


5/3/05 12:11:25 PM

FORCE CONSTANTS FOR BOND STRETCHING Representative force constants (f) for stretching of chemical bonds are listed in this table. Except where noted, all force constants are derived from values of the harmonic vibrational frequencies ωe. Values derived from the observed vibrational fundamentals ν, which are noted by a, are lower than the harmonic force constants, typically by 2 to 3% in the case of heavy atoms (often by 5 to 10% if one of the atoms is hydrogen). Values are given in the SI unit newton per centimeter (N/cm), which is identical to the commonly used cgs unit mdyn/Å. Bond H-H Be-H B-H C-H

N-H O-H P-H S-H F-H Cl-H Br-H I-H Li-H Na-H K-H Rb-H Cs-H C-C

C-F C-Cl

C-Br C-I C-O

C-S

a b c

Molecule H2 BeH BH CH CH4 C2H6 CH3CN CH3Cl CCl2=CH2 HCN NH OH H2O PH SH H2S HF HCl HBr HI LiH NaH KH RbH CsH C2 CCl2=CH2 C2H6 CH3CN CF CH3F CCl CH3Cl CCl2=CH2 CH3Br CH3I CO CO2 OCS CH3OH CS CS2

f/(N/cm) 5.75 2.27 3.05 4.48 5.44 4.83 5.33 5.02 5.57 6.22 5.97 7.80 8.45 3.22 4.23 4.28 9.66 5.16 4.12 3.14 1.03 0.78 0.56 0.52 0.47 12.16 8.43 4.50 5.16 7.42 5.71 3.95 3.44 4.02 2.89 2.34 19.02 16.00 16.14 5.42 8.49 7.88

Note

References 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. 2. Shimanouchi, T., The Molecular Force Field, in Eyring, H., Henderson, D., and Yost, W., Eds., Physical Chemistry: An Advanced Treatise, Vol. IV, Academic Press, New York, 1970. 3. Tasumi, M., and Nakata, M., Pure and Appl. Chem., 57, 121—147, 1985. Bond C-N

b a,b,c b a,b,c b

C-P Si-Si Si-O Si-F Si-Cl N-N N-O P-P P-O O-O S-O

a,c

a,c a,c b a,c a,c

a,c

S-S F-F Cl-F Br-F Cl-Cl Br-Cl Br-Br I-I Li-Li Li-Na Na-Na Li-F Li-Cl Li-Br Li-I Na-F Na-Cl Na-Br Na-I Be-O Mg-O Ca-O

Molecule OCS CN HCN CH3CN CH3NH2 CP Si2 SiO SiF SiCl N2 N2O NO N2O P2 PO O2 O3 SO SO2 S2 F2 ClF BrF Cl2 BrCl Br2 I2 Li2 LiNa Na2 LiF LiCl LiBr LiI NaF NaCl NaBr NaI BeO MgO CaO

f/(N/cm) 7.44 16.29 18.78 18.33 5.12 7.83 2.15 9.24 4.90 2.63 22.95 18.72 15.95 11.70 5.56 9.45 11.77 5.74 8.30 10.33 4.96 4.70 4.48 4.06 3.23 2.82 2.46 1.72 0.26 0.21 0.17 2.50 1.43 1.20 0.97 1.76 1.09 0.94 0.76 7.51 3.48 3.61

Note

a,c

a a

Derived from fundamental frequency, without anharmonicity correction. Average of symmetric and antisymmetric (or degenerate) modes. Calculated from Local Symmetry Force Field (see Reference 2).

9-78


5/3/05 12:11:27 PM

FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SMALL MOLECULES This table lists the fundamental vibrational frequencies of selected three-, four-, and five-atom molecules. Both stable molecules and transient free radicals are included. The data have been taken from evaluated sources. In general, the selected values are based on gas-phase infrared, Raman, or ultraviolet spectra; when these were not available, liquid-phase or matrix-isolation spectra were used. Molecules are grouped by structural type. Within each group, related molecules appear together for convenient comparison. The vibrational modes are described by their approximate character in terms of stretching, bending, deformation, etc. However, it should be emphasized that most such descriptions are only approximate, and that the true normal mode usually involves a mixture of motions. Abbreviations are:

sym. antisym. str. deform. scis. rock. deg.

In the case of free radicals, strong interactions may exist between the electronic and bending vibrational motions. Details can be found in References 3 and 4. The references should be consulted for information on the accuracy of the data and for data on other molecules not listed here. All fundamental frequencies (more precisely, wavenumbers) are given in units of cm–1.

XY2 Molecules Molecule

XY2 Molecules

Point groups D∞h(linear) and C2v(bent)

CO2 CS2 C3 CNC NCN BO2 BS2 KrF2 XeF2 XeCl2 H2O D 2O F2O Cl2O O3 H2S D 2S SF2 SCl2 SO2 H2Se D2Se

Structure

Sym. str.

Bend

Antisym. str.

Molecule

Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

1333 658 1224

667 397 63 321 423 447 120 233 213

2349 1535 2040 1453 1476 1278 1015 590 555 481 3756 2788 831 686 1042 2626 1999 813 535 1362 2358 1696

NH2 NO2 NF2 ClO2 CH2 CD2 CF2 CCl2 CBr2 SiH2 SiD2 SiF2 SiCl2 SiBr2 GeH2 GeCl2 SnF2 SnCl2 SnBr2 PbF2 PbCl2 ClF2

1197 1056 510 449 515 316 3657 2671 928 639 1103 2615 1896 838 525 1151 2345 1630

symmetric antisymmetric stretch deformation scissors rocking degenerate

1595 1178 461 296 701 1183 855 357 208 518 1034 745

Point groups D∞h(linear) and C2v(bent) Structure

Sym. str.

Bend

Antisym. str.

Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

3219 1318 1075 945

1497 750 573 445 963 752 667 333 196 990 729 345

3301 1618 942 1111

XYZ Molecules

1225 721 595 2032 1472 855 515 403 1887 399 593 352 244 531 314 500

920 159 197 120 80 165 99

1114 748 641 2022 1468 870 505 400 1864 374 571 334 231 507 299 576

XYZ Molecules

Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent)


Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

HCN DCN FCN ClCN BrCN ICN CCN CCO HCO HCC OCS NCO

Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Linear Linear Linear

3311 2630 1077 744 575 486 1060 1063 2485 3612 2062 1270

712 569 451 378 342 305 230 379 1081

2097 1925 2323 2216 2198 2188 1917 1967 1868 1848 859 1921

NNO HNB HNC HNSi HBO FBO ClBO BrBO FNO ClNO BrNO HNF

Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Bent Bent Bent

2224 3675 3653 3583

589

1285 2035 2032 1198 1817 2075 1958 1937 1844 1800 1799 1000

520 535

676 535 766 596 542

523 754 500 404 374 520 332 266 1419

9-79


5/3/05 12:11:28 PM

Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules

9-80 XYZ Molecules

XYZ Molecules



Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

HNO HPO HOF HOCl HOO FOO ClOO BrOO HSO

Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

2684 2095 3537 3609 3436 579 407

1501 983 886 1242 1392 376 373

1565 1179 1393 725 1098 1490 1443 1487 1009

NSF NSCl HCF HCCl HSiF HSiCl HSiBr

Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

1372 1325

366 273 1407 1201 860 808 774

640 414 1181 815 834 522 408

1063

1913 1548

Symmetric XY3 Molecules

Molecule C2H2 C2D2 C2N2


Sym. XY str. 3374 2701 2330

Point Groups D3h (planar) and C3v (pyramidal)

Molecule

Structure

NH3 ND3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3 NF3 PF3 AsF3 PCl3 PI3 AsI3 AlCl3 SO3 BF3 BH3 CH3 CD3 CF3 SiF3

Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Planar Planar Planar Planar Planar Pyram. Pyram.

Sym. str. 3337 2420 2323 2116 1891 1032 892 741 504 303 219 375 1065 888

1090 830

Sym. deform. 950 748 992 906 782 647 487 337 252 111 94 183 498 691 1125 606 453 701 427

Deg. str. 3444 2564 2328 2123 1894 907 860 702 482 325 224 595 1391 1449 2808 3161 2369 1260 937

Deg. deform. 1627 1191 1118 1003 831 492 344 262 198 79 71 150 530 480 1640 1396 1029 510 290

Linear XYYX Molecules

Planar X2YZ Molecules

Point Group D∞h

Point Group C2v

Antisym. XY str. 3289 2439 2158

YY str. 1974 1762 851

Bend

Bend

612 505 507

730 537 233

Molecule H2CO D2CO F2CO Cl2CO O2NF O2NCl

Sym.XY str.

YZ str.

YX2 scis.

2783 2056 965 567 1310 1286

1746 1700 1928 1827 822 793

1500 1106 584 285 568 370

Antisym. XY str. 2843 2160 1249 849 1792 1685

YX2 rock 1249 990 626 440 560 408

YX2 wag 1167 938 774 580 742 652

5/3/05 12:11:29 PM

Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules

References

Tetrahedral XY4 Molecules Point Group Td

Molecule CH4 CD4 CF4 CCl4 CBr4 CI4 SiH4 SiD4 SiF4 SiCl4 GeH4 GeD4 GeCl4 SnCl4 TiCl4 ZrCl4 HfCl4 RuO4 OsO4


Sym. str.

Deg. deform.(e)

Deg. str.(f )

2917 2109 909 459 267 178 2187 1558 800 424 2106 1504 396 366 389 377 382 885 965

1534 1092 435 217 122 90 975 700 268 150 931 665 134 104 114 98 102 322 333

3019 2259 1281 776 672 555 2191 1597 1032 621 2114 1522 453 403 498 418 390 921 960

9-81

Deg. deform.(f ) 1306 996 632 314 182 125 914 681 389 221 819 596 172 134 136 113 112 336 329

1. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume I, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 39, 1972. 2. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 6, 993, 1977. 3. G. Herzberg, Electronic Spectra and Electronic Structure of Polyatomic Molecules, D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, NJ, 1966. 4. M. E. Jacox, Ground state vibrational energy levels of polyatomic transient molecules, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 945, 1984.

5/3/05 12:11:30 PM

SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES This table lists the leading spectroscopic constants and equilibrium internuclear distance re in the ground electronic state for selected diatomic molecules. The constants are those describing the vibrational and rotational energy through the expressions: Evib /hc = ωe(v + 1/2) – ωexe(v + 1/2)2 + … Erot /hc = BvJ(J + 1) – Dv[J(J + 1)]2 + … where Bv = Be – αe(v+1/2) + … Dv = De + … Here v and J are the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers, respectively, h is Planck’s constant, and c is the speed of light. In this customary formulation the constants ωe, Be , etc. have dimensions of inverse length; in this table they are given in units of cm–1. Users should note that higher order terms in the above energy expressions are required for very precise calculations; constants for many of these terms can be found in the references. Also, if the ground electronic state is not 1Σ, additional terms are needed to account for the interaction between electronic and pure rotational angular momentum. For some molecules in the table the data have been analyzed in terms of the Dunham series expansion: E/hc = Σlm Ylm(v+1/2)lJm(J+1)m Molecule 107 Ag79Br 107 Ag35Cl 107 Ag19F 107 Ag1H 107 Ag2H 107 Ag127I 107 Ag16O 27 Al2 27 Al79Br 27 Al35Cl 27 Al19F 27 Al1H 27 Al2H 27 Al127I 27 Al16O 27 Al32S 75 As2 75 As1H 75 As2H 75 As14N 75 As16O 197 Au2 197 Au1H 197 Au2H 11 B2 11 79 B Br 11 35 B Cl 11 19 B F 11 1 BH 11 2 BH 11 14 B N 11 16 B O

State 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 3 Σ g1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 3 Σ 3 Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 1 Σ g+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 3 Σ g1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 3 Π 2 + Σ

ωe cm–1 249.57 343.49 513.45 1759.9 1250.70 206.50 490.2 350.01 378.0 481.30 802.3 1682.56 1211.95 316.1 979.23 617.1 429.55 2130* 1484* 1068.54 967.08 190.9 2305.01 1634.98 1051.3 684.31 840.29 1402.1 2366.9 1703.3 1514.6 1885.69

ωexe cm–1 0.63 1.17 2.59 34.06 17.17 0.46 3.1 2.02 1.28 1.95 4.77 29.09 15.14 1.0 6.97 3.33 1.12

5.41 4.85 0.42 43.12 21.65 9.35 3.52 5.49 11.8 49.40 28 12.3 11.81

In such cases it has been assumed that Y10 = ωe , Y01 = Be , etc., although in the highest approximations these identities are not precisely correct. Some of the values of re in the table have been corrected for breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, which can affect the last decimal place. Because of differences in the method of data analysis and limitations in the model, care should be taken in comparing re values for different molecules to a precision beyond 0.001 Å. Molecules are listed in alphabetical order by formula as written in the most common form. In most cases this form places the more electropositive element first, but there are exceptions such as OH, NH, CH, etc. * Indicates a value for the interval between v = 0 and v = 1 states instead of a value of ωe.

References 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. 2. Lovas, F. J., and Tiemann, E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, 609, 1974. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/6 (1974), II/14a (1982), II/14b (1983), II/19a (1992), II/19d-1 (1995), Molecular Constants, SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg. Be cm–1 0.064833 0.12298388 0.2657020 6.449 3.2572 0.04486821 0.3020 0.2054 0.15919713 0.24393012 0.5524798 6.3907 3.3186 0.11769985 0.6414 0.2799 0.10179 7.3067 3.6688 0.54551 0.48482 0.028013 7.2401 3.6415 1.212 0.4894 0.684282 1.516950 12.021 6.54 1.666 1.7820

αe cm–1 0.0002361 0.00059541 0.0019206 0.201 0.0722 0.0001414 0.0025 0.0012 0.00086045 0.00161113 0.0049841 0.1858 0.0697 0.00055859 0.0058 0.0018 0.000333 0.2117 0.003366 0.003299 0.0000723 0.2136 0.07614 0.014 0.0035 0.006812 0.019056 0.412 0.17 0.025 0.0166

De 10–6cm–1 0.0175 0.06305 0.284 344 85.9 0.00847 0.45 0.31 0.11285 0.2503 1.0464 356.5 97 1.08 0.22 327 90 0.53 0.49 0.00250 279 70.9 1.00 1.84 7.105 1242 400 8.1 6.32

re Å 2.39311 2.28079 1.98318 1.618 1.6180 2.54463 2.003 2.466 2.29481 2.13011 1.65437 1.6478 1.6463 2.53710 1.6179 2.029 2.1026 1.52315 1.5306 1.6184 1.6236 2.4719 1.5239 1.5238 1.590 1.888 1.71528 1.26267 1.2324 1.2324 1.281 1.2045

9-82


5/3/05 12:11:33 PM

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules Molecule 11 32 B S 138 Ba79Br 138 Ba35Cl 138 Ba19F 138 Ba1H 138 Ba2H 138 Ba127I 138 Ba16O 138 Ba32S 9 Be19F 9 Be1H 9 Be2H 9 Be16O 9 Be32S 209 Bi2 209 1 Bi H 209 2 Bi H 79 Br2 79 Br35Cl 79 Br19F 79 Br16O 12 C2 12 35 C Cl 12 19 C F 12 1 CH 12 2 CH 12 14 C N 12 16 C O 12 31 C P 12 32 C S 12 80 C Se 40 Ca35Cl 40 Ca19F 40 Ca1H 40 Ca2H 40 Ca127I 40 Ca16O 40 Ca32S 114 Cd1H 114 Cd2H 35 Cl2 35 Cl19F 35 Cl16O 52 Cr1H 52 Cr2H 52 Cr16O 133 Cs2 133 Cs79Br 133 Cs35Cl 133 Cs19F 133 Cs1H 133 Cs2H 133 Cs127I 133 Cs16O 63 Cu2 63 Cu79Br 65 Cu35Cl 63 Cu19F 63 Cu1H 63 Cu2H


State 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 Σ g+ 3 Σ 3 Σ 1 Σ g+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 1 Σ g+ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σ g+ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 6 + Σ 6 + Σ 5 Π 1 Σ g+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ

ωe cm–1 1180.17 193.77 279.92 468.9 1168.31 829.77 152.14 669.76 379.42 1247.36 2060.78 1530.32 1487.32 997.94 172.71 1635.73 1173.32 325.32 444.28 670.75 779 1854.71 866.72* 1308.1 2858.5 2099.8 2068.59 2169.81 1239.67 1285.15 1035.36 367.53 581.1 1298.34 910* 238.70 732.03 462.23 1337.1*

ωexe cm–1 6.31 0.41 0.82 1.79 14.50 7.32 0.27 2.03 0.88 9.12 36.31 20.71 11.83 6.14 0.34 31.6 16.1 1.08 1.84 4.05 6.8 13.34 6.2 11.10 63.0 34.02 13.09 13.29 6.86 6.50 4.86 1.31 2.74 19.10

559.7 786.15 853.8 1581* 1182* 898.4 42.02 149.66 214.17 352.56 891.0 619.1* 119.18 357.5* 264.55 314.8 415.29 622.7 1941.26 1384.14

2.68 6.16 5.5 32

0.63 4.83 1.78

6.8 0.08 0.37 0.73 1.62 12.9 0.25 1.02 0.96 1.58 3.95 37.51 18.97

9-83 Be cm–1 0.7949 0.0415082 0.08396717 0.2159 3.38285 1.7071 0.02680587 0.3126140 0.10331 1.4889 10.3164 5.6872 1.6510 0.79059 0.022781 5.137 2.592 0.082107 0.152470 0.35584 0.429598 1.8198 0.6936 1.4172 14.457 7.806 1.8997830 1.93128075 0.7986 0.8200434 0.5750 0.1522302 0.339 4.2766 2.1769 0.0693263 0.444441 0.1766757 5.323 2.704 0.2440 0.516479 0.62345 6.220 3.14 0.5231 0.0127 0.03606925 0.07209149 0.18436969 2.7099 1.354 0.02362736 0.223073 0.10874 0.10192625 0.17628802 0.3794029 7.9441 4.0381

αe cm–1 0.0061 0.0001219 0.00033429 0.0012 0.06599 0.02363 0.00006634 0.0013921 0.0003188 0.0176 0.3030 0.1225 0.0190 0.00664 0.000055 0.148 0.054 0.0003187 0.000770 0.00261 0.003639 0.0177 0.00672 0.0184 0.534 0.208 0.0173717 0.01750390 0.00597 0.0059182 0.00379 0.0007990 0.0026 0.0970 0.035 0.0002634 0.003282 0.0008270

0.0015 0.004358 0.0058 0.179 0.0070 0.0000264 0.00012401 0.00033756 0.0011756 0.0579 0.00006826 0.001303 0.000614 0.00045214 0.00099647 0.0032298 0.2563 0.0917

De 10–6cm–1 1.40 0.00762 0.03022 0.175 112.67 28.77 0.00333 0.2724 0.0306 8.28 1022.1 313.8 8.20 2.00 0.00150 183 50.6 0.02092 0.07183 0.401 0.523 6.92 1.9 6.5 1450 420 6.4034 6.1216 1.33 1.336 0.71 0.1029 0.45 183.7 47.9 0.0234 0.6541 0.1032 314 76 0.186 0.88 1.33 347 88.8 0.00464 0.00838 0.03268 0.20168 113 20 0.00371 0.348 0.0716 0.04274 0.12706 0.563 520 136.2

re Å 1.6092 2.84449 2.68276 2.163 2.23175 2.2304 3.08476 1.93969 2.5074 1.3610 1.3426 1.3419 1.3309 1.7415 2.6596 1.805 1.804 2.2811 2.13607 1.75894 1.717 1.2425 1.6450 1.2718 1.1199 1.1190 1.17181 1.12823 1.562 1.53482 1.67609 2.43676 1.967 2.0025 2.002 2.82859 1.8221 2.31775 1.781 1.775 1.988 1.62831 1.56963 1.656 1.664 1.615 4.47 3.07225 2.90627 1.34535 2.4938 2.505 3.31519 2.3007 2.2197 2.17344 2.05118 1.74493 1.46263 1.4626

5/3/05 12:11:34 PM

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules

9-84 Molecule 63 Cu127I 63 Cu16O 63 Cu32S 19 F2 56 Fe16O 69 Ga81Br 69 Ga35Cl 69 Ga19F 69 Ga1H 69 Ga2H 69 Ga127I 69 Ga16O 74 Ge79Br 74 Ge35Cl 72 Ge1H 72 Ge2H 74 Ge16O 74 Ge32S 74 Ge80Se 74 Ge130Te 1 H2 2 H2 3 H2 1 81 H Br 2 81 H Br 1 35 H Cl 2 35 H Cl 1 19 H F 2 19 H F 1 127 H I 202 Hg1H 202 Hg2H 127 I2 127 79 I Br 127 35 I Cl 127 19 I F 127 16 I O 115 In81Br 115 In35Cl 115 In19F 115 In1H 115 In2H 115 In127I 39 K2 39 79 K Br 39 35 K Cl 39 19 K F 39 1 KH 39 2 KH 39 127 K I 139 La16O 7 Li2 7 79 Li Br 7 35 Li Cl 7 19 Li F 7 1 Li H 7 2 Li H 7 127 Li I 7 16 Li O 24 Mg2


State 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 1 Σg+ 5 ∆ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Σ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 Σg+ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π 1 Σg+

ωe cm–1 264.5 640.17 415.0 916.64 965* 263.0 365.67 622.2 1604.52 216.38 767.5 295 407.6 1833.77 1320.09 986.49 575.8 408.7 323.9 4401.21 3115.50 2546.5 2648.97 1884.75 2990.95 2145.16 4138.32 2998.19 2309.01 1203.24* 896.12* 214.50 268.64 384.29 610.24 681.5 221.0 317.39 535.4 1476.0 1048.2 177.08 92.02 213 281 426.26 983.6 707 186.53 812.8 351.43 563.2 642.95 910.57 1405.65 1054.80 496.85 814.62 51.12

ωexe cm–1 0.60 4.43 1.75 11.24 0.81 1.25 3.2 28.77 0.47 6.24 0.7 1.36 37 19 4.47 1.80 1.36 0.75 121.34 61.82 41.23 45.22 22.72 52.82 27.18 89.88 45.76 39.64

0.61 0.81 1.50 3.12 4.3 0.65 1.03 2.6 25.61 12.4 0.34 0.28 0.80 1.30 2.45 14.3 7.7 0.57 2.22 2.61 3.5 4.47 8.21 23.20 12.94 2.85 7.78 1.64

Be cm–1 0.07328742 0.44454 0.1891 0.89019 0.650 0.081839 0.1499046 0.3595161 6.137 3.083 0.0569359 0.4271

αe cm–1 0.00028390 0.00456

6.726 3.415 0.4856981 0.18656576 0.09634051 0.06533821 60.853 30.444 20.335 8.46488 4.245596 10.59342 5.448796 20.9557 11.0102 6.4263650 5.3888 2.739 0.03737 0.0568325 0.1141587 0.2797111 0.34026 0.05489468 0.1090583 0.2623241 4.995 2.523 0.03686702 0.056743 0.08122109 0.1286348 0.27993741 3.416400 1.754 0.06087473 0.35252001 0.67264 0.555399 0.7065225 1.3452583 7.51373 4.23310 0.4431766 1.212830 0.09287

0.192 0.070 0.0030787 0.00074910 0.00028904 0.00017246 3.062 1.0786 0.5887 0.23328 0.084 0.30718 0.113292 0.798 0.3017 0.1689

0.013847 0.0003207 0.0007936 0.0028642 0.181 0.06 0.0001897

0.000114 0.0001969 0.0005354 0.0018738 0.00270 0.00018672 0.0005177 0.0018798 0.143 0.051 0.00010411 0.000165 0.00040481 0.0007899 0.00233492 0.085313 0.0318 0.00026776 0.00142365 0.00704 0.005644 0.0080102 0.0202887 0.21665 0.09155 0.0040862 0.017899 0.00378

De 10–6cm–1 0.02244 0.85 0.18 3.3 0.72 0.032 0.1008 0.50 342 84 0.015770 0.37

re Å 2.33832 1.7244 2.051 1.41193 1.444 2.35248 2.20169 1.77437 1.663 1.663 2.57464 1.744

326 83.2 0.4709 0.07883 0.02207 0.012 47100 11410

1.5880 1.5874 1.62464 2.01209 2.13463 2.34017 0.74144 0.74152 0.74142 1.41444 1.4145 1.27455 1.27458 0.91681 0.91694 1.60916 1.7662 1.757 2.666 2.46899 2.32088 1.90976 1.8676 2.54315 2.40117 1.98540 1.8380 1.837 2.75364 3.9051 2.82078 2.66665 2.17146 2.243 2.240 3.04784 1.82591 2.6729 2.17043 2.02067 1.56386 1.59490 1.5941 2.39192 1.68822 3.891

345.8 88.32 531.94 140 2151 594 206.9 395.3 91 0.0043 0.0102 0.0403 0.2356 0.36 0.01350 0.0515 0.252 223 58 0.00639 0.0863 0.04462 0.1087 0.4829 163.55 50 0.02593 0.2626 9.87 2.159 3.409 11.745 862 276 1.4104 0.1079 1.22

5/3/05 12:11:36 PM

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules Molecule 24 Mg35Cl 24 Mg19F 24 Mg1H 24 Mg2H 24 Mg16O 55 Mn1H 55 Mn2H 14 N2 14 79 N Br 14 35 N Cl 14 19 N F 14 1 NH 14 2 NH 14 16 N O 14 32 N S 23 Na2 23 Na79Br 23 Na35Cl 23 Na19F 23 Na1H 23 Na2H 23 Na127I 23 Na16O 93 Nb16O 58 Ni1H 58 Ni2H 16 O2 16 1 OH 16 2 OH 31 P2 31 35 P Cl 31 19 P F 31 1 PH 31 2 PH 31 14 P N 31 16 P O 208 Pb2 208 Pb79Br 208 Pb35Cl 208 Pb19F 208 Pb1H 208 Pb16O 208 Pb32S 208 Pb80Se 208 Pb130Te 195 Pt12C 195 Pt1H 195 Pt2H 85 Rb79Br 85 Rb35Cl 85 Rb19F 85 Rb1H 85 Rb127I 85 Rb16O 32 S2 32 19 S F 32 1 SH 32 2 SH 32 16 S O 121 Sb35Cl


State 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 7 Σ 7 Σ 1 Σg+ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π 4 Σ 2 ∆5/2 2 ∆5/2 3 Σg2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 1 Σg+ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 Π1/2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 ∆5/2 2 ∆5/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 3 Σg2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 3 Σ 3 Σ 2 2

ωe cm–1 462.12* 711.69* 1495.20 1077.9 784.78 1548.0 1103 2358.57 691.75 827.96 1141.37 3282.3 2398 1904.20 1218.7 159.13 302 366 535.66 1172.2 826.1* 258 492.3 989.0 1926.6 1390.1 1580.19 3737.76 2720.24 780.77 551.38 846.75 2365.2 1699.2 1337.24 1233.34 110.5 207.5 303.9 502.73 1564.1 720.96 429.17 277.6 212.0 1051.13 2294.68* 1644.3* 169.46 228 376 936.9 138.51 388.4* 725.65

ωexe cm–1 2.1 4.9 31.89 16.1 5.26 28.8 13.9 14.32 4.72 5.30 8.99 78.4 42 14.07 7.28 0.72 1.5 2.05 3.57 19.72

2711.6 1885 1149.2 374.7

59.9 31 5.6 0.6

1.1 3.8 38 19 11.98 84.88 44.05 2.84 2.23 4.49 44.5 23.0 6.98 6.56 0.35 0.50 0.88 2.28 29.75 3.52 1.26 0.51 0.43 4.86 46 23 0.46 0.92 1.9 14.21 0.33 2.84

9-85 Be cm–1 0.2456154 0.51922 5.8257 3.0306 0.57470436 5.6841 2.8957 1.99824 0.444 0.649770 1.2057 16.6993 8.7913 1.67195 0.769602 0.154707 0.1512533 0.2180631 0.4369011 4.9033634 2.557089 0.1178056 0.424630 0.4321 7.700 3.992 1.44563 18.911 10.021 0.30362 0.2528748 0.5665 8.5371 4.4081 0.7864854 0.7337

αe cm–1 0.0016204 0.00470 0.1859 0.06289 0.00532377 0.1570 0.051 0.017318 0.0040 0.006414 0.01492 0.6490 0.2531 0.0171 0.0064 0.008736 0.0009410 0.0016248 0.0045580 0.1370919 0.051600 0.0006478 0.004506 0.0021 0.23 0.092 0.0159 0.7242 0.276 0.00149 0.0015119 0.00456 0.2514 0.0928 0.0055364 0.0055

De 10–6cm–1 0.2723 1.080 344 92 1.2328 303.9 79.5 5.76

0.22875 4.971 0.30730373 0.11632307 0.05059953 0.03130774 0.53044 7.1963 3.640 0.04752798 0.0876404 0.2106640 3.020 0.03283293 0.246481 0.2955 0.552174 9.5995 4.95130 0.7208171

0.001473 0.144 0.00190977 0.00043510 0.00012993 0.00006743 0.003273 0.1996 0.071 0.00018596 0.0004537 0.0015228 0.072 0.00010946 0.002174 0.001570

0.183 201 0.2138 0.03418 0.0070 0.0027 0.546 261 66 0.01496 0.04947 0.2684 123 0.00738 0.397 0.19

0.2785 0.10308 0.005737

480.6 130 1.134

1.598 5.39 1709.7 490.4 0.5 1.2 0.581 0.1554 0.3120 1.163 343.40 93.46 0.0973 1.2638 0.22 481 130 4.839 1938 537.4 0.188 0.2124 436 116 1.091 1.3

re Å 2.19639 1.7500 1.7297 1.7302 1.74838 1.7311 1.7310 1.09769 1.79 1.61071 1.3170 1.0362 1.0361 1.15077 1.4940 3.0789 2.50204 2.36080 1.92595 1.88654 1.88654 2.71145 2.05155 1.691 1.476 1.465 1.20752 0.96966 0.9698 1.8934 2.01461 1.58938 1.42140 1.4220 1.49087 1.4759

2.0575 1.839 1.92181 2.28678 2.40218 2.59492 1.6767 1.52852 1.524 2.94474 2.78673 2.27033 2.367 3.17688 2.25420 1.8892 1.60058 1.34066 1.34049 1.48109

5/3/05 12:11:38 PM

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules

9-86 Molecule 121 Sb19F 121 Sb1H 121 Sb2H 121 Sb14N 121 Sb16O 45 Sc19F 80 Se2 80 Se1H 80 Se2H 80 Se16O 28 Si2 28 35 Si Cl 28 19 Si F 28 1 Si H 28 2 Si H 28 14 Si N 28 16 Si O 28 32 Si S 28 80 Si Se 120 Sn79Br 120 Sn35Cl 118 Sn19F 120 Sn1H 120 Sn2H 120 Sn127I 120 Sn16O 120 Sn32S 120 Sn80Se 120 Sn130Te 88 Sr79Br 88 Sr35Cl 88 Sr19F 88 Sr1H 88 Sr2H 88 Sr127I 88 Sr16O 181 Ta16O 130 Te2 130 Te1H 130 Te16O 232 Th16O 48 16 Ti O 205 Tl81Br 205 Tl35Cl 205 Tl19F 205 Tl1H 205 Tl2H 205 Tl127I 51 16 V O 89 35 Y Cl 89 19 Y F 89 16 Y O 174 Yb1H 174 Yb2H 64 Zn35Cl 64 Zn19F 64 Zn1H 64 Zn2H 64 Zn127I 90 Zr16O


State 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 3 Σg2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 3 Σ 3 Σg2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 ∆3/2 3 Σg2 Π3/2 0+ 1 + Σ 3 ∆1 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 4 Σ 1 Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 Σ 2 Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 Σ 1 + Σ

ωe cm–1 605.0

ωexe cm–1 2.6

942.0 816 735.6 385.30 2400* 1708* 914.69 510.98 535.60 857.19 2041.80 1469.32 1151.4 1241.54 749.64 580.0 247.2 351.1 577.6

5.6 4.2 3.8 0.96

4.52 2.02 2.17 4.73 35.51 18.23 6.47 5.97 2.58 1.78 0.6 1.06 2.69

1188.0* 199.0 822.13 487.26 331.2 259.5 216.60 302.3 502.4 1206.2 841 173.77 653.5 1028.69 247.07

0.6 3.72 1.36 0.74 0.50 0.52 0.95 2.3 17.0 8.6 0.35 3.96 3.51 0.51

797.11 895.77 1009.02 192.10 284.71 476.86 1390.7 987.7 150* 1011.3 380.7 631.29 861.0 1249.54 886.6 390.5 628 1607.6 1072 223.4 969.8

4.00 2.39 4.50 0.39 0.86 2.24 22.7 12.04 4.86 1.3 2.50 2.9 21.06 10.57 1.6 3.5 55.14 28 0.6 4.9

Be cm–1 0.2792 5.684 2.8782

αe cm–1 0.0020

De 10–6cm–1 0.23 240 45

re Å 1.918 1.723 1.7194

0.3580 0.3950 0.08992 8.02 3.94 0.4655 0.2390 0.2561 0.5812 7.4996 3.8840 0.7311 0.7267521 0.30352788 0.1920117

0.0022 0.00266 0.000288 0.23

0.270

0.00323 0.0014 0.0016 0.00494 0.2190 0.0781 0.00565 0.0050379 0.00147308 0.0007767

0.5 0.21 0.25 1.07 397 105.4 1.2 0.9923 0.201 0.0842

1.826 1.788 2.166 1.48 1.48 1.648 2.246 2.058 1.6011 1.5201 1.5199 1.572 1.50975 1.92926 2.05832

0.1117 0.2727 5.31488 2.6950

0.0004 0.0014 0.049

0.26 207.5 53.4

2.361 1.944 1.78146 1.7770

0.35571998 0.13686139 0.0649978 0.04247917 0.0541847

0.00214432 0.00050563 0.0001705 0.00009543 0.0001827

0.26638 0.0424 0.011 0.0055 0.01356

1.83251 2.20898 2.32557 2.52280 2.73522

0.2505346 3.6751 1.8609 0.0367097 0.33798 0.40284 0.039681 5.56 0.3554 0.332644 0.53541 0.0423899 0.09139702 0.22315014 4.806 2.419 0.0271676 0.54825 0.1160 0.29042 0.3881 3.9931 2.01162

0.0015513 0.0814 0.0292 0.0001060 0.00219 0.00182 0.000106

0.2498 135 34.7 0.00655 0.36 0.2450 0.0044

0.00237 0.001302 0.00301 0.0001276 0.00039784 0.00150380 0.154 0.057 0.0000664 0.00352 0.0003 0.00163 0.0018 0.0957 0.03425

0.27 0.1833 0.603 0.0083 0.0377 0.1955 254 60 0.0036 0.6 0.09 0.237 0.32 161.8 41.60

2.07537 2.1456 2.1449 2.94364 1.91983 1.68746 2.5574 1.74 1.825 1.84032 1.6202 1.61817 2.48483 2.08439 1.870 1.869 2.81361 1.5893 2.41 1.9257 1.790 2.0526 2.0516

6.6794 3.350

0.2500

466 124

1.5949 1.6054

0.42263

0.0023

0.319

1.7116

0.024 330

5/3/05 12:11:40 PM


INFRARED CORRELATION CHARTS

5/3/05 12:11:45 PM



5/3/05 12:11:47 PM



5/3/05 12:11:50 PM

9-90


Infrared Correlation Charts

5/3/05 12:11:53 PM

Infrared Correlation Charts


9-91

5/3/05 12:11:55 PM

NUCLEAR SPINS, MOMENTS, AND OTHER DATA RELATED TO NMR SPECTROSCOPY This table presents the following data relevant to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy:

Q: Nuclear quadrupole moment in units of femtometers squared (1 fm2 = 10–2 barn)

Z: Atomic number Isotope: Element symbol and mass number Abundance: Natural abundance of the isotope in percent. An * indicates a radioactive nuclide; if no value is given, the nuclide is not present in nature or its abundance is highly variable. I: Nuclear spin ν: Resonant frequency in megahertz for an applied field H0 of 1 tesla (in cgs units, 10 kilogauss) Relative sensitivity: Sensitivity relative to 1H (=1) assuming an equal number of nuclei and constant temperature. Values were calculated from the expressions:

The table includes all stable nuclides of non-zero spin for which spin and magnetic moment values have been measured, as well as selected radioactive nuclides of current or potential interest. At least one isotope is included for each element through Z = 95 for which data are available. See Reference 1 for a complete listing of spins and moments. The assistance of P. Pyykko in providing data on nuclear quadrupole moments is gratefully acknowledged.

For constant H0: 0.0076508(µ/µN) (I + 1)/I For constant ν: 0.23871(µ/µN)(I + 1) 3

2

µ/µN: Nuclear magnetic moment in units of the nuclear magneton µN Z 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 19 20 21 22 22 23 23 24

Isotope 1 n 1 H 2 H 3 H 3 He 6 Li 7 Li 9 Be 10 B 11 B 13 C 14 N 15 N 17 O 19 F 21 Ne 23 Na 25 Mg 27 Al 29 Si 31 P 33 S 35 Cl 37 Cl 37 Ar 39 Ar 39 K 40 K 41 K 43 Ca 45 Sc 47 Ti 49 Ti 50 V 51 V 53 Cr

Abundance % * 99.9850 0.0115 * 0.000137 7.59 92.41 100 19.9 80.1 1.07 99.632 0.368 0.038 100 0.27 100 10.00 100 4.6832 100 0.76 75.78 24.22 * * 93.2581 0.0117 6.7302 0.135 100 7.44 5.41 0.250 99.750 9.501

I 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1 3/2 3/2 3 3/2 1/2 1 1/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 7/2 3/2 4 3/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 6 7/2 3/2

ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T 29.1647 42.5775 6.5359 45.4148 32.4360 6.2661 16.5483 5.9842 4.5752 13.6630 10.7084 3.0777 4.3173 5.7742 40.0776 3.3631 11.2688 2.6083 11.1031 8.4655 17.2515 3.2717 4.1765 3.4765 5.819 3.46 1.9893 2.4737 1.0919 2.8688 10.3591 2.4041 2.4048 4.2505 11.2133 2.4115

References 1. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Lide, D. R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005. 2. Raghavan, P., At. Data Nuc. Data Tables, 42, 189, 1989. 3. Pyykko, P., Mol. Phys., 19, 1617–1629, 2001. 4. Stone, N. J., <www.nndc.bnl.gov/nndc/stone_moments/> Relative sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν 0.32139 0.6850 1.00000 1.0000 0.00965 0.4093 1.21354 1.0666 0.44212 0.7618 0.00850 0.3925 0.29356 1.9433 0.01388 0.7027 0.01985 1.7193 0.16522 1.6045 0.01591 0.2515 0.00101 0.1928 0.00104 0.1014 0.02910 1.5822 0.83400 0.9413 0.00246 0.3949 0.09270 1.3233 0.00268 0.7147 0.20689 3.0424 0.00786 0.1988 0.06652 0.4052 0.00227 0.3842 0.00472 0.4905 0.00272 0.4083 0.01276 0.6833 0.01130 1.7079 0.00051 0.2336 0.00523 1.5493 0.00008 0.1282 0.00642 1.4150 0.30244 5.1093 0.00210 0.6587 0.00378 1.1861 0.05571 5.5904 0.38360 5.5306 0.00091 0.2832

µ/µN –1.91304272 +2.792847337 +0.857438228 +2.9789625 –2.1276248 +0.8220467 +3.25644 –1.1776 +1.800645 +2.688649 +0.7024118 +0.4037610 –0.2831888 –1.89379 +2.628868 –0.661797 +2.217522 –0.85545 +3.641507 –0.55529 +1.13160 +0.6438212 +0.8218743 +0.6841236 +1.145 –1.59 +0.3914662 –1.298100 +0.2148701 –1.31726 +4.756487 –0.78848 –1.10417 +3.345689 +5.1487057 –0.47454

Q/fm2

+0.2860

–0.0808 –4.01 +5.288 +8.459 +4.059 +2.044 –2.558 +10.155 +10.4 +19.94 +14.66

–6.78 –8.165 –6.435

+5.85 –7.3 +7.11 –4.08 –22.0 +30.2 +24.7 +21 –5.2 –15

9-92


5/3/05 12:11:57 PM

Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy Z 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 35 36 37 37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 54 54 55 56 56 57 57 58 58 58 59 60 60 61 61 62 62 63


Isotope 55 Mn 57 Fe 59 Co 61 Ni 63 Cu 65 Cu 67 Zn 69 Ga 71 Ga 73 Ge 75 As 77 Se 79 Br 81 Br 83 Kr 85 Rb 87 Rb 87 Sr 89 Y 91 Zr 93 Nb 95 Mo 97 Mo 99 Tc 99 Ru 101 Ru 103 Rh 105 Pd 107 Ag 109 Ag 111 Cd 113 Cd 113 In 115 In 115 Sn 117 Sn 119 Sn 121 Sb 123 Sb 123 Te 125 Te 127 I 129 Xe 131 Xe 133 Cs 135 Ba 137 Ba 138 La 139 La 137 Ce 139 Ce 141 Ce 141 Pr 143 Nd 145 Nd 143 Pm 147 Pm 147 Sm 149 Sm 151 Eu

Abundance % 100 2.119 100 1.1399 69.17 30.83 4.10 60.108 39.892 7.73 100 7.63 50.69 49.31 11.49 72.17 27.83 7.00 100 11.22 100 15.92 9.55 * 12.76 17.06 100 22.33 51.839 48.161 12.80 12.22 4.29 95.71 0.34 7.68 8.59 57.21 42.79 0.89 7.07 100 26.44 21.18 100 6.592 11.232 0.090 99.910 * * * 100 12.2 8.3 * * 14.99 13.82 47.81

I 5/2 1/2 7/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 3/2 3/2 9/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 9/2 5/2 3/2 9/2 1/2 5/2 9/2 5/2 5/2 9/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/2 9/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 7/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 7/2 3/2 3/2 5 7/2 3/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 7/2 5/2

ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T 10.5763 1.3816 10.077 3.8114 11.2982 12.1030 2.6694 10.2478 13.0208 1.4897 7.3150 8.1571 10.7042 11.5384 1.6442 4.1254 13.9811 1.8525 2.0949 3.9748 10.4523 2.7874 2.8463 9.6294 1.9553 2.1916 1.3477 1.957 1.7331 1.9924 9.0692 9.4871 9.3655 9.3856 14.0077 15.2610 15.9660 10.2551 5.5532 11.2349 13.5454 8.5778 11.8604 3.5159 5.6234 4.2582 4.7634 5.6615 6.0612 4.88 5.39 2.37 13.0359 2.319 1.429 11.59 5.62 1.7748 1.4631 10.5856

Relative sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν 0.17881 2.8980 0.00003 0.0324 0.27841 4.9702 0.00359 0.4476 0.09342 1.3268 0.11484 1.4213 0.00287 0.7314 0.06971 1.2034 0.14300 1.5291 0.00141 1.1546 0.02536 0.8590 0.00703 0.1916 0.07945 1.2570 0.09951 1.3550 0.00190 1.2744 0.01061 1.1304 0.17703 1.6418 0.00272 1.4358 0.00012 0.0492 0.00949 1.0891 0.48821 8.1011 0.00327 0.7638 0.00349 0.7799 0.38174 7.4633 0.00113 0.5358 0.00159 0.6005 0.00003 0.0317 0.00113 0.5364 0.00007 0.0407 0.00010 0.0468 0.00966 0.2130 0.01106 0.2228 0.35121 7.2588 0.35348 7.2744 0.03561 0.3290 0.04605 0.3584 0.05273 0.3750 0.16302 2.8100 0.04659 2.7389 0.01837 0.2639 0.03220 0.3181 0.09540 2.3504 0.02162 0.2786 0.00282 0.4129 0.04838 2.7735 0.00500 0.5001 0.00700 0.5594 0.09404 5.3188 0.06058 2.9895 0.00752 0.5729 0.01012 0.6326 0.00364 1.1708 0.33483 3.5720 0.00339 1.1440 0.00079 0.7047 0.23510 3.1748 0.04827 2.7714 0.00152 0.8753 0.00085 0.7216 0.17929 2.9006

9-93 µ/µN +3.46872 +0.0906230 +4.627 –0.75002 +2.22329 +2.38167 +0.875479 +2.01659 +2.56227 –0.8794677 +1.439475 +0.53506 +2.106400 +2.270562 –0.970669 +1.35303 +2.75124 –1.093603 –0.1374154 –1.30362 +6.1705 –0.9142 –0.9335 +5.6847 –0.6413 –0.7188 –0.08840 –0.642 –0.1136796 –0.1306906 –0.5948861 –0.6223009 +5.5289 +5.5408 –0.91883 –1.00104 –1.04728 +3.3634 +2.5498 –0.7369478 –0.8885051 +2.813273 –0.7779763 +0.6918619 +2.582025 +0.837943 +0.937365 +3.713646 +2.7830455 0.96 1.06 1.09 +4.2754 –1.065 –0.656 +3.80 +2.58 –0.8149 –0.6718 +3.4718

Q/fm2 +33 +42 +16.2 –22.0 –20.4 +15.0 +17.1 +10.7 –19.6 +31.4 +31.3 +26.2 +25.9 +27.6 +13.35 +33.5 –17.6 –32 –2.2 +25.5 –12.9 +7.9 +45.7 +66.0

+79.9 +81

–36 –49

–71.0 –11.4 –0.343 +16.0 +24.5 +45 +20

–5.9 –63 –33 +74 –26 +7.4 +90.3

5/3/05 12:11:59 PM

Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy

9-94 Z 63 64 64 65 66 66 67 68 69 70 70 71 71 72 72 73 73 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 81 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95


Isotope 153 Eu 155 Gd 157 Gd 159 Tb 161 Dy 163 Dy 165 Ho 167 Er 169 Tm 171 Yb 173 Yb 175 Lu 176 Lu 177 Hf 179 Hf 180 Ta 181 Ta 183 W 185 Re 187 Re 187 Os 189 Os 191 Ir 193 Ir 195 Pt 197 Au 199 Hg 201 Hg 203 Tl 205 Tl 207 Pb 209 Bi 209 Po 211 Rn 223 Fr 223 Ra 225 Ra 227 Ac 229 Th 231 Pa 235 U 237 Np 239 Pu 243 Am

Abundance % 52.19 14.80 15.65 100 18.91 24.90 100 22.93 100 14.28 16.13 97.41 2.59 18.60 13.62 0.012 99.988 14.31 37.40 62.60 1.96 16.15 37.3 62.7 33.832 100 16.87 13.18 29.524 70.476 22.1 100 * * * * * * * *100 *0.7200 * * *

I 5/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 7/2 7 7/2 9/2 9 7/2 1/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 5/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 1/2 5/2

ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T 4.6745 1.312 1.720 10.23 1.4654 2.0508 9.0883 1.2281 3.531 7.5261 2.0730 4.8626 3.451 1.7282 1.0856 4.087 5.1627 1.7957 9.7176 9.8170 0.9856 3.3536 0.7658 0.8319 9.2922 0.7406 7.7123 2.8469 24.7316 24.9749 9.0340 6.9630 11.7 9.16 5.95 1.3746 11.187 5.6 1.40 10.2 0.83 9.57 3.09 4.6

Relative sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν 0.01544 1.2809 0.00015 0.1541 0.00033 0.2020 0.06945 1.2019 0.00048 0.4015 0.00130 0.5619 0.20423 4.4825 0.00050 0.6057 0.00057 0.0829 0.00552 0.1768 0.00135 0.5680 0.03128 2.3983 0.03975 6.0516 0.00140 0.8524 0.00055 0.8414 0.10610 11.5175 0.03744 2.5463 0.00008 0.0422 0.13870 2.6627 0.14300 2.6900 0.00001 0.0231 0.00244 0.3938 0.00003 0.0899 0.00004 0.0977 0.01039 0.2182 0.00003 0.0870 0.00594 0.1811 0.00149 0.3343 0.19598 0.5809 0.20182 0.5866 0.00955 0.2122 0.14433 5.3967 0.02096 0.2757 0.00997 0.2152 0.01362 0.6982 0.00017 0.1614 0.01814 0.2627 0.01131 0.6564 0.00042 0.3843 0.06903 1.1995 0.00015 0.4082 0.13264 2.6234 0.00038 0.0727 0.01446 1.2532

µ/µN +1.5331 –0.2582 –0.3385 +2.014 –0.4806 +0.6726 +4.173 –0.5639 –0.2316 +0.49367 –0.67989 +2.2327 +3.169 +0.7935 –0.6409 +4.825 +2.3705 +0.1177848 +3.1871 +3.2197 +0.06465189 +0.659933 +0.1507 +0.1637 +0.60952 +0.145746 +0.5058855 –0.5602257 +1.6222579 +1.6382146 +0.59258 +4.1106 +0.77 +0.601 +1.17 +0.2705 –0.7338 +1.1 +0.46 2.01 –0.38 +3.14 +0.203 +1.5

Q/fm2 +241 +127 +135 +143.2 +250.7 +265 +358 +356.5

+280 +349 +497 +336.5 +379.3 +317 +218 +207 +85.6 +81.6 +75.1 +54.7 +38.6

–51.6

+117 +125 +170 +430 –172 +493.6 +388.6 +421

5/3/05 12:12:00 PM

PROTON NMR CHEMICAL SHIFTS FOR CHARACTERISTIC ORGANIC STRUCTURES The chart below summarizies the range of chemical shifts for protons in several classes or organic compounds and substituent groups. The chemical shifts δ are given in parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane.

Reference Mohacsi, E., J. Chem. Edu., 41, 38, 1964 (with permission)

9-95


5/3/05 12:12:05 PM

13

C-NMR ABSORPTIONS OF MAJOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

The table below lists the range of 13C chemical shifts δ in parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane, in descending order, for various functional groups. Examples of simple compounds for each family are given to illustrate the correlations. The shifts for the carbons of interest, which are italicized, are given in parentheses; when two or more values appear, they refer to the sequence of italicized carbon atoms from left to right in the formula.

δ (ppm)

Group

220-165

>C=O

Family Ketones Aldehydes α,β-Unsaturated carbonyls Carboxylic acids Amides Esters

140-120

>C=C
25, relativistic corrections15 must be applied.

References 1. J. R. Fuhr and W. L. Wiese, A Critical Compilation of Atomic Transition Probabilities for Neutral and Singly-Ionized Iron, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, to be published, 2005. 2. J. Z. Klose, J. R. Fuhr, and W. L. Wiese, Critically Evaluated Atomic Transition Probabilities for Ba I and Ba II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 31, 217 (2002). 3. W. L. Wiese, J. R. Fuhr and T. M. Deters, Atomic Transition Probabilities for Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 7, 1996. 4. G. A. Martin, J. R. Fuhr, and W. L. Wiese, Atomic Transition Probabilities — Scandium through Manganese, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 3, 1988. 5. J. R. Fuhr, G. A. Martin, and W. L. Wiese, Atomic Transition Probabilities — Iron through Nickel, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 4, 1988. 6. W. L. Wiese, M. W. Smith, and B. M. Glennon, Atomic Transition Probabilities (H through Ne — A Critical Data Compilation), National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 4, Vol. I, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1966. 7. W. L. Wiese, M. W. Smith, and B. M. Miles, Atomic Transition Probabilities (Na through Ca — A Critical Data Compilation), National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 22, Vol. II, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1969. 8. W. L. Wiese and A. W. Weiss, Phys. Rev., 175, 50, 1968. 9. M. W. Smith and W. L Wiese, Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser., 23, No. 196, 103, 1971. 10. G. A. Martin and W. L. Wiese, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 5, 537, 1976. 11. J. R. Fuhr, H. R. Felrice, K. Olsen, J. Hwang, and S. Kotochigova, Atomic Transition Probability Bibliographic Database, . 12. W. L. Wiese, Reports on Astronomy, Trans. Int. Astron. Union, 18A, 116-123, 1982; 19A, 122-138, 1985; 20A, 117-123, 1988; 21A, 111-

10-93

Section 10.indb 93

5/4/05 8:07:04 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-94 116, 1991; 22A, 109-114, 1994; 23A, 13-17, 1997; 24A, 2-9, 1999; 25A, 383-391, 2003, D. Reidel, Kluwer, Dordrecht, Holland. 13. C. E. Moore, Bibliography on the Analyses of Optical Atomic Spectra, National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 306 — Section 1, 1968; Sections 2-4, 1969. 14. L. Hagan and W. C. Martin, Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1968 through June 1971), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, 1972; L. Hagan, Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1971 through June 1975),

λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

Hydrogen HI 912.768 912.839 912.918 913.006 913.104 913.215 913.339 913.480 913.641 913.826 914.039 914.286 914.576 914.919 915.329 915.824 916.429 917.181 918.129 919.351 920.963 923.150 926.226 930.748 937.803 949.743 972.537 1025.72 1215.67 3662.26 3663.40 3664.68 3666.10 3667.68 3669.46 3671.48 3673.76 3676.36 3679.35 3682.81 3686.83 3691.55 3697.15 3703.85 3711.97

Section 10.indb 94

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

1800 1682 1568 1458 1352 1250 1152 1058 968 882 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 32 18 8 1800 1682 1568 1458 1352 1250 1152 1058 968 882 800 722 648 578 512 450

5.167E-06 6.122E-06 7.297E-06 8.753E-06 1.057E-05 1.286E-05 1.578E-05 1.952E-05 2.438E-05 3.077E-05 3.928E-05 5.077E-05 6.654E-05 8.858E-05 1.200E-04 1.657E-04 2.341E-04 3.393E-04 5.066E-04 7.834E-04 1.263E-03 2.143E-03 3.869E-03 7.568E-03 1.644E-02 4.125E-02 1.278E-01 5.575E-01 4.699E+00 2.847E-06 3.374E-06 4.022E-06 4.826E-06 5.830E-06 7.096E-06 8.707E-06 1.078E-05 1.347E-05 1.700E-05 2.172E-05 2.809E-05 3.685E-05 4.910E-05 6.658E-05 9.210E-05

Å 3721.94 3734.37 3750.15 3770.63 3797.90 3835.38 3889.05 3970.07 4101.73 4340.46 4861.32 6562.80 8392.40 8413.32 8437.96 8467.26 8502.49 8545.39 8598.40 8665.02 8750.48 8862.79 9014.91 9229.02 9545.97 10049.4 10938.1 12818.1 16407.2 16806.5 17362.1 18174.1 18751.0 19445.6 21655.3 26251.5 27575 28722 30384 32961 37395 40511.5 43753 46525 46712 51273 59066 74578

gi

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 18 32 32 32 50 50 50 50 50 32 72 50 72 72 72 50

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 1, 1977; R. Zalubas and A. Albright, Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1975 through June 1979), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 2, 1980; A. Musgrove and R. Zalubas, Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1979 through December 1983), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 3, 1985. 15. S. M. Younger and A. Weiss, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 79A, 629, 1975.

Weights

A

gk

10 s

392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 32 18 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 288 242 200 162 32 128 98 72 288 242 200 162 128 50 288 98 242 200 162 72

8

Weights

λ –1

1.303E-04 1.893E-04 2.834E-04 4.397E-04 7.122E-04 1.216E-03 2.215E-03 4.389E-03 9.732E-03 2.530E-02 8.419E-02 4.410E-01 1.517E-05 1.964E-05 2.580E-05 3.444E-05 4.680E-05 6.490E-05 9.211E-05 1.343E-04 2.021E-04 3.156E-04 5.156E-04 8.905E-04 1.651E-03 3.358E-03 7.783E-03 2.201E-02 1.620E-04 2.556E-04 4.235E-04 7.459E-04 8.986E-02 1.424E-03 3.041E-03 7.711E-03 1.402E-04 2.246E-04 3.800E-04 6.908E-04 1.388E-03 2.699E-02 1.288E-04 3.253E-03 2.110E-04 3.688E-04 7.065E-04 1.025E-02

Å 75004 123680

gi

gk

A 108 s–1

72 72

128 98

1.561E-03 4.561E-03

Al I 2263.5 2269.1 2269.2 2367.1 2373.1 2373.4 2568.0 2575.1 2575.4 2652.5 2660.4 3082.2 3092.7 3092.8 3944.0 3961.5 6696.0 6698.7 7835.3 7836.1

2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 6

4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 2 6 8

6.6E-01 7.9E-01 1.3E-01 7.2E-01 8.6E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 2.8E-01 4.4E-02 1.33E-01 2.64E-01 6.3E-01 7.4E-01 1.2E-01 4.93E-01 9.8E-01 1.69E-02 1.69E-02 5.7E-02 6.2E-02

Al II 1047.9 1048.6 1539.8 1670.8 1719.4 1764.0 1772.8 1777.0 *1819.0 1855.9 1858.0 1862.3 1931.0 1990.5 2816.2 4663.1 6226.2 6231.8 6243.4 6335.7 6823.4 6837.1

1 3 3 1 1 5 1 5 15 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 5 3 5

3 5 5 3 3 5 3 7 15 3 3 3 1 5 1 3 3 5 7 3 3 3

3.6E-01 4.8E-01 8.8E+00 1.46E+01 6.79E+00 9.8E+00 9.5E+00 1.7E+01 5.6E+00 8.32E-01 2.48E+00 4.12E+00 1.08E+01 1.47E+01 3.83E+00 5.3E-01 6.2E-01 8.4E-01 1.1E+00 1.4E-01 3.4E-01 5.7E-01

Aluminum

5/4/05 8:07:07 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

A

gk

10 s

1 5 3 7

8

λ –1

6920.3 7042.1 7056.7 7471.4 Al III *560.36 695.83 696.22 *1352.8 1379.7 1384.1 1605.8 1611.8 1611.9 1854.7 1862.8 *1935.9 3601.6 3601.9 3612.4

2 2 2 10 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 10 6 4 4

6 4 2 14 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 14 4 4 2

4.0E-01 7.4E-01 7.2E-01 4.40E+00 4.59E+00 9.1E+00 1.22E+01 2.42E+00 1.45E+01 5.40E+00 5.33E+00 1.22E+01 1.34E+00 1.49E-01 1.5E+00

A1 X 39.925 51.979 55.227 55.272 55.376 59.107 332.78 394.83 395.36 397.76 400.43 401.12 403.55 406.31 670.06 2535

1 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 1

3 3 3 5 7 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 3

2.22E+03 4.8E+03 5.2E+03 7.2E+03 9.5E+03 4.6E+03 5.6E+01 8.3E+01 1.2E+01 1.7E+01 1.3E+01 3.6E+01 4.9E+01 1.9E+01 9.8E+00 3.8E-01

Al XI *36.675 39.091 39.180 39.530 39.623 48.298 48.338 52.299 52.446 52.458 54.217 54.388 *99.083 103.6 103.8 *141.6 150.31 150.61 157.0 157.4 *205.0

2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2

6 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 6

1.5E+03 2.6E+03 3.1E+03 1.8E+02 3.7E+02 3.09E+03 3.08E+03 8.1E+03 9.6E+03 1.6E+03 4.8E+02 9.6E+02 2.2E+02 4.2E+02 5.0E+02 4.07E+02 8.5E+02 9.9E+02 1.3E+02 2.6E+02 6.3E+01

Section 10.indb 95

3 3 3 5

gi

Weights

10-95

9.6E-01 5.9E-01 5.8E-01 9.4E-01

Å *308.6 *341.3 550.05 568.12 1997 2069 *4761 5172 5551 5687

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

6 2 4 2 4 2 6 4 6 4

8

9.9E+01 1.3E+02 8.55E+00 7.73E+00 1.07E+00 9.7E-01 2.55E-01 3.95E-02 3.85E-02 6.0E-03

Argon Ar I 1048.22 1066.66 3406.18 3461.08 3554.30 3563.29 3567.66 3572.30 3606.52 3632.68 3634.46 3643.12 3649.83 3659.53 3670.67 3675.23 3770.37 3834.68 3894.66 3947.50 3948.98 4044.42 4045.96 4054.53 4158.59 4164.18 4181.88 4190.71 4191.03 4198.32 4200.67 4251.18 4259.36 4266.29 4272.17 4300.10 4333.56 4335.34 4345.17 4363.79 4424.00 4510.73 4522.32 4544.75 4554.32 4584.96 4586.61

1 1 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 1 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3

3 3 1 5 5 3 7 1 1 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3

Weights

λ –1

5.36E+00 1.29E+00 3.9E-03 6.7E-04 2.7E-03 1.2E-03 1.1E-03 5.1E-03 7.6E-03 6.6E-04 1.3E-03 2.4E-04 8.0E-03 4.4E-04 3.1E-04 4.9E-04 7.0E-04 7.5E-03 5.7E-04 5.6E-04 4.55E-03 3.33E-03 4.1E-04 2.7E-04 1.40E-02 2.88E-03 5.61E-03 2.80E-03 5.39E-03 2.57E-02 9.67E-03 1.11E-03 3.98E-02 3.12E-03 7.97E-03 3.77E-03 5.68E-03 3.87E-03 2.97E-03 1.2E-04 7.3E-05 1.18E-02 8.98E-04 8.3E-04 3.8E-04 1.6E-03 2.3E-03

Å 4587.21 4589.29 4596.10 4628.44 4642.15 4647.49 4702.32 4746.82 4752.94 4768.68 4798.74 4835.97 4836.70 4876.26 4886.29 4887.95 4894.69 4921.04 4937.72 4956.75 4989.95 5032.03 5048.81 5054.18 5056.53 5060.08 5070.99 5073.08 5078.03 5087.09 5104.74 5118.21 5127.80 5151.39 5152.30 5162.29 5177.54 5192.72 5194.02 5210.49 5214.77 5216.28 5221.27 5241.09 5246.24 5249.20 5252.79 5254.47 5286.07 5290.00 5309.52 5317.73 5373.50 5393.27 5410.48 5421.35 5439.99 5442.24 5451.65 5457.42

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 7 3 3 7 3 3 5 7 7 5 7 3 3 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 7 7 3 7 5 5 7 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 7 3 7 3 5

gi

1 5 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 9 9 5 5 9 3 1 7 5 9 7 5 5 3 1 9 3 5 7 7 5 7 5 1 5 3 5 7 1 7 3 3 9 5 7 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 7 5 3 7 5 3

gk

A 108 s–1 4.9E-03 6.2E-05 9.47E-04 3.83E-04 9.6E-04 1.2E-03 1.09E-03 3.6E-03 4.5E-03 8.6E-03 8.8E-04 9.3E-04 1.02E-03 7.8E-03 1.2E-03 1.3E-02 1.8E-02 5.9E-04 3.6E-04 1.8E-03 1.1E-03 8.2E-04 4.6E-03 4.5E-03 5.7E-03 3.7E-03 2.6E-03 5.9E-04 4.7E-04 1.6E-03 8.7E-04 2.7E-03 3.3E-04 2.39E-02 1.1E-03 1.90E-02 2.4E-03 1.2E-04 7.8E-03 1.1E-03 2.1E-03 1.3E-03 8.8E-03 1.3E-03 1.2E-03 7.9E-04 5.4E-03 3.6E-03 9.6E-04 9.0E-04 1.2E-03 2.6E-03 2.7E-03 9.6E-04 2.0E-03 6.0E-03 1.9E-03 9.3E-04 4.7E-03 3.6E-03

5/4/05 8:07:09 AM


10-96 λ Å 5459.65 5467.16 5473.46 5490.12 5492.09 5495.87 5506.11 5524.96 5528.97 5534.49 5540.87 5552.77 5558.70 5559.66 5572.54 5574.22 5581.87 5588.72 5597.48 5606.73 5618.01 5620.92 5623.78 5635.58 5637.33 5639.12 5641.39 5648.69 5650.70 5659.13 5681.90 5683.73 5700.87 5712.51 5739.52 5772.11 5773.99 5783.54 5789.48 5790.40 5802.08 5843.77 5882.62 5888.58 5916.58 5927.11 5928.81 5940.86 5942.67 5943.89 5949.26 5964.48 5968.32 5971.60 5981.90 5987.30 5988.13 5994.66 5999.00 6005.73

Section 10.indb 96

7 5 5 5 3 7 5 7 1 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 7 5 7 5 1 5 7 3 1 3 3 5 7 3 3 5 5

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 5 3 5 1 9 7 7 3 3 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 7 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 1 7 7 5 5 5 3

8

λ –1

3.8E-04 7.6E-04 2.0E-03 8.5E-04 5.6E-03 1.69E-02 3.6E-03 1.7E-03 1.2E-03 2.7E-03 4.1E-04 7.9E-04 1.42E-02 2.2E-03 6.6E-03 4.6E-04 5.6E-04 1.5E-03 4.2E-03 2.20E-02 2.1E-03 3.6E-03 1.4E-03 9.6E-04 9.1E-04 2.1E-03 8.7E-04 1.2E-03 3.20E-02 2.6E-03 2.0E-03 2.0E-03 5.9E-03 8.7E-04 8.7E-03 2.0E-03 1.1E-03 8.1E-04 4.6E-04 3.4E-04 4.2E-03 3.3E-04 1.23E-02 1.29E-02 5.9E-04 3.7E-04 1.1E-02 1.2E-03 1.8E-03 3.6E-04 1.5E-03 7.7E-04 1.8E-03 1.1E-02 1.2E-04 1.2E-03 6.1E-04 2.6E-04 1.4E-03 1.4E-03

Å 6013.68 6025.15 6043.22 6052.73 6064.76 6081.25 6085.86 6090.79 6098.81 6101.16 6104.58 6105.64 6113.46 6119.66 6121.86 6127.42 6128.73 6145.44 6155.24 6165.12 6170.17 6173.10 6179.41 6212.50 6215.94 6230.93 6243.40 6244.73 6248.41 6278.65 6296.87 6307.66 6309.14 6364.89 6369.58 6384.72 6416.31 6431.56 6466.55 6481.14 6513.85 6538.11 6596.12 6598.68 6604.02 6604.85 6632.09 6656.88 6660.68 6664.05 6677.28 6684.73 6698.47 6698.88 6719.22 6722.88 6752.84 6754.37 6756.10 6766.61

7 5 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 1 1 3 7 7 5 7 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 5 5

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 3 7 5 7 3 3 3 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 5 7 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 7 3 3 1 5 1 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 5 3

8

Weights

λ –1


Å 6779.93 6818.29 6827.25 6851.88 6871.29 6879.59 6887.10 6888.17 6925.01 6937.67 6951.46 6960.23 6965.43 6992.17 7030.25 7067.22 7068.73 7086.70 7107.48 7125.83 7147.04 7158.83 7162.57 7206.98 7229.93 7265.17 7270.66 7272.93 7285.44 7311.72 7316.01 7350.78 7353.32 7372.12 7383.98 7392.97 7412.33 7422.26 7425.29 7435.33 7436.25 7471.17 7484.24 7503.84 7510.42 7514.65 7618.33 7628.86 7635.11 7670.04 7704.81 7723.76 7724.21 7798.55 7868.20 7891.08 7916.45 7948.18 8006.16 8014.79

1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 3 5 3 1 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 1 5 3 1 3 5

gi

3 1 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 3 1 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 5 1 5 1 5 5 5 3 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 5

gk


5/4/05 8:07:11 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 8037.23 8046.13 8053.31 8066.60 8103.69 8115.31 8264.52 8384.73 8408.21 8424.65 8490.30 8521.44 8605.78 8620.46 8667.94 8761.69 8784.61 8799.08 8962.19 9075.42 9122.97 9194.64 9224.50 9291.53 9354.22 9657.78 9784.50 10470.05 10478.0 10950.7 11078.9 11393.7 11441.8 11467.5 11488.11 11668.7 11719.5 12026.6 12112.2 12139.8 12343.7 12402.9 12439.2 12456.1 12487.6 12554.4 12702.4 12733.6 12746.3 12802.7 12933.3 12956.6 13008.5 13214.7 13273.1 13313.4 13504.0 13599.2 13622.4 13678.5

Section 10.indb 97

1 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 1 7 3 5 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 1 3 5 3 7 3 7 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 5 7 5 5 5

8

10-97 λ

–1


Å 14093.6 14739.1 15046.4 15172.3 15329.6 15555.5 15734.9 15816.8 15989.3 16122.7 16180.0 16264.1 16520.1 16739.8 16940.4 20317.0 20616.5 20812.0 21332.2 21534.9 22039.2 22077.4 23133.4 23844.8 23967.5

1 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 9 3

Ar II 2317.7 2891.6 2942.9 2979.1 3033.5 3139.0 3169.7 3181.0 3212.5 3221.6 3226.0 3243.7 3249.8 3263.6 3281.7 3430.4 3454.1 3466.3 3476.7 3491.2 3491.5 3509.8 3514.4 3520.0 3521.3 3535.3 3548.5 3550.0 3556.9 3559.5 3565.0 3576.6 3581.6

6 4 4 2 2 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 6 6 8 6 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 2 6 2 6 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 5 1 3 3 7 1 4 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 8 4 6 6 4 8 2 6 6 8 4 4 6 2 8 4 8 4

8

Weights

λ –1

4.3E-02 8.8E-04 5.2E-02 1.3E-02 1.2E-03 9.8E-05 2.9E-04 8.7E-04 1.9E-02 3.9E-04 1.2E-03 3.0E-04 2.6E-03 3.1E-03 2.5E-02 1.6E-03 3.9E-03 7.6E-04 3.2E-04 1.1E-03 1.2E-03 1.4E-03 1.7E-03 1.1E-02 3.6E-03 1.4E-01 1.82E-01 5.3E-01 4.16E-01 9.9E-02 5.2E-01 4.9E-01 3.7E-01 5.2E-02 1.8E-02 2.1E-02 1.06E+00 6.3E-01 1.55E-01 4.2E-01 6.2E-02 3.14E-01 3.0E-02 1.25E+00 1.79E+00 2.31E+00 2.55E+00 1.36E+00 5.2E-01 2.27E-01 5.7E-01 8.7E-01 2.6E-02 5.0E-02 2.88E+00 5.5E-01 2.75E+00 1.76E+00

Å 3582.4 3588.4 3605.9 3656.0 3682.5 3709.9 3717.2 3729.3 3746.9 3763.5 3766.1 3777.5 3780.8 3786.4 3799.4 3808.6 3826.8 3841.5 3844.7 3845.4 3850.6 3868.5 3872.1 3875.3 3880.3 3891.4 3892.0 3900.6 3911.6 3914.8 3928.6 3931.2 3932.5 3944.3 3952.7 3958.4 3968.4 3979.4 3988.2 3992.1 4013.9 4031.4 4035.5 4038.8 4042.9 4045.7 4052.9 4065.1 4072.0 4079.6 4082.4 4112.8 4128.6 4131.7 4178.4 4202.0 4228.2 4237.2 4266.5 4277.5

4 8 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 8 4 2 8 8 6 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 4 2 2 4 8 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6 6 4 8 4 6 2 4 4 6 6

gi

6 10 6 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 4 2 8 6 4 6 6 2 8 4 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 6 6 8 2 6 8 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 4 6 4

gk

A 108 s–1 2.53E+00 3.03E+00 4.4E-02 7.6E-02 1.7E-02 4.7E-02 5.2E-02 4.80E-01 2.1E-02 1.78E-01 7.4E-02 1.1E-02 7.7E-01 1.5E-02 1.7E-01 1.0E-02 2.81E-01 2.69E-01 4.8E-02 1.6E-02 3.87E-01 1.4E+00 1.5E-01 8.2E-02 2.32E-01 4.3E-02 6.3E-02 7.2E-02 7.7E-02 3.7E-02 2.44E-01 2.0E-02 9.3E-01 4.1E-02 2.08E-01 3.8E-02 4.8E-02 9.8E-01 4.1E-02 1.6E-02 1.05E-01 7.5E-02 4.4E-02 1.2E-02 4.06E-01 1.6E-02 6.7E-01 1.1E-02 5.8E-01 1.19E-01 2.9E-02 1.1E-02 1.4E-02 8.5E-01 1.2E-02 2.1E-02 1.31E-01 1.12E-01 1.64E-01 8.0E-01

5/4/05 8:07:13 AM


10-98 λ Å 4282.9 4300.6 4331.2 4332.0 4348.1 4352.2 4362.1 4370.8 4371.3 4376.0 4379.7 4383.8 4400.1 4401.0 4412.9 4420.9 4426.0 4430.2 4431.0 4460.6 4474.8 4481.8 4491.0 4530.5 4545.1 4579.4 4589.9 4598.8 4609.6 4637.2 4657.9 4726.9 4732.1 4735.9 4764.9 4806.0 4847.8 4879.9 4889.0 4904.8 4933.2 4965.1 4972.2 5009.3 5017.2 5017.6 5062.0 5141.8 5145.3 5176.2 6103.5 6114.9 6138.7 6172.3 6243.1 6483.1 6638.2 6639.7 6643.7 6666.4

Section 10.indb 98

gi

4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 8 6 2 4 2 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 2 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 2 10 6 8 8 4 6 4 10 2

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 6 4 2 8 2 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 2 6 4 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 2 4 4 4 4 6 2 6 2 8 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 8 6 6 2 8 4 6 6 2 4 2 8 2

8

λ –1

1.32E-01 5.7E-02 5.74E-01 1.92E-01 1.17E+00 2.12E-01 5.5E-02 6.6E-01 2.21E-01 2.05E-01 1.00E+00 1.1E-02 1.60E-01 3.04E-01 6.1E-02 3.1E-02 8.17E-01 5.69E-01 1.09E-01 1.5E-02 2.90E-01 4.55E-01 4.6E-02 2.1E-02 4.71E-01 8.0E-01 6.64E-01 6.7E-02 7.89E-01 7.1E-02 8.92E-01 5.88E-01 6.7E-02 5.80E-01 6.4E-01 7.80E-01 8.49E-01 8.23E-01 1.9E-01 3.7E-02 1.44E-01 3.94E-01 9.7E-02 1.51E-01 2.07E-01 1.1E-02 2.23E-01 8.1E-02 1.06E-01 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 2.00E-01 1.2E-02 2.00E-01 3.0E-02 1.06E-01 1.37E-01 1.69E-01 1.47E-01 8.8E-02

Å 6684.3 6756.6 6863.5 7233.5 7380.4 7589.3

8 4 6 2 4 6

Ar III 769.15 871.10 875.53 878.73 879.62 883.18 887.40 3024.1 3027.2 3054.8 3064.8 3078.2 3285.9 3301.9 3311.3 3336.1 3344.7 3352.1 3358.5 3361.3 3472.6 3480.6 3499.7 3500.6 3502.7 3503.6 3511.7

5 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 5 7 3 3 5 5 7

Ar IV 840.03 843.77 850.60 Ar VI 292.15 294.05

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

6 4 6 4 4 4 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 7 5 3 9 7 7 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 5

8

Weights

λ –1

1.07E-01 2.0E-02 2.5E-02 3.7E-02 5.6E-02 1.07E-01 6.0E+00 1.59E+00 3.74E+00 2.79E+00 9.2E-01 1.22E+00 9.0E-01 2.6E+00 6.4E-01 1.9E+00 1.0E+00 1.4E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 1.8E+00 2.2E-01 1.6E+00 3.0E-01 2.0E-01 1.6E+00 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 4.3E-01 1.2E+00 2.6E-01

4 4 4

2 4 6

2.73E+00 2.70E+00 2.63E+00

2 4

2 2

6.9E+01 1.36E+02

Ar VII *250.41 *477.54 585.75 *637.30

9 9 1 9

3 15 3 9

2.78E+02 9.92E+01 7.83E+01 6.7E+01

Ar VIII 158.92 159.18 229.44 230.88 337.09 337.26 338.22 519.43 526.46 526.87 700.24

2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2

4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4

1.1E+02 1.11E+02 1.12E+02 2.21E+02 1.2E+01 1.0E+02 1.1E+02 6.3E+01 7.2E+01 1.2E+01 2.55E+01

Å 713.81 Ar IX 48.739

2

gi

2

gk

A 108 s–1 2.4E+01

1

3

1.69E+03

Ar XIII 162.96 *163.08 184.90 186.38 *207.89 *245.10

5 9 5 1 9 9

3 3 5 3 9 15

3.4E+02 5.3E+02 1.66E+02 8.8E+01 9.5E+01 3.7E+01

Ar XIV 180.29 183.41 187.95 191.35 194.39 203.35

2 2 4 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 2 2

4.5E+01 1.69E+02 1.97E+02 7.5E+01 4.6E+01 7.8E+01

Ar XV 25.05 221.10 *265.3

1 1 9

3 3 9

1.7E+04 9.55E+01 8.1E+01

Ar XVI *23.52 *24.96 353.88 389.11 1268 1401 2975 3514

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4

6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6

1.43E+04 4.4E+04 1.5E+01 1.1E+01 1.9E+00 1.4E+00 9.0E-02 6.5E-02

4 4 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 4

6 4 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2

2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.8E+00 3.5E-01 3.1E+00 6.0E-01 4.2E-01 7.2E-02 1.2E-01 2.6E-01 7.8E-01 5.5E-01 9.9E-02

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2.62E-04 2.44E-04 2.55E-04 2.57E-04 2.50E-04 2.91E-04 3.15E-04 3.41E-04

Arsenic As I 1890.4 1937.6 1972.6 2288.1 2344.0 2349.8 2369.7 2370.8 2456.5 2492.9 2745.0 2780.2 2860.4 2898.7 Barium Ba I 2380.66 2380.75 2380.86 2380.97 2381.08 2381.21 2381.34 2381.48

5/4/05 8:07:16 AM


Section 10.indb 99

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

8

10-99 λ

–1


Å 4189.44 4190.76 4192.20 4193.81 4195.59 4323.00 4402.54 4488.98 4493.64 4573.85 4579.64 4599.72 4619.92 4700.42 4726.43 4801.30 4902.85 5169.53 5519.04 5535.48 5777.62 5784.04 5800.23 5826.27 5971.70 5997.09 6019.47 6063.11 6083.39 6129.23 6309.36 6341.68 6450.85 6498.76 6527.31 6527.40 6595.33 6675.27 6693.84 6986.80 7059.94 7120.33 7195.23 7213.60 7280.30 7392.41 7417.54 7488.08 7528.18 7610.48 7644.90 7672.09 7780.48 7877.80 7905.75 8147.70 8560.00 8654.08 9370.12 9645.60

gi

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 9 5 5 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 15 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 5 3 7 7 5 5 9 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 7

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 5 1 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 1 1 3 7 5 7 5 15 3 3 5 3 9 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 5 7 5 5

8

Weights

λ –1

1.13E-03 1.28E-03 1.36E-03 1.58E-03 1.78E-03 8.80E-02 2.70E-01 2.80E-01 1.95E-01 1.21E+00 7.00E-01 4.07E-01 2.70E-02 6.10E-02 3.30E-01 1.39E-01 5.40E-02 9.00E-04 5.70E-01 1.19E+00 8.00E-01 2.10E-01 2.39E-01 4.50E-01 1.62E-01 2.80E-01 8.10E-01 5.60E-01 1.10E-01 6.00E-02 2.00E-04 1.16E-01 1.10E-01 5.40E-01 3.30E-01 6.15E-01 3.80E-01 1.89E-01 1.46E-01 5.20E-03 5.00E-01 1.10E-01 5.60E-02 6.50E-04 3.20E-01 1.81E-01 7.70E-03 7.30E-02 2.70E-02 1.10E-02 5.03E-01 1.52E-01 7.60E-02 1.60E-02 2.65E-01 6.30E-02 2.00E-01 3.10E-03 7.60E-02 1.10E-01

Å 9704.31 9821.48 10370.30 10540.10 10649.10 11075.70 11303.00 11373.70 12342.30 14723.10 14999.90 17186.90 18202.80 21567.70 30685.30

3 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5

Ba II 1622.43 1630.36 1761.74 1771.10 1786.95 1892.49 1954.28 1955.05 1985.75 1999.55 2009.28 2024.06 2052.75 2054.09 2079.98 2153.93 2200.89 2214.76 2232.79 2235.38 2245.69 2254.78 2285.99 2528.41 2634.78 2641.37 2647.26 2771.35 3390.18 3412.44 3413.95 3552.45 3576.28 3578.57 3891.78 4130.65 4166.00 4216.07 4267.92 4309.26 4325.75 4329.56 4524.93

2 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 6 2 4 4 2 6 8 4 4 2

gi

1 1 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 8 6 6 8 6 4 6 4 4 8 10 6 4 2

gk

A 108 s–1 1.60E-01 5.50E-02 1.30E-02 1.80E-02 2.70E-02 3.10E-05 1.10E-03 1.30E-01 9.00E-04 8.60E-03 2.50E-03 2.70E-02 1.20E-02 2.60E-03 6.50E-03 2.46E-02 2.42E-02 1.00E-02 1.00E-01 9.00E-02 1.30E-01 1.40E-01 2.40E-02 2.00E-01 7.12E-02 6.51E-02 6.86E-02 2.20E-01 3.70E-02 1.17E-01 3.43E-01 1.13E-01 1.60E-02 3.69E-01 6.13E-02 1.60E-01 1.40E-01 2.03E-01 6.91E-01 7.33E-01 1.21E-01 2.26E-01 3.95E-01 4.54E-03 4.77E-03 3.18E-04 3.87E-03 4.07E-03 2.71E-04 2.17E+00 2.18E+00 3.54E-01 5.09E-02 3.10E-01 3.10E-01 5.65E-02 9.39E-03 6.63E-01

5/4/05 8:07:18 AM


10-100 λ Å 4554.03 4708.90 4843.48 4847.19 4850.92 4899.93 4934.08 4957.09 4997.79 5012.95 5185.06 5267.01 5361.35 5391.59 5413.57 5421.06 5428.84 5480.25 5784.15 5853.67 5981.26 5999.91 6135.60 6141.71 6378.92 6496.90 6769.48 6874.08 6995.14 7115.03 8496.80 8591.43 8661.90 8703.69 8710.77 8719.12 8737.75 8760.61 8897.46 9603.12 10115.00 10212.80 10709.80 10768.00 10769.70 10993.40 11088.50 11127.50 11519.50 11577.10 11931.90 12475.00 13057.80 14211.50 17738.90 18530.70 18729.70 19642.60 19845.10 22994.70

Section 10.indb 100

2 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 2 4 6 6 6 6 8 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 8 6 8 2 6 6 4 6 4 4 8 6 2 4 4 6 2 6 8 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 6 8 2 4 4 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 6 2 4 2 2 8 2 10 4 2 6 8 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 2 8 10 8 10 4 6 4 6 8 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 8 10 4 6 4 2

8

λ –1

1.11E+00 8.47E-02 9.34E-02 3.49E-02 1.55E-02 1.04E+00 9.53E-01 5.13E-01 6.37E-02 5.15E-01 1.10E-02 1.00E-02 4.01E-02 4.22E-02 9.21E-05 2.77E-03 1.92E-03 1.78E-03 1.59E-01 6.00E-02 1.73E-01 2.86E-02 6.64E-02 4.12E-01 1.18E-01 3.10E-01 9.35E-01 9.26E-01 8.90E-03 8.80E-03 3.31E-02 6.19E-04 1.27E-02 3.69E-02 7.88E-01 6.12E-03 7.29E-01 1.17E-02 4.93E-02 4.16E-01 4.27E-01 6.92E-02 9.90E-05 5.56E-02 2.04E-03 1.83E-03 6.11E-02 1.01E-02 2.47E-02 1.75E-01 4.44E-02 2.80E-01 2.14E-01 1.66E-01 2.16E-01 1.96E-01 1.23E-01 1.28E-01 2.07E-02 6.18E-02

Å 24612.50 24699.00 25923.20 27687.20 29058.90 30196.00 42934.70 43294.30 47520.80

4 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 6

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 2 4 4 2 2 8 6 6

8

4.75E-03 9.98E-02 3.66E-02 6.10E-02 2.89E-02 4.70E-02 4.82E-03 4.39E-03 2.37E-04

Beryllium Be I 1491.8 1661.5 2348.6 *2494.7 *2650.6 4572.7 Be II 1197.1 1197.2 1512.3 1512.4 1776.1 1776.3 *2453.8 3046.5 3046.7 3130.4 3131.1 3241.6 3241.8 3274.6 3274.7 4360.7 4361.0 *5255.9 5270.3 5270.8 6279.4 6279.7 6756.7 6757.1 7401.2 7401.4

1 1 1 9 9 3

3 3 3 15 9 5

1.3E-02 2.0E-01 5.55E+00 1.6E+00 4.24E+00 7.9E-01

2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2

2 2 4 6 2 2 6 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 6 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2

4.7E-01 9.4E-01 9.2E+00 1.1E+01 1.4E+00 2.9E+00 1.42E-01 4.8E-01 5.9E-01 1.14E+00 1.15E+00 1.41E-01 2.8E-01 1.9E-01 1.9E-01 9.2E-01 1.1E+00 2.56E-02 3.30E-01 6.6E-01 1.2E-01 1.43E-01 5.1E-02 1.02E-01 3.0E-02 3.0E-02

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

6 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 2

1.2E+00 6.0E-02 9.9E-01 9.1E-01 2.6E-02 8.9E-01 2.6E+00 2.5E-01 4.3E-02 4.7E-01 6.4E-02 3.09E-01

Bismuth Bi I 1954.5 2021.2 2061.7 2110.3 2177.3 2228.3 2230.6 2276.6 2515.7 2627.9 2696.8 2780.5

Weights

λ –1

Å 2798.7 2898.0 2938.3 2989.0 2993.3 3024.6 3067.7 3076.7 3397.2 3402.9 3510.9 3596.1 3888.2 4121.5 4308.5 4493.0 4722.5 6134.8

6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 4 4

gi

6 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1 3.6E-02 1.53E+00 1.23E+00 5.5E-01 1.6E-01 8.8E-01 2.07E+00 3.5E-02 1.81E-01 1.6E-02 6.8E-02 1.98E-01 6.9E-02 1.64E-01 1.6E-02 1.5E-02 1.17E-01 1.8E-02

Boron BI 1378.6 1378.9 1378.9 1379.2 1465.5 1465.7 1465.8 1825.9 1826.4 2088.9 2089.6 2496.8 2497.7

2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 2

3.50E+00 1.40E+01 1.75E+01 7.0E+00 3.34E+00 6.7E+00 1.00E+01 1.76E+00 2.11E+00 2.8E-01 3.3E-01 8.64E-01 1.73E+00

4 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 6 2 2

4 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 8 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2

1.2E+00 1.4E+00 2.0E-01 2.1E-02 8.1E-02 7.5E-03 4.2E-03 7.5E-03 9.3E-03 1.3E-02 2.8E-03 7.2E-03 1.6E-02 5.4E-03 2.6E-03 3.1E-03 7.6E-03 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 5.3E-02 1.9E-01 3.8E-02 2.2E-01

Bromine Br I 1488.5 1540.7 1574.8 1576.4 1633.4 4365.1 4425.1 4441.7 4472.6 4477.7 4513.4 4525.6 4575.7 4614.6 4979.8 5245.1 5345.4 7348.5 7513.0 7803.0 7938.7 8131.5 8343.7

5/4/05 8:07:20 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 8446.6 8638.7 Br II 4704.9 4785.5 4816.7

4 6

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4

8

λ –1

1.2E-01 9.7E-02

5 5 5

7 5 3

1.1E+00 9.4E-01 1.1E+00

Cd I 2288.0 2836.9 2880.8 2881.2 2980.6 2981.4 3261.1 3403.7 3466.2 3467.7 3610.5 3612.9 4140.5 4662.4 4678.1 4799.9 5085.8 6438.5

1 1 3 3 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 3

3 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5

5.3E+00 2.8E-01 4.2E-01 2.4E-01 5.9E-01 1.5E-01 4.06E-03 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 6.7E-01 1.3E+00 3.5E-01 4.7E-02 5.5E-02 1.3E-01 4.1E-01 5.6E-01 5.9E-01

Cd II 2144.4 2265.0 2572.9 2748.5 4415.6

2 2 2 4 4

4 2 2 2 6

2.8E+00 3.0E+00 1.7E+00 2.8E+00 1.4E-02

Cadmium

Calcium Ca I 2275.5 2995.0 2997.3 2999.6 3000.9 3006.9 3009.2 3344.5 3350.2 3361.9 3624.1 3630.8 3631.0 3644.4 3644.8 3870.5 3957.1 3973.7 4092.6 4094.9 4098.5 4108.5 4226.7 4283.0

Section 10.indb 101

1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 1 3

3 3 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 5 7 9 7 3 5

10-101

3.01E-01 3.67E-01 2.41E-01 2.79E-01 1.58E+00 7.5E-01 4.30E-01 1.51E-01 1.78E-01 2.23E-01 2.12E-01 2.97E-01 1.53E-01 3.55E-01 9.4E-02 7.2E-02 9.8E-02 1.75E-01 1.1E-01 1.2E-01 1.3E-01 9.0E-01 2.18E+00 4.34E-01

Å 4289.4 4299.0 4302.5 4307.7 4318.7 4355.1 4425.4 4435.0 4435.7 4454.8 4455.9 4526.9 4578.6 4581.4 4585.9 4685.3 4878.1 5041.6 5188.9 5261.7 5262.2 5264.2 5265.6 5270.3 5582.0 5588.8 5590.1 5594.5 5598.5 5601.3 5602.9 5857.5 6102.7 6122.2 6161.3 6162.2 6163.8 6166.4 6169.1 6169.6 6439.1 6449.8 6462.6 6471.7 6493.8 6499.7

1 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 7 3 5

Ca II 1341.9 1342.5 1649.9 1652.0 1673.9 1680.1 1680.1 1807.3 1814.5 1814.7 1843.1 1850.7

2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 5 1 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 3 1 5 3 5 7 7 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 9 5 7 7 5 5 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 2

8

Weights

λ –1

6.0E-01 4.66E-01 1.36E+00 1.99E+00 7.4E-01 1.9E-01 4.98E-01 6.7E-01 3.42E-01 8.7E-01 2.0E-01 4.1E-01 1.76E-01 2.09E-01 2.29E-01 8.0E-02 1.88E-01 3.3E-01 4.0E-01 1.5E-01 6.0E-01 9.1E-02 4.4E-01 5.0E-01 6.0E-02 4.9E-01 8.3E-02 3.8E-01 4.3E-01 8.6E-02 1.4E-01 6.6E-01 9.6E-02 2.87E-01 3.3E-02 3.54E-01 5.6E-02 2.2E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 5.3E-01 9.0E-02 4.7E-01 5.9E-02 4.4E-01 8.1E-02 1.5E-02 1.5E-02 3.2E-03 3.1E-03 2.24E-01 2.65E-01 4.41E-02 3.54E-01 4.2E-01 7.0E-02 1.6E-01 3.08E-01

Å

gi

4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 2

gk

A 108 s–1

2103.2 2112.8 2113.2 2197.8 2208.6 3158.9 3179.3 3181.3 3706.0 3736.9 3933.7 3968.5

2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2

8.2E-01 9.7E-01 1.6E-01 3.1E-01 6.2E-01 3.1E+00 3.6E+00 5.8E-01 8.8E-01 1.7E+00 1.47E+00 1.4E+00

Ca III 357.97 439.69 490.55

1 1 1

3 3 3

8.8E+02 1.9E-01 1.6E-02

Ca V 558.60 637.93 643.12 646.57 647.88 651.55 656.76

5 5 3 5 3 1 3

3 3 1 5 3 3 5

2.2E+01 3.9E+00 9.1E+00 6.9E+00 2.3E+00 2.9E+00 2.1E+00

Ca VII 550.20 624.39 630.54 630.79 639.15 640.41

5 1 3 3 5 5

5 3 5 3 7 5

1.8E+01 3.3E+00 4.5E+00 2.2E+00 5.7E+00 1.3E+00

Ca VIII 182.71 184.16

2 4

2 2

1.6E+02 3.2E+02

Ca IX 163.23 371.89 373.81 378.08 395.03 466.24 498.01 506.18 515.57

5 1 3 5 3 1 3 5 5

3 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 3

3.76E+02 8.8E+01 1.16E+02 1.5E+02 2.2E+02 1.12E+02 2.49E+01 7.2E+01 3.75E+01

Ca X 110.96 111.20 151.84 153.02 206.57 206.75 207.39 411.70 419.75 420.47 557.76 574.01

2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2

4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2

2.9E+02 2.92E+02 2.3E+02 4.5E+02 2.9E+01 2.6E+02 2.8E+02 8.3E+01 9.5E+01 1.6E+01 3.50E+01 3.2E+01

5/4/05 8:07:22 AM


10-102 λ Å Ca XI 30.448 30.867 35.212 Ca XII 140.05 147.27

Weights

A

gk

10 s

gi

8

λ –1

1 1 1

3 3 3

6.2E+03 4.9E+04 2.0E+03

4 2

2 2

3.7E+02 1.6E+02

Ca XV 141.69 *142.23 161.00

5 9 5

3 3 5

4.08E+02 6.3E+02 1.9E+02

Ca XVII 19.558 21.198 192.82 218.82 223.02 228.72 232.83 244.06

1 3 1 3 1 3 5 5

3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3

3.8E+04 4.9E+04 1.21E+02 2.76E+01 3.44E+01 2.37E+01 6.5E+01 3.28E+01

Ca XVIII *18.71 *19.74 302.19 344.76

2 6 2 2

6 10 4 2

2.31E+04 7.0E+04 2.0E+01 1.3E+01

1 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 5 5 5

3 3 3 7 3 1 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 5 3 7 5

3.79E+00 1.14E+01 1.89E+01 1.22E+00 5.32E-01 1.70E+00 4.42E-01 3.71E-01 7.06E-01 1.27E+00 1.03E-02 1.27E+00 1.73E+00 9.12E-01 2.31E+00 6.35E-01 5.56E-02 1.10E-01 3.08E-01 3.11E-01 5.77E-01 1.73E-01 8.22E-01 3.33E-01 7.95E-01 2.41E+00 1.79E+00 1.00E+00 1.04E+00 1.57E-01

Carbon CI 945.191 945.338 945.579 1193.24 1260.74 1260.93 1261.00 1261.12 1261.43 1261.55 1274.11 1277.25 1277.28 1277.51 1277.55 1277.72 1277.95 1279.23 1279.89 1280.14 1280.33 1280.40 1280.60 1280.85 1328.83 1329.09 1329.58 1329.60 1355.84 1364.16

Section 10.indb 102

Å 1431.60 1432.10 1432.53 1459.03 1463.34 1467.40 1468.41 1470.09 1472.23 1481.76 1560.31 1561.34 1561.44 1656.27 1656.93 1657.01 1657.38 1657.91 1658.12 1751.83 1763.91 1765.37 1930.90 2478.56 2902.23 2903.27 2905.00 4371.37 4762.31 4762.53 4766.67 4770.03 4771.74 4775.90 4812.92 4817.37 4826.80 4932.05 5023.84 5039.06 5041.48 5041.79 5052.17 5380.34 5545.05 5668.94 5793.12 5794.47 5800.23 5800.60 5805.20 6001.12 6006.02 6007.18 6010.68 6013.17 6013.21 6014.83 6016.45 6587.61

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 1 1 5 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 3 7 7 5 5 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 5 3 3 7 3 3 7 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 3 3 3 3 1 9 9 5 7 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 9 3 7 3

8

Weights

λ –1

2.11E+00 2.01E+00 2.11E+00 4.76E-01 1.88E+00 5.49E-01 3.90E-02 1.37E-02 8.01E-03 3.92E-01 6.57E-01 2.94E-01 1.18E+00 8.58E-01 1.13E+00 2.52E+00 8.64E-01 3.43E+00 1.44E+00 9.07E-01 3.59E-02 1.04E-02 3.51E+00 3.40E-01 4.32E-03 1.29E-02 2.15E-02 1.27E-02 3.37E-03 2.72E-03 2.36E-03 1.07E-02 7.97E-03 4.84E-03 4.03E-04 8.76E-04 6.28E-04 6.02E-02 1.81E-03 4.73E-03 5.25E-03 3.28E-03 2.60E-02 1.86E-02 3.04E-03 2.35E-02 3.44E-03 6.44E-04 1.04E-03 3.04E-03 4.12E-03 3.22E-03 1.79E-02 5.34E-03 2.13E-02 1.79E-02 4.35E-03 1.60E-02 3.86E-03 5.09E-02

Å 6655.52 6828.12 7111.47 7113.18 7115.17 7115.18 7116.99 7119.66 7860.88 8058.62 8335.15 9061.44 9062.49 9078.29 9088.51 9094.83 9111.81 9405.73 9603.03 9620.78 9658.43

3 3 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 5

C II 687.345 858.092 858.559 903.623 903.962 904.142 904.480 1009.86 1010.08 1010.37 1036.34 1037.02 1323.91 1323.95 1334.53 1335.71 2091.14 2091.19 2091.65 2093.16 2173.85 2174.17 2509.13 2511.74 2512.06 2727.31 2728.72 2729.21 2730.63 5132.95 5133.28 5137.26 5139.17 5143.49 5145.16 5151.08 5640.55

4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 6 6 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 2

gi

3 5 5 9 7 1 5 3 5 5 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 6 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1 5.03E-03 9.89E-03 2.17E-02 2.47E-02 2.19E-02 4.43E-02 3.26E-02 3.12E-02 1.53E-02 1.09E-02 3.51E-01 7.31E-02 9.48E-02 7.07E-02 3.00E-01 2.28E-01 1.35E-01 2.91E-01 3.06E-02 8.62E-02 1.25E-01 2.84E+01 1.18E+00 2.35E+00 6.85E+00 2.74E+01 3.42E+01 1.37E+01 5.71E+00 1.14E+01 1.71E+01 7.61E+00 1.52E+01 4.33E+00 4.49E+00 2.37E+00 2.84E+00 1.00E-01 1.69E-01 2.41E-01 7.20E-02 2.31E-01 2.31E-01 4.53E-01 9.04E-02 5.42E-01 6.63E-02 3.31E-01 2.65E-01 1.32E-01 3.89E-01 2.80E-01 1.55E-01 1.24E-01 7.73E-01 6.49E-01 4.16E-01 9.89E-02

5/4/05 8:07:24 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 5648.07 5662.46 5818.31 5822.98 5823.18 5827.85 5836.37 5843.62 5856.06 6095.29 6098.51 6102.56 6578.05 6582.88 6724.56 6727.07 6727.26 6731.07 6733.58 6734.00 6738.61 6742.43 6750.54 6755.16 6779.94 6780.59 6783.91 6787.21 6791.47 6798.10 6800.69 6812.28 7046.25 7053.09 7063.68 7112.48 7113.04 7115.63 7119.76 7119.91 7125.72 7132.47 7134.10 7231.33 7236.42 7237.17 8028.85 8037.73 8039.40 8048.31 8062.10 8062.80 8076.64 9238.30 9251.01 9863.06 9870.78 9882.68

4 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 6

C III 310.170

1

Section 10.indb 103

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 2 6 4 2 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 4 10 6 4 8 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 8 3

8

10-103 λ

–1

1.97E-01 2.93E-01 3.38E-02 3.38E-03 3.38E-02 2.16E-02 4.22E-02 1.20E-02 5.31E-02 4.20E-01 5.03E-01 8.37E-02 3.63E-01 3.62E-01 3.17E-02 6.34E-02 2.96E-02 5.06E-02 6.32E-02 1.80E-02 7.23E-02 4.41E-02 1.08E-01 2.38E-02 2.56E-01 1.52E-01 3.65E-01 3.04E-01 1.94E-01 6.04E-02 1.09E-01 1.80E-02 3.20E-01 3.19E-01 3.17E-01 2.94E-01 3.15E-01 3.60E-01 1.17E-01 4.19E-01 1.02E-01 8.33E-03 5.93E-02 3.52E-01 4.22E-01 7.03E-02 1.71E-02 4.26E-02 8.51E-02 1.36E-02 3.04E-02 4.56E-02 7.05E-02 3.34E-02 2.77E-02 5.56E-02 9.31E-02 1.33E-01 6.56E+00

Å 386.203 459.466 459.514 459.627 574.281 977.020 1174.93 1175.26 1175.59 1175.71 1175.99 1176.37 1247.38 2296.87 2849.05 3703.70 4325.56 4647.42 4650.25 4651.02 4651.47 4652.05 4659.06 4663.64 4665.86 4673.95 5244.66 5253.58 5272.52 5695.92 5858.34 5863.25 5871.68 5880.56 5894.07 6727.48 6731.04 6742.15 6744.39 6762.17 6773.39 6851.18 6853.68 6857.24 6862.69 6868.78 6872.04 6881.10 7353.88 7707.43 7771.76 7780.41 7796.00 8500.32 9593.32 9651.47 9696.48 9696.54 9699.57 9701.10

1 1 3 5 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 3 7 1

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 1 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 5 3 3 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 9 3

8

Weights

λ –1

3.46E+01 5.91E+01 7.97E+01 1.06E+02 6.24E+01 1.767E+01 3.293E+00 4.385E+00 3.287E+00 9.856E+00 1.313E+01 5.468E+00 2.082E+01 1.376E+00 1.95E-01 5.90E-01 1.24E-01 7.26E-01 7.25E-01 2.28E-01 7.24E-01 3.04E-01 2.27E-01 9.05E-01 6.78E-01 3.75E-01 5.30E-02 1.58E-01 2.61E-01 4.27E-01 1.34E-01 3.35E-02 1.00E-01 1.99E-02 1.11E-01 1.12E-01 1.50E-01 8.32E-02 1.99E-01 4.95E-02 5.47E-03 7.60E-03 5.64E-03 3.79E-02 3.51E-02 1.26E-02 4.46E-02 7.80E-03 3.09E-02 1.30E-01 1.77E-01 1.76E-01 1.75E-01 1.01E-01 5.32E-03 1.57E-02 7.53E-03 7.12E-03 8.47E-03 4.40E-02

Å

gi

5 3 7 5 3

gk

A 108 s–1

9705.41 9706.44 9715.09 9717.75 9718.79

3 3 5 5 5

5.93E-02 3.29E-02 7.88E-02 1.97E-02 2.19E-03

C IV *312.43 *384.13 1548.19 1550.77 5801.31 5811.97

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

4.63E+01 1.76E+02 2.65E+00 2.64E+00 3.17E-01 3.16E-01

CV 34.9728 40.2678 *227.19 247.315 *248.71 *260.19 267.267 *2273.9 3526.66 8420.72 *8433.2 8448.12 8449.19

1 1 3 1 9 9 3 3 1 3 3 3 3

3 3 9 3 15 3 5 9 3 5 9 1 3

2.554E+03 8.873E+03 1.363E+02 1.278E+02 4.247E+02 6.680E+01 3.947E+02 5.646E-01 1.663E-01 6.898E-02 6.868E-02 6.832E-02 6.829E-02

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

7.6E-06 7.9E-06 8.5E-06 9.4E-06 1.19E-05 1.49E-05 1.7E-05 1.07E-07 2.0E-05 1.43E-07 2.5E-05 1.97E-07 2.8E-05 2.63E-07 3.45E-05 3.7E-07 4.25E-05 7.0E-07 5.6E-05 9.8E-07 1.0E-04 2.7E-06 1.6E-04 5.2E-06 2.2E-04 1.1E-05 4.0E-04 2.4E-05 6.6E-04 6.6E-05

Cesium Cs I 3203.5 3205.3 3207.5 3210.0 3212.8 3216.2 3220.1 3220.2 3224.8 3225.0 3230.5 3230.7 3237.4 3237.6 3245.9 3246.2 3256.7 3257.1 3270.5 3271.0 3288.6 3289.3 3313.1 3314.0 3347.5 3348.8 3397.9 3400.0 3476.8 3480.0

5/4/05 8:07:26 AM


10-104 λ Å 3611.4 3617.3 3876.1 3888.6 4555.3 4593.2 8521.1 8943.5

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

8

λ –1

1.5E-03 2.5E-04 3.8E-03 9.7E-04 1.88E-02 8.0E-03 3.276E-01 2.87E-01

Chlorine Cl I 1188.8 1188.8 1201.4 1335.7 1347.2 1351.7 1363.4 4323.3 4363.3 4379.9 4389.8 4526.2 4601.0 4661.2 7256.6 7414.1 7547.1 7717.6 7745.0 7769.2 7821.4 7830.8 7878.2 7899.3 7924.6 7935.0 7997.9

4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 2 6 6 4 6 4 2 6 4

6 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 8 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 4 8 4

2.33E+00 2.71E-01 2.39E+00 1.74E+00 4.19E+00 3.23E+00 7.5E-01 1.1E-02 6.8E-03 1.4E-02 1.4E-02 5.1E-02 4.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.5E-01 4.7E-02 1.2E-01 3.0E-02 6.3E-02 6.0E-02 9.8E-02 9.7E-02 1.8E-02 5.1E-02 2.1E-02 3.9E-02 2.1E-02

Cl II 3329.1 3522.1 3798.8 3805.2 3809.5 3851.0 3851.4 3854.7 3861.9 3868.6 3913.9 3990.2 4132.5 4276.5 4768.7 4781.3 4794.6 4810.1 4819.5 4904.8

5 7 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 9 5 5 9 3 5 5 5 5 5

7 7 7 9 5 7 5 5 7 9 9 7 5 7 5 7 7 5 3 7

1.5E+00 1.4E+00 1.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.5E+00 1.8E+00 1.6E+00 2.2E+00 2.4E+00 2.7E+00 8.2E-01 8.4E-01 1.6E+00 7.6E-01 7.7E-01 1.0E+00 1.04E+00 9.9E-01 1.00E+00 8.1E-01

Section 10.indb 104

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 7 9 7

8

4917.7 5078.3 5219.1 5392.1

3 7 3 5

Cl III 2298.5 2340.6 2370.4 2531.8 2532.5 2577.1 2580.7 2601.2 2603.6 2609.5 2617.0 2661.6 2665.5 2691.5 2710.4 3340.4 3392.9 3393.5 3530.0 3560.7 3602.1 3612.9 3720.5

4 6 8 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 4

4 6 6 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 10 6 8 4 6 6 4 6 8 6 8 6 6

4.2E+00 4.2E+00 2.8E+00 4.4E+00 5.3E+00 4.3E+00 4.7E+00 4.6E+00 5.0E+00 5.7E+00 6.6E+00 3.4E+00 4.8E+00 3.5E+00 3.5E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 1.9E+00 1.8E+00 1.7E+00 1.7E+00 1.2E+00 1.7E+00

7.5E-01 7.7E-01 8.6E-01 1.0E+00

9 9 3 9 7 3 3 5 7 7 5 5 9 3 5 7 7 9 5 3 9 5 5 5 3 5 5 7

9 11 5 7 5 5 3 7 9 9 5 3 9 3 5 5 7 7 3 3 11 7 5 3 3 5 3 7

1.4E+00 4.1E-01 2.3E-01 6.7E-01 2.9E-01 4.5E-01 2.7E-01 5.6E-01 2.2E-01 4.5E-01 2.1E-01 3.8E-01 5.3E-01 4.8E-01 4.3E-01 6.4E-01 2.6E-01 6.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.8E-01 2.1E-01 7.5E-01 7.8E-01 7.5E-01 8.7E-01 6.8E-01 6.8E-01 3.7E-01

Chromium Cr I 1999.95 2383.30 2389.21 2408.60 2408.72 2492.57 2495.08 2496.30 2502.55 2504.31 2508.11 2508.97 2527.11 2549.55 2560.70 2571.74 2577.66 2591.84 2620.48 2673.64 2701.99 2726.50 2731.90 2736.46 2752.85 2757.09 2761.74 2764.36

Weights

λ –1

Å 2769.90 2780.70 2879.27 2887.00 2889.22 2893.25 2894.17 2896.76 2905.48 2909.05 2910.89 2911.15 2967.64 2971.10 2975.48 2980.78 2988.64 2991.88 2994.06 2995.09 2996.57 2998.78 3000.88 3005.06 3013.72 3015.20 3020.67 3021.58 3024.36 3029.17 3030.25 3031.35 3034.19 3037.05 3040.84 3053.87 3148.44 3155.16 3163.76 3237.73 3238.09 3578.68 3593.48 3605.32 3639.80 3743.89 3757.66 3768.24 3804.80 3963.69 3969.75 3983.90 3991.12 4001.44 4039.10 4048.78 4058.78 4065.71 4165.52 4204.48

gi

7 9 5 3 9 7 1 5 3 5 7 9 7 5 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 5 7 9 3 1 3 9 5 5 7 5 7 9 7 9 9 11 13 9 11 7 7 7 13 13 7 5 9 13 11 7 5 9 15 13 11 9 11 13

5 7 7 5 9 7 3 5 1 3 5 7 9 7 5 3 7 1 5 5 3 3 5 7 5 3 3 11 5 3 7 3 7 9 5 7 11 13 15 9 11 9 7 5 11 13 7 5 9 15 13 9 7 11 15 13 11 11 13 11

gk

A 108 s–1 1.1E+00 1.4E+00 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 6.6E-01 5.2E-01 3.3E-01 3.0E-01 1.3E+00 6.8E-01 3.4E-01 2.6E-01 3.9E-01 7.1E-01 8.9E-01 5.10E-01 5.2E-01 3.0E+00 2.5E-01 4.3E-01 2.0E+00 4.07E-01 1.6E+00 9.2E-01 8.3E-01 1.63E+00 1.5E+00 2.91E+00 1.27E+00 3.8E-01 1.1E+00 3.1E-01 3.5E-01 5.4E-01 7.4E-01 7.97E-01 5.6E-01 5.7E-01 6.0E-01 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 1.48E+00 1.50E+00 1.62E+00 1.8E+00 7.61E-01 4.13E-01 5.10E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E+00 1.2E+00 1.05E+00 1.07E+00 6.8E-01 6.7E-01 6.4E-01 6.7E-01 3.5E-01 7.5E-01 3.1E-01

5/4/05 8:07:28 AM


Section 10.indb 105

gi

7 15 7 11 13 7 7 11 9 9 11 11 5 5 9 13 7 5 9 3 1 15 3 3 9 5 9 7 13 11 11 13 7 3 3 7 9 11 13 7 9 3 13 11 7 9 9 7 9 11 3 5 5 5 5 7 7 9 9 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 17 7 11 15 5 5 13 9 7 9 11 3 7 9 13 5 5 7 3 3 15 1 3 7 3 7 7 11 11 13 13 7 3 3 5 7 9 11 5 7 5 13 9 5 7 9 9 11 13 1 3 5 7 3 9 7 11 9 3

8

10-105 λ

–1


Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 7

8

Weights

λ –1

5783.89 5787.97

5 5

2.02E-01 2.35E-01

Cr II 2653.57 2658.59 2666.02 2668.71 2671.80 2672.83 2744.97 2787.61 2822.38 2835.63 2840.01 2843.24 2849.83 2851.35 2856.77 2857.40 2860.92 2862.57 2866.72 2867.09 2867.65 2870.43 2873.81 2880.86 2898.53 2921.81 2930.83 2935.12 2953.34 2966.03 2971.90 2979.73 2985.32 2989.18 3118.64 3120.36 3122.59 3128.69 3136.68 4588.22

4 2 6 4 6 8 4 6 14 10 10 8 6 8 4 6 2 8 4 4 2 6 4 6 10 8 2 6 2 10 14 12 10 8 2 4 12 4 6 8

6 4 8 2 4 6 6 6 16 12 12 10 8 10 6 8 4 8 4 4 2 6 2 4 12 10 4 8 2 8 14 12 10 8 4 6 12 4 6 6

3.5E-01 5.8E-01 5.9E-01 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 5.5E-01 8.5E-01 1.5E+00 2.3E+00 2.0E+00 2.7E+00 6.4E-01 9.2E-01 2.2E+00 4.3E-01 2.8E-01 6.9E-01 6.3E-01 1.2E+00 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 8.8E-01 7.9E-01 1.2E+00 9.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.8E+00 1.8E+00 5.4E-01 2.0E+00 1.8E+00 2.2E+00 2.2E+00 1.7E+00 1.5E+00 4.4E-01 8.1E-01 6.4E-01 1.2E-01

Cr V 434.306 436.351 436.601 437.420 437.655 441.056 456.357 456.637 456.743 457.028 457.504 464.015 469.634 1106.25 1121.07

9 9 7 7 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 9 5 7 7

9 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 9 9

1.5E+01 2.4E+01 2.1E+01 1.4E+01 1.3E+01 2.3E+01 9.5E+00 3.3E+01 9.1E+00 2.7E+01 1.2E+01 3.6E+01 2.3E+01 1.2E+01 2.1E+01

Å

gi

11 3 1 7 9

gk

A 108 s–1

1127.63 1465.86 1481.65 1519.03 1579.70

9 5 3 5 7

3.5E+01 1.1E+01 1.0E+01 9.5E+00 8.6E+00

Cr VI 161.687 168.088 201.007 201.224 201.388 201.606 202.442 202.739 226.241 227.202

6 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 6 4

6 6 4 6 4 6 4 2 8 6

1.7E+02 2.0E+02 2.5E+03 1.8E+02 2.7E+02 2.6E+03 1.0E+03 1.2E+03 7.2E+02 6.6E+02

Cr X 216.72 223.86 224.74 226.24 227.42 227.50 228.63 228.71 231.21 232.96 242.20 244.19 395.984 398.150

6 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 6

8 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 4 6

9.0E+02 7.7E+02 7.6E+02 7.3E+02 5.2E+02 1.8E+01 8.1E+01 4.5E+02 1.2E+02 4.4E+02 5.0E+01 5.8E+01 2.4E+01 2.1E+01

Cr XI 214.31 226.45 232 235.53 240.76 250.28 366.491 366.942 374.927 422.083

5 5 3 5 1 5 3 3 5 3

7 7 1 7 3 7 3 1 5 5

1.4E+01 6.0E+02 4.1E+02 5.5E+02 4.8E+02 1.0E+01 1.2E+01 3.0E+01 2.3E+01 1.0E+01

Cr XII 216 218 239 244.70 247 247 248 250 250 251.52 252 256 259 269 300.32

4 6 2 2 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 2 2 2 2

6 8 2 4 2 2 8 8 6 6 6 2 4 2 2


5/4/05 8:07:30 AM


10-106 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

305.81 309 309 311.55 324 327 332.06

4 4 6 4 4 6 6

Cr XIII 49.59 67.01 228 267.73 270 276.4 277 279.32 286 328.29 345

1 1 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7

3 3 7 7 1 7 3 5 1 3 9

9.9E+02 1.67E+03 1.8E+02 1.9E+02 1.7E+02 2.2E+02 2.1E+02 3.5E+02 4.6E+02 1.86E+02 1.74E+02

Cr XIV *38.036 39.796 40.018 40.782 40.800 41.556 41.788 44.597 44.869 46.125 46.468 46.527 48.300 48.338 50.821 51.172 51.180 52.321 52.363 53.760 54.164 60.699 60.756 63.324 63.539 68.594 69.213 69.247 86.060 86.169 86.185 101.05 101.42 104.4 104.5 109.8 110.4 118.3 125.2

2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 4

6 4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 2 2 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 2 6

2.47E+02 3.05E+02 3.6E+02 3.9E+02 3.9E+02 4.5E+02 5.3E+02 7.1E+02 8.3E+02 3.1E+02 6.6E+02 6.7E+02 5.9E+02 6.3E+02 1.2E+03 1.4E+03 2.3E+02 1.0E+03 1.1E+03 3.0E+02 5.9E+02 2.05E+03 2.19E+03 1.07E+03 1.13E+03 1.98E+03 2.31E+03 3.8E+02 5.3E+03 5.9E+03 3.9E+02 4.4E+02 4.83E+02 3.0E+02 3.1E+02 2.3E+02 2.8E+02 2.1E+02 5.0E+02

Section 10.indb 106

4 2 6 2 6 8 4

8

2.76E+02 2.7E+02 1.6E+02 1.6E+02 2.2E+02 2.2E+02 1.4E+02

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 4 2 4 6 6 8 2 2 2 6 8

8

Weights

λ –1

125.3 148.5 149.1 157.1 158.4 187.02 187.30 189.1 191.0 222.9 346.3 346.5

6 2 2 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 4 6

5.4E+02 2.18E+02 2.1E+02 3.3E+02 3.7E+02 9.3E+02 9.6E+02 2.13E+02 4.11E+02 2.2E+02 2.4E+02 2.5E+02

Cr XV 18.497 18.782 19.015 20.863 21.153 102 102.18 103 105 111.27

1 1 1 1 1 3 5 3 7 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3

1.62E+05 2.8E+04 6.3E+02 6.0E+03 5.6E+03 1.6E+02 7.0E+02 3.8E+02 5.3E+02 1.7E+02

Cr XVI 17.073 17.242 17.299 17.372 17.438 17.514 17.587 17.656 19.442 19.714

4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 2

6 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2

1.2E+04 8.6E+04 2.5E+04 1.4E+05 1.1E+05 1.1E+05 2.0E+04 2.0E+04 9.9E+03 1.1E+04

Cr XVII 16.31 16.32 16.37 16.44 16.59 16.65 16.66 16.68 16.80 16.97 16.97 17.968 18.336 18.336 18.389

5 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5 5 1

3 7 1 7 1 5 3 7 7 3 3 3 3 5 3


Cr XVIII 95.77 102.32 104.98 106.84 110.41 112.27 119.62

4 4 6 4 4 4 2

2 4 4 2 2 2 2

3.08E+02 1.54E+02 8.7E+02 3.4E+02 7.9E+02 4.24E+02 3.2E+02

Å

gi

4 4 6 2 4 2 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1

123.87 125.51 128.10 136.52 139.87 140.82 155.46 157.40

6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4

3.9E+02 3.4E+02 2.8E+02 1.66E+02 1.49E+02 2.66E+02 2.84E+02 2.83E+02

Cr XIX 14.73 14.80 14.81 14.84 109.64 110.37 113.97 118.31 118.67 118.83 126.30 126.33 130.99 134.89 138.15 138.45 140.92 143.57 163.94 179.18

3 1 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 5 7 3 3 5 5 3 5 3

3 3 3 7 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 1 5 3 1 5 1

7.1E+04 1.3E+05 3.4E+04 1.3E+05 2.46E+02 6.0E+02 5.5E+02 3.29E+02 2.1E+02 1.35E+02 1.56E+02 4.35E+02 2.9E+02 1.98E+02 1.75E+02 1.71E+02 1.38E+02 7.2E+02 3.1E+02 1.45E+02

Cr XX 14.13 14.26 128.42 131.31 133.82 135.26 140.75 148.99 156.00 167.97 180.85

2 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 6 4

4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 6 4

1.1E+05 1.3E+05 3.8E+02 1.27E+02 8.3E+01 2.41E+02 1.35E+02 1.75E+02 8.4E+01 1.12E+02 1.6E+02

Cr XXI 12.97 12.98 13.02 13.02 13.08 13.22 13.34 13.49 13.53 13.55 13.65 13.66 13.67 13.68 13.75 13.75

3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5

1 5 5 7 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 1 5 3 3 5

4.8E+04 3.9E+04 3.8E+04 3.9E+04 5.2E+04 4.6E+04 5.2E+04 9.0E+04 6.6E+04 1.2E+05 1.5E+05 1.2E+05 3.9E+04 8.2E+04 4.5E+04 9.5E+04

5/4/05 8:07:33 AM


gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 7 5 5 7 5 5 3

8

λ –1

13.76 13.78 13.84 13.87 13.92 13.93 13.95 14.04 14.24

1 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 1

Cr XXII 2.190 2.191 2.198 2.199 2.202 2.203 13.149 13.292

4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4

2 2 4 4 6 2 4 6

1.7E+06 2.5E+06 4.5E+06 2.3E+06 1.6E+06 1.3E+06 1.29E+05 1.54E+05

Cr XXIII 1.7632 1.8557 2.095 2.101 2.101 2.102 2.103 2.104 2.105 2.106 2.107 2.107 2.109 2.113 2.119 2.129 2.1818 2.1923

1 1 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 1

3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 1 1 3 3

3.68E+05 8.97E+05 3.5E+06 2.0E+06 7.9E+05 2.1E+06 1.2E+06 1.4E+06 9.6E+05 2.0E+06 2.3E+06 3.3E+06 1.7E+06 5.9E+05 2.7E+05 5.1E+05 3.37E+06 2.34E+05

1.51E+05 1.7E+05 2.59E+05 8.5E+04 8.5E+04 4.2E+04 3.8E+04 1.2E+05 1.41E+05

8 10 10 8 6 6 4 8 6 4 10 6 10 6 8 10 4 6 4

8 8 10 8 8 6 4 10 8 6 10 8 8 6 6 12 6 8 6

8.6E-01 2.2E-01 5.6E-01 5.0E-01 1.1E-01 5.1E-01 7.7E-01 1.5E-01 1.3E-01 1.4E-01 1.3E-01 7.3E-02 2.4E-01 4.0E-01 5.1E-01 3.6E+00 6.5E-01 3.4E+00 3.6E+00

Cobalt Co I 2287.80 2295.22 2309.03 2323.13 2325.53 2335.98 2338.66 2353.36 2355.48 2358.18 2365.06 2371.85 2384.86 2392.03 2402.06 2407.25 2412.76 2414.46 2415.29

Section 10.indb 107

10-107

Å 2424.93 2432.21 2436.66 2439.04 2460.80 2467.69 2470.27 2476.64 2504.52 2511.02 2521.36 2528.97 2530.13 2535.96 2536.50 2544.25 2562.12 2567.34 2574.35 2685.34 3017.55 3044.00 3048.89 3061.82 3072.34 3086.78 3354.37 3367.11 3385.22 3388.16 3395.37 3405.12 3409.17 3412.34 3412.63 3414.74 3417.15 3431.58 3433.05 3442.92 3443.64 3449.17 3449.44 3453.51 3455.24 3462.80 3465.79 3474.02 3483.41 3489.40 3491.32 3495.68 3502.28 3502.63 3506.32 3509.84 3512.64 3513.48 3518.34 3521.58

gi

10 8 6 4 4 6 10 10 10 10 10 8 6 6 8 4 4 6 8 6 8 10 6 8 6 4 8 10 8 6 6 10 8 8 10 4 6 8 4 6 8 6 10 10 4 4 10 6 8 8 4 4 10 6 8 6 6 8 6 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

10 8 6 4 6 8 12 8 8 10 8 6 6 4 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 10 4 8 6 4 6 8 6 4 8 10 8 10 8 4 6 6 4 4 8 6 10 12 2 6 12 8 10 6 4 6 8 6 6 8 4 10 4 8

8

Weights

λ –1

3.2E+00 2.6E+00 2.6E+00 2.7E+00 1.2E-01 7.0E-02 1.5E-01 2.2E-01 1.8E-01 9.2E-01 3.0E+00 2.8E+00 7.1E-02 1.9E+00 3.0E-01 3.0E+00 3.9E-01 3.0E-01 1.7E-01 5.5E-02 6.9E-02 1.9E-01 7.5E-02 1.6E-01 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.1E-01 6.0E-02 1.1E-01 2.4E-01 2.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.2E-01 6.1E-01 1.2E-01 8.8E-02 3.2E-01 1.1E-01 1.0E+00 1.2E-01 6.9E-01 7.6E-01 1.8E-01 1.1E+00 1.9E-01 7.9E-01 9.2E-02 5.6E-01 5.5E-02 1.3E+00 5.0E-02 4.9E-01 8.0E-01 5.2E-02 8.2E-01 3.2E-01 1.0E+00 7.8E-02 1.6E+00 1.8E-01

Å

gi

3523.42 3526.85 3529.03 3529.82 3533.36 3560.89 3564.95 3569.37 3574.97 3575.36 3585.15 3587.19 3594.87 3602.08 3704.06 3745.49 3842.05 3845.47 3861.16 3873.12 3873.95 3881.87 3894.07 3894.98 3935.96 3995.31 3997.90 4092.39 4110.53 4118.77 4121.32 5146.75 5212.70 5265.79 5280.63 5352.05 5477.09 5483.96 6082.43 6455.00 7838.12 8093.93 8372.79

4 10 6 8 4 4 6 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 6 8 8 8 6 10 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 8 6 6 8 8 10 6 10 12 6 8 10 8 8 12 10

2 10 8 10 6 4 8 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 10 4 8 6 4 8 2 10 10 8 8 6 8 10 8 10 8 8 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10

Co II 2286.15 2307.85 2311.61 2314.05 2314.97 2330.36 2344.28 2353.41 2363.80 2378.62 2383.45 2388.92 2389.54 2404.17 2417.66

11 9 7 5 3 5 3 7 9 11 9 11 5 3 9

13 11 9 7 5 3 3 7 9 9 7 11 3 3 9

gk

A 108 s–1 9.8E-01 1.3E-01 8.8E-02 4.6E-01 9.1E-02 2.3E-01 7.0E-02 1.6E+00 1.5E-01 9.6E-02 7.1E-02 1.4E+00 9.2E-02 1.0E-01 1.2E-01 7.5E-02 1.3E-01 4.6E-01 1.4E-01 1.2E-01 1.0E-01 8.2E-02 6.9E-01 8.8E-02 6.2E-02 2.5E-01 7.0E-02 5.7E-02 5.5E-02 1.6E-01 1.9E-01 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 5.0E-02 2.8E-01 2.7E-01 6.8E-02 7.3E-02 5.4E-02 9.0E-02 5.4E-02 2.0E-01 8.7E-02 3.3E+00 2.6E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00 2.7E+00 1.32E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 2.1E+00 1.9E+00 1.8E+00 2.8E+00 1.5E+00 1.5E+00 8.5E-01

5/4/05 8:07:35 AM


10-108 λ Å

Weights

A

gk

10 s

gi

8

λ –1

Copper Cu I *2024.3 2165.1 2178.9 2181.7 2225.7 2244.3 2441.6 2492.2 2618.4 2766.4 2824.4 2961.2 3063.4 3194.1 3247.5 3274.0 3337.8 4022.6 4062.6 4249.0 4275.1 4480.4 4509.4 4530.8 4539.7 4587.0 4651.1 4704.6 5105.5 5153.2 5218.2 5220.1 5292.5 5700.2 5782.1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 8 10 8 6 2 4 4 8 4 4

6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 8 4 4 4 2 8 4 6 2 8 2 2 2 4 6 8 8 4 4 6 4 8 4 2

9.8E-02 5.1E-01 9.13E-01 1.0E+00 4.6E-01 1.19E-02 2.0E-02 3.11E-02 3.07E-01 9.6E-02 7.8E-02 3.76E-02 1.55E-02 1.55E-02 1.39E+00 1.37E+00 3.8E-03 1.90E-01 2.10E-01 1.95E-01 3.45E-01 3.0E-02 2.75E-01 8.4E-02 2.12E-01 3.20E-01 3.80E-01 5.5E-02 2.0E-02 6.0E-01 7.5E-01 1.50E-01 1.09E-01 2.4E-03 1.65E-02

Cu II 2489.7 2544.8 2689.3 2701.0 2703.2 2713.5

5 9 7 5 3 5

5 7 7 5 3 5

1.5E-02 1.1E+00 4.1E-01 6.7E-01 1.2E+00 6.8E-01

17 17 15 15 15 15 17 17 17 17 13 17

15 17 17 13 13 13 19 17 19 15 11 17

6.5E-02 6.5E-02 1.1E-01 1.4E-01 3.1E-01 2.0E-01 3.0E+00 3.1E+00 8.7E-01 1.5E+00 1.7E+00 1.32E+00

Dysprosium Dy I 2862.7 2964.6 3147.7 3263.2 3511.0 3571.4 3757.1 3868.8 3967.5 4046.0 4103.9 4186.8

Section 10.indb 108

Å 4194.8 4211.7 4218.1 4221.1 4225.2 4268.3 4276.7 4292.0 4577.8 4589.4 4612.3 5077.7 5301.6 5547.3 5639.5 5974.5 5988.6 6010.8 6088.3 6168.4 6259.1 6579.4

gi

17 17 15 15 13 15 13 15 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 15 15 15 17 17

Weights

A

gk

10 s

17 19 15 17 15 15 13 15 19 15 15 17 15 17 19 17 15 15 13 17 19 15

8

7.2E-01 2.08E+00 1.85E+00 1.52E+00 4.5E+00 3.6E-02 7.3E-01 5.8E-02 2.2E-02 1.3E-01 8.2E-02 5.7E-03 1.1E-02 2.7E-03 4.7E-03 4.0E-03 5.3E-03 2.6E-02 3.5E-02 2.5E-02 8.5E-03 7.5E-03

Erbium Er I 3862.9 4008.0 4151.1

Å 3212.8 3213.8 3235.1 3241.4 3246.0 3247.6 3322.3 3334.3 3350.4 3353.7 3457.1 3467.9 3589.3 4594.0 4627.2 4661.9 5645.8 5765.2 6018.2 6291.3 6864.5 7106.5

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

gi

8 6 10 8 6 8 6 6 10 8 8 8 6 10 8 6 6 8 10 6 10 8

gk

A 108 s–1 2.9E-01 1.8E-01 1.0E-02 2.3E-02 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 3.5E-02 3.4E-01 1.5E-02 5.8E-03 8.4E-03 1.0E-02 6.9E-03 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 5.4E-03 1.1E-02 8.5E-03 1.8E-03 5.8E-03 2.6E-03

Fluorine 13 13 13

13 15 11

2.5E+00 2.6E+00 1.8E+00

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

6 8 10 10 8 10 6 10 8 8 6 10 10 6 6 8 6 10 8 6 10 6 8 10 10 10 10 10 8

1.9E-01 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 7.0E-03 6.6E-03 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.4E-01 1.2E-01 3.1E-02 3.7E-02 4.7E-02 1.3E-02 1.1E-01 5.0E-02 5.2E-02 1.0E-02 2.8E-02 1.0E-01 1.0E-01 6.9E-02 1.6E-02 3.8E-02 9.1E-03 5.5E-02 3.0E-01 6.9E-02 5.8E-03 1.1E-01

Europium Eu I 2372.9 2375.3 2379.7 2619.3 2643.8 2659.4 2682.6 2710.0 2724.0 2731.4 2732.6 2735.3 2738.6 2743.3 2745.6 2747.8 2772.9 2878.9 2892.5 2893.0 2909.0 2958.9 3059.0 3067.0 3106.2 3111.4 3168.3 3185.5 3210.6

Weights

λ –1

FI 806.96 809.60 951.87 954.83 955.55 958.52 6239.7 6348.5 6413.7 6708.3 6774.0 6795.5 6834.3 6856.0 6870.2 6902.5 6909.8 6966.4 7037.5 7127.9 7309.0 7311.0 7314.3 7332.0 7398.7 7425.7 7482.7 7489.2 7514.9 7552.2 7573.4 7607.2 7754.7 7800.2

4 2 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 2

6 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 2 4 8 2 6 4 2 4 2 8 2 6 4 6 2 4 2 2 6 4 4 6 4

3.3E+00 2.8E+00 2.6E+00 5.77E+00 5.1E+00 1.3E+00 2.5E-01 1.8E-01 1.1E-01 1.4E-02 1.0E-01 5.2E-02 2.1E-01 4.94E-01 3.8E-01 3.2E-01 2.2E-01 1.1E-01 3.0E-01 3.8E-01 4.7E-01 3.9E-01 4.8E-01 3.1E-01 2.85E-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-02 1.1E-01 5.2E-02 7.8E-02 1.0E-01 7.0E-02 3.82E-01 2.1E-01

5/4/05 8:07:37 AM


Weights

A

gk

10 s

gi

8

λ –1

Gallium Ga I 2195.4 2199.7 2214.4 2235.9 2255.0 2259.2 2294.2 2297.9 2338.2 2371.3 2418.7 2450.1 2500.2 2659.9 2719.7 2874.2 2943.6 2944.2 4033.0 4172.0

2 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4

2 2 6 2 2 6 4 2 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 2 2

1.9E-02 3.3E-02 1.2E-02 4.3E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 7.0E-02 5.8E-02 9.8E-02 5.7E-02 1.0E-01 2.8E-01 3.4E-01 1.2E-01 2.3E-01 1.2E+00 1.4E+00 2.7E-01 4.9E-01 9.2E-01

Ga II 829.60 1414.4

1 1

3 3

2.2E-01 1.88E+01

Germanium Ge I 1944.7 1955.1 1988.3 1998.9 2041.7 2065.2 2068.7 2086.0 2094.3 2105.8 2256.0 2417.4 2498.0 2533.2 2589.2 2592.5 2651.2 2651.6 2691.3 2709.6 2754.6 3039.1 3124.8 3269.5 4226.6 4685.8

3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 1

1 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 3

7.0E-01 2.8E-01 2.5E-01 5.5E-01 1.1E+00 8.5E-01 1.2E+00 4.0E-01 9.7E-01 1.7E-01 3.2E-02 9.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.0E-01 5.1E-02 7.1E-01 2.0E+00 8.5E-01 6.1E-01 2.8E+00 1.1E+00 2.8E+00 3.1E-02 2.9E-01 2.1E-01 9.5E-02

Ge II 999.10 1016.6 1017.1 1055.0

2 4 4 2

4 6 4 2

1.9E+00 2.1E+00 3.5E-01 6.9E-01

Section 10.indb 109

10-109

Å 1075.1 1237.1 1261.9 1264.7 1602.5 1649.2 4741.8 4814.6 4824.1 5131.8 5178.5 5178.6 5893.4 6021.0 6336.4 6484.2

4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 6 8 4 2 2 2

8

1.3E+00 1.9E+01 2.2E+01 3.5E+00 3.4E+00 6.5E+00 4.6E-01 5.1E-01 8.6E-02 1.9E+00 1.3E-01 2.0E+00 9.2E-01 8.4E-01 4.4E-01 8.5E-01

Gold Au I 2427.95 2675.95 3122.78 6278.30

2 2 6 4

4 2 4 2

1.99E+00 1.64E+00 1.90E-01 3.4E-02

1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 1 9 9 9 9 3 9 3 3 3 3 1 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 15 3 15 3 15 3 15 15 5 3 5 9 5 1 3 5

4.622E-01 7.317E-01 1.258E+00 2.436E+00 5.663E+00 1.799E+01 4.417E-03 6.023E-03 8.500E-03 1.251E-02 1.939E-02 3.201E-02 5.636E-02 5.102E-03 6.963E-03 9.843E-03 1.454E-02 2.269E-02 7.597E-03 4.836E-03 1.811E-02 3.802E-02 2.606E-02 9.744E-03 3.953E-02 6.435E-02 9.647E-03 2.447E-02 1.339E-02 9.475E-02 1.937E-02 7.448E-03 6.951E-02 2.961E-02

Helium He I 510.00 512.10 515.62 522.21 537.03 584.33 *2677.1 *2696.1 *2723.2 *2763.8 *2829.1 *2945.1 *3187.7 3231.3 3258.3 3296.8 3354.6 3447.6 *3554.4 *3563.0 *3587.3 3613.6 *3634.2 *3652.0 *3705.0 *3819.6 3833.6 *3867.5 3871.8 *3888.7 3926.5 3935.9 3964.7 4009.3

Weights

λ –1

Å 4024.0 *4026.2 *4120.8 4143.8 4169.0 4387.9 4437.6 *4471.5 *4713.2 4921.9 5015.7 5047.7 *5875.7 6678.2 *7065.2 7281.4 *8361.7 *9463.6 9603.4 *9702.6 *10311 *10668 *10830 *10913 10917 *10997 11013 11045 11226 *11969 *12528 12756 *12785 12791 *12846 12968 *12985

gi

gk

A 108 s–1

3 9 9 3 3 3 3 9 9 3 1 3 9 3 9 3 3 3 1 9 9 9 3 15 5 15 1 3 3 9 3 5 15 5 9 3 15

1 15 3 5 1 5 1 15 3 5 3 1 15 5 3 1 9 9 3 3 15 3 9 21 7 9 3 5 1 15 9 3 21 7 3 5 9

1.128E-02 1.160E-01 4.453E-02 4.881E-02 1.830E-02 8.989E-02 3.269E-02 2.458E-01 9.521E-02 1.986E-01 1.337E-01 6.771E-02 7.070E-01 6.371E-01 2.785E-01 1.830E-01 3.813E-03 5.687E-03 5.829E-03 8.651E-03 1.995E-02 1.447E-02 1.022E-01 1.980E-02 1.608E-02 1.425E-03 9.250E-03 1.846E-02 1.117E-02 3.478E-02 7.093E-03 1.275E-03 4.134E-02 3.248E-02 2.732E-02 3.362E-02 2.729E-03

In I 2560.2 2710.3 3039.4 3256.1 4101.8 4511.3

2 4 2 4 2 4

4 6 4 6 2 2

4.0E-01 4.0E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 5.6E-01 1.02E+00

In II 2941.1

3

1

1.4E+00

4 4

4 6

2.71E+00 1.6E-01

10 10 10 10

10 12 10 10

2.1E-01 3.2E-01 4.7E-01 2.5E-01

Indium

Iodine II 1782.8 1830.4 Iridium Ir I 2475.12 2502.98 2639.71 2661.98

5/4/05 8:07:39 AM


10-110 λ Å 2664.79 2694.23 2849.72 2853.31 2882.64 2924.79 2934.64 2951.22 3003.63 3168.88 3220.78 3558.99 3573.72 3617.21 3628.67 3661.71 3734.77 4033.76 4069.92 4913.35 4939.24

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 10 6 8 6 8 8 8 8 6 12 10

8 12 10 10 8 12 10 8 10 10 8 8 10 8 8 10 8 10 8 12 12

9 9 7 9 7 5 3 9 5 3 1 5 3 1 3 9 7 9 7 5 7 3 7 9 5 5 1 3 3 5 7 7 5 11 13 11

7 7 5 9 7 5 5 7 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 11 9 7 5 3 9 1 7 9 5 7 3 5 5 7 9 7 7 9 13 11

8

λ –1

4.0E-01 4.8E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-03 7.2E-02 1.42E-01 2.0E-01 2.8E-02 5.9E-02 5.47E-02 2.4E-01 1.5E-02 5.4E-02 2.0E-02 2.8E-02 4.0E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 3.6E-02 3.3E-02 2.5E-03

Iron Fe I 1934.54 1937.27 1940.66 2132.02 2145.19 2153.01 2161.58 2166.77 2171.30 2173.21 2176.84 2191.84 2196.04 2200.39 2200.72 2259.51 2272.07 2276.03 2284.09 2287.25 2292.52 2294.41 2297.79 2298.17 2299.22 2300.14 2301.68 2303.58 2309.00 2313.10 2320.36 2373.62 2389.97 2438.18 2439.74 2442.57

Section 10.indb 110

2.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.6E-01 7.6E-02 5.7E-02 6.9E-02 5.0E-02 2.7E+00 5.1E-02 8.3E-02 1.0E-01 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 8.9E-01 2.8E-01 5.66E-02 2.92E-02 1.25E-01 1.29E-01 2.23E-01 2.96E-02 3.61E-01 1.44E-01 3.09E-01 7.03E-02 4.99E-02 8.68E-02 4.83E-02 1.02E-01 1.18E-01 1.41E-01 6.53E-02 4.47E-02 7.09E-02 3.46E+00 3.12E+00

Å 2443.87 2453.48 2453.57 2457.60 2462.18 2462.65 2463.73 2465.15 2468.88 2470.97 2472.34 2472.87 2472.89 2473.16 2474.81 2476.66 2479.48 2479.78 2483.27 2483.53 2484.19 2485.99 2486.69 2487.07 2488.14 2489.75 2489.91 2490.64 2491.16 2491.99 2494.00 2496.53 2501.13 2501.69 2505.01 2506.57 2507.90 2510.83 2517.66 2518.10 2519.63 2522.85 2524.29 2527.27 2527.44 2529.14 2529.31 2529.84 2533.14 2535.61 2537.17 2537.46 2540.97 2542.10 2543.92 2545.98 2549.61 2576.69 2584.54 2599.57

gi

11 9 11 11 7 9 7 9 11 9 11 5 7 9 7 5 5 5 9 5 3 9 7 3 7 1 3 5 3 9 3 9 9 11 9 7 7 7 5 5 3 9 3 13 7 5 5 3 11 1 13 9 3 11 9 5 7 11 11 9

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 7 13 11 5 9 5 9 11 11 13 3 7 9 7 3 5 5 11 5 3 9 9 3 9 3 5 7 5 9 5 11 7 9 11 9 9 5 7 3 5 9 1 13 7 5 7 3 11 3 15 11 5 13 11 7 9 11 13 9

8

Weights

λ –1

5.89E-02 1.89E-01 1.23E-01 4.81E-01 1.10E-01 5.85E-01 1.64E-01 4.35E-01 2.40E-01 2.36E-02 7.21E-02 2.10E-01 1.30E+00 2.75E-02 6.13E-01 3.05E-01 2.10E-01 1.74E+00 4.80E+00 2.09E-01 2.26E+00 2.94E-02 1.47E-01 6.40E-01 4.20E+00 2.31E+00 8.72E-02 3.44E+00 2.91E+00 3.25E-01 8.89E-02 2.15E-01 6.75E-01 3.69E-02 2.56E-01 2.04E-01 1.93E-01 1.29E+00 1.58E-01 1.93E+00 1.34E-01 2.13E+00 3.23E+00 3.46E-01 1.93E+00 9.91E-01 4.86E+00 3.83E-01 2.07E-01 9.59E-01 3.70E+00 3.19E-02 9.59E-01 4.47E+00 4.70E+00 7.16E-01 2.31E-01 1.13E-01 3.15E-01 1.47E-01

Å 2606.83 2609.22 2618.02 2623.53 2632.24 2635.72 2635.81 2641.03 2641.64 2644.00 2656.15 2662.06 2666.81 2666.97 2669.49 2679.02 2679.06 2689.21 2689.83 2697.02 2699.11 2701.91 2702.45 2706.01 2706.58 2708.57 2710.54 2711.66 2716.26 2716.42 2718.44 2719.03 2719.06 2719.42 2720.90 2723.58 2724.95 2726.06 2728.02 2728.82 2731.28 2733.58 2735.48 2737.31 2737.64 2742.25 2742.41 2743.57 2744.07 2744.53 2750.14 2753.69 2754.03 2755.18 2756.33 2757.32 2761.78 2762.03 2767.52 2769.30

gi

9 7 7 7 5 11 5 9 9 3 13 7 11 9 11 9 11 9 7 7 9 9 13 13 7 9 5 9 9 11 5 9 7 11 7 5 7 3 9 9 5 11 9 3 13 7 5 7 1 5 7 3 5 11 3 3 5 7 9 13

11 7 7 9 5 9 7 7 7 5 15 5 9 11 13 11 11 7 9 9 9 7 11 13 5 9 7 11 9 9 3 7 7 11 5 3 9 1 9 9 7 9 7 3 11 5 5 7 3 3 7 1 5 9 5 3 5 7 9 13

gk

A 108 s–1 2.43E-01 4.60E-01 1.50E-01 2.13E-01 1.21E-01 4.29E-02 2.11E-01 7.71E-02 6.47E-02 2.34E-01 1.63E-01 4.64E-02 8.91E-02 5.16E-02 1.34E-01 1.10E-01 1.50E-01 1.68E-01 3.04E-02 3.51E-02 5.59E-02 1.05E-01 4.23E-02 2.28E-01 2.69E-01 6.49E-01 5.99E-02 4.99E-02 3.70E-02 4.96E-02 3.79E-01 1.42E+00 7.40E-01 3.20E-01 1.04E+00 5.69E-01 4.76E-02 5.52E-01 3.45E-02 2.98E-01 6.84E-02 7.10E-01 5.03E-01 7.25E-01 1.14E-01 3.41E-01 4.70E-01 4.84E-02 3.09E-01 2.53E-01 2.74E-01 4.00E-01 7.29E-02 5.13E-02 1.41E-01 2.85E-01 1.94E-01 1.76E-01 1.48E-01 1.80E-01

5/4/05 8:07:41 AM


Section 10.indb 111

gi

11 5 11 9 11 9 11 11 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 9 5 9 5 7 3 7 9 5 9 11 11 9 5 7 5 11 9 7 13 9 5 11 11 7 7 9 9 5 7 9 7 5 5 3 5 11 11 1 9 3 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 7 11 9 11 11 13 9 9 9 9 7 11 9 11 7 9 9 11 5 7 7 5 5 9 9 3 9 11 13 9 5 7 3 11 11 9 13 11 5 11 11 9 5 9 9 5 7 9 7 5 7 3 3 13 9 3 11 3 5

8

10-111 λ

–1

2.34E-02 4.12E-02 9.08E-02 9.01E-02 2.30E-02 2.27E-02 5.92E-01 2.36E-01 4.52E-02 1.04E-01 1.05E-01 2.40E-01 1.15E-01 5.00E-02 3.42E-01 1.51E-01 1.32E-01 2.38E-01 5.41E-02 1.28E-01 6.96E-02 3.17E-01 7.86E-02 3.37E-01 5.91E-02 4.13E-02 1.45E-01 4.61E-02 2.91E-02 7.98E-02 8.78E-02 4.83E-01 4.24E-02 4.68E-01 1.78E-01 1.61E-01 8.98E-02 1.18E+00 7.44E-02 6.38E-02 1.39E+00 2.97E-01 1.69E-01 5.10E-02 1.53E+00 1.40E-01 9.30E-02 1.83E-01 3.32E-01 3.64E-01 1.89E-01 1.06E-01 1.77E-01 1.31E-01 5.02E-01 8.48E-02 1.16E-01 2.72E-01 8.26E-02 1.08E-01

Å 2973.13 2973.24 2976.13 2980.53 2981.45 2981.85 2982.23 2983.57 2987.29 2990.39 2994.43 2996.39 2999.51 3000.45 3000.95 3003.03 3004.11 3005.30 3007.15 3008.14 3009.09 3009.57 3011.48 3015.92 3016.18 3018.98 3019.29 3020.49 3020.64 3021.07 3024.03 3025.64 3025.84 3026.46 3030.15 3031.64 3037.39 3040.43 3041.64 3041.74 3042.02 3042.66 3047.60 3053.07 3055.26 3057.45 3059.09 3060.54 3066.48 3067.00 3067.12 3067.24 3068.17 3073.98 3075.72 3078.43 3079.99 3083.74 3091.58 3098.19

gi

5 7 5 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 7 3 11 9 5 7 11 13 9 3 13 9 7 11 5 7 9 5 9 7 3 13 1 5 11 3 3 9 7 7 3 5 5 3 7 11 7 9 9 11 5 9 5 11 7 1 9 5 3 11

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 9 7 7 5 9 7 7 7 11 5 5 11 11 3 5 11 15 7 1 11 9 9 9 3 7 11 5 9 7 5 13 3 5 11 3 5 11 9 9 5 7 7 5 5 9 9 7 7 13 7 7 3 9 5 3 11 3 1 11

8

Weights

λ –1

1.35E-01 1.83E-01 9.70E-02 1.66E-01 6.53E-02 1.86E-01 3.47E-02 2.79E-01 5.25E-02 3.5E-01 4.39E-01 1.70E-01 1.70E-01 5.41E-02 6.42E-01 7.50E-02 2.79E-02 2.94E-02 7.34E-02 1.07E+00 7.77E-02 1.43E-01 3.79E-01 6.3E-02 8.85E-02 1.03E-01 2.33E-02 1.94E-01 7.59E-01 4.55E-01 4.87E-02 5.86E-01 3.48E-01 1.10E-01 5.04E-01 1.38E-01 2.91E-01 2.45E-02 4.24E-02 5.20E-02 4.70E-02 5.20E-02 2.84E-01 1.53E-01 9.48E-02 3.13E-01 1.63E-01 6.75E-02 9.11E-02 1.71E-01 3.89E-02 3.12E-01 1.11E-01 3.83E-02 3.14E-01 1.52E-01 8.35E-02 3.08E-01 5.53E-01 7.52E-02

Å 3099.89 3099.97 3100.30 3100.67 3100.84 3101.00 3112.08 3119.49 3120.44 3125.68 3132.52 3142.45 3142.89 3143.99 3145.06 3147.79 3153.20 3154.50 3156.27 3157.04 3157.89 3160.66 3161.95 3165.86 3166.44 3171.35 3175.44 3178.01 3180.22 3181.52 3182.06 3182.97 3188.57 3188.82 3190.65 3190.82 3192.80 3193.30 3194.42 3196.12 3196.93 3199.53 3202.56 3205.40 3210.23 3210.83 3211.61 3211.99 3214.01 3214.06 3215.94 3217.38 3219.58 3219.80 3221.92 3222.07 3225.79 3227.80 3228.25 3229.99

gi

3 9 5 7 13 9 11 11 9 13 9 7 5 9 9 7 7 5 7 9 5 9 11 7 9 9 11 11 7 7 9 5 11 3 9 9 3 5 5 11 9 9 9 3 9 5 9 11 7 7 5 11 7 9 3 11 11 9 5 9

3 9 5 7 11 9 11 9 7 11 7 7 5 9 9 7 9 7 7 11 7 9 13 9 7 7 11 9 9 5 9 7 11 5 11 9 5 7 3 9 11 9 7 3 11 3 9 9 7 5 5 9 9 7 3 11 13 7 3 11

gk

A 108 s–1 1.93E-01 8.23E-02 1.87E-01 1.35E-01 2.73E-02 5.53E-02 5.24E-02 8.28E-02 7.26E-02 8.46E-02 3.39E-01 3.93E-02 5.65E-02 6.10E-01 4.65E-02 7.59E-02 7.91E-02 4.64E-02 6.36E-01 1.26E-01 1.61E-01 1.93E-01 4.65E-02 5.35E-02 1.14E-01 1.85E-01 1.44E-01 1.28E-01 4.42E-01 1.84E-01 3.23E-02 1.42E-01 5.00E-02 2.53E-01 5.75E-02 5.55E-02 5.01E-01 3.07E-01 1.08E-01 1.40E-01 5.97E-01 2.23E-01 6.18E-02 9.77E-01 1.15E-01 9.24E-01 3.07E-02 4.64E-01 8.38E-01 1.18E+00 6.19E-01 1.50E-01 4.64E-01 3.61E-01 1.22E-01 8.65E-01 1.18E+00 4.96E-01 3.72E-01 1.06E-01

5/4/05 8:07:43 AM


10-112 λ Å 3230.21 3230.96 3233.05 3233.97 3239.43 3244.19 3246.96 3248.20 3250.76 3252.91 3253.60 3254.36 3257.23 3257.59 3259.99 3264.51 3265.62 3271.00 3271.48 3280.26 3282.89 3284.59 3286.75 3290.99 3292.02 3292.59 3298.13 3305.97 3306.34 3306.35 3307.23 3310.34 3310.49 3314.74 3319.25 3322.47 3323.74 3328.87 3335.77 3336.26 3337.67 3340.56 3341.91 3342.29 3347.93 3354.06 3355.23 3369.55 3370.78 3380.11 3383.69 3383.98 3392.30 3392.65 3394.58 3399.33 3402.26 3403.29 3404.35 3406.44

Section 10.indb 112

gi

5 7 13 9 9 9 5 7 11 9 7 11 9 7 7 5 7 5 7 9 3 5 7 3 7 3 3 5 9 3 13 11 7 5 9 9 5 11 3 9 11 5 11 3 5 1 9 9 11 7 5 7 5 7 5 5 13 5 5 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 5 15 9 9 11 3 7 11 11 9 13 9 5 9 3 5 3 7 11 5 5 7 5 9 3 5 7 9 5 13 11 9 7 9 11 5 11 5 9 9 5 11 3 5 3 9 9 11 7 3 7 5 7 3 5 13 7 7 5

8

λ –1


Å 3406.80 3407.46 3410.17 3411.35 3413.13 3415.53 3417.84 3418.51 3422.66 3424.28 3425.01 3426.63 3426.67 3427.12 3428.19 3431.81 3440.61 3440.99 3443.88 3445.15 3447.28 3450.33 3451.91 3458.30 3459.91 3465.86 3468.84 3469.01 3475.45 3475.65 3476.34 3476.85 3485.34 3489.67 3490.57 3495.29 3497.10 3500.56 3505.06 3506.50 3508.47 3513.82 3516.41 3516.56 3521.26 3522.27 3522.90 3523.31 3524.07 3524.24 3526.17 3526.24 3526.38 3526.47 3526.67 3527.79 3529.82 3530.39 3533.01 3533.20

gi

3 7 3 9 5 3 3 3 3 7 9 5 11 7 5 5 9 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 9 9 5 7 7 7 5 11 7 9 7 7 5 5 9 11 7 7 9 11 5 5 7 5 7 7 7 5 5 9 3 13 1 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 9 5 9 7 5 3 1 5 7 7 3 11 9 5 7 7 5 3 7 5 3 5 1 3 3 11 9 5 5 7 9 3 13 7 7 7 5 3 5 11 11 9 5 9 11 7 3 5 7 7 9 7 5 5 9 3 13 3 5

8

Weights

λ –1


Å 3534.53 3536.56 3537.73 3537.89 3540.12 3541.08 3542.08 3543.67 3545.64 3547.19 3552.11 3552.83 3553.74 3554.50 3554.92 3556.88 3558.52 3559.50 3560.70 3565.38 3567.03 3568.82 3568.97 3570.10 3572.00 3572.59 3573.39 3573.83 3573.89 3575.11 3575.25 3575.37 3576.76 3578.38 3581.19 3581.65 3581.81 3582.20 3584.66 3584.79 3584.96 3585.19 3585.32 3585.71 3586.11 3586.74 3586.98 3587.24 3588.53 3588.61 3588.92 3589.45 3594.63 3595.30 3597.02 3599.63 3602.46 3602.53 3603.20 3603.82

gi

11 5 5 11 7 9 7 3 9 9 3 5 11 3 11 9 5 3 7 7 5 7 11 9 11 9 5 13 9 3 11 5 11 1 11 11 3 13 11 7 11 11 7 9 13 13 5 7 9 11 5 9 9 5 5 11 7 7 11 3

11 7 3 11 9 11 9 5 9 9 5 5 9 5 13 11 7 3 9 9 7 9 9 11 11 9 7 13 7 3 9 5 9 3 13 9 5 11 11 5 9 9 7 9 11 13 5 9 7 11 3 7 9 5 3 9 7 5 11 3

gk

A 108 s–1 2.20E-02 9.95E-01 1.33E-01 8.0E-02 9.48E-02 8.65E-01 9.51E-01 1.6E-01 2.05E-01 7.13E-02 4.8E-02 1.74E-01 1.09E+00 9.87E-02 1.40E+00 4.1E-01 1.77E-01 2.2E-01 7.4E-02 4.29E-01 8.34E-02 6.72E-02 4.64E-02 6.76E-01 2.89E-01 3.31E-02 1.05E-01 2.41E-02 5.73E-01 1.60E-01 7.43E-02 3.06E-01 8.8E-02 7.82E-02 1.02E+00 3.21E-02 8.68E-02 2.35E-01 3.29E-01 1.56E-01 6.74E-01 3.19E-02 1.17E-01 3.75E-02 7.02E-01 3.62E-02 1.66E-01 7.73E-02 7.21E-02 1.19E-01 2.15E-01 1.05E-01 3.14E-01 8.21E-02 1.8E-01 2.33E-01 1.02E-01 2.12E-01 2.59E-01 1.70E-01

5/4/05 8:07:45 AM


Section 10.indb 113

gi

9 13 11 9 3 13 5 11 7 5 11 9 5 9 11 7 13 11 9 11 7 3 11 9 9 5 9 7 9 7 9 1 3 9 11 7 11 7 5 9 7 11 9 7 9 9 3 11 5 9 5 7 7 5 9 9 9 11 9 7

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 11 13 11 5 13 3 13 7 7 9 9 7 11 9 7 13 9 7 11 9 5 9 11 7 7 9 9 11 5 9 3 3 11 9 7 11 9 5 9 9 9 7 9 7 7 5 13 3 11 7 5 5 5 7 7 11 9 9 9

8

10-113 λ

–1

4.66E-01 2.12E-01 8.29E-01 6.22E-02 8.13E-01 5.90E-01 1.05E-01 1.11E-01 7.0E-02 7.09E-01 4.89E-02 8.88E-02 7.22E-01 4.45E-01 1.07E-01 5.14E-01 6.68E-02 8.15E-02 1.04E-01 2.15E-01 5.17E-01 6.74E-01 5.69E-02 3.54E-02 1.05E-01 2.20E-01 5.9E-02 2.36E-01 3.57E-01 8.3E-02 2.91E-02 4.87E-01 3.38E-01 2.91E-01 3.94E-01 2.26E-01 6.15E-02 5.83E-01 1.18E-01 6.31E-02 4.68E-02 3.87E-02 1.3E-01 3.2E-02 8.03E-02 2.34E-01 8.60E-02 7.20E-02 7.91E-02 4.63E-02 2.28E-01 6.08E-01 1.04E-01 1.5E+00 2.97E-01 9.29E-02 3.34E-01 8.00E-02 7.38E-02 7.3E-02

Å 3689.46 3690.45 3690.73 3694.01 3695.05 3697.43 3698.60 3699.14 3701.09 3702.03 3703.55 3703.69 3703.82 3704.46 3707.92 3709.25 3711.22 3711.41 3716.44 3718.41 3719.93 3721.50 3722.56 3724.38 3726.93 3727.09 3727.62 3727.81 3730.39 3730.46 3730.95 3732.40 3734.86 3735.32 3737.13 3738.31 3740.24 3742.62 3743.36 3743.47 3744.10 3745.56 3746.93 3748.26 3748.96 3749.49 3753.61 3756.94 3757.45 3758.23 3759.15 3760.05 3760.53 3762.20 3763.79 3765.54 3765.70 3767.19 3778.51 3779.45

gi

9 1 11 5 7 7 5 5 7 3 7 9 1 11 7 9 7 3 9 7 9 5 5 5 5 9 7 7 9 7 5 5 11 9 7 11 7 9 5 11 5 5 7 3 9 9 7 11 5 7 13 13 3 9 5 13 11 3 7 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 3 11 7 9 7 7 7 9 1 7 11 3 9 5 7 9 5 7 7 11 5 5 7 5 7 5 5 11 9 7 5 11 9 9 13 9 9 3 11 3 7 7 5 11 9 5 11 3 7 11 15 5 11 5 15 11 3 5 3

8

Weights

λ –1


Å 3781.94 3785.95 3786.19 3787.16 3787.88 3789.18 3789.82 3793.48 3794.34 3795.00 3797.51 3798.51 3799.55 3801.68 3801.98 3802.28 3804.01 3805.34 3806.22 3806.70 3807.54 3808.73 3810.76 3812.96 3813.06 3813.88 3815.84 3816.34 3817.64 3819.49 3820.43 3821.18 3821.83 3825.88 3827.82 3829.45 3833.31 3834.22 3836.33 3839.26 3840.44 3841.05 3843.26 3845.70 3845.99 3846.41 3846.80 3849.97 3852.57 3854.37 3856.37 3859.21 3859.91 3865.52 3867.22 3871.75 3872.50 3873.76 3878.02 3878.67

gi

5 11 5 5 3 9 9 7 9 5 13 9 7 5 11 5 11 9 3 11 3 9 5 7 7 13 9 5 11 7 11 11 5 9 7 3 9 7 5 9 5 5 9 5 9 11 7 3 7 9 7 13 9 3 5 11 5 11 7 9

7 13 5 5 5 11 7 7 11 7 13 11 9 7 13 5 9 11 3 11 5 9 3 5 7 11 7 7 11 5 9 13 5 7 5 3 9 5 5 9 3 3 7 7 7 9 7 1 9 7 5 11 9 3 5 11 5 9 7 7

gk

A 108 s–1 3.8E-02 4.14E-02 1.3E-01 9.9E-02 1.29E-01 2.16E-02 4.1E-02 7.92E-02 4.15E-02 1.15E-01 4.57E-01 3.23E-02 7.31E-02 6.26E-02 3.7E-02 5.63E-02 4.6E-02 8.60E-01 2.5E-01 4.35E-01 9.37E-02 3.54E-02 1.94E-01 7.91E-02 5.52E-02 6.62E-02 1.12E+00 4.16E-02 7.7E-02 4.9E-02 6.67E-01 5.54E-01 7.30E-02 5.97E-01 1.05E+00 1.32E-01 4.68E-02 4.52E-01 3.29E-01 2.35E-01 4.70E-01 1.36E+00 3.70E-01 5.89E-02 4.5E-02 1.68E-01 6.20E-01 6.05E-01 3.26E-02 5.07E-02 4.64E-02 7.25E-02 9.69E-02 1.55E-01 3.16E-01 5.83E-02 1.05E-01 6.57E-02 7.72E-02 7.02E-02

5/4/05 8:07:47 AM


10-114 λ Å 3878.73 3883.28 3884.36 3885.51 3886.28 3887.05 3888.51 3888.82 3891.93 3893.39 3894.01 3897.89 3900.52 3902.95 3903.90 3906.75 3907.93 3909.66 3911.00 3916.73 3918.42 3918.64 3919.07 3925.64 3925.94 3926.01 3928.08 3931.12 3932.63 3933.60 3935.81 3941.28 3942.44 3946.99 3947.53 3948.10 3948.77 3949.95 3951.16 3952.60 3953.15 3955.34 3956.46 3956.68 3957.02 3960.28 3963.10 3967.42 3967.96 3969.26 3970.39 3971.32 3973.65 3976.61 3977.74 3981.77 3983.96 3985.39 3989.86 3996.96

Section 10.indb 114

gi

3 7 11 3 7 9 5 5 3 11 5 11 7 7 9 5 7 3 9 13 3 7 9 5 1 7 9 5 9 3 5 5 3 9 5 7 11 7 3 11 7 3 13 11 5 5 3 9 7 9 3 11 5 3 5 9 9 5 5 9

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 9 5 7 9 5 3 3 11 5 13 7 7 9 7 5 5 9 11 1 7 9 5 3 7 9 7 11 5 5 5 5 11 5 9 9 5 5 11 9 3 11 13 7 7 5 7 9 7 1 9 7 5 5 9 7 5 7 9

8

λ –1


Å 3997.39 3998.05 4005.24 4006.31 4009.71 4014.53 4017.15 4018.27 4021.87 4024.73 4030.49 4030.89 4031.96 4040.64 4043.90 4044.61 4045.59 4045.81 4054.87 4058.22 4062.44 4063.59 4067.98 4070.77 4071.74 4073.76 4074.79 4076.63 4076.80 4079.17 4080.21 4084.49 4085.00 4085.30 4085.98 4098.18 4107.49 4109.80 4112.96 4118.55 4125.62 4126.18 4127.61 4132.06 4132.90 4134.68 4137.00 4142.59 4143.41 4143.87 4149.37 4153.90 4154.50 4154.81 4156.80 4157.78 4158.79 4170.90 4172.12 4172.64

gi

9 11 7 11 3 9 9 5 7 7 9 9 3 5 7 5 9 9 5 9 3 7 9 7 5 5 9 9 5 5 3 11 3 7 7 7 5 3 11 11 9 11 1 5 3 5 3 3 9 7 11 7 5 9 5 5 3 5 7 11

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 9 5 9 5 7 11 7 9 9 11 7 5 7 7 3 7 9 3 7 3 7 9 5 5 3 9 9 7 5 1 9 5 7 5 7 3 3 13 13 11 11 3 7 5 7 5 5 9 9 13 9 3 11 5 7 5 5 5 11

8

Weights

λ –1


Å 4175.64 4181.75 4182.38 4184.89 4187.04 4187.80 4191.43 4195.33 4196.21 4198.25 4198.30 4198.63 4199.10 4200.92 4202.03 4203.94 4203.98 4210.34 4217.55 4219.36 4222.21 4224.17 4224.51 4225.45 4227.43 4233.60 4235.94 4238.81 4245.26 4246.09 4247.43 4250.12 4250.79 4260.47 4267.83 4271.15 4271.76 4276.68 4282.40 4294.12 4299.23 4307.90 4309.03 4315.08 4325.76 4327.10 4369.77 4383.55 4388.41 4401.29 4404.75 4415.12 4422.57 4433.22 4443.19 4455.03 4466.55 4469.38 4476.02 4484.22

gi

3 5 5 5 7 9 5 11 7 9 11 5 9 7 9 13 3 3 3 11 7 9 3 5 11 3 9 7 1 7 9 5 7 11 1 7 9 9 7 9 9 7 13 5 5 5 9 9 7 7 7 5 3 5 1 9 5 5 3 7

5 7 5 5 5 7 3 11 7 9 9 5 11 9 9 13 5 3 5 13 7 11 5 7 13 5 9 9 3 5 11 7 7 11 3 9 11 9 5 9 11 9 13 5 7 5 9 11 7 7 9 7 3 3 3 7 7 7 5 9

gk


5/4/05 8:07:49 AM


Section 10.indb 115

gi

3 5 7 5 7 7 7 7 7 5 7 9 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 9 3 7 11 9 13 11 3 5 5 7 9 11 7 7 5 3 9 9 7 5 11 7 9 5 5 7 7 5 5 9 9 13 5 7 1 5 7 3 9 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 9 7 5 5 7 7 9 7 9 11 7 9 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 9 9 11 11 3 3 5 7 7 11 5 9 3 5 7 11 5 5 9 5 9 7 3 7 5 3 5 11 7 11 5 9 3 7 7 5 9 7

8

10-115 λ

–1


Å 5364.87 5367.47 5369.96 5373.71 5383.37 5393.17 5398.28 5404.15 5410.91 5415.20 5463.28 5473.90 5476.29 5476.56 5563.60 5569.62 5572.84 5576.09 5586.76 5594.66 5602.95 5615.64 5624.54 5633.95 5638.26 5649.99 5655.18 5658.82 5662.52 5679.02 5686.53 5705.99 5753.12 5762.99 5816.37 5905.67 6301.50 6400.00 6411.65 6419.95 6469.19 6496.47 6569.22 6633.75 6841.34 6855.16 7187.32 7511.02 8220.38 8699.45 9012.07 9401.11 9414.04 9443.80 9569.91 9626.50 9738.57 9763.38 9861.74 9889.04

gi

5 7 9 7 11 7 5 9 7 11 9 7 7 9 5 5 7 3 9 9 3 11 5 11 9 3 7 7 11 5 9 7 3 5 9 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 7 5 7 9 11 13 7 11 9 7 5 11 9 11 3 7 9

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 9 11 9 13 9 5 11 9 13 9 7 9 9 7 3 5 1 7 9 3 9 5 13 7 5 9 7 9 7 11 9 5 7 11 3 5 9 7 7 3 5 9 7 7 9 11 11 11 9 9 11 9 7 11 9 13 5 9 11

8

Weights

λ –1


Å

gi

22473.28 23566.67 24547.95 24729.10

11 9 11 13

11 11 9 11

Fe II 1055.26 1063.97 1068.35 1071.58 1096.88 1112.05 1121.97 1122.84 1125.45 1127.10 1128.05 1130.44 1133.40 1133.67 1138.63 1142.37 1143.23 1144.94 1147.41 1148.28 1151.15 1267.42 1272.61 1272.65 1371.02 1563.79 1580.63 1588.69 1608.45 1608.54 1610.92 1611.20 1618.47 1621.25 1621.69 1623.09 1625.52 1625.91 1629.16 1631.13 1633.91 1634.35 1635.40 1636.33 1637.40 1639.40 1641.76 1647.16 1661.32 1663.70 1670.75 1676.86 1688.40 1702.04

10 10 8 6 10 10 10 8 10 10 2 6 8 10 8 10 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 6 14 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 4 8 4 10 2 6 6 10 6 10 8 6 10

8 8 8 8 8 12 8 6 8 10 4 8 10 8 8 8 10 12 8 10 8 6 4 4 12 8 10 8 8 8 10 8 8 8 6 8 10 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 4 4 6 8 8 8 8 8 12

gk

A 108 s–1 3.32E-02 2.21E-02 3.72E-02 5.08E-02 4.6E-01 3.5E-01 1.59E+00 1.14E+00 2.26E+00 2.0E-01 1.92E+00 1.81E+00 1.03E+00 5.9E-02 1.40E+00 3.1E-01 2.6E-01 3.1E-01 5.5E-01 2.6E-01 9.8E-01 3.52E+00 1.24E+00 3.35E+00 2.23E+00 9.3E-01 3.3E-01 2.2E-01 1.74E+00 1.33E+00 5.8E-01 4.9E-03 1.91E+00 2.1E-02 1.94E-01 4.40E-02 5.53E-01 1.3E-02 1.32E+00 1.99E-01 4.04E-01 1.02E-01 8.66E-01 6.93E-01 3.85E-01 3.21E-01 2.28E+00 9.63E-01 3.57E-01 6.85E-01 1.76E+00 4.98E-01 1.2E-02 9.9E-03 1.06E+00 6.75E-02 2.53E-02 1.02E+00

5/4/05 8:07:51 AM


10-116 λ Å 1761.37 1785.27 1786.75 1788.08 1796.98 1818.52 1833.08 1863.11 2020.75 2057.33 2074.19 2078.16 2097.02 2122.45 2146.37 2162.02 2182.36 2187.68 2189.03 2191.98 2201.59 2208.41 2209.03 2213.66 2218.26 2220.38 2228.73 2249.18 2250.18 2250.94 2251.56 2253.13 2254.41 2255.77 2260.08 2260.24 2260.86 2262.69 2266.00 2267.59 2268.56 2268.82 2279.92 2292.42 2296.88 2312.22 2327.40 2327.88 2331.31 2332.80 2338.01 2338.54 2343.50 2343.96 2344.28 2345.34 2348.12 2348.30 2351.20 2351.67

Section 10.indb 116

gi

8 6 6 6 6 8 6 6 6 6 10 10 8 10 8 10 10 8 10 8 6 10 10 14 8 12 6 10 4 6 8 8 4 6 10 2 4 4 6 6 2 8 8 12 6 10 6 10 10 8 4 10 10 8 2 14 10 6 12 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 8 6 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 8 8 8 10 8 8 10 8 8 10 8 14 10 12 8 8 4 6 6 8 2 4 10 2 6 4 6 8 4 8 10 10 8 8 4 12 8 6 4 12 8 6 4 12 8 6 10 6

8

λ –1

1.42E+00 1.2E+01 1.2E+01 4.6E+00 3.0E-03 5.70E-02 2.2E-02 2.4E-03 1.83E-01 2.80E-02 2.30E-02 2.84E-02 1.07E-02 4.8E-03 7.1E-03 2.54E-01 8.6E-02 2.87E-02 1.97E-02 7.54E-01 7.77E-01 1.59E+00 1.27E+00 3.26E-01 1.57E+00 4.19E-01 1.59E+00 3.00E-02 1.67E-02 3.19E-02 9.8E-03 4.41E-02 5.5E-03 4.75E-01 3.18E-02 3.4E-02 2.16E-02 1.98E-02 1.0E-02 3.69E-02 6.0E-03 3.97E-03 4.49E-02 8.42E-03 1.82E-02 9.3E-03 6.55E-01 1.08E+00 3.17E-01 1.31E+00 1.13E+00 5.6E-02 1.73E+00 3.13E-01 9.27E-01 7.3E-01 6.50E-01 1.15E+00 7.19E-01 1.80E+00

Å 2352.31 2353.47 2353.68 2354.48 2354.89 2356.21 2359.11 2359.60 2360.00 2360.29 2360.53 2361.73 2362.02 2363.86 2364.83 2365.76 2366.59 2366.88 2368.60 2369.95 2370.50 2372.36 2373.74 2375.19 2376.43 2378.55 2378.70 2379.28 2379.42 2380.76 2382.04 2382.36 2382.90 2383.06 2383.24 2384.39 2385.01 2388.39 2388.63 2390.10 2390.76 2391.48 2394.00 2395.42 2395.63 2396.72 2399.24 2400.05 2401.29 2402.45 2402.60 2402.63 2404.43 2404.89 2406.09 2406.66 2410.27 2410.52 2411.07 2411.81

gi

2 12 8 10 6 6 4 10 10 8 6 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 6 10 4 10 10 4 12 8 8 8 10 6 10 4 12 8 6 4 6 10 8 14 6 8 12 6 8 10 6 12 6 10 6 8 4 6 6 4 8 4 2 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 14 8 8 4 8 6 10 10 6 8 8 8 10 8 6 6 10 4 12 4 8 10 2 14 8 8 8 10 8 12 6 14 6 6 4 8 12 8 16 6 10 10 4 10 12 6 14 8 10 8 8 2 8 8 4 8 6 2 12

8

Weights

λ –1

4.38E+00 4.98E+00 1.30E+00 8.13E-01 2.67E-01 7.1E-03 5.0E-01 2.25E-01 3.59E-01 6.23E-01 2.22E-01 2.40E-01 1.41E-01 5.3E+00 5.90E-01 2.16E+00 1.01E-01 3.51E-02 6.06E-01 5.9E+00 1.73E-01 6.6E-03 4.25E-01 9.81E-01 6.4E+00 1.70E-01 1.49E-01 2.73E-01 3.68E-01 3.10E-01 3.13E+00 3.19E-02 1.62E-01 1.0E-01 3.59E-01 3.22E-01 3.60E-02 2.02E-01 1.05E+00 5.5E+00 1.17E+00 3.77E-02 9.4E-02 2.67E-01 2.59E+00 2.15E-01 1.39E+00 4.57E+00 1.89E+00 5.8E-01 2.17E-02 8.19E-01 6.44E-01 1.96E+00 2.05E-02 1.61E+00 7.65E-01 1.55E+00 2.37E+00 4.33E+00

Å 2412.01 2413.31 2414.10 2414.51 2416.45 2417.87 2418.17 2418.44 2419.89 2422.69 2422.93 2423.21 2424.15 2424.39 2424.50 2424.59 2424.65 2428.08 2428.36 2428.80 2429.04 2429.39 2429.86 2430.08 2432.26 2432.87 2433.50 2434.06 2434.24 2434.73 2434.95 2435.00 2436.62 2439.30 2440.42 2441.13 2442.38 2443.71 2444.52 2445.11 2445.57 2445.80 2446.11 2446.47 2447.21 2447.33 2447.76 2449.96 2450.21 2453.98 2454.58 2455.71 2455.90 2457.10 2458.78 2458.97 2460.44 2461.28 2461.86 2463.28

gi

6 2 14 10 8 12 6 6 10 6 10 4 10 6 8 6 8 12 8 4 2 4 8 8 6 14 10 8 8 12 4 8 6 12 6 10 10 8 6 12 4 4 8 12 6 4 12 4 2 8 14 8 4 6 10 6 10 6 8 12

8 4 12 8 10 12 8 8 10 8 8 6 12 8 8 6 8 10 10 4 4 4 8 10 8 14 12 6 10 12 6 8 8 14 8 10 12 10 8 12 6 6 8 14 6 2 10 4 4 10 12 8 6 4 12 4 12 8 10 10

gk

A 108 s–1 1.66E-01 1.02E+00 1.05E-02 4.2E-03 2.38E+00 9.5E-01 2.0E-02 2.28E+00 2.2E-02 1.46E+00 2.94E-02 1.40E+00 2.21E+00 1.61E-01 2.9E-03 1.24E+00 6.55E-02 7.0E-03 2.68E+00 1.38E+00 1.23E+00 6.9E-01 1.51E+00 1.91E+00 1.57E+00 2.86E+00 1.30E-01 7.2E-01 2.01E+00 2.79E+00 1.39E+00 2.02E+00 2.70E+00 2.25E+00 1.18E+00 8.95E-01 2.75E+00 1.44E+00 2.78E+00 2.03E+00 2.07E+00 1.23E+00 1.06E+00 2.99E-01 1.15E+00 2.56E+00 1.97E+00 1.24E+00 1.26E+00 1.31E+00 1.16E+00 1.01E+00 1.73E+00 4.71E-01 2.31E+00 2.51E+00 5.39E+00 2.34E+00 2.43E+00 7.1E-01

5/4/05 8:07:54 AM


Section 10.indb 117

gi

10 6 8 2 4 6 10 10 8 6 8 8 10 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 10 12 14 4 12 6 8 4 8 4 12 12 10 8 10 10 14 6 12 10 6 6 2 8 12 8 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 10 8 2 8 6 8 14

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 4 6 4 2 4 10 8 6 6 6 8 8 10 2 6 8 10 8 6 8 12 14 4 10 4 10 6 8 4 12 12 12 8 8 12 16 6 10 12 6 8 2 8 12 8 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 4 6 4 8 14

8

10-117 λ

–1

1.32E+00 2.22E+00 1.62E+00 2.40E+00 2.64E+00 1.77E+00 9.8E-02 2.23E-02 2.58E+00 6.0E-01 1.54E+00 5.4E-03 4.15E-01 3.22E+00 2.74E+00 3.72E+00 3.18E+00 9.7E-02 1.70E-01 9.1E-01 1.55E+00 1.46E-01 6.5E-01 2.23E+00 1.25E+00 1.69E+00 5.4E-01 8.3E-02 2.16E+00 2.6E-02 5.1E-01 1.94E+00 1.44E+00 8.8E-01 1.01E+00 2.30E-01 3.04E+00 1.74E+00 2.97E-02 8.4E-03 1.68E+00 2.41E+00 1.48E+00 1.43E+00 7.3E-01 3.32E-01 2.53E-01 2.23E+00 9.9E-01 1.98E+00 3.79E-01 1.54E-01 2.30E+00 2.49E-01 2.11E+00 9.2E-01 2.10E+00 2.05E+00 2.36E+00 1.91E+00

Å 2525.92 2526.08 2526.29 2527.10 2527.71 2528.68 2529.08 2529.23 2529.55 2530.10 2533.63 2534.42 2535.36 2535.49 2536.67 2536.81 2536.84 2537.14 2538.21 2538.40 2538.50 2538.68 2538.91 2538.99 2539.81 2540.52 2540.66 2541.10 2541.84 2542.32 2542.74 2543.38 2543.43 2544.97 2545.22 2545.44 2545.53 2546.67 2547.34 2548.16 2548.32 2548.59 2548.74 2548.92 2549.08 2549.40 2549.46 2549.77 2550.03 2550.15 2550.57 2550.68 2551.20 2554.94 2555.07 2555.45 2557.08 2557.51 2559.24 2559.77

gi

8 10 6 12 10 10 4 12 10 4 12 8 6 10 12 10 12 10 14 6 8 6 10 14 8 2 6 8 8 4 2 10 6 4 8 8 8 8 8 6 4 10 4 12 10 4 6 8 10 8 12 12 10 8 6 4 8 10 8 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 8 6 10 8 8 6 10 10 6 12 8 4 8 12 10 14 10 12 8 6 8 8 12 8 2 8 6 6 2 2 12 4 6 10 10 10 8 8 8 6 10 2 10 8 4 6 6 10 10 12 12 8 8 8 6 10 8 8 8

8

Weights

λ –1

7.4E-01 3.52E-01 2.47E+00 3.67E-01 9.1E-01 2.3E-02 1.80E+00 3.27E-01 2.20E+00 6.6E-01 1.92E+00 1.83E+00 2.46E+00 7.47E-01 5.7E-01 1.69E+00 6.8E-01 1.44E+00 1.26E+00 3.7E-02 5.9E-01 7.4E-01 1.28E+00 1.93E+00 5.6E-02 1.26E+00 1.70E+00 9.6E-01 8.2E-01 3.9E-03 1.61E+00 6.7E-01 8.3E-01 3.93E-01 5.3E-01 1.52E-01 1.2E-02 7.98E-01 2.28E-01 8.0E-03 2.69E-01 2.67E-01 2.43E+00 6.0E-01 1.89E+00 1.65E+00 1.12E+00 2.35E-01 1.74E+00 3.91E-01 1.6E-02 1.07E+00 2.48E-01 2.6E-02 1.96E-01 2.49E-01 2.8E-02 1.53E-01 6.4E-02 2.42E-01

Å 2559.93 2560.28 2561.59 2562.09 2562.54 2563.48 2566.22 2566.40 2566.62 2566.91 2568.41 2568.89 2569.78 2570.55 2570.85 2571.55 2572.97 2573.21 2573.76 2574.37 2576.86 2577.43 2577.92 2580.72 2581.11 2582.41 2582.58 2583.05 2583.35 2585.62 2585.88 2586.06 2587.95 2588.19 2588.80 2590.55 2591.54 2592.79 2593.73 2594.96 2595.28 2595.30 2598.37 2599.40 2604.05 2604.67 2605.04 2605.31 2605.43 2605.90 2606.52 2607.09 2608.85 2609.13 2609.44 2609.87 2611.07 2611.34 2611.87 2613.57

gi

6 4 10 4 8 6 8 8 10 4 2 8 2 6 8 10 6 8 8 6 10 6 2 8 6 6 4 8 8 10 10 6 8 2 8 4 6 14 2 8 12 10 8 10 8 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 10 8 6 8 4 8 8 10

8 4 10 2 6 4 10 6 12 2 4 8 4 8 6 10 8 10 8 4 12 8 2 6 6 8 4 10 10 10 8 4 10 2 8 6 6 16 4 8 10 8 6 10 8 10 8 4 6 2 6 4 8 10 8 8 6 6 8 12

gk

A 108 s–1 2.47E-01 1.77E+00 1.1E-02 1.62E+00 1.79E+00 1.51E+00 2.61E+00 2.29E+00 7.1E-02 1.15E+00 4.77E-01 2.8E-02 1.11E+00 1.1E-03 1.84E+00 2.89E-02 7.89E-02 1.42E-01 2.3E-02 2.43E+00 1.32E+00 7.8E-03 1.24E+00 2.2E-02 7.61E-02 2.22E-01 8.80E-01 2.16E-02 9.0E-03 3.09E-01 8.94E-01 5.8E-02 1.69E+00 1.5E-01 8.4E-02 7.9E-02 5.72E-01 2.74E+00 1.63E-01 1.0E-01 1.67E-03 1.2E-02 1.43E+00 2.35E+00 1.49E-01 1.2E-02 2.34E+00 1.99E+00 3.40E-01 1.27E+00 2.31E+00 1.73E+00 5.0E-02 2.77E-01 6.0E-02 1.34E-01 7.28E-02 1.4E-02 1.20E+00 2.0E-02

5/4/05 8:07:56 AM


10-118 λ Å 2613.82 2614.19 2614.59 2614.87 2617.62 2619.08 2620.17 2620.41 2620.70 2621.67 2623.13 2623.72 2625.49 2625.67 2626.50 2626.70 2628.29 2628.58 2629.59 2630.07 2631.05 2631.32 2631.61 2633.20 2636.70 2637.50 2637.64 2639.57 2641.12 2642.01 2646.21 2649.47 2650.48 2651.30 2652.57 2654.63 2657.92 2658.25 2659.06 2662.56 2664.66 2666.64 2667.22 2669.93 2670.38 2671.39 2680.23 2682.51 2683.00 2684.75 2684.96 2686.11 2686.39 2691.74 2692.60 2692.83 2693.86 2697.33 2697.46 2697.73

Section 10.indb 118

gi

4 8 10 8 6 10 6 4 8 2 14 6 12 8 4 8 2 6 6 4 4 6 10 6 4 6 2 2 4 6 12 6 6 12 10 4 10 8 10 2 8 6 4 2 6 2 6 8 4 8 12 6 6 10 10 8 8 4 4 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 10 8 6 6 10 6 4 8 2 14 6 14 10 6 8 4 6 8 6 6 8 12 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 10 8 8 12 8 4 10 8 10 2 10 8 6 4 8 4 8 10 6 10 12 6 4 8 12 6 6 4 2 8

8

λ –1

2.12E+00 3.3E-02 3.37E-02 3.5E-02 4.88E-01 2.48E-01 1.1E-01 4.30E-02 3.43E-01 5.60E-01 8.8E-02 1.92E-01 2.55E+00 3.52E-01 3.48E-01 1.94E-02 8.74E-01 3.4E-02 7.2E-01 5.1E-01 8.16E-01 6.29E-01 6.6E-01 1.21E+00 8.8E-02 6.2E-01 6.6E-01 8.0E-01 3.7E-02 2.29E-01 1.44E-02 1.98E+00 1.60E+00 4.0E-03 4.45E-02 8.1E-01 3.2E-02 2.12E-01 2.5E-03 1.33E+00 1.91E+00 1.87E+00 1.02E+00 5.2E-01 6.0E-02 6.5E-01 1.10E-01 9.2E-01 7.3E-01 1.57E+00 6.4E-03 9.4E-03 1.6E-02 5.04E-02 1.40E+00 1.64E-02 4.2E-02 2.48E-01 1.65E+00 2.6E-02

Å 2699.20 2703.99 2704.58 2707.13 2709.06 2709.38 2709.99 2711.84 2712.39 2714.41 2716.22 2716.44 2716.57 2716.70 2717.88 2718.64 2719.30 2721.81 2722.06 2722.74 2724.88 2726.52 2727.38 2727.54 2728.91 2730.73 2732.01 2732.45 2732.94 2736.49 2736.97 2739.55 2741.39 2743.20 2744.90 2746.48 2746.98 2749.18 2749.32 2749.49 2750.01 2751.13 2752.15 2753.29 2754.89 2755.74 2756.51 2757.03 2759.33 2761.81 2762.33 2762.45 2763.66 2763.91 2764.79 2765.13 2767.50 2768.93 2769.15 2769.35

gi

4 8 8 4 4 6 6 12 10 8 6 6 14 8 16 10 6 12 8 6 6 6 12 6 8 4 10 10 8 2 4 8 6 2 6 4 6 4 6 2 10 4 4 10 8 8 6 10 8 2 6 6 14 8 12 10 12 4 8 12

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 8 8 6 6 4 8 14 12 6 6 6 12 8 14 8 8 10 8 8 6 8 10 4 10 4 8 10 6 4 2 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 2 10 4 4 12 6 10 8 8 8 4 6 4 12 6 12 8 14 6 10 14

8

Weights

λ –1

6.2E-01 1.38E+00 1.66E-02 8.3E-01 3.88E-01 2.78E-03 8.7E-03 4.36E-01 1.29E-01 5.70E-01 1.15E+00 2.8E-02 1.35E+00 1.02E-03 1.51E+00 1.18E+00 4.44E-01 5.1E-02 1.42E-01 8.2E-01 9.58E-02 5.0E-02 3.12E-01 9.38E-01 1.25E-01 2.79E-01 7.05E-02 9.8E-04 9.5E-01 1.5E-02 1.22E+00 2.21E+00 2.03E-01 1.97E+00 3.62E-02 2.05E+00 1.69E+00 1.21E+00 2.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.8E-02 2.92E-01 7.7E-01 1.89E+00 1.21E+00 2.15E+00 7.3E-02 8.07E-02 2.7E-04 1.38E-01 6.0E-01 3.3E-02 1.34E+00 2.9E-02 1.1E-02 1.47E+00 1.58E+00 4.75E-02 6.6E-02 2.07E-01

Å 2770.50 2771.19 2771.56 2772.73 2774.69 2775.34 2776.18 2776.91 2779.30 2779.91 2780.05 2783.69 2784.28 2785.19 2787.24 2790.56 2793.89 2796.63 2797.92 2799.29 2799.72 2804.02 2805.32 2805.79 2809.78 2811.27 2812.49 2813.61 2817.09 2819.34 2826.03 2827.43 2828.63 2831.56 2833.09 2835.71 2836.19 2836.51 2837.30 2838.22 2839.51 2839.80 2840.34 2840.65 2840.76 2841.36 2842.08 2843.32 2843.48 2844.96 2845.60 2847.21 2847.77 2848.11 2848.32 2848.91 2849.61 2852.87 2853.21 2855.67

gi

12 10 6 6 2 6 6 8 10 2 2 12 2 12 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 6 4 8 8 12 4 8 6 12 8 12 12 4 6 4 4 2 10 4 10 8 12 2 10 10 8 10 4 2 8 8 4 6 6 12 10 2 6 8

10 12 4 8 4 6 8 8 8 4 2 10 4 10 6 10 12 10 10 8 10 6 6 8 8 10 4 10 4 12 6 14 10 6 6 6 4 4 12 2 8 10 12 4 12 10 8 10 6 2 6 6 4 6 4 10 12 4 6 10

gk

A 108 s–1 4.08E-02 4.3E-02 1.9E-02 1.1E-03 2.73E-01 1.5E-04 2.66E-02 4.08E-01 1.00E+00 2.56E-01 3.3E-01 1.06E+00 3.4E-02 1.53E+00 1.83E-01 2.1E-02 1.26E-01 2.0E-01 3.2E-02 1.55E-01 5.0E-03 1.6E-02 2.5E-02 3.22E-02 3.10E-01 1.2E-02 2.9E-02 3.40E-02 3.37E-01 9.7E-03 4.5E-02 2.4E-02 6.9E-02 7.6E-01 4.55E-01 5.1E-01 5.4E-02 9.8E-02 1.9E-02 8.6E-01 1.47E+00 5.8E-01 7.7E-02 7.6E-01 1.49E-01 4.3E-03 1.5E-02 1.40E-02 9.6E-02 5.5E-01 1.57E+00 1.7E-04 5.1E-01 9.9E-01 1.59E+00 5.3E-02 4.6E-02 1.65E-02 2.3E-02 9.2E-02

5/4/05 8:07:58 AM


Section 10.indb 119

gi

10 6 8 6 6 10 4 8 6 8 4 8 8 10 12 10 8 8 8 10 8 12 6 14 12 6 4 4 10 8 6 6 10 2 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 8 6 4 6 6 10 6 8 8 8 4 8 2 4 6 8 8 4 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

10 8 8 8 6 12 4 8 6 10 6 6 10 12 10 8 10 10 8 8 8 14 8 12 10 4 6 6 12 10 4 8 10 4 6 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 4 2 6 4 8 8 8 6 6 2 6 2 4 4 10 6 6 8

8

10-119 λ

–1

5.0E-02 4.42E-01 1.32E+00 1.22E-01 2.0E-02 4.85E-01 1.7E-03 4.3E-02 7.3E-03 1.4E-02 4.04E-01 1.1E-02 7.5E-03 2.2E-02 3.0E-02 1.70E-01 4.56E-01 1.35E-01 9.56E-02 3.6E-02 2.21E-02 1.48E-01 2.46E-01 3.8E-02 6.9E-03 1.9E-02 6.1E-02 1.8E-03 5.7E-02 1.09E-01 1.8E-01 8.81E-03 3.2E-02 4.4E-02 1.3E-03 1.5E-02 4.8E-04 2.7E-02 1.4E-03 3.8E-02 5.1E-02 5.6E-03 4.0E-03 3.5E-01 5.6E-04 2.01E-01 2.45E-01 5.2E-02 1.2E-02 9.7E-02 1.36E-01 8.9E-03 4.6E-02 6.5E-02 9.43E-02 1.1E-02 2.4E-03 2.28E-01 2.70E-02 4.15E-02

Å 2975.94 2978.85 2979.35 2980.96 2982.06 2984.82 2985.54 2997.30 2998.85 3000.06 3002.32 3002.65 3004.26 3020.01 3021.42 3036.96 3044.84 3048.99 3056.80 3062.24 3065.32 3070.69 3071.12 3076.44 3077.17 3078.68 3089.38 3096.29 3101.89 3105.17 3105.55 3106.57 3114.30 3114.69 3116.58 3129.01 3131.72 3133.05 3135.36 3144.75 3146.75 3154.20 3155.95 3162.80 3163.09 3166.67 3167.86 3170.34 3177.53 3179.50 3180.15 3183.11 3185.32 3186.74 3187.30 3192.07 3192.91 3193.80 3193.86 3196.07

gi

2 10 2 6 4 6 2 6 6 8 6 4 8 12 8 6 8 4 14 12 6 10 2 4 14 6 6 8 6 4 2 8 4 2 6 8 12 4 6 8 10 10 10 8 6 6 8 4 8 6 4 4 2 4 10 8 6 2 8 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 10 4 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 8 6 8 10 6 6 10 4 12 10 6 8 4 6 12 8 8 8 8 2 2 8 4 4 4 10 10 6 6 6 10 10 8 8 6 4 8 2 8 8 6 6 4 4 10 10 6 2 8 8

8

Weights

λ –1


Å 3210.44 3211.08 3213.31 3227.74 3231.71 3232.78 3237.40 3237.82 3241.69 3243.72 3247.17 3247.39 3255.89 3257.36 3258.77 3259.05 3266.94 3267.04 3268.51 3269.77 3273.49 3276.60 3277.35 3279.64 3281.29 3285.41 3289.35 3295.23 3295.82 3297.88 3302.86 3303.46 3304.43 3313.99 3323.06 3325.01 3360.11 3366.97 3381.01 3388.14 3395.33 3398.36 3416.02 3425.57 3436.11 3442.22 3453.62 3456.92 3463.96 3464.50 3468.68 3475.74 3487.99 3493.47 3494.67 3495.62 3499.88 3503.47 3507.40 3508.20

gi

2 6 4 6 6 8 4 2 8 10 4 8 8 8 6 8 10 8 8 10 8 6 8 10 6 4 8 6 4 6 6 2 6 2 8 8 12 8 6 8 8 14 4 6 8 8 8 8 6 10 8 6 4 10 4 10 8 2 2 2

4 8 6 8 8 6 4 4 8 8 6 8 8 6 8 10 10 10 6 8 8 8 10 10 6 2 8 8 4 4 8 2 8 4 10 8 12 6 4 10 8 14 2 8 6 6 10 6 6 8 8 8 6 10 6 8 8 2 4 4

gk


5/4/05 8:08:00 AM


10-120 λ Å 3614.88 3621.27 3624.89 3632.29 3711.98 3748.48 3759.46 3814.12 3824.93 3827.08 3906.04 3914.50 3935.96 3938.29 3938.97 3945.21 3974.17 4024.55 4075.95 4087.28 4122.67 4124.79 4128.75 4173.46 4178.86 4180.98 4233.17 4258.15 4273.33 4296.57 4303.18 4351.77 4369.41 4384.32 4385.39 4413.60 4416.83 4472.93 4489.18 4491.41 4508.29 4515.34 4520.22 4522.63 4534.17 4541.52 4549.19 4549.47 4555.89 4576.34 4582.84 4583.84 4620.52 4629.34 4635.32 4656.98 4666.76 4670.18 4720.15 4731.45

Section 10.indb 120

gi

8 2 2 10 4 6 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 6 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 2 12 2 10 2 6 8 4 4 6 10 6 4 4 4 8 8 6 6 10 8 10 6 6 8 6 4 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 4 2 10 6 4 2 6 6 8 8 4 10 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 8 4 8 4 2 6 4 6 4 10 2 10 4 4 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 8 6 8 8 8 10 8 6 10 8 6 8

8

λ –1


Å 4833.20 4840.00 4893.82 4923.93 4990.51 4993.36 5000.74 5001.96 5018.44 5030.63 5035.71 5100.66 5132.67 5136.80 5144.35 5149.47 5169.03 5197.58 5227.48 5234.62 5247.95 5251.23 5262.48 5264.18 5264.81 5272.40 5276.00 5284.11 5306.18 5316.22 5316.62 5316.78 5325.55 5387.06 5395.86 5402.06 5414.07 5425.26 5427.83 5429.99 5465.93 5482.31 5493.83 5506.19 5510.78 5525.12 5529.05 5534.85 5544.76 5607.14 5627.50 5725.96 5783.63 5813.68 5823.15 5824.41 5885.01 5902.83 5955.70 5961.71

gi

12 10 8 6 6 10 2 12 6 10 10 10 10 6 4 8 6 6 12 8 4 6 4 8 6 6 10 6 6 14 12 8 8 12 6 10 8 10 12 8 6 10 8 12 10 10 6 12 12 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 4 8 6 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

10 8 6 4 8 8 4 14 6 10 12 8 10 4 6 10 8 4 14 6 6 8 6 10 4 6 8 8 8 14 10 6 8 14 8 12 8 10 10 10 8 12 10 14 12 8 6 10 12 8 6 6 10 4 10 6 6 10 8 12

8

Weights

λ –1

4.6E-06 4.0E-06 2.5E-05 4.28E-02 5.2E-01 6.9E-05 1.8E-05 1.57E+00 2.0E-02 7.1E-01 9.4E-01 2.0E-05 2.0E-05 2.8E-05 8.5E-01 9.0E-01 4.22E-02 5.4E-03 1.22E+00 2.5E-03 1.43E+00 8.0E-01 8.0E-07 4.76E-01 3.52E-04 3.9E-03 3.76E-03 1.9E-04 3.28E-01 3.69E-01 3.89E-03 6.5E-04 8.0E-04 5.2E-01 5.5E-01 5.6E-01 9.4E-05 9.2E-05 5.9E-03 6.0E-01 6.2E-01 4.78E-01 4.01E-01 1.14E+00 2.28E-01 3.17E-05 2.01E-01 3.0E-04 2.49E-01 4.63E-05 2.93E-05 5.1E-06 4.62E-01 8.8E-04 2.0E-04 8.3E-07 6.4E-01 4.98E-01 4.19E-01 7.4E-01

Å

gi

gk

A 108 s–1

5965.62 5991.38 6084.11 6113.32 6129.70 6147.74 6149.26 6175.15 6179.38 6238.39 6239.95 6247.56 6305.30 6331.95 6369.46 6383.72 6416.92 6432.68 6446.41 6456.38 6516.08 7222.39 7224.49 7301.56 7320.65 7449.33 7462.41 7479.69 7515.83 7711.72

10 12 10 8 10 4 2 8 8 4 2 6 10 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 4 2 6 6 4 6 6 8 8

10 10 8 6 10 2 2 8 6 4 4 4 10 8 4 6 6 6 10 6 8 2 2 6 4 6 6 8 6 8

2.19E-01 4.2E-05 3.0E-05 1.7E-05 3.2E-06 1.3E-03 1.3E-03 1.8E-03 4.6E-04 7.5E-04 1.1E-04 1.6E-03 1.4E-03 1.8E-03 1.40E-04 1.1E-03 3.6E-04 8.5E-05 1.3E-03 1.7E-03 8.3E-05 2.5E-04 2.8E-04 2.1E-05 1.4E-04 1.68E-04 2.7E-04 3.5E-05 8.1E-05 4.94E-04

Fe III 1843.4 1844.3 1846.9 1854.38 1865.20 1893.98 1896.80 1904.3 1907.58 1915.08 1922.79 1930.39 1931.51 1937.35 1943.48 1950.33 1951.01 1952.65 1953.32 1987.50

9 7 5 3 7 11 13 5 15 13 11 9 9 7 5 13 11 9 7 13

7 5 3 1 7 9 11 5 13 15 13 11 11 9 7 15 11 9 7 13


Fe VII 150.807 150.852 151.023 151.046 151.145 151.432 151.512

5 7 9 7 9 5 5

7 9 11 7 9 7 5

1.3E+03 1.3E+03 1.6E+03 2.2E+02 2.1E+02 2.2E+02 5.3E+02

5/4/05 8:08:02 AM


gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

151.675 151.782 154.307 154.335 154.363 154.565 154.650 154.848 154.921 154.941 154.949 155.994 158.481 165.087 165.919 166.365 173.441 176.744 176.928 177.172 235.221 240.053 243.379

7 9 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 9 9 1 7 9 9 9 7 5 5 3 9

Fe VIII 112.472 112.486 116.196 117.197 167.486 168.172 168.545 168.929 185.213 186.601

4 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4

4 6 6 8 4 6 4 2 8 6

3.6E+02 4.3E+02 4.5E+02 3.8E+02 3.0E+03 3.1E+03 2.0E+03 2.1E+03 1.0E+03 9.4E+02

Fe X 76.822 77.865 100.026 101.733 101.846 102.095 102.192 102.829 103.319 103.724 104.638 174.534 175.266

2 4 8 6 4 10 10 4 6 6 8 4 2

2 6 10 8 6 12 12 6 8 8 10 6 4

1.8E+03 1.6E+03 2.6E+03 1.8E+03 1.7E+03 2.9E+03 2.9E+03 2.1E+03 2.6E+03 1.7E+03 2.1E+03 1.8E+03 1.72E+03

Fe XI 72.166 72.310 72.635 91.394 91.472 91.63 91.63 91.63 91.733

5 5 5 5 7 3 7 5 9

7 5 7 7 9 5 9 7 11

2.9E+03 1.5E+03 1.6E+03 2.6E+03 2.5E+03 2.3E+03 3.4E+03 2.8E+03 4.1E+03

Section 10.indb 121

7 9 1 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 7 11 9 3 5 7 9 9 7 5 3 1 7

8

10-121


Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

Weights

λ –1

92.81 92.87 93.433 179.762

9 11 9 5

11 13 11 7

3.7E+03 3.9E+03 3.2E+03 1.67E+03

Fe XII 65.905 66.526 66.960 67.164 67.821 68.382 80.541 81.943 82.226 84.48 84.48 84.52 84.52 84.85 85.14 85.477 186.880 192.394 193.509 195.119

4 6 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 8 10 6 6 8 10 6 4 4 4

4 8 6 2 6 4 6 4 2 6 10 12 8 8 10 12 8 2 4 6


Fe XIII 62.353 62.46 62.699 63.188 64.139 74.845 75.892 76.117 78.452 84.270 107.384

1 5 3 5 1 5 5 5 9 7 7

3 7 5 7 3 5 3 3 11 9 5

2.0E+03 1.2E+03 2.3E+03 3.9E+03 2.1E+03 1.0E+03 7.7E+02 2.1E+03 6.3E+03 5.5E+03 1.8E+03

Fe XIV 58.963 59.579 69.176 69.386 69.66 69.66 70.251 70.613 72.80 76.022 76.152 91.009 91.273 188 190 207 211.316 213 214 216

2 4 4 2 2 6 6 4 10 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 2 6

4 6 6 4 2 6 4 2 12 6 8 4 2 6 8 2 4 2 2 8


Å

gi

8 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 6 8 4

gk

A 108 s–1

217 217 219 219 219.123 220 221 226 234 264.787 265 266 268 268 270.524 274.203 280 283 288.45

6 6 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 4 6 6

4.0E+02 2.6E+02 4.8E+02 2.4E+02 3.9E+02 3.2E+02 5.9E+02 3.9E+02 2.8E+02 3.38E+02 1.5E+02 1.7E+02 2.1E+02 3.3E+02 2.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.8E+02 2.7E+02 1.6E+02

Fe XV 38.95 52.911 59.404 63.959 65.370 65.612 66.238 68.860 69.7 69.942 69.989 70.052 70.224 70.53 70.59 73.199 73.473 233.857 235 243 243 243.790 248 284.160

1 1 3 5 1 3 5 9 3 3 5 7 1 7 7 7 5 5 1 1 5 3 3 1

3 3 5 7 3 3 3 11 1 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 7 7 3 3 7 5 1 3

1.69E+03 2.94E+03 3.4E+03 1.6E+03 3.2E+02 9.8E+02 1.6E+03 9.2E+03 1.9E+03 7.4E+03 7.9E+03 8.8E+03 4.13E+03 2.6E+02 1.7E+03 8.8E+03 6.2E+03 2.2E+02 2.5E+02 2.4E+02 2.3E+02 4.2E+02 5.4E+02 2.28E+02

Fe XVI 31.041 31.242 32.166 32.192 32.433 32.652 34.857 35.106 35.333 35.368 36.01 36.749 36.803 37.096

2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 2 2 4

4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 8 2 4 2 6

5.2E+02 6.1E+02 6.8E+02 6.7E+02 7.7E+02 9.1E+02 1.23E+03 1.44E+03 6.4E+02 6.8E+02 5.0E+02 1.1E+03 1.2E+03 1.0E+03

5/4/05 8:08:04 AM


10-122 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

37.138 39.827 40.153 40.161 40.199 40.245 41.91 42.30 46.661 46.718 50.350 50.555 54.142 54.728 54.769 62.879 63.719 66.263 66.368 66.392 76.502 76.796 80.192 80.270 85.587 86.133 96.256 96.348 117.2 117.7 123.4 124.5 144.06 144.25 148 266.7 267.0

6 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6

Fe XVII 11.023 12.123 12.264 12.526 12.681 13.823 13.891 15.015 15.262 16.777 17.054 41.37 49.427 50.26 58.76

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 3 7 9

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 11 3 9 11


Fe XIX 13.413 13.426 13.47 13.520 13.56

5 5 3 5 3

3 7 1 7 5

1.3E+04 4.8E+04 1.5E+05 2.0E+05 1.0E+04

Section 10.indb 122

8 4 6 4 6 8 2 2 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 6 8 4 2 4 6 6 8 2 6 8

8

1.07E+03 2.1E+03 2.5E+03 4.1E+02 1.7E+03 1.8E+03 4.72E+02 9.2E+02 3.46E+03 3.7E+03 1.86E+03 1.98E+03 3.41E+03 4.16E+03 6.97E+02 1.05E+03 2.18E+03 9.39E+03 1.00E+04 6.69E+02 6.7E+02 7.72E+02 5.2E+02 5.4E+02 4.0E+02 4.8E+02 8.7E+02 9.3E+02 3.93E+02 3.9E+02 5.9E+02 7.0E+02 1.6E+03 1.6E+03 6.5E+02 3.9E+02 4.3E+02

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

1 7 3 5 7 7 5 3 3 7 3 3 3 5 3 1

8

Weights

λ –1

13.68 13.69 13.700 13.71 13.738 13.796 13.83 13.934 13.961 14.668 14.671 14.929 14.966 14.995 15.015 16.668

3 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 5 1 3


Fe XX 12.67 12.69 12.73 12.77 12.78 12.78 12.79 12.82 12.88 12.89 12.90 12.90 12.92 12.93 12.93 12.98 12.99 13.00 13.01 13.03 13.07 13.13 13.24 13.28 13.70 13.71 13.78 13.79 13.83 13.90 13.98 13.99 14.05 14.23

6 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 2 4 6 2 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 2

6 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 2 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 2

1.0E+04 1.2E+04 4.0E+04 2.1E+05 6.9E+04 1.4E+05 1.7E+04 1.1E+05 2.7E+04 4.4E+04 6.2E+03 1.4E+05 1.7E+04 1.6E+05 1.2E+04 6.7E+04 5.1E+04 1.1E+04 3.0E+04 8.6E+04 8.2E+03 8.9E+04 1.2E+04 6.1E+03 1.1E+04 9.9E+03 1.0E+04 1.2E+04 9.8E+03 1.2E+04 1.6E+04 2.2E+04 1.7E+04 6.3E+03

Fe XXI 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.56 8.56 8.56 8.64

3 3 3 5 1 5 5

1 5 3 7 3 3 7

1.8E+04 6.1E+03 1.5E+04 2.0E+04 2.1E+04 6.5E+03 1.5E+04

Å 8.65 8.66 8.74 9.42 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.47 9.52 9.58 9.59 9.67 9.68 9.74 12.02 12.13 12.18 12.19 12.21 12.21 12.25 12.28 12.30 12.36 12.37 12.38 12.47 12.47 12.49 12.53 12.57 12.73 12.95 13.00 13.03 13.14 13.41

5 5 1 3 3 3 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 3 1 5 3 1

Fe XXII 9.002 9.006 9.006 9.163 9.183 9.241 11.748 11.748 11.748 11.763 11.789 11.789 11.797 11.823 11.837 11.837 11.886 11.898 11.922

4 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 2 6 6 6 4 2 4

gi

7 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 7 3 3 3 7 3 1 3 3 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 6 8 6 6 8 6 4 6 2 4 2 8 4 4 8 6 6 4 6

gk

A 108 s–1 3.9E+04 4.4E+03 2.5E+04 4.3E+04 3.3E+04 1.7E+04 5.2E+04 1.5E+04 4.9E+04 6.1E+03 8.1E+03 5.2E+03 1.0E+04 5.7E+04 4.0E+03 5.3E+03 1.3E+04 1.8E+04 2.2E+04 6.4E+03 1.5E+05 1.2E+05 2.1E+05 5.2E+04 2.1E+05 3.6E+04 3.1E+05 6.9E+03 5.8E+04 1.3E+04 1.3E+04 1.5E+04 7.2E+04 8.2E+03 6.2E+03 7.2E+03 1.3E+04 2.0E+04 7.3E+03 5.5E+04 5.7E+04 5.3E+04 6.9E+04 8.3E+04 5.1E+04 1.2E+05 1.6E+05 1.8E+05 1.6E+05 2.6E+05 1.2E+05 1.7E+05 7.9E+04 2.3E+05 1.7E+05 1.3E+05 8.2E+04 1.8E+05

5/4/05 8:08:07 AM


gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

11.976 12.027 12.045 12.045 12.053 12.077 12.077 12.095 12.193 12.193 12.325

6 2 6 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 2

Fe XXIII 7.733 7.849 8.307 8.529 8.550 8.552 8.614 8.664 8.669 8.672 8.752 8.764 8.814 10.902 10.910 10.927 10.934 10.979 11.018 11.086 11.165 11.255 11.298 11.325 11.338 11.429 11.433 11.441 11.445 11.485 11.491 11.519 11.520 11.524 11.593 11.613 11.615 11.691 11.698 11.737 11.898

5 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 1

7 7 3 3 5 3 7 3 7 3 7 7 5 5 1 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 7 7 5 3 7 5 5 3

3.0E+04 4.9E+04 4.8E+04 4.3E+04 6.0E+04 3.2E+04 7.7E+04 4.4E+04 6.1E+04 6.8E+04 1.2E+05 4.6E+04 6.2E+04 5.3E+04 6.7E+04 6.0E+04 5.4E+04 7.9E+04 4.9E+04 6.5E+04 6.7E+04 3.7E+04 1.3E+05 1.7E+05 9.3E+04 1.7E+05 1.2E+05 2.2E+05 5.6E+04 1.40E+05 5.9E+04 1.16E+05 2.16E+05 2.3E+05 3.58E+05 1.0E+05 4.4E+04 7.7E+04 7.3E+04 1.8E+05 2.03E+05

Fe XXIV 1.8523 1.8552 1.8563 1.8572 1.858

2 2 4 2 2

2 4 2 2 4

1.0E+05 4.82E+06 2.43E+06 3.06E+06 1.2E+05

Section 10.indb 123

8 4 8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2

8

10-123

5.9E+04 6.9E+04 2.4E+05 9.7E+04 6.1E+04 1.0E+05 2.4E+05 7.8E+04 7.2E+04 9.9E+04 1.5E+05

Å 1.8614 1.8626 1.8627 1.8637 1.8655 1.8672 1.8678 1.8721 1.8721 1.8730 1.8739 1.891 1.897 8.231 8.316 10.619 10.663 11.030 11.171

4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4

Fe XXV 1.4607 1.4945 1.5730 1.5749 1.778 1.782 1.787 1.787 1.788 1.788 1.789 1.790 1.791 1.791 1.792 1.792 1.793 1.794 1.797 1.798 1.800 1.802 1.810 1.8502 1.8593 10.038

1 1 1 1 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 1 1 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 2 2 6 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 4 6 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 1 3 3 3

8

6.24E+06 3.16E+06 5.47E+06 1.91E+06 2.14E+06 1.63E+06 3.5E+05 3.2E+05 2.0E+05 1.5E+05 8.3E+04 9.7E+04 9.8E+04 6.10E+04 7.07E+04 7.28E+04 7.51E+04 1.84E+05 2.18E+05 2.54E+05 5.05E+05 1.24E+06 1.5E+05 8.7E+04 4.69E+06 2.57E+06 1.19E+06 2.68E+06 1.63E+06 1.78E+06 1.23E+06 4.10E+06 2.59E+06 4.92E+06 2.81E+06 2.67E+06 2.22E+06 8.8E+05 1.0E+05 8.6E+04 4.1E+05 5.9E+05 4.57E+06 4.42E+05 8.08E+04

Krypton Kr I 1164.9 1235.8 4274.0 4351.4 4362.6 4376.1 4400.0 4410.4 4425.2 4453.9

1 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 5 1 3 1 5 3 3 5

Weights

λ –1

3.16E+00 3.12E+00 2.6E-02 3.2E-02 8.4E-03 5.6E-02 2.0E-02 4.4E-03 9.7E-03 7.8E-03

Å

gi

3 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 1 5 1 3 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 3

gk

A 108 s–1

4463.7 4502.4 5562.2 5570.3 5649.6 5870.9 6904.7 7224.1 7587.4 7601.5 7685.2 7694.5 7854.8 8059.5 8104.4 8112.9 8190.1 8263.2 8281.1 8298.1 8508.9 8776.7 8928.7

3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 1 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5

2.3E-02 9.2E-03 2.8E-03 2.1E-02 3.7E-03 1.8E-02 1.3E-02 1.4E-02 5.1E-01 3.1E-01 4.9E-01 5.6E-02 2.3E-01 1.9E-01 1.3E-01 3.6E-01 1.1E-01 3.5E-01 1.9E-01 3.2E-01 2.4E-01 2.7E-01 3.7E-01

Kr II 4250.6 4292.9 4355.5 4431.7 4436.8 4577.2 4583.0 4615.3 4619.2 4633.9 4658.9 4739.0 4762.4 4765.7 4811.8 4825.2 4832.1 5208.3 5308.7 7407.0

4 4 6 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 6

4 4 8 2 4 8 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6

1.2E-01 9.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.8E+00 6.6E-01 9.6E-01 7.6E-01 5.4E-01 8.1E-01 7.1E-01 6.5E-01 7.6E-01 4.2E-01 6.7E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 7.3E-01 1.4E-01 2.4E-02 7.0E-02

1 1 1 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5

3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 5

5.2E-02 1.2E-01 1.5E+00 1.9E-01 2.5E-01 2.8E-01 5.0E-01 2.7E-01 1.9E+00 3.1E-02 9.8E-04 7.1E-01

Lead Pb I 2022.0 2053.3 2170.0 2401.9 2446.2 2476.4 2577.3 2613.7 2614.2 2628.3 2657.1 2663.2

5/4/05 8:08:09 AM


10-124 λ Å 2802.0 2823.2 2833.1 2873.3 3572.7 3639.6 3671.5 3683.5 3739.9 4019.6 4057.8 4062.1 4168.0 5005.4 5201.4 7229.0

5 5 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 5

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 3

8

λ –1

10 s

14 4 4 2 14 4 2

Mg IV 320.99 323.31 1219.0 1375.5 1459.6 1495.5 1510.7 1683.0 1698.8 1893.9

4 2 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 6

2 2 6 4 4 6 4 8 6 6

1.2E+02 5.9E+01 5.9E+00 4.5E+00 4.6E+00 6.4E+00 6.7E+00 5.8E+00 3.9E+00 2.8E+00

Mg VI *269.92 *292.53 *314.64 *349.15 *387.94 399.29 400.68 403.32

10 6 6 10 6 4 4 4

6 6 2 10 10 2 4 6

3.1E+02 9.0E+01 1.8E+02 6.1E+01 1.3E+01 2.8E+01 2.8E+01 2.7E+01

Mg VII 277.01 278.41 280.74 319.02 *366.42 *433.04 1334.3 1410.0 1487.0 1487.9

3 5 5 5 9 9 5 5 3 5

3 3 3 5 9 15 5 5 5 7

9.5E+01 1.5E+02 2.0E+02 8.9E+01 4.4E+01 1.6E+01 5.3E+00 2.57E+00 3.02E+00 3.66E+00

Mg VIII *74.976 315.02 *342.29 353.86 356.00 *428.52 *434.62 *489.33 *686.92

6 4 10 4 6 10 6 6 6

10 4 6 4 4 10 10 6 10

4.3E+03 1.2E+02 6.3E+01 3.89E+01 5.7E+01 3.24E+01 1.6E+01 3.9E+01 9.4E+00

Mg IX 62.751 *67.189 *71.965 72.312 77.737 368.07 438.69 *443.74 749.55

1 9 9 3 3 1 3 9 3

3 15 3 5 1 3 1 9 5

2.87E+03 6.20E+03 1.22E+03 4.43E+03 3.92E+02 5.27E+01 7.9E+01 4.19E+01 8.2E+00

1.3E-02 1.17E-02 2.23E-01 6.860E-01 3.691E-01

4 4 6 6 4

4 6 4 6 4

2.23E+00 5.9E-01 1.1E-02 2.5E-01 2.1E-01

Mg I 2025.8 *2779.8 *2850.0 2852.1 *3094.9 3329.9 3332.2 3336.7 *3835.3 4703.0 5167.3 5172.7 5183.6 5528.4

1 9 9 1 9 1 3 5 9 3 1 3 5 3

3 9 15 3 15 3 3 3 15 5 3 3 3 5

8.4E-01 5.2E+00 2.3E-01 4.95E+00 5.2E-01 3.3E-02 9.7E-02 1.6E-01 1.68E+00 2.55E-01 1.16E-01 3.46E-01 5.75E-01 1.99E-01

Mg II 1239.9 1240.4 *2660.8 2790.8 2795.5 2797.9 2798.1 2802.7 2928.8 2936.5

2 2 10 2 2 4 4 2 2 4

4 2 14 4 4 4 6 2 2 2

1.4E-02 1.4E-02 3.8E-01 4.0E+00 2.6E+00 7.9E-01 4.8E+00 2.6E+00 1.2E+00 2.3E+00

Lutetium

Magnesium

Weights

λ –1

10 6 4 4 10 2 2

6 6 10 10 6

Section 10.indb 124

gk

8

*3104.8 3848.2 3848.3 3850.4 *4481.2 9218.3 9244.3

2 2 6 6 2

Lu I 3376.5 3567.8 3620.3 3841.2 4518.6

gi

A

1.6E+00 2.6E-01 5.8E-01 3.7E-01 9.9E-01 3.4E-01 4.4E-01 1.5E+00 7.3E-01 3.5E-02 8.9E-01 9.2E-01 1.2E-02 2.7E-01 1.9E-01 8.9E-03

Lithium Li I *2741.2 *3232.7 *4602.9 *6103.6 *6707.8

Å

Weights

8.1E-01 2.8E-02 3.0E-03 3.0E-02 2.23E+00 3.6E-01 3.6E-01

Å

gi

5 3

gk

A 108 s–1

1639.8 2814.2

3 1

2.1E+00 3.35E-01

Mg X 57.876 57.920 63.152 63.295 609.79 624.94 2212.5 2278.7 5918.7 6229.6

2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4

4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6

2.09E+03 2.09E+03 5.6E+03 6.7E+03 7.53E+00 7.01E+00 9.64E-01 8.82E-01 3.20E-02 3.30E-02

Mg XI 7.310 7.473 7.850 9.169

1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3

1.15E+04 2.27E+04 5.50E+04 1.97E+05

6 6 6 6 8 10 8 10 10 8 12 8 6 4 14 6 12 4 10 8 10 8 8 4 10 10 8 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 14 6 12 10

8 6 4 8 10 12 8 8 10 10 12 6 6 4 14 8 10 6 10 6 10 8 10 6 12 12 8 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 14 8 12 10

3.7E+00 3.6E+00 3.7E+00 1.8E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 5.9E-01 5.7E-01 6.7E-01 1.7E-01 6.1E-01 4.6E-01 1.9E-01 3.7E-01 2.9E-01 2.7E-01 2.6E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 2.3E-01 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 1.8E-01 2.2E-01 6.4E-01 1.9E-01 3.5E-01 2.2E-01 5.3E-01 2.3E-01 1.8E-01 5.0E-01 9.7E-01 3.8E-01 3.5E-01 3.3E-01 2.6E-01 2.7E-01

Manganese Mn I 2794.82 2798.27 2801.08 3007.65 3011.38 3016.45 3043.36 3044.57 3045.59 3045.80 3047.03 3054.36 3070.27 3073.18 3082.71 3110.68 3113.80 3118.10 3122.88 3126.85 3132.28 3132.79 3175.58 3201.11 3228.09 3230.23 3230.72 3240.88 3243.78 3251.13 3252.95 3256.14 3258.41 3260.24 3267.79 3268.72 3270.35 3273.02

5/4/05 8:08:11 AM


Section 10.indb 125

gi

6 4 8 6 12 10 6 10 6 12 8 6 4 10 12 6 10 12 8 6 12 10 8 14 12 6 10 8 6 4 6 2 4 2 12 6 4 2 6 2 6 2 4 6 6 2 8 10 6 6 6 10 6 6 8 4 8 6 12 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 8 8 12 10 6 8 4 10 8 6 4 8 14 8 12 10 10 8 14 12 10 14 12 8 12 10 6 4 8 2 6 4 14 8 6 4 8 2 6 4 2 4 4 2 8 8 8 6 4 10 4 8 8 2 6 6 14 8

8

10-125 λ

–1

2.8E-01 1.9E-01 3.2E-01 2.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 9.4E-01 1.8E-01 2.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.6E-01 4.2E-01 2.1E-01 9.1E-01 2.2E-01 7.3E-01 1.9E-01 7.6E-01 2.6E-01 1.4E+00 9.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.9E-01 2.5E-01 2.7E-01 5.9E-01 5.21E-01 2.31E-01 3.14E-01 4.29E-01 4.64E-01 3.3E-01 2.11E-01 3.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.4E-01 9.4E-01 5.4E-01 3.1E-01 4.1E-01 1.8E-01 3.5E-01 2.3E-01 5.5E-01 2.1E-01 2.3E-01 2.54E-01 1.7E-01 1.65E-01 1.58E-01 7.87E-01 7.5E-01 3.8E-01 4.31E-01 7.25E-01 1.9E-01 1.69E-01 2.5E-01 2.2E-01

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4070.28 4079.42 4082.95 4083.63 4089.94 4105.37 4135.03 4141.06 4148.80 4176.61 4189.99 4201.78 4235.30 4239.74 4257.67 4265.93 4281.10 4411.87 4414.89 4419.77 4436.36 4451.58 4453.01 4455.82 4457.04 4457.55 4458.26 4461.09 4462.03 4464.68 4470.14 4472.79 4479.40 4490.08 4498.90 4502.22 4605.37 4626.54 4709.71 4727.46 4739.11 4754.05 4761.53 4762.38 4765.86 4766.43 4783.43 4823.53 6013.48 6021.79

2 2 4 6 8 10 12 10 8 14 12 10 8 4 2 4 6 12 8 10 6 8 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 6 4 2 8 2 4 6 10 12 8 6 4 6 2 8 4 6 8 10 4 8

2 4 6 8 10 8 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 2 2 4 6 10 6 8 4 8 2 6 4 6 8 8 10 6 4 2 10 4 6 8 12 14 8 6 4 8 4 10 6 8 8 8 6 6

Mn II 2593.72 2605.68 2933.05 2939.31 2949.20 3441.99 3460.32 3474.13

7 7 5 5 5 9 7 5

7 5 3 5 7 7 5 3

8

Weights

λ –1

2.3E-01 3.8E-01 2.95E-01 2.8E-01 1.7E-01 1.7E-01 3.0E-01 2.6E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 2.0E-01 2.3E-01 9.17E-01 3.9E-01 3.7E-01 4.92E-01 2.3E-01 2.6E-01 2.93E-01 2.1E-01 4.37E-01 7.98E-01 5.44E-01 1.7E-01 2.34E-01 4.27E-01 4.62E-01 1.7E-01 7.00E-01 4.39E-01 3.00E-01 4.35E-01 3.4E-01 2.49E-01 2.49E-01 1.86E-01 3.6E-01 3.6E-01 1.72E-01 1.7E-01 2.40E-01 3.03E-01 5.35E-01 7.83E-01 4.1E-01 4.6E-01 4.01E-01 4.99E-01 1.72E-01 3.32E-01 2.6E+00 2.7E+00 2.0E+00 1.9E+00 1.9E+00 4.3E-01 3.2E-01 1.5E-01

Å

gi

5 3

gk

A 108 s–1

3482.90 3488.68

5 3

2.0E-01 2.5E-01

Mn VI 307.999 309.440 309.579 310.058 310.182 311.748 320.598 320.681 320.874 320.979 321.176 321.541 325.146 328.431 328.558 329.043 1236.23 1255.77 1285.10 1333.87

9 9 7 7 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 9 5 3 1 5 3 5 7

9 7 5 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 1 7 9


1 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 1 3

3 5 5 3 1 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 3 7 5 3 1 1 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1

8.00E-02 3.88E-01 1.1E-01 6.10E-02 1.1E-02 1.6E-01 7.7E-02 4.5E-01 5.09E-01 9.4E-02 2.0E-02 6.56E-01 1.68E-01 1.3E+00 1.8E-01 2.1E-01 4.0E-02 3.0E-02 2.88E-02 8.4E-02 5.57E-01 5.8E-02 2.7E-04 4.87E-01 2.36E-01 5.3E-03 4.3E-03 2.8E-02 9.7E-03 2.71E-01

5

7.34E-01

Mercury Hg I 2536.52 2652.04 2655.13 2752.78 2856.94 2893.60 2925.4 2967.3 3021.50 3023.48 3027.49 3125.66 3341.48 3650.15 3654.83 4046.56 4077.81 4108.1 4339.22 4347.50 4358.34 4916.07 5025.64 5460.75 5769.59 6234.4 6716.4 6907.5 7728.8 10139.79

Molybdenum Mo I 2616.79

3

5/4/05 8:08:13 AM


10-126 λ Å 2621.06 2628.96 2629.85 2631.50 2638.30 2640.98 2644.36 2649.46 2655.02 2658.11 2665.09 2679.85 2684.16 2706.11 2710.74 2725.15 2728.71 2733.39 2743.71 2745.38 2751.47 2756.26 2761.53 2763.02 2766.25 2787.83 2792.96 2798.02 2801.47 2825.68 2826.75 2876.54 2886.60 2906.06 2913.52 2915.38 2918.84 2930.39 2936.50 2945.43 2945.66 2946.01 2951.45 2959.48 2972.96 2977.27 2978.28 2983.04 2987.92 2988.23 2988.68 2989.80 3000.24 3000.44 3000.85 3001.43 3007.71 3013.39 3016.78 3025.00

Section 10.indb 126

gi

7 3 5 1 5 7 5 7 9 7 7 9 9 3 3 3 3 5 1 13 7 5 9 3 3 9 5 7 5 5 7 9 11 3 5 5 5 1 11 7 3 5 9 9 5 9 7 1 3 5 7 9 9 5 5 5 7 7 9 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 3 7 3 5 5 7 9 7 7 9 11 9 5 3 5 3 7 3 11 9 3 11 1 5 7 3 5 7 7 7 9 11 3 3 3 3 3 11 7 3 5 9 11 3 7 5 3 5 7 9 7 9 5 7 5 5 5 9 5

8

λ –1

1.16E-01 2.81E-01 7.75E-01 2.54E-01 7.57E-01 1.20E+00 1.96E-01 9.84E-01 4.08E-01 6.43E-01 1.32E-01 1.31E+00 4.18E-01 2.03E-01 1.57E-01 2.79E-01 1.26E-01 2.95E-01 2.47E-01 1.29E-01 2.54E-01 1.18E-01 2.06E-01 4.44E-01 1.17E-01 2.85E-01 1.53E-01 1.22E-01 1.24E-01 2.53E-01 4.23E-01 2.84E-01 4.74E-01 8.04E-01 1.38E-01 7.31E-01 3.79E-01 1.91E-01 2.33E-01 3.66E-01 4.08E-01 1.68E-01 1.43E-01 1.75E-01 2.69E-01 3.28E-01 1.50E-01 2.82E-01 8.43E-01 4.28E-01 1.61E-01 9.27E-01 1.40E-01 1.25E-01 2.58E-01 2.31E-01 1.90E-01 6.06E-01 2.75E-01 8.49E-01

Å 3036.31 3041.70 3046.80 3047.31 3055.32 3057.56 3061.59 3064.27 3065.04 3069.51 3069.96 3070.89 3074.37 3079.88 3080.40 3081.16 3085.62 3089.13 3089.71 3094.66 3099.92 3100.88 3101.34 3106.34 3117.54 3123.03 3125.03 3132.59 3135.90 3136.75 3142.75 3147.35 3155.19 3158.17 3170.34 3171.38 3175.59 3179.78 3183.03 3184.58 3185.10 3185.71 3188.10 3188.41 3192.79 3193.98 3194.88 3195.96 3197.18 3198.85 3200.89 3205.22 3205.43 3205.89 3208.84 3210.97 3214.44 3215.07 3216.78 3221.73

gi

3 13 13 11 9 7 7 13 13 5 11 9 11 9 7 3 9 11 5 7 9 7 5 7 13 3 5 7 9 9 3 13 7 7 7 5 13 11 11 7 7 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 1 15 3 1 9 9 7 7 9 3 15 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 11 11 9 7 5 5 13 13 5 11 11 11 11 9 5 9 9 7 7 7 9 5 5 13 3 3 9 11 11 5 11 7 7 7 7 11 13 9 5 7 3 9 7 11 5 11 7 3 13 5 3 11 9 5 5 7 5 13 1

8

Weights

λ –1

5.81E-01 5.94E-01 1.63E-01 5.01E-01 4.29E-01 2.64E-01 4.41E-01 8.46E-01 3.08E-01 1.52E-01 2.72E-01 1.87E-01 1.42E+00 9.55E-01 3.61E-01 2.35E-01 1.63E+00 1.53E-01 2.34E-01 1.63E+00 1.45E-01 1.20E+00 1.92E+00 2.21E-01 1.89E-01 2.81E-01 1.98E-01 1.79E+00 3.68E-01 1.57E-01 4.10E-01 2.41E-01 2.75E-01 4.63E-01 1.37E+00 2.03E-01 8.40E-01 2.33E-01 3.98E-01 2.77E-01 2.54E-01 6.10E-01 3.45E-01 4.40E-01 1.88E-01 1.53E+00 1.75E-01 4.10E-01 1.47E-01 7.22E-01 1.82E-01 4.27E-01 2.55E-01 5.35E-01 2.77E-01 6.94E-01 2.01E-01 4.20E-01 2.10E-01 1.41E+00

Å 3228.21 3229.79 3233.14 3237.06 3244.47 3247.61 3249.93 3251.65 3256.21 3256.72 3259.16 3262.63 3264.40 3265.14 3266.16 3270.90 3276.07 3285.03 3285.35 3287.38 3289.01 3290.82 3305.56 3305.91 3307.13 3312.33 3323.95 3325.13 3325.67 3327.30 3336.56 3340.16 3344.73 3346.83 3347.00 3358.12 3361.37 3363.78 3363.87 3373.81 3375.22 3375.65 3378.19 3378.46 3379.96 3382.48 3384.61 3385.87 3389.79 3392.17 3393.65 3404.33 3413.37 3415.27 3415.61 3416.14 3418.52 3419.69 3420.04 3422.31

gi

5 9 13 7 5 5 5 3 5 3 11 7 11 5 9 7 11 1 9 5 9 7 5 7 7 7 9 5 5 1 9 5 3 11 3 5 9 5 5 3 7 7 3 13 5 3 7 9 5 9 11 7 11 9 7 9 5 7 5 9

7 11 13 9 3 5 3 5 3 3 13 9 9 7 11 7 9 3 7 5 9 5 3 9 9 5 7 3 5 3 9 3 5 11 3 7 9 7 7 3 7 9 1 13 5 3 9 11 7 9 11 7 11 9 9 11 3 7 5 9

gk


5/4/05 8:08:16 AM


Section 10.indb 127

gi

11 11 7 15 11 1 5 3 7 7 9 9 5 7 5 7 5 3 5 9 3 9 7 5 5 13 3 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 13 11 3 9 9 5 7 11 5 7 9 3 5 1 9 7 15 3 13 11 3 7 7 7 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 13 7 15 9 3 3 3 9 5 9 11 3 9 7 7 5 3 3 7 1 7 7 7 3 15 5 3 5 7 5 7 9 9 9 13 11 3 9 11 3 9 11 3 5 7 3 7 3 9 7 15 5 11 13 3 5 7 9 5

8

10-127 λ

–1

2.29E-01 4.09E-01 1.75E-01 1.50E+00 8.06E-01 2.34E-01 1.34E-01 2.94E-01 1.53E-01 2.96E-01 1.14E-01 8.75E-01 1.79E-01 1.52E-01 1.65E-01 2.48E-01 3.60E-01 2.96E-01 2.77E-01 6.03E-01 9.99E-01 2.11E-01 1.52E-01 2.63E-01 6.96E-01 1.51E-01 2.91E-01 4.68E-01 2.26E-01 1.13E-01 1.41E-01 3.27E-01 8.06E-01 2.25E-01 1.59E-01 4.75E-01 5.41E-01 3.64E-01 1.39E-01 6.06E-01 3.10E-01 2.25E-01 2.24E-01 4.46E-01 4.93E-01 3.64E-01 3.46E-01 5.43E-01 1.53E-01 2.67E-01 1.43E-01 7.18E-01 3.58E-01 5.49E-01 3.81E-01 1.73E-01 3.95E-01 1.18E-01 2.23E-01 2.32E-01

Å 3598.88 3600.73 3601.88 3602.94 3604.07 3610.61 3611.99 3615.16 3623.22 3624.46 3624.62 3638.20 3638.21 3640.62 3647.84 3648.70 3654.58 3657.36 3658.13 3659.36 3660.92 3662.15 3662.99 3663.27 3664.81 3664.88 3669.34 3672.81 3672.82 3676.23 3680.68 3681.72 3683.01 3687.96 3688.97 3690.59 3694.94 3696.04 3698.07 3708.55 3715.75 3718.48 3720.25 3725.55 3727.68 3728.30 3728.50 3733.02 3733.41 3735.62 3742.28 3747.19 3748.48 3755.10 3755.16 3758.52 3759.60 3760.88 3768.73 3769.99

gi

13 9 7 5 9 5 7 7 11 9 5 5 5 7 7 7 3 5 9 7 3 7 11 7 11 1 9 9 9 3 11 9 3 5 11 11 5 11 7 7 9 5 7 7 9 7 7 7 13 11 7 5 9 3 9 9 9 9 9 7

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 9 9 7 7 3 7 9 9 11 7 3 3 5 7 5 3 7 9 9 5 9 11 5 13 3 7 11 9 1 11 7 5 7 9 9 7 11 5 9 7 7 9 7 11 5 9 7 13 11 7 7 11 5 9 9 7 9 9 9

8

Weights

λ –1


Å 3777.72 3788.25 3794.43 3797.47 3798.25 3801.84 3805.99 3819.78 3824.78 3827.15 3828.88 3830.81 3831.07 3832.11 3833.75 3834.64 3846.18 3847.25 3848.30 3851.99 3864.10 3866.69 3867.67 3869.08 3874.15 3902.95 3909.54 3911.94 3915.43 3916.43 3919.55 3955.48 3973.76 3977.90 3980.20 3991.85 4010.13 4021.01 4051.18 4062.08 4069.88 4076.19 4084.37 4102.15 4107.46 4120.09 4131.92 4148.98 4157.40 4157.90 4185.82 4188.32 4194.56 4232.59 4240.83 4246.02 4251.88 4254.95 4269.28 4276.91

gi

13 7 9 7 7 9 5 9 5 7 7 5 7 9 9 3 7 3 9 11 7 3 5 5 7 7 9 5 5 5 11 13 11 9 5 11 5 9 13 11 13 9 9 5 7 13 9 9 13 9 11 11 11 9 5 11 13 7 11 7

11 9 9 5 9 7 5 11 7 7 7 5 9 9 9 5 7 1 9 9 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 13 11 13 7 3 9 3 11 11 9 11 9 7 3 5 15 11 11 11 11 13 13 11 11 5 13 11 9 11 9

gk


5/4/05 8:08:18 AM


10-128 λ Å 4277.24 4317.92 4325.80 4326.14 4340.74 4381.63 4382.41 4409.94 4411.69 4434.95 4446.42 4457.35 4474.57 4491.65 4536.80 4598.23 4624.23 4633.08 4649.06 4652.24 4686.08 4688.21 4707.25 4718.86 4723.05 4731.44 4758.50 4760.18 4764.11 4811.05 4819.25 4830.51 4858.39 4868.02 5037.18 5044.36 5047.70 5163.18 5171.06 5172.94 5174.18 5191.45 5238.21 5240.87 5242.80 5261.53 5280.85 5355.52 5356.46 5360.51 5364.28 5460.50 5493.76 5506.49 5533.03 5570.44 5849.71 5851.50 5893.36 5895.93

Section 10.indb 128

gi

9 15 3 5 5 13 11 13 11 9 11 7 5 11 13 1 9 3 3 5 3 13 7 5 9 9 11 11 9 13 11 9 13 7 9 7 3 9 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 5 5 9 11 9 9 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 15 3 7 7 13 13 13 11 9 11 7 5 11 15 3 9 5 1 7 3 15 9 5 9 11 9 13 7 11 9 7 11 5 7 5 1 11 7 5 3 9 9 7 5 7 5 9 11 11 9 3 5 7 5 3 3 5 5 7

8

λ –1


Å 5926.37 5928.88 7154.11

7 7 9

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 9 9

8

1.63E-01 5.32E-01 3.45E-01

Neodymium Nd II 3780.4 3805.4 3807.2 3863.3 3941.5 3951.2 3973.3 3979.5 3990.1 4012.3 4061.1 4106.6 4109.5 4133.4 4156.1 4205.6 4284.5 4303.6 4325.8 4358.2 4382.7 4400.8 4451.6 4456.4 4463.0 4958.1 5130.6 5192.6 5249.6 5276.9 5293.2 5302.3 5311.5 5319.8 5357.0 5371.9 5485.7 5594.4 5620.6 5688.5 5718.1 5726.8 5740.9 5804.0 5865.1 6051.9

16 14 10 8 10 12 18 10 16 18 16 14 14 14 12 18 18 8 16 14 12 10 12 16 14 12 22 20 18 12 16 20 14 12 18 20 18 16 18 14 16 10 12 10 16 12

18 16 12 10 10 12 18 12 16 20 18 16 16 12 14 16 18 10 16 14 10 10 14 18 16 10 20 18 16 10 14 18 12 10 16 20 18 16 18 14 16 10 12 10 18 10

1.4E-01 6.9E-01 4.9E-02 1.5E-01 6.1E-01 6.0E-01 6.3E-01 2.7E-01 5.2E-01 5.5E-01 4.4E-01 6.8E-02 3.7E-01 1.5E-01 3.4E-01 1.8E-01 8.5E-02 4.7E-01 1.6E-01 1.5E-01 4.0E-02 6.8E-02 2.5E-01 6.4E-02 1.8E-01 1.2E-02 1.6E-01 1.7E-01 1.8E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.6E-01 1.8E-01 5.1E-02 5.7E-02 7.0E-02 1.3E-01 5.9E-02 8.7E-02 5.6E-02 7.2E-02 4.6E-02 1.3E-02 1.1E-02

1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3

3.8E-01 9.3E-01 3.3E-01 7.4E-01 4.8E-01

Neon Ne I 615.63 618.67 619.10 626.82 629.74

Weights

λ –1

Å 735.90 743.72 3369.8 3369.9 3375.6 3417.9 3418.0 3423.9 3447.7 3450.8 3454.2 3460.5 3464.3 3466.6 3472.6 3498.1 3501.2 3510.7 3515.2 3520.5 3593.5 3593.6 3600.2 3633.7 3682.2 3685.7 3701.2 4536.3 4702.5 4708.9 4955.4 5113.7 5120.5 5154.4 5191.3 5326.4 5333.3 5341.1 5400.6 5418.6 5433.7 5652.6 5662.5 5852.5 5868.4 5881.9 5913.6 5939.3 5944.8 5961.6 5975.5 6030.0 6046.1 6074.3 6096.2 6118.0 6128.5 6143.1 6150.3 6163.6

1 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 1

gi

3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 3

gk

A 108 s–1 6.11E+00 4.86E-01 1.0E-03 7.6E-03 2.2E-03 9.2E-03 2.2E-03 1.0E-03 2.1E-02 4.9E-03 3.7E-02 7.0E-03 6.7E-03 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 5.1E-03 1.2E-02 2.2E-03 6.9E-03 9.3E-02 9.9E-03 6.6E-03 4.3E-03 1.1E-02 1.6E-03 3.9E-03 2.2E-03 5.0E-03 2.1E-03 4.2E-02 3.3E-03 1.0E-02 5.6E-03 1.9E-02 1.3E-02 6.8E-03 5.3E-03 1.1E-01 9.0E-03 5.2E-03 2.83E-03 8.9E-03 6.9E-03 6.82E-01 1.4E-02 1.15E-01 4.8E-02 2.00E-03 1.13E-01 3.3E-02 3.51E-02 5.61E-02 2.26E-03 6.03E-01 1.81E-01 6.09E-03 6.7E-03 2.82E-01 1.5E-02 1.46E-01

5/4/05 8:08:20 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 6217.3 6266.5 6273.0 6293.7 6304.8 6328.2 6330.9 6334.4 6351.9 6383.0 6401.1 6402.2 6506.5 6532.9 6599.0 6602.9 6652.1 6678.3 6717.0 6721.1 6929.5 7024.1 7032.4 7051.3 7059.1 7173.9 7245.2 7304.8 7438.9 7472.4 7535.8 7937.0 8082.5 8118.5 8128.9 8259.4 8571.4 8582.9 8647.0 8681.9 8767.5 8771.7 8783.8 8865.3 9201.8 9433.0 9486.7 9534.2 10621 11409 11525 11767 12459

5 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Ne II *357.03 *361.77 *406.28 *446.37 460.73

6 6 6 6 4

Section 10.indb 129

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 10 2 10 6 2

8

10-129 λ

–1

6.37E-02 2.49E-01 9.7E-03 6.39E-03 4.16E-02 3.39E-02 2.3E-02 1.61E-01 3.45E-03 3.21E-01 1.39E-02 5.14E-01 3.00E-01 1.08E-01 2.32E-01 5.9E-03 2.9E-03 2.33E-01 2.17E-01 4.9E-04 1.74E-01 1.89E-02 2.53E-01 3.0E-02 6.8E-02 2.87E-02 9.35E-02 2.55E-03 2.31E-02 4.0E-02 4.3E-01 7.8E-03 1.2E-03 4.9E-02 7.2E-03 2.03E-02 5.5E-02 1.00E-02 3.91E-02 2.1E-01 1.1E-03 1.6E-01 3.13E-01 9.4E-03 9.1E-02 1.1E-03 2.5E-02 6.3E-02 2.4E-03 4.2E-02 8.4E-02 6.9E-02 1.5E-02 3.8E+01 1.6E+01 1.8E+01 4.07E+01 4.7E+01

Å 462.39 1907.5 1916.1 1930.0 1938.8 2858.0 2870.0 2873.0 2876.3 2876.5 2878.1 2888.4 2891.5 2897.0 2906.8 2910.1 2910.4 2916.2 2925.6 2933.7 2955.7 3001.7 3017.3 3027.0 3028.7 3028.9 3034.5 3037.7 3045.6 3047.6 3054.7 3092.9 3097.1 3118.0 3134.1 3140.4 3151.1 3154.8 3164.4 3165.7 3173.6 3176.1 3187.6 3188.7 3190.9 3194.6 3198.6 3198.9 3209.0 3209.4 3213.7 3214.3 3218.2 3224.8 3229.5 3229.6 3230.1 3230.4 3232.0 3232.4

2 4 4 2 2 6 6 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 6 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 6 8 8 6 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 8 2 2 4 8 6 8 8 6 4 6 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 6 4 8 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 4 6 2 4 8 4 2 6 4 6 8 6 4 6 6 6 8 6 4 6 6 6 6 4 8 4 8 4 4 6 10 8 8 10 6 6 4 4

8

Weights

λ –1

2.3E+01 2.8E-01 6.9E-01 5.7E-01 1.3E-01 7.9E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 7.8E-01 3.3E-01 6.9E-02 7.0E-02 6.1E-02 5.2E-02 5.5E-01 1.7E+00 5.9E-01 9.6E-02 5.6E-01 6.9E-02 1.2E+00 8.7E-01 3.5E-01 1.4E+00 8.5E-01 4.7E-01 3.1E+00 2.1E+00 2.5E+00 1.8E+00 9.4E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 4.2E-02 2.6E-01 2.4E-01 4.8E-02 1.8E-02 1.6E-01 1.2E-01 4.5E-02 6.0E-02 1.4E-02 3.9E-01 1.5E-01 5.2E-01 1.7E+00 2.3E-01 1.6E-01 6.0E-01 1.7E+00 2.2E+00 3.6E+00 3.5E+00 1.3E-01 3.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.6E+00

Å 3243.4 3244.1 3248.1 3255.4 3263.4 3269.9 3270.8 3297.7 3309.7 3310.5 3311.3 3314.7 3319.7 3320.2 3323.7 3327.2 3329.2 3330.7 3334.8 3336.1 3344.4 3345.5 3345.8 3353.6 3355.0 3356.3 3357.8 3360.3 3360.6 3362.9 3371.8 3374.1 3378.2 3379.3 3386.2 3388.4 3390.6 3392.8 3404.8 3407.0 3411.4 3413.2 3414.9 3416.9 3417.7 3438.9 3440.7 3453.1 3454.8 3456.6 3457.1 3459.3 3475.2 3477.6 3481.9 3503.6 3522.7 3538.0 3539.9 3542.2

6 6 4 6 2 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 4 8 4 4 8 6 6 4 2 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 6

gi

6 8 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 6 4 4 8 6 8 6 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 6 8 2 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1 2.3E-01 1.5E+00 2.4E-01 3.8E-02 3.9E-01 5.1E-01 5.7E-02 4.3E-01 3.1E-01 6.9E-02 2.6E-01 4.4E-02 1.6E+00 2.1E-01 1.6E+00 9.1E-01 8.8E-01 3.9E-02 1.8E+00 1.1E+00 1.5E+00 1.4E+00 2.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 5.0E-01 8.6E-01 8.2E-01 3.5E-01 2.2E-01 3.0E-01 1.7E+00 3.0E-01 5.5E-02 2.2E+00 7.7E-02 4.4E-01 1.9E+00 2.3E+00 6.1E-01 1.8E+00 1.8E-02 6.4E-01 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 3.5E-01 4.6E-01 1.6E+00 9.6E-01 9.9E-02 1.6E+00 1.2E-02 4.3E-01 1.4E+00 2.0E+00 2.3E-02 7.6E-01 3.6E-02 6.0E-01

5/4/05 8:08:22 AM


10-130 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

3542.9 3546.2 3551.6 3557.8 3561.2 3565.8 3568.5 3571.2 3574.2 3574.6 3590.4 3594.2 3612.3 3628.0 3632.7 3643.9 3644.9 3659.9 3664.1 3679.8 3694.2 3697.1 3701.8 3709.6 3713.1 3721.8 3726.9 3727.1 3734.9 3744.6 3751.2 3753.8 3766.3 3777.1 3800.0 3818.4 3829.8 3942.3

4 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4

Ne V *142.61 *143.32 147.13 151.23 154.50 *167.69 *358.93 365.59 *482.15 *571.04 2259.6 2265.7

9 9 5 5 1 9 9 5 9 9 3 5

9 15 7 5 3 9 3 3 9 15 5 7

6.7E+02 1.2E+03 1.5E+03 3.38E+02 7.0E+02 1.5E+02 2.1E+02 1.35E+02 3.01E+01 1.0E+01 1.9E+00 2.4E+00

Ne VII 97.502 *115.46 116.69 127.66 465.22 558.61 559.95

1 9 3 3 1 3 1

3 3 5 1 3 5 3

1.07E+03 4.8E+02 1.6E+03 1.9E+02 4.09E+01 8.11E+00 1.07E+01

Section 10.indb 130

6 4 4 2 6 4 8 4 6 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 6 2 6 2 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6

8

1.2E+00 6.3E-02 3.7E-02 1.9E-01 2.1E-01 6.2E-01 1.4E+00 6.3E-01 1.0E-01 1.3E+00 3.6E-02 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 6.0E-01 1.3E-01 3.2E-01 9.9E-01 6.7E-02 7.0E-01 3.2E-01 1.0E+00 2.8E-01 2.7E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 1.2E-01 9.8E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 1.8E-01 4.5E-01 2.9E-01 4.2E-01 3.7E-01 6.1E-01 8.4E-01 1.0E-02

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 5 1 3

8

561.38 561.73 562.99 564.53

3 5 3 5

Ne VIII *88.09 *98.208 770.41 780.32 2820.7 2860.1

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

8.4E+02 2.77E+03 5.90E+00 5.69E+00 7.20E-01 6.88E-01

7.99E+00 2.39E+01 3.17E+01 1.31E+01

7 7 5 5 5 7 3 7 9 7 9 5 7 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 7 9 7 5 9 3 9 5 7 3

7 9 5 7 5 7 5 5 7 5 9 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 7 9 5 3 7 5 7 5 7 3

1.1E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E-01 8.3E-01 1.7E-01 9.0E-02 9.3E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 1.8E-01 9.7E-02 3.3E-01 2.1E-01 2.3E-01 4.0E-01 1.1E-01 2.6E+00 9.7E-02 1.1E-01 9.7E-02 2.8E-01 3.8E-01 4.7E-01 4.1E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 8.9E-01 1.3E-01 1.2E-01 3.0E-01 7.8E-01 7.3E-01 2.2E-01 3.8E-01 1.9E-01 9.6E-02 1.7E-01 2.0E-01 9.1E-02 1.8E-01 2.1E+00 3.8E-01 7.5E-01 4.5E-01

Nickel Ni I 1963.85 1976.87 1981.61 1990.25 2007.01 2007.69 2014.25 2025.40 2026.62 2047.35 2052.04 2055.50 2059.92 2060.20 2064.39 2069.52 2085.57 2089.09 2095.13 2114.43 2121.40 2124.80 2147.80 2157.83 2158.31 2161.04 2173.54 2174.48 2182.38 2183.91 2190.22 2197.35 2201.59 2221.94 2244.46 2253.57 2254.81 2258.15 2259.56 2261.42 2287.32 2289.98 2293.11 2300.77 2302.97

Weights

λ –1

Å 2307.35 2312.34 2313.98 2317.16 2320.03 2321.38 2324.65 2325.79 2329.96 2345.54 2346.63 2347.51 2348.73 2419.31 2943.91 2981.65 3002.48 3003.62 3012.00 3037.93 3050.82 3054.31 3057.64 3064.62 3101.56 3101.88 3134.11 3225.02 3369.56 3380.57 3392.98 3414.76 3423.71 3433.56 3446.26 3452.88 3458.46 3461.66 3472.55 3483.77 3492.96 3510.33 3515.05 3524.54 3566.37 3597.70 3619.39 4027.67 4295.88 4401.54 4462.46 4470.48 4600.37 4604.99 4606.23 4648.66 4686.22 4701.54 4714.42 4715.78

gi

5 7 5 7 9 5 7 7 5 9 7 9 7 7 7 5 7 5 5 7 7 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 9 5 7 7 3 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 9 9 3 5 5 9 5 11 5 9 13 7

7 7 5 5 11 7 9 9 3 7 5 9 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 7 9 5 3 7 7 7 5 3 7 3 7 9 3 7 5 7 5 9 7 3 3 1 7 5 5 3 7 7 7 11 5 7 3 7 3 9 5 9 11 7

gk

A 108 s–1 1.6E-01 5.5E+00 5.0E+00 3.8E+00 6.9E+00 5.6E+00 1.8E-01 3.5E+00 5.3E+00 2.2E+00 5.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.1E-01 2.8E-01 8.0E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E+00 2.8E-01 6.0E-01 4.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.1E-01 6.3E-01 4.9E-01 7.3E-01 9.3E-02 1.8E-01 1.3E+00 2.4E-01 5.5E-01 3.3E-01 1.7E-01 4.4E-01 9.8E-02 6.1E-01 2.7E-01 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 9.8E-01 1.2E+00 4.2E-01 1.0E+00 5.6E-01 1.4E-01 6.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 2.3E-01 1.0E-01 2.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 4.6E-01 2.0E-01

5/4/05 8:08:25 AM


gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4732.47 4752.43 4756.52 4786.54 4812.00 4829.03 4831.18 4838.64 4855.41 4904.41 4912.03 4913.97 4918.36 4935.83 4937.34 4953.20 4980.17 5000.34 5012.46 5017.58 5035.37 5042.20 5048.85 5080.53 5081.11 5082.35 5084.08 5099.95 5115.40 5129.37 5155.14 5155.76 5176.57 5371.33 5476.91 5637.12 5664.02 5695.00 6086.29 6175.42 7122.24 7381.94 7422.30 7727.66

7 3 9 11 3 5 9 9 5 5 3 1 9 7 9 5 9 7 7 11 7 3 7 9 7 3 7 7 11 7 5 5 5 7 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 9 7 7

9 3 9 11 1 7 7 7 5 3 3 3 7 5 9 5 11 7 7 11 9 5 7 11 9 3 9 7 9 5 5 7 5 7 3 3 7 3 5 3 7 11 5 7

Ni II 2165.55 2169.10 2174.67 2175.15 2184.61 2201.41 2206.72 2216.48 2220.40 2222.96 2224.86 2226.33 2253.85 2264.46

10 8 8 6 4 4 6 10 6 10 8 6 4 6

10 8 10 6 4 6 8 12 8 10 8 6 6 8

Section 10.indb 131

8

10-131 λ

–1

9.3E-02 2.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 9.5E-02 1.9E-01 1.6E-01 2.2E-01 5.7E-01 6.2E-01 1.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 1.4E-01 1.1E-01 2.0E-01 5.7E-01 1.4E-01 1.6E-01 3.2E-01 5.7E-01 2.5E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 2.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 2.9E-01 1.8E-01 1.6E-01 9.5E-02 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 9.7E-02 1.8E-01 1.1E-01 2.4E+00 1.58E+00 1.43E+00 1.77E+00 2.90E+00 1.3E+00 1.66E+00 3.4E+00 2.3E+00 9.8E-01 1.55E+00 1.3E+00 1.98E+00 1.43E+00

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

Weights

λ –1

2270.21 2278.77 2287.09 2296.55 2297.14 2297.49 2298.27 2303.00 2316.04 2334.58 2375.42 2394.52 2416.13 2437.89 2510.87

8 8 6 8 6 4 6 8 10 8 6 8 6 8 8

10 6 4 8 4 2 6 6 8 8 8 10 8 10 10

1.56E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00 1.98E+00 2.70E+00 3.0E+00 2.8E+00 2.9E+00 2.88E+00 8.0E-01 6.6E-01 1.70E+00 2.1E+00 5.4E-01 5.8E-01

Ni III 1692.51 1709.90 1719.46 1722.28 1724.52 1741.96 1752.43 1760.56 1769.64 1823.06

11 9 5 3 3 9 7 5 11 9

13 11 7 5 1 7 5 3 11 9

7.9E+00 6.3E+00 6.0E+00 5.9E+00 6.7E+00 5.7E+00 5.5E+00 6.5E+00 6.2E+00 5.6E+00

Ni XIV 164.13 168 168.12 169.69 170.50 171.37 172.16 172.80 177.28 178 181 182.14 196 288.894 292.399

6 2 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 4 4 6

8 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 2 2 4 6


Ni XV 50.249 60.890 64.635 163.64 173.73 175 179.28 181 269 278.386

5 9 7 5 5 3 5 1 3 5

7 11 9 7 7 1 7 3 1 5

6.8E+03 1.0E+04 9.6E+03 5.6E+01 7.6E+02 5.7E+02 7.5E+02 6.8E+02 5.3E+01 4.3E+01

Ni XVI 166 168 182 185.23

4 6 2 2

6 8 2 4

3.1E+02 3.2E+02 2.5E+02 4.2E+02

Å

gi

6 2 2 8 8 6 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 4 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1

187 187 188 190 192 192 194 194 194 194 194.04 195.27 196 197 197 199 206 217 218.391 223.119 231 232.475 233 235 235 236 237.875 238 239.550 245 245 249 249 250 254

4 4 2 6 6 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 6

1.2E+02 3.3E+02 4.7E+02 2.0E+02 4.54E+02 3.1E+02 2.8E+02 5.5E+02 1.1E+02 3.5E+02 4.6E+02 9.5E+01 6.7E+02 1.5E+02 1.2E+02 4.9E+02 3.7E+02 1.1E+02 9.5E+01 1.3E+02 1.6E+02 4.07E+02 2.4E+02 3.8E+02 2.5E+02 1.2E+02 2.6E+02 1.3E+02 2.6E+02 1.4E+02 3.2E+02 3.3E+02 1.2E+02 1.6E+02 1.8E+02

Ni XVII 30.919 42.855 54.451 55.361 57.348 197.39 199.87 204 205 206 207.50 215.89 216 217 227 249.180 281.50 282 284 292

1 1 9 1 7 1 3 3 3 1 5 3 1 5 5 1 3 3 5 5

3 3 11 3 9 3 5 3 1 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 1 1 3 7


Ni XVIII 24.881 25.070

2 4

4 6

8.6E+02 9.9E+02

5/4/05 8:08:27 AM


10-132 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

26.02 26.020 26.046 26.218 27.98 27.982 28.018 28.220 29.383 29.422 29.779 29.829 31.845 31.890 32.034 32.340 36.990 37.049 41.015 41.218 43.814 44.365 44.405 52.615 52.720 52.745 59.950 60.212 63.512 63.589 69.075 76.254 76.359 99.275 100.4 114.46 114.74

2 2 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6

Ni XIX 9.140 9.153 9.977 10.110 10.283 10.433 11.539 11.599 12.435 12.656 13.779 14.043 40.7 40.7 41.132

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 7

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 9


Ni XXI 11.13 11.23 11.239 11.28 11.318

3 5 5 3 5

3 3 7 1 7

1.7E+04 1.7E+04 5.7E+04 2.2E+05 2.8E+05

Section 10.indb 132

4 4 2 6 6 4 8 6 6 8 4 2 6 8 4 6 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 6 8

8

1.26E+03 1.1E+03 1.1E+03 1.5E+03 1.0E+03 2.0E+03 1.1E+03 2.33E+03 1.58E+03 1.69E+03 1.9E+03 1.9E+03 2.7E+03 3.0E+03 3.4E+03 4.0E+03 5.5E+03 5.9E+03 2.97E+03 3.2E+03 5.5E+03 6.8E+03 1.14E+03 1.5E+04 1.6E+04 1.06E+03 9.6E+02 1.1E+03 7.9E+02 8.5E+02 8.0E+02 1.38E+03 1.47E+03 1.0E+03 1.2E+03 2.5E+03 2.7E+03

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

1 3 7 7 3 3 3 3 5

8

Weights

λ –1

11.48 11.48 11.517 11.539 11.67 11.72 12.454 12.472 12.502

3 1 5 5 1 3 5 3 5

1.1E+05 4.0E+05 1.4E+05 1.2E+05 8.0E+04 2.3E+04 3.3E+04 1.8E+04 2.8E+04

Ni XXII 72.52 84.06 84.24 85.86 88.00 95.95 98.16 98.58 100.60 101.31 103.31 106.04 106.16 124.31 126.32

4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 4

2 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 2 4


Ni XXIII 87.66 88.11 90.49 90.96 91.83 92.32 100.42 102.08 103.23 103.67 104.70 106.02 108.27 111.23 111.78 111.86 112.55 128.87 133.54 137.55

3 5 3 5 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 1 3 5 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 3 3 1 5 3 1


Ni XXIV 101.13 102.11 103.43 103.53 104.64 106.68 113.14 118.52 122.72 134.73 135.47

6 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 6 4

4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 4

1.63E+02 5.4E+02 1.3E+02 4.17E+02 4.7E+02 3.67E+02 1.65E+02 1.5E+02 2.17E+02 1.44E+02 8.0E+01

Å

gi

4 6 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1

137.01 138.80 153.47 159.69

4 4 2 2

2.6E+02 7.2E+01 1.27E+02 8.9E+01

Ni XXV 9.30 9.31 9.32 9.34 9.42 9.49 9.60 9.63 9.64 9.71 9.71 9.74 9.75 9.76 9.76 9.78 9.86 9.87 9.92 9.94 9.97 10.08

3 5 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 3 1

1 7 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 7 5 3 3 7 7 5 5 7 5 3

9.3E+04 8.2E+04 7.8E+04 1.1E+05 9.0E+04 8.9E+04 1.8E+05 2.4E+05 1.3E+05 2.3E+05 1.8E+05 3.0E+05 1.3E+05 3.03E+05 7.5E+04 2.9E+05 4.8E+05 2.03E+05 1.3E+05 1.29E+05 2.5E+05 2.80E+05

Ni XXVI 1.5930 1.5935 1.5973 1.5977 1.5982 1.5996 1.6005 1.6036 9.390 9.535

4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4

2 2 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 6

3.4E+06 4.0E+06 8.1E+06 4.4E+06 7.3E+06 2.7E+06 2.7E+06 2.1E+06 2.59E+05 2.96E+05

Ni XXVII 1.2534 1.2824 1.3500 1.3516 1.531 1.534 1.537 1.537 1.538 1.539 1.539 1.540 1.541 1.542 1.542 1.544 1.546 1.547 1.549

1 1 1 1 3 3 5 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1

3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3

3.35E+05 6.38E+05 1.63E+06 2.4E+05 2.0E+05 6.9E+06 2.3E+06 3.7E+06 3.9E+06 2.6E+06 2.6E+06 1.7E+06 5.5E+06 3.6E+06 3.5E+06 3.2E+06 1.6E+06 2.1E+05 2.0E+05

5/4/05 8:12:37 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 1.551 1.558 1.5883 1.5963

3 3 1 1

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

1 1 3 3

8

λ –1

8.2E+05 6.5E+05 6.02E+06 7.70E+05

Nitrogen NI 1163.88 1164.00 1164.21 1164.32 1167.45 1168.42 1168.54 1176.51 1176.63 1177.69 1199.55 1200.22 1200.71 1310.54 1316.29 1492.63 1492.82 1494.68 3822.03 3830.43 3834.22 4099.94 4109.95 4113.97 4137.64 4143.43 4151.48 4249.87 4264.00 4356.29 4385.54 4392.41 4435.43 4442.45 4669.89 4914.94 4935.12 5199.84 5201.61 5281.20 5344.05 5356.62 5367.01 5372.61 5378.27 6606.18 6622.54 6626.99 6636.94 6644.96 6646.50 6653.46 6656.51

Section 10.indb 133

6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 8 2 6 4

6 6 4 4 8 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 4 8 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 6 6 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2

10-133

7.52E-01 1.27E-02 5.17E-02 6.94E-01 1.29E+00 4.24E-02 1.24E+00 9.22E-01 1.02E-01 1.02E+00 4.01E+00 3.99E+00 3.98E+00 8.42E-01 1.42E-02 3.13E+00 3.51E-01 3.72E+00 3.70E-02 4.67E-02 1.89E-02 3.48E-02 3.90E-02 6.62E-03 2.80E-03 6.09E-03 1.01E-02 2.59E-02 2.26E-02 5.10E-02 8.84E-03 1.76E-02 7.51E-03 3.81E-02 7.49E-03 8.08E-03 1.76E-02 1.87E-02 1.87E-02 2.45E-03 6.10E-04 1.41E-03 1.07E-03 8.34E-04 1.66E-03 8.87E-04 7.93E-03 2.20E-03 1.40E-02 3.49E-02 2.18E-02 2.74E-02 2.17E-02

Å 6926.67 6945.18 6951.60 6960.50 6973.07 6979.18 6982.03 7423.64 7442.30 7468.31 7898.98 7899.28 7915.42 8184.86 8188.01 8200.36 8210.72 8216.34 8223.13 8242.39 8567.74 8594.00 8629.24 8655.88 8680.28 8683.40 8686.15 8703.25 8711.70 8718.84 8728.90 8747.37 9028.92 9045.88 9049.49 9049.89 9060.48 9187.45 9187.86 9207.59 9208.00 9386.81 9392.79 9460.68 9776.90 9786.78 9788.29 9798.56 9810.01 9814.02 9822.75 9834.61 9863.33 9872.15 9883.38 9905.52 9909.22 9931.47 9947.07 9965.75

4 6 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 2 6 6 4 2 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 2 4 2 4 6 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

6 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 2 8 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 2 8 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 8 6 4 8 6 2 2 4 4 8 6

8

Weights

λ –1


Å 9968.51 9980.42 9997.73

6 4 8

N II 474.891 475.647 475.698 475.757 475.803 475.884 508.697 510.758 513.849 529.355 529.413 529.491 529.637 529.722 529.867 533.511 533.581 533.650 533.729 533.815 547.818 559.762 574.650 582.156 635.197 644.634 644.837 645.178 660.286 671.016 671.386 671.411 671.630 671.773 672.001 745.841 746.984 748.369 775.965 915.612 915.962 1083.99 1085.55 1085.70 3408.13 3437.14 3593.60 3609.10 3615.86 3829.80 3838.37 3842.19 3847.40 3855.10 3856.06

5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 1 3 3 5

gi

4 6 8 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 7 1 1 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 3

gk

A 108 s–1 4.50E-03 8.10E-03 9.20E-03 9.66E+00 1.17E+01 1.58E+01 8.75E+00 2.10E+01 5.25E+00 1.91E+00 1.87E+01 1.24E+01 7.23E+00 2.43E+01 6.75E+00 4.92E+00 1.03E+01 1.94E+01 2.39E+01 3.20E+01 1.66E+01 4.13E+01 9.19E+00 2.16E+00 1.14E+01 3.60E+01 2.85E+01 2.33E+01 1.21E+01 3.64E+01 6.07E+01 3.69E+01 2.47E+00 7.40E+00 3.04E+00 2.27E+00 9.85E+00 3.87E+00 1.25E+01 3.85E+01 3.83E+00 3.08E+01 4.38E+00 1.32E+01 2.18E+00 9.47E-01 3.87E+00 2.19E-01 2.07E+00 1.21E-01 1.41E-01 1.53E-01 2.42E-01 6.98E-01 3.06E-01 2.22E-01 8.82E-01 3.71E-01

5/4/05 8:12:51 AM


10-134 λ Å 3919.00 3955.85 3995.00 4114.33 4124.08 4133.67 4145.77 4374.99 4447.03 4459.94 4465.53 4477.68 4488.09 4507.56 4564.76 4601.48 4607.15 4613.87 4621.39 4630.54 4643.09 4654.53 4667.21 4674.91 4694.27 4695.90 4697.64 4698.55 4700.03 4702.50 4704.25 4706.40 4709.58 4712.07 4718.38 4721.58 4774.24 4779.72 4781.19 4788.14 4793.65 4803.29 4810.30 4860.17 4987.38 4991.24 4994.36 4994.37 4997.22 5001.13 5001.47 5002.70 5005.15 5005.30 5007.33 5010.62 5011.31 5012.04 5016.38 5023.05

Section 10.indb 134

3 3 3 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 7 5 3 3 5 7 5 7

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 1 7 5 3 9 7 5 9 7 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 7 3 3 5 7 3 9 5 5 3 3 7 5 5

8

λ –1

6.76E-01 1.31E-01 1.35E+00 1.42E-03 3.20E-01 5.30E-01 7.36E-01 5.55E-03 1.14E+00 1.12E-01 2.36E-02 8.85E-02 1.30E-02 1.00E-01 1.41E-02 2.35E-01 3.26E-01 2.26E-01 9.55E-01 7.72E-01 4.51E-01 2.43E-02 2.99E-02 1.05E-01 1.23E-01 1.29E-01 3.06E-02 3.67E-01 1.05E-01 9.15E-02 2.13E-01 6.09E-02 1.82E-01 1.46E-01 3.02E-01 7.75E-02 3.24E-02 2.52E-01 2.05E-02 2.52E-01 7.77E-02 3.18E-01 4.75E-02 1.61E-02 7.48E-01 3.54E-01 2.62E-01 7.60E-01 1.96E-01 9.76E-01 1.05E+00 8.45E-02 1.16E+00 6.51E-02 7.89E-01 2.19E-01 5.84E-01 5.19E-01 1.62E-01 3.61E-01

Å 5025.66 5040.71 5045.10 5073.59 5168.05 5170.16 5171.27 5171.47 5172.34 5172.97 5173.39 5174.46 5175.89 5176.57 5177.06 5179.34 5179.52 5180.36 5183.20 5184.96 5185.09 5186.21 5190.38 5191.96 5199.50 5313.42 5320.20 5320.96 5327.76 5338.73 5340.21 5351.23 5383.72 5452.07 5454.22 5462.58 5478.09 5480.05 5495.65 5526.23 5530.24 5535.35 5535.38 5540.06 5543.47 5551.92 5552.68 5565.26 5666.63 5676.02 5679.56 5686.21 5710.77 5730.66 5747.30 5767.45 5893.15 5897.25 5899.83 5927.81

7 7 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 7 5 3 7 9 5 7 7 5 7 9 7 9 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 7 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 1

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 5 3 3 5 3 1 7 5 3 7 5 9 3 3 9 11 5 7 7 3 5 9 5 7 3 3 5 5 7 5 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 7 9 3 1 5 7 3 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 3

8

Weights

λ –1

1.07E-01 3.78E-03 3.42E-01 2.59E-02 3.06E-01 6.54E-01 8.71E-01 5.81E-01 6.01E-01 5.01E-01 7.36E-01 5.07E-01 8.93E-01 2.17E-01 5.00E-01 8.67E-01 1.07E+00 4.28E-01 2.88E-01 3.20E-01 7.11E-02 5.76E-02 1.77E-01 4.25E-02 1.51E-02 1.41E-01 4.20E-01 2.52E-01 4.65E-02 1.85E-01 2.59E-01 3.67E-01 3.31E-03 8.89E-02 3.34E-01 1.00E-01 4.75E-02 1.30E-01 2.40E-01 2.13E-01 4.04E-01 6.04E-01 4.53E-01 6.03E-01 3.51E-01 2.00E-01 1.50E-01 3.97E-02 3.74E-01 2.96E-01 5.25E-01 1.94E-01 1.24E-01 1.34E-02 3.40E-02 2.44E-02 2.88E-01 2.16E-01 1.60E-01 3.22E-01

Å 5931.78 5940.24 5941.65 5952.39 5960.91 6065.00 6284.32 6379.62 6482.05 6610.56 6857.03 6869.58 6887.83 7762.24 8438.74 8831.75 8855.30 8893.29

3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 3 5

N III 374.198 451.871 452.227 684.998 685.515 685.817 686.336 763.334 764.351 771.545 771.901 772.384 772.889 772.955 979.832 979.905 989.799 991.511 991.577 1747.85 1751.22 1751.66 2972.55 2977.33 2978.84 2983.64 3342.76 3353.98 3354.32 3355.46 3358.78 3360.98 3365.80 3367.36 3374.07 3745.95 3752.63 3754.69 3762.60 3771.03

2 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 6

gi

5 3 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 7 3 5 7 5 3 3 3 3 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1 4.27E-01 2.26E-01 5.54E-01 1.27E-01 1.34E-02 2.21E-03 7.74E-02 6.11E-02 3.01E-01 6.34E-01 2.53E-01 2.51E-01 2.49E-01 8.74E-02 2.24E-01 8.42E-03 2.51E-02 4.12E-02 9.89E+01 1.03E+01 2.05E+01 9.63E+00 3.83E+01 4.54E+01 1.95E+01 9.58E+00 1.85E+01 8.19E+00 1.64E+01 2.45E+01 2.09E+01 2.34E+01 8.84E+00 9.21E+00 4.18E+00 8.17E-01 4.97E+00 1.28E+00 2.48E-01 1.51E+00 6.67E-01 3.32E-01 1.66E-01 8.24E-01 3.80E-01 7.66E-01 5.51E-01 7.51E-01 3.05E-01 2.44E-01 1.52E+00 1.27E+00 8.13E-01 1.90E-01 6.67E-02 3.78E-01 4.24E-02 5.59E-01

5/4/05 8:12:59 AM


Section 10.indb 135

6 8 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 8 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 8 2 4 2 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 8 4 10 6 4 8 6 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 6 2 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4

8

10-135 λ

–1

8.28E-02 1.03E-01 7.49E-01 8.96E-01 1.49E-01 8.70E-01 8.67E-01 9.37E-01 1.12E+00 1.85E-01 5.40E-02 1.08E-01 5.03E-02 8.60E-02 3.06E-02 1.07E-01 1.23E-01 7.47E-02 1.82E-01 4.01E-02 2.84E-01 4.77E-01 6.80E-01 5.65E-01 3.61E-01 1.12E-01 2.01E-01 3.33E-02 6.36E-01 7.60E-01 1.26E-01 4.35E-01 4.66E-01 5.32E-01 1.73E-01 6.18E-01 1.50E-01 1.22E-02 8.71E-02 5.86E-03 2.80E-02 6.95E-02 1.39E-01 2.21E-02 4.93E-02 7.38E-02 1.14E-01 5.68E-01 5.29E-01 3.72E-02 2.18E-01 2.15E-01 8.89E-02 1.77E-01 1.49E-01 1.13E-01 2.11E-01 3.52E-02 6.31E-02 1.05E-02

Å 7371.51 7404.54 8307.51 8344.95 8386.39 8424.56

4 6 2 2 4 4

N IV 247.205 *283.52 *322.64 335.047 387.356 765.147 *923.16 955.334 1718.55 2649.88 3052.20 3059.60 3075.19 3443.61 3445.22 3454.65 3461.36 3463.36 3474.53 3478.72 *3480.8 3483.00 3484.93 3689.94 3694.14 3707.39 3714.43 3735.43 3747.54 4057.76 4740.26 4747.96 4752.49 4762.09 4769.86 4786.92 4796.66 5200.41 5204.28 5205.15 5226.70 5245.60 5272.35 5288.25 5736.93 5776.31 5784.76 5795.09 5812.31 5826.43 5843.84 6380.75

1 9 9 3 3 1 9 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 5 1 3 5 5 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 6 4 2 4 2 3 15 3 5 1 3 9 1 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 9 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3

8

Weights

λ –1

3.53E-02 3.61E-02 1.65E-02 6.52E-02 8.03E-02 3.17E-02 1.19E+02 3.05E+02 8.99E+01 1.845E+02 2.55E+01 2.320E+01 1.759E+01 2.919E+01 2.321E+00 1.07E+00 1.33E-01 3.95E-01 6.48E-01 3.46E-01 4.60E-01 3.42E-01 1.36E+00 1.02E+00 5.61E-01 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 9.10E-02 2.27E-02 6.73E-02 1.34E-02 7.37E-02 9.92E-01 6.62E-01 1.53E-02 7.60E-02 1.13E-02 6.99E-02 2.50E-02 8.79E-02 1.53E-02 2.67E-01 3.55E-01 1.97E-01 1.46E-01 8.66E-02 9.48E-03 3.22E-02 1.84E-01 1.85E-02 5.51E-02 1.37E-02 1.36E-02 2.25E-02 4.01E-02 1.42E-01

Å

gi

3 5 3 15 7 5 3 5 7 9 5 7

gk

A 108 s–1

7103.24 7109.35 7111.28 *7116.8 7122.98 7127.25 7127.25 9165.07 9182.16 9222.99 9247.04 9311.55

1 3 3 9 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 7

6.28E-02 8.46E-02 4.70E-02 1.12E-01 1.12E-01 2.80E-02 3.11E-03 4.23E-02 4.45E-02 4.95E-02 7.66E-03 5.36E-03

NV *209.29 *247.66 1238.82 1242.80 4603.74 4619.97

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

1.21E+02 4.26E+02 3.40E+00 3.37E+00 4.14E-01 4.10E-01

N VI 24.8980 28.7870 *161.220 173.275 *173.93 185.192 *1901 2896.4 *6991.1 9622.0

1 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 1

3 3 9 3 15 5 9 3 9 3

5.158E+03 1.809E+04 2.859E+02 2.697E+02 8.756E+02 8.205E+02 6.780E-01 2.079E-01 8.384E-02 3.276E-02

5 1 3 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 3 1 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 1 3

5 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 1 3 3 5

4.94E+00 2.19E+00 1.64E+00 2.85E+00 5.12E+00 1.23E+00 1.33E+00 4.22E-01 5.28E+00 2.06E+00 3.41E+00 2.03E+00 6.76E-01 6.63E-03 1.87E-03 5.19E-03 5.59E-03 8.31E-04 1.63E-02 4.91E-03 4.88E-03 4.87E-03 3.10E-03 1.29E-03 1.03E-03 7.73E-04

Oxygen OI 791.973 792.938 792.967 877.798 877.879 922.008 935.193 1028.16 1152.15 1217.65 1302.17 1304.86 1306.03 3823.41 3823.87 3824.35 3825.02 3825.19 3855.01 3947.29 3947.48 3947.59 3951.93 3952.98 3953.00 3954.52

5/4/05 8:13:04 AM


10-136 λ Å 3954.61 3997.95 4217.09 4222.77 4222.82 4233.27 4368.19 4368.24 4967.38 4967.88 4968.79 5019.29 5020.22 5329.11 5329.69 5330.74 5435.18 5435.77 5436.86 5512.60 5512.77 5554.83 5555.00 5958.39 5958.58 6046.23 6046.44 6046.49 6155.99 6156.78 6158.19 6324.84 6453.60 6454.44 6455.98 6726.28 6726.54 7001.92 7002.23 7254.15 7254.45 7254.53 7771.94 7774.17 7775.39 7981.94 7982.40 7986.98 7987.33 7995.07 8221.82 8227.65 8230.00 8233.00 8235.35 8446.25 8446.36 8446.76 8820.42 9260.81

Section 10.indb 136

5 5 3 5 1 5 3 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 5 7 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 3 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 7 9 5 5 5 7 9 5 5 5 5 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 5 7 9 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 1 5 3 7 1

8

λ –1


Å 9260.85 9260.94 9262.58 9262.67 9262.78 9265.83 9265.93 9266.01 9482.89 9622.11 9622.16 9625.26 9625.30 9694.66 9694.91 9695.06

3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 5 5 3 7 7 5 5 5

O II 429.918 430.041 430.176 483.760 483.980 484.027 485.087 485.470 485.518 2290.85 2293.30 2300.33 2302.81 2365.14 2375.72 2406.38 2407.48 2411.60 2411.64 2415.13 2418.46 2425.57 2433.54 2436.06 2444.25 2445.53 2517.96 2523.21 2526.87 2530.28 2571.46 2575.28 3134.73 3273.43 3377.15 3390.21 3407.28 3712.74 3727.32 3749.48 3833.07 3842.81

4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 4 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 8 8 2 2 6 2 4 6 6 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 5 3 5 7 5 7 9 3 3 3 5 7 7 5 3 2 4 6 2 4 4 8 6 6 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 8 4

8

Weights

λ –1

3.34E-01 1.56E-01 1.11E-01 2.60E-01 2.97E-01 2.97E-02 1.48E-01 4.45E-01 2.34E-01 5.22E-04 1.57E-03 3.25E-04 1.85E-03 4.54E-04 4.54E-04 4.54E-04 4.25E+01 4.13E+01 4.36E+01 2.05E+01 1.80E+01 3.22E+00 2.60E+01 1.20E+00 1.93E+01 7.41E-02 3.25E-01 4.17E-01 1.67E-01 1.52E-01 1.35E-01 1.85E-01 2.25E-01 2.05E-01 1.10E-01 2.20E-01 2.30E-01 1.77E-01 4.21E-01 1.69E-01 7.56E-02 4.98E-01 7.72E-02 9.63E-02 1.20E-01 8.16E-02 1.15E-01 1.37E-01 1.23E+00 9.99E-01 1.27E+00 1.22E+00 1.02E+00 2.84E-01 5.81E-01 9.31E-01 1.02E-02 7.45E-02

Å 3843.58 3847.89 3850.80 3851.03 3851.47 3856.13 3857.16 3863.50 3864.13 3864.43 3864.67 3874.09 3875.80 3882.19 3882.45 3883.14 3893.52 3907.45 3911.96 3912.12 3919.27 3945.04 3954.36 3973.26 3982.71 4069.62 4069.88 4072.15 4075.86 4078.84 4084.65 4085.11 4092.93 4094.14 4096.53 4097.22 4103.00 4104.72 4104.99 4106.02 4109.84 4110.19 4110.79 4112.02 4113.83 4119.22 4120.28 4120.55 4121.46 4129.32 4132.80 4140.70 4153.30 4156.53 4169.22 4185.44 4189.58 4189.79 4192.51 4196.27

4 2 4 4 8 4 6 6 2 6 6 2 8 8 4 8 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 8 4 6 6 8 6 4 2 2 4 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 6 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 6 4

gi

6 2 6 4 8 2 6 8 2 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 10 4 8 6 8 4 6 4 2 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 6 8 6 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 8 8 10 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1 3.55E-02 1.95E-01 6.00E-03 1.59E-01 2.72E-02 2.28E-01 6.59E-02 6.49E-02 9.12E-02 2.15E-01 1.80E-01 3.26E-02 3.38E-02 5.50E-01 8.94E-02 1.13E-01 1.89E-02 8.64E-02 1.09E+00 1.41E-01 1.22E+00 2.05E-01 8.57E-01 1.04E+00 4.27E-01 1.52E+00 1.53E+00 1.98E+00 2.11E+00 5.52E-01 7.28E-02 4.55E-01 2.65E-01 4.70E-02 1.73E-01 3.62E-01 5.09E-01 3.14E-01 9.14E-01 1.70E-02 1.21E-02 2.54E-01 7.70E-01 1.81E-01 2.41E-01 1.33E+00 2.15E-01 2.60E-01 5.60E-01 1.79E-01 9.13E-01 4.09E-02 7.91E-01 2.11E-01 2.71E-01 1.91E+00 7.06E-02 1.98E+00 3.21E-01 3.56E-02

5/4/05 8:13:09 AM


Section 10.indb 137

4 2 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 6 8 8 4 2 2 4 6 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 4 6 2 2 6 4 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 4 2 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 6 8 6 6 6 4 4

8

10-137 λ

–1

3.56E-01 3.70E-01 2.55E-01 5.62E-01 1.47E-01 6.76E-01 7.24E-02 1.12E+00 4.82E-02 6.50E-01 1.57E-01 8.31E-01 1.19E-01 9.32E-01 6.91E-01 9.89E-01 5.82E-02 1.44E-02 3.98E-01 3.57E-01 3.91E-01 4.30E-02 8.34E-01 7.13E-01 5.05E-01 1.89E-02 2.52E-02 5.10E-01 1.37E-01 9.00E-01 9.00E-01 7.18E-03 8.85E-01 4.87E-02 8.34E-01 3.71E-01 5.96E-01 7.81E-01 6.86E-01 4.10E-01 1.35E-01 2.05E-01 1.86E-01 7.43E-01 3.25E-02 6.59E-02 9.88E-01 9.36E-01 9.23E-01 3.69E-01 9.20E-01 1.10E+00 2.98E-01 4.71E-02 6.39E-02 1.45E-02 1.02E-02 5.58E-02 1.00E-01 4.70E-01

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4864.88 4871.52 4872.02 4890.86 4906.83 4924.53 4941.07 4943.01 4955.71 5159.94 5175.90 5190.50 5206.65 5583.22 5611.07 6627.37 6641.03 6666.66 6677.87 6717.75 6721.39 6810.48 6844.10 6846.80 6869.48 6884.88 6895.10 6906.44 6907.87 6910.56

4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 8 6 4 10 8 4 6

2 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 8 6 8 6 4 8 6 2 4

O III 263.694 263.727 263.773 263.817 263.861 277.386 279.788 295.942 303.413 303.461 303.517 303.622 303.695 303.800 305.596 305.656 305.702 305.767 305.836 320.978 328.448 345.312 374.073 395.557 507.388 507.680 508.178 525.794

1 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5

3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3

8

Weights

λ –1

8.07E-02 5.60E-01 9.34E-02 4.80E-01 4.54E-01 5.43E-01 5.87E-01 7.78E-01 1.82E-01 3.29E-01 1.49E-01 1.26E-01 3.58E-01 2.17E-02 2.14E-02 1.73E-01 9.88E-02 6.78E-02 3.37E-02 1.33E-01 1.81E-01 1.64E-03 2.97E-03 3.17E-02 5.35E-02 6.12E-02 2.72E-01 2.48E-01 3.03E-01 2.43E-01 3.32E+01 4.48E+01 2.49E+01 5.97E+01 1.49E+01 9.43E+01 4.25E+01 5.56E+01 4.29E+01 1.29E+02 3.21E+01 3.21E+01 5.34E+01 9.61E+01 1.20E+02 1.62E+02 9.01E+01 2.16E+02 5.40E+01 2.17E+02 1.04E+02 1.35E+02 2.85E+01 2.80E+01 1.61E+01 4.82E+01 8.04E+01 9.60E+01

Å 597.814 599.590 702.337 702.838 832.929 835.092 835.289 1679.03 1686.73 1760.41 1764.46 1766.63 1772.28 1772.97 2390.43 2454.97 2665.68 2674.58 2683.66 2686.15 2687.55 2695.48 2794.14 2798.93 2809.66 2818.70 2836.31 2959.69 2983.78 2992.08 2996.48 2997.69 3004.34 3008.78 3017.62 3023.43 3024.36 3024.54 3035.41 3042.07 3047.10 3059.28 3064.98 3068.13 3068.26 3068.67 3074.14 3074.72 3075.13 3075.95 3083.65 3084.64 3088.04 3095.79 3115.67 3121.63 3132.79 3198.18 3201.14 3202.51

1 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 3 7 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 5

gi

3 5 3 1 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 3 1 3 3 1 5 5 1 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 5 7 3 5 9 7 5 9 7 1 3 5 5 3 7

gk

A 108 s–1 1.49E+01 5.41E+01 6.06E+00 1.83E+01 3.41E+00 1.44E+00 5.99E+00 6.57E-01 6.48E-01 8.38E-01 2.50E+00 1.11E+00 3.29E+00 1.37E+00 1.62E+00 3.43E+00 6.75E-01 1.11E+00 1.85E+00 1.54E+00 1.84E+00 1.82E+00 1.82E-01 4.52E-02 1.34E-01 2.66E-02 1.46E-01 1.83E+00 2.15E+00 9.32E-02 4.64E-01 6.88E-02 4.27E-01 1.53E-01 5.38E-01 4.79E-01 9.39E-02 6.16E-01 4.59E-01 1.94E+00 1.49E+00 8.72E-01 2.17E-01 6.49E-01 5.41E-02 2.27E-01 1.84E-01 3.76E-01 1.61E-01 1.07E-01 3.20E-01 2.55E-01 5.30E-01 1.35E-01 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.37E+00 9.57E-02 4.77E-01 7.08E-02

5/4/05 8:13:14 AM


10-138 λ Å 3207.61 3210.58 3216.07 3221.21 3260.86 3265.33 3267.20 3281.83 3284.45 3299.39 3312.33 3326.06 3330.30 3330.32 3332.41 3332.93 3336.67 3336.69 3340.76 3344.20 3344.51 3347.98 3350.62 3350.92 3355.86 3362.31 3376.61 3376.76 3377.26 3382.61 3383.31 3383.81 3384.90 3394.22 3395.43 3406.88 3408.13 3415.26 3428.63 3430.57 3444.05 3446.68 3447.15 3447.97 3450.91 3451.30 3454.84 3454.99 3459.48 3459.94 3466.13 3466.85 3475.24 3520.94 3531.22 3533.38 3534.90 3555.24 3556.78 3695.38

Section 10.indb 138

5 5 7 7 5 7 3 5 7 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 7 5 7 7 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 7 3 5 9 5 7 9 7 9 1 3 3 3 5 5 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 3 7 5 7 9 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 7 7 5 1 3 5 7 3 5 9 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 9 3 5 11 3 7 9 5 7 3 1 3 5 3 5 5

8

λ –1

4.40E-01 1.58E-01 5.58E-01 9.75E-02 1.68E+00 1.88E+00 1.58E+00 2.89E-01 2.06E-01 1.64E-01 4.60E-01 2.65E-01 6.81E-01 4.76E-01 7.92E-01 5.04E-01 3.76E-01 8.77E-02 6.57E-01 1.25E-01 3.48E-01 4.86E-01 1.12E+00 9.91E-01 6.89E-01 6.87E-01 1.49E+00 1.12E+00 5.20E-01 9.86E-01 3.70E-01 8.62E-01 1.48E+00 4.88E-01 9.75E-02 1.93E-01 5.79E-01 1.44E-01 1.42E-01 2.37E-01 4.21E-01 9.71E-01 8.09E-01 1.19E+00 1.44E+00 8.06E-01 6.89E-01 1.72E+00 1.14E-01 5.14E-01 2.84E-01 6.82E-02 2.42E-02 1.50E-01 4.45E-01 1.11E-01 1.11E-01 1.82E-01 3.26E-01 4.01E-01

Å 3698.72 3703.36 3704.75 3707.27 3709.54 3712.49 3714.03 3715.09 3720.89 3721.95 3725.31 3728.51 3728.84 3729.80 3732.13 3734.83 3742.63 3746.90 3754.70 3757.23 3759.88 3774.03 3791.28 3810.98 3816.75 3961.57 4072.64 4073.98 4081.02 4089.30 4103.07 4118.60 4440.09 4447.69 4461.61 4524.22 4532.78 4535.29 4555.39 4557.91 5268.30 5508.24 5592.25

5 7 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 5 3

O IV 238.360 238.570 238.579 279.631 279.933 553.329 554.076 554.513 555.263 608.397 609.829 616.952 617.005 617.036 624.619

2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 9 3 5 1 5 3 7 7 3 5 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 5 3 7 3 5 3 3 7 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 5 7 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 4 6 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4

8

Weights

λ –1

7.62E-01 1.14E+00 8.53E-01 7.34E-01 1.13E+00 6.59E-01 4.06E-01 9.73E-01 3.74E-01 2.80E-01 2.41E-01 1.29E+00 1.45E+00 1.22E+00 2.67E-02 7.40E-02 2.24E-01 1.59E-01 7.53E-01 5.56E-01 9.79E-01 3.91E-01 2.24E-01 2.37E-02 9.63E-02 1.25E+00 3.37E-01 4.54E-01 6.02E-01 2.49E-01 1.48E-01 1.63E-02 4.42E-01 4.40E-01 4.36E-01 3.38E-01 1.40E-01 8.40E-02 2.49E-01 8.27E-02 3.50E-01 1.06E-01 3.27E-01 2.96E+02 3.54E+02 5.90E+01 2.68E+01 5.34E+01 1.22E+01 4.86E+01 6.06E+01 2.41E+01 1.21E+01 2.40E+01 2.60E+01 2.89E+00 2.89E+01 1.07E+01

Å 625.127 625.853 779.736 779.820 779.912 779.997 787.710 790.112 790.199 921.296 921.365 923.367 923.436 1338.61 1342.99 1343.51 2120.58 2132.64 2493.39 2493.75 2493.99 2499.27 2501.81 2507.73 2509.22 2510.58 2517.37 2781.22 2803.57 2805.87 2812.50 2816.53 2829.17 2836.27 2916.31 2921.46 2926.18 3063.43 3071.60 3177.89 3180.77 3180.99 3185.74 3188.22 3188.64 3194.78 3199.58 3209.65 3216.31 3348.06 3349.11 3354.27 3362.55 3375.40 3378.02 3381.21 3381.30 3385.52 3390.19 3396.80

4 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 2 6 2 6 4 8 6 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 2 4

gi

4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 4 8 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1 2.13E+01 3.19E+01 1.46E+00 1.31E+01 1.36E+01 9.70E-01 5.95E+00 1.18E+00 7.08E+00 2.21E+00 8.83E+00 1.10E+01 4.39E+00 2.17E+00 4.29E-01 2.57E+00 1.05E+00 1.29E+00 1.18E+00 8.48E-01 6.09E-01 4.68E-01 3.73E-01 2.32E+00 1.94E+00 1.19E+00 1.24E+00 1.03E-01 1.26E-01 2.90E-01 3.58E-02 5.74E-01 1.56E-01 8.43E-01 1.06E+00 1.27E+00 2.11E-01 1.30E+00 1.29E+00 7.59E-02 1.51E-01 7.06E-02 1.21E-01 4.28E-02 1.50E-01 1.71E-01 1.04E-01 2.53E-01 5.56E-02 8.51E-01 1.02E+00 7.71E-01 7.65E-01 7.56E-01 1.66E-01 7.19E-01 4.28E-01 1.02E+00 8.49E-01 5.40E-01

5/4/05 8:13:20 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 3405.77 3409.70 3411.30 3411.69 3425.55 3489.89 3492.21 3493.43 3560.39 3563.33 3593.08 3725.89 3725.94 3729.03 3736.68 3736.85 3744.89 3758.39 3930.68 3942.06 3945.31 3956.77 3974.58 3977.09 3995.08 4687.03 4772.60 4779.10 4783.42 4794.18 4798.27 4813.15 5305.51 5362.51 6876.49 6931.60 7004.11 7061.30

4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 8 6 8 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 4 4

OV 172.169 *192.85 *215.17 220.353 248.460 629.732 758.677 759.442 760.227 760.446 761.128 762.004 774.518 1371.30 2729.31 2731.45 2743.61 2752.23 2755.13 2769.69

1 9 9 3 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5

Section 10.indb 139

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 8 6 4 6 8 4 10 6 8 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 3 15 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 3

8

10-139 λ

–1

1.67E-01 3.00E-01 1.69E-01 1.02E+00 4.94E-02 7.29E-01 6.06E-01 1.21E-01 1.03E+00 1.10E+00 7.15E-02 5.61E-01 6.01E-01 6.86E-01 2.23E-01 7.95E-01 1.92E-01 1.11E-01 3.80E-02 9.42E-02 1.88E-01 2.98E-02 6.62E-02 9.91E-02 1.52E-01 2.79E-01 1.23E-01 2.45E-01 2.06E-01 1.56E-01 2.91E-01 8.65E-02 6.10E-02 6.12E-02 1.88E-02 7.35E-02 8.90E-02 3.48E-02 2.94E+02 6.90E+02 1.83E+02 4.292E+02 5.59E+01 2.872E+01 5.547E+00 7.373E+00 5.514E+00 1.652E+01 2.197E+01 9.125E+00 3.804E+01 3.336E+00 4.52E-01 5.90E-01 4.38E-01 1.82E+00 1.37E+00 7.88E-01

Å 2781.01 *2784.0 2786.99 2789.85 3058.68 3144.66 3219.24 3222.29 3227.54 3239.21 3248.28 3263.54 3275.64 3297.62 3690.17 3698.36 3702.72 3717.31 3725.63 3746.64 3761.58 4119.37 4120.49 4123.96 4125.49 4134.11 4153.27 4158.86 4178.46 4213.35 4522.66 4554.53 5114.06 5339.94 5349.74 5372.71 5414.59 5428.38 5471.12 5571.81 5580.12 5583.23 *5589.9 5597.89 5604.27 5607.41 6330.05 6460.12 6466.14 6500.24 6543.77 6601.28 6764.72 6789.62 6817.40 6828.95 6878.76

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 5 7 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 9 5 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 7 1 3 3 5 5

O VI *150.10

2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 9 3 1 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 1 7 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 15 7 5 3 7 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 6

8

Weights

λ –1

1.40E+00 1.40E+00 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.39E+00 8.86E-01 1.54E-01 1.16E-01 3.38E-02 3.28E-01 1.18E-01 1.86E-02 4.76E-01 1.30E-01 1.97E-02 1.03E-01 1.41E-02 9.63E-02 2.91E-02 1.18E-01 1.61E-02 3.66E-01 3.33E-01 4.81E-01 2.70E-01 3.34E-01 1.92E-01 3.39E-01 1.12E-01 1.19E-02 1.02E-02 2.41E-01 1.80E-01 1.85E-02 7.04E-02 1.42E-02 9.29E-03 2.68E-02 4.86E-02 8.33E-02 1.11E-01 6.20E-02 1.49E-01 1.48E-01 3.68E-02 4.08E-03 1.21E-01 9.37E-02 1.01E-01 1.11E-01 1.64E-02 1.14E-02 4.37E-02 5.79E-02 3.00E-02 7.35E-02 1.65E-02 2.62E+02

Å

gi

10 4 2 4 2

gk

A 108 s–1

*173.03 1031.91 1037.61 3811.35 3834.24

6 2 2 2 2

8.78E+02 4.16E+00 4.09E+00 5.14E-01 5.05E-01

O VII 18.6270 21.6020 *120.33 128.411 *128.46 135.820 *1630.3 2448.98 *5933.1 8241.76

1 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 1

3 3 9 3 15 5 9 3 9 3

9.365E+03 3.309E+04 5.334E+02 8.982E+02 1.615E+03 1.523E+03 7.935E-01 2.514E-01 1.002E-01 3.864E-02

PI 1671.7 1674.6 1679.7 1775.0 1782.9 1787.7 2135.5 2136.2 2149.1 2152.9 2154.1 2154.1 2534.0 2535.6 2553.3 2554.9

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4

2 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2

3.9E-01 4.0E-01 3.9E-01 2.17E+00 2.14E+00 2.13E+00 2.11E-01 2.83E+00 3.18E+00 4.85E-01 1.73E-01 5.8E-01 2.00E-01 9.5E-01 7.1E-01 3.00E-01

P II 1301.9 1304.5 1304.7 1305.5 1309.9 1310.7 4475.3 4499.2 4530.8 4554.8 4588.0 4589.9 4602.1 4943.5 5253.5 5425.9 6024.2 6043.1

1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 5

3 1 3 5 3 5 7 7 5 5 7 5 9 5 5 5 5 7

5.0E-01 1.5E+00 3.7E-01 3.8E-01 6.2E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 9.6E-01 1.7E+00 1.6E+00 1.9E+00 6.3E-01 1.0E+00 6.9E-01 5.1E-01 6.8E-01

P III 1334.8 1344.3 1344.8

2 4 4

4 6 4

5.5E-01 6.4E-01 1.1E-01

Phosphorus

5/4/05 8:13:23 AM


10-140 λ Å 4057.4 4059.3 4080.1

4 6 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 2

8

λ –1

1.0E-01 9.0E-01 9.9E-01

Potassium KI 4044.1 4047.2 5084.2 5099.2 5323.3 5339.7 5343.0 5359.6 5782.4 5801.8 5812.2 5831.9 6911.1 6938.8 7664.9 7699.0

2 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2

4 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2

1.24E-02 1.24E-02 3.50E-03 7.0E-03 6.3E-03 1.26E-02 4.0E-03 4.6E-03 1.23E-02 2.46E-02 2.8E-03 3.2E-03 2.72E-02 5.4E-02 3.87E-01 3.82E-01

K II 607.93

1

3

1.3E-02

K III 2550.0 2635.1 2992.4 3052.1 3202.0 3289.1 3322.4 3421.8

6 4 6 4 4 4 6 2

4 4 8 6 4 6 6 4

2.0E+00 1.2E+00 2.5E+00 1.7E+00 1.8E+00 2.0E+00 1.3E+00 1.5E+00

K XVI 206.27

1

3

9.4E+01

K XVII 22.020 22.163 22.18 22.60 22.76

2 4 4 2 4

4 6 4 2 2

4.7E+04 5.6E+04 9.3E+03 2.5E+03 4.7E+03

15 15 19 17 15 13 15 15 17 15 13 13 15 17

1.87E-01 1.00E+00 8.4E-01 5.8E-01 5.2E-01 3.91E-01 2.30E-01 1.1E-01 9.0E-02 2.28E-01 1.24E-01 1.54E-01 1.16E-01 4.9E-02

Praseodymium Pr II 3997.0 4062.8 4100.7 4143.1 4179.4 4222.9 4241.0 4359.8 4405.8 4429.3 4449.8 4468.7 4510.2 4534.2

Section 10.indb 140

15 13 17 15 13 11 17 15 17 15 13 11 13 15

Å 4734.2 4879.1 4886.0 4912.6 5034.4 5110.8 5135.1 5173.9 5219.1 5220.1 5251.7 5259.7 5292.6 5810.6 5879.3 6200.8 6278.7 6398.0

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

15 15 15 17 19 21 17 19 15 17 15 15 13 17 15 15 13 11

13 15 15 15 19 19 17 17 15 15 13 13 13 19 15 17 15 13

8 6 6 10 4 6 6 6 6 8 6 4 8 4 8 4 6 10 6 6 4 6 6 4 10 6 8 4 6 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 8 6 6

6 4 6 8 6 6 4 6 4 8 8 4 10 2 6 4 4 10 8 6 4 6 8 6 10 8 8 4 6 6 10 4 8 2 4 8 6 8 4

8

2.5E-02 1.8E-02 1.3E-02 5.7E-02 1.1E-01 2.78E-01 1.25E-01 3.18E-01 9.5E-02 2.35E-01 1.1E-02 2.24E-01 9.3E-02 2.3E-02 7.6E-02 1.8E-02 2.6E-02 1.9E-02

Rhodium Rh I 3083.96 3114.91 3121.76 3123.70 3137.71 3189.05 3197.13 3263.14 3271.61 3280.55 3283.57 3289.14 3323.09 3331.09 3338.54 3360.80 3368.38 3396.82 3399.70 3462.04 3470.66 3478.91 3484.04 3498.73 3502.52 3507.32 3528.02 3543.95 3549.54 3570.18 3583.10 3596.19 3597.15 3612.47 3620.46 3654.87 3657.99 3666.22 3690.70

Weights

λ –1

4.8E-02 4.45E-02 1.1E-01 4.6E-02 3.3E-02 3.03E-01 4.35E-02 1.3E-01 2.0E-01 2.36E-01 4.4E-01 1.0E-01 6.3E-01 5.40E-02 3.5E-02 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 6.5E-01 1.2E-01 6.2E-01 8.5E-01 3.32E-01 9.3E-03 2.12E-01 4.3E-01 3.4E-01 8.5E-01 4.65E-01 2.22E-01 1.82E-01 2.6E-01 5.5E-01 5.9E-01 8.90E-01 8.5E-02 6.0E-02 8.8E-01 8.4E-02 3.23E-01

Å 3692.36 3700.91 3713.02 3788.47 3793.22 3799.31 3806.76 3818.19 3822.26 3828.48 3833.89 3856.52 3872.39 3877.34 3913.51 3922.19 3934.23 3942.72 3958.86 3984.40 3995.61 4053.44 4056.34 4082.78 4097.52 4121.68 4128.87 4135.27 4196.50 4211.14 4244.44 4278.60 4288.71 4373.04 4374.80 4379.92 4492.47 4528.72 4548.73 4551.64 4565.19 4569.00 4608.12 4675.03 4721.00 4745.11 4755.58 4842.43 4963.71 4977.75 4979.18 5090.63 5120.69 5130.76 5155.54 5184.19 5212.73 5292.14 5390.44 5424.72

gi

10 8 4 4 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 8 4 8 8 4 8 4 6 4 4 2 6 6 2 6 6 8 6 8 4 4 6 2 8 6 6 6 4 4 4 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 2 6 4 10 4 4

8 10 4 6 6 8 6 4 6 6 4 10 6 6 8 2 8 2 8 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 8 8 8 10 4 6 8 4 10 6 6 8 6 4 4 8 2 8 4 6 4 8 2 4 6 6 8 4 4 8 2 10 6 4

gk


5/4/05 8:13:28 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 5599.42 5983.60

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

6 10

8 10

1.3E-02 2.1E-02

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

4.13E-05 4.93E-05 8.2E-05 1.05E-04 1.49E-04 2.5E-04 1.3E-04 3.38E-04 2.0E-04 6.4E-04 3.8E-04 1.37E-03 8.9E-04 3.97E-03 2.9E-03 1.8E-02 1.5E-02 3.70E-01 3.40E-01

4 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 4

4 6 4 2 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 6 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 4 6

2.0E-01 2.0E-01 5.8E-02 4.8E-01 4.6E-01 2.8E-01 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 2.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.1E-02 4.6E-02 1.7E-01 1.3E-01 2.8E-01 2.1E-01 4.9E-02 1.61E-01 2.4E-02 3.1E-01 1.49E-01 3.2E-01 7.5E-02 5.5E-01 5.4E-01 6.9E-02 7.8E-01 8.7E-01 1.00E-01 3.2E-01 3.13E+00 2.81E+00 1.66E+00

Rubidium Rb I 3022.5 3032.0 3044.2 3060.2 3082.0 3112.6 3113.1 3157.5 3158.3 3228.0 3229.2 3348.7 3350.8 3587.1 3591.6 4201.8 4215.5 7800.3 7947.6 Scandium Sc I 2116.7 2120.4 2262.3 2266.6 2270.9 2280.8 2289.6 2311.29 2315.69 2320.32 2324.75 2328.19 2334.67 2346.03 2429.19 2438.63 2468.40 2692.78 2699.02 2706.74 2707.93 2711.34 2965.88 2974.01 2980.76 2988.97 3015.37 3019.35 3030.76 3255.68 3269.90 3273.63 3907.48

Section 10.indb 141

10-141

Å 3911.81 3933.38 3996.60 4020.39 4023.22 4023.68 4031.38 4036.86 4043.80 4047.80 4051.83 4054.54 4067.00 4067.63 4074.96 4078.56 4080.57 4082.39 4086.66 4087.47 4093.12 4094.86 4098.36 4132.98 4140.27 4147.38 4161.85 4171.53 4186.42 4187.61 4193.53 4204.52 4205.20 4212.32 4212.48 4216.08 4218.23 4225.54 4225.69 4231.64 4233.59 4238.05 4239.55 4246.14 4542.55 4544.67 4706.94 4709.31 4711.72 4714.30 4719.31 4728.77 4729.20 4729.24 4734.11 4737.65 4741.02 4743.82 4973.67 4980.36

gi

6 6 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 6 8 4 6 10 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 10 4 6 2 4 6 4 4 6 8 6 8 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 10 4 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 6 6 4 4 6 6 4 8 4 6 2 8 8 6 4 4 4 8 6 4 6 8 6 8 6 8 4 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 4 4 8 6 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 8 4 4 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4

8

Weights

λ –1

1.79E+00 1.62E-01 1.65E-01 1.63E+00 3.0E-01 1.65E+00 2.9E-01 7.9E-02 3.11E-01 1.54E-01 7.7E-02 1.67E-01 1.91E-01 4.1E-02 3.7E-01 4.3E-01 6.6E-02 2.73E-01 3.7E-01 1.12E-01 1.23E-01 1.44E-01 8.7E-02 1.19E+00 1.17E+00 1.74E-01 1.77E-01 1.36E-01 8.4E-02 1.28E-01 6.1E-02 3.5E-02 1.12E-01 1.58E-01 8.6E-02 2.36E-01 2.26E-01 9.5E-02 7.6E-02 1.31E-01 4.0E-01 7.1E-01 2.27E-01 1.15E-01 1.28E-01 1.33E-01 2.81E-01 4.0E-01 1.81E-01 2.14E-01 1.04E-01 1.16E-01 2.20E-01 1.93E-01 1.10E+00 8.8E-01 9.1E-01 9.8E-01 8.4E-01 5.6E-01

Å 4983.43 4991.91 4995.00 5018.41 5021.52 5064.31 5066.38 5070.17 5072.71 5075.82 5080.22 5081.56 5083.72 5085.55 5086.94 5096.72 5099.27 5101.12 5331.79 5339.43 5341.07 5349.34 5350.28 5355.79 5356.10 5375.37 5392.06 5416.16 5416.41 5425.55 5429.42 5432.98 5433.25 5438.28 5439.04 5442.62 5446.20 5451.37 5455.24 5464.95 5468.40 5472.19 5482.01 5484.63 5514.23 5520.52 5526.10 5541.07 5631.04 5671.83 5686.86 5700.19 5708.64 5711.79 5717.31 5724.13 5988.43 6026.16 6146.20 6198.43

gi

4 6 4 6 4 8 6 6 2 4 4 10 8 6 4 6 4 10 4 6 4 6 8 6 8 8 10 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 2 4 8 6 4 4 6 8 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 10 8 6 10 4 8 6 6 4 6 4

4 6 6 4 4 10 6 8 4 6 4 10 8 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 8 6 6 8 4 4 4 6 2 2 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 8 10 4 6 4 12 10 8 10 6 8 6 6 4 8 6

gk


5/4/05 8:13:30 AM


10-142 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

6249.96 6262.22 6280.16 6284.16 6284.73 6293.02 7741.16 7800.42

6 4 2 6 4 2 10 8

8 6 4 6 4 2 10 8

Sc II 1880.6 2064.3 2068.0 2273.1 2545.20 2552.35 2555.79 2560.23 2563.19 2611.19 2667.70 2746.36 2782.31 2789.15 2801.31 2819.49 2822.12 2826.64 2870.85 2912.98 2979.68 2988.92 3039.92 3045.73 3052.92 3060.54 3065.12 3075.36 3128.27 3133.07 3139.72 3190.98 3199.33 3312.72 3320.40 3343.23 3353.72 3359.67 3361.26 3361.93 3368.94 3372.15 3379.16 3535.71 3558.53 3567.70 3572.53 3576.34 3580.93 3589.63

5 7 5 1 5 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 7 5 7 7 9 9 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 9 5 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 5

3 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 1 5 7 9 5 7 9 3 3 5 7 9 7 9 7 11 9 3 5 7 3 3 7 3 7 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 7 5 7 5 3 3

Section 10.indb 142

8

λ –1

3.2E-02 8.4E-02 4.0E-02 3.9E-02 7.1E-02 1.04E-01 3.8E-02 5.1E-02 5.0E+00 2.2E+00 2.0E+00 7.7E+00 4.0E-01 2.21E+00 6.9E-01 2.01E+00 2.70E+00 2.2E+00 1.5E+00 3.9E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 2.3E+00 2.5E+00 2.8E+00 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.2E+00 2.9E+00 3.5E+00 3.68E+00 3.92E+00 3.0E-01 4.00E+00 2.5E-01 1.9E+00 1.8E+00 2.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.9E+00 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 1.1E+00 1.51E+00 2.16E-01 3.4E-01 1.17E+00 8.3E-01 9.9E-01 2.5E+00 6.1E-01 3.0E-01 3.5E-01 1.38E+00 1.06E+00 1.23E+00 4.6E-01

Å 3590.47 3613.83 3630.74 3642.78 3645.31 3651.80 3859.59 4246.82 4314.08 4320.75 4325.00 4374.46 4400.39 4415.54 4670.41 5031.01 5239.81 5526.79 5657.91 5669.06

7 7 5 3 7 5 7 5 9 7 5 9 7 5 5 5 1 9 5 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 9 7 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 3 9 7 5 7 3 3 7 5 1

8

2.9E-01 1.48E+00 1.20E+00 1.13E+00 2.74E-01 3.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.29E+00 4.1E-01 4.0E-01 4.3E-01 1.48E-01 1.43E-01 1.47E-01 1.16E-01 3.5E-01 1.39E-01 3.3E-01 1.04E-01 1.31E-01

Silicon Si I 1977.6 1979.2 1980.6 1983.2 1986.4 1989.0 2208.0 2210.9 2211.7 2216.7 2218.1 2506.9 2514.3 2516.1 2519.2 2524.1 2528.5 2532.4 2631.3 2881.6 3905.5 4738.8 4783.0 4792.3 4818.1 4821.2 4947.6 5006.1 5622.2 5690.4 5708.4 5754.2 5772.1 5948.5 7226.2 7405.8 7409.1

1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 1 5 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 5

3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 1 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 7

Weights

λ –1

1.8E-01 5.1E-01 1.3E-01 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 4.1E-01 3.11E-01 4.16E-01 2.32E-01 5.5E-01 1.38E-01 4.66E-01 6.1E-01 1.21E+00 4.56E-01 1.81E+00 7.7E-01 2.6E-01 9.7E-01 1.89E+00 1.18E-01 1.0E-02 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 1.1E-02 8.0E-03 4.2E-02 2.8E-02 1.6E-02 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 1.5E-02 3.6E-02 2.2E-02 7.9E-03 3.7E-02 2.3E-02

Å

gi

5 5 7 9 5

gk

A 108 s–1

7680.3 7918.4 7932.3 7944.0 7970.3

3 3 5 7 5

4.6E-02 5.2E-02 5.1E-02 5.8E-02 7.1E-03

Si II 989.87 992.68 1020.7 1190.4 1193.3 1194.5 1197.4 1248.4 1251.2 1260.4 1264.7 1304.4 1309.3 1526.7 1533.5 1808.0 2904.3 2905.7 3210.0 4128.1 4130.9 5041.0 5056.0 5957.6 5978.9 6347.1 6371.4 7848.8 7849.7

2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6

4 6 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 8

6.7E+00 8.0E+00 1.3E+00 6.9E+00 2.8E+01 3.6E+01 1.4E+01 1.3E+01 1.9E+01 2.0E+01 2.3E+01 3.6E+00 7.0E+00 3.73E+00 7.4E+00 3.7E-02 6.7E-01 7.1E-01 4.6E-01 1.32E+00 1.42E+00 9.8E-01 1.2E+00 4.2E-01 8.1E-01 7.0E-01 6.9E-01 3.9E-01 4.2E-01

Si III 883.40 994.79 997.39 1141.6 1144.3 1161.6 1206.5 1206.5 1207.5 1294.5 1296.7 1298.9 1299.0 1301.2 1303.3 1328.8 1417.2 1435.8 1589.0 1778.7 1783.1 3241.6 *3486.9

5 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 7 5 5 15

7 3 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 3 9 7 3 21


5/4/05 8:13:35 AM


gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

3590.5 4552.6 4554.0 4567.8 4683.0 4716.7 5451.5 5473.1 5716.3 5739.7 7462.6 7466.3 7612.4

3 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 9 1 5 7 3

Si IV 457.82 458.16 515.12 516.35 *560.50 *749.94 815.05 818.13 *860.74 *1066.6 1122.5 1128.3 1128.3 1393.8 1402.8 *1724.1

2 2 2 4 6 10 2 4 10 10 2 4 4 2 2 10

4 2 2 2 10 14 2 2 6 14 4 4 6 4 2 6


Si V 96.439 97.143 117.86

1 1 1

3 3 3

4.8E+02 2.0E+03 3.0E+02

Si VI 246.00 249.12

4 2

2 2

1.7E+02 8.5E+01

Si VII 217.83 272.64 274.18 275.35 275.67 276.84 278.45

5 5 3 5 3 1 3

3 3 1 5 3 3 5

4.3E+02 5.1E+01 1.2E+02 8.9E+01 3.0E+01 3.9E+01 2.9E+01

Si VIII 214.76 216.92 232.86 235.56 250.45 250.79 314.31 316.20 319.83

4 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 4

2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 6

4.1E+02 3.6E+02 8.0E+01 9.7E+01 7.7E+01 1.6E+02 5.2E+01 5.0E+01 4.9E+01

Si IX 223.73

1

3

4.2E+01

Section 10.indb 143

5 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 7 3 3 5 5

8

10-143

3.9E+00 1.26E+00 7.6E-01 1.25E+00 9.5E-01 2.8E+00 6.0E-01 7.9E-01 1.9E-01 4.7E-01 4.9E-01 5.4E-01 1.1E+00

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 5 9 15

8

225.03 227.01 227.30 258.10 *294.37 *347.36

3 5 5 5 9 9

Si X 253.77 256.57 258.35 261.05 272.00 277.26 287.08 289.19 292.22 *347.73 *353.09

2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 10 6

4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 10 10

2.9E+01 1.1E+02 1.4E+02 5.4E+01 3.0E+01 5.7E+01 2.6E+01 5.0E+01 7.3E+01 4.3E+01 2.1E+01

Si XI 43.763 *49.116 49.222 52.296 303.30 358.29 358.63 361.41 364.50 365.42 368.28 371.48 604.14 2300.8

1 9 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 1

3 3 5 1 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 3

6.11E+03 2.45E+03 8.9E+03 7.6E+02 6.42E+01 1.03E+02 1.38E+01 1.80E+01 1.32E+01 3.90E+01 5.1E+01 2.07E+01 1.12E+01 4.34E-01

Si XII *40.924 *44.118 499.43 520.72 1862 1949 4620 4942

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4

6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6

4.42E+03 1.4E+04 9.56E+00 8.47E+00 1.15E+00 1.0E+00 4.6E-02 4.5E-02

1.2E+02 2.0E+02 2.3E+02 1.04E+02 5.9E+01 2.2E+01

2 2 2 2 2 4 4

4 2 4 2 4 6 4

3.1E-02 1.5E-02 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 7.5E-01 8.6E-01 1.4E-01

2 2 2

4 2 4

2.81E-02 2.81E-02 7.7E-03

Silver Ag I 2061.2 2069.9 3280.7 3382.9 5209.1 5465.5 5471.6 Sodium Na I 3302.4 3303.0 4390.0

Weights

λ –1

Å

gi

4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 2

gk

A 108 s–1

4393.3 4393.3 4494.2 4497.7 4497.7 4664.8 4668.6 4668.6 4747.9 4751.8 4978.5 4982.8 4982.8 5148.8 5153.4 5682.6 5688.2 5688.2 5890.0 5895.9 6154.2 6160.8 8183.3 8194.8 8194.8 11381 11404

4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4

1.6E-03 9.2E-03 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.4E-03 2.33E-02 4.1E-03 2.5E-02 6.3E-03 1.27E-02 4.1E-02 8.2E-03 4.89E-02 1.17E-02 2.33E-02 1.03E-01 1.2E-01 2.1E-02 6.11E-01 6.10E-01 2.6E-02 5.2E-02 4.53E-01 5.4E-01 9.0E-02 8.9E-02 1.76E-01

Na II 300.15 301.44 372.08

1 1 1

3 3 3

3.0E+01 4.9E+01 3.4E+01

Na III 378.14 380.10 1991.0 2004.2 2011.9 2151.5 2174.5 2230.3 2232.2 2246.7 2459.3 2468.9 2497.0

4 2 4 2 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 2 6

2 2 6 4 8 4 6 8 4 6 6 4 6

7.7E+01 3.7E+01 8.3E+00 4.6E+00 8.4E+00 4.4E+00 5.3E+00 3.7E+00 3.3E+00 2.4E+00 3.0E+00 2.4E+00 1.7E+00

Na V *307.89 *333.46 *369.01 *400.72 *445.14 459.90 461.05 463.26 510.10 511.19

10 6 10 10 6 4 4 4 2 4

6 6 6 10 10 2 4 6 2 4

2.0E+02 5.6E+01 1.2E+02 5.0E+01 7.1E+00 2.3E+01 2.3E+01 2.2E+01 5.6E+01 6.8E+01

Na VI 313.75

5

3

1.3E+02

5/4/05 8:13:38 AM


10-144 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 9 15 5 3 1 5 5 7

8

λ –1

361.25 *416.53 *492.80 1550.6 1567.8 1608.5 1649.4 1741.5 1747.5

5 9 9 5 5 3 5 3 5

7.7E+01 3.7E+01 1.3E+01 4.35E+00 2.68E+00 2.6E+00 2.05E+00 2.59E+00 3.1E+00

Na VII *94.409 *105.27 353.29 381.30 397.49 399.18 *483.28 486.74 491.95 555.80 777.83

6 6 4 4 4 6 10 2 4 4 4

10 2 4 2 4 4 10 4 6 4 6

2.7E+03 4.5E+02 1.0E+02 4.0E+01 3.5E+01 5.2E+01 2.9E+01 1.1E+01 1.3E+01 2.3E+01 6.8E+00

Na VIII *83.34 *89.88 90.536 411.15 1239.4 1802.7 1867.7 2059.1 2558.2 2772.0 3021.0 3108.9 3182.3

9 9 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 1

15 3 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 7 3 3

3.94E+03 8.09E+02 2.86E+03 4.42E+01 3.02E+00 2.70E+00 2.01E+00 1.80E+00 2.26E-02 4.19E-01 4.90E-01 2.58E-01 2.92E-01

Na IX 70.615 70.653 77.764 77.911 681.72 694.17 2487.7 2535.8 6841.8 7103.4

2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4

4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6

1.35E+03 1.35E+03 3.6E+03 4.3E+03 6.63E+00 6.30E+00 8.32E-01 7.89E-01 2.59E-02 2.78E-02

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

6.6E-03 8.5E-03 1.2E-02 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 3.7E-02 6.7E-02 1.2E-01 1.8E-01

Strontium Sr I 2206.2 2211.3 2217.8 2226.3 2237.7 2253.3 2275.3 2307.3 2354.3

Section 10.indb 144

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 3

8

2428.1 2569.5 2931.8 4607.3

1 1 1 1

Sr II 2018.7 2051.9 2282.0 2322.4 2324.5 2423.5 2471.6 3464.5 3474.9 4077.7 4161.8 4215.5 4305.5 4414.8 4417.5 4585.9 5303.1 5379.1 5385.5 5723.7 5819.0 8688.9 8719.6

2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4

2 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4 4 2 2 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4

1.2E-01 2.4E-01 8.3E-01 9.1E-01 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.8E-01 3.1E+00 5.1E-01 1.42E+00 6.5E-01 1.27E+00 1.4E+00 1.1E-01 1.8E-02 7.0E-02 1.9E-01 2.2E-01 3.7E-02 7.1E-02 1.4E-01 5.5E-01 9.7E-02

1.7E-01 5.3E-02 1.9E-02 2.01E+00

5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 1 5 1 1 5

5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 7 7 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 3

4.9E+00 2.7E+00 1.8E+00 1.6E+00 6.6E+00 1.9E+00 2.4E+00 9.1E-01 5.0E-01 1.6E-01 4.5E+00 1.2E+00 3.3E+00 1.9E+00 2.4E+00 7.3E+00 4.2E-01 1.6E+00 5.0E-01 6.2E-02 1.7E-01 1.2E+00 7.5E-01 8.7E-01 6.3E+00 9.4E-01 1.9E+00 3.8E+00

Sulfur SI 1295.7 1296.2 1302.3 1302.9 1303.1 1303.4 1305.9 1401.5 1409.3 1412.9 1425.0 1425.2 1433.3 1433.3 1437.0 1448.2 1473.0 1474.0 1474.4 1474.6 1481.7 1483.0 1483.2 1487.2 1666.7 1687.5 1782.3 1807.3

Weights

λ –1

Å

gi

1820.3 1826.2 4694.1 4695.4 4696.2 6403.6 6408.1 6415.5 *6751.2 7679.6 7686.1 7696.7

3 1 5 5 5 3 5 7 15 3 5 7

3 3 7 5 3 5 5 5 25 5 5 5

S II 1124.4 1125.0 1131.0 1131.6 1250.5 1253.8 1259.5 4463.6 4483.4 4486.7 4524.7 4525.0 4552.4 4656.7 4716.2 4815.5 4885.6 4917.2 4924.1 4925.3 4942.5 4991.9 5009.5 5014.0 5027.2 5032.4 5047.3 5103.3 5142.3 5201.0 5201.3 5212.6 5212.6 5320.7 5345.7 5345.7 5428.6 5432.8 5453.8 5473.6 5509.7 5526.2 5536.8 5556.0 5564.9 5578.8

2 4 2 4 4 4 4 8 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 8 4 4 6 6

4 4 2 2 2 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4 8 6 2 6 6

gk

A 108 s–1 2.2E+00 7.2E-01 6.7E-03 6.7E-03 6.5E-03 5.7E-03 9.5E-03 1.3E-02 7.9E-02 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 2.8E-02 1.0E+00 4.6E+00 3.5E+00 1.4E+00 4.6E-01 4.2E-01 3.4E-01 5.3E-01 3.1E-01 6.6E-01 9.3E-02 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 9.0E-02 2.9E-01 8.8E-01 1.7E-01 6.6E-01 2.2E-01 2.4E-01 1.5E-01 1.5E-01 7.0E-01 8.4E-01 2.6E-01 8.1E-01 3.6E-01 5.0E-01 1.9E-01 7.5E-01 6.5E-02 9.8E-02 8.5E-01 9.2E-01 8.8E-01 1.1E-01 4.2E-01 6.8E-01 8.5E-01 7.3E-01 4.0E-01 8.1E-02 6.6E-02 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 1.1E-01

5/4/05 8:13:45 AM


gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

5606.1 5616.6 5640.0 5645.6 5647.0 5659.9 5664.7 5819.2 6305.5 6312.7

10 4 4 6 2 6 4 4 8 6

8 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 4

S III 2496.2 2508.2 2636.9 2665.4 2680.5 2691.8 2702.8 2718.9 2721.4 2726.8 2731.1 2756.9 2785.5 2856.0 2863.5 2872.0 2950.2 2964.8 3662.0 3717.8 3778.9 3831.8 3837.8 3838.3 3860.6 3899.1 4253.6 4285.0

7 5 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 3

5 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 7 3 7 9 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 7 5

2.5E+00 2.3E+00 4.5E-01 1.4E+00 6.2E-01 4.6E-01 1.9E+00 1.2E+00 7.7E-01 6.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.4E+00 6.1E-01 5.1E+00 5.7E+00 4.7E+00 3.0E+00 4.0E+00 6.4E-01 1.0E+00 4.4E-01 5.6E-01 4.2E-01 1.3E+00 1.6E+00 6.7E-01 1.2E+00 9.0E-01

S IV 551.17 554.07 3097.5 3117.7

2 4 2 2

2 2 4 2

2.06E+01 4.08E+01 2.6E+00 2.5E+00

SV 437.37 438.19 439.65 *661.52 *679.01 *690.75 786.48 *854.85

1 3 5 9 9 9 1 9

3 3 3 15 15 9 3 9

1.12E+01 3.33E+01 5.5E+01 6.44E+01 8.6E+01 5.0E+01 5.25E+01 4.18E+01

S VI 248.99 249.27 388.94 390.86

2 2 2 4

4 2 2 2

3.1E+01 3.1E+01 4.5E+01 8.8E+01

Section 10.indb 145

10-145

5.4E-01 1.2E-01 6.6E-01 1.8E-02 5.7E-01 4.6E-01 5.8E-01 8.5E-02 1.8E-01 3.0E-01

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 6 4 4 2

8

706.48 712.68 712.84 933.38 944.52

2 4 4 2 2

S VII 60.161 60.804 72.029

1 1 1

3 3 3

9.46E+03 5.1E+02 8.61E+02

S VIII 198.55 202.61

4 2

2 2

2.5E+02 1.2E+02

S XI *189.90 190.37 215.95 217.63 239.81 242.57 242.82 246.90 247.12 *288.49

9 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 5 9

3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 15

4.3E+02 2.8E+02 1.4E+02 7.2E+01 2.6E+01 1.9E+01 1.9E+01 5.4E+01 3.0E+01 2.9E+01

S XII 212.14 215.18 218.20 221.44 227.50 234.48

2 2 4 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 2 2

3.7E+01 1.4E+02 1.7E+02 6.4E+01 3.7E+01 6.8E+01

S XIII 32.236 37.600 256.66 299.89 303.37 307.36 308.91 312.68 316.84 500.42

1 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3

3 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 5

1.09E+04 1.3E+03 8.7E+01 1.78E+01 2.28E+01 1.64E+01 4.82E+01 6.3E+01 2.50E+01 1.43E+01

S XIV *30.434 *32.517 417.67 445.71 1550 1663 3967 4153

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4

6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6

8.28E+03 2.6E+04 1.2E+01 1.0E+01 1.4E+00 1.2E+00 5.4E-02 5.7E-02

4.17E+01 4.85E+01 8.1E+00 1.7E+01 1.6E+01

4 4 8 6

6 4 10 8

5.7E-03 6.0E-03 8.5E-02 5.6E-03

Tantalum Ta I 3127.9 3168.3 3170.3 3205.5

Weights

λ –1

Å 3260.2 3337.8 3383.9 3406.9 3419.7 3463.8 3484.6 3488.8 3497.9 3505.0 3553.4 3607.4 3625.2 3626.6 3642.1 3657.5 3731.0 3754.5 3784.3 3792.1 3826.9 3836.6 3848.1 3858.6 3918.5 3922.8 3996.2 3999.3 4003.7 4006.8 4026.9 4029.9 4030.7 4040.9 4061.4 4064.6 4067.2 4067.9 4097.2 4105.0 4136.2 4147.9 4175.2 4205.9 4303.0 4378.8 4386.1 4402.5 4415.7 4441.0 4441.7 4473.5 4511.0 4511.5 4514.2 4521.1 4530.9 4547.2 4553.7 4565.9

gi

4 6 6 4 8 4 4 6 6 8 4 6 10 8 10 6 4 8 4 4 6 8 10 10 4 4 2 4 10 6 4 10 8 10 2 4 6 6 10 6 8 10 6 8 6 8 4 6 2 4 10 6 10 10 10 10 4 4 6 8

4 6 4 6 8 6 4 4 8 6 6 8 8 10 12 6 6 8 6 4 6 10 8 10 2 4 4 4 8 8 4 10 10 12 4 4 4 8 10 4 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 6 4 6 8 8 12 8 10 10 6 6 8 8

gk


5/4/05 8:13:47 AM


10-146 λ Å 4574.3 4580.7 4619.5 4633.1 4669.1 4681.9 4684.9 4685.3 4691.9 4706.1 4740.2 4758.0 4769.0 4780.9 4812.8 4825.4 4832.2 4852.2 4884.0 4904.6 4920.9 4921.3 4926.0 4936.4 4969.7 5012.5 5037.4 5043.3 5067.9 5069.9 5082.3 5087.4 5090.7 5095.3 5136.5 5141.6 5143.7 5147.6 5161.8 5218.7 5235.4 5295.0 5336.1 5349.6 5354.7 5396.0 5402.5 5435.3 5499.4 5518.9 5620.7 5640.2 5645.9 5699.2 5767.9 5780.7 5811.1 5849.7 5877.4 5939.8

Section 10.indb 146

gi

4 8 6 4 6 6 10 6 2 6 4 4 8 10 4 6 4 4 6 12 8 2 4 8 4 4 10 6 8 10 10 6 8 6 2 4 6 6 4 8 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 10 8 8 6 6 6 6 4 8 10 10 2

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 10 4 4 4 6 8 8 4 6 4 6 8 8 4 6 4 4 8 10 10 4 4 6 4 4 8 4 6 12 12 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 4 4 8 2 6 10 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 6 8 12 4

8

λ –1


Å 5944.0 5997.2 6020.7 6045.4 6047.3 6249.8 6258.7 6309.6 6360.8 6428.6 6430.8 6450.4 6485.4 6514.4 6516.1 6612.0 6673.7 6771.7 6866.2 6927.4 6928.5 6951.3 6953.9 6966.1 6969.5 7407.9

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

4 10 2 6 8 6 6 4 6 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 2 4 8 10 10 10 6 8 10 6

6 10 4 8 10 6 8 6 8 6 8 10 10 4 8 4 4 4 6 12 8 10 8 8 10 4

2.13E-02 2.4E-02 1.0E-02 2.6E-02 9.0E-03 3.5E-03 3.3E-03 1.83E-02 4.6E-03 6.0E-03 2.9E-02 2.2E-02 5.8E-02 2.2E-02 1.25E-02 1.9E-02 9.0E-03 5.8E-03 2.58E-02 1.01E-02 1.69E-02 3.7E-03 8.3E-03 1.2E-02 2.9E-03 2.0E-02

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 6 4 2 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 6 4 2 2

4.0E-02 2.0E-02 5.8E-02 3.1E-02 9.8E-02 1.9E-01 7.8E-02 4.4E-01 1.1E-02 1.6E-02 1.8E-01 1.0E-01 1.9E-02 5.7E-02 1.7E-01 3.7E-02 1.26E+00 8.0E-02 4.2E-01 7.6E-02 1.73E-01 1.24E+00 2.20E-01 6.25E-01 7.05E-01

8 8 8

10 8 10

6.9E-02 1.7E-01 1.6E-01

Thallium Tl I 2104.6 2118.9 2129.3 2151.9 2168.6 2237.8 2316.0 2379.7 2507.9 2538.2 2580.1 2609.0 2609.8 2665.6 2709.2 2710.7 2767.9 2826.2 2918.3 2921.5 3229.8 3519.2 3529.4 3775.7 5350.5 Thulium Tm I 2513.8 2527.0 2596.5

Weights

λ Å

–1

2601.1 2622.5 2841.1 2854.2 2914.8 2933.0 2973.2 3046.9 3081.1 3122.5 3142.4 3172.7 3233.7 3247.0 3251.8 3380.7 3406.0 3410.1 3416.6 3418.6 3563.9 3567.4 3744.1 3751.8 3798.5 3807.7 3883.1 3887.4 3916.5 3949.3 4022.6 4044.5 4094.2 4105.8 4138.3 4158.6 4187.6 4203.7 4222.7 4271.7 4359.9 4386.4 4394.4 4643.1 4681.9 4691.1 5307.1 5658.3 5675.8 5760.2

8 8 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 6 8 6

gi

6 10 6 6 8 6 8 8 8 6 6 8 10 8 4 8 8 10 8 6 6 10 8 10 4 6 6 8 8 6 8 4 6 10 4 8 8 10 8 6 6 8 4 6 8 6 10 8 10 6

gk

A 108 s–1 1.7E-01 6.1E-02 2.0E-01 2.7E-01 7.7E-02 1.0E-01 2.3E-01 1.8E-01 1.9E-01 5.2E-01 8.8E-02 1.8E-01 5.1E-02 3.0E-01 5.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.0E-01 5.7E-02 1.1E-01 9.8E-02 4.2E-02 9.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.2E+00 3.9E-01 1.0E+00 3.8E-01 1.5E+00 1.0E+00 4.0E-02 2.9E-01 9.0E-01 6.0E-01 7.0E-01 5.5E-02 6.1E-01 2.5E-01 1.5E-01 1.1E-01 1.3E-01 4.2E-02 1.1E-01 3.4E-02 3.9E-02 3.9E-02 2.3E-02 1.0E-02 1.3E-02 1.3E-02

Tin Sn I 2073.1 2199.3 2209.7 2246.1 2268.9 2286.7 2317.2

1 3 5 1 5 5 5

3 5 5 3 7 5 7

3.6E-02 2.9E-01 5.6E-01 1.6E+00 1.2E+00 3.1E-01 2.0E+00

5/4/05 8:13:50 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 2334.8 2354.8 2380.7 2408.2 2421.7 2429.5 2433.5 2455.2 2476.4 2483.4 2491.8 2495.7 2523.9 2546.6 2558.0 2571.6 2594.4 2636.9 2661.2 2706.5 2761.8 2779.8 2785.0 2788.0 2812.6 2813.6 2840.0 2850.6 2863.3 2913.5 3009.1 3032.8 3034.1 3141.8 3175.1 3218.7 3223.6 3262.3 3330.6 3655.8 3801.0 4524.7 5631.7 5970.3 6037.7 6069.0 6073.5 6171.5

3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 1 3 1 3 1 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 5 1 3 3

Sn II 2368.3 2449.0 2487.0 3283.2 3352.0 3472.5 3575.5 5332.4 5562.0 5588.9

4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 4 4

Section 10.indb 147

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 5 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 3 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 4 6 6

8

10-147 λ

–1

6.6E-01 1.7E+00 3.1E-02 1.8E-01 2.5E+00 1.5E+00 8.0E-03 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 2.1E-01 1.7E-01 6.2E-01 7.4E-02 2.1E-01 3.4E-01 4.5E-01 3.0E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 6.6E-01 3.7E-03 1.8E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 1.2E-01 1.7E+00 3.3E-01 5.4E-01 8.3E-01 3.8E-01 6.2E-01 2.0E+00 1.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.7E-02 1.2E-03 2.7E+00 2.0E-01 4.1E-02 2.8E-01 2.6E-01 2.4E-02 9.6E-02 5.0E-02 4.6E-02 6.3E-02 4.9E-02 4.4E-03 3.7E-01 5.5E-01 1.0E+00 1.0E+00 1.6E-01 1.3E-01 8.6E-01 1.2E+00 8.5E-01

Å 5596.2 5797.2 5799.2 6453.5 6761.5 6844.1

4 6 6 2 2 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 6 8 4 2 2

8

1.5E-01 2.8E-01 8.1E-01 1.2E+00 3.2E-01 6.6E-01

Titanium Ti I 2276.75 2280.00 2299.86 2302.75 2305.69 2424.26 2520.54 2529.87 2541.92 2599.91 2605.16 2611.29 2611.47 2619.94 2631.55 2632.42 2641.12 2644.28 2646.65 2733.27 2735.30 2912.07 2942.00 2948.26 2956.13 2956.80 3186.45 3191.99 3199.92 3341.88 3354.63 3370.44 3371.45 3377.58 3385.94 3635.46 3642.68 3653.50 3724.57 3725.16 3729.81 3741.06 3752.86 3786.04 3948.67 3956.34 3958.21 3981.76 3989.76 3998.64 4013.24

7 9 5 7 9 9 5 7 9 5 7 9 7 9 7 5 5 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 9 7 5 7 9 5 7 5 9 7 9 5 7 9 9 5 5 7 9 5 5 7 9 5 7 9 7

5 7 5 7 9 9 3 5 7 5 7 9 5 7 7 5 3 5 7 5 1 7 5 7 9 5 7 9 11 7 9 3 11 5 7 7 9 11 9 3 5 7 9 3 3 5 7 5 7 9 5

Weights

λ –1

1.3E+00 9.4E-01 6.9E-01 5.7E-01 5.2E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 3.8E-01 4.3E-01 6.7E-01 6.4E-01 6.4E-01 3.3E-01 2.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.7E-01 1.8E+00 1.4E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 4.1E+00 1.3E+00 1.0E+00 9.3E-01 9.7E-01 1.8E-01 8.0E-01 8.5E-01 9.4E-01 6.5E-01 6.9E-01 7.6E-01 7.2E-01 6.9E-01 5.0E-01 8.04E-01 7.74E-01 7.54E-01 9.1E-01 7.3E-01 4.27E-01 4.17E-01 5.04E-01 1.4E+00 4.85E-01 3.00E-01 4.05E-01 3.76E-01 3.79E-01 4.08E-01 2.0E-01

Å 4055.01 4060.26 4064.20 4065.09 4186.12 4266.23 4284.99 4289.07 4290.93 4295.75 4393.93 4417.27 4449.14 4450.90 4453.31 4453.71 4455.32 4457.43 4465.81 4481.26 4496.15 4518.02 4522.80 4527.31 4533.24 4534.78 4544.69 4548.76 4552.45 4563.43 4617.27 4623.10 4639.94 4640.43 4645.19 4650.02 4742.79 4758.12 4759.27 4778.26 4805.42 4840.87 4856.01 4885.08 4913.62 4928.34 4981.73 4989.14 4991.07 4999.50 5000.99 5007.21 5014.28 5036.47 5038.40 5062.11 5210.39 5222.69 5224.30 5259.98

gi

1 3 3 3 9 5 5 5 3 3 9 11 11 9 5 7 7 9 5 7 7 7 5 3 11 9 5 7 9 9 7 5 3 3 3 5 9 11 13 9 5 5 13 11 7 3 11 7 9 7 9 5 3 7 5 5 9 3 11 5

3 5 3 1 9 5 5 5 3 1 11 9 11 9 5 7 7 9 7 7 5 9 7 5 11 9 3 5 7 11 9 7 3 1 1 3 9 11 13 9 7 5 15 13 9 5 13 5 11 9 7 7 5 9 7 3 9 3 11 7

gk

A 108 s–1 2.8E-01 2.4E-01 2.4E-01 7.0E-01 2.10E-01 3.1E-01 3.2E-01 3.0E-01 4.5E-01 1.3E+00 3.3E-01 3.6E-01 9.7E-01 9.6E-01 5.98E-01 4.7E-01 4.8E-01 5.6E-01 3.28E-01 5.7E-01 4.4E-01 1.72E-01 1.9E-01 2.2E-01 8.83E-01 6.87E-01 3.3E-01 2.85E-01 2.1E-01 2.1E-01 8.51E-01 5.74E-01 6.64E-01 5.0E-01 8.57E-01 2.6E-01 5.3E-01 7.13E-01 7.40E-01 2.0E-01 5.8E-01 1.76E-01 5.2E-01 4.90E-01 4.44E-01 6.2E-01 6.60E-01 3.25E-01 5.84E-01 5.27E-01 3.52E-01 4.92E-01 6.8E-01 3.94E-01 3.87E-01 2.98E-01 3.57E-02 1.95E-01 3.6E-01 2.3E-01

5/4/05 8:13:53 AM


10-148 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5351.07 5503.90 5774.04 5785.98 5804.27 6098.66 6220.46

7 11 9 11 13 9 9

7 9 11 13 15 7 7

Ti II 2440.91 2451.18 2525.59 2531.28 2534.63 2535.89 2555.99 2635.44 2638.56 2642.02 2645.86 2746.54 2751.59 2752.68 2757.62 2758.35 2758.79 2764.28 2804.82 2810.30 2817.83 2819.87 2821.26 2827.12 2828.06 2828.64 2828.83 2834.02 2836.47 2839.64 2845.93 2851.11 2856.10 2862.33 2877.47 2884.13 2910.65 2926.64 2931.10 2936.02 2938.57 2941.90 2942.97 2945.30 2952.00 2954.59 2958.80 2979.06 2990.06 3017.17 3022.64

4 6 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 6 8 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 10 8 6 8 12 6 10 10 8 12 10 2 12 4 8 10 8 10 6 4 6 8 8 10 8 10 8 4 6 12 10

4 6 8 6 4 2 8 4 6 8 10 8 10 10 8 6 4 4 8 10 12 8 8 10 14 6 10 12 8 12 10 4 12 6 8 10 8 8 6 6 8 10 8 12 8 12 10 6 8 12 10

Section 10.indb 148

8

λ –1

3.4E-01 2.6E-01 5.5E-01 6.1E-01 6.8E-01 2.5E-01 1.8E-01 5.1E-01 4.5E-01 5.6E-01 4.9E-01 5.4E-01 6.8E-01 3.2E-01 1.9E+00 1.7E+00 1.9E+00 2.7E+00 2.6E+00 3.7E+00 1.1E+00 7.2E-01 9.9E-01 4.4E-01 7.4E-01 4.6E+00 5.1E+00 3.8E+00 6.5E-01 7.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.4E+00 1.2E+00 9.1E-01 7.9E-01 1.2E+00 8.3E-01 1.2E+00 4.1E-01 1.5E+00 4.0E-01 5.7E-01 5.2E-01 4.6E-01 8.9E-01 3.2E+00 2.7E+00 2.4E+00 1.8E+00 1.1E+00 2.7E+00 3.0E-01 4.0E+00 4.0E+00 1.2E+00 5.6E-01 3.6E-01 1.2E+00

Å 3023.67 3029.76 3056.75 3058.08 3066.34 3071.25 3072.99 3075.23 3078.65 3081.52 3088.04 3089.44 3097.20 3103.81 3105.10 3106.26 3117.67 3119.83 3127.86 3128.50 3161.23 3161.80 3162.59 3168.55 3181.73 3182.54 3189.49 3190.91 3202.56 3224.25 3228.62 3232.29 3234.51 3236.13 3236.58 3239.04 3239.66 3241.99 3251.91 3252.92 3272.07 3278.28 3278.91 3282.32 3287.66 3315.32 3321.70 3322.94 3329.46 3332.11 3340.34 3361.23 3372.80 3383.77 3452.49 3456.40 3465.56 3483.63 3492.37 3504.90

gi

8 10 2 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 10 8 4 10 2 6 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 10 6 4 4 6 4 12 4 8 10 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4 6 2 8 2 4 10 8 6 4 8 6 4 2 4 4 10 8 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 10 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 8 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 4 8 6 10 2 6 10 4 8 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 4 2 10 4 4 10 8 4 4 10 8 6 2 4 2 8 6 10

8

Weights

λ –1

1.0E+00 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 5.0E-01 3.3E-01 3.6E-01 1.6E+00 1.13E+00 1.09E+00 1.1E+00 1.25E+00 1.3E+00 4.4E-01 1.1E+00 6.3E-01 7.8E-01 1.1E+00 5.9E-01 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 5.9E-01 4.6E-01 3.9E-01 4.1E-01 4.6E-01 4.3E-01 9.2E-01 1.3E+00 1.1E+00 7.0E-01 2.0E+00 6.0E-01 1.38E+00 7.0E-01 1.11E+00 9.87E-01 9.4E-01 1.16E+00 3.38E-01 3.9E-01 3.2E-01 9.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 3.8E-01 7.2E-01 3.96E-01 3.25E-01 1.1E+00 3.6E-01 1.1E+00 1.11E+00 1.09E+00 7.7E-01 8.2E-01 4.1E-01 9.7E-01 9.8E-01 8.2E-01

Å

gi

3510.86 3520.27 3535.41 3641.33 3706.23 3741.64 3757.70 3759.30 3761.33 4911.18

8 2 4 4 4 6 4 8 6 6

Ti III 865.79 1002.37 1004.67 1005.80 1007.16 1008.12 1286.37 1289.30 1291.62 1293.23 1298.97 1327.59 1420.44 1421.63 1422.41 1424.14 1455.19 1498.70 2007.36 2007.60 2010.80 2097.30 2099.86 2104.86 2105.09 2199.22 2237.77 2331.35 2331.66 2339.00 2346.79 2374.99 2413.99 2516.05 2567.56 2984.75 3066.51 3228.89 3278.31 3320.94 3340.20 3346.18 3354.71 3397.24 3404.46 3417.62 3915.47 4119.14

5 5 7 3 5 3 9 7 5 9 7 5 1 3 5 5 9 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 3 7 3 3 5 7 5 5 7 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 9 11 3 3 3 9 5

8 4 6 2 4 6 4 8 6 4 3 5 5 3 3 1 9 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 7 1 3 3 5 3 7 9 3 5 3 3 9 5 9 11 13 1 3 5 11 5

gk

A 108 s–1 9.3E-01 4.8E-01 5.5E-01 4.9E-01 3.1E-01 6.2E-01 4.1E-01 9.4E-01 9.9E-01 3.2E-01 6.6E+01 7.6E+00 4.3E+01 1.3E+01 3.8E+01 5.1E+01 2.0E+00 2.2E+00 2.4E+00 1.0E+00 4.9E+00 3.2E+00 1.2E+00 4.0E+00 3.0E+00 1.6E+00 6.4E+00 2.8E+00 3.4E+00 1.2E+00 5.4E+00 3.3E+00 2.5E+00 1.1E+00 1.7E+00 5.7E+00 2.4E+00 4.3E+00 1.2E+00 3.0E+00 3.3E+00 4.0E+00 3.8E+00 3.4E+00 2.3E+00 1.9E+00 2.5E+00 1.5E+00 3.4E+00 2.8E+00 3.7E+00 3.7E+00 4.4E+00 1.8E+00 1.8E+00 1.9E+00 2.1E+00 9.9E-01

5/4/05 8:13:56 AM


gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

4213.26 4215.53 4247.62 4248.54 4250.09 4259.01 4269.84 4285.61 4288.66 4296.70 4319.56 4343.25 4378.94 4433.91 4440.66 4533.26 4576.53 4628.07 4652.86 4874.00 4914.32 4971.19 5083.80 5278.33 7506.87

9 9 11 5 3 11 9 13 11 11 9 3 3 11 1 3 9 3 7 5 3 9 5 3 11

11 11 13 7 5 13 11 15 13 13 11 1 5 13 3 5 7 1 9 7 3 11 3 3 13

Ti IV 423.49 424.16 433.63 433.76 729.36 1183.64 1195.21 1451.74 1467.34 2067.56 2103.16 2541.79 2546.88 2862.60 3576.44

4 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 4

6 8 2 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 6 8 2 6


Ti VIII 249 258.610 269.533 272.037 272.843 276.701 277.813 289.375 478.971 480.376

6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 6

4 8 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 6

1.0E+01 7.5E+02 6.0E+02 4.3E+02 6.2E+01 9.3E+01 3.8E+02 3.6E+01 1.7E+01 1.5E+01

Ti IX 267.941 278.713 281.446 285.128 433.567

5 5 3 1 1

7 7 1 3 3

5.1E+02 4.7E+02 3.2E+02 4.1E+02 6.9E+00

Section 10.indb 149

10-149

2.2E+00 2.2E+00 1.1E+00 2.3E+00 9.5E-01 9.4E-01 1.7E+00 3.0E+00 1.1E+00 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 1.0E+00 1.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.2E+00 1.5E+00 1.3E+00 1.5E+00 2.6E+00 1.5E+00 1.1E+00 2.1E+00 9.7E-01 9.4E-01 1.1E+00

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 1 5 3 5 7

8

Weights

λ –1

439.513 439.745 447.484 447.701 507.174 516.215

3 3 5 5 3 5

7.5E+00 2.1E+01 1.6E+01 6.5E+00 6.5E+00 6.9E+00

Ti X 253 254 281 289.579 290.294 291 291 292 293.684 293.798 295.584 296 297 298 302 305 317 355.815 360.133 363 363 365.628 382 385 389.99

4 6 2 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6 6

6 8 2 4 6 2 2 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 2 6 2 6 8 4

2.1E+02 2.3E+02 1.1E+02 2.5E+02 1.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.3E+02 1.1E+02 2.97E+02 1.7E+02 2.9E+02 1.4E+02 9.9E+01 4.3E+02 1.6E+02 2.5E+02 1.5E+02 1.3E+02 2.19E+02 2.1E+02 1.3E+02 1.2E+02 1.8E+02 1.8E+02 1.1E+02

Ti XI 65.403 87.725 266 308.250 313.229 318 322.75 323 327.192 332 386.140 408 425.74 446.69 453

1 1 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 3 3 5

3 3 7 5 7 1 7 3 5 1 3 9 1 1 7


Ti XII 52.896 53.140 53.433 53.457 55.181 55.443 59.133 59.435 60.701

2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 2

4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 4

1.61E+02 1.9E+02 2.1E+02 2.1E+02 2.4E+02 2.81E+02 3.72E+02 4.41E+02 3.4E+02

Å

gi

2 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 6 8 2 2 4 6 2 8 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 6 8 2

gk

A 108 s–1

60.762 61.286 62.433 62.470 65.540 65.577 67.171 67.555 70.986 71.031 71.545 71.987 82.121 82.307 82.344 82.368 89.844 90.512 90.547 116.497 116.597 116.62 139.884 140.361 141.6 141.7 169.7 169.8 207.2 208.5 252.8 253.1 257.5

2 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 4

3.5E+02 1.8E+02 2.08E+02 2.22E+02 3.2E+02 3.5E+02 6.2E+02 7.2E+02 5.7E+02 6.1E+02 1.8E+02 3.48E+02 5.9E+02 1.13E+03 5.8E+02 1.2E+03 9.9E+02 1.16E+03 1.9E+02 3.0E+03 3.2E+03 2.1E+02 2.6E+02 2.9E+02 1.7E+02 1.7E+02 2.8E+02 2.9E+02 1.5E+02 1.8E+02 4.8E+02 5.2E+02 2.4E+02

Ti XIII 23.356 23.698 23.991 26.641 26.960 117.1 117.3 120.2 120.2 128.7

1 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 7 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 3

1.02E+05 1.2E+04 3.4E+02 4.06E+03 3.06E+03 1.3E+02 2.8E+02 5.4E+02 4.4E+02 1.2E+02

Ti XIV 21.341 21.522 21.657 21.733 21.82 21.883 21.958 22.05 24.592 24.891

4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 2

6 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2

9.8E+03 4.5E+04 1.3E+04 8.8E+04 6.4E+04 7.0E+04 1.2E+04 1.4E+04 6.1E+03 7.5E+03

Ti XV 20.19 20.234

5 5

7 7

6.9E+03 1.9E+04

5/4/05 8:13:58 AM


10-150 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

20.234 20.246 20.250 20.29 20.30 20.30 20.313 20.418 20.538 20.54 20.551 20.689 20.698 20.771 20.897 20.928 21.065 21.079 21.102 22.482 22.936 22.966 23.034

3 1 5 3 1 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 1 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 5 5 1

Ti XVI 110.561 116.198 118.215 121.382 124.805 129.075 134.724 138.800 143.459 145.665 157.812 161.168 163.610 169.740 176.267 178.240

4 4 6 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 4

2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 4


Ti XVII 18.05 18.13 18.13 18.176 123.654 124.553 127.782 135.202 136.160 136.393 141.948 142.589 144.405 146.067 154.133 156.54 158.469 159.62

3 5 1 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 7 3 3 5 5

3 3 3 7 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 5 1 1 5 3

4.5E+04 2.4E+04 8.1E+04 9.2E+04 2.3E+02 5.2E+02 4.6E+02 2.93E+02 1.95E+02 1.14E+02 3.87E+02 1.35E+02 9.4E+01 2.6E+02 1.63E+02 1.44E+02 1.4E+02 1.03E+02

Section 10.indb 150

3 3 3 3 3 1 3 7 3 1 3 7 3 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 3

8


Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

1 5 1

8

Weights

λ –1

163.049 186.863 207.73

3 5 3

6.2E+02 2.66E+02 1.07E+02

Ti XVIII 17.22 17.365 17.39 133.852 144.759 150.15 153.15 153.23 159.00 166.225 179.902 189.663 191.23 197.838 208.07

2 4 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 6 4 4 4

4 6 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4


Ti XIX 15.67 15.68 15.74 15.75 15.83 15.86 16.02 16.18 16.41 16.43 16.46 16.51 16.55 16.61 16.64 16.69 16.71 16.72 16.72 16.74 16.77 16.80 16.85 17.08 17.36

3 5 5 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 1

1 5 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 7 5 1 3 3 5 3 5 7 3 7 5 5 3

3.3E+04 2.7E+04 2.7E+04 2.4E+04 3.2E+04 2.9E+04 3.1E+04 3.8E+04 6.1E+04 8.2E+04 4.4E+04 1.0E+05 2.7E+04 8.0E+04 5.3E+04 1.02E+05 7.3E+04 3.3E+04 7.3E+04 1.2E+05 2.6E+04 1.81E+05 4.4E+04 8.3E+04 9.5E+04

Ti XX 2.629 2.6295 2.631 2.6319 2.632 2.6355 8.621 9.788 10.046 10.109 *10.278 10.620

2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2

4 4 2 4 2 6 2 6 4 6 6 4

4.9E+04 3.2E+06 6.1E+05 1.5E+06 2.7E+06 1.2E+06 1.1E+06 5.26E+03 7.29E+03 8.6E+03 8.4E+03 1.34E+04

Å

gi

6 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 6

gk

A 108 s–1

10.690 *11.452 11.872 11.958 11.958 15.211 15.253 15.907 16.049 16.067 31.586 45.650 45.996

4 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4

1.58E+04 1.7E+04 2.8E+04 3.4E+04 5.6E+03 3.50E+04 3.58E+04 8.84E+04 1.05E+05 1.8E+04 5.49E+03 9.6E+03 1.1E+04

Ti XXI 2.0633 2.1108 2.2211 2.497 2.505 2.505 2.507 2.508 2.510 2.510 2.511 2.512 2.512 2.513 2.513 2.514 2.520 2.527 2.539 2.6102 2.6227

1 1 1 3 5 1 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 1 1

3 3 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 1 5 3 5 1 1 3 3

1.32E+05 2.60E+05 6.35E+05 2.4E+06 3.5E+05 1.4E+06 1.4E+06 7.9E+05 6.9E+05 9.6E+05 1.4E+06 1.8E+06 1.4E+06 2.7E+06 2.4E+06 1.2E+06 2.6E+05 1.2E+05 4.1E+05 2.40E+06 1.12E+05

1 1 7 3 7 9 7 3 3 7 5 5 7 5 7 9 7 3 7 5 1

3 3 9 5 9 11 9 3 5 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 5 5 7 3 3

2.4E-01 7.7E-02 1.54E-02 1.5E-01 6.4E-02 9.27E-02 1.21E-01 1.4E-01 5.8E-02 1.7E-01 1.1E-02 1.3E-02 4.4E-02 2.33E-02 1.58E-02 4.8E-03 6.0E-03 2.12E-02 2.64E-03 2.3E-02 3.2E-02

Tungsten WI 2879.4 2911.0 2923.5 2935.0 3013.8 3016.5 3017.4 3024.9 3046.4 3049.7 3064.9 3084.9 3093.5 3107.2 3108.0 3145.5 3170.2 3176.6 3183.5 3184.4 3191.6

5/4/05 8:14:02 AM


Section 10.indb 151

gi

7 7 5 9 5 5 9 7 7 7 7 9 7 3 7 7 9 7 1 5 3 7 3 9 9 7 7 5 3 7 7 7 3 5 3 1 5 7 7 1 9 9 7 5 1 7 7 7 3 7 5 9 11 5 7 9 9 9 7 9

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 9 5 11 7 3 9 5 7 9 5 7 5 3 7 9 9 9 3 3 5 7 5 11 11 7 9 7 3 5 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 9 7 3 11 9 9 3 3 5 9 5 5 7 3 7 11 7 9 7 7 11 5 7

8

10-151 λ

–1


Å 4294.6 4302.1 4355.2 4361.8 4378.5 4458.1 4466.3 4472.5 4484.2 4492.3 4495.3 4504.8 4552.5 4586.8 4592.6 4609.9 4613.3 4634.8 4659.9 4680.5 4720.4 4729.6 4752.6 4757.5 4757.8 4788.4 4843.8 4886.9 4924.6 4931.6 4948.6 4972.6 4982.6 4986.9 5006.2 5015.3 5040.4 5053.3 5071.5 5117.6 5124.2 5141.2 5224.7 5243.0 5254.5 5268.6 5500.5 5514.7 5537.7 5617.1 5631.9 5660.7 5675.4 5796.5 5891.6 5947.6 5965.9 6021.5 6081.4 6203.5

gi

7 7 9 9 7 3 7 13 3 9 11 9 9 1 7 7 9 9 1 7 3 7 3 7 11 9 5 9 13 7 9 9 1 11 9 7 3 3 13 11 5 7 7 9 7 9 11 5 9 7 9 13 5 9 7 5 7 5 5 7

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 7 9 7 5 5 5 11 5 11 11 7 9 3 9 9 9 9 3 7 5 5 3 5 9 11 5 11 11 5 11 11 3 9 7 9 5 3 11 11 5 9 5 7 5 9 9 3 11 7 7 11 5 7 7 7 5 3 3 7

8

Weights

λ –1


Å 6285.9 6292.0 6303.2 6404.2 6439.7 6445.1 6532.4 6538.1 6563.2 6814.9 7285.8 7569.9 7664.9 8017.2 8358.7 9381.4

gi

7 3 9 5 9 7 3 11 5 9 13 5 5 5 5 9

5 5 9 7 9 5 5 9 5 9 11 3 3 7 7 7

13 9 15 11 15 13 13 13 13 11 9 7 9 15 9 13 13 7 13 13 11 13 17 9 13 11 13 15 11 17 13 13 13 13 17 15 11 13 13 9 11

13 7 13 9 17 15 11 11 13 13 7 9 7 13 9 11 13 7 11 15 11 13 15 9 11 9 15 15 11 15 15 11 15 15 15 13 11 13 11 9 9

gk

A 108 s–1 6.6E-03 2.26E-03 1.84E-03 1.50E-03 1.29E-03 6.4E-03 4.6E-03 2.7E-03 2.04E-03 1.46E-03 1.47E-03 3.73E-03 3.80E-03 1.6E-03 1.89E-03 1.53E-03

Uranium UI 3553.0 3553.0 3553.4 3554.5 3554.9 3555.3 3555.8 3556.9 3557.8 3558.0 3558.6 3559.4 3560.3 3561.4 3561.5 3561.8 3563.7 3563.8 3565.0 3566.0 3566.6 3568.8 3569.1 3569.4 3570.1 3570.2 3570.6 3570.7 3571.2 3571.6 3572.9 3573.9 3574.1 3574.8 3577.1 3577.5 3577.8 3577.9 3578.3 3580.0 3580.2

2.0E-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 8.4E-03 7.9E-03 2.7E-02 4.1E-03 7.5E-03 2.9E-02 1.6E-02 3.9E-02 1.5E-02 6.4E-02 5.5E-02 2.5E-02 5.7E-02 2.9E-02 1.1E-02 2.9E-02 1.7E-02 2.4E-01 3.8E-02 1.1E-01 1.5E-02 1.3E-02 5.3E-03 2.7E-02 1.2E-02 6.3E-03 1.3E-01 1.5E-02 4.0E-02 3.5E-02 1.9E-02 4.3E-02 7.8E-03 8.3E-03 2.3E-02 2.0E-02 1.2E-02 2.9E-02

5/4/05 8:14:04 AM


10-152 λ Å 3580.4 3580.9 3582.6 3584.6 3584.9 3585.4 3585.8 3587.8 3588.3 3589.7 3589.8 3590.7 3591.7 3593.0 3593.2 3593.7

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 13 13 7 13 11 11 9 7 11 15 9 11 11 13 11

13 13 13 5 15 11 9 11 9 13 13 7 9 11 15 11

6 10 4 6 8 10 6 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 10 6 8 8 10 10 8 10 8 10 4 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 8 4 6 2

8 8 4 6 8 10 4 6 4 8 2 6 4 6 4 2 8 10 6 12 6 8 10 10 12 6 8 8 10 4 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 8 4

8

λ –1

7.5E-03 2.1E-02 2.9E-02 2.4E-02 1.8E-01 1.9E-02 2.8E-02 1.3E-02 1.8E-02 2.1E-02 5.9E-02 2.2E-02 5.3E-02 1.4E-02 4.2E-02 7.2E-02

Vanadium VI 3043.12 3050.39 3053.65 3056.33 3060.46 3066.37 3066.53 3075.93 3080.33 3083.54 3087.06 3088.11 3089.13 3093.79 3094.69 3112.92 3183.41 3183.96 3183.98 3185.38 3198.01 3202.39 3205.58 3207.41 3212.43 3218.87 3233.19 3273.03 3284.36 3309.18 3329.85 3356.35 3365.55 3376.05 3377.39 3377.62 3397.58 3400.39 3529.73 3533.68 3533.76

Section 10.indb 152

2.3E-01 5.3E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 1.4E+00 2.1E+00 3.2E-01 2.8E-01 2.7E-01 2.5E-01 9.2E-01 4.9E-01 5.3E-01 4.1E-01 4.3E-01 5.0E-01 2.4E+00 2.5E+00 2.4E+00 2.7E+00 3.9E-01 4.0E-01 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 1.4E+00 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 2.7E-01 2.8E-01 3.2E-01 7.7E-01 3.1E-01 4.8E-01 3.2E-01 9.0E-01 6.0E-01 2.3E-01 2.5E-01 4.1E-01 5.2E-01 3.7E-01

Å 3543.49 3545.33 3553.27 3555.14 3663.60 3667.74 3672.41 3673.41 3676.70 3680.12 3686.26 3687.50 3688.07 3690.28 3692.22 3695.34 3695.86 3703.57 3704.70 3705.04 3706.03 3708.71 3790.46 3794.96 3806.79 3818.24 3828.56 3840.75 3855.36 3855.85 3863.86 3864.86 3871.07 3875.07 3902.26 3921.86 3922.43 3930.02 3934.01 3992.80 3998.73 4050.96 4051.35 4090.57 4092.68 4095.48 4099.78 4102.15 4104.77 4105.16 4109.78 4111.78 4115.18 4116.47 4116.59 4123.50 4128.06 4131.99 4134.49 4232.46

gi

2 4 6 4 4 6 12 8 14 10 10 12 8 2 6 14 4 10 8 6 10 12 10 10 10 4 6 8 4 10 8 6 10 8 10 4 6 10 8 12 14 10 12 8 8 6 6 4 10 4 2 10 8 6 2 4 6 8 10 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 4 6 2 6 8 12 10 14 12 12 14 8 4 6 16 4 8 6 4 10 12 8 10 10 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 8 10 2 6 10 8 10 12 10 12 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 4 10 8 6 2 2 4 6 8 10

8

Weights

λ –1

6.7E-01 3.7E-01 2.2E-01 2.6E-01 3.1E+00 2.7E+00 9.2E-01 2.7E+00 1.3E+00 2.2E+00 2.3E-01 2.9E+00 3.5E-01 4.5E-01 5.4E-01 2.8E+00 6.6E-01 9.2E-01 6.6E-01 3.6E-01 5.2E-01 4.4E-01 2.3E-01 2.3E-01 2.5E-01 6.73E-01 5.33E-01 5.48E-01 3.30E-01 5.78E-01 3.1E-01 2.70E-01 2.8E-01 2.36E-01 2.68E-01 2.7E-01 2.6E-01 3.3E-01 6.2E-01 1.2E+00 1.0E+00 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 8.5E-01 2.30E-01 7.2E-01 4.10E-01 7.1E-01 2.1E+00 4.9E-01 5.00E-01 1.01E+00 5.80E-01 3.2E-01 2.90E-01 1.00E+00 7.70E-01 5.5E-01 2.90E-01 9.8E-01

Å

gi

4232.95 4268.64 4271.55 4276.95 4284.05 4291.82 4296.10 4297.67 4298.03 4379.23 4384.71 4389.98 4395.22 4400.57 4406.64 4407.63 4408.20 4416.47 4452.01 4457.75 4460.33 4462.36 4468.00 4469.71 4474.04 4496.06 4514.18 4524.21 4525.17 4529.58 4545.40 4560.72 4571.79 4578.73 4706.16 4757.47 4766.62 4776.36 4786.50 4796.92 4807.52 5193.00 5195.39 5234.08 5240.87 5415.25 5487.91 5507.75 6090.21

8 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 10 8 6 4 2 10 8 6 4 14 10 10 12 8 10 10 8 6 12 4 10 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 12 14 12 8 10 12 12 12 10 8

8 14 12 10 8 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 4 10 8 6 2 16 12 8 14 10 12 8 6 4 10 2 8 12 10 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 10 12 12 8 10 12 14 10 8 6

V II 2527.90 2528.47 2528.83 2554.04 2589.10 2640.86 2677.80 2679.33 2683.09

13 9 11 9 9 5 3 7 1

13 9 11 9 9 7 5 7 3

gk

A 108 s–1 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 9.6E-01 9.4E-01 1.2E+00 8.8E-01 7.7E-01 7.0E-01 7.8E-01 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 6.9E-01 5.5E-01 3.4E-01 2.2E-01 4.4E-01 6.0E-01 2.6E-01 9.2E-01 2.7E-01 3.0E-01 7.6E-01 2.3E-01 6.2E-01 4.7E-01 4.0E-01 3.3E-01 3.0E-01 4.1E-01 2.4E-01 7.6E-01 7.0E-01 6.0E-01 6.8E-01 2.4E-01 7.6E-01 5.6E-01 5.1E-01 4.7E-01 4.8E-01 5.8E-01 4.0E-01 2.3E-01 4.9E-01 4.3E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 3.5E-01 2.60E-01 6.1E-01 5.2E-01 5.3E-01 5.4E-01 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 3.4E-01 3.4E-01 3.4E-01

5/4/05 8:14:07 AM


Section 10.indb 153

gi

9 3 7 5 9 7 9 13 9 7 9 7 9 11 11 5 13 5 3 3 5 9 7 9 3 7 11 5 3 7 11 9 11 9 7 11 9 9 7 7 7 5 9 7 7 5 7 9 11 9 7 11 11 13 11 9 3 9 11 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 1 5 3 11 9 7 11 9 9 7 5 7 9 11 3 11 5 3 1 3 9 5 7 5 7 9 5 3 9 9 7 11 9 7 9 7 11 5 9 9 7 11 9 7 3 5 7 13 11 7 11 13 13 11 9 5 9 9 7

8

10-153 λ

–1

7.6E-01 9.2E-01 3.4E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01 3.4E-01 6.2E-01 4.2E-01 1.3E+00 5.0E-01 1.2E+00 9.9E-01 4.6E-01 5.0E-01 3.6E-01 2.1E+00 4.8E-01 4.2E-01 5.6E-01 1.9E+00 1.4E+00 3.6E-01 1.3E+00 1.2E+00 3.4E-01 7.8E-01 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 1.2E+00 3.7E-01 5.0E-01 4.9E-01 1.7E+00 1.2E+00 5.8E-01 3.5E-01 7.6E-01 4.0E-01 7.2E-01 3.3E-01 7.0E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01 4.4E-01 7.5E-01 8.9E-01 5.0E-01 5.0E-01 7.0E-01 1.0E+00 5.8E-01 5.0E-01 7.6E-01 5.9E-01 5.3E-01 5.2E-01 4.4E-01 3.3E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 11 11 7 7 7 3 5 7 5 5

8

Weights

λ –1

3271.12 3276.12 3279.84 3287.71 3337.85 3517.30 3530.77 3545.19 3556.80 3592.01 3618.92

7 9 9 5 5 9 5 7 9 7 3

6.9E-01 5.2E-01 5.8E-01 7.5E-01 5.3E-01 3.8E-01 4.5E-01 4.3E-01 5.1E-01 4.4E-01 3.3E-01

V III 2318.06 2323.82 2330.42 2331.75 2334.21 2337.13 2343.10 2358.73 2366.31 2371.06 2373.06 2382.46 2393.58 2404.18 2516.14 2521.55 2548.21 2554.22 2593.05 2595.10

8 6 10 8 6 4 6 6 8 10 4 8 6 4 10 8 6 8 6 8

10 8 10 8 6 4 8 8 10 12 6 10 8 6 10 8 4 6 6 8


V IV 677.345 680.632 681.145 682.455 682.923 684.450 691.530 723.537 724.068 724.809 737.854 750.110 884.146 1071.05 1110.72 1112.20 1112.44 1127.84 1131.26 1194.46 1226.52 1243.72 1247.07 1272.97 1304.17 1305.42

9 9 7 7 5 7 5 3 5 5 9 5 1 5 3 7 5 7 9 7 5 3 5 3 3 5

9 7 5 7 5 5 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 7 5 5 1 3 1 5 7

6.7E+00 1.2E+01 1.1E+01 6.5E+00 6.9E+00 7.7E+00 1.1E+01 1.5E+01 1.1E+01 5.6E+00 2.4E+01 1.0E+01 4.7E+00 6.1E+00 5.0E+00 6.3E+00 5.0E+00 8.9E+00 9.4E+00 1.0E+01 1.5E+01 9.4E+00 4.7E+00 2.7E+01 1.5E+01 7.0E+00

Å 1308.06 1309.50 1312.72 1317.57 1321.92 1326.81 1329.29 1329.97 1330.36 1331.67 1332.46 1334.49 1355.13 1356.53 1395.00 1400.42 1403.62 1412.69 1414.41 1414.84 1418.53 1419.58 1423.72 1426.65 1429.11 1434.84 1451.04 1454.00 1520.14 1522.49 1601.92 1611.88 1806.18 1809.85 1817.68 1825.84 1861.56 1939.07 1951.43 1963.10 1997.72 2084.43 2120.05 2141.20 2146.83 2149.85 2151.09 2155.34 2446.80 2570.72 3284.56 3496.42 3514.25

gi

7 5 7 5 7 3 5 3 1 3 5 9 7 5 5 5 7 3 5 5 7 7 3 9 5 7 3 5 5 3 3 7 5 3 5 7 5 7 5 3 7 5 7 3 7 5 7 11 9 9 7 7 9

9 5 7 7 9 5 5 3 3 1 3 9 9 3 7 7 9 3 7 5 7 9 5 11 5 7 3 3 7 5 3 7 3 1 3 5 7 9 7 5 7 5 9 5 9 7 9 13 11 11 9 9 11

1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3

gk

A 108 s–1 7.9E+00 8.7E+00 8.6E+00 8.7E+00 9.9E+00 4.0E+00 1.5E+01 4.8E+00 6.0E+00 1.7E+01 7.5E+00 8.3E+00 2.5E+01 4.9E+00 1.4E+01 7.5E+00 8.4E+00 1.1E+01 1.2E+01 4.6E+00 5.2E+00 1.3E+01 7.1E+00 2.2E+01 5.0E+00 5.4E+00 7.0E+00 1.1E+01 7.2E+00 5.5E+00 1.2E+01 5.2E+00 7.3E+00 7.2E+00 4.8E+00 5.3E+00 6.6E+00 5.8E+00 5.0E+00 4.8E+00 4.7E+00 4.0E+00 8.1E+00 7.0E+00 6.6E+00 5.1E+00 4.3E+00 1.2E+01 5.3E+00 7.6E+00 5.3E+00 4.4E+00 4.7E+00

Xenon Xe I 1043.8 1047.1 1050.1 1056.1

5.9E-01 1.3E+00 8.5E-02 2.45E+00

5/4/05 8:14:10 AM


10-154 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 1 9 3 3

8

λ –1

1061.2 1068.2 1085.4 1099.7 1110.7 1129.3 1170.4 1192.0 1250.2 1295.6 1469.6 4501.0 4524.7 4624.3 4671.2 4807.0 7119.6 7967.3 8409.2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 3 7 1 5

1.9E-01 3.99E+00 4.10E-01 4.34E-01 1.5E+00 4.4E-02 1.6E+00 6.2E+00 1.4E-01 2.46E+00 2.81E+00 6.2E-03 2.1E-03 7.2E-03 1.0E-02 2.4E-02 6.6E-02 3.0E-03 1.0E-02

Xe II 4180.1 4330.5 4414.8 4603.0 4844.3 4876.5 5260.4 5262.0 5292.2 5372.4 5419.2 5439.0 5472.6 5531.1 5719.6 5976.5 6036.2 6051.2 6097.6 6270.8 6277.5 6805.7 6990.9

4 6 6 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 8 8 4 4 6 8 6 4 4 8 10

4 8 6 4 8 8 4 4 6 2 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 8

2.2E+00 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 8.2E-01 1.1E+00 6.3E-01 2.2E-01 8.5E-01 8.9E-01 7.1E-01 6.2E-01 7.4E-01 9.9E-02 8.8E-02 6.1E-02 2.8E-01 7.5E-02 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 1.8E-01 3.6E-02 6.1E-02 2.7E-01

Yb I 2464.5 2672.0 3464.4 3988.0 5556.5

1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3

9.1E-01 1.18E-01 6.2E-01 1.76E+00 1.14E-02

Yb II 3289.4 3694.2

2 2

4 2

1.8E+00 1.4E+00

4 4

4 6

3.5E-01 3.5E-01

Ytterbium

Yttrium YI 2948.41 2974.59

Section 10.indb 154

Å 2984.25 2995.26 2996.94 3005.26 3022.28 3045.36 3053.95 3155.65 3172.84 3185.96 3209.38 3227.16 3484.05 3549.66 3552.69 4077.36 4083.71 4102.36 4128.30 4142.84 4167.51 4235.93 4352.40 4379.33 4385.47 4394.01 4409.70 4417.43 4437.34 4443.65 4459.01 4476.95 4491.74 4514.01 4527.78 4534.09 4544.31 4559.36 4581.33 4613.00 4643.70 4653.78 4674.85 4725.84 4762.96 4780.16 4781.03 4799.30 4804.31 4804.80 4821.63 4845.67 4852.68 4856.71 4859.84 4893.44 4900.08 4906.11 4950.01 4963.49

gi

6 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 4 10 6 10 4 8 10 4 8 6 6 2 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 8 6 6 4 6 8 10 8 4

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 8 6 8 6 8 6 6 10 6 6 8 6 4 4 4 6 6 8 4 4 4 10 8 4 4 6 8 6 6 4 4 6 8 6 4

8

Weights

λ –1

4.8E-01 5.1E-02 8.4E-02 4.8E-02 6.6E-02 1.07E-01 1.9E-03 2.7E-03 9.9E-03 1.2E-03 3.0E-03 1.10E-03 1.2E-02 1.0E-03 2.3E-01 1.1E+00 2.5E-01 1.3E+00 1.6E+00 1.6E+00 2.38E-01 3.0E-01 6.7E-03 7.83E-01 6.9E-02 1.9E-02 2.7E-03 3.2E-02 8.64E-02 1.1E-01 1.8E-02 2.8E-01 2.3E-02 3.34E-01 8.33E-01 4.4E-02 4.10E-01 4.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 1.8E-01 1.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 4.2E-02 8.9E-02 1.0E-01 1.6E-01 2.6E-01 3.84E-01 1.0E-01 6.8E-01 6.2E-01 2.0E-01 7.26E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.2E-01 2.0E-02 1.4E-02

Å

gi

4981.97 5004.44 5205.01 5258.47 5271.82 5380.63 5381.24 5388.39 5390.81 5401.88 5424.36 5466.24 5466.47 5469.10 5513.65 5519.88 5526.43 5527.56 5541.63 5551.00 5573.03 5594.12 5606.34 5619.96 5630.14 5641.78 5675.27 5675.64 5693.63 5714.94 5729.25 5732.09 5740.22 5757.59 5788.36 5844.13 5879.93 5902.91 6087.94 6191.72 6222.58 6402.01 6435.02 6437.17 6538.57 6622.48 6815.15 7009.89 7035.15

4 6 4 6 8 6 4 6 8 6 6 4 10 4 6 4 6 8 8 4 6 6 10 6 4 2 6 4 4 8 6 6 8 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 10 10 8 2 2 4

6 4 4 6 6 4 4 8 6 8 4 4 12 6 6 6 4 10 8 4 4 8 10 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 2 8 4 4 6 4 6 8 10 6 4 4 4

Y II 3112.03 3179.42 3195.62 3200.27 3203.32 3216.69 3242.28 3448.81 3467.88

1 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 5

3 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 3

gk

A 108 s–1 4.7E-03 1.2E-02 8.4E-03 2.9E-03 1.1E-02 3.2E-01 9.9E-03 1.1E-02 2.9E-02 6.0E-03 3.47E-01 1.0E-01 6.3E-01 3.6E-03 2.39E-01 1.2E-02 3.9E-03 5.4E-01 5.2E-02 6.9E-02 1.8E-02 5.0E-02 5.84E-02 2.0E-02 4.9E-01 1.9E-02 9.3E-02 4.3E-02 1.1E-01 2.0E-02 2.2E-03 7.5E-02 4.0E-02 7.6E-03 9.4E-03 5.6E-03 8.5E-02 4.0E-02 1.1E-01 4.7E-02 5.9E-03 2.7E-03 4.0E-02 4.8E-02 1.5E-01 4.5E-03 7.18E-02 4.4E-02 6.3E-02 1.3E-02 3.8E-02 8.23E-01 4.8E-01 2.77E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 4.1E-02 2.7E-02

5/4/05 8:14:13 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 3496.08 3549.01 3584.51 3600.74 3601.91 3611.04 3628.70 3664.62 3710.29 3747.55 3774.34 3776.56 3788.70 3818.34 3832.90 3878.29 3930.66 3950.36 3951.59 3982.60 4124.91 4177.54 4199.27 4204.69 4235.73 4309.62 4358.73

Section 10.indb 155

1 5 3 7 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 1 5 7 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 5 7 3 5 3 5 9 3 7 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 5 3

8

10-155 λ

–1

3.49E-01 3.97E-01 4.02E-01 1.4E+00 1.13E+00 1.04E+00 3.3E-01 3.7E-01 1.5E+00 1.9E-01 1.1E+00 2.42E-01 8.1E-01 9.70E-02 3.0E-01 2.9E-02 2.1E-02 2.80E-01 1.5E-02 2.7E-01 1.8E-02 5.27E-01 5.36E-03 2.20E-02 2.3E-02 1.29E-01 5.55E-02

Å 4374.95 4398.01 4422.59 4682.33 4786.58 4823.31 4854.87 4881.44 4883.69 4900.11 4982.13 5087.42 5119.11 5200.41 5205.73 5289.82 5320.78 5473.39 5480.73 5497.41 5509.90 5544.61 5546.01 5728.89 6613.74 6832.48 7264.16

5 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 9 7 7 9 5 5 7 7 9 3 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 3 1 5 7 5 3 3 7 5 9 9 7 5 7 5 7 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 7 5 3

8

λ –1

9.97E-01 1.16E-01 1.83E-01 1.9E-02 2.1E-02 4.3E-02 3.9E-01 1.5E-03 4.7E-01 4.51E-01 1.5E-02 2.0E-01 1.6E-02 1.3E-01 1.6E-01 6.7E-03 3.9E-03 4.3E-02 7.62E-02 1.2E-01 4.24E-02 1.8E-01 5.8E-02 3.0E-02 1.7E-02 3.3E-03 1.3E-02

Weights

Å

gk

gi

A 108 s–1

Zinc Zn I 748.29 765.60 792.05 793.85 809.92 1109.1 2138.6 3075.9 3282.3 3302.6 3302.9 3345.0 3345.6 3345.9 6362.3 11054

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 1

6.0E-02 7.6E-02 5.7E-02 1.8E-01 2.6E-01 3.05E-01 7.09E+00 3.29E-04 9.0E-01 1.2E+00 6.7E-01 1.7E+00 4.0E-01 4.5E-02 4.74E-01 2.43E-01

Zn II 2025.5 2064.2 2099.9 2102.2 4911.6

2 2 4 4 4

4 4 6 4 6

3.3E+00 4.6E+00 5.6E+00 9.3E-01 1.6E+00

5/4/05 8:14:15 AM

Electron Affinities Thomas M. Miller Electron affinity is defined as the energy difference between the lowest (ground) state of the neutral and the lowest state of the corresponding negative ion. The accuracy of electron affinity measurements has been greatly improved since the advent of laser photodetachment experiments with negative ions. Electron affinities can be determined with optical precision, though a detailed understanding of atomic and molecular states and splittings is required to specify the photodetachment threshold corresponding to the electron affinity. Atomic and molecular electron affinities are discussed in two excellent articles reviewing photodetachment studies which appear in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, Vol. 3, Bowers, M. T., Ed., Academic Press, Orlando, 1984: Chapter 21 by Drzaic, P. S., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., “Electron Photodetachment from Gas Phase Negative Ions,” p. 167, and Chapter 22 by Mead, R. D., Stevens, A. E., and Lineberger, W. C., “Photodetachment in Negative Ion Beams,” p. 213. Persons interested in photodetachment details should consult these articles and the critical reviews of Andersen, T., Haugen, H. K., and Hotop, H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 28, 1511, 1999, Hotop, H. and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 731, 1985, and Andersen, T., Haugen, H. K., and Hotop, H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 1511, 1999. For simplicity in the tables below, any electron affinity which was discussed in the articles by Drzaic et al. or Hotop and Lineberger is referenced to these sources, where original references are given. The develop-

ment of cluster-ion photodetachment apparatuses has brought an explosion of electron affinity estimates for atomic and molecular clusters. The policy in this tabulation is to list the electron affinities for the atoms, diatoms, and triatoms, if adiabatic electron affinities have been determined, but to refer the reader to original sources for higher-order clusters. Additional data on molecular electron affinities may be found in Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., Gas Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, (Supplement No. 1), 1988 and on the NIST WebBook at the Internet address http://webbook.nist.gov/. For the present tabulation the 2002 CODATA value e/hc = 8065.54445 ± 0.00069 cm-1 eV-1 (http://physics.nist.gov) has been used to convert electron affinities from the units used in spectroscopic work, cm-1, into eV for these tables. The 86 ppb uncertainty in e/hc is insignificant compared to uncertainties in the electron affinity measurements. Abbreviations used in the tables: calc = calculated value; PT = photodetachment threshold using a lamp as a light source; LPT = laser photodetachment threshold; LPES = laser photoelectron spectroscopy; DA = dissociative attachment; attach = electron attachment/detachment equilibrium; e-scat = electron scattering; kinetic = dissociation kinetics; Knud=Knudsen cell; CT = charge transfer; CD = collisional detachment; and ZEKE = zero electron kinetic energy spectroscopy.

TABLE 1. Atomic Electron Affinities Atomic number Atom 1 H

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

10-156

D D T He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn

Electron affinity in eV 0.754195 0.75420812 0.754593 0.75465624 0.75480540 not stable 0.618049 not stable 0.279723 1.262119 not stable 1.4611096 3.4011895 not stable 0.547926 not stable 0.43283 1.3895220 0.7465 2.077103 3.612724 not stable 0.50147 0.02455 0.188 0.079 0.525 0.666 not stable

Uncertainty in eV 0.000019 — 0.000074 — — — 0.000020 — 0.000025 0.000020 — 0.0000007 0.0000025 — 0.000025 — 0.00005 0.0000024 0.0003 0.000001 0.000027 — 0.00010 0.00010 0.020 0.014 0.012 0.012 —

Method LPT calc LPT calc calc calc LPT calc LPES LPT DA LPT LPT calc LPT e-scat LPES LPES LPT LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc

Ref. 89 205 89 deuterium 205 deuterium 205 tritium 1 185 1 191 28 1 4 227 1 1 1 208 227 1 1 52 1 1 44 1 1 1 1 1

Electron Affinities

10-157 Atomic number 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 63 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 118 121

Atom

Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Eu Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac ekaradon ekaactinium

Electron affinity in eV 0.151 0.662 1.156 1.235 not stable 0.43 1.232712 0.814 2.020670 3.363588 not stable 0.48592 0.048 0.307 0.426 0.893 0.748 0.55 1.05 1.137 0.562 1.302 not stable 0.3 1.112067 1.046 1.970876 3.059037 not stable 0.471626 0.14462 0.47 0.955 0.962 0.864 1.029 -0.020 0.34 »0 0.322 0.815 0.15 1.1 1.5638 2.128 2.30863 not stable 0.2 0.364 0.942362 1.9 2.8 not stable 0.46 0.10 0.35 0.056 0.57

Uncertainty in eV 0.003 0.003 0.010 0.005 — 0.03 0.000015 0.008 0.000025 0.000002 — 0.00002 0.006 0.012 0.014 0.025 0.002 0.20 0.15 0.008 0.005 0.007 — 0.2 0.000015 0.005 0.000007 0.000010 — 0.000025 0.00006 0.02 0.026 0.024 0.024 0.022 — 0.01 — 0.012 0.002 0.15 0.2 0.0005 0.002 0.00003 — 0.2 0.008 0.000013 0.3 0.2 — — — — 0.01 —

Method LPES LPES LPES LPES e-scat LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc calc LPES LPES LPES e-scat PT LPES LPES LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc LPT calc LPES LPES calc calc LPT LPT LPT e-scat PT LPES LPT calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc

Ref. 27 27 1 37 1 183 28 200 1 74 1 1 122 1 1 1 127 1 1 1 116 1 1 1 28 108 261 92 1 1 195 184 269 225 268 264 196 223 1 1 37 1 1 141 1 1 1 1 1 262 1 1 1 82 273 207 140 207

Electron Affinities

10-158 TABLE 2. Electron Affinities for Diatomic Molecules Molecule

Ag2 AgO Al2 AlO AlP AlS As2 AsH AsO Au2 AuO AuPd AuS BN BO BeH Bi2 Br2 BrO C2 CH CN CRh CS CaH Cl2 ClO Co2 CoD CoH Cr2 CrD CrH CrO Cs2 CsCl CsO Cu2 CuO F2 FO Fe2 FeD FeH FeO GaAs GaO GaP Ge2 I2 IBr IO InP K2 KBr KCl KCs KI KRb LiCl LiD LiH MgCl MgH MgI MgO MnD

Electron affinity in eV

1.023 1.654 1.10 2.60 2.043 2.60 0.739 1.0 1.286 1.938 2.374 1.88 2.469 3.160 2.508 0.7 1.271 2.55 2.353 3.269 1.238 3.862 1.46 0.205 0.93 2.38 2.275 1.110 0.680 0.671 0.505 0.568 0.563 1.221 0.469 0.455 0.273 0.836 1.777 3.08 2.272 0.902 0.932 0.934 1.493 1.949 2.612 1.988 2.035 2.524 2.55 2.378 1.845 0.497 0.642 0.582 0.471 0.728 0.486 0.593 0.337 0.342 1.589 1.05 1.899 1.630 0.866

Uncertainty in eV

0.007 0.002 0.15 0.02 0.020 0.03 0.008 0.1 0.008 0.007 0.007 — 0.006 0.005 0.008 0.1 0.008 0.10 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.004 0.02 0.021 0.05 0.10 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.005 0.010 0.010 0.006 0.015 0.010 0.012 0.006 0.006 0.10 0.006 0.008 0.015 0.011 0.005 0.020 0.008 0.020 0.001 0.015 0.10 0.006 0.020 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.06 0.018 0.025 0.010

Method

LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES

Ref.

37 233 68 143 218 129 200 2 198 37 282 220 282 189 6 2 119 2 88 87 2 111 206 2 2 2 88 27 29 29 114 29 29 5 104 30 133 37 118 2 88 27 9 9 45 218 279 218 123 305 2 88 218 104 30 30 104 30 104 30 102 102 31 2 31 178 9

Molecule

MnH MnO MoO NH NO NRh NS Na2 NaBr NaCl NaF NaI NaK NbO Ni2 NiCu NiAg NiD NiH NiO O2 OD OH ORh P2 PH PO Pb2 PbO PbS Pd2 PdCO PdO Pt2 PtN Rb2 RbCl RbCs Re2 S2 SD SF SH SO Sb2 ScO Se2 SeH SeO Si2 SiF SiH SiN Sn2 SnO SnPb Te2 TeH TeO TiO VO YO ZnF ZnH ZnO ZrO

Electron affinity in eV

0.869 1.375 1.290 0.370 0.026 1.51 1.194 0.430 0.788 0.727 0.520 0.865 0.465 1.29 0.926 0.889 0.979 0.477 0.481 1.470 0.450 1.825533 1.8276487 1.58 0.589 1.027 1.092 1.366 0.722 1.049 1.685 0.604 1.570 1.898 1.240 0.498 0.544 0.478 1.571 1.670 2.315 2.285 2.314343 1.125 1.282 1.35 1.94 2.212519 1.456 2.201 0.81 1.277 2.949 1.962 0.598 1.569 1.92 2.102 1.697 1.30 1.229 1.35 1.974 2.5 1.464 1.474 0.9 2.413 1.5 0.864 2.11 1.466 4.35 4.35 0.301 0.330 1.077 1.912 1.43 1.9782 1.157 1.038 1.049 2.358 0.564 1.60 1.894 1.666 2.428 2.506

Uncertainty in eV Method 0.05 LPES 0.010 LPES 0.15 LPES 0.02 0.007 0.008 0.020 0.12 0.03 0.03 0.3 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.03 — 0.2 0.005 0.02 0.03 0.020 0.07 0.07 0.006 0.005 0.020 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.17 0.07 1.617 0.006 0.025 0.018 — 0.05 0.020 0.013 0.014 — 0.005 0.005 0.1 0.008 0.06 0.030 0.05 0.010 0.05 0.05 0.005 0.015 0.005 0.015 0.06 0.0006 0.005 0.013 0.014 0.030 0.019 0.02 0.033 0.041 0.020 0.008

LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES 0.015 LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES

Ref. 37 163 68 143 217 297 217 129 200 2 37 294 294 294 276 220 98 193 221 119 11 235 235 12 95 235 12 95 95 95 95 235 271 87 243 180 272 278 147 34 34 34 107 107 306 144 OCrO 241 Cr(O2) 18 37 163 177 177 35 14 15 53 149 254 103 34 34 130 254 152 192 192 192 302

Molecule Ga2P Ge3 GeH2 HCO HCl2 HNO HO2 HS2 I3 InP2 In2P K3 MnD2 MnH2 MnO2 N3 N3 NCN NCO NCS NH2 N2O NO2 (NO)R Na3 NaCS2 Na2CS2 Nb3 Ni3 NiCN NiCO NiD2 NiH2 NiO2 NiO2 O3 O2Ar OClO OIO PH2 P2H PO2 Pd3 PdCN PdCO Pt3 PtCN PtCO Rb3 ReO2 S3 SO2 S2O Sb3 SeO2 SiF2 Si2F SiH2 Si2H Si3 Sn3 SnCN Ta3 TiO2 V3 VO2 WO2

Electron affinity in eV 2.481 2.23 1.097 0.313 4.896 0.338 1.078 1.907 4.226 1.61 2.36 0.956 0.465 0.444 2.06 2.70 2.68 2.484 3.609 3.537 0.771 -0.03 2.273 R=Ar,Kr,Xe 1.019 0.80 0.25 1.032 1.41 1.771 0.804 1.926 1.934 3.05 0.82 2.1028 0.52 2.140 2.577 1.263 1.514 3.42 715 GeV, CL = 90% (electroweak fit)

Additional Z Bosons

Zη of E6 → SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)×U(1)η (with gη = e cos θW ) Mass m > 720 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 619 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit)

Z �SM with standard couplings Mass m > 825 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 1500 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) ZLR of SU(2) L ×SU(2) R×U(1) (with g L = g R) Mass m > 630 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 860 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Zχ of SO(10) SU(5)× U(1) χ (with gχ = e cos θW ) Mass m > 690 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 781 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Zψ of E6 → SO(10)×U(1)ψ (with gψ = e cos θW ) Mass m > 675 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 366 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit)

The best limit for the half-life of neutrinoless double beta decay with Majoron emission is > 7.2 × 1024 years (CL = 90%).

In this Summary Table:

NOTES

When a quantity has “(S = . . . )” to its right, the error on � the quantity has been enlarged by the “scale factor” S, defined as S = χ 2 /(N − 1), where N is the number of measurements used in calculating the quantity. We do this when S > 1, which often indicates that the measurements are inconsistent. When S > 1.25, we also show in the Particle Listings an ideogram of the measurements. For more about S, see the Introduction. A decay momentum p is given for each decay mode. For a 2-body decay, p is the momentum of each decay product in the rest frame of the decaying particle. For a 3-or-more-body decay, p is the largest momentum any of the products can have in this frame. [a] Theoretical value. A mass as large as a few MeV may not be precluded. [b] � indicates each type of lepton (e, μ, and τ ), not sum over them. [c] This represents the width for the decay of the W boson into a charged particle with momentum below detectability, p < 200 MeV. [d] The Z-boson mass listed here corresponds to a Breit–Wigner resonance parameter. It lies approximately 34 MeV above the real part of the position of the pole (in the energy-squared plane) in the Z-boson propagator. [e] This partial width takes into account Z decays into νν and any other possible undetected modes. [f] This ratio has not been corrected for the τ mass. [g] Here A ≡ 2gV g A/(g 2V + g 2A). [h] The value is for the sum of the charge states or particle/ antiparticle states indicated. [i] See the Z Particle Listings for the γ energy range used in this measurement. [j] For mγ γ = (60 ± 5) GeV. [k] The limits assume no invisible decays.

LEPTON SUMMARY TABLE

Weak anomalous magnetic dipole moment Re(ατw ) < 1.1 × 10−3 , CL = 95% Im(ατw ) < 2.7 × 10−3 , CL = 95%

Decay parameters

LEPTONS

e

J =

1 2

Mass m = (548.57990945 ± 0.00000024)×10−6 u Mass m = 0.51099892 ± 0.00000004 MeV |m e + − m e − |/m < 8 × 10−9 , CL = 90% |qe + + qe − |/e < 4 × 10−8 Magnetic moment μ = 1.0011596521859±0.0000000000038 μB (g e + − g e − ) / gaverage = (−0.5 ± 2.1)×10−12 Electric dipole moment d = (0.07 ± 0.07)×10−26 e cm Mean life τ > 4.6 × 1026 yr, CL = 90%[a]

μ

J =

τ + modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. “h± ” stands for π ± or K ± . “�” stands for e or μ. “Neutrals” stands for γ ’s and/or π 0 ’s.

1 2

Mass m = 0.1134289264 ± 0.0000000030 u Mass m = 105.658369 ± 0.000009 MeV Mean life τ = (2.19703 ± 0.00004)×10−6 s τ μ+ /τ μ− = 1.00002 ± 0.00008 cτ = 658.654 m Magnetic moment μ = 1.0011659208 ± 0.0000000006 e¯h/2m μ (g μ+ − g μ− ) / g average = (−2.6 ± 1.6)×10−8 Electric dipole moment d = (3.7 ± 3.4)×10−19 e cm Decay parameters[b] ρ = 0.7509 ± 0.0010 η = 0.001 ± 0.024 (S = 2.0) δ = 0.7495 ± 0.0012 ξ Pμ = 1.003 ± 0.008[c] ξ Pμ δ/ρ > 0.99682, CL = 90%[c] ξ � = 1.00 ± 0.04 ξ �� = 0.7 ± 0.4 α/A = (0 ± 4)×10−3 α � /A = (0 ± 4)×10−3 β/A = (4 ± 6)×10−3 β � /A = (1 ± 5)×10−3 η = 0.02 ± 0.08 μ+ modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. μ− DECAY MODES e − ν e νμ e − ν e νμ γ e − ν e νμ e + e − e− ve v¯ μ e− γ e− e + e − e− 2γ

τ

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (�i /�)

≈ 100% [d] (1.4 ± 0.4) % [e] (3.4 ± 0.4) × 10−5 Lepton Family number (LF) violating modes LF [f] < 1.2 % 90% LF < 1.2 ×10−11 90% LF < 1.0 ×10−12 90% LF < 7.2 ×10−11 90%

J =

See the τ Particle Listings for a note concerning τ -decay parameters. ρ τ (e or μ) = 0.745 ± 0.008 ρ τ (e) = 0.747 ± 0.010 ρ τ (μ) = 0.763 ± 0.020 ξ τ (e or μ) = 0.985 ± 0.030 ξ τ (e) = 0.994 ± 0.040 ξ τ (μ) = 1.030 ± 0.059 ητ (e or μ) = 0.013 ± 0.020 ητ (μ) = 0.094 ± 0.073 (δξ )τ (e or μ) = 0.746 ± 0.021 (δξ )τ (e) = 0.734 ± 0.028 (δξ )τ (μ) = 0.778 ± 0.037 ξ τ (π ) = 0.993 ± 0.022 ξ τ (ρ) = 0.994 ± 0.008 ξ τ (a1 ) = 1.001 ± 0.027 ξ τ (all hadronic modes) = 0.995 ± 0.007

1 2

Mass m = 1776.99+0.29 −0.26 MeV (mτ + − mτ − )/maverage < 3.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90% Mean life τ = (290.6 ± 1.0)×10−15 s cτ = 87.11 μm Magnetic moment anomaly > −0.052 and < 0.013, CL = 95% Re(dτ ) = −0.22 to 0.45 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% Im(dτ ) = −0.25 to 0.008 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% Weak dipole moment −17 e cm, CL = 95% Re(dw τ ) < 0.50 × 10 w −17 Im(dτ ) < 1.1 × 10 e cm, CL = 95%

53 53 53 53 53 53 53

τ − DECAY MODES

Scale factor/ Confidence level

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

Modes with one charged particle particle− ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K 0 ντ (“1-prong”) particle− ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K 0L ντ μ − ν μ ντ μ − ν μ ντ γ e− ν e ντ e− ν e ντ γ h− ≥ 0K 0L ντ h− ντ π − ντ K − ντ h− ≥1 neutrals ντ h− ≥1π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− π 0 ντ π − π 0 ντ π − π 0 non-ρ(770)ντ K − π 0 ντ h− ≥ 2π 0 ντ h− 2π 0 ντ h− 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) π − 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) π − 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ), scalar π − 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ), vector K − 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− ≥3π 0 ντ h− ≥3π 0 ντ (ex. K 0 ) h− 3π 0 ντ π − 3π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) K − 3π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 , η) h− 4π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− 4π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ,η) K − ≥ 0π 0 ≥0K 0 ≥0γ ντ K − ≥1 (π 0 or K 0 or γ ) ντ

(85.33 ± 0.08) (84.69 ± 0.09) [g] (17.36 ± 0.05) [e] (3.6 ± 0.4) [g] (17.84 ± 0.05) [e] (1.75 ± 0.18) (12.14 ± 0.07) (11.59 ± 0.06) [g] (10.90 ± 0.07) [g] (6.91 ± 0.23) (37.05 ± 0.12) (36.51 ± 0.12) (25.95 ± 0.10) [g] (25.50 ± 0.10) (3.0 ± 3.2) [g] (4.52 ± 0.27) (10.81 ± 0.14) (9.47 ± 0.12) (9.31 ± 0.12) [g] (9.25 ± 0.12) 300 s/eV, CL = 90% (reactor) Mean life/mass, τ/m > 7 × 109 s/eV (solar) Mean life/mass, τ/m > 15.4 s/eV, CL = 90% (accelerator) Magnetic moment μ < 0.9×10−10 μ B , CL = 90% (reactor) Number of Neutrino Types Number N = 2.994 ± 0.012 (Standard Model fits to LEP data) Number N = 2.92 ± 0.06 (Direct measurement of invisible Z width) Neutrino Mixing The following values are obtained through data analyses based on the 3-neutrino mixing scheme described in the review “Neutrino mass, mixing, and flavor change” by B. Kayser in this Review. sin2 (2θ12 )

=

0.86+0.03 −0.04

�m221

=

2 −5 (8.0+0.4 −0.3 ) × 10 eV

The ranges below for sin2 (2θ23 ) and �m 232 correspond to the projections onto the appropriate axes of the 90% CL contours

In this Summary Table:

NOTES

When a quantity has “(S = . . . )” to its right, the error on � the quantity has been enlarged by the “scale factor” S, defined as S = χ 2 /(N − 1), where N is the number of measurements used in calculating the quantity. We do this when S > 1, which often indicates that the measurements are inconsistent. When S > 1.25, we also show in the Particle Listings an ideogram of the measurements. For more about S, see the Introduction. A decay momentum p is given for each decay mode. For a 2-body decay, p is the momentum of each decay product in the rest frame of the decaying particle. For a 3-or-more-body decay, p is the largest momentum any of the products can have in this frame. [a] This is the best limit for the mode e− → νγ . The best limit for “electron disappearance” is 6.4 × 1024 yr. [b] See the “Note on Muon Decay Parameters” in the μ Particle Listings for definitions and details. [c] Pμ is the longitudinal polarization of the muon from pion decay. In standard V −A theory, Pμ = 1 and ρ = δ = 3/4. [d] This only includes events with the γ energy > 10 MeV. Since the e− ν e νμ and e− ν e νμ γ modes cannot be clearly separated, we regard the latter mode as a subset of the former. [e] See the relevant Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. [f] A test of additive vs. multiplicative lepton family number conservation. [g] Basis mode for the τ . [h] L± mass limit depends on decay assumptions; see the Full Listings. [i] The sign of �m232 is not known at this time. The range quoted is for the absolute value.

QUARK SUMMARY TABLE

b� (4th Generation) Quark, Searches for Mass m > 190 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp, quasi-stable b� ) Mass m > 199 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp, neutral-current decays) Mass m > 128 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp, charged-current decays) Mass m > 46.0 GeV, CL = 95% (e+ e− , all decays)

QUARKS The u-, d -, and s-quark masses are estimates of so-called “current-quark masses,” in a mass-independent subtraction scheme such as MS at a scale μ ≈ 2 GeV. The cand b-quark masses are the “running” masses in the MS scheme. For the b-quark we also quote the 1S mass. These can be different from the heavy quark masses obtained in potential models.

u

I( J P) =

1 2

d

I( J P) =

1 2

2

Iz = + 12

� 1 +� 2

Mass m = 3 to 7 MeV Charge = − 13 e ms /md = 17 to 22 m = (mu + md )/2 = 2.5 to 5.5 MeV [a]

All searches since 1977 have had negative results. NOTES

� 1 +�

Charge = 23 e

Mass m = 1.5 to 3.0 MeV[a] mu /md = 0.3 to 0.6

Free Quark Searches

Iz = − 12

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

s

Mass m = 95±25 MeV[a] Charge = − 13 e Strangeness = −1 (ms (mu + md )/2)/(md − mu ) = 30 to 50 � +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

c

Mass m = 1.25±0.09 GeV

Charge = 23 e

Charm = +1

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

b

Charge = 13 e

Mass m = 4.20 ± 0.07 GeV Mass m = 4.70 ± 0.07 GeV

Bottom = −1 (MS mass) (1S mass)

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

t

Charge = 23 e

Top = +1

Mass m = 174.2±3.3 GeV[b] (direct observation of top events) Mass m = 172.3+10.2 −7.6 GeV (Standard Model electroweak fit)

t DECAY MODES Wq(q = b, s, d) Wb �ν� anything τ ντ b γ q(q = u, c)

p Fraction (�i / �) Confidence level (MeV/c)

[c,d] (9.4 ± 2.4) [e] < 5.9×10−3

% 95%

ΔT = 1 weak neutral current (T1) modes Zq(q = u, c) T1 [ f ] < 13.7% 95%

11-6

– – – – – –

[a] The ratios mu /md and ms /md are extracted from pion and kaon masses using chiral symmetry. The estimates of u and d masses are not without controversy and remain under active investigation. Within the literature there are even suggestions that the u quark could be essentially massless. The s-quark mass is estimated from SU(3) splittings in hadron masses. [b] Based on published top mass measurements using data from Tevatron Run-I and Run-II. Including also the most recent unpublished results from Run-II, the Tevatron Electroweak Working Group reports a top mass of 172.5 ± 1.3 ± 1.9 GeV. See the note “The Top Quark” in the Quark Particle Listings of this Review. [c] � means e or μ decay mode, not the sum over them. [d] Assumes lepton universality and W -decay acceptance. [e] This limit is for �(t → γ q)/ �(t → Wb). [f] This limit is for �(t → Zq)/ �(t → Wb).

MESON SUMMARY TABLE

Mass m = 547.51 ± 0.18 MeV [ f ] (S = 5.8) Full width � = 1.30 ± 0.07 keV [g]

LIGHT UNFLAVORED MESONS (S = C = B = 0) √ For I = 1(π, b, ρ, a) : ud, (uu − dd)/ 2, du; for I = 0(η, η� , h, h� , ω, φ, f, f � ):c1 (uu + dd) + c2 (ss) π±

C-nonconserving decay parameters π + π − π 0 Left–right asymmetry = (0.09 ± 0.17) × 10−2 π + π − π 0 Sextant asymmetry = (0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−2 π + π − π 0 Quadrant asymmetry = (−0.17 ± 0.17) × 10−2 π +π −γ Left–right asymmetry = (0.9 ± 0.4) × 10−2 + − π π γ β (D-wave) = −0.02 ± 0.07 (S = 1.3)

I G( J P ) = 1− (0− )

Dalitz plot parameter π 0 π 0 π 0 α = −0.031 ± 0.004

Mass m = 139.57018 ± 0.00035 MeV (S = 1.2) Mean life τ = (2.6033 ± 0.0005) × 10−8 s (S = 1.2) cτ = 7.8045 m π ± → �± νγ form factors [a] FV = 0.017 ± 0.008 F A = 0.0115 ± 0.0005 (S = 1.2) R = 0.059+0.009 −0.008 π − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. For decay limits to particles which are not established, see the appropriate Search sections (Massive Neutrino Peak Search Test, A0 (axion), and Other Light Boson (X 0 ) Searches, etc.). π + DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

ρ Confidence level (MeV/c)

μ+ νμ μ + νμ γ e+ ve e + νe γ e+ νe π 0 e+ νe e+ e− e+ νe νν

[b] (99.98770 ± 0.00004) [c] (2.00 ± 0.25) [b] (1.230 ± 0.004) [c] (1.61 ± 0.23) (1.036 ± 0.006) (3.2 ± 0.5) 0.1 ms

β- /7.31 β- /5.96 I.T.

62

64 65

Co Co 67 Co 68 Co 69 Co 70 Co

65.9398 66.9409 67.9449 68.9463 69.951

1.2 μs 0.25 s 0.43 s 0.19 s 0.20 s 0.12 s

I.T. β- /10.0 β- /8.4 β- /11.7 β- /9.3 β- 13.

Co

70.953

97. ms

Co

71.958

60. ms

ββ-,n ββ-,n

Co

72.960

41. ms

Co

73.965

30. ms

Co

74.968

> 0.3 μs

28

Ni

58.6934(2)

Ni Ni 50 Ni 51 Ni

48.020 49.0097 49.9959 50.9877

66m1 66

71

72

73

74

75

48 49

487_S11.indb 67

7/22+

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +4.822 ann.rad./ 0.9312/75. 0.4772/20. (0.092–3.11) 3.85 +0.25 ann.rad./ 0.8468/99.9 1.2383/68. (0.26–3.61) +4.72 +0.5 0.12206/86 (0.014–0.706) 0.02489/0.035 +4.04 +0.22 ann.rad./ 0.81076/99 +4.63 +0.41 +4.40 +0.3 0.0586/2.0

~ 2.1 ms 12. ms 12. ms > 0.2 μs

ββ-,n ββ-,n

7.0/

7/2-

1+ (7/2)(8-)

(5+)

+0.44

1.1732/100 1.3325/100 0.0674/86. 0.842–0.909 1.1635(3)/70. 1.1730(3)/98. 2.0039(3)/19. 1.1292(3)/13. 1.1730(3)/83. 1.9851(1)/3. 2.3020(1)/19. 0.08713(1)/49. 0.9817(3)/2.6 0.156–2.17

0.252/IT 0.214 0.175 0.175/IT (1.245–1.425) 0.694

1.26/102 0.97/100 (0.45 – 0.92) 0.566/100 (0.25 – 0.77) 1.096/100 0.845 (0.455 – 1.197) 0.524/100 (0.24 – 0.76) 0.739 1.024

// > 3 // > 6

// > 9 // > 26

2p

p// ~ 25

0+

β+, p β+ /16.0

p//70.

0+

4/17/06 10:58:25 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-68 Elem. or Isot.

51.9757 52.9685 53.95791 54.95133 55.94213

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 38. ms 0.05 s 0.10 s 0.20 s 6.08 d

56.939794

35.6 h

β+ /3.264 EC/

57.935343 58.934347 59.930786 60.931056 61.928345 62.929669 63.927966 64.930084

>4 × 1019 y ~ 7.6 × 104 y

EC-EC EC/

Ni Ni Ni

Ni Ni 54 Ni 55 Ni 56 Ni 52

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

53

Ni

57

Ni Ni 60 Ni 61 Ni 62 Ni 63 Ni 64 Ni 65 Ni 58 59

66

67m

67

68.0769(89) 26.2231(77) 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17) 0.9256(9)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Ni Ni

65.929139

54.6 h 13.3 μs

β- /0.23 I.T.

0.65/30. 1.020/11. 2.140/58.

66.931569

21. s

β- /3.56

0.34 μs 0.86 ms

I.T.

(5-)

29. s 0.44 μs

β- /2.06 I.T.

0+ (17/2)

3.5 s 11. s

β- /5.4

0.21 μs

I.T.

(8+)

6.0 s 2.56 s 1.6 s 0.84 s 0.9 s 0.34 s 0.24 s 0.13 s ~ 0.11 s

β- /3.5 β- /6.9 β- /5.2 β- /9. β- /7.

0+

67.931869

68.935610

Ni

Ni Ni 72 Ni 73 Ni 74 Ni 75 Ni 76 Ni 77 Ni 78 Ni 71

Cu

69.9365 70.9407 71.9421 72.9465 73.9481 74.9529 75.955 76.961 77.963

Cu Cu 54 Cu 55 Cu 56 Cu

51.9972 52.9856 53.9767 54.9661 55.9586

< 0.3 μs < 0.075 μs > 0.2 μs 93. ms

β+ /13.2 β+ /15.3

Cu

56.94921

196. ms

β+ /8.77

57

487_S11.indb 68

0.69

0+ 9/2+ ½-

ann.rad./ 0.937 ann.rad./ 0.15838/99 0.81185(3)/87. 0.2695–0.7500 ann.rad./ 1.3776/78. (0.127–3.177)

-0.798

-0.75002

+0.601

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

+0.16

0.36627(3)/5. 1.11553(4)/16. 1.48184(5)/23. 0.313/IT 0.694 1.0722/100. 1.6539/100. (0.10–1.98) 0.511 0.814/IT 2.033 0.148/IT 0.593 1.959 0.6807(3)/100. (0.207–1.213) 0.183/IT 0.448 0.970 1.259

0+ 0+

0+

63.546(3)

53

3.8/

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

29 52

0+ 3/20+ 3/20+ ½0+ 5/2-

β- /2.137

70m

70

3/2-

2.517 h

69m1 69

0.712/10. 0.849/76.

0+ 7/20+ 7/20+

0.065/

Ni Ni

Ni Ni

7.66/

Spin (h/2 π)

β- /0.066945

68m1

69m2

β+ /11.7 β+, p/13.3 β+ /8.80 β+ /8.70 EC/2.14 β+ / 0.3 μs

β- /9.9 β- /7.9

30

Zn

69.409(4)

Zn Zn 56 Zn 57 Zn 58 Zn 59 Zn

53.9930 54.9840 55.9724 56.9648 57.95459 58.94926

~ 3.2 ms > 1.6 μs 0.04 s 0.04 s 0.09 s 183. ms

2p

Zn

59.94183

2.40 m

β+ /97/4.16 EC/3/

Zn

60.93951

1.485 m

β+ /5.64

4.38/68.

3/2-

Zn

61.93433

9.22 h

β+ /3/1.63 EC/93/

0.66/7.

0+

Zn

62.933212

38.5 m

β+ /93/3.367 EC/7/

3/2-

-0.28164

+0.29

> 4.3 × 1018 y 244.0 d

EC-β+ β+ /98/1.3514 EC/1.5/

1.02/ 1.40/ 1.71/ 2.36/84.

0+ 5/2-

+0.7690

-0.023

+0.8755

+0.15

72 73

74 75

75.94528 76.9479 77.9520 78.9546 79.961

54 55

60

61

62

63

β+, p/14.6 β+ β+, p/9.09

48.268(321)

63.929142 64.929241

Zn Zn 68 Zn 69m Zn 69 Zn 70 Zn 71m Zn

27.975(77) 4.102(21) 19.024(123)

65.926033 66.927127 67.924844

0.631(9)

68.926550 69.925319

13.76 h 56. m > 1.3 × 1016 y 3.97 h

I.T./99+/0.439 β- /0.906 β-ββ- /

Zn

70.92772

2.4 m

β- /2.81

Zn

71.92686

46.5 h

β- /0.46

Zn Zn

72.92978

6. s 24. s

Zn

73.92946

1.60 m

65

66 67

71

72

73m 73

74

487_S11.indb 70

(1+)

β- /11. β- / ~ 10. β- /12. β- /11.

Zn Zn

64

5.8/43 6.25/42

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.082 0.138 0.652/ 0.450/100 0.307–1.559

p//87

0+

8.1/

0+ (7/2-) 0+ 3/2-

ann.rad./

0+

0.325/

0.905/99.9 1.45/

0+ 5/20+ 9/2+ ½0+ 9/2+

½-

0.25/14. 0.30/86.

0+

β- /4.29

I.T./0.196 4.7/

(7/2+) (1/2-)

β- /2.3

2.1/

0+

ann.rad./ (0.491–0.914) ann.rad./ 0.669/47. (0.062–0.947) ann.rad./ 0.4748/17. (0.15–3.52) ann.rad./ 0.0408/25 0.5967/26. (0.20–1.526)/ ann.rad./ 0.66962(5)/8.4 0.96206(5)/6.6 (0.24–3.1) ann.rad./ 1.1155/49.8

0.4390(2)/95. 0.318/ 0.3864/93. 0.4874/62. 0.6203/57. (0.099–2.489) 0.5116(1)/30. 0.9103(1)/7.5 (0.12–2.29) 0.0164(3)/8. 0.1447(1)/83. 0.1915(2)/9.4 0.042 0.216(1)/100. 0.496–0.911 0.0565/

4/17/06 10:58:30 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.


11-71 Atomic Mass or Weight

Zn Zn 77m Zn 77 Zn 78m Zn 78 Zn 79 Zn 80 Zn

74.9329 75.9333

Zn Zn 83 Zn

75 76

82

Ga

β- /6.0 β- /4.2 β- / β- /7.3

77.9384 78.9427 79.9443 80.9505 81.9544 82.9610

0.29 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /11.9

31

69.723(1)

Ga Ga 58 Ga 59 Ga 60 Ga

55.9949 56.9829 57.9743 58.9634 59.9571

< 0.043 μs 0.07 s

Ga Ga

60.9495 61.94418

0.17 s 116.0 ms

Ga

62.939294

32. s

Ga Ga

63.936839

0.022 ms 2.63 m

Ga

64.932735

Ga

56 57

61 62

63

64m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

3.6/ 4.8/

β- /6.4 β- /8.6 β- /7.3

β+ β+, p β+, α β+ /9.0 β+ /9.17 EC/ β+ /5.5 EC/

Spin (h/2 π)

0+ 0+

// ~ 1.6 // ~ 0.02 8.3/

3/20+

4.5/

0+

15.2 m

β+ /86/3.255 EC/

0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15.

3/2-

65.931589

9.5 h

β+ /56/5.175 EC/43/

0.74/1. 1.84/54. 4.153/51.

0+

Ga

66.928202

3.261 d

EC/1.001

Ga

67.927980

1.130 h

β+ /90/2.921 EC/10/

68.925574 69.926022

21.1 m

70.924701 71.926366

> 2.4 × 1026 y 14.10 h

EC/0.2/0.655 β- /99.8/1.656 ββ- /4.001

66

67

68

Ga Ga

60.108(9)

Ga Ga

39.892(9)

69 70

71 72

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1401/ (0.05–0.35) 0.229/ 0.119/ 0.772 0.189/ 1.070 0.225/ 0.702/ 0.713/ 0.2248/

0+

2.79/ 6.05/

65


0+ (1/2-)

β+ /7.165

64

487_S11.indb 71

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

10.2 s 5.7 s 1.0 s 2.1 s > 0.03 ms 1.5 s 1.0 s 0.54 s

76.9370

81

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

1.83/

1.65/99. 0.64/40. 1.51/9. 2.52/8.

3/2-

+1.8507

0.20

1+

0.01175

0.028

3/21+

+2.01659

+0.17

3/23-

+2.56227 -0.13224

+0.11 +0.5

1.004 3.848 1.555–2.559 0.088–1.362 ann.rad./ 0.954/0.0012 ann.rad./ 0.6271(2)/10. 0.6370(2)/11. 1.0652(4)/45. 0.0429 ann.rad./ 0.80785(1)/14. 0.99152(1)/43. 1.38727(1)/12. 3.3659(1)/13. ann.rad./ 0.1151(2)/55. 0.1530(2)/96. 0.2069(2)/39. (0.06–2.4) ann.rad./ 1.03935(8)/38. 2.7523(1)/23. (0.28–5.01) 0.09332/37. 0.18459/20. 0.30024/17. (0.091–0.89) ann.rad./ 1.0774(1)/3. (0.57–2.33)/ 0.1755(5)/0.15 1.042(5)/0.48 0.8340/95.53 2.202/26.9 0.630/26.2

4/17/06 10:58:32 AM







Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 3.15/11.

Spin (h/2 π)

Ga

72.925175

74.87 h

β- /1.59

Ga Ga

73.926946

10. s 8.1 m

I.T./ β- /5.4

2.6/

1+ 3-

Ga

74.926500

2.10 m

β- /3.39

3.3/

3/2-

Ga

75.928828

29. s

β- /7.0

Ga

76.929154

13.0 s

β- /5.3

78

Ga

77.931608

5.09 s

β- /8.2

Ga Ga 81 Ga 82 Ga 83 Ga 84 Ga 85 Ga 86 Ga

78.9329 79.9365 80.9378 81.9430 82.9470 83.9527 84.9570 85.963

2.85 s 1.68 s 1.22 s 0.599 s 0.308 s ~ 0.085 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /7.0 β- /10.4 β- /8.3 β- /12.6 β- /~ 11.5 β- /14

73

74m 74

75

76

77

79 80

32

Ge

72.64(1)

Ge Ge 60 Ge 61 Ge 62 Ge 63 Ge 64 Ge

57.9910 58.9818 59.9702 60.9638 61.9547 62.9496 63.94165

> 0.11 μs 0.04 s 0.13 s 0.15 s 1.06 m

Ge

64.9394

31. s

Ge

65.93384

2.26 h

Ge

66.932734

19.0 m

β+ /96/4.225 EC/4/

Ge Ge

67.92809 68.927965

270.8 d 1.63 d

EC/0.11 β+ /36/2.2273 EC/64/

58 59

65

66

67

68 69

Ge Ge 71 Ge 72 Ge 70

71m

487_S11.indb 72

20.38(18)

69.924247

27.31(26)

70.924951 71.922076


3/2-

3-

5.2/ 3+ 4.6/ 10./ 5.1/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.113–3.678) 0.05344(5)/10. 0.29732(5)/47. (0.01–1.00)/ 0.0565(1)/75. 0.5959/92. 2.354/45. (0.23–3.99) 0.2529/ 0.5746/ (0.12–2.10) 0.5629/66. 0.5455/26. (0.34–4.25) 0.469/ 0.459/ 0.619/77. 1.187/20. 0.465/ 0.659/ 0.217/ 1.348/

0+

20.4 ms 11.2 d

0+

β+ /13.6 β- /9.8 β+ /4.4 EC/ β+, p β+ /6.2 EC/ EC, p β+, p β+ /27/2.10 EC/73/

EC/0.229

0+ 3.0/

0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15. //0.011

1.6/ 2.3/ 3.15/ 0.70/ 1.2/

I.T./0.0234

0+

0+

½-

0+ 5/2-

0+ 9/2+ ½0+

0.735

+0.547

0.02

ann.rad./ 0.1282(2)/11. 0.4270(3)/37. 0.6671(3)/17. ann.rad./ 0.0620/27. 0.6497/33. 0.8091/21. (0.19–3.28) ann.rad./ 0.0438/29. 0.3819/28. (0.022–1.77) ann.rad./ 0.1670/84. (0.25–3.73) Ga k x-ray/39. ann.rad./ 0.574/13. 1.1068/36. (0.2–2.04) 0.1749

4/17/06 10:58:33 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Ge Ge 75m Ge 75 Ge 73 74

Ge Ge

76

77m

Natural Abundance (Atom %) 7.76(8) 36.72(15)


72.923459 73.921178 74.922859

7.83(7)

75.921403

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) > 1.8 × 1023 y β48. s 1.380 h

I.T./ β- /1.177

1.6 × 1021 y 53. s

β-βI.T./20/ β- /80/2.861


1.19/

2.9/

Spin (h/2 π) 9/2+ 0+ 7/2+ ½-

76.923549

11.25 h

β- /2.702

0.71/23. 1.38/35. 2.19/42.

7/2+

Ge

77.922853

1.45 h

β- /0.95

0.70/

0+

Ge Ge

78.9254

39. s 19.1 s

β- /IT β- /4.2

Ge

79.92537

29.5 s

β- /2.67

2.4/

0+

~ 7.6 s

β- /

3.75/

½+

78

79m 79

80

Ge

81m

4.0/20. 4.3/80.

Ge

80.9288

~ 7.6 s

β- /6.2

3.44/

9/2+

Ge Ge 84 Ge 85 Ge 86 Ge 87 Ge 88 Ge 89 Ge

81.9296 82.9346 83.9375 84.9430 85.9465 86.9525 87.957 88.964

4.6 s 1.9 s 0.98 s 0.54 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /4.7 β- /8.9 β- /7.7 β- /10.

1.093/80

0+

82 83

As

33

1.605/0.22 1.676/0.16 0.195–1.482 0.2110/29. 0.2155/27. 0.2644/51. (0.15–2.35) 0.2773(5)/96. 0.2939(5)/4.

7/2+ ½-

81

0.1096/21. (0.10–2.59) 0.5427(4)/15. 0.1104(4)/6. 0.2656(4)/25. 0.3362(4)/ 0.7935(4)/ 0.1976(4)/21. 0.3362(4)/100. 1.093/

0+ 0+ 0+

74.92160(2)

As As 62 As 63 As 64 As 65 As 66m2 As 66m1 As 66 As 67 As

59.993 60.981 61.9732 62.9637 63.9576 64.9496

65.945 66.9392

< 0.043 μs 0.02 s 0.13 s 8. μs 1.1 μs 95.8 ms 42. s

As

67.93677

2.53 m

β+ /8.1

As

68.93227

15.2 m

β+ /98/4.01 EC/2/

2.95/

5/2-

+ 1.623

As

69.93092

52.6 m

1.44/

4+

+2.1061

+0.09

As

70.927112

2.72 d

β+ /84/6.22 EC/16/2.14 /2.89 β+ /32/2.013

5/2-

+1.6735

-0.02

60 61

68

69

70

71

487_S11.indb 73


0.13968(3)/39. 0.26461(5)/11. 0.41931(5)/0.2

+0.510

0+ ½-

Ge

77

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) -0.879467 -0.17

β+ /9.4

β+ /9.55 β+ /6.0 EC/

5.0/

5/2-

3+

0.121/ 0.123/ 0.244/ ann.rad./ 0.652/32. 0.762/33. 1.016/77. (0.61–3.55) ann.rad./ 0.0868(5)/1.5 0.1458(3)/2.4 ann.rad./ 1.0395(7)/82. (0.17–4.4)/ ann.rad./

4/17/06 10:58:35 AM






Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/68/

As

71.926752

26.0 h

β+ /77/4.356

As

72.923825

80.3 d

EC/0.341

As

73.923829

17.78 d

72

73

74

As As 76 As 75m 75

100.

74.921597 75.922394

β+ /31/2.562 EC/37/ β- /1.353

0.94/26. 1.53/3. 0.71/16. 1.35/16.

2-

-1.597

26.3 h

β- /2.962

0.54/3. 1.785/8. 2.410/36. 2.97/51. 0.70/98.

3/22-

+1.43947 -0.903

3/2-

+1.295

0.017 s

38.8 h

β- /0.683

As

77.92183

1.512 h

β- /4.21

1.21 μs

I.T.

As

79m

3.00/12. 3.70/17. 4.42/37.

-2.1566

-0.08

3/2-

2-

9/2+

+0.31

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1749(2)/84. 1.0957(2)/4.2 ann.rad./ 0.83395(5)/80. 1.0507(1)/9.6 (0.1–4.0) 0.0133/0.1 0.0534/10.5 Se k x-ray/90. ann.rad./ 0.59588(1)/60. 0.6084(1)/0.6 0.6348(1)/15.

0.5591(1)/45. 0.65703(5)/6.2 1.21602(1)/3.4 (0.3–2.67) 0.2391(2)/1.6 0.2500(3)/0.4 0.5208/0.43 0.6136(3)/54. 0.6954(3)/18. 1.3088(3)/10. 0.542/IT 0.231 0.0955(5)/16. 0.3645(5)/1.9 0.6662(2)/42. (2.5–3.0) 0.4676(2)/20. 0.4911(2)/8. 0.6544(1)/77. 0.344/65. (0.561 – 1.894)

As

78.92095

9.0 m

β- /2.28

1.80/95.

3/2-

As

79.92253

16. s

β- /5.64

3.38/

1+

As

80.92213

33. s

β- /3.856

13.7 s

β- /

3.6/

5-

7.2/80.

(2-)

0.6544(1)/54. (0.755 – 3.667) 0.7345/100. 1.1131/34. 2.0767/28. 0.6671(2)/21. 1.4439(5)/49. (0.325–5.150) 0.667(1)/42. 1.4551(2)/100. 0.704/ 0.704/

79

80

81

As

82m

3/2-

As

81.9245

19. s

β- /7.4

As

82.9250

13.4 s

β- /5.5

As As

83.9291

0.6 s 4. s

ββ-, n/7.2

1-

85

As

84.9320

2.03 s

β-, n/8.9

3/2-

As As 88 As 89 As 90 As 91 As 92 As

85.9365 86.9399 87.9449 88.9494 89.956 90.960 91.967

0.95 s 0.49 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β-, n/11.4 β-, n/10.

82

83

84m 84

86 87

Se

78.96(3)

Se Se

64.965

34 64 65

487_S11.indb 74


2-

76.920647

78

Spin (h/2 π)

0.669/5. 1.884/12. 2.498/62. 3.339/19.

As

77


> 0.18 μs 0.011 s

β+ /60/14.

0+

4/17/06 10:58:36 AM





Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β+, p

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 3.55/

Spin (h/2 π)

Se 67 Se

65.9552 66.9501

0.03 s 0.13 s

Se

67.94180

36. s

Se

68.93956

27.4 s

Se

69.9334

41.1 m

Se

70.93224

4.7 m

β+ /4.4 EC/

Se Se

71.92711

8.5 d 40. m

EC/0.34 I.T./73/0.0257 β+ /27/2.77

Se

72.92677

7.1 h

β+ /65/2.74 EC/35/

119.78 d

EC/0.864

17.4 s

I.T./

3.92 m 2.9 × 105 y

I.T./ β- /0.151

57.3 m

I.T./99/0.1031

80.917993

18.5 m

β- /1.585

81.916699

~ 1 × 1020 y 1.17 m

β-ββ- /3.96

Se

82.919118

22.3 m

β- /3.668

0.93/ 1.51/

9/2+

Se Se

83.91846 84.92225

3.3 m 32. s

β- /1.83 β- /6.18

1.41/100. 5.9/

0+ 5/2+

Se

85.92427

15. s

β- /5.10

0+

Se

86.92852

5.4 s

5/2+

Se

87.93142

1.5 s

β- /7.28 n/ β-, n/6.85

66

68

69

70

71

72

73m

73

Se Se

0.89(4)

73.922476 74.922523

Se Se 77 Se 78 Se 79m Se 79 Se 80 Se 81m Se

9.37(29)

75.919214

7.63(16) 23.77(28)

76.919914 77.917309

49.61(41)

78.918499 79.916521

74 75

76

77m

Se

81

Se Se

82

83m

83

84 85

86

87

88

487_S11.indb 75

8.73(22)

β+ /10.2 β+, (p)/ β+ /4.7 β+ /6.78 EC/ β+, p β+ /2.4


0+

ann.rad./ 0.352 ann.rad./ (0.050–0.426) ann.rad./ 0.0664(4)/27. 0.0982(4)/63. ann.rad 0.04951(5)/35. 0.4262(2)/29. ann.rad 0.1472(3)/47. 0.8309(3)/13. 1.0960(3)/10. 0.0460(2)/57. ann.rad. 0.0257(2)/27. 0.2538(1)/2.5 ann.rad 0.0670(1)/72. 0.3609(1)/97. (0.6–1.5)

0+ 5.006/ // ~ 0.045

3.4/36.

0.85 1.45/ 1.70/ 0.80/ 1.32/95. 1.68/1.

0+

5/2-

0+ 3/2-

9/2+

0.86

0+ 5/2+

0.67

0+ 7/2+ ½0+ 7/2+ 0+ 7/2+

1.6/98.

2.88/ 3.92/

½-

0+ ½-

0+

1.0

0.13600/55 0.26465/58 (0.024–0.821) 0.1619(2)/52.

+0.53506

-1.018


+0.8

0.09573(3)/9.5

0.1031(3)/9.7 0.2602(2)/0.06 0.2760/0.06 0.2759/0.85 0.2901/0.75 0.8283/0.32 0.35666(6)/17. 0.9879(1)/15. 1.0305(1)/21. 2.0514(2)/11. (0.19–3.1) 0.22516(6)/33. 0.35666(6)/69. 0.51004(8)/45. (0.21–2.42) 0.4088(5)/100. 0.3450(1)/22. 0.6094(1)/41. 2.0124(1)/24. 2.4433(8)/100. 2.6619(1)/49. 0.468(1)/100. 1.4979(1)/23. 0.5346/

4/17/06 10:58:38 AM


11-76 Elem. or Isot. Se Se 91 Se 92 Se 93 Se 94 Se 89


90

Br

Atomic Mass or Weight 88.9365 89.9400 90.9460 91.950 92.956 93.960


Spin (h/2 π)

Br Br 69 Br 70m Br 70 Br 71 Br 72 Br 73 Br

66.9648 67.9585 68.9501

67 68

69.9446 70.939 71.9366 72.93169

Br

74m

0+ 0+

< 1.5 μs < 0.024 μs 2.2 s ~ 0.08 s 21. s 1.31 m 3.4 m

β+ /10.0 β+ /6.9 β+ /8.7 β+ /4.7

/0.75

3.7/

3 3/2-

~ 0.55

46. m

β+ /

4.5/

4-

1.82

+0.75

β+ /9.6

9+

73.92989

25.4 m

β+ /6.91

Br

74.92578

1.62 h

β+ /76/3.03

3/2-

1.4 s

I.T./5.05

4+

75

Br

76m

Br

75.92454

16.0 h

β+ /57/4.96

Br Br

76.921379

4.3 m 2.376 d

I.T./0.1059 EC/99/1.365

Br

77.921146

6.45 m

β+ /92/3.574 EC/8/

4.86 s

I.T./0.207

4.42 h

I.T./0.04885

17.66 m

β- /92/2.004 EC/5.7/1.8706 β+ /2.6/

6.1 m

76

77m 77

78

Br Br 80m Br 79m

50.69(7)

Br

Br Br

78.918337

79.918529

80

81

49.31(7)

80.916291

Br

81.916804

1.471 d

I.T./98/0.046 β- /2 /3.139 β- /3.093

Br

82.915180

2.40 h

β- /0.972

82m

82

83


0+

Br

74

79


79.904(1)

35

487_S11.indb 76

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 0.41 s β-, n/9.0 > 0.3 μs 0.27 s β-, n/8. > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

1.9/ 3.68/

1-

0.54821

0.270

9/2+ 3/2-

0.973

+0.53

1+

0.13

9/2+ 3/25-

+2.106400 +1.3177

+0.331 +0.75

1+

0.5140

0.196

3/22-

+2.270562

+0.276

0.444/

5-

+1.6270

0.751

0.395/1 0.925/99

3/2-

1.2/ 2.5/

1.38 β-/7.6 1.99 β-/82 0.85 β+ /2.8

0.4547–1.3167 ann.rad 0.065–0.700 ann.rad 0.6348 0.7285 (0.2–4.38) ann.rad 0.6341 0.6348 (0.2–4.7) ann.rad 0.28650 (0.1–1.56) 0.104548 0.05711 ann.rad 0.55911 1.85368 (0.4–4.6) 0.1059 ann.rad. 0.23898 0.52069 (0.08–1.2) ann.rad. 0.61363 (0.7–3.0) 0.2072 Br k x-ray 0.03705/39.1 0.04885/0.3 ann.rad. 0.6169/6.7 (0.64–1.45) 0.046/0.24 (0.62–2.66) 0.5544/71 0.61905/43 0.77649/84 (0.013–1.96) 0.52964 (0.12–0.68)

4/17/06 10:58:39 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Br

84m



Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 6.0 m β- /4.97

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 2.2/100 (6-)


2.70/11 3.81/20 4.63/34 2.57

2.

Br

83.91648

31.8 m

β- /4.65

Br

84.91561

2.87 m

β- /2.87

Br

85.91880

55.5 s

β- /7.63

3.3 7.4

(2-)

Br

86.92071

55.6 s

β- /6.85 n/

6.1/

3/2-

Br Br

87.92407

5.1 μs 16.3 s

Br

88.92640

4.35 s

Br

89.9306

1.91 s

Br

90.9340

0.54 s

Br

91.93926

0.31 s

Br

92.9431

0.10 s

Br Br 96 Br 97 Br

93.9487 94.9529 95.959 96.963

0.07 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

84

85

86

87

88m 88

89

90

91

92

93

94 95

Kr

1-

β- /8.16 n/ β- /10.4 n/

3/2-

β- /90 /9.80 β- n/10 / β- /12.20 β- n/ β- /11 β- n β- n/

83.798(2)

Kr Kr 71 Kr 72 Kr

68.9652 69.9553 70.950 71.94209

0.03 s 0.06 s 100. ms 17.1 s

Kr

72.93929

28. s

Kr

73.933084

11.5 m

Kr

74.93095

4.3 m

β+ /4.90 EC/

Kr

75.925910

14.8 h

EC/1.31

70

73

74

75

76

487_S11.indb 77

3/2-

β- /8.96 n/

36 69

2-

β+, (p)

8.3/ 9.8/

β+, EC/10.1 β+ /5.0 EC/

β+ /6.7 EC/ β+, p/ β+ /3.1 EC/

0.7649 0.7753 0.8021 (0.1–6.99) 0.7753 1.0978 0.6555 0.7071 1.3626 0.263 0.803 0.740

2-

0.117 (0.237–3.606)

//11

4.07/

0+ 0+

5/2/0.25

3.2/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4240/100 0.8817/98 1.4637/101 0.8816/41 1.8976/13 (0.23–4.12) 0.80241/2.56 0.92463/1.6 (0.09–2.4) 1.56460/64 2.75106/21 (0.5–6.8) 1.41983 1.4762 (0.2–6.1)

0+

5/2+

0+

-0.531

+1.1

(0.198–0.207) ann.rad 0.3099/15.3 0.4150/12.8 (0.305 – 3.305) ann.rad. 0.1781/66 (0.06–0.86) ann.rad. 0.08970/31 0.2030/20 (0.010–1.06) ann.rad. 0.1325/68 0.1547/21 (0.02–1.7) Br k x-ray 0.270/21 0.3158/39 (0.03–1.07)

4/17/06 10:58:40 AM


11-78 Elem. or Isot. Kr

77


Atomic Mass or Weight 76.924670

Kr Kr 79 Kr

0.355(3)

Kr Kr 81 Kr

2.286(10)

Kr Kr

11.593(31)

81.913484

Kr Kr 85m Kr

11.500(19) 56.987(15)

82.914136 83.911507

17.279(41)

84.912527 85.9106107 86.9133549

Kr

78

79m

80

81m

82

83m

83 84

77.920365 78.920082

79.916379 80.916592

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.24 h β+ /80/3.06 EC/20/

> 2.3 × 1020 y 53. s 1.455 d

EC-EC I.T./0.1299 β+ /7 /1.626 EC/93 /

13.1 s 2.1 × 105 y

1.86 h

1.55/ 1.70/ 1.87/

Spin (h/2 π) 5/2+

-0.786 +0.536

I.T./0.1904 EC/0.2807

0+ ½7/2+

+0.586 -0.908

I.T./0.0416

0+ ½-

+0.591

9/2+ 0+ ½-

0.83/79

10.73 y 1.27 h

β- /3.887

87.91445

2.84 h

β- /2.91

1.33/8 3.49/43 3.89/30

Kr

88.9176

3.15 m

β- /4.99

3.8/ 4.6/ 4.9/

5/2+

Kr

89.91952

32.3 s

β- /4.39

2.6/77 2.8/6

0+

Kr

90.9235

8.6 s

β- /6.4

4.33/ 4.59/

5/2+

Kr

91.92616

1.84 s

Kr

92.9313

1.29 s

β- /5.99 n/ β- /8.6 n/

Kr

93.9344

0.21 s

β- /7.3 n

n//1.0

Kr Kr 97 Kr 98 Kr 99 Kr 100 Kr

94.9398 95.9431 96.9486 97.952 98.958 99.9611

0.10 s ~ 80 ms 0.06 s 0.05 s 0.04 s > 0.34 μs

β- /9.7 β- ,n β- ,n β- ,n β- ,n

n//2.9 n//3.7 n//7. n//7. n// ~ 11.

Kr Kr 87 Kr 86

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95 96

487_S11.indb 78

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -0.583 +0.9 ann.rad. 0.1297/80 0.1465/38 (0.02–2.3)

0+ 7/2+ ½-

β- /79 / I.T./21 /0.305 β- /0.687

85

4.48 h


0.15/0.4

9/2+ 0+ 5/2+

-0.970699

+0.63

+0.259

+ 0.633 1.005

+0.43

-1.023

-0.30

-0.330

+0.16

-0.583

+0.30

0+

0+ 7.1/

+0.40

½+

-0.413

0+

0+

- 0.410

Kr x-ray ann.rad. 0.2613/13 0.39756/19 0.6061/8 (0.04–1.3) 0.1904 Br k x-ray 0.2760 Kr k x-ray 0.00940 0.03216

0.30487 0.15118 0.51399 0.40258/49.6 2.5548/9.2 (0.13–3.31) 0.19632/26. 2.392/34.6 (0.03–2.8) 0.19746 0.2209/19.9 0.5858/16.4 1.4728/6.8 (0.2–4.7) 0.12182/32.9 0.5395/28.6 1.1187/36.2 (0.1–4.2) 0.10878/43.5 0.50658/19. (0.2–4.4) 0.1424/66. (0.14–3.7) 0.1820 0.2534/42. 0.32309/24.6 (0.057–4.03) 0.2196/67 0.6293/100. (0.098–0.985)

0+ 0+

4/17/06 10:58:42 AM



Rb





Spin (h/2 π)


37

85.4678(3)

Rb Rb 73 Rb 74 Rb

70.9653 71.9591 72.9506 73.944265

< 1.5 μs < 0.03 μs 64.8 ms

β+ /10.4

Rb

74.93857

19. s

β+ /7.02

2.31/

Rb

75.935072

39. s

β+ /8.50

4.7/

1-

-0.372623

+0.4

Rb

76.93041

3.8 m

β+ /5.34

3.86/

3/2-

+0.654468

+0.70

5.7 m

I.T./0.1034 β+ / EC/ β+ /7.22 EC/

4-

+2.549

+0.81

5/2+

+0.3358

-0.10

4.1/22 4.7/74 1.4

1+

-0.0836

+0.35

9/2+

+5.598

-0.74

1.05/

3/2-

+2.060

+0.40

71 72

75

76

77

Rb

78m

Rb

77.92814

17.7 m

Rb

78.92399

23. m

β+ /84/3.65 EC/16 /

Rb

79.92252

34. s

β+ /5.72

30.5 m

I.T./0.85 β+, EC/ β+ /27/2.24 EC/73

78

79

80

Rb

81m

Rb

80.91900

81

Rb

82m

0+

6.47 h

β+/26/ EC/74/

0.80/

5-

+1.5100

+1.0

3.3/

1+

+0.554508

+0.19

Rb

81.918209

1.258 m

β+/96/4.40 EC/4/

Rb

82.91511

86.2 d

EC/0.91

5/2-

+1.425

+0.20

20.3 m

I.T./0.216

6-

+0.2129

+0.6

32.9 d

β+/22/2.681 EC/75 / β-/3/0.894

0.780/11 1.658/11 0.893/

2-

-1.32412

-0.015

I.T./0.5560 β-/1.775 β-/0.283 β-/5.316

1.774/8.8 0.273/100 5.31

5/2623/22-

+1.353 +1.815 -1.6920 +2.7512 0.508

+0.23 +0.37 +0.19 +0.13

β-/4.50

3/2-

+2.304

+0.14

82

83

Rb

84m

Rb

83.914385

84

Rb Rb 86 Rb 87 Rb 88 Rb 85

86m

Rb

89

487_S11.indb 79

4.57 h

3.4

72.17(2)

84.91178974

27.83(2)

85.9111674 86.90918053 87.9113156

1.018 m 18.65 d 4.88 × 1010 y 17.7 m

88.91228

15.4 m

1.26/38 1.9/5 2.2/34 4.49/18


0.456/0.0025 (0.053 – 4.244) ann.rad 0.179 ann.rad 0.4240/92. (0.064–1.68) ann.rad 0.0665/59 (0.04–2.82) ann.rad 0.4553/81. (0.103–4.01) ann.rad 0.4553/63. (0.42–5.57) ann.rad. 0.68812/23. (0.017–3.02) ann.rad. 0.6167/25. ann.rad. (0.085–1.9) ann.rad./ 0.19030/64. (0.05–1.9) ann.rad./ 0.5544/63. 0.7765/85. (0.092–2.3) ann.rad./ 0.7665/13. (0.47–3.96) Kr x-ray 0.5205/46. (0.03–0.80) 0.2163/34. 0.2482/63. 0.4645/32. ann.rad./ 0.8817/68. (1.02–1.9) 0.556/98. 1.0768/8.8 0.8980/14.4 1.8360/22.8 (0.34–4.85) 1.032/58. 1.248/42. 2.1960/13 (0.12–4.09)

4/17/06 10:58:43 AM


11-80 Elem. or Isot. Rb

90m



Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 4.3 m β-/4.50

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 1.7/ 46.5/

Rb

89.91480

2.6 m

β-/6.59

6.6

1-

Rb

90.91654

58.0 s

β-/5.861

5.9

3/2-

Rb

91.91073

4.48 s

β-/8.11

8.1/94

1-

Rb

92.92204

5.85 s

β-/7.46 n/1

7.4/

5/2-

Rb

93.92641

2.71 s

β-/10.31 n/10

9.5/

3

Rb

94.92930

0.377 s

β-/9.30 n/8

8.6/

5/2-

β-/11.76 n/13/ β-/10.42 n/27/

10.8/

2+

10.0

3/2+

0.144/

90

91

92

93

94

95

Rb

1.7 μs

96m

Rb

95.93427

0.199 s

Rb

96.93735

0.169 s

98

Rb

97.94179

0.107 s

Rb 100 Rb

98.9454 99.9499

59. ms 53. ms

β-/12.34 n/13 β-/11.3 β- /13.5

Rb Rb

100.9532 101.9589

0.03 s 0.09 s

β- /11.8 β-

38

Sr

87.62(1)

Sr Sr 75 Sr 76 Sr 77 Sr

72.966 73.9563 74.9499 75.94177 76.93795

> 25 ms > 1.5 μs 88. ms 7.9 s 9.0 s

Sr Sr

77.93218 78.92971

2.7 m 2.1 m

β+ ,p β+ /6.1 β+ /6.9 β+, p β+ /3.76 β+ /5.32

Sr

79.92452

1.77 h

β+ /1.87

Sr

80.92321

22.3 m

β+ /87/3.93 EC/13/

Sr

81.91840

25.36 d

EC/0.18

96

97

99

101 102

73 74

78 79

80

81

82

487_S11.indb 80

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +1.616 +0.20 0.1069(IT) 0.8317/94 (0.20–5.00) 0.8317/28. (0.31–5.60) +2.182 +0.15 0.0936/34. (0.35–4.70) 0.8148/8. (0.1–6.1) +1.410 +0.18 0.2134/4.8 0.4326/12.5 0.9861/4.9 (0.16–5.41) +1.498 +0.16 0.8369/87. 1.5775/32. (0.12–6.35) +1.334 +0.21 0.352/65. 0.680/22. (0.20–2.27) 0.2999 0.4612 0.2400 0.093–0.369 +1.466 +0.25 0.815/76. (0.20–5.42) +1.841 +0.58 0.167/100. 0.585/79. 0.599/56. 1.258/52. (0.14–2.08) (0.07–3.68) 0.129 (0.058–4.483)

p//5. 5.6 //0.08 4.1

0+ 0+

0+ 3/2-

0.144/4.5 -0.35

+1.4

-0.474

+0.74

0+

2.43/ 2.68/

1/2-

0+

+0.544

0.147 (0.047–0.793) ann.rad./ 0.039/28. 0.105/22. (0.135–0.612) ann.rad./ 0.174/10. 0.589/39. (0.24–0.55) ann.rad./ 0.148/31. 0.1534/35 (0.06–1.7) Rb x-ray

4/17/06 10:58:45 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Sr Sr

83m


Sr Sr

85m

Sr Sr 87m Sr 87 Sr 88 Sr 89 Sr 90 Sr 91 Sr

0.56(1)

83.913425

9.86(1)

84.912933 85.909260

85 86


83

84

11-81

7.00(1) 82.58(1)

86.908877 87.905612 88.907451 89.907738 90.910203

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 5.0 s I.T./0.2591 1.350 d β+/24/2.28 EC/76/

1.127 h 64.85 d

I.T./87/0.2387 EC/13 EC/1.065

2.81 h

I.T./0.3884

50.52 d 29.1 y 9.5 h

β-/1.497 β-/0.546 β-/2.70

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.465/ 0.803/ 1.227/

Spin (h/2 π) ½7/2+

0+ ½-

1.492/100 0.546/100 0.61/7 1.09/33 1.36/29 2.66/26 0.55/96 1.5/3 2.2/10 2.6/25 3.2/65

9/2+ 0+ ½9/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+

Sr

91.911038

2.71 h

β-/1.91

Sr

92.91403

7.4 m

β-/4.08

Sr

93.91536

1.25 m

β-/3.511

Sr

94.91936

25.1 s

β-/6.08

Sr

95.92170

1.06 s

β-/5.37

4.2/

0+

Sr

96.92615

0.42 s

β-/7.47

5.3

(1/2+)

98

Sr

97.92845

0.65 s

β-/5.83

5.1

0+

Sr Sr 101 Sr 102 Sr 103 Sr 104 Sr 105 Sr

98.9332 99.9354 100.9405 101.9430 102.9490 103.952 104.959

0.27 s 0.201 s 0.115 s 68. ms > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β-/8.0 β-/7.1 β-/9.5 β-/8.8

92

93

94

95

96

97

99

100

487_S11.indb 81

2.1/ 3.3/

6.1/50

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.582 0.2591/87.5 -0.898 +0.79 ann.rad./ 0.3816/12. 0.3816 0.7627/30. (0.094–2.15) +0.601 -1.001

+0.30

+0.63 -1.093

+0.34

-1.149

-0.3

0.9092

-0.887

+0.044

-0.794

+0.26

0.5556/61. 0.7498/24. 1.0243/33. (0.12–2.4) 1.3831/90. (0.24–1.1) 0.5903/ 0.7104 0.87573 0.8883/ (0.17–3.97) 0.6219 0.7043 0.7241 0.8064 1.4283 0.6859 0.8269 2.7173 2.9332 0.1222 0.5305 0.8094 0.9318 0.2164 0.3071 0.6522 0.9538 1.2580 1.9050 0.0365 0.1190 0.4286 0.4447 0.5636

0+ 5/2+

0+

½+

0+

0.2318/84. (0.15–0.24) 0.51399/99.3

-0.5379

-0.500

-0.26

0.8

0.3884(IT)

0+ 0+

4/17/06 10:58:46 AM



39

Y



75.9585 76.9497

Y Y 80 Y

78.9374

81

82

77

77.9436

5.5 5.0/

Y

80.9291

1.21 m

β+/5.5

3.7/ 4.2/

Y

81.9268

9.5 s

β+/7.8

6.3/

1+

2.85 m

β+/95/4.6 EC/5 /

2.9

1/2-

7.1 m

β+/4.47 EC/

3.3

9/2+

4.6 s

β+/ EC/ β+/6.4 EC/

Y

82.92235

Y

84m

Y

83.9204

Y

85m

Y

84.91643

Y

86m

487_S11.indb 82

Y


(5+)

β+/10.5

β+/7.0

Y

86

> 0.2 μs ~ 57. ms 5.8 s 53 ms

79.9343

83m

85

Spin (h/2 π)

β+/7.1

80m

84


15. s 4.8 s 30. s

79

83



88.90585(2)

Y Y 78m Y 78 Y 76


85.91489

40. m

(4-)

1+ 1.64/47 2.24/25 2.64/21 3.15/7

5-

4.9 h

β+/70/ EC/30/

9/2+

2.6 h

β+/55/3.26 EC/45/

48. m

I.T./99/ β+/ EC/

8+

4.8

14.74 h

β+/5.24 EC/

4-

0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

40

Zr

91.224(2)

Zr Zr 80 Zr

77.9552 78.9492 79.940

> 0.2 μs 0.06 s ~ 4.5 s

Zr Zr 83m Zr 83 Zr

80.9372 81.9311 82.9287

5.3 s 32. s 7. s 44. s

β+ /7.2 β+ /4.0 β+ /7.0 β+ /5.9 EC

Zr

83.9233

26. m

β+ /2.7 EC/

0+

10.9 s

I.T./0.2922 β+, EC/

½-

99m 99

100m 100

78 79

81 82

84

Zr

85m

/2.5/

β-, n / β-, n/9.3 β-, n/8.6 β-, n/9.9 β-, n

n/1.8/ n/1.5/ n/4.0/ n/8.3/

1/2-

3+ 1+ (5/2+)

0+ β+ /8.0

0+ 6.1 3. 4.8

(3/2-) 0+ (7/2+) (1/2-)

7.9 m

β+ /4.7 EC/

Zr

85.91647

16.5 h

EC/1.47

0+

14.0 s

I.T./0.3362

½-

+ 0.64

β+ /3.67 EC/

9/2+

- 0.895

(8+) 0+ ½-

+ 0.80

Zr

87m

87

Zr

86.91482

1.73 h

Zr Zr 89m Zr

87.91023

1.4 μs 83.4 d 4.18 m

88m 88

EC/0.67 I.T./94/0.5877 β+ /1.5/ EC/4.7/

3.1

0.290 0.538

84.9215

86

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 1.2228 1.5907 2.9413 4.4501 0.1218/43.8 0.5362 0.7242 1.0130

Zr

85

487_S11.indb 84

β- /7.57 n


2.26

7/2+

+ 0.42

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0556 0.1050 0.2560 0.474 1.525 ann.rad./ 0.0449 0.1125 0.3729 0.667 ann.rad./ 0.2922(IT) 0.4165 ann.rad./ 0.2663 0.4163 0.4543 0.0280 0.243 0.612 0.1352(IT) 0.2010 ann.rad./ 0.3811 1.228 0.077 0.3929 ann.rad./ 0.5877(IT) 1.507

4/17/06 10:58:51 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Zr

89



Zr

90m

Zr Zr 92 Zr 93 Zr 94 Zr 95 Zr 90 91

Zr

96

Zr Zr 99 Zr 97 98

51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28)

2.80(9)

89.904704 90.905646 91.905041 92.906476 93.906315 94.908043

11-85 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 3.27 d β+ /23/2.832 EC/77/ 0.809 s I.T./

1.5 × 106 y >1017 y 64.02 d

β- /0.091 β-ββ- /1.125

96.910953 97.91274 98.91651

3 × 1019 y >1.7 × 1018 y 16.75 h 30.7 s 2.2 s

β-βββ- /2.658 β- /2.26 β- /4.56

95.908273

100

Zr

99.91776

7.1 s

β- /3.34

101

Zr

100.92114

2.1 s

β- /5.49

Zr Zr 104 Zr 105 Zr 106 Zr 107 Zr 108 Zr 109 Zr 110 Zr

101.92298 102.9266 103.9288 104.9331 105.9359 106.9408 107.944 108.9492 109.953

2.9 s 1.3 s 1.2 s ~ 1. s > 0.24 μs > 0.24 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /4.61 β- /7.0 β- /5.9 β- /8.5

102 103

41

Nb

92.90638(2)

Nb Nb 83 Nb 84 Nb

80.949 81.9431 82.9367 83.9336

81 82

Nb Nb 86m Nb 86 Nb 85m 85

84.9279 85.9250

Nb

87m

Nb

87

Nb

88m

487_S11.indb 85

86.92036

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 0.9/ 9/2+ 5-

0.366/55 0.400/44

1.91/ 2.2/100 3.9/ 3.5/

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -1.05 + 0.28 ann.rad./ 0.9092 6.3 0.1326 2.1862 2.3189(IT) -1.30362

-0.18 0.0304

1.13

+0.29

0+ ½0+ ½+

- 0.937

0.7434

- 0.930

0.4692/55.2 0.5459/48 0.028–1.321 0.4006 0.5043 0.1194 0.2057 0.2089

0+ 6.2/

3/2-

0+

0.7242 0.7567

- 0.27

+ 0.81

0+ 0+ 0+ 0+

0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

~ 6. ms ~ 3.7 s 3.2 s 19. s 14. s 8.0 m

β+ /5.58 EC/

9/2+

1.2 μs 5.7 h

15.5 m

β+ /94/4.43 EC/6/

14.77(31)

91.906811

> 3 × 1017 y 6.9 h

β+-EC I.T./99+ /2.425

0+ 21/2+

Mo Mo 95 Mo 96 Mo 97 Mo 98 Mo 99 Mo

9.23(10) 15.90(9) 16.68(1) 9.56(5) 24.19(26)

92.906813 93.905088 94.905842 95.904680 96.906022 97.905408 98.907712

3.5 × 103 y

EC/0.405

5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ ½+

93 94

2.7476 d

β- /1.357

2.5/ 2.8/ 4.0/ 3.44/94

0.45/14

0.2960–2.184

(0.752–1.004) ann.rad./ 0.0800 0.1399 0.1707 0.118(IT) 0.268 ann.rad./ 0.659 0.803 1.155 1.272 0.063 ann.rad./ 0.04274 0.12237 0.25734 ann.rad./ 0.6529 1.2081 1.5080 2.2407 ann.rad./ 1.6373 2.6321 3.0286 (0.1–4.2)

+0.5

0+

90.91175

Mo

Mo Mo

1.085/

I.T./50/0.653 β+, EC/50 /

91

93m

0+

1.08 m

91m

92

β+ /25/2.489 EC/75 /

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1105–0.810

(0.193–0.590)

½-

89.91394


5/2+

I.T./0.118

Mo Mo

Mo

7.2/ 5.3/ n/0.06 n/0.05 n/1.7 n/4.5 n/6.0 n/6.2 n/31 n/40

Spin (h/2 π)

0.19 s 2.2 m

90


0+ ½+ 0+

88.91948

90m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β- /4.57 β- / β- /7.21 β- /5.53 β-, n/ β-, n/8.1 β-, n/6.5 β-, n/9.3 β-, n/7.9 β, n/ β, n/ β, n/

β+ /6. β+/8.1 β+ /4.8 EC, β+/6.5 β+ /3.4 EC

Mo

89

487_S11.indb 87

11-87

½-

9/2-

+9.21

0.26306(IT) 0.68461 1.47711 0.0304

-0.9142

-0.02

-0.9335

+0.26

0.375

0.144048

4/17/06 10:58:56 AM



100 101

Mo Mo


9.67(20)




99.90748 100.91035

~1 × 1019 y 14.6 m

β-ββ- /2.82

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.84/2 1.21/84

2.23/ 0.7/

0+ 1/2+

102

Mo

101.91030

11.3 m

β- /1.01

103

Mo

102.9132

1.13 m

β- /3.8

3/2+

104

Mo

103.9138

1.00 m

β- /2.16

0+

105

Mo

104.9170

36. s

β- /4.95

3/2+

106

Mo

105.91814

8.4 s

β- /3.52

0+

Mo Mo 109 Mo 110 Mo

106.9217 107.9235 108.9278 109.9297

3.5 s 1.1 s 0.5 s 0.27 s

β- /6.2 β- /5.1 β- /7.2 β- /5.7

Mo Mo 113 Mo 114 Mo 115 Mo 116 Mo 117 Mo

110.9344 111.937 112.942 113.945 114.950

> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

Tc Tc 87 Tc 88 Tc 89m Tc 89 Tc 90m Tc

84.9488 85.9429 86.9365 87.9327

< 0.1 ms 0.05 s 2.4 s 5.8 s 13. s 13. s 49.2 s

Tc

89.9236

107 108

111 112

1.2/

Spin (h/2 π)

0+


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.18109 0.36644 0.73947 0.0063 0.19193 0.5909 (0.0809–2.405) 0.1493/89. 0.2116/100. 0.2243/32. 0.1028(2)/ 0.1440(2) 0.2511(2) 0.0686(1)/100. 0.4239(4)/21. 0.0642/ 0.0856/ 0.2495/ 0.1894(2)/22. 0.3644(2)/6. 0.3723(2)/12.

0+

(0.028–0.636)

0+

Tc k x-ray 0.142 (0.039–0.599)

0+ 0+ 0+

Tc

43 85 86

90

88.9272

Tc

91m

Tc Tc

91 92

487_S11.indb 88

90.9184 91.91526

β+ /11.9 β+ /8.6 β+ /10.1 β+ /7.5 β+

8.3 s

β+ /8.9

3.3 m

β+ EC

3.14 m 4.4 m

β+ /6.2 β+ /7.87 EC

5.3/

6+

7.0/15 7.9/95.

1+

5.2 4.1

9/2+ 8+

½+

ann.rad./ 0.9479/ 1.0542/ ann.rad./ 0.9479/ ann.rad./170. 0.8110(5)/5. 1.6052(1)/7.8 1.6339(1)/9.1 1.9023(1)/6. 2.4509(1)/13.5 ann.rad./200. ann.rad./200. 0.0850/ 0.1475 0.3293

4/17/06 10:58:58 AM




Tc

93m

Tc

93

92.910249

Tc

94m

Tc

94

93.909657

Tc

95m

Tc

95

94.90766

Tc

96m

Tc

96

95.90787

Tc

97m

Tc Tc

97 98

96.906365 97.907216

Tc

99m




I.T./13 EC/20

2.73 h

β+ /13/3.201 EC/87/

52. m

β+ /72/4.33 EC/28/

2+

4.88 h

β+ /11/4.256 EC/89/

7+

61. d

I.T./4/ β+ /0.3 EC/96

20.0 h

EC/100/1.691

9/2+

52. m

I.T./90/ β+, EC/2/

4+

4.3 d

EC/2.973

7+

91. d 4.2 × 106 y ~ 6.6 × 106 y

I.T./0.0965 EC EC/100/0.320 β- /1.80

6.01 h

I.T./100/0.142

0.81

0.5/ 0.7/

/3.9 0.40/100

β- /0.294 β- /3.202 EC /1.8(10)-3/

Tc

100.90732

14.2 m

β- /1.61

4.4 m

I.T./2/4.8 β- /98/

1.8/

5.3 s

β- /4.53

3.4/

Tc

102m

102

Tc

101.90922

9/2+

6.26

5.08

1/2-

5.89

+5.04

1/29/2+ 6+ 1/2-

2.13 × 105 y 15.8 s

101


½-

98.906255 99.907658

100

Spin (h/2 π)

43. m

Tc Tc

99

487_S11.indb 89

11-89

0.293/100 2.2/ 2.9/ 3.3 1.32/

9/2+ 1+

9/2+

1+

+5.6847

-0.129

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7731 1.5096 0.3924(IT) 0.9437 2.6445 ann.rad./ 1.3629 1.4771 1.5203 (0.1–3.0) ann.rad./ 0.8710 1.8686 ann.rad./ 0.4491 0.7026 0.8496 0.8710 ann.rad./ 0.0389(IT) 0.2041 0.5821 0.5821 0.8351 0.7657 1.0738 0.0342(IT) 0.7782 1.2002 Mo k x-ray 0.7782 0.8125 0.8498 1.12168 Tc k x-ray 0.0965 Mo k x-ray 0.65241 0.74535 Tc k x-ray 0.14049 0.14261 0.5396 0.5908 (0.3 79–2.30) 0.1272 0.1841 0.3068 0.5451 (0.073–0.969) 0.4184 0.4752 0.6281 0.6302 1.0464 1.1033 1.6163 2.2447 0.4686

4/17/06 10:58:59 AM







Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 4.2 2.2/ 2.0/ 5/2+ 2.2/

Tc

102.90918

54. s

β- /2.66

Tc Tc

103.91145

0.005 ms 18.2 m

β- /5.60

5.3/

(3+)

105

Tc

104.9117

7.6 m

β- /3.6

3.4/

5/2+

106

Tc

105.91436

36. s

β- /6.55

107

Tc

106.9151

21.2 s

β- /4.8

108

Tc

107.9185

5.1 s

β- /7.72

Tc Tc 111 Tc

108.9200 109.9238 110.9257

1.4 s 0.83 s 0.30 s

β- /6.3 β- /8.8 β- .n/7.0

p/0.08 p/0.04 n/0.85

Tc Tc

111.9292 112.9316

0.26 s 0.15 s

β, n β-, n/8.

n/2.6 /2.1

113.936 114.939 115.943 116.946 117.951

0.15 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β-, n

/1.3

103

104m 104

109 110

112 113

Tc Tc 116 Tc 117 Tc 118 Tc 114 115

Ru

2+

(3)

Ru Ru 89 Ru 90 Ru

86.949 87.9403 88.9361 89.9299

> 1.5 μs 1.2 s 1.4 s 12. s

β+ .p/8. β+ /5.9

0+

Ru

90.9263

7.9 s

β+, EC/7.4

9/2+

Ru

91.9201

3.7 m

β+ /53/4.5 EC/47/

0+

91

92

487_S11.indb 90

0.3483 0.3580 0.5305 0.5351 0.8844 0.8931 1.6768 (0.3–3.7) 0.1079 0.1432 0.3215 0.2703 0.5222 1.9694 2.2393 2.7893 0.1027 0.1063 0.1770 0.4587 0.2422 0.4656 0.7078 0.7326 1.5835

0.0985/100 0.0658–1.520

101.07(2)

88

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4751 1.1055 0.1361 0.1743 0.2104 0.3464 0.5629 (0.13–1.0)

0.2407 0.150/92.7 0.063–1.435

44 87


0+ ann.rad./ 0.155–1.551 ann.rad./ (0.205-1.998) ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.2138 0.2593

4/17/06 10:59:01 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Ru

93m



11-91 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 10.8 s I.T./21/ β+, EC/79/


Spin (h/2 π) 1/2-

Ru

92.9171

1.0 m

β+ /6.3 EC/

9/2+

Ru

93.91136

52. m

EC/100/1.59

0+

Ru

94.91041

1.64 h

EC/85/2.57 β+ /15/

> 3.1 × 1016 y 2.89 d

93

94

95

1.20/ 0.91/

5/2+

0.86

β+β+ EC/1.12

0+ 5/2+

-0.78

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 3/2+

0+ 3/2+

-0.3

Ru Ru

5.54(14)

95.90760 96.90756

Ru Ru 100 Ru 101 Ru 102 Ru 103 Ru

1.87(3) 12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2) 31.55(14)

97.90529 98.905939 99.904220 100.905582 101.904349 102.906324

39.27 d

β- /0.763

0.223

Ru Ru

18.62(27)

103.905433 104.907753

4.44 h

β- /1.917

1.11/22 1.134/13 1.187/49

Ru Ru

105.90733 106.9099

1.020 y 3.8 m

β- /0.0394 β- /2.9

0.0394/100 2.1/ 3.2/

0+

108

Ru

107.9102

4.5 m

β- /1.4

1.2/

0+

109

Ru

108.9132

34.5 s

β- /4.2

110

Ru

109.9141

15. s

β- /2.81

0+

111

Ru Ru

110.9177 111.9190

1.5 s 4.5 s

β- /5.5 β- /4.5

0+

96 97

98 99

104 105

106 107

112

487_S11.indb 91


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.7344 1.1112 1.3962 2.0931 ann.rad./ 0.6807 1.4349 (0.5–4.2)weak 0.3672 0.5247 0.8922 ann.rad./ 0.3364 0.6268 0.036–2.424 Tc k x-ray 0.2157 0.3245 0.4606

-0.6413

+0.079

-0.7188

+0.46

0.206

+0.62

0.05329 0.29498 0.4438 0.49708 0.55704 0.61033 (0.04–1.6) 0.12968 0.1491 0.2629 0.31664 0.46943 0.67634 0.72420 (0.1–1.8) 0.1939 0.3741 0.4625 0.8488 0.0923 0.1651 0.4339 0.4975 0.6189 0.1164 0.3584 0.1121 0.3737 0.4397 0.7967

4/17/06 10:59:02 AM



112.9225

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 0.6 s 0.80 s β- /7.

Ru

113.9243

0.57 s

β- /6.1

Ru Ru 117 Ru 118 Ru 119 Ru 120 Ru

114.9287 115.931 116.936 117.938 118.943 119.945

~ 0.74 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /8.

Ru Ru

113m 113

114

115 116

Rh

45



88.9488

Rh

93.9217

90m

94

89.9429 90.9366 91.9320 92.9257

Rh

95m

Rh

95

94.9159

Rh

96m

Rh

96

Rh

97m

487_S11.indb 92

Spin (h/2 π)

0+


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2632 0.048–2.418 0.127/24 (0.053–0.180)

0+ 0+ 0+

102.90550(2)

Rh Rh 90 Rh 91m Rh 91 Rh 92m Rh 92 Rh 93 Rh 94m Rh 89


95.91446

> 0.15 μs ~ 12. ms 1.0 s 1.5 s 1.5 s 0.5 s 4.7 s 12. s 25.8 s

β+ /11.1 β+ /8.1 β+ /

1.18 m

β+ /9.6

1.96 m

I.T./88/ β+, EC/12/

5.0 m

β+ /5.1

3.2

1.51 m

I.T./60/0.052 β+, EC/40/

4.70/

9.6 m

β+/6.45 EC/

3.3/

5+

46. m

I.T./5 / β+, EC/95/

2.6/

1/2-

IT

8+

6.4/

3+

½+

9/2+

2+

0.387 (0.438-0.973) 0.866 (0.163-0.991) (0.138–1.493) ann.rad./ 0.1264 0.3117 0.7562 1.0752 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.1461 0.3117 0.7562 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.5433(IT) 0.7837 ann.rad./ 0.2293 0.4103 0.6610 0.9416 1.3520 (0.2–3.8) ann.rad./ Tc,Ru x-rays 0.8326 1.0985 1.6921 (0.4–3.3) ann.rad./ 0.4299 0.6315 0.6853 0.7418 0.8326 (0.2–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.1886 0.4215 2.2452

4/17/06 10:59:03 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Rh

97



Rh

98m

Rh

97.91071

98

Rh

99m

Rh

98.90813

99

Rh

100m

100

Rh

99.90812

Rh

101m

101

Rh

100.90616

Rh

102m

11-93 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 31.0 m β+ /3.52

3.5 m

β+ /

8.7 m

β+ /90/5.06

3.4/

2+

4.7 h

β+ /8/ EC/92/

.74/

9/2+

16. d

β+/4/2.10 EC/97/

0.54/ 0.68/

1/2-

4.7 m

I.T./99/ β+ /0.4/

20.8 h

β+ /3.63 EC/

4.35 d

EC/92/ I.T./8/0.1573

9/2+

3.3 y

EC/0.54

1/2-

3.74 y

EC/2.323 IT/0.0419 β+

6+

> 1.2 × 106 y

102

Rh

Rh Rh 104m Rh

101.906843

103m 103

487_S11.indb 93

100.

102.905504

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 2.1/ 9/2+

207. d

EC/62 β- /19/ β+ /14/

56.12 m

IT

4.36 m

I.T./99+ / β-


5+

5.67

5+

2.62/ 2.07/

1-

+5.51

4.04

/ 0.15 μs


Spin (h/2 π)

46

106.42(1)

Pd Pd 93 Pd

90.949 91.9404 92.9359

> 1.5 μs 1.0 s 1.2 s

β+, p

0+ 9/2+

94

Pd

93.9288

9. s

EC, β+ /~ 6.6

0+

Pd Pd 96 Pd

94.92684 94.9247 95.9182

13.4 s

EC, β+ /10.2

21/2+

2.03 m

EC, β+ /3.5

1.15/

0+

Pd

96.9165

3.1 m

β+, EC/4.8

3.5/

5/2+

Pd

97.91272

17.7 m

β+ /1.87 EC/

Pd

98.91177

21.4 m

β+ /49/3.37 EC/51/

100

Pd

99.90851

3.7 d

EC/0.36

101

Pd

100.90829

8.4 h

β+ /5/1.980 EC/95/

102

Pd Pd

1.02(1)

101.905609 102.906087

16.99 d

EC/0.543

0+ 5/2+

Pd Pd 106 Pd 107m Pd

11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3)

103.904036 104.905085 105.903486

20.9 s

I.T./0.2149

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 11/2-

26.46(9)

106.905133 107.903893

6.5 × 106 y

β- /0.033

4.75 m

I.T./0.1889

13.5 h

β- /1.116

91 92

95m 95

97

98

99

103

104 105

Pd Pd 109m Pd 107 108

109

487_S11.indb 95

Pd

108.905950


0.240/81 0.382–0.864 0.5582 (0.0546–0.798)

0.1248 0.4995 ann.rad./ 0.2653 0.4752 0.7927 (0.2–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.0677 0.1125 0.6630 0.8379 ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.2636 0.6734 (0.2–2.85) 0.03271 0.0748 0.0840 ann.rad./ 0.0244 0.2963 0.5904

0+

2.18/

5/2+

0+

0.776/

0.03/

1.028

5/2+

5/2+ 0+ 11/25/2+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0346 0.1317 0.379 0.575 0.370–1.037

-0.66

Rh k x-ray 0.03975 0.3575 0.4971 -0.642

+0.66 Pd k x-ray 0.2149(IT)

Pd x-ray 0.1889(IT) 0.0880 (0.08–1.0)

4/17/06 10:59:08 AM


11-96 Elem. or Isot. 110

Pd Pd

111m

Natural Abundance (Atom %) 11.72(9)




5.5 h

I.T./73/0.172 β- /27/


0.35 0.77

Spin (h/2 π) 0+ 11/2-

Pd

110.90767

23.4 m

β- /2.19

2.2/95

5/2+

Pd Pd 113 Pd

111.90731

β- /0.29 β- / β- /3.34

0.28/

112.91015

21.04 h 1.48 m 1.64 m

0+ 5/2+

Pd

113.91036

2.48 m

β- /1.45

0+

Pd Pd

114.9137

50. s 25. s

β- /4.58

(9/2-) (3/2+)

Pd

115.9142

12.7 s

β- /2.61

0+

Pd Pd

116.9178

19. ms 4.4 s

β- /5.7

(9/2-) (3/2+)

118

Pd

117.9190

2.4 s

β- /4.1

0+

119

Pd

118.9231

0.9 s

β- /6.5

120

Pd

119.9247

0.5 s

β- /5.0

Pd Pd 123 Pd 124 Pd

120.9289 121.9306 122.935 123.9369

> 0.24 μs > 0.24 μs > 0.15 μs

111

112

113m

114

115m 115

116

117m 117

121 122

Ag

107.8682(2)

Ag Ag

92.950

Ag

93.9428

0.60 s

Ag Ag

94.9355

2.0 s 4.4 s

Ag

95.9307

7. s

47 93

94m

94

95

96m

96

Ag

97

487_S11.indb 96

96.9240

0.41 s

19. s

0+


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0704 0.1722 0.3912 (0.1–1.97) 0.0598 0.2454 0.5800 0.6504 1.3885 1.4590 0.018 0.0959 0.0958 0.4824 0.6436 0.7394 0.1266 0.2320 0.5582 0.5760 0.089 0.1255 0.2554 0.3428 0.1015 0.1147 0.1778 0.203 0.2473 0.077–0.403 0.1254 0.028–0.596 0.2566 0.070–0.326 0.1581 0.053–0.595

0+ 0+

β+ β+,p/27. β+ β+,p/20. β+, p/ β+ β+, p β+ /11.6 EC/ β+, p β+ /7.0 EC/

p/0.79/1.9 p/1.01/2.2

/8.

/18.

(0.096-1.092) (0.659-0.905)

8+ 2+

(0.089–2.940)

ann.rad./ 0.1248 0.4995 (0.1066–1.416) ann.rad./ 0.6862 1.2941 (0.352–3.294)

4/17/06 10:59:09 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Ag

98



Ag

99m

Ag

99

98.9176

Ag

100m

100

Ag

99.9161

Ag

101m

101

Ag

100.9128

Ag

102m

102

Ag

101.91169

Ag

103m

103

Ag

102.90897

Ag

104m

104

Ag

Ag

105m

487_S11.indb 97

103.90863

11-97 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 47.6 s β+ /8.4 EC/ β+, p

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) /36. /0.11

Spin (h/2 π) 5+


11. s

I.T./100/

½-

2.07 m

β+ /87 5.4 EC/13/

9/2+

2.3 m

β+ / EC/

2+

2.0 m

β+/7.1 EC/

3.1 s

I.T./0.23

11.1 m

β+ /69/4.2 EC/31/

2.7/

7.8 m

β+ /38/ EC/13/ I.T./49/

13.0 m

β+ /78/5.92 EC/22/

5.7 s

I.T./0.134

1.10 h

β+ /28/2.69 EC/72/

1.7 1.3

7/2+

+4.47

33. m

β+ /64/ EC/36/ I.T./0.07/

2.71/

2+

+3.7

69. m

β+ /16/4.28 EC/84/

0.99/

5+

3.92

7.2 m

I.T./98/0.0255

7/2+

+4.41

4.7/

5+

½-

9/2+

5.7

3.4

2+

+4.14

2.26/

5+

4.6

2.18/ 2.73/ 3.38/

1/2-

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.5711 0.6786 0.8631 (0.153–1.185) Ag k x-ray 0.1636(IT) 0.3426 ann.rad./ 0.2199 0.2645 0.8056 0.8323 (0.2–3.5) ann.rad./ 0.6657 1.6941 ann.rad./ 0.2807 0.4503 0.6657 0.7508 0.7732 Ag k x-ray 0.0981 0.176(IT) ann.rad./ 0.2610 0.2747 0.3269 0.4392 0.6673 1.1739 (0.2–3.1) ann.rad./ 0.5567 0.9777 1.8347 2.0545 2.1594 3.2386 ann.rad./ 0.5564 0.7193 0.163–2.242 Ag k x-ray 0.1344 ann.rad./ 0.1187 0.1482 ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.7657 (0.5–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.9259 0.9416 (0.18–2.27) Ag x-ray

4/17/06 10:59:10 AM



105


Ag


104.90653

Ag

106m

106

Ag

105.90667

Ag

Ag Ag

108m

108

51.839(8)

Ag

106.905097

107.905956

Ag

109m

109

Ag Ag

110m

110

Ag

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/2 /

41.3 d

EC/1.35

1/2-

0.1014

8.4 d

EC/

6+

3.71

24.0 m

β+ /59/2.965 EC/41 / I.T./0.093

1+

+2.85

7/2+

+4.40

1.0

1/26+

-0.11357 3.580

+1.3

1+

+2.6884

7/2+

+4.40

+1.0

1/26+

-0.13069 +3.60

+1.4

1+

+2.7271

0.2

44.2 s

107m

107


48.161(8)

108.904752

109.906107

Ag

111m


/1.96

418. y

EC/92/ I.T./8 /0.079

2.39 m

β- /97/1.65 EC/2/ β- /1/1.92

39.8 s

I.T./0.088

249.8 d

β- /99/ I.T./1 /0.1164

0.087 0.530

24.6 s

β- /2.892

2.22/5 2.89/95

1.08 m

IT/99/0.0598 β- /1/

1.02/1.7 1.65/96 0.88/0.3

Spin (h/2 π)


7/2+

111

Ag

110.905294

7.47 d

β- /1.037

1.035/

1/2-

-0.146

112

Ag

111.90701

3.13 h

β- /3.96

3.94/ 3.4

2-

0.0547

1.14 m

I.T./80 /0.043 β- /20 /

1.5

Ag

113m

7/2+

113

Ag

112.90657

5.3 h

β- /2.02

2.01/

1/2-

114

Ag

113.90880

4.6 s

β- /5.08

4.9/

1+

18.7 s

β- /

Ag

115m

487_S11.indb 98

7/2+

0.159

+1.1

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3063 0.3192 (0.1–1.0) 0.0640 0.2804 0.3445 0.4434 Pd k x-ray 0.4510 0.5118 0.7173 1.0458 ann.rad./ 0.5119 Ag x-ray 0.0931 Ag k x-ray Pd k x-ray 0.43392 0.61427 0.72290 ann.rad./ 0.43392 0.61885 0.63298 Ag k x-ray 0.0880 0.65774 0.76393 0.88467 0.93748 1.38427 (0.447–1.56) 0.65774 0.8154 1.1257 Ag k x-ray 0.0598 0.2454 0.2454 0.3421 0.6067 0.6174 1.3877 (0.4–2.9) 0.1422 0.2983 0.3161 0.3923 0.2588 0.2986 0.5582 0.5760 1.9946 0.1134 0.1315 0.2288 0.3887

4/17/06 10:59:12 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 115

Ag



Ag Ag

116m2 116m

116

Ag

115.91136

Ag

117m

117

Ag

116.91168

Ag

118m

11-99 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 20. m β- /3.10


20. s 9.8 s

β-,IT/7 β-/92 /

2.68 m

I.T./8 β- /6.16

IT/0.0479 3.2/ 2.9 IT/.0809 5.3

2-

5.3 s

β- /

3.2/

7/2+

1.22 m

β- /4.18

2.3

1/2-

2.8 s

β- /59/ I.T./41 /0.1277

118

Ag

117.9146

4.0 s

β- /7.1

119

Ag

118.9157

2.1 s

β- /5.35

0.40 s

β- /63. I.T./37.

Ag

120m

120

121

Ag

119.9188

1.23 s

β- /8.2 β-,n

Ag

120.9199

0.78 s

β- /6.4

1. s 0.44 s 0.31 s 0.22 s 0.17 s 0.11 s 0.11 s 58 ms 0.16 s ~ 46. ms ~ 35 ms

β- / β- /9.2 β- /7.4 β- /10.1 ββββ-

Ag Ag 123 Ag 124 Ag 125 Ag 126 Ag 127 Ag 128 Ag 129m Ag 129 Ag 130 Ag 122m 122

Cd

48

487_S11.indb 99

121.9235 122.9249 123.9286 124.9304 125.9345 126.9368 127.9412 128.9437 129.9505

Spin (h/2 π) 1/2-

5+

7/2+

n// 5.8 × 1017 y 6.52 h

Cd Cd

0.89(3)

107.90418 108.904982

Cd Cd

12.49(18)

109.903002

Cd Cd 113m Cd 113 Cd 114 Cd 115m Cd

12.80(12) 24.13(21)

110.904178 111.902758

12.22(12) 28.73(42)

112.904402 113.903359

95 96

99

100

107

108 109

110

111m

111 112

115

Cd

116

Cd Cd

117m

487_S11.indb 100

7.49(18)

β+, (p) β+ /5.4 (p) β+, EC/6.9 β+, EC/3.9



0+

/0.025

0+

0+ 4.5

5/2+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.090–1.043) In k x-ray 0.0985 1.7225 0.31–2.84) ann.rad./ 0.0974 0.4810 1.0366 1.3598 ann.rad./ Ag k x-ray 1.0799 1.4487 1.4618 (0.1–2.8) Ag k x-ray 0.0835 0.7093 Ag k x-ray 0.3469 0.6072 0.9618 1.3025 (0.25–2.4)

-0.81

-0.8

5/2+

-0.7393

+0.43

EC, EC EC/99+/1.417 β+ /

0+ 5/2+

-0.615055

+0.68

>4.1 × 1017 y 462.0 d

EC EC EC/0.214

0+ 5/2+

Ag k x-ray 0.0931 0.8289

-0.827846

+0.69

48.5 m

I.T./

0+ 11/2-

Ag k x-ray 0.08804

-0.594886

14.1 y 8.2 × 1015 y >6.0 × 1017 y 44.6 d

β- /99.9/0.59 ββ-ββ- /1.629

1/2+ 0+ 11/21/2+ 0+ 11/2-

114.905431

2.228 d

β- /1.446

1/2+

-0.648426

115.904756

3.8 × 1019 y 3.4 h

β-ββ- /2.66

1.69/

0.59/99.9

0.68/1.6 1.62/97 0.593/42 1.11/58

0.72/

0+ 11/2-

Cd k x-ray 0.1508(IT) 0.2454

-1.087 -0.622301

-0.71

0.2637

-1.042

-0.54

0.48450 0.93381 1.29064 0.23141 0.26085 0.33624 0.49227 0.52780 0.1586 0.5529 0.37–2.42

4/17/06 10:59:14 AM




Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 2.49 h β- /2.52

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 0.67/51 1/2+ 2.2/10

117

Cd

118

Cd Cd

117.90692

50.3 m 2.20 m

β- /0.52 β- /

119

Cd

118.9099

2.69 m

β- /3.8

~ 3.5/

1/2+

120

Cd Cd

119.90985

50.8 s 8. s

β- /1.76 β- /

1.5/

0+ 11/2-

Cd

120.9130

13.5 s

β- /4.9

(3/2+)

Cd Cd 123 Cd 124 Cd

121.91333

β- /3.0 β- / β- /6.12 β- /4.17

0+

122.91700 123.9177

5.3 s 1.9 s 2.09 s 1.24 s

124.9213 125.9224 126.9264 127.9278 128.9322 129.9339

0.66 s 0.68 s 0.52 s 0.4 s 0.28 s 0.24 s 0.162 s

β- / β- /7.16 β- /5.49 β- /8.5 β- /7.1 β- /5.9 β- / β-, n

/~ 3.5

β-, n/

/60

119m

121m

121

122

123m

Cd Cd 126 Cd 127 Cd 128 Cd 129 Cd 130 Cd

116.907219

11-101

125m 125

Cd Cd 133 Cd 131 132

In

49

In In 98 In 99 In 100 In 101 In 102 In 97

130.9407 131.9456

96.950

~ 0.03 s 1. s ~ 3.8 s 5.9 s 15. s 23. s

In In

102.91991

34. s 1.1 m

In In

103.9183

16. s 1.84 m

103m

104m 104

487_S11.indb 101

0+ 11/2-

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2209 0.2733 0.3445 1.3033 0.1056 0.7208 1.0250 2.0213 0.1340 0.2929 0.3429 0.1008 0.9878 1.0209 1.1815 2.0594 0.2102 0.3242 0.3492 1.0403

3+ 0+

0.0365 0.0628 0.1799

3/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+

0.2601 0.247 0.281

0+

0+

114.818(3)

97.9421 98.9342 99.9311 100.9263 101.9241

98m

103

68 ms 0.10 s 0.06 s


β+ /8.9 β+, (p)/10.5 β+ /7.3 EC/8.9

(0.297-1.365) (5)

0.1566 0.7767 (0.397–0.923) ann.rad./ 0.1879 (0.157–3.98)

β+, EC/6.05 EC

4.2 /45

9/2+

IT/0.0935 β+, EC/7.9

4.8

5+

+4.44

+0.7

ann.rad./ 0.6580 0.8341 0.8781

4/17/06 10:59:16 AM


11-102 Elem. or Isot. In

105m

105

In



104.91467

In

106m

106

In

105.91347

In

107m

107

In

106.91030

In

108m

108

In

107.90970

In

109m

109

In

108.90715

In

110m

110

In

109.90717

In

111m

111

In

110.905103

In

112m

112

In

In

113m

487_S11.indb 102

111.90553

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 43. s I.T.


Spin (h/2 π)

5.1 m

β+, EC/4.85

3.7

9/2+

5.3 m

β+ /85/ EC/15/

4.90

3+

6.2 m

β+ /65/6.52 EC/35/

2.6

7+

51. s

I.T./0.6786

32.4 m

β+ /35/3.43 E.C/65/

2.20/

57. m

β+ /53/ EC/47/

40. m

β+ /33/5.15 EC/67/

1.3 m

I.T./0.650

4.17 h

β+ /8/2.02 EC/92/

4.9 h

EC/

1.15 h

β+ /62/3.88 EC/38/

7.7 m

½-


+5.675

+0.83

+4.92

+0.97

9/2+

+5.59

+0.81

1.3

6+

+4.94

+0.47

3.49/

3+

+4.56

+1.01

9/2+

+5.54

+0.84

7+

+4.72

+1.00

2+

+4.37

+0.35

I.T./0.537

½-

+5.53

2.8049 d

EC/0.866

9/2+

+5.50

+0.80

20.8 m

I.T./0.155

4+

14.4 m

β+ /22/2.586 EC/34/ β- /0.663 I.T./0.3917

1+

+2.82

+0.09

½-

-0.210

1.658 h

½-

½0.79/

2.22/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) In k x-ray 0.6740 0.1310 0.2600 0.6038 ann.rad./ 0.6326 0.8611 1.7164 ann.rad./ 0.2259 0.6327 0.8611 0.9978 1.0091 In k x-ray 0.6785 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2050 0.3209 0.5055 (0.2–2.99) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6329 1.9863 3.4522 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2429 0.6331 0.8756 In k x-ray 0.6498 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2035 0.6235 Cd k x-ray 0.6577 0.8847 0.9375 (0.1–1.98) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6577 (0.6–3.6) In k x-ray 0.537 Cd k x-ray 0.1712 0.2453 In k x-ray 0.1555 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6171 In k x-ray 0.3917

4/17/06 10:59:18 AM


In In

114m

114


In


113.904914

In

54.1 m

/0.023 1.0

14.1 s

β- /3.274

3.3/99

1+

1.94 h

β- /53/1.769 I.T./47 /

1.77/

½-

44. m

β- /1.455

0.74/

9/2+

In

8.5 s

In

4.40 m

I.T./98/ β- /2/ β- /

5.0 s

17.9 m

In

115.905260

In

116.90451

118m2

(8-) 5+

β- /4.42

4.2/

1+

2.7/

½-

2.3 m

β- /97/ I.T./3/0.311 β- /2.36

1.6/

9/2+

In

47 s

β- /6.1

In

46. s

β- /5.8

2.2/

5+

3.1 s

β- /5.37

5.6/ 3.1/

(1+)

3.8 m

β- /99/ I.T./1/0.313

3.7/

1/2-

23. s

β- /3.36

2.5

9/2+

In

117.90635

In

119m

In

118.90585

120m2

120m1

In

119.90796

In

121m

487_S11.indb 103

5+

1.3 2.0

118m1

121

1+

9/2+ 8-

114.903878

In

120

9/2+ 5+

β- /0.495 I.T./0.162 EC β- /

95.71(5)

117m

119

1.984/

Spin (h/2 π)

4.4 × 1014 y 2.16 s

In In In

118

1.198 m

I.T./97/0.190 EC/3 / β- /97/1.989 EC/3/1.453


½-

116m1

117

49.51 d


I.T./95/0.336 β- /5 /0.83

116m2

116


4.486 h

115m

115

11-103

In

120.90785

8-

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +5.529 +0.80 +4.65 +0.74 In k x-ray 0.19027 +2.82 Cd k x-ray 0.5584 0.5727 1.2998 -0.255 In k x-ray 0.3362 0.4974 +5.541 +0.81 +3.22 +0.31 In k x-ray 0.1624 +4.43 +0.80 0.13792 0.41688/27 1.09723/58.5 1.29349/85 2.788 0.11 0.46313 1.2526 1.29349 -0.2517 In k x-ray 0.15855 0.31531 0.55294 +5.52 +0.83 0.15855 0.3966 0.55294 +3.32 +0.44 In k x-ray 0.1382 +4.23 +0.80 0.2086 0.6833 1.2295 0.5282 1.1734 1.2295 2.0432 -0.32 0.3114 0.7631 +5.52 +0.85 0.0239 0.6495 0.7631 1.2149 +3.692 +0.53 1.171 1.023 +4.30 +0.81 1.171 1.023 0.4146 0.5924 0.8637 1.0232 1.1714 (0.4–2.7) -0.36 0.0601 0.3136 0.9256 1.0412 1.1022 1.1204 +5.50 +0.81 0.2620 0.6573

4/17/06 10:59:19 AM





In

122m

122

In

121.91028

In

123m

123

In

122.91044

In

124m

124

β- /

4.4/

8-

+3.78

+0.59

1.5 s

β- /6.37

5.3/

(1+)

47. s

β- /

4.6/

(1/2-)

-0.40

6.0 s

β- /4.39

3.3/

(9/2+)

+5.49

+0.76

3.4 s

β-

8-

+3.89

+0.66

3+

+4.04

+0.61

In In

124.91360

12.2 s 2.33 s

β- / β- /5.42

5.5/ 4.1/

1/29/2+

-0.43 +5.50

+0.71

4.9/

3+

+4.03

+0.49

+4.06

1.53 s

In

125.91646

1.63 s

β- /8.21

4.2/

8-

3.73 s

β- /

6.4/

(1/2-)

1.14 s

β- /6.51

4.9/

(9/2+)

0.7 s

β- /

5.4/

(8-)

0.80 s

β- /8.98

5.0/

3+

1.23 s

β- /98/ n/2/

~ 7.5/

1/2-

0.63 s

β- /7.66

5.5/

9/2+

In

0.53 s

β- /

8.8/

5+

In

0.51 s

β- /

6.1/

10-

In

126.91735

In

128m

In

127.92017

In

129m

In

130m2

130m1

487_S11.indb 104

10. s

5/

In

129


β- /7.36

127m

128

Spin (h/2 π)

3.18 s

In

127


123.91318

126m

126


In

125m 125


128.9217

+5.52

+0.59

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.9256 1.0014 1.1403 0.2391 1.0014 1.1403 1.164 1.1903 0.1258 1.170 3.234 0.6188 1.0197 1.1305 0.1029 0.9699 1.0729 1.1316 0.7070 0.9978 1.1316 3.2142 (0.3–4.6) 0.1876 0.4260 1.0318 1.3350 0.9086 0.9696 1.1411 0.1118 0.9086 1.1411 0.2523 3.074 0.4680 0.6461 0.8051 1.5977 1.8670 1.9739 (0.1205–2.12) 0.9352 1.1688 3.5198 4.2970 0.3153 0.9067 1.2220 0.2853 0.7693 1.8650 2.1180 0.0892 0.7744 1.2212 0.0892 0.1298 0.7744 1.2212

4/17/06 10:59:21 AM




In In 131m1 In 131 In

129.92497

11-105 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)


130.92685

0.29 s 0.3 s 0.35 s 0.28 s

β- /10.25 β- / β- / β- /9.18

In

131.9330

~ 0.206 s

β- /13.6

In In 135 In

132.9378 133.9442 134.9493

0.165 s 0.14 s 0.09 s

β-, (n)

β+ /7.3 β+ /9. β+ /5.8 β+ /7.7 β+,p EC β+, EC/4.5 β+ /6.3

130

131m2

132

133 134

Sn


6.4/ 6.0/ 8.8/

Spin (h/2 π) 1(21/2+) (1/2-) (9/2+)

(0.354–2.005)

118.710(7)

Sn Sn 101 Sn 102 Sn 103 Sn

98.949 99.939 100.9361 101.9303 102.9281

1.0 s 3. s 3.8 s 7. s

Sn Sn

103.9231 104.9214

21. s 28. s

106

Sn

105.91688

2.0 m

β+ /20/3.18 EC/80/

107

Sn

106.9156

2.92 m

EC/5.0 β+ /

1.2/

108

Sn

107.91193

10.3 m

β+ /1/2.09 EC/99/

0.36/

0+

109

Sn

108.91128

18.0 m

β+ /9/3.85 EC/91/

1.52/

7/2+

110

Sn

109.90784

4.17 h

EC/0.64

111

Sn

110.90773

35. m

β+ /31/2.45 EC/69/

112

Sn Sn

21.4 m

I.T./92/0.077 EC/8/

115.1 d

EC/1.036

100

104 105

113m

113

Sn

Sn Sn 116 Sn 114 115

487_S11.indb 105

0.97(1)

111.904818

112.905171

0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9)

113.902779 114.903342 115.901741

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 1.9052

0.3328 2.433 0.1320 0.2992 0.3747 4.0406

(7-)

50 99


3.4/

0+ 0+

p//1.2 / 20.

1.3558 (0.351-2.813)

0+

0+

-1.08

+0.3

+0.61

+0.2

0+ 1.5/

7/2+

0+ 7/2+

½+

-0.879

0+ ½+ 0+

-0.9188

In-x-ray (0.2879–3.819) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.3865 0.4772 0.4218 0.6105 0.6785 1.0013 1.1290 1.542 In k x-ray 0.2724 0.3965 (0.105–1.68) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.6498 1.0992 In k x-ray 0.283 In k x-ray 0.7620 1.1530 1.9147 Sn k x-ray In x-ray 0.0774 In k x-ray 0.25511 0.39169

4/17/06 10:59:22 AM


11-106 Elem. or Isot. Sn

117m



Sn Sn 119m Sn

7.68(7) 24.22(9)

116.902952 117.901603

Sn Sn 121m Sn

8.59(4) 32.58(9)

118.903308 119.902195

117 118

119 120

Sn Sn 123m Sn 121 122

123

Sn

124

Sn Sn

125m

4.63(3)

5.79(5)

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 14.0 d I.T./0.3146

293. d

Spin (h/2 π) 11/2½+ 0+ 11/2-

I.T./0.0896

½+ 0+ 11/2-

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -1.396 -0.4 Sn k x-ray 0.15856 -1.0010 -1.4

0.21

Sn k x-ray 0.02387

-1.388

-0.14

0.698

-0.02

Sn k x-ray 0.03715

-1.0473

1.128 d

I.T./78/0.006 β- /22/ β- /0.388

0.354/ 0.383/100

40.1 m

β- /1.428

1.26/99

3/2+ 0+ 3/2+

122.905721

129.2 d

β- /1.404

1.42/99.4

11/2-

-1.370

+0.03

123.905274

> 2.2 × 1018 y 9.51 m

β-ββ- /2.387

2.03/98

0+ 3/2+

+0.764

+0.8

-1.35

+0.1

120.904236 121.903439

44. y


125

Sn

124.907784

9.63 d

β- /2.364

2.35/82

11/2-

126

Sn

125.90765

2.34 × 105 y

β- /0.38

0.25/100

0+

4.15 m

β- /3.21

2.72/

3/2+

+0.757

+0.60

2.42/ 3.2/

11/2-

-1.33

+0.3

Sn

127m

127

Sn

126.91036

2.12 h

β- /3.20

Sn Sn

127.91054

6.5 s 59.1 m

IT/0.091 β- /1.27

128m 128

0.48/ 0.63/

(7-) 0+

Sn Sn 130m Sn

128.91348

6.9 m 2.4 m 1.7 m

β- / β- /4.0 β- /

Sn

129.91397

3.7 m

β- /2.15

1.10/

0+

1.02 m

β- /

3.4/

129m 129

130

Sn

131m

11/23/2+ (7-)

-1.30 +0.754 -0.381

-0.2 +0.05 -0.4

11/2-

-1.28

+0.02

+0.747

-0.04

Sn Sn

130.91700 131.91782

39. s 40. s

β- /4.69 β- /3.12

3.8/ 1.8/

3/2+ 0+

134

Sn Sn 135 Sn

132.92383 133.9283 134.9347

1.44 s 1.04 s 0.53 s

7.5/

7/20+

Sn 137 Sn

135.9393 136.946

0.25 s 0.19 s

β- /7.8 β- /6.8 ββ-,n β-, n β-, n

131 132

133

136

487_S11.indb 106

/21. /30. /~ 58

0+

0.1603 0.3814 0.1603 1.0302 1.0886 0.3321 1.4040 1.0671 (0.2–2.3) 0.0643 0.0876 0.4148 0.6663 0.6950 0.4909 1.3480 1.5640 0.8231 1.0956 (0.120–2.84) 0.4823 0.5573 0.6805 1.1611 0.6456 0.1449 0.8992 0.0700 0.1925 0.7798 0.3043 0.4500 0.7985 1.2260 (0.08–3.21) see 131mSn 0.0855 0.2467 0.3402 0.8985 (0.053-2.417) (0.053-0.830) 0.733–1.855

4/17/06 10:59:24 AM


Sn

Sb



11-107 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 0.15 s


51

121.760(1)

Sb Sb 105 Sb 106 Sb 107 Sb

102.9397 103.9365 104.9315 105.9288 106.9242

> 1.5 μs 0.5 s 1.1 s 0.6 s 4.0 s

Sb Sb

107.9222 108.91813

7.0 s 17.3 s

β+ /9.5 β+ /6.38 EC/

110

Sb

109.9168

24. s

β+ /9.0 EC/

111

Sb

110.91316

1.25 m

112

Sb

111.91240

113

Sb

112.90937

103 104

108 109

β+,p β+ /10.5 β+ /7.9


Spin (h/2 π) 0+


p// 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /9.3

52

Te

127.60(3)

Te Te 107 Te

104.9436 105.9375 106.9350

0.07 ms 3.1 ms

Te

107.9294

2.1 s

α/4.3 α/ 70/ β+, EC/10.1 α /68 /

134m 134

135

136 137

105 106

108

487_S11.indb 109

8-

7/2+

/100 3.86(1)/

0+

3.314(4)/

0+

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) 1.3 0.2148 0.3141 0.5265 0.7433 0.7540 0.4338 0.6578 0.7598 2.82 0.0278 0.1808 0.3594 0.4596 0.5447 0.8128 0.9146 1.0301 0.1023 0.7934 0.8394 0.1823 0.3309 0.4680 0.7394 0.8394 0.6423 0.6579 0.9331 0.9434 0.1034 0.3538 0.6968 0.9739 0.9896 0.1034 0.1506 0.6968 0.9739 3.00 0.4235 0.6318 0.8165 1.0764 0.1152 0.2970 0.7063 1.2791 1.127 1.279

(0.090-0.721)

4/17/06 10:59:28 AM


11-110 Elem. or Isot. Te

108.9274

4.6 s

110

Te

109.9224

19. s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β+, EC/32 /6.8 β+ EC/96 /8.7 α/4 / β+, EC/4.5

111

Te

110.9211

19.3 s

β+, EC/8.0

(7/2+)

112

Te

111.9170

2.0 m

β+, EC/4.3

0+

113

Te

112.9159

1.7 s

β+ /85/5.7 EC/15/

114

Te

113.91209

15. m

β+ /40/3.2 EC/60/

0+

6.7 m

β+ /45/ EC/55/

(1/2+)

109



Te

115m


115

Te

114.91190

5.8 m

β+ /45/4.6 EC/55/

116

Te

115.90846

2.49 h

EC/1.5

117

Te

116.90865

1.03 h

EC/75/3.54 β+ /25/

118

Te Te

117.90583

6.00 d 4.69 d

EC/0.28 EC/

119

Te

118.90640

16.0 h

β+ /2/2.293 EC/98/

120

Te Te

~ 154. d 16.8 d

I.T. (89%) EC (11%) EC/1.04

119.7 d

I.T./0.247

> 9.2 × 1016 y

EC/0.051

119m

121m

0.09(1)

119.90402

121

Te

122

Te Te

2.55(12)

121.903044

Te Te

0.89(3) 4.74(14)

122.904270 123.902818

123m

123 124

487_S11.indb 110

120.90494


3.107(4)/

4.5/

2.7/

Spin (h/2 π)


0+

(7/2+)

7/2+

0+ 1.78/

0.627/

½+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7523 0.287–2.045 ann.rad./ 0.2191 0.6059 ann.rad./ 0.267 0.322 0.341 ann.rad./ 0.2962 0.3727 0.4187 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.8144 1.0181 1.1812 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.0838 0.0903 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 0.7704 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 1.3268 1.3806 (0.22–2.7) Sb k x-ray 0.0937 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.9197 1.7164 2.3000 Sb k x-ray Sb k x-ray 0.15360 0.2705 1.21271 ann.rad. Sb k x-ray 0.6440 0.6998

0+ 11/2-

0.89

½+

0.25

0+ 11/2-

0.90

Te k x-ray 0.2122 Sb k x-ray 0.5076 0.5731

-0.93

Te k x-ray 0.1590/84.1

½+

0+ 11/2½+ 0+

-0.73695

4/17/06 10:59:29 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Te

125m

Te Te 127m Te 125 126

Te Te 129m Te


7.07(15) 18.84(25)

124.904431 125.903312

31.74(8)

126.905226 127.904463

127 128

129

Te

130

Te Te

131m


34.08(62)

11-111 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 58. d I.T./0.145

109. d 9.4 h 2.2 × 1024 y 33.6 d

I.T./98/0.088 β- /2/0.77 β- /0.698 β-βI.T./63/0.105 β- /37/

128.906598

1.16 h

β- /1.498

129.906224

8 × 1020 y 1.35 d

β-ββ- /78/2.4 I.T./22/0.18

131

Te

130.908524

25.0 m

β- /2.233

132

Te

131.90855

3.26 d

β- /0.51

55.4 m

Te

133m


Spin (h/2 π) 11/2½+ 0+ 11/2-

0.696/

1.60/ 0.99/9 1.45/89

0.42/

0.64

3/2+

0.70

0+ 11/2-

-1.04

3/2+

0.70

1.35/12 1.69/22 2.14/60 0.215

0+

β- /82/ I.T./18/0.334

2.4/30

11/2-

Te

132.91096

12.4 m

β- /2.94

2.25/25 2.65

3/2+

134

Te

133.91137

42. m

β- /1.51

0+

135

Te

134.9165

19.0 s

β- /6.0

0.6/ 0.7/ 5.4/ 6.0

136

Te

135.92010

17.5 s

β- /5.1

2.5/

0+

137

Te

136.9253

2.5 s

6.8

7/2-

Te Te 140 Te 141 Te 142 Te

137.9292 138.9347 139.9389 140.9447 141.949

1.4 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /98 /6.9 n/2 / β- /6.4

139

53

I I

107.9435 108.9382

0.04 s 0.11 ms

α/91/4. p

I

109.9352

0.65 s

I

110.9303

2.5 s

β+, EC/83/11.4 α/17/~ 3.6 p/11/ β+, E.C./8.5

110

111

487_S11.indb 111

-1.09

0.06

Te k x-ray 0.45984 0.6959 0.0278 0.45984 0.48728 0.0811 0.1021 0.14973 0.77369 0.79375 0.85225 0.14973 0.45327 0.49269 0.049725 0.11198 0.22830 Te k x-ray 0.0949 0.1689 0.3121 0.3341 0.3121 0.4079 1.3334 0.7672/29 0.0794–0.9255 0.267 0.603 0.870 2.0779/25 0.0873–3.235 0.2436

0+

0+

126.90447(3)

109

Te k x-ray 0.0883 0.3603

0+

I

108

-1.04

3/2+ 0+ 11/2-

133

138

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -0.99 -0.06 Te k x-ray 0.0355 -0.8885

3.95

3.457(10)/

0.593/100 0.717/63 0.496–1.057 ann.rad./

ann.rad./

4/17/06 10:59:31 AM








Spin (h/2 π)


112

I

111.9280

3.4 s

β+, EC/10.2

113

I

112.9236

5.9 s

β+, EC/7.6

114

I

113.9219

2.1 s

β+, EC/8.7

115

I

114.9181

1.3 m

β+, EC/6.7

116

I

115.9168

2.9 s

β+ /97/7.8 EC/3/

6.7/

1+

117

I

116.91365

2.22 m

β+, EC/4.7

3.2/

(5/2+)

3.1

8.5 m

β+, EC/ I.T.

4.9/

7-

4.2

2-

2.0

(5/2+)

+2.9

118m

I

5/2+

118

I

117.91307

14. m

β+, EC/7.0

119

I

118.91007

19. m

β+ /54/3.5 EC/46/

2.4/

53. m

β+ /80/ EC/20/

3.8

120m

I

4.2

120

I

119.91005

1.35 h

β+ /56/5.62 EC/

4.03 4.60

2-

1.23

121

I

120.90737

2.12 h

β+ /13/2.27 EC/87/

1.2/

5/2+

2.3

122

I

121.90759

3.6 m

β+ /4.234 EC/

3.1/

1+

+0.94

123

I

122.905589

13.2 h

EC/1.242

5/2+

2.82

124

I

123.906210

4.18 d

β+ /23/3.160 EC/77/

2-

1.44

487_S11.indb 112

1.54/ 2.14/ 0.75/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2665 0.3215 0.3412 ann.rad./ 0.6889 0.7869 ann.rad./ 0.4625/100 0.6224/74 0.0550–1.422 ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ 0.275 0.284 0.460 0.709 ann.rad./ 0.5402 0.6789 ann.rad./ 0.2744 0.3259 ann.rad./ 0.104 0.5998 0.6052 0.6138 ann.rad./ 0.5448 0.6052 1.3384 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2575 ann.rad. Te k x-ray 0.4257 0.5604 0.6147 1.3459 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5604 0.6411 1.5230 (0.111–3.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2122 (0.14–1.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5641 Te k x-ray 0.1590 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.6027/62.9

4/17/06 10:59:32 AM






125

I

124.904630

59.4 d

EC/0.1861

126

I

125.905624

13.0 d

EC/ β+ /2.155 β- /1.258/47

126.904473 127.905809

25.00 m

β- /2.118 EC/1.251

128.904988

1.7 × 107 y

β- /0.194

9.0 m

127 128

129

I I

100.

I

130

I

129.906674

12.36 h

I.T./83/0.048 β- /17/ β- /2.949

131

I

130.906125

8.021 d

β- /0.971

131.90800

1.39 h 2.28 h

IT β- /14/3.58 I.T./86/

9. s

I.T./1.63

20.8 h

β- /1.77

3.7 m

I.T./98/0.316 β- /2/

130m

132m 132

I

133m

133

I

I

I

I

134m

132.907797

I


Spin (h/2 π)

5/2+

2.82

2-

1.44

2.13/

5/2+ 1+

+2.8133

-0.79

0.15/

7/2+

+2.621

-0.55

1.13/ 0.87/ 1.25/

1.04/ 0.62

5+

3.35

0.606/

7/2+

+2.742

-0.40

84+

3.09

0.09

+2.86

-0.27

0.80/ 1.03/ 1.2/ 1.6/ 2.16/

19/2-

1.24/85

7/2+

8-

I

133.90974

52.6 m

β- /4.05

1.2/

4+

135

I

134.91005

6.57 h

β- /2.63

0.9/ 1.3/

7/2+

47. s

β- /

4.7/ 5.2/

6-

1.39 m

β- /6.93

4.3/

2-

136

487_S11.indb 113

I

I

135.91465

-0.89

2+

134

136m


2.94

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7228/10.3 1.6910/11.2 (0.31–1.73) Te k x-ray 0.0355 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.3887 0.6622 Te k x-ray 0.44287 0.52658 Xe k x-ray 0.0396 I k x-ray 0.5361 0.4180 0.5361 0.6685 0.7395 0.08017 0.28431 0.36446 0.63699 I k x-ray 0.0980 0.5059 0.52264 0.63019 0.6506 0.66768 0.77260 0.95457 I kx-ray 0.0730 0.6474 0.9126 0.51056 0.52989 0.87537 I k x-ray 0.0444 0.2719 0.1354 0.84702 0.88409 0.2884 0.41768 0.52658 1.13156 1.26046 0.1973 0.3468 0.3701 0.3814 1.3130 (0.16–2.36) 0.3447

4/17/06 10:59:34 AM








Spin (h/2 π)

137

I

136.91787

24.5 s

β- /5.88

5.0/

(7/2+)

138

I

137.9224

6.5 s

β- /7.8

6.9/ 7.4/

2-

139

I

138.92610

2.30 s

β- /6.81 n/

140

I

139.9310

0.86 s

β- /8.8 n/

I I 143 I 144 I

140.9350 141.9402 142.9446 143.9500

0.45 s ~ 0.2 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /7.8 β-

141 142

Xe

131.293(6)

Xe

109.9443

0.11 s

Xe Xe

110.9416

0.9 s 0.7 s

Xe 113 Xe 114 Xe

111.9356 112.9333 113.92798

3. s 2.8 s 10.0 s

β+ /9.2 α EC, β+ EC, β+ /10.6 α/ EC, β+ /7.2 EC, β+ /9.1 β+, EC/5.9

Xe Xe

114.92629 115.92158

18. s 56. s

β+, EC/7.6 β+, EC/4.3

117

Xe

116.92036

1.02 m

β+, EC/6.5

118

Xe

117.91618

~ 4. m

β+, EC/3.

54

110

111m 111

112

115 116

487_S11.indb 114


(3)

/~ 64

3.58(1)/ α/0.8/

0+

0+ 0+

3.3/

(5/2+) 0+

(5/2+)

2.7/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 1.3130 1.3211 2.2896 (0.3–6.1) 0.6010 1.2180 1.2201 1.3026 1.5343 (0.25–4.4) 0.4836 0.5888 0.8752 (0.4–5.3) 0.192 0.198 0.273 0.382 0.386 0.468 0.683 1.313 0.372 0.377 0.457

0+

-0.594

+1.16

ann.rad./ 0.1031 0.1616 0.3085 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1042 0.1916 0.2477 0.3107 0.4127 ann.rad./ 0.2214 0.5190 0.6389 0.6613 ann.rad./ 0.0535 0.0600

4/17/06 10:59:35 AM






119

Xe

118.91541

5.8 m

β+, EC/5.0

120

Xe

119.91178

40. m

β+, EC/97/1.96 β+ /3/

121

Xe

120.91146

39. m

β+ /44/3.73 EC/56/

122

Xe

121.90837

20.1 h

EC/0.9

123

Xe

122.90848

2.00 h

β+ /23/2.68 EC/77/

124

Xe Xe

123.905893

> 1017 y 57. s

β-βI.T./0.252

124.906395

17.1 h

EC/1.653

1.15 m

125m

125

Xe

126

Xe Xe

127m

127

Xe

128

Xe Xe

0.0952(3)

0.0890(2)

Xe Xe

135m

135

Xe

136

Xe Xe

137

487_S11.indb 115

8.8573(44)

0+

-0.884

36.34 d

EC/0.662

½+

-0.504

8.89 d

I.T./0.236

0+ 11/2-

-0.891

I.T./0.164

½+ 0+ 11/2-

2.19 d

I.T./0.233

132.905911

5.243 d

β- /0.427

133.905394

> 1.1 × 1016 y 15.3 m

β- βI.T./

134.907227

9.10 h

β-/1.15

135.90722 136.91156

> 2.4 × 1021 y 3.82 m

β-ββ- /4.17

126.905184

10.4357(21)

+1.33

0+ (9/2-)

130.905082 131.904153

134

5/2+

I.T./0.297

125.90427

21.2324(30) 26.9086(33)

Xe

2.8/

-0.269

Xe Xe 133m Xe 133

-0.701

0+

½+

128.904779 129.903508

132

+1.31

-0.745

26.4006(82) 4.0710(13)

131

-0.654

0+ (9/2-)

Xe Xe 131m Xe 130

7/2+


-0.150

127.903531

129

3.5/

Spin (h/2 π)

½+

1.9102(8)

129m


11.9 d

1.51/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1199 0.0873 0.1000 0.2318 0.4615 I k x-ray 0.0251 0.0726 0.1781 (0.1–1.03) ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1328 0.2527 0.4452 (0.1–3.1) I k x-ray 0.3501 ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1489 0.1781 (0.1–2.1)

+0.42

Xe k x-ray 0.1111 0.141 I k x-ray 0.1884 0.2434

+0.69

Xe k x-ray 0.1246 0.1725 I k x-ray 0.1721 0.2029 0.3750

+0.64

Xe k x-ray 0.0396 0.1966

-0.9940

+0.73

3/2+ 0+ 11/2-

+0.69186

-0.12

Xe k x-ray 0.16398

-1.082

+0.77

3/2+

+0.813

+0.14

0+ 11/2-

1.103

+0.62

0.91/

3/2+

0.903

+0.21

4.1/

0+ 7/2-

-0.970

-0.49

0.47/

0.346/99

-0.7780

Xe k x-ray 0.23325 Cs k x-ray 0.080998 0.1606 Xe k x-ray 0.52658 0.24975 0.60807 0.45549

4/17/06 10:59:37 AM








Spin (h/2 π)

138

Xe

137.91395

14.1 m

β- /2.77

0.8/ 2.4/

139

Xe

138.91879

39.7 s

β- /5.06

4.5/ 5.0/

140

Xe

139.9216

13.6 s

β- /4.1

2.6

0+

141

Xe

140.9266

1.72 s

β- /6.2

6.2/

5/2+

142

Xe

141.9297

1.22 s

β- /5.0

3.7/ 4.2/

0+

Xe Xe 144 Xe 145 Xe 146 Xe 147 Xe

142.9351 143.9385 144.9441 145.9478 146.9536

0.96 s 0.30 s 1.2 s 0.9 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

ββ- /7.3 β- /6.1 β-, (n)

143m 143

55

Cs

132.9054519(2)

Cs Cs 114 Cs

111.9503 112.9445 113.9414

0.5 ms 17. μs 0.58 s

p p β+, EC/11.8

Cs Cs

114.9359

~ 1.4 s 0.7 s

β+, EC/8.4 β, EC/

Cs

115.9334

3.8 s

β+, EC/10.8

6.5 s ~ 8.4 s 17. s 14. s

β+, EC/ β+, EC/7.5 β+, EC/ β+, EC/9.

112 113

115

116m

116

Cs Cs 118m Cs 118 Cs 117m 117

487_S11.indb 116

116.9287 117.92656


0+

0+

-0.304

+0.40

+0.010

-0.58

-0.460

+0.93

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8489 0.9822 1.2732 1.7834 2.8498 0.1538 0.2426 0.2583 0.4345 1.76826 2.0158 0.1750 0.2186 0.2965 (0.1–3.37) 0.0801 0.6220 0.8055 1.4137 (0.04–2.3) 0.1187 0.9095 (0.05–2.55) 0.0338 0.0729 0.2038 0.3091 0.4145 0.5382 0.5718 0.6181 0.6448

0+

0.81 0.96

1+

2

ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.3935 ann.rad./ 0.3935 0.5243 0.6151 0.6223

5. +3.88

ann.rad./ +1.4

ann.rad./ 0.3372 0.4727

4/17/06 10:59:38 AM




+0.84 +5.5

+0.9 +2.8

Cs Cs

119.92068

60. s 64. s

β+, EC/ β+, EC/7.92

2+

+3.87

+1.45

2.0 m

I.T./60/ β+ /40/

4.4

(9/2+)

+5.41

+2.7

2.3 m

β+, EC/5.40

4.38/

3/2+

+0.77

+0.84

4.4 m 0.36 s

β+, EC IT

8-

+4.77

+3.3

21. s

β+, EC/7.1

(1+)

-0.133

-0.19

1.6 s

I.T./

Cs

120.91723

Cs Cs

122m1

Cs

121.91611

Cs

123m

Cs

122.91300

5.87 m

β+ /75/4.20 EC/25/

Cs Cs

123.91226

6.3 s 30. s

IT β+ /9 /5.92 EC/8 /

125

Cs

124.90973

45. m

126

Cs

125.90945

127

Cs

128

129

11/21/2+

+1.38

~ 5.

7+ 1+

+0.673

β+ /40/3.09 EC/60/

2.06/

1/2+

+1.41

1.64 m.

β+ /81/4.83 EC/19/

3.4 3.7/

1+

+0.78

126.90742

6.2 h

β+ /96/2.08 EC/4/

0.65/ 1.06

1/2+

+1.46

Cs

127.90775

3.62 m

β+ /68/3.930 EC/32 /

2.44/ 2.88/

1+

+0.97

Cs

128.90606

1.336 d

EC/1.195

1/2+

+1.49

3.5 m

IT, β+, EC

5-

+0.629

Cs

130m

487_S11.indb 117

5.8/

3.0/

124m 124


3/2 9/2+

122m2

123

Spin (h/2 π)

β+, EC/6.3

Cs

122


29. s 43. s

121m

121


118.92238

120m 120


Cs Cs

119m 119

11-117

-0.74

-0.68

-0.57

+1.45

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5865 0.5906 ann.rad./ 0.169 0.176 0.224 0.257 ann.rad./ 0.3224 0.4735 0.5534 (0.3–3.28) ann.rad./ 0.1794 0.1961 ann.rad./ 0.1537 (0.08–0.56) ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.4971 0.6385 (0.27–2.22) ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.5120 0.8179 Cs k x-ray 0.0946 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.0974 0.5964 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3539 0.4925 0.9418 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.112 0.526 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3886 0.4912 0.9252 Xe k x-ray 0.1247 0.4119 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.4429 Xe k x-ray 0.3719 0.4115

4/17/06 10:59:39 AM



Cs


Cs 132 Cs

Cs Cs

134m

134

Cs

129.90671

130.90546 131.906434

131

133


100.

132.90545193

133.90671848

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 29.21 m β+ /55/2.98 EC/43/ β- /1.6/0.37 9.69 d EC/0.352 6.48 d EC/98/ β+ /0.3/2.120 β- / /1.280

2.91 h

I.T./0.139

2.065 y

β- /2.059 EC/1.22

Cs

135m

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 1.98/ 1+ 0.44/1.6

5/2+ 2-

7/2+ 80.089/27 0.658/70

4+

53. m

I.T./1.627

19/2-

β- /0.269 I.T./ β- /2.548

0.341/

7/2+ 85+

Cs Cs 136 Cs

134.905977 135.907312

2.3 × 106 y 19. s 13.16 d

Cs

136.907089

30.2 y

β- /1.176

0.514/95

7/2+

2.9 m

I.T./75 β- /25 /

/0.080 3.3

6-

135

136m

137

Cs

138m

0.205/100

138

Cs

137.91102

32.2 m

β- /5.37

2.9/

3-

139

Cs

138.913364

9.3 m

β- /4.213

4.21

7/2+

140

Cs

139.91728

1.06 m

β- /6.22

5.7/ 6.21/

1-

141

Cs

140.92005

24.9 s

β- /5.26

5.20/

7/2+

142

Cs

141.92430

1.8 s

β- /7.31

6.9/ 7.28

143

Cs

142.92735

1.78 s

β- /6.24

6.1

(3/2+)

144

Cs

143.93208

1.01 s

β- /8.47

8.46/ 7.9/

1

487_S11.indb 118

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +1.46 -0.06 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.5361 +3.54 -0.58 Xe k x-ray +2.22 +0.51 Xe k x-ray 0.4646 0.6302 0.66769 +2.582 -0.00355 +1.098 +1.0 Cs k x-ray 0.12749 +2.994 +0.39 0.56327 0.56935 0.60473 0.79584 +2.18 +0.9 0.7869 0.8402 +2.732 +0.05 +1.32 +0.7 +3.71 +0.2 0.06691 0.34057 0.81850 1.04807 +2.84 +0.05 Ba k x-ray 0.66164 +1.71 -0.40 Cs k x-ray 0.0799 0.1917 0.4628 1.43579 +0.700 +0.12 0.1381 0.46269 1.00969 1.43579 2.21788 +2.70 -0.07 0.6272 1.2832 (0.4–3.66) +0.13390 -0.11 0.5283 0.6023 0.9084 (0.41–3.94) +2.44 -0.4 Ba k x-ray 0.0485 0.5616 0.5887 1.1940 (0.05–3.33) 0.3596 0.9668 1.1759 1.3265 +0.87 +0.47 0.1955 0.2324 0.3064 (0.17–1.98) -0.546 +0.30 0.1993 0.5598 0.6392 0.7587

4/17/06 10:59:41 AM


Cs

Cs Cs 148 Cs 149 Cs 150 Cs 151 Cs 146 147



11-119

144.93553

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 0.59 s β- /7.89

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 7.4/ 3/2+ 7.9/

145.9403 146.9442 147.9492 148.9529 149.9582 150.9622

0.322 s 0.227 s 0.15 s > 50 ms > 50 ms > 50 ms

β-, (n)/9.38 β-, (n)/9.3 β-, (n)/10.5

~ 9.0

2-

p/20 /0.9 p/ 0.15 μs


23 ms

p

0.806/

EC, β+ /11. EC, β+/~ 9.7 EC/7. EC/ ~ 8.8

(7+)

124.92082

2.8 s 5.3 s 9. s 17. s 30. s 0.39 s 1.2 m

β+, EC/5.6

11/2-

La La

125.9195

< 50. s 54. s

β+, EC/7.6

127

La

126.91638

3.8 m

β+, EC/4.7

3/2+

128

La

127.9156

5.0 m

β+ /80/6.7 EC/20/

(5-)

La La

128.91269

0.56 s 11.6 m

IT β+ /58/3.72 EC/42/

130

La

129.91237

8.7 m

β+ /78/5.6 EC/22/

131

La

130.91007

59. m

β+ /76/3.0 EC/24/

24. m

I.T./76/ β+, EC/24/

Ba Ba 149 Ba 150 Ba 151 Ba 152 Ba 153 Ba 147 148

La

57

La La 119 La 120 La 121 La 122 La 123 La 124 La 125m La 125 La 117 118



11-121

146.9349 147.9377 148.9426 149.9457 150.9508 151.9543 151.960

116.9501 117.9467 118.9410 119.9381 120.9330 121.9307 122.9262 123.9246

129m 129

La

132m


0+ 0+ 0+

2.42/

3/2+

(11/2-) 3/2+

3+

1.42/ 1.94/

3/2+

6-

132

La

131.91010

4.8 h

β+ /40/4.71 EC/60/

2.6/ 3.2 3.7/

2-

133

La

132.90822

3.91 h

β+ /4/2.2 EC/96/

1.2/

5/2+

487_S11.indb 121


138.90547(7)

126m 126

Spin (h/2 π)

ann.rad./ 0.0436 0.0676 ann.rad./ 0.256 0.455 0.117–3.853 ann.rad./ 0.025 0.0562 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.2841/87 0.4793/54 (0.315–2.212) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.1105 0.2786 (0.1–1.8) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.3573/81 0.5506/27 (0.1965–1.989) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.1085 0.3658 0.5263 La k x-ray 0.1352 0.4645 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.4645 0.5671 Ba k x-ray 0.2788

4/17/06 10:59:45 AM







134

La

133.90851

6.5 m

β+ /63/3.71 EC/37/

135

La

134.90698

19.5 h

EC/1.20

136

La

135.9076

9.87 m

β+ /36/2.9 EC/64/

137

La La

136.90649 137.907112

6 × 104 y 1.06 × 1011 y

EC/0.60

138.906353 139.909478

1.678 d

β- /3.762

La La

140.910962 141.91408

3.90 h 1.54 h

β- /2.502 β- /4.505

La La 145 La 146m La 146 La 147 La 148 La 149 La

142.91606 143.91960 144.9216 145.9258 146.9282 147.9322 148.9347

14.1 m 40.7 s 24. s 10.0 s 6.3 s 4.02 s 1.1 s 1.10 s

β- /3.43 β- /5.5 β- /4.1 β- /6.7 β- /6.6 β- /5.0 β- /7.26 β- /5.5

La

149.9388

0.51 s

La La 153 La 154 La 155 La

150.9417 151.9462 152.950 153.955 154.958

> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

138

139 140

141 142

La La

143 144

150

151 152

Ce

0.0888(6) 99.9112(6)


2.67/

Spin (h/2 π)

1+

5/2+ 1.8/

1.35 1.24/ 1.67/ 2.43/ 2.11/ 2.98/ 4.52/ 3.3/ 4.1/ 4.1/ 5.5/ 6.2/ 4.6/

1+

7/2+ 5+

+2.70 +3.7136

+0.2 +0.4

7/2+ 3-

+2.7830 +0.73

+0.20 +0.09

7/23/2+ (6) (2-) 2-

140.116(1)

Ce Ce 121 Ce 122 Ce 123 Ce 124 Ce 125 Ce

118.953 119.947 120.943 121.9379 122.9354 123.9304 124.9284

1.1 s

β+, p

3.8 s 6. s 9.6 s

β+, EC/~ 8.6 EC/~ 5.6 β+, EC/7.

Ce Ce

125.92397 126.9227

50. s 29. s

EC/4. β+, EC/6.1

0+

128

Ce

127.91891

4.1 m

β+, EC/3.2

0+

129

Ce

128.91810

3.5 m

β+, EC/5.6

130

Ce

129.91474

26. m

β+, EC/2.2

120

126 127

487_S11.indb 122

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2901 0.3024 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.6047 (0.5–1.9) Ba k x-ray 0.4805 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.8185 0.2836 1.4358/65 0.7887/35

7/2+ 2-

58

119


0.1335 0.009–1.709 x-ray (0.097–0.209)

0+ 0+ 0+ 7/2-

0+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.1666 0.056–1.329 ann.rad./ (0.058–1.961) ann.rad./ (0.023–0.880) ann.rad./ (0.0675–1.015) ann.rad./ La k x-ray

4/17/06 10:59:47 AM




Ce

131m

131

Ce

130.91442

Ce

132m

132

Ce

131.91146

Ce

133m




Spin (h/2 π)

5. m

β+ EC

10. m

β+, EC/4.0

9.4 ms

IT/2.340

3.5 h

EC/1.3

0+

1.6 h

β+, EC/

½+


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.047–1.431 ann.rad./ 0.2304 0.3955 0.4213 ann.rad. 0.119 0.169 0.414 0.3255 0.10–0.955 La k x-ray 0.1554 0.1821 ann.rad. 0.0769 0.0973 0.5577 ann.rad. 0.0584 0.1308 0.4722 0.5104 La k x-ray 0.1304 0.1623 0.6047 Ce k x-ray 0.0826 0.1497 0.2134 La k x-ray 0.0345 0.2656 0.3001 0.6068 Ce k x-ray 0.1693 0.2543 La k x-ray 0.4472

2.8/

133

Ce

132.91152

5.4 h

β+/8/2.9 EC/92/

134

Ce

133.90892

3.16 d

EC/0.5

0+

20. s

I.T./0.446

11/2-

134.90915

17.7 h

β+/1 /2.026 EC/99 /

135.90717

> 0.7 × 1014 y 1.43 d

EC EC I.T./99 /0.254 EC/0.8 /

0+ 11/2-

1.0

136.90781

9.0 h

β+/1.222

3/2+

0.96

0.251(2)

137.90599

> 0.9 × 1014 y 56.4 s

EC EC I.T./0.7542

0+ 11/2-

88.450(51)

138.90665 139.905439 140.908276

137.6 d

EC/0.28

32.50 d

β-/0.581

3/2+ 0+ 7/2-

141.909244 142.912386

> 1.6 × 1017 y 1.38 d

β- ββ-/1.462

Ce

135m

135

Ce

136

Ce Ce

137m

137

Ce

138

Ce Ce

139m

Ce Ce 141 Ce

0.185(2)

139 140

142 143

Ce Ce

11.114(51)

1.3/

0.8/

0.436/69 0.581/31 1.404/ 1.110/47

9/2-

1/2+

0+ 3/2-

144

Ce

143.913647

284.6 d

β-/0.319

0.185/20 0.318/

0+

145

Ce

144.91723

3.00 m

β-/2.54

1.7/24 1.3

3/2-

146

Ce

145.9188

13.5 m

β-/1.04

0.7/90

0+

487_S11.indb 123

1.06 1.1

0.43

Ce k x-ray 0.7542 La k x-ray 0.16585 Pr k x-ray 0.14544/48.0 Pr k x-ray 0.0574 0.2933 Pr k x-ray 0.0801 0.1335 Pr k x-ray 0.0627 0.7245 Pr k x-ray

4/17/06 10:59:48 AM







Ce Ce

146.92267 147.92443

56. s 56. s

β-/3.29 β-/2.1

Ce

148.9284

5.2 s

β-/4.2

Ce Ce 152 Ce

149.93041 150.9340 151.9365

4.4 s 1.0 s 1.4 s

β-/3.0 β-/5.3 β-/4.4

Ce Ce 155 Ce 156 Ce 157 Ce

152.9406 153.9434 154.948 155.951 156.956

> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

147 148

149

150 151

153 154

Pr

Pr Pr 123 Pr 124 Pr 125 Pr

120.955 121.9518 122.946 123.943 124.9378

0.01 s

p

1.2 s ~ 3.3 s

β+, EC/12. β+

126

Pr

125.9353

3.1 s

β+, EC/~ 10.4

127

Pr

126.9308

4.2 s

β+ /~ 7.5

128

Pr

127.92879

3.0 s

β+, EC/~ 9.3

129

Pr

128.92510

32 s

β+, EC/5.8

Pr Pr 131 Pr

129.9236

β+, EC/8.1

130.9203

40. s 5.7 s 1.7 m

Pr

131.9193

1.6 m

β+, EC/7.1

1.1 s

IT/0.192

6.5 m

β+, EC/4.3

~ 11. m

β+, EC/

130

131m

132

Pr

133m

133

Pr

Pr

134m

487_S11.indb 124

132.91633


0+

0+ 0+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0986 0.2182 0.3167 0.0930 0.2687 0.0904 0.0985 0.1212 0.2918 0.0577 0.0864 0.3800 0.1099 0.0526 Pr k x-ray 0.098 0.115

0+

140.90765(2)

122

3.3/ 1.66/

Spin (h/2 π)

0+

59

121


p/0.882

β+, EC/5.3

~ 5.5

5/2+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1358 ann.rad./ (0.170–0.985) ann.rad./ (0.028–0.8949) ann.rad./ 0.207/100 0.400–1.373 ann.rad./ (0.0395–1.865) ann.rad./ (0.06–0.16) ann.rad./ (0.059–0.980) ann.rad./ 0.325 0.496 0.533 0.1305 0.0617 ann.rad./ 0.074 0.1343 0.2419 0.3156 0.3308 0.4650 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.460

4/17/06 10:59:50 AM







Spin (h/2 π)

134

Pr

133.91571

17. m

β+, EC/6.2

135

Pr

134.91311

24. m

β+, EC/3.7

2.5/

3/2+

136

Pr

135.91269

13.1 m

β+ /57 /5.13 EC/43

2.98/

2+

137

Pr

136.91071

1.28 h

β+ /26 /2.70 EC/74 /

1.68/

5/2+

2.1 h

β+ /24 / EC/76 /

1.65/

7-

Pr

138m

2+

138

Pr

137.91075

1.45 m

β+ /75 /4.44 EC/25 /

3.42/

1+

139

Pr

138.90894

4.41 h

β+ /8 /2.129 EC/92 /

1.09/

5/2+

140

Pr

139.90908

3.39 m

β+ /51 /3.39 EC/49 /

2.37/

1+

14.6 m 19.12 h

I.T./0.004 β- /2.162 EC/0.744 β- /0.934 IT/99+/0.059 β- /

c.e. 0.58/4 2.16/96 0.933/

0.807/1 2.30/ 2.996/98 1.80/97

Pr Pr 142 Pr 141

142m

100.

140.907653 141.910045

Pr Pr

142.910817

13.57 d 7.2 m

144

Pr

143.913305

17.28 m

β- /2.998

145

Pr

144.91451

5.98 h

β- /1.81

146

Pr

145.9176

24.2 m

β- /4.2

147

Pr

146.91900

13.4 m

β- /2.69

2.0 m

β- /

143

144m

Pr

148m

487_S11.indb 125


5/2+ 52-

+4.275 2.2 +0.234

+0.030

7/2+ 3-

+2.70

+0.8

0-

7/2+

2.2/30 3.7/10 4.2/40 1.5/ 2.1/

2-

4.0/

(4)

3/2+

-0.08

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.495 0.632 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.495 ann.rad./ 0.0826 0.2135 0.2961 0.5832 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.5398 0.5522 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.4339 0.5140 0.8367 (0.16–1.8) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.3027 0.7887 1.0378 (0.07–2.0) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.7887 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.2551 1.3473 1.6307 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.3069 1.5965

0.5088 1.57580 0.7420 Pr k x-ray 0.0590 0.6965 0.8142 0.69649 1.48912 2.18562 0.0725 0.6758 0.7483 0.4539/48 1.5247 0.3146/24. 0.5779/16 0.6413/19. 0.3016

4/17/06 10:59:51 AM







148

Pr

147.92213

2.27 m

β- /4.9

149

Pr

148.9237

2.3 m

β- /3.40

150

Pr

149.92667

6.2 s

β- /5.7

Pr Pr

150.92832 151.9315

22.4 s 3.2 s

β- /4.2 β- /6.7

152.9338 153.9375 154.9401 155.9443 156.9474 157.952 158.956

4.3 s 2.3 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /5.5 β- /7.9

0.6 s

β+, p

1.8 s 4. s 4.9 s

β+, EC/9. β+, EC/6. β+, EC/8.

151 152

Pr Pr 155 Pr 156 Pr 157 Pr 158 Pr 159 Pr 153 154

60

Nd

144.242(3)

Nd Nd 126 Nd 127 Nd 128 Nd 129 Nd

123.952 124.9489 125.9432 126.9405 127.9354 128.9332

124 125

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 3.8/ 4.8/ 4.5/ 3.0

~ 5.5

Spin (h/2 π)

1(5/2+)

4+

0+ (5/2)

β+, EC/5. β+, EC/6.6

0+

132

Nd

131.92332

1.5 m

β+, EC/3.7

0+

133

Nd

132.92235

1.2 m

β+, EC/5.6

134

Nd

133.91879

~ 8.5 m

β+ /17 /2.8 EC/83 /

Nd Nd

134.91818

5.5 m 12. m

β+ / β+ /65 /4.8 EC/35 /

Nd

135.91498

50.6 m

EC/94 /2.21 β+ /6 /

1.6 s

I.T./0.5196

38. m

β+ /40 /3.69 EC/60 /

135

136

Nd

137m

137

487_S11.indb 126

Nd

136.91457

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.091–0.875) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.09–0.36) ann.rad./ (0.099–0.567) ann.rad./ (0.06–0.37) ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.1631/58 (0.09–1.00)

5/2(-)

28. s 0.5 m

135m

0.0726 0.164 0.285

0+

129.92851 130.92725

131

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4506 0.6975 0.3017 0.1085 0.1385 0.1651 0.1302 0.8044 0.8527

1-

Nd Nd

130


0+

9/2-

1.04/

-0.78

0+

11/2-

1.7/20 2.40/20

1/2+

-0.63

+2.0

ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0415/23. 0.204/51. (0.11–1.8) Pr kx-ray 0.0401/21. 0.1091/35. (0.10–0.97) Nd k x-ray 0.1084 0.1775 0.2337 ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0755 0.5806

4/17/06 10:59:53 AM


Nd



Nd

139m

11-127 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 5.1 h EC/1.1


5.5 h

I.T./12 /0.231 β+ /88 /

1.17/

11/2-

1.77/

3/2+

139

Nd

138.91198

30. m

β+ /25 /2.79 EC/75 /

140

Nd Nd

139.90955

3.37 d 1.04 m

EC /0.22 IT/99+/0.756

Nd

140.909610

2.49 h

EC/98 /1.823 β+ /2 /

0.802/

2.1 × 1015 y

α

1.83

10.98 d

β- /0.896

0.805/

1.03/25 1.13/26 1.42/

141m

141

Nd Nd 144 Nd 145 Nd 146 Nd 147 Nd

27.153(39) 12.173(27) 23.798(18) 8.293(12) 17.189(33)

141.907723 142.909814 143.910087 144.912574 145.913117 146.916100

Nd Nd

5.756(21)

147.916893 148.920149

1.73 h

β- /1.691

Nd Nd

5.638(29)

149.920891 150.923829

1.4 × 1020 y 12.4 m

β-ββ- /2.442

142 143

148 149

150 151

Spin (h/2 π) 0+


0.91

+0.3

1.01

+0.3

-1.07

-0.60

0+ 11/2-

1.2/

3/2+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) Pr k x-ray 0.1995 0.3258 Nd k x-ray Pr k x-ray 0.1139/34. 0.7382/30. ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.4050 Pr k x-ray Nd k x-ray 0.7565 Pr k x-ray (0.15–1.7)

0+ 7/20+ 7/20+ 5/2-

-0.66

-0.31

0.58

0.9

0+ 5/2-

Pr k x-ray 0.53102 0.09111–0.686

0.35

1.3

Pr k x-ray 0.1143/19. 0.2113/27. (0.026–1.6)

0+ (3/2+)

Pm k x-ray 0.1168 0.2557 1.1806 (0.10–1.9)m 0.2785/29. 0.2501/18. (0.016–0.66) 0.418 0.1519 0.7998 0.1807 0.0848

152

Nd

151.92468

11.4 m

β- /1.1

0+

153

Nd Nd

152.92770 153.9295

28.9 s 25.9 s

β- /3.6 β- /2.8

0+

154.9329 155.9350 156.9390 157.9416 158.946 159.949 160.954

8.9 s 5.5 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /5.0 β- /4.1

0+

Pm Pm 130 Pm

127.9484 128.9432 129.9405

1.0 s ~ 2.4 s 2.5 s

β+, p

ann.rad.

β+, EC/11.

Pm

130.9359

~ 6.3 s

β+

131.9338 132.92978 133.9284

6. s 12. s 24. s

β+, EC/10. β+, EC/~ 7.0 β+, EC/~ 8.9

0.1589 0.326–1.062 0.185 0.220 0.146 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./

154

Nd Nd 157 Nd 158 Nd 159 Nd 160 Nd 161 Nd 155 156

0+ 0+

Pm

61

128 129

131

Pm Pm 134 Pm 132 133

487_S11.indb 127

(5+)

4/17/06 10:59:54 AM



135 136

137






Spin (h/2 π)

Pm Pm

134.9249 135.9236

0.8 m 1.8 m

β+, EC/6.0 β+ /89 /7.9 EC/11 /

11/2(3+)

Pm

136.92048

2.4 m

β+, EC/5.6

(11/2-)

3.2 m

β+ /50 /~ 7.0 EC/50 /

3.9/

3+

10. s 0.18 s 4.14 m

β+ /6.9 IT/ β+ /68 /4.52 EC/32 /

6.1/ 3.52/

1+ (11/2-) (5/2+)

5.87 m

β+ /70 / EC/30 /

3.2

7/2-

Pm

138m

Pm Pm 139 Pm 138

139m

137.91955 138.91680

Pm

140m

140

Pm

139.91604

9.2 s

β+ /89 /6.09 EC/11 /

5.07/74

1+

141

Pm

140.91356

20.9 m

β+ /52 /3.72 EC/48 /

2.71

5/2+

Pm Pm

141.91287

67 μs 40.5 s

β+ /86 /4.87 EC/20 /

3.8/

1+

143

Pm

142.910933

265. d

144

Pm

143.912591

360. d

145

Pm

144.912749

146

Pm

Pm

142m 142

147

3.

EC/1.041 β+ /< 6 × 10-6/ EC/2.332 β+ /7 × 10-6/

5/2+

3.8

5-

1.7

17.7 y

EC/0.163

5/2+

+3.8

+0.2

145.914696

5.53 y

EC/63 /1.472 β- /37 /1.542

0.795/

146.915139

2.623 y

β- /0.224

0.224/

7/2+

+2.6

+0.7

41.3 d

β- /95 /2.6 I.T./5 /0.137

0.4/60 0.5/17 0.7/21 1.02/ 2.47/

6-

1.8

1-

+2.0

7/2+

3.3

Pm

148m

148

Pm

147.91748

5.37 d

β- /2.47

149

Pm

148.918334

2.212 d

β- /1.071

487_S11.indb 128


0.78/9 1.072/90

3-

+0.2

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.294 0.495 (0.13–0.47) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.3735 0.6027 ann.rad./ 0.1086 0.1775 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.5209 0.7290 ann.rad./ 0.1887 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4028 (0.27–2.4) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4199 0.7738 1.0283 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.7738 1.4898 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.8862 1.2233 (0.208-0.882) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.6414 1.5758 Nd k x-ray 0.7420 Nd k x-ray 0.6180 0.6965 Nd k x-ray 0.0723 Nd k x-ray 0.4538 0.7362 0.7474 0.1213 0.1974 0.5503/94. 0.6300/89. 0.7257/33 0.5503 0.9149 1.4651 0.2859 0.5909 0.8594

4/17/06 10:59:56 AM


Pm

151

Pm



11-129

149.92098

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 2.68 h β- /3.45

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 1.6/ (1-) 2.3/ 1.8/


150.92121

1.183 d

β- /1.187

0.84/

+1.8

15. m 7.5 m

β-, I.T./ β- /

Pm Pm

152m2 152m1

(>6) (4-)

152

Pm

151.92350

4.1 m

β- /3.5

153

Pm

152.92412

5.4 m

β- /1.90

3.5/20 3.50/60 1.7/

2.7 m

β- /

2.0/

1.9/

Pm

154m

Pm

153.92646

1.7 m

β- /4.1

Pm Pm 157 Pm 158 Pm 159 Pm 160 Pm 161 Pm 162 Pm 163 Pm

154.92810 155.93106 156.9330 157.9366 158.9390 159.9430 160.9459 161.950 162.954

48. s 26.7 s 10.9 s 5. s 1.5 s

β- /3.2 β- /5.16 β- /4.6 β- /6.3

62

Sm

150.36(2)

Sm Sm 131 Sm 132 Sm 133 Sm

128.954 129.9489 130.9461 131.9407 132.9387

~ 0.55 s

β+, p

1.2 s 4.0 s 2.9 s

β+, EC/ β+ β+, EC/~ 8.4

Sm Sm 136 Sm 137 Sm 138 Sm

133.9340 134.9325 135.92828 136.92697 137.92324

11. s 10. s 42. s 45. s 3.0 m

β+, EC/5. β+, EC/7. β+, EC/4.5 β+, EC/6.1 β+, EC/3.9

10. s

I.T./94 /0.457 β+ /6 /

2.6 m

β+ /75 /5.5 EC/25 /

154

155 156

129 130

134 135

Sm

139m

139

487_S11.indb 129

Sm

138.92230

5/2+

1+ (5/2-)

(5/2-)

1.9

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3339/69. 1.1658/16. 1.3245/17. (0.25–2.9) 0.1677/8 0.2751/7 0.3401/22 (0.14–1.4) 0.1218 0.2447 0.3404 1.0971 1.4375 0.1218 (0.12–2.1) 0.0910 0.1198 0.1273 0.0820 0.1848 1.4403 0.0820 0.8396 1.3940 2.0589 (0.08–2.8) (0.05–0.78)

(0.072-0.261)

0+

ann.rad./

0+ 5/2+

0+ 7/2+ 0+ 0+

4.7

4.1/

(11/2-)

1.1

½+

-0.53

ann.rad./ 0.3696 0.0845 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0536 0.0747 Sm k x-ray 0.1118 0.1553 0.1901 0.2673 Pm k x-ray 0.3678 0.4028

4/17/06 10:59:57 AM




Sm


Sm

141m




Spin (h/2 π)

14.8 m

β+, EC/3.4

1.9/

0+

22.6 m

β+ /32 / EC/68 / I.T./0.3 /0.1758

1.6/ 2.19/

11/2-

-0.83

-0.74

141

Sm

140.91848

10.2 m

β+ /52 /4.54 EC/48 /

3.2/

½+

142

Sm

141.91520

1.208 h

β+ /6 /2.10 EC/94 / IT/99/0.7540

1.0/

0+

2.47/

Sm

1.10 m

143m

143

Sm

144

Sm Sm

145

Sm Sm 148 Sm 149 Sm 150 Sm 151 Sm 152 Sm 153 Sm

3.083(20)

146 147

154 155

Sm Sm

15.017(75) 11.254(51) 13.830(56) 7.351(36) 26.735(48)

22.730(78)

8.83 m

β+ /46 /3.443 EC/54 /

143.911999 144.913410

340. d

EC/0.617

1.03 × 108 y 1.06 × 1011 y 7 × 1015 y 1016 y

α/ α/ α/ α/

2.50/ 2.23/ 1.96/

90. y

β- /0.0768

0.076/

1.929 d

β- /0.808

0.64/ 0.69/

153.922209 154.924640

22.2 m

β- /1.627

1.52

+1.01

+0.4

0+ 7/2-

-1.12

-0.60

-0.815

-0.26

-0.672

+0.075

-0.363

+0.7

0.02154

-0.0216

+1.3

Eu k x-ray 0.0697/4.7 0.10318/29 0.075–0.714

1.1

Eu k x-ray 0.1043/75. 0.0872 0.1657 0.2038 Eu k x-ray 0.1964 0.1978 0.3942 0.1894/100. 0.3636/82. 0.1898 0.110 0.264 (0.036-0.741)

0+ 7/20+ 7/20+ 5/20+ 3/2+

0+ 3/2-

Sm

155.92553

9.4 h

β- /0.72

0.43/ 0.71/

0+

157

Sm

156.92836

8.0 m

β- /2.7

2.4/

3/2-

158

Sm

157.9300

5.5 m

β- /2.0

0+

Sm Sm 161 Sm 162 Sm 163 Sm 164 Sm 165 Sm

158.9332 159.9351 160.9388 161.941 162.945 163.948 164.953

11.3 s 9.6 s ~ 4.8 s 2.4 s

β- /3.8 β- /3.6

0+

160

Eu

151.964(1)

Eu Eu

129.964 130.9578

63

130 131

487_S11.indb 130

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.27–2.4) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1396 0.2255 (0.07–1.7) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1966 0.4318 0.7774 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.4382 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray Sm k x-ray 0.7540 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 1.0565

3/2+

156

159

+1.6

11/2-

142.914628

145.913041 146.914898 147.914823 148.917185 149.917276 150.919932 151.919732 152.922097


0+

Pm k x-ray 0.0613 0.4924

0+

0.9 ms ~ 26. ms

p β+, p

1.027/ p/0.95

4/17/06 10:59:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Eu Eu 134 Eu 135 Eu 136m Eu 136 Eu 137 Eu 138 Eu 139 Eu 140m Eu 140 Eu 141m Eu 132 133

141

Eu


Atomic Mass or Weight 131.9544 132.9492 133.9465 134.9418 135.9396 136.9356 137.93371 138.92979 139.9281

140.92493

Eu

142m


0.5 s 1.5 s ~ 3.2 s ~ 3.9 s 11. s 12. s 18. s 0.125 s 1.51 s 3.0 s

40. s



EC, β+ EC, β+ /~ 8.7

Spin (h/2 π)

7+ 1+ 11/27+

EC, β+ /10. EC/~ 7.5 EC, β+ /~ 9.2 EC, β+ /6.7 EC, β+ EC, β+ /8.4 β+ /58 / EC/9 / I.T./33 /0.0964 β+ /81 /5.6 EC/15 /


5 6

111/2-

5/2+

+3.49

+0.85

1.22 m

β+ /83 / EC/17 /

4.8/

8-

+2.98

+1.4

β- /94/7.4 EC/6 / β+ /72/5.17 EC/28/

7.0/

1+

+1.54

+0.12

4.1/ 5.1/

5/2+

+3.67

+0.51

142

Eu

141.92343

2.4 s

143

Eu

142.92030

2.62 m

144

Eu

143.91882

10.2 s

β+ /86 /6.33 EC/13 /

5.31/

1+

+1.89

+0.10

145

Eu

144.916265

5.93 d

β+ /2 /2.660 EC/98 /1.71

0.79/

5/2+

+4.00

+0.29

146

Eu

145.91721

4.57 d

β+ /5 /3.88 EC/95 /

1.47/

4-

+1.42

-0.18

147

Eu

146.916746

24.4 d

EC/99. /1.722 β+ /0.4 /

5/2+

+3.72

+0.53

148

Eu

147.91809

54.5 d

EC/3.11

5-

+2.34

+0.35

149

Eu

148.917931

93.1 d

EC/0.692

5/2+

+3.57

+0.75

150

Eu

149.91970

36. y

EC/2.26

5-

+2.71

+1.13

487_S11.indb 131

0.92


ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.255 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray (0.09–1.6) ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.3845 0.3940 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.5566 0.7680 1.0233 ann.rad./ 0.7680 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.1107/7 1.5368/3. 1.9127/2. ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 1.6601 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6535 0.8937 1.6587 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6336 0.6341 0.7470 (0.27–2.64) Sm k x-ray 0.12113/20.6 0.19725/24.0 (0.601-1.077) Sm k x-ray 0.5503/99. 0.6299/71. (0.067–2.17) Sm k x-ray 0.2770/4.1 0.3275/4.8 Sm k x-ray 0.3340 0.4394 0.5843 (0.25–1.8)

4/17/06 11:00:01 AM


11-132 Elem. or Isot. Eu

150m

151

Eu Eu

152m2


47.81(6)


150.919850

Eu

152m1

152

Eu

153

Eu Eu

154m

151.921745

52.19(6)

152.921230

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 12.8 h β- /92 / β+ /0.4 / EC/8 /

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 1.013/ 01.24/ 5/2+ 8-


+3.472

+0.90

3-

-1.941

+2.71

5/2+ 8-

+1.533

+2.41

3-

-2.01

+2.8

5/2+

+1.52

+2.4

0.30/11 0.49/30 1.2/12 2.45/31 0.98/ 1.30/41

1+

≈1.1

(5/2+)

+1.50

+2.6

1.60 h

I.T./0.1478

9.30 h

β- /72 / EC/28 /

1.85/ 0.89/

0-

13.5 y

EC/72 /1.874 β- /28 /1.818

0.69/ 1.47/

46.1 m

I.T./~ 0.16

154

Eu

153.922979

8.59 y

β- /99.9/1.969 EC/0.02/0.717

155

Eu

154.922893

4.76 y

β- /0.252

156

Eu

155.92475

15.2 d

β- /2.451

157

Eu

156.92542

15.13 h

β- /1.36

158

Eu

157.9279

45.9 m

β- /3.5

2.5/

(1-)

+1.44

+0.7

159

Eu

158.92909

18.1 m

β- /2.51

2.4/ 2.57/

(5/2+)

+1.38

+2.7

160

Eu

159.9320

38. s

β- /4.1

2.7/ 4.1/

(0-)

Eu Eu 163 Eu 164 Eu 165 Eu 166 Eu 167 Eu

160.9337 161.9370 162.9392 163.943 164.946 165.950 166.953

27. s 11. s

β- /3.7 β- /5.6

161 162

Gd

64

487_S11.indb 132

0.27/29 0.58/38 0.84/17 0.98/4 1.87/11 0.15/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) Sm k x-ray 0.3339 0.4065 Eu k x-ray 0.0898 Sm k x-ray 0.12178 0.84153 0.96334 Sm k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.12178 0.34427 1.40802 (0.252–1.528) Eu k x-ray 0.0682 0.1009 Gd k x-ray 0.12299/40. 0.72331/20. 1.2745/36 (0.059-1.90) Gd k x-ray 0.0865/30 0.1053/20 0.08899/9. 0.64623/7. 0.723441/6. 0.8118/10. Gd k x-ray 0.0639/100. 0.3705/48. 0.4107/76. 0.0795 0.8976 0.9442 0.9771 0.0678 0.0786 0.0957 0.0753 0.1735 0.4131 0.5155 0.8217 0.9110 0.9246 0.0719

157.25(3)

4/17/06 11:00:03 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Gd Gd 137 Gd 138 Gd 139m Gd 139 Gd 140 Gd 141m Gd 141 Gd 142 Gd 143m Gd 135


136

Atomic Mass or Weight 134.953 135.9473 136.9450 137.9401 138.9382 139.93367 140.93213 141.92812

11-133 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 1.1 s β+ 7. s ~ 4.7 s ~ 4.8 s 5. s 16. s 25. s 21. s 1.17 m 1.84 m

142.9268

39. s

β+ /82 /6.0 EC/18 /

144

Gd

143.92296

4.5 m

β+ /45 /4.3 EC/55 /

1.44 m

I.T./95 /0.749 β+ /4 /5.7

Gd


0+ 11/2½+ 0+ 11/2-

1/2+

3.3/

0+

11/2-

-1.0

-0.74

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.163–0.360) ann.rad./ 0.0647 0.1216 0.104–0.323 0.1748 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.1176 0.2719 0.5880 0.6681 0.7999 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.2048 0.2588 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.3332 0.0273 0.3295 0.3866 0.7214 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 1.7579 1.8806 (0.32–3.69) Eu k x-ray 0.1147 0.1155 0.1546 Eu k x-ray 0.2293 0.3699 0.3960 0.9289 (0.1–1.8)

0+

EC, β+ /~ 7.7 EC/4.8 EC, β+ / β+ /7.3 EC, β+ /4.2 β+ /67 / EC/33 / I.T./

Gd

Spin (h/2 π) 0+

EC, β+ /~ 8.8 EC, β+

143

145m


145

Gd

144.92171

23.4 m

β+ /33 /5.05 EC/67 /

2.5/

1/2+

146

Gd

145.918311

48.3 d

EC/99.9 /1.03 β+ /0.2

0.35/

0+

147

Gd

146.919094

1.588 d

EC/99.8 /2.188 EC/0.2 /

0.93/

7/2-

1.0

148

Gd Gd

147.918115 148.919341

71. y 9.3 d

α/3.27 EC/1.32

3.1828/

0+ 7/2-

0.9

Gd Gd

149.91866 150.920348

1.8 × 106 y 124. d

α/2.80 EC/0.464

2.73/

0+ 7/2-

Eu k x-ray 0.1496 0.2985 0.3465

0.8

0.20(1)

151.919791 152.921750

240. d

EC/0.485

0+ 3/2-

Eu k x-ray 0.1536 0.2432

0.4

2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2)

153.920867 154.922622 155.922123 156.923960

Eu k x-ray 0.09743 0.10318

149

150 151

152 153

Gd Gd

Gd Gd 156 Gd 157 Gd 154 155

487_S11.indb 133

0+ 3/20+ 3/2-

-0.259

+1.30

-0.340

+1.36

4/17/06 11:00:04 AM


11-134 Elem. or Isot. 158 159

160 161

Gd Gd

Gd Gd


21.86(19)




157.924104 158.926389

18.6 h

β- 0.971

159.927054 160.929669

> 1.9 × 1019 y 3.66 m

β- ββ- /1.956

162

Gd

161.930985

8.4 m

β- /1.39

163

Gd

162.9340

1.13 m

β- /3.1

Gd Gd 166 Gd 167 Gd 168 Gd 169 Gd

163.9359 164.9394 165.942 166.946 167.948 168.953

45. s 10 s ~ 4.8 s

β- /2.3 β-

164 165

65

Tb

158.92535(2)

Tb Tb 139 Tb

137.9532 138.9483

135 138

0.9 ms

p

2.4 s

β+, EC/11

Tb Tb 142m Tb 142 Tb 143 Tb 144m Tb 144 Tb 145m Tb

140.9415

3.5 s 25 μs 0.30 s 0.60 s 12. s 4.1 s < 1.5 s 30. s

β+, EC/~ 8.3

Tb Tb

144.9293

Tb Tb

145.92725

Tb

146.92405

142m2

145

146m

146

147m

147

Tb

148m

487_S11.indb 134

141.9387 142.9351 143.93305

0+ 3/2-

1.56/85

0+ 5/2-

1.0/

0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) -0.44

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) Tb k x-ray 0.36351 0.058-0.855 Tb k x-ray 0.1023 0.3149 0.3609 0.4030 0.4421 0.2868 0.214 1.685

0+ 0+

(0.040-1.015)

p/1.179

1.6 s

139.946

141

0.971/58 0.913/29 0.607/12

Spin (h/2 π)

0+

Tb

140


0.109 0.120 0.329 0.355–0.740

β+, EC/ β+, EC/10. β+, EC/7.4 IT β+, EC/8.4 β+, EC/~ 6.6

40+ 11/251+ 11/2-

β+, EC/6.5 β+ /76 / EC/24 /

½+ (5-)

~ 8. s 1.8 m

β+ /8.1 β+ /35 / EC/65 /

1+ 11/2-

1.6 h

β+ /42 /4.61 EC/58 /

5/2+

2.3 m

β+ /25 / EC/75 /

9+

23. s

ann.rad./ 0.2577 0.5370 0.9876 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.0789 1.5795

+1.70

ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.3977 1.7978 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.6944 1.1522 (0.120–3.318) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3945 0.6319 0.7845

4/17/06 11:00:06 AM


Tb



Tb

149m

149

Tb

148.923246

Tb

150m

150

Tb

149.92366

Tb

151m

151

Tb

150.923103

Tb

152m


Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β+, EC/5.69

2-

4.16 m

EC/88 / β+ /12 /

11/2-

4.13 h

β+ /4 /3.636 α/16/

6.0 m

β+ /17 / EC/83 /

3.3 h

β+, EC/4.66

2-

-0.90

25. s

I.T./95 / β+, EC/7 /

11/2-

17.61 h

β+/1 /2.565 EC/99 /

4.3 m

I.T./79 /0.5018 EC/21 /4.35

17.5 h

β+ /20 /3.99 EC/80 /

153

Tb

152.923435

2.34 d

Tb

Tb

154

487_S11.indb 135

Tb

153.92468

-1.75

+1.35

151.92407

1.8/ 3.97/


½+

Tb

154m1

Spin (h/2 π)

1.00 h

152

154m2


0.70/

1/2+

-0.3

+0.92

(8+)

2.5/ 2.8/

2-

-0.58

+0.3

EC/1.570

5/2+

+3.44

+1.1

23.1 h

EC/98 / I.T./2 /

(7-)

0.9

9. h

β+ /78 / I.T./22 /

(3-)

1.7

21.5 h

EC/99 /3.56 β+ /1 /

1.86/ 2.45

0-

+3.

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8824 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4888 0.7845 (0.14–3.8) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.7960 Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.3522 0.3886 (0.1–3.2) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4384 0.6380 0.6504 0.8275 ann.rad./ 0.4963 0.6380 (0.3–4.29) 0.0229 0.0495 0.3797 0.8305 Gd k x-ray 0.1083 0.2517 0.2870 (0.1–1.8) Tb k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.2833 0.3443 0.4111 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3443 (0.2–2.88) Gd k x-ray 0.2119 (0.05–1.1) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.3467 1.4199 Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.5401 (0.12–2.57) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 1.2744 2.1872

4/17/06 11:00:07 AM




Tb





Spin (h/2 π)

5.3 d

EC/0.82

3/2+

Tb

1.02 d

I.T./

(7-)

Tb

5.3 h

I.T./0.0884

(0+)

156m2

156m1

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) +2.01

+1.41

156

Tb

155.924747

5.3 d

EC/2.444

3-

~ 1.7

+2.

157

Tb

156.924025

1.1 × 102 y

EC/0.0601

3/2+

+2.01

+1.4

10.5 s

I.T./0.11

0-

157.925413

1.8 × 102 y

EC/80 /1.220 β- /20 /0.937

3-

+1.76

+2.7

158.925347 159.927168

72.3 d

β- /1.835

0.57/47 0.86/27

3/2+ 3-

+2.014 +1.79

+1.43 3.8

2.2

+1.2

Tb

158m

158

Tb

159

Tb Tb

160

100.

161

Tb

160.927570

6.91 d

β- /0.593

0.46/23 0.52/66 0.6/10

3/2+

162

Tb

161.92949

7.6 m

β- /2.51

1.4

(1/2-)

163

Tb

162.930648

19.5 m

β- /1.785

0.80/

3/2+

164

Tb

163.9334

3.0 m

β- /3.9

1.7/

(5+)

165

Tb

164.9349

2.1 m

β- /3.0

166

Tb Tb

165.9380 166.9401

26 s 19 s

β-/

167.944 168.946 169.950 170.953

8s

167

Tb Tb 170 Tb 171 Tb 168 169

Dy

162.500(1)

Dy

138.960

66

139

487_S11.indb 136

0.6 s

3/2+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.12–3.14) Gd k x-ray 0.08654 0.10530 Tb k x-ray 0.0496 Tb k x-ray 0.0884 Gd k x-ray 0.08896 0.19921 0.53435 1.22245 Gd k x-ray 0.0545 Gd k x-ray 0.0110 Gd k x-ray 0.0795 0.9442 0.9621 Dy k x-ray 0.08678 0.29857 0.87936 0.96615 Dy k x-ray 0.02565 0.04892 0.07458 Dy k x-ray 0.2600 0.8075 0.8882 Dy k x-ray 0.3511 0.3897 0.4945 Dy k x-ray 0.1689 0.2157 0.6110 0.6885 0.7548 0.5389 1.1785 1.2920 1.6648 0.057 0.070 0.075–0.227

β+, p

4/17/06 11:00:09 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Dy Dy 142 Dy 143 Dy 144 Dy 145m Dy 146m Dy 146 Dy 147m Dy 140


141

Atomic Mass or Weight 139.954 140.9514 141.9464 142.9438 143.93925 144.9365 145.93285



0.9 s 2.3 s 3.9 s 9.1 s 14. s 0.15 s 30. s 56. s

EC, β+ /9. EC, β+ /7.1 EC, β+ /~ 8.8 EC, β+ /~ 6.2 EC, β+ I.T. EC, β+ /5.2 I.T./40 / β+, EC/60 /

147

Dy

146.93109

75. s

EC, β+ /6.37

148

Dy

147.92715

3.1 m

β+ /4 /2.68 EC/96 /

149

Dy

148.92731

4.2 m

β+, EC/3.81

150

Dy

149.925585

7.18 m

Dy

150.926185

17. m

β+, EC/67 /1.79 α/33 / β+ /5 /2.871 EC/89 / α /6 /

151

152

153

154 155

156 157

158 159

Dy

151.92472

2.37 h

Dy

152.925765

6.3 h

Dy Dy

3. × 106 y 9.9 h

α/2.95 β+ /2 /2.095 EC/98 /

0+



0+

1.2/

0+ 11/210+ 0+ (11/2-)

-0.66

½+

-0.92

0+

(7/2-)

4.233/

+0.7

-0.12

-0.62

-0.95

-0.30

(7/2-)

-0.78

~-0.15

0+ 3/2-

-0.385

+1.04

Tb k x-ray 0.0655 0.2269

0+ 7/2-

4.067/

3.63/ 0.89/

0+

3.46/

2.87/ 0.845/

Dy k x-ray 0.072 0.6787 ann.rad./ 0.1007 0.2534 0.3653 ann.rad./ Tb k x-ray 0.6202 ann.rad./ 0.1008 0.1063 0.2534 0.6536 0.7894 1.7765 1.8062 Tb k x-ray 0.3967 Tb k x-ray 0.1764 0.3030 0.3861 0.5463 (0.16–2.09) Tb k x-ray 0.2569 Tb k x-ray 0.0807 0.0997 0.2137 (0.08–1.66)

0.056(3)

155.92428 156.92547

8.1 h

EC/1.34

0+ 3/2-

-0.301

+1.30

Dy Dy

0.095(3)

157.924409 158.925739

144. d

EC/0.366

0+ 3/2-

Tb k x-ray (0.0609–1.319)

-0.354

+1.37

2.329(18) 18.889(42) 25.475(36) 24.896(42) 28.260(54)

159.925198 160.926933 161.926798 162.928731 163.929175

Tb k x-ray 0.3262

-0.480

+2.51

+0.673

+2.65

Dy Dy 162 Dy 163 Dy 164 Dy 165m Dy 161

487_S11.indb 137

153.92442 154.92575

Spin (h/2 π)

Dy Dy

160

165

EC/0.60 α/ β+ /1 /2.171 EC/99 / α /0.01 /


Dy

164.931703

1.26 m

I.T./98 /0.108 β- /2 /

2.33 h

β- /1.286

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/20+ 1/2-

1.29/

7/2+

-0.52

+3.5

Dy k x-ray 0.1082 0.5155 Ho k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:10 AM








Spin (h/2 π)

166

Dy

165.932807

3.400 d

β- /0.486

0.40/

0+

167

Dy

166.9357

6.2 m

β- /~ 2.35

1.78

(1/2-)

168

Dy

167.9371

8.5 m

β- /1.6

Dy Dy 171 Dy 172 Dy 173 Dy

168.9403 169.9424 170.9462 171.9488 172.953

~ 39. s

β- /3.2

169 170

Ho

67

Ho Ho 141 Ho 142 Ho 143 Ho 144 Ho 145 Ho 146 Ho 147 Ho 148m Ho 148 Ho 140

141m

139.969 140.963 141.960 142.9546 143.9515 144.9472 145.9446 146.94006 147.9377

Ho

6 ms 8 μs 4.2 ms 0.4 s > 0.2 μs 0.7 s 2.4 s 3.3 s 5.8 s 9. s 2. s

p/ p/ β+, p EC/β+, p

p/1.09 p/1.23 p/1.71

β+, EC/12 β+ β+, EC/10.7 β+, EC/8.2 β+, EC/ β+, EC/9.4

(10+) 11/241+

21. s

β+, EC/

11/2-

1/2+ (9+)

> 30. s 25. s

β+, EC/6.01 β+, EC/

Ho

149.93350

1.3 m

β+, EC/6.6

47. s

β+, EC/87 / α/13

4.605/

35.2 s

β+, EC/80/5.13 α/20 /

4.519/

50. s

β+, EC/90/ α/10/

4.453/

Ho

Ho

Ho

152m

487_S11.indb 138

0+

148.93378

151m

151

0+

Ho Ho

150m

150

0+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.09468/3.8 Ho k x-ray 0.0282 0.0825 Ho k x-ray 0.2593 0.3103 0.5697 (0.06–1.4) Ho k x-ray 0.1925 0.4867

164.93032(2)

149m

149


150.93169

0.307

(9+)

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.6615 1.6883 ann.rad./ 1.0733 1.0911

+5.9

-1.

ann.rad./ 0.3939 0.5511 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.5913 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.2102 0.4889 0.6948 0.7762 ann.rad./ 0.3522 0.5274 0.9676 1.0471 ann.rad./ 0.4929 0.6138 0.6474

4/17/06 11:00:11 AM


Ho



Ho

153m

153

Ho

152.93020

Ho

154m



2.4 m

β+, EC/88/6.47 α/12/

9.3 m


Spin (h/2 π)


(3+)

-1.02

β+, EC/99+/4.12 α/ 4.01/

5/2

+1.19

2.0 m

β+, EC/99+/4.13 α/ 3.91/

11/2-

+6.8

-1.1

3.3 m

β+, EC/

(8+)

5.7

-1.0

4.387/

+0.1

154

Ho

153.93060

12. m

β+, EC/5.75

1-

-0.64

+0.2

155

Ho

154.92910

48. m

β+/6/3.10 EC/94 /

(5/2+)

+3.51

+1.5

5.8 m

I.T./0.0352 β+ /25 / EC/75 /

+2.99

+2.3

7/2-

+4.35

+3.0

+2.44

+1.6

+3.77

+4.1

Ho

156m

1.8/ 2.9/

156

Ho

155.92984

56. m

β+, EC/4.4

157

Ho

156.92826

12.6 m

β+/5/2.54 EC/95/

Ho

28. m

I.T./44/ EC/56/

2-

Ho

21. m

β+, EC/

(9+)

11.3 m

β+/8/4.24 EC/92/

158m2

158m1

158

487_S11.indb 139

Ho

157.92894

(5+)

1.18/

1.30/

5+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6835 ann.rad./ 0.6140 0.6476 ann.rad./ 0.0905 0.1089 0.1618 0.2302 0.2707 0.3659 0.4565 ann.rad./ 0.2958 0.3346 0.4381 0.6383 ann.rad./ 0.3346 0.4124 0.4771 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.3346 0.5700 0.8734 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0474 0.1363 0.3254 (0.06–2.24) ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.1378 0.2666 (0.28–2.9) ann.rad./ 0.1378 0.2665 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.2800 0.3411 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0989 0.2182 ann.rad./ 0.0981 0.1664 0.2182 0.3205 0.4062 0.9774 1.0532 0.4846 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0989

4/17/06 11:00:13 AM





Ho

159m

159

Ho

158.927712

Ho Ho

160m

Ho

159.92873

Ho

161m

161

Ho

160.927855

Ho

162m

162

Ho

161.929096

Ho

163m



Spin (h/2 π)

IT/0.206

1/2+

33.0 m

EC/1.838

7/2-

+4.28

+3.2

1+ 2-

+2.52

+1.8

5+

+3.71

+4.0

IT/67/0.060 EC/33/3.35

25.6 m

β+, EC/3.29

0.57/

6.8 s

IT/0.211

2.48 h

EC/0.859

7/2-

+4.25

+3.2

1.12 h

IT/61/ EC/39/

6-

+3.60

+4.

15. m

EC/96 /0.295 β+ /4 /

1+

1.09 s

I.T./0.298

(1/2+) +4.23

+3.6

+4.17 3.6

+3.49 -3.

Ho Ho

162.928734

4.57 × 103 y 38. m

EC/0.00258 I.T./0.140

7/2(6-)

164

Ho

163.930234

29. m

EC/58 /0.987 β- /42 /0.963

1+

165

Ho Ho

1.2 × 103 y

β- /

163

164m

166m

100.

164.930322

7/27-

166

Ho

165.932284

1.117 d

β- /1.855

1.776/48 1.855/51

0-

167

Ho

166.93313

3.1 h

β- /1.007

0.31/43 0.61/21

(7/2-)

487_S11.indb 140


8.3 s

3. s 5.0 h

160m2

160


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2182 0.9488 Ho k x-ray 0.1660 0.2059 Dy k x-ray 0.1210 0.1320 0.2529 0.3096 (0.06–1.2) 0.0868 0.1970 0.6464 0.7281 0.8791 0.9619 0.9658 See Ho[166m] 0.7282 0.8794 Ho k x-ray 0.2112 Dy k x-ray 0.0256 0.0592 0.0774 0.1031 Dy k x-ray Ho k x-ray 0.0807 0.1850 0.2828 0.9372 1.2200 Dy k x-ray 0.0807 1.3196 1.3728 Ho k x-ray 0.2798 Dy M x-rays Ho k x-ray 0.0373 0.0566 0.0940 Dy k x-ray 0.0734 0.0914 Er k x-ray 0.18407 0.71169 0.81031 Er k x-ray 0.08057 1.37943 Er k x-ray 0.0793

4/17/06 11:00:14 AM




169



2.2 m 3.0 m

I.T./ β- /2.91

Ho

168.93687

4.7 m

β- /2.12

43. s

β- /

1+

6+

Ho

170

Ho

169.93962

2.8 m

β- /3.87

171

Ho Ho

170.941 171.9448

53 s 25. s

β- / β- /

Ho Ho 175 Ho

172.9473 173.951 174.954

173 174

Er

68

143.9604 144.9574 145.9520 146.9495 147.9446 148.94231 149.93791

> 0.2 μs 0.9 s ~ 1.7 s 2.5 s 4.5 s 10. s 10.7 s 18. s

Er Er

150.93745 151.93505

23. s 10.2 s

153

Er

152.935063

37.1 s

154

Er

153.93278

3.7 m

155

Er

154.93321

5.3 m

156

Er

155.93107

20. m

145

152

487_S11.indb 141

2.0/

3+

1.2/ 2.0/

(7/2-)


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0835 0.2379 0.3213 0.3465 Er k x-ray 0.7413 0.8159 0.8211 (0.08–2.34) 0.1496 0.7610 0.7784 0.7884 0.8529 0.0787 0.8123 1.8940 1.9726 Er k x-ray 0.1816 0.2582 0.8902 0.9321 0.9414 1.1387 Er k x-ray (0.077–1.186)

167.259(3)

Er Er 146 Er 147 Er 148 Er 149m Er 149 Er 150 Er 144

151

Spin (h/2 π)

167.93552

170m

172

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.96/15 0.97/15

Ho Ho

168m 168

11-141

0+

β+ β+ E.C, β+ /~ 9.1 β+, EC/6.8 IT ECβ+ /8.1 β+ /36 /4.11 EC/64 / β+, EC/5.2 β+, EC/10/3.11 α/90/ α/ β+, EC/47/4.56 β+, EC/99+/2.03 α/0.5/ β+, EC/47/3.84 EC/53 /

β+, EC/1.7

0+ 0+ 11/2½+ 0+

4.804/ 4.674 4.35/ 4.166/

ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.4758 ann.rad./ ann.rad./

7/20+ -0.934

-0.42

0.351 (0.0945–1.700) ann.rad./

-0.669

-0.27

ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.1101 0.2415 ann.rad./ 0.0298 0.0352 0.0522 0.1336

0+ (7/2-)

0+

4/17/06 11:00:16 AM



156.93192

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 25. m β+, EC/3.5

Er

157.92989

2.2 h

EC/99.5 /1.78 β+ /0.5 /

Er

158.930684

36. m

β+ /7 /2.769 EC/93 /

3/2-

Er

159.92908

1.191 d

EC/0.33

0+

Er

160.93000

3.21 h

EC/2.00

3/2-

1.25 h

EC/1.210

0+ 5/2-

10.36 h

EC/0.376

2.27 s

I.T./0.208

0+ 5/20+ ½7/2+ 0+ ½-

+0.485

0+ 5/2-

0.66

Er

157


158

159

160

161



0.74/

Spin (h/2 π) 3/2-

0+

Er Er

0.139(5)

161.928778 162.93003

Er Er 166 Er 167m Er

1.601(3)

163.929200 164.930726 165.930293

Er Er 169 Er

22.869(9) 26.978(18)

166.932048 167.932370 168.934590

9.40 d

β- /0.351

Er Er

14.910(36)

169.935464 170.938030

7.52 h

β- /1.491

Er

171.939356

2.05 d

β-/0.891

Er

172.9424

1.4 m

β- /2.6

(7/2-)

174

Er

173.9442

3.1 m

β- /1.8

0+

Er Er 177 Er

174.9478 175.9501 176.954

1.2 m

β-

~ 1.9 μs 3.1 μs

p p// ~ 10

162 163

164 165

167 168

170 171

172

173

175 176

33.503(36)

Tm

168.93421(2)

Tm Tm

144.9701

69

144 145

487_S11.indb 142

0.35/~ 100

0.28/48 0.36/46

0+

0+

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -0.412 +0.92 ann.rad./ 0.117 0.385 1.320 1.660 1.820 2.000 Ho k x-ray 0.0719 0.2486 0.3868 -0.304 +1.17 ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.6245 0.6493 (0.07–2.5) Ho k x-ray (0.05–0.96) -0.37 +1.36 Ho k x-ray 0.8265 (0.07–1.74) +0.557

+2.55

Ho k x-ray 0.4361 0.4399 1.1135

+0.643

+2.71

Ho k x-ray

-0.5639

+3.57

Er k x-ray 0.2078

Tm k x-ray 0.1098 0.1182 2.9

Tm k x-ray 0.11160 0.29591 0.30832 (0.08–1.4) Tm k x-ray 0.0597 0.4073 0.6101 Tm k x-ray 0.1928 0.1992 0.8952 Tm k x-ray (0.100–0.152) (0.0765–1.168)

1.70, 1.43 1.73/91

4/17/06 11:00:19 AM




Tm

146m



0.198 s

β+, p

Tm

145.9664

0.08 s

β+/14. p

147

Tm Tm

146.9610

0.4 ms 0.56 s

Tm Tm 149 Tm 150 Tm 151 Tm 152m Tm 152 Tm 153 Tm

147.9578

0.7 s

β+, p EC, β+/85 p/15/ β+, EC/12.

148.9527 149.9500 150.94548

0.9 s 2.3 s 4. s 8. s 5. s 1.6 s

146

147m

148m 148

151.9444 152.94201

Tm

3.3 s

154m

Tm

154.93920

30. s

Tm Tm

155.93898

19. s 1.40 m

α/ β+, EC/7.6 α/

4.23/

Tm

156.93697

3.6 m

β+, EC/4.5 α/

2.6 3.97/

Tm

157.93698

4.0 m

Tm

158.93498

Tm Tm

159.93526

156

157

158

159

160m 160

(0.1007–2.177) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.4605–0.7960 ann.rad./ 0.0315 0.0638 0.0881 0.2268 0.5320 0.6067

4.46/

4.46/


ann.rad./

5.109/ α/5.031/100 4.84/0.24 α/4.956/100 4.83/0.45

8.1 s

156m


9+

153.94157

155

Spin (h/2 π)

11/26-

Tm

154

487_S11.indb 143

β+, EC/~ 9.2 β+, EC/~ 11.5 β+, EC/7.5 β+, EC/ β+, EC/8.8 β+, EC/10 /6.46 α/90 / β+, EC/15 / α/ β+, EC/56 /7.4 α/44 / β+, EC/5.58 α/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.4/9 p/1.118/100 1.01/ 0.89/8 p/1.19/100 1.01/28 0.94/22 p/1.115 ~ 10.7 1.052/

2-

+0.40

-0.5

½

+0.48

β+, EC/74 /6.5 EC/26 /

(2-)

+0.04

+0.7

9.1 m

β+/23 /3.9 EC/77 /

5/2+

+3.42

+1.9

1.24 m 9.4 m

IT β+/15 /5.9 EC/85 /

(5) 1-

+0.16

+0.58

ann.rad./ 0.3446 0.4529 0.5860 ann.rad./ 0.1104 0.3484 0.3855 0.4550 (0.1–1.58) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1921 0.3351 0.6280 1.1498 (0.18–2.81) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0591 0.0848 0.2713 (0.05–1.27) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1264 0.2642 0.7285 0.8544

4/17/06 11:00:20 AM




Tm


160.93355

161

Tm

162m



Spin (h/2 π)

31. m

β+, EC/3.2

7/2+

24. s

I.T./90 / β+, EC/10 /

5+


+2.40

+2.9

+0.69

Tm

161.93400

21.7 m

β+ /8 /4.81 EC/92 /

1-

+0.07

Tm

162.93265

1.81 h

EC/98 /2.439 β+ /1 /

½+

-0.082

5.1 m

I.T./80 / β+, EC/20 /

6-

162

163

Tm

164m

Tm

163.93356

2.0 m

β+ /36 /3.96 EC/64 /

1+

+2.38

Tm

164.932435

1.253 d

EC/1.593

½+

-0.139

Tm

165.93355

7.70 h

EC/98 /3.04 β+ /2 /

2+

+0.092

Tm

166.932852

9.24 d

EC/0.748

½+

-0.197

Tm

167.934173

93.1 d

EC/1.679

3+

+0.23

+3.2

168.934213 169.935801

128.6 d

½+ 1-

-0.232 +0.247

-1.2 +0.74

Tm

170.936429

1.92 y

β- /99.8/0.968 EC/0.2 /0.314 β- /0.096

½+

-0.230

Tm

171.93840

2.65 d

β- /1.88

Tm

172.939604

8.2 h

β- /1.298

164

165

166

167

168

Tm Tm

169 170

171

172

173

487_S11.indb 144


100

2.94/

0.883/24 0.968/76 0.03/2 0.096/98 1.79/36 1.88/29

0.80/21

2-

½+

+0.71

+2.14

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8614 1.3685 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0595 0.0844 1.6481 (0.04–2.15) Tm k x-ray Er k x-ray 0.0669 0.8115 0.9003 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1020 0.7987 (0.1–3.75) Er k x-ray 0.0692 0.1043 0.2414 0.0914 0.1394 0.2081 0.2405 0.3149 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0914 Er k x-ray 0.0472 0.0544 0.29728 0.80636 Er k x-ray 0.0806 0.1844 0.7789 1.2734 2.0524 Er k x-ray 0.0571 0.20778 Er k x-ray 0.19825 0.4475 0.81595 Yb k x-ray 0.08425 0.06674 Yb k x-ray 0.07879 1.38722 1.46601 1.52982 1.60861 Yb k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:21 AM






Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.86/71

Spin (h/2 π)

Tm Tm

173.94217

2.29 s 5.4 m

β- /3.08

0.70/14 1.20/83

(4-)

Tm

174.94384

15.2 m

β- /2.39

0.9/36 1.9/23

(1/2+)

176

Tm

175.9470

1.9 m

β-/4.2

2.0/ 1.2/

(4+)

Tm Tm 179 Tm

176.9490 177.9526 178.955

1.4 m

β-

70

Yb

173.04(3)

Yb Yb 150 Yb 151 Yb 152 Yb 153 Yb 154 Yb

147.967 148.964 149.9584 150.9554 151.9503 152.9495 153.94639

0.7 s > 0.2 μs 1.6 s 3.2 s 4. s 0.40 s

β+, p

Yb

154.9458

1.7 s

Yb

155.94282

26. s

Yb

156.94263

39. s

Yb

157.93987

1.5 m

β+, EC/1.9

Yb

158.94005

1.4 m

EC, β+/5.1

Yb

159.93755

4.8 m

β+, EC/2.0

0+

Yb

160.93790

4.2 m

β+, EC/3.9

3/2-

Yb

161.93577

18.9 m

β+, EC/1.7

0+

174m 174

175

177 178

148 149

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

487_S11.indb 145

β+ /8.5 β+ EC/5.5 β+ EC/6.7 β+ EC/7 /4.49 α/93 / β+, EC/16 /6.0 α/84 / β+, EC/21/3.57 α/79 / β+, EC/99+/5.5 α/0.5/

p/2.5–6.4/


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3988 0.4613 Yb k x-ray 0.07664 0.17669 0.27332 0.3666 0.99205 (0.08–1.6) Yb k x-ray 0.36396 0.51487 0.94125 0.98247 Yb k x-ray 0.1898 0.3819 1.0691

0+

0.647

0+ 0+

5.32/ 5.19/ 4.69/

0+

ann.rad./ -0.8

-1.

0+

ann.rad./ -0.64

4.69/

ann.rad./

0+

-0.37

-.022

-0.33

+1.03

ann.rad./ 0.231 (0.035–0.670) ann.rad./ 0.0741 0.2526 Tm k x-ray 0.1661 0.1772 0.3297 0.3903 ann.rad./ 0.1404 0.1737 0.2158 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0782 0.5999 0.6315 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.1188

4/17/06 11:00:23 AM








Yb

162.93633

11.1 m

β+ /26 /3.4

Yb

163.93449

1.26 h

EC/1.0

Yb

164.93528

9.9 m

β+ /10 /2.76 EC/90 /

Yb

165.93388

2.363 d

EC/0.30

Yb

166.934950

17.5 m

β+ /0.5 /1.954 EC/99.5 /

46. s

I.T./0.0242

0+ 1/2-

32.02 d

EC/0.909

7/2+

4.19 d

β- /0.470

0+ 1/20+ 5/20+ 7/2-

11.4 s

I.T./1.051

175.942572

1026 y 6.41 s

β-βI.T./0.3315

Yb

176.945261

1.9 h

β- /1.399

1.40

9/2+

178

Yb

177.94665

1.23 h

β- /0.65

0.25/

0+

Yb Yb 181 Yb

178.9502 179.9523 180.9562

8. m 2. m

β- /2.4 β-

163

164

165

166

167

Yb Yb

168

169m

0.13(1)

Yb

168.935190

169

Yb Yb 172 Yb 173 Yb 174 Yb 175 Yb 170 171

167.933897

3.04(15) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92)

169.934762 170.936326 171.936382 172.938211 173.938862 174.941277

Yb

176m

Yb Yb

176

177m

177

179 180

Lu

71

487_S11.indb 146

12.76(41)

1.4/

Spin (h/2 π) 3/2-

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) -0.37

+1.24

+0.48

+2.48

+0.62

+2.70

0+

1.58/

(5/2-)

0+

0.639/

0.466/73 0.071/21 0.353/6.2

5/2-

(8-)

0+ 1/2-

0+

-0.63

+3.5

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1635 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0636 0.8603 (0.06 –1.9) Tm k x-ray 0.0914 0.6752 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0801 1.0903 Tm k x-ray 0.0828 0.1844 0.7789 1.2734 2.0524 Tm k x-ray 0.06296 0.10616 0.11337 0.17633 Yb L x-ray 0.0242 0.1979/35.9 0.3078/10.05 0.0207–0.2611

+0.49367 -0.67989 0.77

+2.80 Lu k x-ray 0.3963/13 (0.114–0.28) Yb k x-ray 0.0961 0.1901 0.2929 0.3897 Yb k x-ray 0.1131 0.2084 Lu k x-ray 0.1504 0.1415 0.3246 0.3516 0.3815 0.6125 0.1028–0.4423

174.967(1)

4/17/06 11:00:25 AM


154.95432

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 0.045 ms 43. ms 16 μs 0.08 s 0.7 s 0.9 s 1.0 s 2.6 ms 0.07 s

155.9530

0.20 s ~ 0.5 s

Lu Lu

156.95010

~ 9.6 s 4.8 s

Lu

157.94931

10.4 s

Lu

158.94663

12.3 s

β+, EC/6.0

Lu

159.9460

36.1 s

β+, EC/7.3

Lu

160.94357

1.2 m

β+, EC/5.3

Lu Lu

161.9433

~ 1.5 m 1.37 m

EC/ β+, EC/6.9

Lu

162.94118

4.1 m

β+, EC/4.6

Lu

163.94134

3.14 m

β+, EC/6.3

1.6/ 3.8/

Lu

164.93941

10.7 m

β+, EC/3.9

2.06/

2.1 m

β+ /35 / EC/65 /

Lu Lu 151m Lu 151 Lu 152 Lu 153 Lu 154 Lu 155m Lu 155 Lu 150m 150

Lu 156 Lu



149.973 150.9676 151.9641 152.9588 153.9575

156m

157m 157

158

159

160

161

162m 162

163

164

165

Lu

166m2

487_S11.indb 147

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) p/1.29 p p/1.31 p/1.231

β+, EC/10.8 α/7.41 EC/8.0 α/ α/ β+, EC/9.5 α/ α β+, EC/94 /6.93 α/ β+, EC/99 /8.0 α/


Spin (h/2 π)

5.66/90 5.57/



ann.rad./

5.45/ 4.925/

ann.rad./

5.00/ 4.67/

41-

1/2+

(0-)

ann.rad./ 0.3682 0.4770 ann.rad./ 0.1505 0.1875 0.3693 ann.rad./ 0.2434 0.3957 0.5773 ann.rad./ 0.0437 0.0671 0.1003 0.1108 0.1562 0.2562 ann.rad./ 0.1666 0.6314 ann.rad./ 0.0539 0.0581 0.1504 0.1631 0.3717 0.1238 0.2621 0.7404 0.8639 0.8804 ann.rad./ 0.1206 0.1324 0.1742 0.2036 (0.04–2.0) ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 1.0673 1.2566 2.0986

4/17/06 11:00:26 AM


11-148 Elem. or Isot. Lu

166m1




Spin (h/2 π) (3-)

Lu

165.93986

2.8 m

β+ /25 /5.5 EC/75 /

Lu

166.93827

52. m

β+ /2 /3.1 EC/98 /

6.7 m

β+ /12 / EC/88 / IT/ 0.2 μs 2. s 0.9 s 25. ms 0.11 s 2.9 s

0+

Hf

158.95400

5.6 s

Hf

159.95068

~ 12. s

Hf Hf

160.95028 161.94721

17. s 38. s

EC, β+/~ 6.7 EC, β+/8. α/ α/ EC/54 /5.1 α/46 / β+, EC/88 /6.9 α/12 / β+, EC/97 /4.9 α/4.78 α/ β+, EC/3.7

Hf

162.94709

40. s

β+, EC/5.5

178

179

180

181

182

183 184

153 154

159

160

161 162

163

487_S11.indb 149

(7/2+)

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) 1.9 Yb k x-ray 0.07664 1.2419 +2.2327 +3.49 +0.318 -1.47 Hf k x-ray 0.088372 +3.169 +4.92 Hf k x-ray 0.20187 0.30691 0.089 2.33 5.4 Lu k x-ray Hf k x-ray 0.11295 0.20836 0.37850 0.41853 +2.239 +3.39 0.11295 0.20836 0.2166 0.3317 Hf k x-ray 0.0932 1.3099 1.3408 (0.09–1.7) 0.2143 0.3377 0.40795/50. (0.07–1.9) 0.0458 0.2059 0.5749 0.0978 0.7208 0.8182

0+

5.27/ 5.09/

4.60/

0+ ann.rad./ 0+

ann.rad./

0+

ann.rad./ 0.1739 0.1963 0.4101 ann.rad./ 0.0454 0.0621 0.0710

4/17/06 11:00:29 AM








Spin (h/2 π)

Hf Hf 166 Hf

163.94438 164.94457 165.94218

2.8 m 1.32 m 6.8 m

EC, β+/3.0 EC/4.6 EC/93 /2.3 β+ /7 /

0+ 11/20+

Hf

166.94260

2.0 m

β+ /40 /4.0 EC/60 /

(5/2-)

Hf

167.94057

25.9 m

β+, EC/1.8

0+

Hf

168.94126

3.25 m

EC/85 /3.3 β+ /15 /

(5/2-)

Hf

169.93961

16.0 h

EC/1.1

0+

Hf Hf

170.94049

30. s 12.2 h

EC, β+ /2.4

(1/2-) 7/2+

Hf

171.93945

1.87 y

EC/0.35

0+

Hf

172.94051

23.6 h

EC/1.6

½-

2.0 × 1015 y 71. d

EC/0.686

0+ 5/2-

51.4 m

I.T./2.740

0+ 37/2-

1.1 s

I.T./

23/2+

31. y

I.T./

7/216+

4.0 s

I.T./

8-

164 165

167

168

169

170

171m 171

172

173

Hf Hf

0.16(1)

173.940046 174.941509

Hf Hf

5.26(7)

175.941409

174 175

176

177m2

Hf

177m1

Hf Hf

177

178m2

Hf

178m1

487_S11.indb 150

18.60(9)

176.943221



ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.0788 ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.1754 0.3152 ann.rad./ (0.0144–1.311) ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.3695 0.4929 Lu k x-ray 0.0985 0.1202 0.1647 0.5729 0.6207

+0.53 -0.67

+3.46

ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.1221 0.6620 1.0714 Lu k x-ray 0.02399 0.12582 (0.0818–0.123) Lu k x-ray 0.12367 0.13963 0.29697 0.31124 (0.1–2.1)

-0.60

+2.7

Lu k x-ray 0.08936 0.34340

+0.7935 +8.16

+0.337 +6.00

Hf k x-ray 0.2140 0.2951 0.3115 0.3267 Hf k x-ray 0.20836 0.22847 0.37851 Hf k x-ray 0.32555 0.42635 0.089–0.574 Hf k x-ray 0.21342 0.32555

4/17/06 11:00:30 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Hf Hf

178

179m2



177.943699

Hf

179m1

Hf Hf

179

180m

Hf Hf 181 Hf 180

181m

13.62(2)

178.945816

35.08(16)

179.946550 180.949101

Hf

182m




Spin (h/2 π)

25.1 d

I.T./1.1057

0+ 25/2-

18.7 s

I.T./0.375

½-

5.52 h

I.T./1.1416

9/2+ 8-

1.5 ms 42.4 d

/1.738 β- /1.027

0.408/

0+ 25/21/2-

62. m

β- /54 /1.60 IT/46 /1.173

0.49/43 0.95/10

8-

Hf

181.95055

8.9 × 106 y

β- /0.37

Hf

182.95353

1.07 h

β- /2.01

1.18/68 1.54/25

3/2-

184

Hf

183.95545

4.1 h

β- /1.34

0.74/38 0.85/16 1.10/46

0+

Hf Hf 187 Hf 188 Hf

184.9588 185.9609 186.9646 187.967

~ 3.5 m ~ 2.6 m > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /

p/1.77 β+ /~ 11.6 p/ α/ p/ α/

182

183

185 186

Ta

180.94788(2)

Ta Ta

154.975 155.9723

12 μs 0.11 s

Ta

156.9682

10 ms

Ta

157.9667

37. ms

Ta

158.96302

0.6 s

Ta

159.9615

1.4 s

Ta

160.9584

3.16 s

Ta

161.9573

4. s

73

155 156

157

158

159

160

161

162

487_S11.indb 151

0+

0+



7.4

Hf k x-ray 0.1227 0.1461 0.3626 0.4537 Hf k x-ray 0.1607 0.2141

-0.641 +9.

+3.79 +4.6

Hf k x-ray 0.2152 0.3323 0.4432

Ta k x-ray 0.13294/54 0.48200/100 0.3459/20 Hf k x-ray 0.0509 0.2244 0.3441 0.4558 0.5066 0.9428 Ta k x-ray 0.2704/79 (0.098-0.270) Ta k x-ray 0.0732 0.4591 0.7837 Ta k x-ray 0.0414 0.1391 0.3449 0.165 0.738

0+

β+, EC/20 /8.5 α/80 / β+, EC/10.1 α β+, EC/7.5 α/ EC/8.6

1.02/~ 100 6.117 0.927/3.4 6.05/100 5.97/100 α/5.52/34 5.60/55 5.41/ 5.15

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./

4/17/06 11:00:32 AM


11-152 Elem. or Isot. Ta Ta

163 164


Atomic Mass or Weight 162.95433 163.95353


4.62/

Spin (h/2 π)

164.95077 165.95051

31. s 34. s

ECβ+/5.9 β+ /82 /7.7 EC/18 /

Ta Ta

166.94809 167.94805

1.4 m 2.4 m

β+, EC/5.6 β+ /77 /6.7 EC/23 /

Ta

168.94601

4.9 m

β+, EC/4.4

Ta

169.94618

6.8 m

β +/70 /6.0 EC/35 /

(3+)

Ta

170.94448

23.3 m

β+, EC/3.7

(5/2-)

Ta

171.94490

36.8 m

β+ /25 /4.9 EC/75 /

(3-)

Ta

172.94375

3.6 h

β+ /24 /3.7 EC/76 /

(5/2-)

Ta

173.94445

1.12 h

β+ /27 /3.8 EC/73 /

(3+)

Ta

174.94374

10.5 h

EC/2.0

7/2+

Ta

175.94486

8.1 h

EC/3.1

1-

Ta

176.944472

2.356 d

EC/1.166

7/2+

2.4 h

EC/

(7-)

9.29 m

EC/99 /1.9 β+ /1 /

1+

166

167 168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

Ta

178m

Ta

178

177.94578


3+

Ta Ta

165

487_S11.indb 152

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 10.6 s EC/6.8 14.2 s β+ /8.5 α/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.2110 0.3768

3+

1.70

-1.9

2.27

+3.7

2.25

+2.74

+0.65

ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1587 0.3117 0.8101 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1239 0.2615 0.7502 ann.rad./ 0.0288 0.1535 0.1924 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1008 0.2212 0.0496 0.5018 0.5064 (0.05–1.02) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.21396 1.10923 (0.09 –3.8) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.06972 0.17219 (0.06 –2.7) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.09089 0.20638 (0.09–3.64) Hf k x-ray 0.2077 0.2671 0.3487 Hf k x-ray 0.08837 1.15735 Hf k x-ray 0.11295 (0.07–1.06) Hf k x-ray 0.08886 0.21342 0.32555 0.42635 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:33 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Ta Ta 180 Ta


179

180m

Ta Ta

181

182m

0.0120(2)

99.9880(2)


178.945930 179.947465

180.947996

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 1.8 y >1.2 × 1015 y 8.15 h



EC/0.110 EC/87 /0.854 β- /13 /0.708

15.8 m

I.T./0.5198

0.61/3 0.71/10

Spin (h/2 π)


7/2+ (9-) 1+

2.29 4.82

3.37

7/2+ 10-

+2.370

+3.3

+2.6

Ta

181.950152

114.43 d

β- /1.814

0.25/30 0.44/20 0.52/40

3-

+3.02

Ta

182.951373

5.1 d

β- /1.070

0.45/5 0.62/91

7/2+

+2.36

Ta

183.95401

8.7 h

β- /2.87

1.11/15 1.17/81

(5-)

Ta

184.95556

49. m

β- /1.99

1.21/5 1.77/81

(7/2+)

186

Ta

185.9586

10.5 m

β- /3.9

2.2/

(3-)

Ta Ta 189 Ta

186.9605 187.9637 188.9658

> 0.3 μs 5 μs > 0.3 μs

W

183.84(1)

W W 159 W 160 W 161 W

157.975 158.9729 159.9685 160.9674

0.14 ms 1.3 ms 7. ms 0.08 s 0.41 s

W

161.9635

1.39 s

163

W

162.9625

2.8 s

164

W

163.95895

6. s

W

164.95828

5.1 s

W

165.95503

16. s

W W

166.95482 167.95181

20. s 53. s

182

183

184

185

187 188

74

158m 158

162

165

166

167 168

487_S11.indb 153

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.09316 Hf k x-ray Hf k x-ray W k x-ray 0.09333 0.10340 Ta k x-ray 0.14678 0.17157 W k x-ray 1.12127/100 1.22138/79 0.085–1.289 W k x-ray 0.0847 0.0991 0.1079 0.2461 0.3540 W k x-ray 0.2528/44. 0.4140/74. (0.09–1.4) W k x-ray 0.0697 0.1739 0.1776 W k x-ray 0.1979 0.2149 0.5106 (0.09–1.5) 0.292

α α/ α/ α/ β+, EC/18 /8.1 α/82 / β+, EC/54 /5.8 α/46 / β+, EC/59 /7.5 α/41 / β+, EC/97 /5.0 α/3 / β+, EC/99 /7.0 α/1 / β+, EC/99 /4.2 α/1 / EC/5.6 EC/3.8 α/10-5/

8.28(3)/ 6.433/96

0+

5.92/

0+

5.78/ 5.54/ 5.38/ 5.15/ 4.91/ 4.74/

4.40(1)

0+

0+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./

0+

ann.rad./

0+

ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1755

4/17/06 11:00:35 AM








Spin (h/2 π)

169

W

168.95178

1.3 m

EC/5.4

170

W

169.94923

2.4 m

EC/2.2

171

W

170.94945

2.4 m

EC/4.6

172

W

171.94729

6.6 m

β+, EC/2.5

173

W

172.94769

6.3 m

EC/4.0

174

W

173.94608

35. m

EC/1.9

0+

175

W W

174.94672 175.94563

35. m 2.5 h

EC/2.9 β+, EC/0.8

½0+

177

W

176.94664

2.21 h

EC/2.0

(1/2-)

178

W W

177.94588

21.6 d 6.4 m

0+ (1/2-)

179

W

178.94707

38. m

EC/0.091 IT/99.7/0.222 EC/0.3/ EC/1.06

180

W W

0.12(1)

179.946704 180.948197

1.8 × 1018 y 121.1 d

α/ EC/0.188

0+ 9/2+

W W

26.50(16)

181.948204

> 7.7 × 1021 y 5.15 s

α/ I.T./

0+ (11/2+)

14.31(4) 30.64(2)

182.950223 183.950931

> 4.1 × 1021 y > 8.9 × 1021 y 1.6 m

α/ α/ I.T./0.1974

½0+ 11/2+

28.43(19)

184.953419 185.954364

74.8 d > 8.2 × 1021 y 1.6 μs 23.9 h

β- /0.433 α/ IT β- /1.311

176

179m

181

182

183m

W W 185m W 183 184

W W 187m W 187 W 185 186

487_S11.indb 154

186.957161


0+

0+

(7/2-)

0.433/99.9 0.411 0.624/66

3/20+ 11/2+ 3/2-

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.037–0.573) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.123 (0.097–0.699) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3162 (0.060–0.144) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1842 (0.052–0.479) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.0389 (0.034–0.674) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.4576 (0.035–0.623) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3287 0.4288 (0.056–0.429) (0.015–0.27) 0.03358 0.06129 0.09487 0.10020 Ta k x-ray 0.15505 0.18569 0.42694 Ta k x-ray W k x-ray 0.2220 Ta k x-ray 0.0307 Ta k x-ray 0.13617 0.15221

+0.1177848

W k x-ray 0.0465 0.0526 0.0991 0.1605

W k x-ray 0.0659 0.1315 0.1737 0.12536

0.62

(0.014-0.287) Re k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:36 AM






Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.315/16 0.081–1.18 0.349/99

Spin (h/2 π)

188

W

187.958489

69.78 d

β- /0.349

189

W

188.9619

9.7 m

β- /2.5

(3/2-)

W W

189.9632

~ 0.06 ms 30. m

1.4/ 2.5/

β- /1.3

0.95/

0+

W W

190.9666 191.968

> 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

Re

186.207(1)

Re

159.9821

0.7 ms

Re

160.9776

14 ms

Re

161.9760

0.10 s

Re

162.97208

0.26 s

Re

163.9703

0.9 s

Re 165 Re

164.96709

~ 2.37 s 2.6 s

Re

165.9658

2.5 s

Re 167 Re

166.9626

6.2 s 3.4 s

Re

167.96157

4.4 s

190m 190

191 192

75

160

161

162

163

164

165m

166

167m

168

Re

169m

8.1 s

β+, EC/9.0 α/ β+, EC/10.7 α/ α/ β+, EC/87 /8.1 α/ β+, EC/9.4 α/ α, EC/ β+, EC/7.4 α/ β+, EC/9.1 α/ α

16. s 9.2 s

β+, EC/9.0

Re Re

170.95572

15.2 s 55. s

EC/~ 5.7 β+, EC/

Re

171.9554

15. s

β+, EC/7.3

Re Re

172.95324 173.95312

2.0 m 2.4 m

EC/~ 3.9 β+, EC/5.6

Re Re

174.95138 175.95162

5.8 m 5.3 m

β+, EC/4.3 β+, EC/5.6

Re

176.95033

14. m

EC/78 /3.4 β+ /22 /

171

172m

172

173 174

175 176

177

487_S11.indb 155

p/ α/ α/ p α/

168.95879 169.95822

170

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.68572/33 0.134–0.773 0.0636 0.2271 0.2907 0.2604 (0.1262-1.466) (0.0585-0.694) Re k x-ray 0.1576 0.1621

0+

Re Re

169

0+


1.261(6)/91 6.54/ 6.24 1.35 6.12/94 6.09/94 α/5.87/32 5.92/66 5.78/ 5.502/ 5.49/ < 5. 5.50/

5.015/ 0.1117

4.833/ 4.70/ 4.87/

0.1560 0.3055 0.4125 (2)

(3+)

(5/2-)

ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 0.3504 ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1119 0.2430 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1089 0.2406 ann.rad./ W k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:38 AM





Re

177.95099

13.2 m

Re Re

178.94999

0.47 ms 19.7 m

Re

179.95079

Re

180.95007

178

179m 179

180

181

Re

182m



Spin (h/2 π)


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0797 0.0843 0.1968 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1059 0.2373 0.9391 W k x-ray 0.1199 0.2900 0.4154 0.4302 1.6803 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1036 0.9028 (0.07–2.2) W k x-ray 0.3607 0.3655 0.6390 W k x-ray 0.0677 1.1214 1.2215 (0.06–2.2) W k x-ray 0.0678 0.2293 1.1213 1.2214 W k x-ray 0.16232 Re k x-ray 0.1047 0.2165 0.92093 (0.10–1.1) W k x-ray 0.79207 0.90328 (0.1–1.4)

β+ /11 /4.7 EC/89 /

3.3/

(3+)

EC/99 /2.71 β+ /1 /

0.95/

(5/2+)

2.8

2.45 m

EC/92 /3.80 β+ /8 /

1.76/

1-

1.6

20. h

EC /1.74

5/2+

3.19

12.7 h

EC/

2+

3.3

+1.8

0.55/ 1.74/

Re

181.9512

2.67 d

EC/2.8

(7+)

2.8

+4.1

Re

182.95082

70. d

EC/0.56

(5/2+)

+3.17

+2.3

165. d

I.T./75 /0.188 EC/25 /

8+

+2.9

38. d

EC/1.48

3-

+2.53

+2.8

2.0 × 105 y

I.T./0.150

5/2+ 8+

+3.1871

+2.18

185.954986

3.718 d

β- /92 /1.070 EC/8 /0.582

0.973/21 1.07/71

1-

+1.739

+0.62

186.955753

4.2 × 1010 y 18.6 m

β- /0.00266 I.T./0.172

0.0025/

5/2+ (6-)

+3.2197

+2.07

Re

187.958114

17.00 h

β- /2.120

1.962/20 2.118/79

1-

+1.788

+0.57

Re

188.95923

24. h

β- /1.01

1.01/

(5/2+)

182

183

Re

184m

Re

183.952521

184

Re Re

185

186m

37.40(2)

Re

186

Re Re

187

188m

188

189

487_S11.indb 156


62.60(2)

184.952955

Re k x-ray 0.0590 W k x-ray 0.1227/0.6 0.1372/9.5 (0.63–0.77) Re k x-ray 0.0925 0.1059 Os k x-ray 0.15502 0.309–2.022 0.1471

4/17/06 11:00:43 AM




Re

190m



3.0 h

β- /51 / I.T./49 /


Spin (h/2 π)

(6-)

190

Re

189.9618

3.0 m

β- /3.2

1.8/

Re Re 192 Re 193m Re 193 Re 194 Re

190.96313

9.7 m ~ 0.12 ms 16. s ~ 0.08 ms > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /2.05

1.8/

β- /4.2

~ 2.5/

76

Os

190.23(3)

Os Os 164 Os 165 Os 166 Os

161.984 162.9827 163.9780 164.9768 165.97269

1.8 ms 5.5 ms 0.04 s 0.07 s 0.18 s

6.60 6.51

Os

166.9716

0.7 s

Os

167.96780

2.2 s

Os

168.96702

3.3 s

α/ α/ α α β+, EC/28 /6.3 α/72 / β+, EC/76 /8.2 α/24 / β+, EC/51 /5.7 α/49 / β+, EC/89 /7.7 α/13 /

Os

169.96358

7.1 s

Os

170.96319

8.4 s

Os

171.96002

19. s

Os

172.95981

16. s

Os

173.95706

44. s

Os

174.95695

1.4 m

β+, EC/5.3

Os

175.95481

3.6 m

β+, EC/3.2

0+

Os

176.95497

2.8 m

β+, EC/4.5

(1/2-)

Os

177.95325

5.0 m

β+, EC/2.3

0+

191

192m

162 163

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

487_S11.indb 157

191.9660 192.9675 193.9704

β+, EC/5.0 α/ β+, EC/98 /7.1 α/19 / β+, EC/99 /4.5 α/1.1/ β+, EC/6.3 α/0.4 / β+, EC/3.9 α/0.02 /

6.27/ 5.98/ 5.84/

5.57/80 5.51/12 5.54/8 5.40/ α/5.24/93.5 5.17/6.5 5.10/ 4.94/ 4.76/

(2-)


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2167 0.2194 0.2451 Re k x-ray 0.1191 0.2238 0.6731 (0.1–1.79) Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.5580 0.6051 (0.0606-0.146) (0.2–0.75) (0.061-0.146)

0+ 0+ 0+

ann. rad./ ann.rad./

0+

ann. rad./ ann.rad./

0+

0+

0+

ann.rad./ (0.162–0.216) ann.rad./ 0.190–0.705 ann.rad./ (0.063–1.120) ann.rad./ 0.142–0.299 0.118 0.138 / 0.001 0.158 0.325 0.125 0.181 0.248 0.8155 0.7758 0.8573 1.2093 1.2909 0.0848 0.1958 0.3002 1.2686 ann.rad./ 0.5946

4/17/06 11:00:45 AM







Spin (h/2 π)

Os

178.95382

7. m

β+, EC/3.7

Os

179.95238

21.5 m

β+, EC/1.5

0+

1.75 h

EC/

(1/2-)

179

180

Os

181m

Os

180.95324

2.7 m

EC/2.9

(7/2-)

Os

181.95211

21.5 h

EC/0.9

0+

9.9 h

EC/84 / I.T./16 /

½-

182.95313

13. h

EC/2.1

9/2+

93.6 d

EC/1.013

0+ ½-

2. × 1015 y

α/

5.8 h

I.T./0.0308

0+ ½0+ 9/2-

9.9 m

I.T./1.705

3/2+ 10-

13.1 h

I.T./0.0744

0+ 3/2-

15.4 d

β- /0.314

6.0 s

I.T./2.0154

191.961481 192.964152

30.5 h

β- /1.141

1.04/20

Os

193.965182

6.0 y

β- /0.097

Os Os

194.968 195.96964

6.5 m 34.9 m

β- /2.0 β- /1.16

0.054/33 0.096/67 2.0/ 0.84/

181

182

Os

183m

Os

183

Os Os

0.02(1)

183.952489 184.954042

Os Os 188 Os 189m Os

1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8)

185.953838 186.955750 187.955838

Os Os

16.15(5)

188.958148

Os Os

26.26(2)

189.958447

184 185

186 187

189

190m

190

191m

Os

190.960930

191

Os

192m

Os Os

192 193

194

195 196

487_S11.indb 158


40.78(19)

~ 2.75/

0.140/100


-0.79

+3.1

Re k x-ray 0.6461 0.8748 0.8805 +0.0646519

+0.65993 -0.6

9/2-

+0.86

+2.5

(10-)

0+ 3/2-

0+

0+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6850 0.9687 1.3311 ann.rad./ 0.0654 0.2186 0.5938 Re k x-ray 0.0202–0.7174 ann.rad./ 0.0489 ann.rad./ 0.11794 0.23868 0.8267 (0.07–2.64) Re k x-ray 0.1802 0.5100 Os k x-ray Re k x-ray 1.1020 1.1080 Re k x-ray 0.1144 0.3818

+0.730

+0.47

Os L x-ray 0.0308 Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.3611 0.5026 0.6161 Os k x-ray 0.0744 Ir k x-ray 0.1294 Os k x-ray 0.2058/65.9 0.5692/70 (0.201–1.000) Ir k x-ray 0.1389 0.4605 Ir L x-ray 0.0429 0.1262/5 0.4079/5.9

4/17/06 11:00:47 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Os

197



Ir

192.217(3)

Ir Ir

163.9922 164.9875

77

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 2.8 m β-

167

Ir

166.98167

32. ms

Ir Ir 169 Ir 170 Ir 171 Ir 172 Ir

167.9799 168.97630 169.9750 170.97163 171.9705

0.16 s 280. ms 353. ms 0.43 s 1.3 s 2.1 s

p p/87 α/13 α/98.2 p/1.8 α/93 p/6.9 α/48, β+ p/32 α/80, β+ p/0.4 α/82 α/ α/ α/ α/ α/

Ir

172.96750

3.0 s

α/

5.665/

Ir

173.96686

4. s

α/

5.478/

Ir Ir

174.96411 175.96365

~ 4.5 s 8. s

5.393/

Ir

176.96130

30. s

Ir

177.96108

12. s

α/ EC, β+/80 α/3.2/ EC, β+/5.7 α/0.06/ β+, EC/6.3

Ir

178.95912

4. m

EC/4.9

Ir

179.95923

1.5 m

EC/6.4

Ir

180.95763

4.9 m

β+, EC/4.1

Ir

181.95808

15. m

β+ /44 /5.6 EC/56 /

Ir

182.95685

57. m

β+, EC/3.5

Ir

183.95748

3.0 h

β+ /12 /4.6 EC/88 /

Ir

184.95670

14. h

β+ /3 /2.4 EC/97 /

164 165

Ir

14.3 ms

166m

Ir

166

165.9858

Ir

169m

173

174

175 176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

487_S11.indb 159

0.010 s 26. ms

167m

168

0.06 ms 0.3 ms


Spin (h/2 π)


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2239 (0.0412-0.406)

1.78 1.71 6.72 6.545 1.32 6.56 1.15 6.39/90 1.25/0.42 6.35/48 1.06/39.3 6.12/59 5.99/42 6.03/ 5.91/ 5.811/

0.228 (0.379–0.475) 0.0493 (0.092–0.296) 0.1587 (0.276–1.33) 0.1056 0.260 (0.135–0.415) 0.184 (0.062–0.194)

5.118/ 5.011/

(7/2+)

2.3/ 2.9/

5-

0.70

+2.41

(5/2-)

2.60

-2.1

0.1320 0.2667 0.3633 0.0975 (0.045–0.220) 0.2765 ((0.132–1.106) ann.rad./ 0.1076 (0.0196–1.715) ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.1273 0.2370 ann.rad./ 0.0877 0.2285 0.2824 ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.11968 0.2640 0.3904 ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.2543 1.8288

4/17/06 11:00:48 AM



Ir

185.95795

15.7 h

EC/98 /3.83 β+ /2 /

(5+)

Ir

186.95736

10.5 h

EC/1.50

3/2+

Ir

187.95885

1.72 d

β+ /2.81 EC/99+ /

Ir

188.95872

13.2 d

EC/0.53

3/2+

3.09 h

(11-)

1.12 h 11.8 d

β+, EC/95 / I.T./5 / I.T. /0.0263 EC/2.0

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) 0.64 +1.46 Os k x-ray 0.1371 0.7675 3.9 -2.55 Os k x-ray 0.1372 0.2968 0.4348 (0.13–3.0) +0.94 Os k x-ray 0.0743 0.4009 0.4271 0.6109 0.9128 0.30 +0.48 Os k x-ray 0.1550 0.4780 0.6330 2.2146 0.13 +0.88 Os k x-ray 0.2449 0.376

7+ (4+)

0.04

4.93 s

I.T./0.1714

11/2-

+0.603

241. y 1.44 m

I.T./0.161 I.T./0.0580

3/2+ (9+) (1+)

+0.151

+0.82

73.83 d

β- /1.460

(4-)

+1.92

+2.15

10.53 d

I.T./0.0802

11/2-

170. d

β- /

3/2+ 11

+0.164

+0.75

19.3 h

β-/2.247

1.92/9 2.25/86

1-

+0.39

+0.34

3.9 h

β- /

0.41/ 0.97/

(11/2-)

2.8 h

β- /1.120

(3/2+)

1.40 h

β-/

1.0/80 1.11/13 1.16/

Ir

186m


186

187

188

189


Ir

190m2

Ir

190m1

Ir

190

189.960546

Ir

191m

Ir

191

Ir 192m1 Ir 192m2

37.3(2)

Ir

190.960594

191.962605

192

Ir

193m

Ir Ir

193

194m

Ir

194

62.7(2)

192.962926

193.965078

Ir

195m

Ir

195

Ir

196m

487_S11.indb 160

194.965980

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.7 h EC /


1.13/ 1.64/

Spin (h/2 π) (2-)

(2-)

+2.8

Ir L x-ray Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.4072 0.5186 0.5580 0.6051 (0.2–1.4) Ir k x-ray 0.1294 Ir k x-ray Ir L x-ray 0.0580 0.3165 Pt k x-ray 0.31649/83. 0.46806/48. Ir L x-ray 0.0803 Pt k x-ray 0.3284 0.4829 0.5624 0.2935 0.3284 0.6451 (0.1–2.2) Pt k x-ray 0.3199/9.6 0.3649/9.5 0.4329/9.6 0.6849/9.6 Pt k x-ray 0.0989/9.7 Pt k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:50 AM


Ir

196



195.96840

Ir



52. s

β- /3.21

8.9 m

Ir

196.96965

5.8 m

β- / I.T./ β- /2.16

Ir

197.9723

8. s

β- /4.1

Ir

198.97380

78

Pt

195.084(9)

Pt Pt 168 Pt

165.995 166.930 167.9882

0.3 ms 0.9 ms 2.1 ms

Pt Pt

168.9867 169.98250

Pt

197m

2.1/15 3.2/80

Spin (h/2 π)

(11/2-) (3/2+)

α/ α/ α

7.11/ 6.98/ 6.82

0+

7.0 ms 14.0 ms

α α

6.69 6.55

170.9812

0.05 s

α

6.45

Pt Pt

171.97735 172.9764

0.10 s 0.36 s

Pt

173.97282

0.89 s

6.31/94 6.23 6.20/

Pt

174.97242

2.5 s

α/ β+, EC/8.2 α/ β+, EC/17 /5.6 α/83 / β+, EC/65 /7.6 α/35 /

Pt

175.96895

6.3 s

β+, EC/60 /5.1 α/40 /

Pt

176.96847

11. s

EC/91 /6.8 α/9 /

Pt

177.96565

21. s

EC/93 /4.5 α/7 /

Pt

178.96536

33. s

Pt

179.96303

52. s

Pt Pt

180.96310 181.96117

51. s 2.7 m

β+, EC/5.7 α/ 5.16/ β+, EC/99.7 /3.7 0+ 5.140/ α/0.3 / β+, EC/5.2 β+, EC/2.9

198

199

166 167

169 170

171

172 173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181 182

Pt

183m

43. s

β+, EC/ I.T./


0-

1.5/ 2.0/

197

487_S11.indb 161


6.040/ 5.831/5 5.96/54 6.038/ 5.528/0.6 5.750/41 5.53/ 5.485/3 5.525/6 5.286/0.2 5.442/7

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3557 0.3935 0.4471 0.5214 0.6473 0.3329 0.3557 0.7796 0.3465 see Ir[197] 0.0531 0.1351 0.4306 0.4697 0.4074 0.5070

0+

0.582/69 0.594/69 0.725/62

0+

0.509/100 0.662/86 0.214–0.726 0.4450 (0.1564-1.208)

0+

0+ 0.0774 0.1354 0.2128 0+

ann.rad./ 0.2277 0.0908

0+

+0.43

0+

(7/2-)

+0.48

+0.78

+3.4

ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.1460 0.2100 ann.rad./ 0.3132/26

4/17/06 11:00:51 AM







Spin (h/2 π)

Pt

182.96160

7. m

β+, EC/4.6

Pt

183.95992

17.3 m

β+, EC/2.3

0+

Pt Pt

184.96062

33. m 1.18 h

β+, EC/ β+, EC/3.8

½(9/2+)

Pt

185.95935

2.0 h

β+, EC/1.38

0+

Pt

186.96059

2.35 h

β+, EC/3.1

3/2-

Pt

187.95940

10.2 d

EC/0.51

0+

Pt

188.96083

10.9 h

β+, EC/1.97

4.5 × 1011 y 2.86 d

183

184

185m 185

186

187

188

189

Pt Pt

0.014(1)

189.95993 190.961677

Pt Pt

0.782(7)

191.961038

32.967(99)

192.962988 193.962680

33.832(10) 25.242(41)

194.964791 195.964952

190 191

192

193m

Pt Pt 195m Pt 193 194

Pt Pt 197m Pt 195 196

Pt

196.967340

197

Pt Pt

198

199m

Pt

199

487_S11.indb 162


7.163(55)

197.967893

198.970593


+0.50

+0.5 -0.75

+3.7

-0.41

-1.1

3/2-

-0.43

-1.2

EC/1.02

0+ (3/2-)

-0.50

-0.9

4.33 d

I.T./0.1498

0+ 13/2+

-0.75

60. y

EC/0.0566

4.01 d

I.T./0.2952

(1/2-) 0+ 13/2+

+0.60

1/20+ 13/2+

+0.6095

0.51

1.590 h

I.T./97 / β- /3 /

19.9 h

β- /0.719

1/2-

13.6 s

I.T./0.424

0+ 13/2+

30.8 m

β- /1.70

0.90/18

(5/2-)

-0.61

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3164/59 0.6296/100 0.058–1.75 ann.rad./ 0.119/100 0.307/93 0.260/90 0.058–1.377 ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.1919 0.5484 ann.rad./ 0.1353 0.1974 0.2296 0.2551 ann.rad./ 0.6115 0.6892 ann.rad./ Ir k x-ray 0.1064 0.1100 0.2015 0.2849 0.7092 Ir k x-ray 0.1876 0.1951 Ir k x-ray 0.0943 0.6076 0.7214 (0.09–1.47) Ir k x-ray 0.3599 0.4094 0.5389 Pt k x-ray 0.1355 Ir k x-rays

+1.4

Pt k x-ray 0.0989

Pt k x-ray 0.0530 0.3465 Au k x-ray 0.1914 0.2688 Pt k x-ray 0.3919 0.3170/3.88

4/17/06 11:00:53 AM






Spin (h/2 π)

Pt

199.971441

12.5 h

β- /~ 0.66

0+

Pt

200.97451

2.5 m

β- /2.66

(5/2-)

Pt Pt

201.9757

0.3 ms 1.8 d

Au

196.966569(4)

200

201

202m 202

79

Au

0.62 ms

170m

Au

170

169.9961

Au

0.30 ms 1.09 ms

171m

p/58 α/42 p/89 α/11 α/66 p/34 p/100

1.74/ 7.11/ 1.46/ 7.00/ 6.995 1.694 1.437 6.86 6.732 6.672 6.54

Au

170.99188

0.022 ms

Au Au 173 Au 174 Au 175 Au 176 Au

171.9900 172.98624 173.9848 174.98127 175.9801

4 ms 15 ms 0.02 s 0.14 s 0.15 s 0.9 s

α/7.02 α/92 α/94 α α β+, EC/10.5 α/

177

Au

176.97687

1.2 s

α/

Au Au 180 Au

177.9760 178.97321 179.97252

2.6 s 7.5 s 8.1 s

α/ α/ EC/8.6 α/

Au

180.97008

11.4 s

Au

181.96962

21. s

EC/97.5/6.3 α/2.7/ β+, EC/6.9 α/0.13/

Au

182.96759

42. s

EC/5.5 α/0.8/

Au Au

183.96745

48 s 21. s

I.T. EC, β+/7.1 α/0.013/ β+, EC/ I.T./0.145 β+, EC/4.71 α/0.26/ β+, EC/ β+, EC/6.0

172

173m

178 179

181

182

183

184m 184

Au

6.8 m

185m

Au

184.96579

4.3 m

Au Au

185.96595

< 2. m 10.7 m

185

186m 186


0+

171

487_S11.indb 163

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.14/14

6.260/80 6.290/20 6.115/ 6.150/ 5.920/ 5.85/ 5.65 5.61 5.50

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.49375/4.47 0.5430/11.7 (0.055–1.293) Au k x-ray 0.13590 0.22747 0.24371 0.070 0.152 0.222 1.760 (0.535-0.719) 0.440

0.1522 0.2564 0.5242 0.6765 0.8084 0.8597

5.482/

+1.97

ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.2649 (0.13–1.4) 0.1630 0.2730 0.3625 0.069(IT)

(2+) (5+)

+1.44 +2.07

+1.9 +4.7

(5/2-)

+2.17

-1.1

ann.rad./

3-

-1.26

+3.1

0.1915 ann.rad./

4/17/06 11:00:55 AM





Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) α/8(10)-4/


Spin (h/2 π)


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1915 0.2988 ann.rad./ 0.9152 1.2668 1.3321 1.4081 ann.rad./ 0.2660 0.3404 0.6061 0.1667 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.4478 0.7133 0.8128 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2958 0.3018 0.5977 Au k x-ray 0.2414 0.2526 Pt k x-ray 0.5864/16 (0.088–1.30) ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2959 0.3165 Au k x-ray 0.2580 Pt k x-ray 0.1862 0.2556 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2935 0.3284/61 Au k x-ray 0.2617 Pt k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.1478 0.1883 0.0847 Pt k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.1302 0.2790

Au Au

186.96457

2.3 s 8.3 m

IT β+, EC/3.60

9/21/2+

+0.54

Au

187.96532

8.8 m

β+, EC/5.3

(1-)

-0.07

Au Au

188.96395

4.6 m 28.7 m

β+, EC/ EC/96 /3.2 β+ /4 /

11/21/2+

+6.19 +0.49

Au

189.96470

43. m

β+ /2 /4.44 EC/98 /

1-

-0.07

0.9 s

I.T./0.2663

(11/2-)

6.6

3/2+

+0.137

+0.72

1-

-0.011

-0.23

187m 187

188

189m 189

190

Au

191m

Au

190.96370

3.2 h

EC/1.83

Au

191.96481

4.9 h

β+ /5 /3.52 EC/95 /

3.9 s

I.T./0.2901

11/2-

6.2

+1.98

3/2+

+0.140

+0.66

1-

+0.076

-0.24

191

192

Au

193m

2.19/ 2.49/

Au

192.96415

17.6 h

EC/1.07

Au

193.96537

1.64 d

β+ /3 /2.49 EC/97 /

30.5 s

I.T./0.3186

11/2-

6.2

+1.9

186.10 d 9.7 h

EC/0.227 I.T./0.5954

3/2+ 12-

+0.149 5.7

+0.61

8.1 s 6.17 d 7.8 s

I.T./0.0846 EC/92 /1.506 I.T./0.4094 β- /8 /0.686

8+ 211/2-

+0.591 +6.0

0.81 +1.7

2.30 d

I.T./0.812

3/2+ (12-)

+0.14575

+0.55

2.695 d

β- /1.372

2-

+0.5934

+0.64

193

194

Au

195m

Au Au

194.965035

195

196m2

Au Au 197m Au 196m1

195.966570

196

Au Au

197

198m

Au

198

487_S11.indb 164


100.

196.966569

197.968242

1.49/

0.290/1 0.961/99

Au k x-ray 0.0972 0.1803 0.2419 Hg k x-ray 0.411794

4/17/06 11:00:57 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Au

199



198.968765

Au

200m

Au

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 3.14 d β- /0.453

18.7 h

β- /84 /1.0 I.T./16 /

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.25/22 0.292/72 0.462/6 0.56/

Spin (h/2 π) 3/2+

12-

200

199.97073

48.4 m

β- /2.24

0.7/15 2.2/77

1-

Au Au 203 Au 204 Au

200.971657 201.9738 202.975155 203.9777

26. m 29. s 1.0 m 40. s

β- /1.28 β- /3.0 β- /2.14 β- /4.5

1.27/82

3/2+ (1-) 3/2+ (2-)

Au

204.9799

31. s

β- /

Hg

200.59(2)

Hg Hg 173 Hg 174 Hg 175 Hg 176 Hg 177m Hg 177 Hg 178 Hg

171.0038 171.9988 172.9972 173.99286 174.9914 175.98736 176.9863 177.98248

0.06 ms 0.3 ms 0.8 ms 1.9 ms 0.02 s 21 ms 1.5 μs 0.13 s 0.26 s

Hg

178.98183

1.05 s

Hg

179.97827

2.6 s

α α α α α α IT α EC/50 /6.1 α/50 / EC/8.0 α/ EC/5.5 α/

Hg

180.97782

3.6 s

β+ EC/76 /~ 7.3 α/24 /

Hg

181.97469

10.8 s

β+, EC/85/5.0 α/15/

Hg

182.97445

9. s

β+, EC/77/6.3 α/

Hg

183.97171

30.9 s

β+, EC/99/4.1 α/1/

21. s

β+, EC, IT, α/

184.97190 185.96936

51. s 1.4 m

186.96981

1.7 m 2.4 m

β+, EC/95/5.8 β+, EC/3.3 α β+, EC/ β+, EC/4.9

201 202

205

80

171 172

179

180

181

182

183

184

Hg

185m

Hg Hg

185 186

Hg 187 Hg 187m

487_S11.indb 165

~ 1.9/

7.49 7.36 7.20 7.07 6.74/94 6.58 6.43/ 6.29/ 6.12/33 5.69/.03

5.87/8.6 5.45/0.03 5.83/ 5.91/ 5.54/1.3 5.07/0.002 5.37/

5.09/0.02

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.2715 +0.51 Hg k x-ray 0.15837 0.20820 5.9 Au k x-ray 0.2559/71 0.3680/77 0.4978/73 0.5793/72 0.084–0.904) 0.3679/19 1.2254/10.6 (0.077–1.570) (0.027–0.732) 0.4396 (0.04–0.37) 0.4366 1.5113 (0.38–1.33)

0+ 0+ 0+

0.246

0+

0+

(1/2-)

+0.507

0+

½-

+0.524

0+

13/2+

-1.02

½0+

+0.509

13/2+ 3/2-

-1.04 -0.594

+0.2

+0.5 -0.8

0.1250 0.3005 0.3812 0.0663 0.0811 0.0924 0.1474 0.1587 0.2142 0.2398 0.129/122 0.2176/66 0.0256–0.543 0.0714 0.0874 0.1538 0.1565/102 0.2367/100 0.2384/18 (0.018-0.4227) 0.211 0.292 0.02–0.55 0.1119 0.2518 see Hg187 0.1034/32

4/17/06 11:00:59 AM




Hg


187.96758

188

Hg

189m



Spin (h/2 π)


3.2 m

β+, EC/2.3 α

8.6 m

EC/

13/2+

-1.06

+0.7

-0.6086

-0.8

4.61

0+

Hg

188.96819

7.6 m

EC/4.2

3/2-

Hg

189.96632

20.0 m

EC/1.5

0+

51. m

β+ /6 / EC/94 /

13/2+

-1.07

+0.6

-0.62

-0.8

189

190

Hg

191m

Hg

190.96716

50. m

β+, EC/3.2

(3/2-)

Hg

191.96563

5.0 h

EC/~ 0.5

0+

11.8 h

β+, EC/91 / I.T./9 /0.2901

13/2+

-1.05843

+0.92

191

192

Hg

193m

Hg

192.96667

3.8 h

EC, B+/2.34

3/2-

-0.6276

-0.7

Hg Hg

193.96544

520. y 1.67 d

EC/0.04 I.T./(54)/0.3186 EC/(46)/

0+ 13/2+

-1.04465

+1.1

Hg

194.96672

10.5 h

EC/1.51

1/2-

+0.541475

195.965833

>2.5 × 1018 y 23.8 h

I.T./(93)/0.2989

0+ 13/2+

-1.02768

196.967213

2.69 d

EC/0.600

1/2-

+0.527374

193

194

195m

195

Hg Hg

196

197m

0.15(1)

Hg

197

Hg

198

487_S11.indb 166


9.97(20)

197.9667690

0+

+1.2

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2334/100 0.2403/33 0.27151/31 0.3763/38 0.5254/30 0.10–2.18 0.0988 0.1148 0.1424 0.1900 0.0780 0.3210 0.4345 0.5655 (0.08–2.170) 0.2005 0.2038 0.2386 0.2485 0.1296 0.1426 ann.rad./ Au k x-ray 0.2741 0.4203 0.5787 (0.07–1.9) 0.1963 0.2247 0.2524 Au k x-ray 0.1572 0.2748 0.3065 Hg k x-ray 0.1866 0.2580 0.4076 0.5733 0.9324 (0.1–1.96) 0.1866 0.2580 0.8611 Au L x-rays Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.2617 0.5603 0.7798 Au k x-ray 0.0614 0.7798 Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.13398 Au k x-ray 0.07735

4/17/06 11:01:00 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Hg

199m

Hg Hg 201 Hg 202 Hg 203 Hg



Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 42.7 m I.T./0.532


Spin (h/2 π) 13/2+

16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26)

198.9682799 199.9683260 200.970302 201.970643 202.972873

46.61 d

β- /0.492

0.213/100

1/20+ 3/20+ 5/2-

6.87(15)

203.9734939 204.976073

5.2 m

β- /1.531

1.33/4

0+ 1/2-

206

205.97751

8.2 m

β- /1.31

0.935/34 1.3/63

Hg Hg 209 Hg 210 Hg

206.9826 207.9859 208.9910 209.9945

2.9 m 41. m 36 s > 0.3 μs

β- /4.8 βββ-

p p/51 α/49 α/73 p/27 α/

199 200

Hg Hg

204 205

Hg

207 208

Tl

204.3833(2)

Tl Tl

176.0006

5 ms 0.23 ms

Tl

176.99643

0.017 s

Tl

177.9949

0.25 s

81

176

177m

177

178

Tl

1.7 ms

Tl Tl

178.99109 179.9899

0.3 s 1.5 s

α α α α//8

Tl Tl 182 Tl

180.98626 181.9857

1.4 ms 3.2 ms 3. s

α α/ < 10 β+, EC/10.9

53. ms

α

5. s 11. s

β+, EC/7.7 β+, EC/(98)/9.2 α/(2)/

1.8 s 20. s 4. s 28. s

I.T./0.453 α/5.97 EC/β+/6.6 I.T./0.374 β+, EC/7.5

15.6 s 50. s 1.18 m

I.T./~ 0.33 β+, EC/6.0 β+, EC/

179m

179 180

181m 181

Tl

183m

Tl Tl

183 184

182.98219 183.98187

Tl

185m

Tl Tl 186 Tl 185

186m

Tl Tl 188m Tl

184.9788 185.9783

187m 187

487_S11.indb 167

186.97591

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -1.014703 +1.2 Hg k x-ray 0.15841 +0.505885 -0.560226

+0.39

+0.8489

+0.34

+0.6010

Tl k x-ray 0.279188 0.20378 (0.2–1.4) Tl k x-ray 0.3052 0.6502

0+

(9/2+) 0+

0.474 0.324

0+

1.26/~ 100 1.95 7.48

6.704 6.785 6.62 6.859 /7.21/80 /7.10/20 6.57/ 6.28/30 6.36/30 6.21/18 6.56/15 6.47/7 6.58/100 6.19/100

6.33/80 6.38/16 6.46/4

0.351 (0.26–0.41) 0.0618 (0.046-0.0894)

9/2-

½+

0.208 0.2868 0.3399 0.3667 0.1688 0.2840

6.16/

6.01

(9/2-)

(9/2+) ½+ (7+)

+3.8 1.6

-2.4

0.3738 0.3567 0.4026 0.4053 0.2995 Hg k x-ray 0.4129

4/17/06 11:01:02 AM



Tl

188



187.97601

Tl

189m

Tl

189

188.97359

Tl

190m

Tl

190

189.97388

Tl

191m



Spin (h/2 π)


1.2 m

β+, EC/7.8

(2-)

+0.48

+0.13

1.4 m

β+, EC/

(9/2-)

+3.878

-2.29

2.3 m

β+, EC/5.2

(1/2+)

3.7 m

β+, EC/

4.2/

(7+)

+0.495

+0.29

2.6 m

β+, EC/7.0

5.7/

(2-)

+0.25

-0.33

5.2 m

β+, EC/(98)/

(9/2+)

+3.903

-2.3

10.8 m

β+, EC/

(1/2) (7+)

1.59 +0.518

0.46

Tl Tl

190.97179

Tl

191.97223

9.6 m

β+, EC/6.4

(2-)

+0.20

-0.33

Tl Tl

192.9707

2.1 m 22. m

I.T./(75)/ β+, EC/3.6

(9/2-) (1/2+)

+3.948 +1.591

-2.2

32.8 m

β+ /(20)/~ 0.30 EC/(80)/

(7+)

+0.540

+0.61

33.0 m

β+, EC/5.3

2-

0.140

-0.28

3.6 s

I.T./0.483

9/2-

1.16 h

EC/97/2.8 β+ /(3)/

1/2+

+1.58

1.41 h

β+, EC/95/4.9

(7+)

0.55

191

192m

192

193m 193

Tl

194m

Tl

194

193.9712

Tl

195m

Tl

195

Tl

196m

487_S11.indb 168


194.96977

+0.76

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5043 0.5921 see Tl[188m] 0.4129 0.2156 0.2284 0.3175 0.4452 0.3337 0.4510 0.5223 0.9422 0.1968 0.4164 0.7311 0.4164 0.6254 0.6838 1.0999 0.2157 0.2647 0.3256 0.3359 0.1740 0.4228 0.6348 0.7863 0.7455 0.3975 0.4228 0.6908 0.3650 0.2077 0.3244 0.3440 0.6761 1.0447 1.5793 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4282 0.6363 0.7490 0.4279/75.2 0.6452/10.8 (0.395-1.623) Tl k x-ray 0.0990 0.3836 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.2422 0.5635 0.8845 1.3639 (0.13–2.5) 0.0840 0.4261 0.6353

4/17/06 11:01:03 AM



Tl


195.97048

196

Tl

197m

Tl

196.96958

197

Tl

198m


0.54 s

IT/53/0.608 β+, EC/47/

9/2-

2.83 h

β+ /(1)/2.18 EC/(99)/

1/2+

+1.58

1.87 h

β+, EC/(53)/ IT/47/0.5347

7+

+0.64

EC, β+ /(1)/3.5

Tl

198.96988

7.4 h

EC/1.4

Tl

199.97096

1.087 d

EC/2.46

Tl

200.97082

3.038 d

Tl

201.97211

201

202

Tl Tl

29.524(14)

202.972344 203.973864

Tl Tl

70.476(14)

204.974428

203 204

205

206m

Tl

206

205.976110

Tl

207m

1.4/ 2.1/ 2.4/

1/2-

+1.60

2-

0.04

EC/0.48

1/2+

+1.605

12.47 d

EC/1.36

2-

0.06

3.78 y

β- /97/0.7637 EC/(3)/0.347

1/2+ 2-

+1.622258 0.09

3.76 m

I.T./2.644

1/2+ 12-

+1.638215

4.20 m

β- /1.533

1.3 s

I.T./1.350

1.07/ 1.44/

0.763/97

1.53/99.9

011/2-

206.97742 207.982019

4.77 m 3.053 m

β- /1.423 β- /5.001

1.43/99.8 1.28/23 1.52/22 1.796/51

1/2+ (5+)

Tl

208.98536

2.16 m

β-/3.98

1.8 /100

(1/2+)

208

209

+0.072

2-

Tl Tl

207


2-

5.3 h

200

Spin (h/2 π)

β+ /(15)/4.4 EC/(85)/

197.9405

199


1.84 h

Tl

198

487_S11.indb 169


+1.88 +0.29

-0.18

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6954 (0.08–1.0) ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4257 0.6105 (0.03–2.4) Tl k x-ray 0.2262 0.4118 0.5872 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.1522/8.2 0.4258 Hg k x-ray Tl k x-ray 0.4118 0.5872 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.4118 0.6367 0.6759 (0.23–2.8) Hg k x-ray 0.2082 0.2473 0.4555 Hg k x-ray 0.36799 1.2057 (0.11–2.3) Hg k x-ray 0.13528 0.16740/10.0 Hg k x-ray 0.43957 Hg k x-ray

Tl k x-ray 0.2166 0.2661 0.4534 0.6866 1.0219 Pb k x-ray 0.80313 Tl k x-ray 0.3501 1.0000 0.89723 Pb k x-ray 0.27728 0.51061 0.58302 2.61448 Pb k x-ray

4/17/06 11:01:05 AM







Tl

209.99007

1.30 m

β- /5.48

Tl Tl

210.9935 211.9982

> 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

ββ-

Pb

207.2(1)

210

211 212

82

Pb Pb 180 Pb 181 Pb 182 Pb 183m Pb

178.00383 179.0022 179.99792 180.9966 181.99267

183

Pb

178 179


1.3/25 1.9/56

~ 0.2 ms α/ α/ α α

182.99187

0.54 s

α/

Pb Pb 185 Pb

183.98814 184.98761

0.48 s 4.3 s 6.3 s

α/~ 80 α α/

Pb

185.98424

5. s

β+, EC/95/5.5 α/(5)/

15.2 s

β+, EC/ α/12

6.32/ 6.34/ 2 × 1017 y

sf/< 1.6 × 10-15

217

219 220

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

487_S11.indb 187

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 10.16/72 8.306/11 9.55/6 9.69/2 8.337/99 7.873/0.4 7.728/0.3 7.710/0.3 9.54/31 9.61/69

9.08(3) 8.180/50 8.330/20 8.540/30 8.006(10)/55 8.196(10)/45 7.555(10)/75(3) 7.46(1)/25(3) 7.195(10)/30 7.245(10)/70 6.728(10)/0.7 6.823(10)/35 6.863(10)/39 6.357(4)/7 6.376(10)/2.2 6.401(4)/8 6.416(4)/13 6.423(10)/10 6.465(4)/43 5.779/0.23 5.805/0.15 6.078/0.4 6.105/0.25 6.118/0.22

5.536(2)/0.02 5.579(2)/0.09 5.668(2)/0.05 0.51/

4.6781(5)/1.5 4.7102(5)/1.0 4.7343(5)/8.4 4.8513(5)/1.4 4.9339(5)/3 4.9505(5)/22.8 4.9858(5)/1.4 5.0131(5)/25.4 5.0292(5)/20 5.0318(5)/2.5

Spin (h/2 π)


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4504–0.8208

0.0466–0.634

0.092

0.1945 (0.028–0.412)

(5/2-)

(3+)

0.0649 0.0669 0.1100

+3.5

Th k x-ray 0.409/100 0.4631/222 0.91116/242 0.96464/120 0.96897/149 0.058–1.96 0.04244 (0.024–0.18)

(2-)

2.0

3/2-

2.01

Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.4437 0.45477 0.89876 0.91856 0.95199 (0.053–1.07) Ac L x-ray Ac k x-ray 0.01899 0.027396 0.03823 0.04639 0.25586 0.26029 0.28367 0.30007

(5/2+)

-1.7

4/17/06 11:01:32 AM





232.03859

1.31 d

β- /1.34

Pa

233.040247

27.0 d

β-/0.571

1.17 m

β- /99.9/2.29 IT/0.13/

233

Pa

234m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.0587(5)/11

Spin (h/2 π)

0.15/40 0.256/60

3/2-

(0-)

234.043308

6.69 h

β- /2.197

0.51/

(4+)

Pa Pa

235.04544 236.0487

24.4 m 9.1 m

β- /1.41 β- /2.9

1.4/97 1.1/40 2.0/50 3.1/10

(3/2-) (1-)

Pa

237.0512

8.7 m

β- /2.3

1.1/60 1.6/30 2.3/10

(1/2+)

Pa

238.0545

2.3 m

β- /3.5

1.2/ 1.7/

(3-)

Pa

239.0573

1.8 h

U

238.02891(3) α α α α α α/ α/ α/

8.02 10.68 8.61 9.68(4)/

α/7.560

235 236

237

238

239

U U 218 U 219 U 222 U 223 U 224 U 225 U

217.0244 218.02354 219.0249 222.0261 223.0277 224.02761 225.02939

~ 0.2 ms ~ 0.56 ms 0.5 ms ~ 0.08 ms ~ 1.μs 0.02 s ~ 1. ms 84. ms

U

226.02934

0.26 s

217

218m

226


(2-)

Pa

234

487_S11.indb 188


Pa

232

92


8.78(4)/ 8.46/100 7.87/83 7.82/15 7.63/2 7.56/86 7.38/14

+4.0

-3.0

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.30264 0.33007 (0.02–0.61) U k x-ray 0.10900 0.15009 0.89439 0.96934 (0.10–1.17) U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.30017 0.31201/38.4 (0.0286-0.456) U k x-ray 0.25818/0.07 0.76641/0.32 1.0009/0.86 (0.06–1.96) U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.1312/0.03 0.5695/0.02 0.9256/0.02 (0.02–1.99) 0.0308–0.65893 U k x-ray 0.64235 0.68759 1.7630 (0.04–2.18) 0.4986 0.5293 0.5407 0.8536 0.8650 (0.04–1.4) 0.10350 0.1785 0.4484 0.6350 0.6800 1.01446 (0.04–2.5)

0+ 0+ 0+

0+

4/17/06 11:01:34 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 227 228

U U



227.03116 228.03137

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.1 m α/7.200 9.1 m α/6.803

229

U

229.03351

58. m

EC/(80)/1.31 α/(20)/6.473

230

U

230.033940

20.8 d > 4 × 1010 y

α/5.992 sf/< 10-10

231

U

231.036294

4.2 d

EC/0.36 α/(10-3)

232

U

232.037156

70. y 2.6 × 1015 y

α/5.414 sf/2.7 × 10-12

233

U

233.039635

1.592 × 105 y > 2.7 × 1017 y

α/4.909 sf/6 × 10-11

234

U

0.0054(5)

234.040952

2.455 × 105 y 1.5 × 1016 y

α/4.856 sf/1.6 × 10-9

U U

0.7204(6)

235.043930

26. m 7.04 × 108 y 1.0 × 1019 y

IT/0.0007 α/4.6793 sf/7 × 10-9

235m 235

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 6.870/ 6.404(6)/0.6 6.440(5)/0.7 6.589(5)/29 6.681(6)/70 6.223/3 6.297(3)/11 6.332(3)/20 6.360(3)/64 5.5866(3)/0.01 5.6624(3)/0.26 5.6663(3)/0.38 5.8178(3)/32 5.8887(3)/67 5.46/1.6 × 10-3 5.47/1.4 × 10-3 5.40/1. × 10-3 4.9979(1)/0.003 5.1367(1)/0.3 5.2635(1)/31 5.3203(1)/69 4.7830(8)/13.2 4.8247(8)/84.4 4.510–4.804 4.604(1)/0.24 4.7231(1)/27.5 4.776(1)/72.5 4.1525(9)/0.9 4.2157(9)/6. 4.3237(9)/4.6 4.3641(9)/19. 4.370(4)/6 4.3952(9)/57. 4.4144(9)/2.1 4.5025(9)/1.7 4.5558(9)/4.2 4.5970(9)/4.8 4.332(8)/0.26 4.445(5)/26 4.494(3)/74

Spin (h/2 π) 0+

0+

0+

+0.59

3.66

Th L x-ray 0.04244 0.09714 (0.0252–1.119) 0.05323/0.156 0.12091

-0.38

4.9

Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.10917 0.14378 0.16338 0.18574 0.20213 0.20533 0.22140 (0.03–0.79) Th L x-ray 0.04946/100 0.11279/24.1 0.17115/0.080 Np L x-ray Np k x-ray 0.05953 0.20801 Th L x-ray 0.04955/.06 0.1135/.01 (0.522–0.681)

0+

1/2+ 7/2-

U

236.045568

2.342 × 107 y 2.5 × 1016 y

α/4.569 sf/9 × 10-8

237

U

237.048730

6.75 d

β- /0.519

0.24/ 0.25/

1/2+

238

U

238.050788

4.47 × 109 y 8.2 × 1015y

α sf/5 × 10-5

0+

239

U

239.054293

23.5 m

β- /1.265

240

U

240.05659

14.1 h

β- /0.39

4.0395/0.23 4.147(5)/23 4.196(5)/77 1.2/ 1.3/ 0.36/

242

U

242.0629

16.8 m

β- /~ 1.2

487_S11.indb 189

Th L x-ray 0.07218 0.15421 0.23034 (0.081–0.8565) Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.02564 0.08420

(5/2-)

5/2+

0+

5/2+ 0+

0+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.095 0.152 0.187 0.246

(3/2+)

236

99.2742(10)


Np L x-ray 0.04410 0.05558 0.06760

4/17/06 11:01:35 AM








Spin (h/2 π)



Np

93

Np Np 227 Np

225.0339 226.0352 227.0350

> 2 μs 0.03 s 0.51 s

Np

228.0362

61. s

Np Np

229.0363 230.0378

4.0 m 4.6 m

Np

231.03825

48.8 m

Np

232.0401

14.7 m

EC/99 /2.7

(4-)

Np

233.04074

36.2 m

EC/1.2

(5/2+)

Np

234.04290

4.4 d

β+, EC/1.81

Np

235.044063

1.085 y

EC/99.9 /0.124 α/0.001/5.191 EC/52 / β- /48 /

5/2+

(6-)

225 226

228

229 230

231

232

233

234

235

Np

22.5 h

236m

EC/60(7)/ α/40(7)/, sf α/7.010 EC/97 /3.6 α/3 EC/98 /1.8 α/2 /6.368

8.04(2)/ 7.65(2)/ 7.68(1)/

6.890(20) 6.660(20) 6.280/2

0.79/

5/2

(1-)

236.04657

1.55 × 105 y

EC/91 /0.94 β- /9 /0.49

Np

237.048173

2.14 × 106 y 1 × 1018 y

α/4.957 sf/2.1 × 10-10

Np

238.050946

2.117 d

β- /1.292

Np

239.052939

2.355 d

β- /0.722

0.341/30 0.438/48

5/2+

7.22 m

β- /99.9 / IT/0.1 /

2.18/

(1+)

237

238

239

Np

240m

0.2629 0.3475 0.3703 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.3268 0.81925 0.86683 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.29887 0.31201 U L x-ray U k x-ray 1.5272 1.5587 1.6022 U k x-ray

(0+)

Np

236

487_S11.indb 190

α/ α/

4.6395(5)/6.5 4.766(5)/9.7 4.7715(5)/22.7 4.7884(5)/47.8 4.558–4.873 1.2/

5/2+

2+

+3.14

+3.89

U L x-ray Pu L x-ray U k x-ray 0.64235 0.68759 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.10423 0.16031 Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.029378/15 0.08653/12 (0.03–0.28) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.98447/25.2 1.02855/18.3 (.044–1.026) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.10613 0.228186/11 0.27760/15 (0.04–0.50) 0.25143 0.26333 0.55454 0.59735

4/17/06 11:01:37 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Np

240

Np

241



240.05616

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.032 h β- /2.20


5+

241.0583

13.9 m

β- /1.3

1.3/

5/2+

2.2 m

β- /

β- /2.7

2.7/

6+

7.81(2)/ 7.46/ 7.06/81 7.00/19

0+

Np

242m

Np

242.0616

5.5 m

Np Np

243.06428 244.0679

1.9 m 2.3 m

Pu Pu 230 Pu

228.03874 229.0402 230.03965

~ 1.1 s ~ 1.5 m 1.7 m

α/ α/ α/

Pu

231.04110

8.6 m

Pu

232.04119

34. m

EC/90 α/10 EC/>80/1.1 α/ 2.4 × 10-14 α/4.983 sf/5.5 × 10-4

Pu

243.062003

4.956 h

β- /0.582

Pu

244.064204 245.06775

α/99.9/4.665 sf/0.12 β- /1.21

4.546(1)/19.4 4.589(1)/80.5 0.93/57 1.21/11

0+

Pu

8.00 × 107 y 6.6 × 1010 y 10.5 h

Pu

246.07021

10.85 d

β- /0.40

0.150/85 0.35/10

0+

Pu

247.0741

2.3 d

Am Am 234 Am 235 Am

232.0466 233.0464 234.0478 235.0480

0.9 m ~ 3.2 m 2.3 m 10.3 m

Am Am 237 Am

236.0496 237.0500

2.9 m 3.6 m 1.22 h

Am

238.05198

Am

241

242

243

244

245

246

247


-0.683

+6.

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) U L x-ray 0.04524 0.10423 (0.04–0.97) 0.14854 0.1600 U L x-ray 0.04491 0.10350 Am L x-ray 0.0417 0.0839 U L x-ray 0.0439 Am L x-ray Am k x-ray 0.2804 / 0.30832 0.32752 0.56014 (0.03–1.2) Am L x-ray Am k x-ray 0.04379 0.22371

7/2+

(9/2-)

Am

95

232 233

236m

6.78

6.46/0.4

EC EC/99.98 /1.7 α/0.02 /6.20

6.042(5)/0.02

1.63 h

EC/2.26 α/0.0001 /6.04

5.940/0.0001

239.053025

11.9 h

EC/99.99/0.803 α/0.01/5.924

Am

240.05530

2.12 d

EC/1.38 α/5.592

Am

241.056829

432.7 y 1.2 × 1014 y

α/5.637 sf/3.6 × 10-10

236

238

239

240

241

487_S11.indb 192

EC/~ 5.0 α EC/4.2 EC α

5.734(2)/0.001 5.776(2)/0.008

5.378(1)/16 × 10-4

5.2443(1)/0.002 5.3221(1)/0.015 5.3884(1)/1.4 5.4431(1)/12.8

(1-) (5-) (5/2-)

1+

5/2-

(3-)

5/2-

+1.58

+3.1

Pu K x-ray 0.291/100 (0.170-0.828) (0.583-0.713) (0.158-1.038) Pu k x-ray 0.14559 0.28026 0.43845 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.91870 0.96278 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.18172 0.22818 0.27760 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.88878 0.98764 (0.1–1.3) Np L x-ray 0.02634 /.024 0.03319/.00126 0.05954/0.359

4/17/06 11:01:40 AM




Am


141. y

242m

> 3 × 1012 y


IT/99.5/0.048 α/0.5/5.62 sf/< 4.7 × 10-9

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.4857(1)/85.2 5.5116(1)/0.20 5.5442(1)/0.34 5.141(4)/0.026 5.2070(2)/0.4

Spin (h/2 π)


γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.03–1.128)

5-

+1.0

+6.5

Am L x-ray 0.04863 0.08648 0.10944 0.16304 Pu L x-ray Cm L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.0422 0.04453 0.04354 0.07467 0.08657 0.11770 0.14197 0.0429 Am L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.7460 0.9000 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.25299 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.27002 0.79881 1.06201 1.07885 (0.04–2.29) Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.1529 0.2046 0.6786 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.2267 / 0.2853 /

Am

242.059549

16.02 h

β- /83 /0.665 EC/17 /0.750

0.63/46 0.67/37

1-

+0.388

-2.4

Am

243.061381

7.37 × 103 y 2. × 1014 y

α/5.438 sf/3.7 × 10-9

5/2-

+1.5

+2.9

Am Am

244.064285

~ 26. m 10.1 h

β- /1.498 β- /1.428

5.1798(5)/1.1 5.2343(5)/11 5.2766(5)/88 5.394(5)/0.12 5.3500(5)/0.16

Am

245.066452

2.05 h

β- /0.894

0.65/19 0.90/77

(5/2+)

25.0 m

β- /

1.3/79. 1.60/14 2.1/7

2-

1.2/

(7-)

7.34/ 7.24/

0+

242

243

244m 244

245

Am

246m

Am

246.06978

39. m

β- /2.38

Am

247.0721

22. m

β- /1.7

~ 51. s

α/ α

246

247

(1-)

Cm

96

Cm Cm 235 Cm 236 Cm 237 Cm 238 Cm 233 234

Cm

239.0550

~ 3. h

EC/1.7 EC/2.5 EC/>90 /0.97 α/94 /3.1 α/50 /3.9 α/98.7 α/ 0) tan aemx + be−mx b m ab ⎧ √ mx √ ae − b 1 ⎪ ⎨ 2m√ab log √aemx +√b dx = or ⎪ aemx − be−mx −1 �� a mx � ⎩ −1 √ tanh e , (a > 0, b > 0) b m ab a x + a −x x −x (a − a ) dx = log a 1 eax log(b + ceax ) dx = b + ceax ac eax x eax dx = 2 2 (1 + ax) a (1 + ax) 1 2 2 x e−x dx = − e−x 2 eax [a sin(bx) − b cos(bx)] ax e sin(bx) dx = a 2 + b2 eax [(b − c) sin(b − c)x + a cos(b − c)x] eax [(b + c) sin(b + c)x + a cos(b + c)x] ax − e sin(bx) sin(cx) dx = 2[a 2 + (b − c) 2 ] 2[a 2 + (b + c) 2 ] ⎧ eax [a sin(b−c)x−(b−c) cos(b−c)x] eax [a sin(b+c)x−(b+c) cos(b+c)x] ⎪ + ⎪ 2[a 2 +(b−c) 2 ] 2[a 2 +(b+c) 2 ] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ eax [(a sin bx − b cos bx)[cos(cx − α)] − c(sin bx) sin(cx − α)] ρ eax sin(bx) cos(cx) dx = ⎪ where ⎪ � ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ρ = (a 2 + b2 − c2 ) 2 + 4a 2 c2 , ⎪ ⎩ ρ cos α = a 2 + b2 − c2 , ρ sin α = 2ac ax eax [a cos(2bx + c) + 2b sin(2bx + c)] e cos c − eax sin(bx) sin(bx + c) dx = 2a 2(a 2 + 4b2 ) ax ax e e sin c [a sin(2bx + c) − 2b cos(2bx + c)] eax sin(bx) cos(bx + c) dx = − + 2a 2(a 2 + 4b2 ) eax eax cos(bx) dx = 2 [a cos(bx) + b sin(bx)] a + b2 eax [(b − c) sin(b − c)x + a cos(b − c)x] eax [(b + c) sin(b + c)x + a cos(b + c)x] + eax cos(bx) cos(cx) dx = 2[a 2 + (b − c) 2 ] 2[a 2 + (b + c) 2 ] ax ax e cos c [a cos(2bx + c) + 2b sin(2bx + c)] e eax cos(bx) cos(bx + c) dx = + 2a 2(a 2 + 4b2 ) ax e sin c eax [a sin(2bx + c) − 2b cos(2bx + c)] ax e cos(bx) sin(bx + c) dx = + 2a 2(a 2 + 4b2 )

Integrals 542. 543. 544.

A-39 � � �

545.

�

546.

�

547.

�

548.

�

549.

�

550. 551. 552. 553.

554. 555. 556.

� � � �

� � � 1 n−1 n−2 ax 2 ax e sin (bx) dx = 2 (a sin bx − nb cos bx)e sin bx + n(n − 1)b e [sin bx] dx a + n2 b2 � � � 1 ax n−1 2 ax n−2 eax cosn (bx) dx = 2 (a cos bx + nb sin bx)e cos bx + n(n − 1)b e [cos bx] dx a + n2 b2 � � 1 m m xme x sin x dx = xme x (sin x − cos x) − xm−1 e x sin x dx + xm−1 e x cos x dx 2 ⎧ 2 2 � cos bx ⎪ xmeax a sin bx−b − a2 m xm−1 eax (a sin bx − b cos bx) dx ⎪ ⎪ a 2 +b2 +b2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ or � r m!xm−r xmeax sin(bx) dx = sin[bx − (r + 1)α] eax rm=0 (−1) ⎪ ρ r +1 (m−r )! ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ where ⎪ ⎪ � ⎩ ρ = a 2 + b2 , ρ cos α = a, ρ sin α = b � � 1 m m xme x cos x dx = xme x (sin x + cos x) − xm−1 e x sin x dx − xm−1 e x cos x dx 2 ⎧ 2 2 � sin bx ⎪ ⎪ xmeax a cos abx+b − a2 m xm−1 eax (a cos bx + b sin bx) dx 2 +b2 ⎪ +b2 ⎪ ⎨ or xmeax cos(bx) dx = ⎪ eax �m (−1)r m!xm−r cos[bx − (r + 1)α] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ √r =0 ρr +1 (m−r )! ⎩ ρ = a 2 + b2 , ρ cos α = a, ρ sin α = b ⎧ ax m−1 n e cos x sin x[a cos x+(m+n) sin x] ⎪ ⎪ (m+n) �2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ na ⎪ − eax (cosm−1 x)(sinn−1 x) dx ⎪ (m+n) 2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ � ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ + (m−1)(m+n) eax (cosm−2 x)(sinn x) dx ⎪ ⎪ (m+n) 2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ eax cosm x sinn−1 x[a sin x−(m+n) cos x] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (m+n) ⎪ �2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ma ⎪ + (m+n)2 +a 2 eax (cosm−1 x)(sinn−1 x) dx ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ � ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ + (n−1)(m+n) eax (cosm x)(sinn−2 x) dx ⎪ (m+n) 2 +a 2 ⎨ or eax (cosm x)(sinn x) dx = ⎪ ⎪ eax (cosm−1 x)(sinn−1 x)(a sin x cos x+m sin2 x−n cos2 x) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ � (m+n)2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ m(m−1) ⎪ + (m+n)2 +a 2 eax (cosm−2 x)(sinn x) dx ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ � ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ n(n−1) ⎪ ⎪ + (m+n) eax (cosm x)(sinn−2 x) dx ⎪ 2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ or ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ eax (cosm−1 x)(sinn−1 x)(a cos x sin x+m sin2 x−n cos2 x) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ � (m+n)2 +a 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ m(m−1) ⎪ ⎪ + eax (cosm−2 x)(sinn−2 x) dx ⎪ (m+n) 2 +a 2 ⎪ � ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ + (n−m)(n+m−1) eax (cosm x)(sinn−2 x) dx ax

n

(m+n) 2 +a 2

xeax eax xeax sin(bx) dx = 2 (a sin bx − b cos bx) − 2 [(a 2 − b2 ) sin bx − 2ab cos bx] 2 a +b (a + b2 ) 2 ax ax xe e xeax cos(bx) dx = 2 (a cos bx − b sin bx) − 2 [(a 2 − b2 ) cos bx − 2ab sin bx] a + b2 (a + b2 ) 2� eax [a sin x + (n − 2) cos x] eax eax a 2 + (n − 2) 2 dx = − + dx n n−1 sin x (n − 1)(n − 2) (n − 1)(n − 2) sin x sinn−2 x � eax [a cos x − (n − 2) sin x] a 2 + (n − 2) 2 eax eax dx = − + dx n n−1 cos x (n − 1)(n − 2) cos � x (n − 1)(n − �2) cosn−2 x tann−1 x a eax tann x dx = eax eax tann−1 x dx − eax tann−2 x dx − n−1 n−1 HYPERBOLIC FORMS

�

sinh x dx = cosh x

�

tanh x dx = log cosh x

�

cosh x dx = sinh x

Integrals

A-40

557. 558. 559. 560. 561. 562. 563. 564. 565. 566.

567.

568.

569. 570. 571. 572. 573. 574. 575. 576. 577. 578. 579. 580. 581.

582.

� �

coth x dx = log sinh x

sech x dx = tan−1 (sinh x) � x� csch x dx = log tanh 2 � x sinh x dx = x cosh x − sinh x � � xn sinh x dx = xn cosh x − n xn−1 (cosh x) dx � x cosh x dx = x sinh x − cosh x � � xn cosh x dx − xn sinh x − n xn−1 (sinh x) dx � sech x tanh x dx = − sech x � csch x coth x dx = − csch x � sinh 2x x 2 − sinh x dx = 4 2 � ⎧ m+1 n−1 m n−2 1 n−1 ⎪ ⎪ (sinh x)(cosh x) + (sinh x)(cosh x) dx ⎪ m+n m+n � ⎨ m n or (sinh x)(cosh x) dx = � ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ 1 sinhm−1 x coshn+1 x − m−1 (sinhm−2 x)(coshn x) dx, (m + n �= 0) m+n m+n � ⎧ dx ⎪ 1 m+n−2 ⎪ − , (m �= 1) − ⎪ m−1 n−1 m−1 m−2 n ⎪ (m−n)(sinh x)(cosh x) � ⎨ (sinh x)(cosh x) dx or m n � ⎪ (sinh x)(cosh x) ⎪ dx ⎪ 1 m+n−2 ⎪ , (n �= 1) ⎩ (n−1) sinhm−1 x coshn−1 x + n−1 m n−2 (sinh x)(cosh x) � 2 tanh x dx = x − tanh x � � n−1 x tanh n n−2 + (tanh tanh x dx = − x) dx, (n �= 1) n−1 � 2 sech x dx = tanh x � sinh 2x x 2 + cosh x dx = 4 2 � 2 coth x dx = x − coth x � � n−1 x coth n n−2 + coth coth x dx = − x dx, (n �= 1) n−1 � 2 csch x dx = − ctnh x � sinh(m + n)x sinh(m − n)x − , (m2 �= n2 ) sinh(mx) sinh(nx) dx = 2(m + n) 2(m − n) � sinh(m + n)x sinh(m − n)x cosh(mx) cosh(nx) dx = + , (m2 �= n2 ) 2(m + n) 2(m − n) � cosh(m + n)x cosh(m − n)x + , (m2 �= n2 ) sinh(mx) cosh(nx) dx = 2(m + n) 2(m − n) � � −1 x −1 x sinh dx = x sinh − x2 + a 2 , (a > 0) a a � 2 � � x a2 x� 2 −1 x −1 x x sinh sinh x + a 2 , (a > 0) dx = + − a 4 a 4 � 2 n+1 � � � x xn+1 1 −1 −1 xn sinh x dx = sinh x − dx, (n �= −1) 1 n+1 n+1 (1 + x2 ) 2 � ⎧ � √ −1 x −1 x 2 2 ⎪ ⎪ � ⎨ x cosh a − x − a , cosh a > 0 x −1 or dx = cosh � � � ⎪ a ⎪ ⎩ x cosh−1 x + x2 − a 2 , cosh−1 x < 0 , (a > 0) a a �

Integrals 583. 584. 585. 586. 587. 588. 589. 590. 591. 592. 593. 594. 595. 596.

597.

598. 599. 600. 601. 602. 603. 604. 605. 606. 607. 608. 609. 610. 611.

A-41 � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

2x2 − a 2 x x 1 −1 x dx = cosh − (x2 − a 2 ) 2 a 4 a 4 � xn+1 1 xn+1 −1 −1 xn (cosh x) dx = dx, (n �= −1) cosh x − 1 n+1 n+1 (x2 −�1) 2 �� x � a � � −1 x −1 x dx = x tanh + log(a 2 − x2 ), tanh � �1 a a 2 a �� x � � x2 − a 2 ax � � −1 x −1 x dx = tanh + , x tanh � �1 a 2 a 2 � a xn+1 1 xn+1 −1 −1 coth x + dx, (n �= −1) xn coth x dx = n+1 n+1 x2 − 1 −1

x cosh

−1

sech

−1

x dx = x sech

x + sin−1 x

x2 1� −1 sech x − 1 − x2 2 2 � xn+1 1 xn −1 −1 √ sech x + xn sech x dx = dx, (n �= −1) n+1 n+1 1 − x2 x −1 −1 −1 sinh x csch x dx = x csch x + |x| x2 1 x� −1 −1 x csch x dx = 1 + x2 csch x + 2 2 |x| � xn+1 1 x xn −1 −1 √ xn csch x dx = csch x + 2 n+1 n + 1 |x| x + 1 dx, (n �= −1) −1

x sech

x dx =

DEFINITE INTEGRALS � � 1 n �n−1 � ∞ � 1� 1 + ∞ 1 1� m = �(n) xn−1 e−x dx = log dx = x n m=1 1 + n 0 0 m for n �= 0, −1, −2, −3, . . . (This is the Gamma function) � ∞ n! t n p−t dt = , (n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . and p > 0) (log p) n+1 0 � ∞ �(n) t n−1 e−(a+1)t dt = , (n > 0, a > −1) (a + 1) n � �n �0 1 1 �(n + 1) xm log dx = , (m > −1, n > −1) x (m + 1) n+1 0 �(n) is finite if n > 0; �(n + 1) = n�(n) �(n) · �(1 − n) = sinπnπ �(n) = (n �− 1)! if n = integer > 0 � � ∞ √ 1 1 2 �( ) = 2 e−t dt = π = 1.7724538509 · · · = − ! 2 2 0 √ �(n + 12 ) = 1·3·5...(2n−1) π n = 1, 2, 3, . . . 2n √ (−1) n 2n π �(−n + 12 ) = 1·3·5...(2n−1) n = 1, 2, 3, . . . � 1 � ∞ xm−1 �(m)�(n) = B(m, n) xm−1 (1 − x) n−1 dx = dx = m+n (1 + x) �(m + n) 0 0 (This is the Beta function) B(m, n) = B(n, m) = �(m)�(n) , where m and n are any positive real numbers. �(m+n) � b �(m + 1) · �(n + 1) m n (x − a) (b − x) dx = (b − a) m+n+1 , (m > −1, n > −1, b > a) �(m + n + 2) a � ∞ dx 1 , [m > 1] = m x m −1 �1 ∞ dx = π csc pπ, [0 < p < 1] (1 + x)x p 0

Integrals

A-42

612. 613. 614. 615. 616. 617. 618.

619.

620.

621. 622. 623. 624. 625. 626. 627. 628. 629. 630. 631. 632. 633. 634. 635.

�

∞

dx = −π cot pπ, [0 < p < 1] (1 − x)x p �0 ∞ p−1 π x dx = = B( p, 1 − p) = �( p)�(1 − p), [0 −1, b > 0, m > 0, c > a+1 b b c (m + x ) b �(c) 0 � ∞ dx √ =π (1 + x) x 0 ⎧ ⎪ π2 (if a > 0), � ∞ ⎨ a dx = 0 (if a = 0), ⎪ a 2 + x2 0 ⎩ π − 2 (if a < 0) � a � π 1 a 2 1 · 3 · 5...n · · a n+1 (n odd, a > 0) (a 2 − x2 ) n/2 dx = (a − x2 ) n/2 dx = 2 2 · 4 · 6 . . . (n + 1) 2 0 −a � m+1 n+2 � ⎧ 1 m+n+1 a B , (a > 0, m > −1, n > −2) ⎪2 2 2 ⎪ � a ⎨ or � � � � xm(a 2 − x2 ) n/2 dx = m+1 n+2 ⎪ 0 ⎪ 1 a m+n+1 � �2 � �2 (a > 0, m > −1, n > −2) ⎩ 2 � m+n+3 2 ⎧� π/2 ⎪ (cosn x) dx ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 1·3·5·7...(n−1) ⎪ � π/2 (n an even integer, n �= 0), ⎨ 2·4·6·8...(n) π2 , n sin x dx = 1·3·5·7...(n−1) , (n an odd integer, n �= 0), ⎪ 0 ⎪ � � ⎪ √2·4·6·8...(n) ⎪ n+1 ⎪ � ⎪ ⎩ π n2 (n > −1) 2 � ( 2 +1) � ∞ sin mx dx π π = ; if m > 0; 0, if m = 0; − , if m < 0 x 2 2 0 � ∞ cos x dx =∞ x �0 ∞ tan x dx π = x 2 �0 π � π sin ax · sin bx dx = cos ax · cos bx dx = 0, (a �= b; a, b integers) 0 �0 π/a � π [sin(ax)][cos(ax)] dx = [sin(ax)][cos(ax)]dx = 0 0 �0 π 2a [sin(ax)][cos(bx)] dx = 2 , if a − b is odd, or 0 if a − b is even a − b2 �0 ∞ π π sin x cos mx dx = 0, if m < −1 or m > 1; , if m = ±1; , if m2 < 1 x 4 2 0 � ∞ sin ax sin bx πa , (a ≤ b) dx = x2 �0 π � π 2 π (m is a non-zero integer) sin2 mx dx = cos2 mx dx = 2 0 �0 ∞ 2 π| p| sin ( px) dx = 2 x 2 �0 ∞ π sin x dx = , 0 q > 0; , p = q > 0 x 2 4 �0 ∞ π −|ma| cos(mx) e dx = x2 + a 2 2 |a| 0

Integrals 636. 637. 638. 639. 640. 641. 642. 643. 644. 645. 646. 647. 648. 649. 650. 651. 652. 653. 654. 655. 656. 657.

658.

A-43 � 1 π 2 2 0 �0 ∞ 1 π , if n > 1 sin axn dx = �(1/n) sin na 1/n 2n �0 ∞ 1 π , if n > 1 cos axn dx = �(1/n) cos na 1/n 2n 0 � � ∞ � ∞ sin x cos x π √ dx = √ dx = 2 x x 0 0 � ∞ sin3 x � ∞ sin3 x π dx = 4 (b) 0 x2 dx = 34 log 3 (a) 0 x � ∞ 3π sin3 x dx = x3 8 0 � ∞ sin4 x π dx = x4 3 0 � π/2 cos−1 a dx = √ , (|a| < 1) 1 + a cos x 1 − a2 �0 π π dx = √ , (a > b ≥ 0) 2 a − b2 0 a + b cos x � 2π dx 2π = √ , (a 2 < 1) 1 + a cos x 1 − a2 � � 0 � ∞ � b� cos ax − cos bx dx = log �� x a 0 � π/2 dx π = 2|ab| a 2 sin2 x + b2 cos2 x 0 � π/2 π(a 2 + b2 ) dx = , (a, b > 0) 2 2 2 2 2 4a 3 b3 (a sin x + b cos x) 0 � π/2 1 � n m� , sinn−1 x cosm−1 x dx = B , (if m and n are positive integers) 2 2 2 0 � π/2 2 · 4 · 6 . . . (2n) (sin2n+1 θ ) dθ = , (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) 1 · 3 · 5 . . . (2n + 1) 0 � π/2 1 · 3 · 5 . . . (2n − 1) � π � (sin2n θ ) dθ = , (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) 2 · 4 . . . (2n) 2 0 � � � π/2 1 1 1 x 1 − 2 + 2 − 2 + ··· dx = 2 sin x 12 3 5 7 0 � π/2 π dx = 1 + tanm x 4 0 3 � π/2 √ (2π) 2 cos θ dθ = � �2 0 �( 14 ) � π/2 π � � , (0 < h < 1) (tanh θ ) dθ = 2 cos hπ 0 2 � ∞ π a tan−1 (ax) − tan−1 (bx) dx = log , (a, b > 0) x 2 b 0 �

∞

cos(x2 ) dx =

�

∞

sin(x2 ) dx =

b

b

b

The area enclosed by a curve defined through the equation x c + y c = a c where a > 0, c a positive odd integer and b a � 2� [�( c )]2 positive even integer is given by � b2c � 2cab � b �� I= xh−1 ym−1 zn−1 dv, where R denotes the region of space bounded by the co-ordinate planes and that portion of

R � � p � �q � � k the surface ax + by + cz = 1, which lies in the first octant and where h, m, n, p, q, k, a, b, c, denote positive real numbers is given by � � � � � � h � a � h� � c� � x � p � 1e � x � p � y �q � 1e h m n � � mq � nk b c a p h−1 m n−1 � � x dx 1− y dy 1− − z dz = a a b pqk � h + m + n + 1 0 0 0 p

q

k

Integrals

A-44

659. 660.

�

∞

�0 ∞

662. 663. 664. 665. 666. 667. 668. 669. 670. 671. 672. 673. 674. 675. 676. 677. 678. 679. 680. 681. 682. 683. 684. 685. 686.

1 , a

(a > 0)

b dx = log , (a, b > 0) a ⎧ �(n+1) ⎪ (if n > −1 and a > 0) � ∞ ⎨ a n+1 xn e−ax dx = or ⎪ 0 ⎩ n! (if a > 0 and n is a positive integer) a n+1 � � � ∞ �(k) n+1 xn exp(−ax p ) dx = , n > −1, p > 0, a > 0, k = pa k � � p �0 ∞ 1 √ 1 1 −a 2 x2 e dx = π= , (a > 0) � 2a 2a 2 �0 ∞ 1 2 xe−x dx = 2√ �0 ∞ π 2 −x2 x e dx = 4 � �0 ∞ 1 · 3 · 5 . . . (2n − 1) π 2 x2n e−ax dx = (a > 0, n > − 12 ) n+1 a n 2 a 0 � ∞ n! 2 x2n+1 e−ax dx = , (a > 0, n > −1) n+1 2a 0 � � � 1 m � m! ar m −ax −a x e dx = m+1 1 − e a r! 0 r =0 √ � ∞ � 2 a2 � −2a −x − 2 e π x e dx = , (a ≥ 0) 0 �2 � ∞ √ π 1 (n > 0) e−nx x dx = 2n n � �0 ∞ −nx e π √ dx = (n > 0) n x 0 � ∞ a e−ax (cos mx) dx = 2 , (a > 0) a + m2 �0 ∞ m e−ax (sin mx) dx = 2 , (a > 0) a + m2 0 � ∞ 2ab xe−ax [sin(bx)] dx = 2 , (a > 0) (a + b2 ) 2 �0 ∞ 2 2 a −b xe−ax [cos(bx)] dx = 2 , (a > 0) (a + b2 ) 2 0 � ∞ n![(a + ib) n+1 − (a − ib) n+1 ] xn e−ax [sin(bx)] dx = , (i 2 = −1, a > 0) 2 + b2 ) n+1 2i(a 0 � ∞ n![(a − ib) n+1 + (a + ib) n+1 ] xn e−ax [cos(bx)] dx = , (i 2 = −1, a > 0, n > −1) 2(a 2 + b2 ) n+1 �0 ∞ −ax e sin x dx = cot−1 a, (a > 0) x 0 √ � � � ∞ π b2 2 2 exp − 2 , (ab �= 0) e−a x cos bx dx = 2|a| 4a �0 ∞ � π π� −t cos φ b−1 e t [sin(t sin φ)] dt − [�(b)] sin(bφ), b > 0, − < φ < 2 2 �0 ∞ � π� π −t cos φ b−1 e t [cos(t sin φ)] dt − [�(b)] cos(bφ), b > 0, − < φ < 2 2 � � �0 ∞ bπ b−1 t cos t dt = [�(b)] cos , (0 −1) 0 √ �1 � 1� 1 2 π log dx = x 2 0 � 1 � 1� √ 1 −2 log dx = π x 0 0

661.

e−ax dx = e

−ax

−e x

−bx

Integrals 687. 688. 689. 690.

691. 692. 693. 694. 695. 696. 697. 698. 699. 700. 701. 702. 703. 704. 705. 706. 707. 708. 709. 710. 711. 712. 713.

A-45 �

1

�0 1 �0 1

�

log

1 x

�n

dx = n!

x log(1 − x) dx = −

3 4

1 4 �0 1 (−1) n n! xm(log x) n dx = , (m > −1, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .) (m + 1) n+1 0 If n �= 0, 1, 2, . . . replace n! by �(n + 1). � 1 log x π2 dx = − 1+x 12 �0 1 π2 log x dx = − 1−x 6 �0 1 log(1 + x) π2 dx = x 12 �0 1 log(1 − x) π2 dx = − x 6 �0 1 π2 log(x) log(1 + x) dx = 2 − 2 log 2 − 12 �0 1 π2 log(x) log(1 − x) dx = 2 − 6 �0 1 log x π2 dx = − 1 −�x2 � 8 �0 1 π2 dx 1+x = log · 1−x x 4 �0 1 π log x dx √ = − log 2 2 2 �0 1 1�− x� ��n �(n + 1) 1 m x log dx = , (if m + 1 > 0 and n + 1 > 0) x (m + 1) n+1 � � �0 1 p (x − xq ) dx p+1 , ( p + 1 > 0, q + 1 > 0) = log log x q+1 �0 1 √ dx � (same as integral 686) � 1 � = π, 0 log x � x � � ∞ π2 e +1 log dx = x e −1 4 �0 π/2 � π/2 π log(sin x) dx = log cos x dx = − log 2 2 0 0 � π/2 � π/2 π log(sec x) dx = log csc x dx = log 2 2 0 �0 π 2 π x log(sin x) dx = − log 2 2 �0 π/2 sin x log(sin x) dx = log 2 − 1 �0 π/2 log tan x dx = 0 0 � � √ � π a + a 2 − b2 log(a ± b cos x) dx = π log , (a ≥ b) 2 0 � � π 2π log a a ≥b>0 log(a 2 − 2ab cos x + b2 ) dx = 2π log b b≥a >0 0 � ∞ sin ax π aπ dx = tanh 2|b| 2b �0 ∞ sinh bx cos ax π aπ dx = sech 2|b| 2b �0 ∞ cosh bx π dx = cosh ax 2|a| 0 x log(1 + x) dx =

714. 715. 716. 717. 718. 719. 720. 721. 722. 723. 724.

725. 726.

727. 728.

�

∞

�0 ∞

π2 x dx = sinh ax 4a 2

(a > 0)

a , (0 ≤ |b| < a) a 2 − b2 ∞ b e−ax sinh bx dx = 2 , (0 ≤ |b| < a) a − b2 �0 ∞ π aπ 1 sinh ax dx = csc − (b > 0) bx + 1 e 2b b 2a 0 � ∞ sinh ax 1 π aπ dx = − cot (b > 0) bx − 1 e 2a 2b b � � � �2 � � � � �0 π/2 π dx 1 1·3 2 4 1·3·5 2 6 2 � = 1+ k + k + k + ··· , if k2 < 1 2 2 2·4 2·4·6 0 1 − k2 sin2 x � � � �2 � � � � 6 � π/2 � 1 1 · 3 2 k4 1·3·5 π k 2 2 2 − 1 − k sin x dx = 1− k − 2 − ··· , if k2 < 1 2 2 2·4 3 2·4·6 5 0 � ∞ e−x log x dx = −γ = −0.5772157 . . . 0 √ � ∞ π 2 e−x log x dx = − (γ + 2 log 2) 4 � �0 ∞ � 1 1 − e−x dx = γ = 0.5772157 . . . [Euler’s Constant] −x 1 − e x 0 � � ∞ � 1 1 − e−x dx = γ = 0.5772157 . . . x 1 + x 0 For n even : � � � n/2−1 � � � n sin(n − 2k)x 1 1 n + n cosn x dx = n−1 x 2 (n − 2k) 2 n/2 k k=0 � � � n/2−1 � � 1 � n sin[(n − 2k)( π2 −x)] 1 n + n sinn x dx = n−1 x 2 2k − n 2 n/2 k k=0 For n odd: � (n−1)/2 � � 1 � n sin(n − 2k)x cosn x dx = n−1 2 n − 2k k k=0 � � �� (n−1)/2 � � 1 � n sin (n − 2k) π2 −x n sin x dx = n−1 2 2k − n k k=0 �0

e−ax cosh bx dx =

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Certain types of differential equations occur sufficiently often to justify the use of formulas for the corresponding particular solutions. The following set of Tables I to XIV covers all first, second, and nth order ordinary linear differential equations with constant coefficients for which the right members are of the form P(x)er x sin sx or P(x)er x cos sx, where r and s are constants and P(x) is a polynomial of degree n. When the right member of a reducible linear partial differential equation with constant coefficients is not zero, particular solutions for certain types of right members are contained in Tables XV to XXI. In these tables both F and P are used to denote polynomials, and it is assumed that no denominator is zero. In any formula the roles of x and y may be reversed throughout, changing a formula in which x dominates y dominates. Tables XIX, XX, XXI are applicable whether the equations are reducible or � � to one in which m! and is the (n + 1) st coefficient in the expansion of (a + b) m. Also 0! = 1 by definition. not. The symbol mn stands for (m−n)!n! The tables as herewith given are those contained in the text Differential Equations by Ginn and Company (1955) and are published with their kind permission and that of the author, Professor Frederick H. Steen.

SOLUTION OF LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS Any linear differential equation with constant coefficients may be written in the form p( D) y = R(x) A-46

1

(n−1)/2

�

n sin(n − 2k)x k n − 2k k=0 � � �� (n−1)/2 � � 1 � n sin (n − 2k) π2 −x n 728. sin x dx = n−1 2 2k − n k k=0 � ∞ π2 x dx = 714. (a > 0) 4a 2 �0 ∞ sinh ax a EQUATIONS e−ax cosh bx dx = 2 , DIFFERENTIAL (0 ≤ |b| < a) 715. 2 a − b 0 � ∞ b e−ax sinh bx dx = 2 , (0 ≤ |b| < a) 716. 2 a − �0 ∞of differential equationsb occur sufficiently often to justify the use of formulas for the corresponding particular Certain types π aπ 1 sinh ax solutions. to XIV (b covers 717. The following dxset=of Tables csc I − > 0) all first, second, and nth order ordinary linear differential equations with bx + 1 e 2b b 2a 0 � ∞ constant coefficients for which the right members are of the form P(x)er x sin sx or P(x)er x cos sx, where r and s are constants and sinh ax 1 π aπ P(x) is a polynomial of dx degree = n. − cot (b > 0) 718. bx − 1 e 2a 2b b � linear � When the member of a reducible differential coefficients is not zero, particular solutions � partial �2 � � equation � with constant �2 �0right π/2 π contained dx 1 in Tables 1XV · 3 to2XXI. 1these ·3·5 for719. certain types of right members are In tables 2 4 6both F and P are2used to denote polynomials, � = 1+ k + k + k + ··· , if k < 1 2 is zero.2In any formula 2 · 4 the roles of2 x· 4and · 6 y may be reversed throughout, changing a formula and it is assumed that 0 1 −nok2denominator sin2 x � � � �2 Tables � XIX,�2XX, � � 6 whether the equations are reducible or π/2 � in which x �dominates 1 k4 XXI1are · 3 ·applicable 5 π y dominates. k � � to2one2 in which 2 st 1 · 3 m! 720. − · · b) m k sinforx dx = 1 − k − 2 of − , . Also if 0! k2 = < 1 by definition. stands and is the (n + 1) coefficient in the expansion (a ·+ not. The symbol mn1 − (m−n)!n!2 2 2·4 3 2·4·6 5 0 � ∞as herewith given are those contained in the text Differential Equations by Ginn and Company (1955) and are The tables published kind permission and that of the 721. with their e−x log x dx = −γ = −0.5772157 . . . author, Professor Frederick H. Steen. 0 √ � ∞ π 2 722. e−x log x dx = − (γ + 2 log 2) 4 � LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS �0 ∞ �SOLUTION OF 1 1 − e−x dx = γ = 0.5772157 . . . [Euler’s Constant] 723. −x 1 − e x 0 � constant coefficients may be written in the form � ∞ � equation with Any linear differential 1 1 724. − e−x dx = γ = 0.5772157 . . . x 1 + x p( D) y = R(x) 0 For n even : � � � n/2−1 � � � n sin(n − 2k)x 1 1 n + n cosn x dx = n−1 x 725. 2 (n − 2k) 2 n/2 k A-46 k=0 � � � n/2−1 � � 1 � n sin[(n − 2k)( π2 −x)] 1 n 726. + n sinn x dx = n−1 x 2 2k − n 2 n/2 k k=0 For n odd: � (n−1)/2 � � 1 � n sin(n − 2k)x cosn x dx = n−1 727. 2 n − 2k k k=0 � � �� (n−1)/2 � � 1 � n sin (n − 2k) π2 −x n 728. sin x dx = n−1 2 2k − n k k=0 727.

cosn x dx =

2n−1

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Certain types of differential equations occur sufficiently often to justify the use of formulas for the corresponding particular solutions. The following set of Tables I to XIV covers all first, second, and nth order ordinary linear differential equations with constant coefficients for which the right members are of the form P(x)er x sin sx or P(x)er x cos sx, where r and s are constants and P(x) is a polynomial of degree n. When the right member of a reducible linear partial differential equation with constant coefficients is not zero, particular solutions for certain types of right members are contained in Tables XV to XXI. In these tables both F and P are used to denote polynomials, and it is assumed that no denominator is zero. In any formula the roles of x and y may be reversed throughout, changing a formula in which x dominates y dominates. Tables XIX, XX, XXI are applicable whether the equations are reducible or � � to one in which m! and is the (n + 1) st coefficient in the expansion of (a + b) m. Also 0! = 1 by definition. not. The symbol mn stands for (m−n)!n! The tables as herewith given are those contained in the text Differential Equations by Ginn and Company (1955) and are published with their kind permission and that of the author, Professor Frederick H. Steen.

SOLUTION OF LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS Any linear differential equation with constant coefficients may be written in the form p( D) y = R(x) A-46

Differential Equations

A-47

where • • • • •

D is the differential operation: Dy = p( D) is a polynomial in D, y is the dependent variable, x is the independent variable, R(x) is an arbitrary function of x.

dy dx

A power of D represents repeated differentiation, that is Dn y =

dn y dxn

For such an equation, the general solution may be written in the form y = yc + yp where yp is any particular solution, and yc is called the complementary function. This complementary function is defined as the general solution of the homogeneous equation, which is the original differential equation with the right side replaced by zero, i.e., p( D) y = 0 The complementary function yc may be determined as follows: 1. Factor the polynomial p( D) into real and complex linear factors, just as if D were a variable instead of an operator. 2. For each nonrepeated linear factor of the form (D - a), where a is real, write down a term of the form ceax where c is an arbitrary constant. 3. For each repeated real linear factor of the form ( D − a) n , write down n terms of the form c1 eax + c2 xeax + c3 x2 eax + · · · + cn xn−1 eax where the ci ’s are arbitrary constants. 4. For each non-repeated conjugate complex pair of factors of the form (D − a + ib)(D − a − ib), write down two terms of the form c1 eax cos bx + c2 eax sin bx 5. For each repeated conjugate complex pair of factors of the form (D− a + ib) n ( D− a − ib) n , write down 2n terms of the form c1 eax cos bx + c2 eax sin bx + c3 xeax cos bx + c4 xeax sin bx + · · · + c2n−1 xn−1 eax cos bx + c2n xn−1 eax sin bx

6. The sum of all the terms thus written down is the complementary function yc . To find the particular solution yp , use the following tables, as shown in the examples. For cases not shown in the tables, there are various methods of finding yp . The most general method is called variation of parameters. The following example illustrates the method: Example: Find yp for ( D2 − 4) y = e x . This example can be solved most easily by use of equation 63 in the tables following. However, it is given here as an example of the method of variation of parameters. The complementary function is yc = c1 e2x + c2 e−2x To find yp , replace the constants in the complementary function with unknown functions, yp = ue2x + ve−2x


A-48

We now prepare to substitute this assumed solution into the original equation. We begin by taking all the necessary derivatives: yp = ue2x + ve−2x

y�p = 2ue2x − 2ve−2x + u� e2x + v� e−2x For each derivative of yp except the highest, we set the sum of all the terms containing u� and v� to 0. Thus the above equation becomes u� e2x + v� e−2x = 0

and

y�p = 2ue2x − 2ve−2x

Continuing to differentiate, we have y��p = 4ue2x + 4ve−2x + 2u� e2x − 2v� e−2x When we substitute into the original equation, all the terms not containing u� or v� cancel out. This is a consequence of the method by which yp was set up. Thus all that is necessary is to write down the terms containing u� or v� in the highest order derivative of yp , multiply by the constant coefficient of the highest power of D in p( D), and set it equal to R(x). Together with the previous terms in u� and v� which were set equal to 0, this gives us as many linear equations in the first derivatives of the unknown functions as there are unknown functions. The first derivatives may then be solved for by algebra, and the unknown functions found by integration. In the present example, this becomes u� e2x + v� e−2x = 0

2u� e2x − 2v� e−2x = e x We eliminate v� and u� separately, getting 4u� e2x = e x

4v� e−2x = −e x Thus u� = 14 e−x v� = − 14 e3x Therefore, by integrating u = − 14 e−x 1 3x v = − 12 e A constant of integration is not needed, since we need only one particular solution. Thus 1 1 3x −2x yp = ue2x + ve−2x = − e−x e2x − e e 4 12 1 1 x 1 e = − ex = − ex − 4 12 3 and the general solution is y = yc + yp = c1 e2x + c2 e−2x −

1 x e 3

The following samples illustrate the use of the tables. Example 1:

Solve (D2 − 4) y = sin 3x. Substitution of q = −4, s = 3 in formula 24 gives yp =

wherefore the general solution is

sin 3x −9 − 4

y = c1 e2x + c2 e−2x −

sin 3x 13


A-49

Example 2: Obtain a particular solution of ( D2 − 4D + 5) y = x2 e3x sin x. Applying formula 40 with a = 2, b = 1, r = 3, s = 1, P(x) = x2 , s + b = 2, s − b = 0, a − r = −1, (a − r ) 2 +(s + b) 2 = 5, (a − r ) 2 +(s − b) 2 = 1, we have yp

=

=

� � � � � � 3·1·0−0 2 0 2(−1)2 2(−1)0 3 · 1 · 2 − 23 − − − x2 + 2x + 2 5 1 25 1 125 1 �� −1 −1 1−4 1−0 −1 − 3(−1)4 −1 − 3(−1)0 e3x cos x − − − − x2 + 2x + 2 2 5 1 25 1 125 1 � � � � 2 4 2 28 136 1 2 x − x− − e3x sin x + − x2 + e3x cos x 5 25 125 5 25 125 e3x sin x 2

��

The special formulas effect a very considerable saving of time in problems of this type.

Example 3: Obtain a particular solution of ( D2 − 4D + 5) y = x2 e2x cos x. (Compare with Example 2.) Formula 40 is not applicable here since for this equation r = a, s = b, wherefore the denominator (a − r ) 2 +(s − b) 2 = 0. We turn instead to formula 44. Substituting a = 2, b = 1, P(x) = x2 and replacing sin by cos, cos by − sin, we obtain � � � � � e2x cos x 2 e2x sin x 1 yp = x2 − + x2 − dx 4 4 2 2 � 2 � � 3 � x x 1 x 2x = e2x cos x + e sin x − − 4 8 6 4 which is the required solution.

Example 4: gives

Find z p for ( Dx − 3Dy ) z = ln( y + 3x). Referring to Table XV we note that formula 69 (not 68) is applicable. This

z p = x ln( y + 3x) � It is easily seen that −y 3 ln( y + 3x) would serve equally well.

Example 5: Solve ( Dx + 2Dy − 4) z = y cos( y − 2x). Since R in formula 76 contains a polynomial in x, not y, we rewrite the given equation in the form ( Dy +12 Dx −2) z =12 y cos( y−2x). Then � � 1 zc = e2y F x − y = e2x f (2x − y) 2 and by the formula

1 z p = − cos( y − 2x) · 2

�

1 y + 2 2 2

�

1 = − (2y + 1) cos( y − 2x) 8

Example 6: Find z p for ( Dx + 4Dy ) 3 z = (2x − y) 2 . Using formula 79, we obtain �� 2 3 u du (2x − y) 5 u5 zp = =− = 3 [2 + 4(−1)] 5 · 4 · 3 · (−8) 480 Example 7:

Find z p for ( Dx3 + 5Dx2 Dy − 7Dx + 4)z = e2x+3y . By formula 87 zp =

Example 8:

e2x+3y e2x+3y = 23 + 5 · 22 · 3 − 7 · 2 + 4 58

Find z p for ( Dx4 + 6Dx3 Dy + Dx Dy + D2y + 9)z = sin(3x + 4y)

Since every term in the left number is of even degree in the two operators Dx and Dy , formula 90 is applicable. It gives sin(3x + 4y) (−9) 2 + 6(−9)(−12) + (−12) + (−16) + 9 sin(3x + 4y) = 710

zp =


A-50 Table I: (D − a)y = R R 1. er x 2. sin sx∗ 3. P(x) rx

4. e sin sx∗ 5. P(x) er x 6. P(x) sin sx∗

yp

er x r −a cos sx − a sin asx+s 2 +s 2

�

− 1a P(x) +

= √

� � sin sx + tan−1 as � (n) + · · · + P a n(x)

1

a 2 +s 2 �� P � (x) + P a 2(x) a

Replace a by a − r in formula 2 and multiply by er x . Replace a �by a − r in formula 3 and multiply by er x .

� P (k−1) (x) + · · · � � ( 1k) a k−1 s−( 3k) a k−3 s 3 +··· P (k−1) (x) + · · · s 2as 3a 2 s−s 3 � �� − cos sx a 2 +s P(x) + P (x) + P (x) + · · · + 2 (a 2 +s 2 ) 2 (a 2 +s 2 ) 3 (a 2 +s 2 ) k a a 2 +s 2

− sin sx

P(x) +

a 2 −s 2 (a 2 +s 2 ) 2

P � (x) +

a 3 −3as 2 (a 2 +s 2 ) 3

7. P(x)er x sin sx∗Replace a by a − r in formula 6 and multiply by er x . xeax 8. eax ax sx ax 9. e sin sx∗ − e � cos s ax ax 10. P(x)e e P(x) � dx � � eax sin sx s

11. P(x)eax sin sx

P � (x) s3

−

P �� (x) s3

+

P v (x) s5

− ··· −

eax cos sx s

a k −( 2k) a k−2 s 2 +( 4k) a k−4 s 4 −··· (a 2 +s 2 ) k

P �� (x) + · · · +

P(x) −

P �� (x) s2

+

P iv (x) s4

� − ···

* For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “−sin” in yp . Dn =

dn dxn

�m � n

=

m! (m − n)!n!

0! = 1

Table II: (D − a)2 y = R R 12. er x 13. sin sx∗ 14. P(x) 15. er x sin sx∗ 16. P(x)er x 17. P(x) sin sx∗

18. P(x)er x sin sx∗ 19. eax 20. eax sin sx∗ 21. P(x)eax 22. P(x)eax sin sx∗

yp

er z (r −a) 2 � 1 1 2 2 [(a − s ) sin sx + 2as cos sx] = sin sx + 2 2 2 2 (a +s a +s � � ) 2P � (x) 3P �� (x) (n+1) P (n) (x) 1 P(x) + a + a 2 + · · · + an a2 rx

tan−1

2as

a 2 −s 2

�

Replace a by a − r in formula 13 and multiply by e . Replace�a by a − r in formula 14 and multiply by er x . a 2 −s 2 (a 2 +s 2 ) 2

3

2

a −3as a � P(x) + 2 (a 2 +s 2 ) 3 P (x) + 3

4 −6a 2 s 2 +s 4

P �� (x) + · · · � a k − k a k−2 s 2 + k a k−4 s 4 −··· (k−2) +(k − 1) ( 2) (a 2 +s(24))k P (x) + · · · � 2 s−s 3 4a 3 s−4as 3 �� + cos sx (a 22as P(x) + 2 (a3a2 +s 2 ) 3 P (x) + 3 (a 2 +s 2 ) 4 P (x) + · · · +s 2 ) 2 � k k−1 a s− k a k−3 s 3 +··· (k−2) P (x) + · · · +(k − 1) ( 1) (a 2(+s3)2 )k sin sx

(a 2 +s 2 ) 4

Replace a by a − r in formula 17 and multiply by er x . 1 2 ax x e 2 ax sx − e �ssin 2� ax e P(x)� dx dx � −e

ax sin sx

s2 ax sx − e scos 2

�

P(x) −

2P � (x) s

+

3P �� (x) s2 4P �� (x) s3

+

−

5P iv (x) s4 6P v (x) s5

−

7P vi (x) 6 s�

− ···

+ ···

* For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in yp .


A-51 Table III: (D2 + q)y = R

R 23. er x 24. sin sx∗ 25. P(x) 26. er x sin sx 27. P(x)er x

yp

er x r 2 +q sin sx 2 +q −s� �� iv (2k) 1 P(x) − P q(x) + P q2(x) − · · · + (−1) k P qk(x) q rx (r 2 −s 2 +q)er x sin sx−2r ser x cos sx = √ 2 2e 2 (r 2 −s 2 +q) 2 +(2r s) 2 (r −s +q) +(2r s) 2 er x r 2 +q

�

P(x) −

P � (x) +

3r 2 −q

+(−1) k �

s cos sx − (−s 2 +q)

�

2k+1 1

�

�

s 2k + 2k+1 3

4r 3 −4qr

�

P

5s 4 +10s 2 q+q2 2 4 � (−s �+q)

s 2k−2 q+ 2k+1 5 (−s 2 +q) 2k

4s 2 +4q �� 3 P (x) (−s�2 +q) � 2k s 2k−2 + 2k s 2k−4 q+··· 1 3

2P � (x) 2 +q) (−s� �

+(−1) k+1

P �� (x) −

2r s r 2 −s 2 +q

P �� (x) + · · · � (x) + · · ·

(r 2+q) 2 (r 2 +q) 3 ( k1 )r k−1 −( k3 )r k−3 q+( k5 )r k−5 q2 −··· (k−1) (r 2 +q) k−1

+ · · · + (−1) k−1 � 3s 2 +q �� P(x) − (−s 2 +q) 2 P (x) +

sin sx (−s 2 +q)

28. P(x) sin sx∗

2r r 2 +q

� ··· � sin sx − tan−1

−

�

P iv (x) + · · ·

s 2k−4 q2 +···

+ ···

� P (2k) (x) + · · ·

� P (2k−1) (x) + · · ·

(−s 2 +q) 2k−1

Table IV: (D2 + b2 )y = R 29. sin bx∗ 30. P(x) sin bx∗

bx − x cos 2b � sin bx (2b) 2

P(x) −

P �� (x) (2b) 2

+

P iv (x) (2b) 4

� − ··· −

cos bx 2b

��

P(x) −

P �� (x) (2b) 2

� + · · · dx

* For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in yp.

Table V: (D2 pD + q)y = R R 31. er x 32. sin sx∗

yp

er x r 2 + pr +q (q−s 2 ) sin sx− ps cos sx (q−s 2 ) 2 +( ps) 2

�

p q

= √

1

(q−s 2 ) 2 +( ps) 2

p2 −q q2

� sin sx − tan−1 p3 −2 pq q3

ps q−s 2

�

pn −( n−1 ) pn−2 q+( n−2 ) pn−4 q2 −··· 1 2 qn

33. P(x)

1 q

34. er x sin sx∗ 35. P(x)er x

Replace p by p + 2r , q by q+pr+r 2 in formula 32 and multiply by er x . Replace p by p + 2r , q by q+pr+r 2 in formula 33 and multiply by er x .

36. P(x) sin sx∗

P(x) −

P �� (x) −

�

P �� (x) + · · ·+(−1) n

Table VI: (D − b)(D − a)y = R

� 2 � b b2 − s 2 a a − s2 − 2 P(x) + − 2 P � (x) a2 + s2 b + s2 (a 2 + s 2 ) 2 (b + s 2 ) 2 � 3 � � b3 − 3bs 2 a − 3as 2 + − 2 P �� (x) + · · · 2 2 3 2 3 (a + s ) (b + s ) � � � � cos sx s 2bs s 2as + − P(x) + − 2 P � (x) b−a a2 + s2 b2 + s 2 (a 2 + s 2 ) 2 (b + s 2 ) 2 � 2 � � † 3b2 s − s 3 3a s − s 2 + − 2 P �� (x) + · · · (a 2 + s 2 ) 3 (b + s 2 ) 3

sin sx b−a

��

P � (x) +

rx 37. P(x)er x sin sx∗ Replace 36 and multiply �� a by a–r , b by b − �r in formula � by e . P(x) P (x) P �� (x) P (n) (x) eax ax 38. P(x)e P(x) dx + (b−a) + (b−a)2 + (b−a)3 + · · · + (b−a)n+1 a−b

* For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in yp . † For additional terms, compare with formula 6.

P (n) (x)

�


A-52 Table VII: (D2 − 2aD + a2 + b2 )y = R

yp

R

sin sx 2b

39. P(x) sin sx

��

s+b

s−b

�

�

2a(s+b)

2a(s−b)

�

P � (x) � 2 3 3a 2 (s−b)−(s−b) 3 �� + 3a (s+b)−(s+b) − P (x) + · · · 2 2 3 [a 2 +(s+b)2 ]3 � [a +(s−b) ] � �� 2 a −(s+b) 2 a 2 −(s−b) 2 a a − cos2bsx − P(x) + − P � (x) 2 2 2 2 2 2 a +(s+b) a +(s−b) 2 [a 2 +(s+b)� ] [a 2 +(s−b)�2 ] � † 2 2 a 3 −3a(s−b) 2 P �� (x) + · · · + a 2−3a(s+b) 3 − 3 2 2 2 [a +(s+b) ] [a +(s−b) ] 40. P(x)er x sin sx∗ 39 and multiply by er x . � Replace a by a − r in formula � ∗

41. P(x)eax

42. eax sin sx∗ 43. eax sin bx∗

44. P(x)eax sin bx∗

a 2 +(s+b) 2

−

a 2 +(s−b) 2

�

P(x) +

2 a 2 +(s+b) 2

[

]

−

2 a 2 +(s−b) 2

[�

]

�� iv eax P(x) − P b2(x) + P b4(x) − · · · b2 eax sin sx 2 −s 2 +b ax cos bx − xe 2b � � P �� (x) P iv (x) eax sin bx P(x) − + − · · · 2 2 4 (2b) (2b) (2b) � � �� iv ax cos bx � − e 2b P(x) − P(2b)(x)2 + P(2b)(x)4 − · · · dx

* For cos sx in R replace “sin’ by “cos’ and “cos” by “− sin” in y p . † For additional terms, compare with formula 6. R 45. er x 46. sin sx∗

Table VIII: f (D)y = [Dn + an−1 Dn−1 + · · · + a1 D + a0 ]y = R

yp

er x f (r ) [a0 −a2 s 2 +a4 s 4 −··· ] sin sx−[a1 s−a3 s 3 +a5 s 5 +··· ] cos sx [a0 −a2 s 2 +a4 s 4 −··· ]2 +[a1 s−a3 s 3 +a5 s 5 −··· ]2

Table IX: f (D2 )y = R 47. sin sx∗

sin sx f (−s 2 )

48. er x 49. sin sx∗

er x

50. P(x)

sin sx a0 −a2 s 2 +···±s 2n

=

Table X: (D − a)n y = R

(r −a) n (−1) n {[a n (a 2 +s 2 ) 2 (−1) n an

�� − 2n a n−2 s 2 + 4n a n−4 s 4 − · · · ] sin sx �n� n−1 �n� n−3 3 sx} � +[ 1�a� � s − �3 a � s� + · �· · ] cos � � n+2 P �� (x) P (x) P(x) + 1n P a(x) + n+1 + + ··· 2 3 a2 a2

51. er x sin sx∗ Replace a by a − r in formula 49 and multiply by er x . Replace a by a − r�in�formula 50�and multiply by e�r x . � 52. er x P(x) � n n+1 n+2 n � �� An+1 P (x) + An+2 P (x) + An+3 P �� (x) + · · · ] 53. P(x) sin sx∗ (−1) sin sx[An P(x) + 1

2 3 � � � � � � n n+1 n+2 � �� Bn+1 P (x) + Bn+2 P (x) + Bn+3 P �� (x) + · · · ] + (−1) cos sx[Bn P(x) + 1 2 3 � � � � a k − 2k a k−2 s 2 + 4k a k−4 s 4 − · · · a a2 − s2 , A2 = 2 , . . . , Ak = A1 = 2 a + s2 (a + s 2 ) 2 (a 2 + s 2 ) k � k� k−1 � k� k−3 3 a s − s + ··· a 2as 3 a B1 = 2 , B2 = 2 , . . . , Bk = 1 a + s2 (a + s 2 ) 2 (a 2 + s 2 ) k n

54. er x sin sx∗

Replace a by a − r in formula 53 and multiply by er x . � � � 55. eax P(x) eax · · · P(x) dxn �� n−1 � � P �� (x) �n+4� P v (x) n (−1) 2 eax sin sx P (x) 56. P(x)eax sin sx∗ − n+2 + n−1 s 5 − · · · n−1 n−1 sn s s3 �� n+1 � � P �� (x) �n+3� P iv (x) ax 2 + (−1) sen cos sx n−1 P(x) − n+1 + n−1 s 4 − · · · (n odd) n−1 n−1 s2 �� n � � � � ax �� iv n−1 (−1) 2 e sin sx P (x) P (x) P(x) − n+1 + n+3 − ··· n−1 n−1 n−1 sn s2 s4 � � n � � � � � � ax � �� v 2 n P (x) P (x) P (x) + (−1) es n cos sx n−1 − n+2 + n+4 − ··· (n even) n−1 n−1 s s3 s5 * For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in yp.


A-53 Table XI: (D − a)n f (D)y = R

57. eax

xn n!

ax

· fe(a) * For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in yp.

Table XII: (D2 + q)n y = R R 58. er x 59. sin sx∗ 60. P(x) 61. er x sin sx∗

yp er x /(r 2 + q) n sin�sx/(q − s 2 ) n � � � �� P iv (x) �n+2� P vi (x) 1 P(x) − 1n P q(x) + n+1 − 3 + ··· 2 qn 2 q2 q3 er x

( A2 +B2 ) n

��

� � � � � n n An − An−2 B2 + An−4 B4 − · · · sin sx 2 4 �� n n An−1 B − An−3 B3 + · · · cos sx − 1 3

A = r 2 − s 2 + q,

B = 2r s

Table XIII: (D2 + b2 )n y = R 62. sin bx∗

n

cos bx (−1) n+1/2 xn!(2b) n

n

sin bx (n odd), (−1) n/2 xn!(2b) n

(n even)

Table XIV: (Dn − q)y = R 63. er x

n er x /(r � − q)

(n) (x)

64. P(x)

− q1 P(x) P

65. sin sx∗ 66. er x sin sx∗

− q sin sx+(−1) q2 +s 2n

q

+

P (2n) (x) q2

n−1 2 s n cos sx

� + ···

sin sx (n odd), (n even) (−s 2 ) n/2 −q� � r x e −1 B √ = sin sx − tan A A2 +B2 � n �n� n−2 2 A�2 n+B �2 � A = �� r �− 2 r �s � + 4 r n−4 s 4�− · · · − q, n n−1 n n−3 3 B = 1 r s − 3 r s + ··· * For cos sx in R replace “sin” by “cos” and cos by “− sin” in yp. Aer x sin sr −Ber x cos sx

Table XV: (Dx + mDy )z = R R zp eax+by 67. eax+by a+mb f (u)du 68. f (ax + by) ∫ a+mb , u = ax + by 69. f ( y − mx) xf ( y − mx) 70. φ(x, y) f ( y − mx) f ( y − mx) ∫ φ(x, a + mx) dx (a = y − mx after integration) Table XVI: (Dx + mDy − k)z = R 71. eax+by 72. sin(ax + by)∗ 73. eαx+βy sin(ax + by)∗ 74. e xk f (ax + by) 75. f ( y − mx) 76. p(x) f ( y − mx) 77. ekx f ( y − mx)

eax+by a+mb−k sin(ax+by) − (a+bm) cos(ax+by)+k (a+bm) 2 +k2

Replace k in 72 by k − α − mβ and multiply by eαx+βy � kx e f (u)du , u = ax + by a+mb f ( y−mx) − k � � − 1k f ( y − mx) p(x) +

p� (x) k

+

p�� (x) k2

+ ··· +

p(n) (x) kn

xekx f ( y − mx) * For cos(ax + by) replace “sin” by “cos” and “cos” by “− sin” in z p . k+r Dx = ∂∂x ; Dy = ∂∂y ; Dxk Dyr = ∂∂k ∂ r x

y


A-54 Table XVII: (Dz + mDy )n z = R R 78. eax+by

zp

eax+by (a+mb) �� n ··· f (u)dun ,u (a+mb) n xn f ( y − mx) n! ��

79. f (ax + by) 80. f ( y − mx) 81. φ(x, y) f ( y + mx)

f ( y − mx)

= ax + by

···

�

φ(x, a + mx) dxn (a = y − mx after integration) Table XVIII: (Dx + mDy − k)n z = R

eax+by (a+mb−k) n (−1) n f ( y−mx) kn � �� (−1) n f ( y − mx) p(x) + 1n p k(x) kn ekx ∫ ∫··· ∫ f (u)dun , u = ax + by (a+mb) n xn kx e f ( y − mx) n!

82. eax+by 83. f ( y − mx)

84. P(x) f ( y − mx)

85. ekz f (ax + by) 86. ekx f ( y − mx)

+

�n+1� p�� (x) 2

k3

+

�n+2� p�� (x) 3

k3

� + ···

Table XIX: [Dxn + a1 Dxn−1 Dy + a2 Dxn−2 D2y + · · · + an Dny ]z = R 87. eax+by

88. f (ax + by)

a + a1

a n−1 b +

eax+by a2 a n−2 b2 + · · · + an bn

��

�� ··· f (u)dun , (u = ax + by) n n−1 n−2 a + a1 a b + a2 a b2 + · · · + a n bn Table XX: F (Dx ,Dy )z = R

89. eax+by

eax+by

F (a,b)

Table XXI: F (Dx2 ,Dx Dy ,D2y )z = R 90. sin(ax + by)∗

sin(ax+by) F (−a 2 ,−ab,−b2 )

* For cos(ax + by) replace “sin ” by “cos”, and “cos” by “− sin” in z p .


A-55 Differential equation

yF (xy) dx + x G(xy) dy = 0

Linear, homogeneous, second order equation dy d2 y +b + cy = 0 dx2 dx where b and c are real constants

Linear, nonhomogeneous, second order equation dy d2 y + cy = R(x) +b dx2 dx where b and c are real constants

Method of solution G(v) dv +c ln x = v{G(v) − F (v)} where v = xy. If G(v) = F (v), then the solution is xy = c. �

Let m1 , m2 be the roots of m2 + bm + c = 0.

Then there are 3 cases: Case 1. m1 , m2 real and distinct: y = c1 em1 x + c2 em2 x Case 2. m1 , m2 real and equal: y = c1 em1 x + c2 xem1 x Case 3. m1 = p + qi, m2 = p − qi : y = e px (c√ 1 cos qx + c2 sin qx) where p = −b/2, q = 4c − b2 /2 There are 3 cases corresponding to those above: Case 1.

Case 2.

Case 3.

y = c1 em1 x + c2 em2 x � em1 x + e−m1 x R(x) dx m1 − m2 � em2 x + e−m2 x R(x) dx m2 − m1 y = c1 em1 x + c2 xem1 x � + xem1 x e−m1 x R(x) dx � − em1 x xe−m1 x R(x) dx

y = e px (c1 cos qx + c2 sin qx) � e px sin qx + e− px R(x) cos qx dx q � e px cos qx e− px R(x) sin qx dx − q


A-56 Differential equation Euler or Cauchy equation dy d2 y x2 + bx + cy = S(x) dx dx

Bessel’s equation dy d2 y x2 2 + x + (λ2 x2 − n2 ) y = 0 dx dx Transformed Bessel’s equation dy d2 y + x2 2 + (2 p + 1)x dx � 2dx2r � 2 α x +β y=0 Legendre’s equation d2 y dy + n(n + 1) y = 0 (1 − x2 ) 2 − 2x dx dx Separation of variables f1 (x)g1 ( y) dx + f2 (x)g2 ( y) dy = 0

Exact equation

M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy = 0 where ∂ M/∂ y = ∂ N/∂ x Linear first order equation dy + P(x) y = Q(x) dx Bernoulli’s equation dy + P(x) y = Q(x) yn dx Homogeneous equation � y� dy =F dx x

Reducible to homogeneous (a1 x + b1 y + c1 ) dx +(a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) dy = 0 b1 a1 �= with a2 b2 Reducible to separable (a1 x + b1 y + c1 ) dx +(a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) dy = 0 b1 a1 = with a2 b2

Method of solution Putting x = et , the equation becomes

dy d2 y + cy = S(et ) + (b − 1) dt 2 dt and can then be solved as a linear second order equation. y = c1 J n (λx) + c2 Yn (λx)

� �α � � α �� xr + c2 Yq/r xr y = x− p c1 J q/r r r � where q = p2 − β 2 . y = c1 Pn (x) + c2 Qn (x) � �

f1 (x) dx + f2 (x) M∂ x +

��

�

n−

g2 ( y) dy = c g1 ( y) ∂ ∂y

�

� M∂ x dy = c where ∂ x indicates

that the integration is to be performed with respect to x keeping y constant. ye

�

P dx

=

�

Qe

�

P dx

dx + c

� � � ve(1−n) P dx = Qe(1−n) P dx dx + c where v = y1−n . � If n = 1, then the solution is ln y = ( Q − P) dx + c.

� dv ln x = F (v)−v + c where v = y/x. If F (v) = v, then the solution is y = cx.

Set u = a1 x + b1 y + c1 and v = a2 x + b2 y + c2 . Then eliminate x and y and the equation becomes homogenous. Set u = a1 x + b1 y. Then eliminate x or y and the equation becomes separable.

FOURIER SERIES 1. If f (x) is a bounded periodic function of period 2L (i.e., f (x + 2L) = f (x)), and satisfies the Dirichlet conditions: (a) In any period f (x) is continuous, except possibly for a finite number of jump discontinuities. (b) In any period f (x) has only a finite number of maxima and minima. Then f (x) may be represented by the Fourier series nπ x nπ x � a0 � � an cos + + bn sin 2 L L n=1 ∞

where an and bn are as determined below. This series will converge to f (x) at every point where f (x) is continuous, and to f (x+ ) + f (x− ) 2 (i.e., the average of the left-hand and right-hand limits) at every point where f (x) has a jump discontinuity.

an bn

=

1 L

=

1 L

�

L

−L � L

f (x) cos

nπ x dx, L

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

f (x) sin

nπ x dx, L

n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

−L

We may also write

an =

1 L

�

α+2L

f (x) cos α

nπ x 1 dx and bn = L L

where α is any real number. Thus if α = 0, an

=

1 L

bn

=

1 L

� �

2L

f (x) cos

nπ x dx, L

f (x) sin

nπ x d, L

0 2L 0

�

α+2L

f (x) sin α

nπ x dx L

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

2. If in addition to the restrictions in (1), f (x) is an even function (i.e., f (−x) = f (x)), then the Fourier series reduces to ∞

nπ x a0 � + an cos 2 L n=1

That is, bn = 0. In this case, a simpler formula for an is � 2 L nπ x an = dx, f (x) cos L 0 L

n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .

3. If in addition to the restrictions in (1), f (x) is an odd function (i.e., f (−x) = − f (x)), then the Fourier series reduces to ∞ �

bn sin

n=1

nπ x L

That is, an = 0. In this case, a simpler formula for the bn is � 2 L nπ x bn = f (x) sin dx, L 0 L

n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

4. If in addition to the restrictions in (2) above, f (x) = − f (L − x), then an will be 0 for all even values of n, including n = 0. Thus in this case, the expansion reduces to ∞ � m=1

a2m−1 cos

(2m − 1)π x L A-57

Fourier Series

A-58

5. If in addition to the restrictions in (3) above, f (x) = f (L − x), then bn will be 0 for all even values of n. Thus in this case, the expansion reduces to ∞ �

b2m−1 sin

m=1

(2m − 1)π x L

(The series in (4) and (5) are known as odd-harmonic series, since only the odd harmonics appear. Similar rules may be stated for even-harmonic series, but when a series appears in the even-harmonic form, it means that 2L has not been taken as the smallest period of f (x). Since any integral multiple of a period is also a period, series obtained in this way will also work, but in general computation is simplified if 2L is taken to be the smallest period.) 6. If we write the Euler definitions for cos θ and sin θ, we obtain the complex form of the Fourier series known either as the “Complex Fourier Series” or the “Exponential Fourier Series” of f (x). It is represented as f (x) =

n=+∞ 1 � cn eiωn x 2 n=−∞

where cn = with ωn =

nπ L

1 L

�

L

f (x) e−iωn x dx,

n = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, . . .

−L

for n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . The set of coefficients cn is often referred to as the Fourier spectrum.

7. If both sine and cosine terms are present and if f (x) is of period 2L and expandable by a Fourier series, it can be represented as f (x) =

� nπ x � a0 � cn sin + + φn , 2 L n=1 ∞

an = cn sin φn ,

bn = cn cos φn ,

where cn =

�

an2 + bn2 ,

φn = arctan

�

an bn

�

It can also be represented as f (x) =

� nπ x � a0 � + + φn , cn cos 2 L n=1 ∞

an = cn cos φn ,

bn = −cn sin φn ,

where cn =

�

an2

+

bn2 ,

�

bn φn = arctan − an

�

where φn is chosen so as to make an , bn , and cn hold. 8. The following table of trigonometric identities should be helpful for developing Fourier series. sin nπ cos nπ ∗ sin nπ 2 ∗ cos nπ 2 sin nπ 4

n 0 (−1) n

n even 0 +1 0 (−1) n/2

n/2 odd 0 +1 0 −1 (−1) (n−2)/4

nodd 0 −1 (−1) (n−1)/2 0 √ 2 (n2 +4n+11)/8 (−1) 2

n/2 even 0 +1 0 +1 0

*A useful formula for sin nπ and cos nπ is given by 2 2 sin

nπ (i) n+1 = [(−1) n − 1] 2 2

and

cos

nπ (i) n = [(−1) n + 1], 2 2

where i 2 = −1.

Auxiliary Formulas for Fourier Series � � 4 3π x 1 5π x πx 1 + sin + sin + ··· sin [0 < x < k] π k 3 k 5 k � � 2k 2π x 1 3π x πx 1 x= − sin + sin − ··· sin [−k < x < k] π k 2 k 3 k � � k 4k 1 1 πx 3π x 5π x x = − 2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + ··· [0 < x < k] 2 π k 3 k 5 k �� 2 � � 2 � π π 4 2π x 4 2k2 πx π2 3π x x2 = 3 − − sin + − 3 sin sin π 1 1 k 2 k 3 3 k � 2 � � π2 5π x π 4π x 4 − [0 < x < k] sin + − 3 sin + ··· 4 k 5 5 k � � 4k2 1 1 1 k2 πx 2π x 3π x 4π x x2 = − 2 cos − 2 cos + 2 cos − 2 cos + ··· 3 π k 2 k 3 k 4 k 1=

[−k < x < k]

1− 1 22 1 1− 2 2 1 1+ 2 3 1 1 + 2 22 4 1−

1 1 1 + − 3 5 7 1 1 + 2 + 2 3 4 1 1 + 2 − 2 3 4 1 1 + 2 − 2 5 7 1 1 + 2 + 2 6 8

+ ··· = + ··· = + ··· = + ··· = + ··· =

π 4 π2 6 π2 12 π2 8 π2 24

FOURIER EXPANSIONS FOR BASIC PERIODIC FUNCTIONS f (x) =

4 π

f (x) =

2 π

c+2 f (x)= L π

f (x) =

�

n=1,3,5...

∞ �

n=1

(−1) n n

1 n

sin nπLx

�

� cos nπc − 1 sin nπLx L

∞ � (−1) n sin nπLc cos nπLx n

n=1

2 L

∞ �

n=1

sin

1 nπ sin( 2 nπc/L) 1 nπc/L 2 2

sin nπLx

A-59

1 1 1 π + 2 − 2 + ··· = 22 3 4 12 1 1 1 π2 1 + 2 + 2 − 2 + ··· = 3 5 7 8 1 1 1 1 π2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ··· = 22 4Formulas 6 8 Fourier Series 24 Auxiliary for 1−

�

�

4 EXPANSIONS 3π x FOR 1 BASIC 5π x πx 1 FOURIER PERIODIC FUNCTIONS 1= + sin + sin + ··· sin [0 < x < k] π k 3 k 5 k � � 2k 2π x 1 3π x πx 1 x= − sin + sin − · · · sin [−k < x < k] π k f2(x) = 4k �3 1 sinknπ x � � π n L k 4k 1 n=1,3,5... 1 πx 3π x 5π x x = − 2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos + ··· [0 < x < k] 2 π k 3 k 5 k �� 2 � � 2 � π π 4 2π x 4 2k2 πx π2 3π x x2 = 3 − − sin + − 3 sin sin π 1 1 k 2 k 3 3 k � 2 � � π2 5π x π 4π x 4 − [0 < x < k] sin + − ∞ 3 sin� + ··· � 4 k 5 � 5 (−1)n k nπc f (x) = π2 cos L − 1 sin nπLx � � n 4k2 1n=1 2π x 1 1 k2 πx 3π x 4π x x2 = − 2 cos − 2 cos + 2 cos − 2 cos + ··· 3 π k 2 k 3 k 4 k [−k < x < k]

1 1 1 π +n nπ −c + ··· = nπ x sin cos 3(−1) 5 7 4 n L L n=1 1 1 1 π2 1 − 2 + 2 + 2 + ··· = 2 3 4 6 1 1 1 π2 1 − 2 + 2 − 2 + ··· = 2 3 4 12 1∞ 1 1 π2 1 + �+ 2 nπ−sin(212 nπc/L) + ··· = x 5 2 71 nπc/L sin nπ 8L f (x) = L232 sin 2 n=1 1 1 1 1 π2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ··· = 22 4 6 8 24 1− ∞ �

c+2 f (x)= L π

FOURIER EXPANSIONS FOR BASIC PERIODIC FUNCTIONS A-59 f (x) =

4 π

f (x) =

2 π

c+2 f (x)= L π

f (x) =

�

n=1,3,5...

∞ �

n=1

(−1) n n

1 n

sin nπLx

�

� cos nπc − 1 sin nπLx L

∞ � (−1) n sin nπLc cos nπLx n

n=1

2 L

∞ �

n=1

sin

1 nπ sin( 2 nπc/L) 1 nπc/L 2 2

sin nπLx

A-59

Fourier Expansions for Basic Periodic Functions

A-60

∞ �

f (x) =

2 π

f (x) =

1 2

f (x) =

8 π2

f (x) =

1 2

(−1) n+1 n

n=1

−

4 π2

�

n=1,3,5,...

�

1 π

∞ �

n=1

1 n

2 π

f (x) =

1 2

f (x) =

2 π

f (x) π4

∞ �

n=1

∞ �

n=1

−

n=1

1 n

(−1) n−1 n

4 π 2 (1−2a)

∞ �

(−1) n n

cos

�

nπ x L

nπ x L

sin

sin nπLx

f (x) = 12 (1 + a) +

f (x) =

1 n2

(−1) (n−1)/2 n2

n=1,3,5,...

−

sin nπLx

2 π 2 (1−a)

�

1+

�

1 [(−1) n n2

n=1

sin nπa nπ(1−a)

n=1,3,5,...

1+

∞ �

1 n2

�

cos nπa − 1] cos nπLx ; � � c a = 2L

� sin nπLx ; a =

c 2L

�

� cos nπa cos nπLx ; a =

1+(−1) n nπ(1−2a)

c 2L

� � sin nπa sin nπLx ; a =

� sin nπ sin nπa sin nπLx ; a = 4

c 2L

�

�

c 2L

�

∞ �

f (x) =

9 π2

f (x) =

32 3π 2

f (x) =

1 π

1 n2

n=1

∞ �

n=1

+

1 2

� sin nπ sin nπLx ; a = 3

c 2L


1 n2

sin ωt −

2 π

�

n=2,4,6,...

1 n2 −1

�

c 2L

�

cos nωt

Extracted from graphs and formulas, pages 372, 373, Differential Equations in Engineering Problems, Salvadori and Schwarz, published by Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1954.

THE FOURIER TRANSFORMS For a piecewise continuous function F (x) over a finite interval 0 ≤ x ≤ π; the finite Fourier cosine transform of F (x) is fc (n) =

�

π

F (x) cos nx dx (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)

0

If x ranges over the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ L, the substitution x� = π x/L allows the use of this definition, also. The inverse transform is written. x 1 2� F (x) = fc (0) − fc (n) cos nx (0 < x < π ) π π n=1 where F (x) =

F (x+�)+F (x−�) . 2

We observe that F (x+) = F (x−) = F (x) at points of continuity. The formula fc(2) (n) =

�

π

F �� (x) cos nx dx

(1)

0

= −n2 fc (n) − F � (0) + (−1) n F � (π) makes the finite Fourier cosine transform useful in certain boundary value problems. Analogously, the finite Fourier sine transform of F (x) is � π F (x) sin nx dx (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) fs (n) = 0

and

F (x) = Corresponding to (1) we have fs(2) (n)

= =

∞ 2� fs (n) sin nx (0 < x < π ) π n=1

�

π

F �� (x) sin nx dx

−n2 fs (n) − n F (0) − n(−1) n F (π)

If F (x) is defined for x ≤ 0 and is piecewise continuous over any finite interval, and if fc (α) =

(2)

0

�

2 π

�

x

�x 0

F (x) dx is absolutely convergent, then

F (x) cos(αx) dx 0

A-61

Extracted from graphs and formulas, pages 372, 373, Differential Equations in Engineering Problems, Salvadori and Schwarz, published by Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1954. f (x) =

∞ �

9 π2

1 n2


c 2L

�

THE FOURIER TRANSFORMS n=1

For a piecewise continuous function F (x) over a finite interval 0 ≤ x ≤ π; the finite Fourier cosine transform of F (x) is � π ∞ � � � 32 c 2, . . .) 1 cosnπ (n) = F (x) dxnπLx(n 0, 2L 1, ff(x) = sin 4nxsin ; = a= c 3π 2 n2 0 n=1

If x ranges over the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ L, the substitution x� = π x/L allows the use of this definition, also. The inverse transform is written. x 1 2� F (x) = 1fc (0)1 − f (n)� cos nx1 (0 < x < π ) f (x) =π π + 2 sinπωt − π2 c cos nωt n2 −1 n=1 n=2,4,6,...

where F (x) =

F (x+�)+F (x−�) . 2

We observe that F (x+) = F (x−) = F (x) at points of continuity. The formula

� π F �� (x) cos nx dx fc(2) (n) = Extracted from graphs and formulas, pages 372, 373, 0Differential Equations in Engineering Problems, Salvadori and Schwarz, (1) published by Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1954. = −n2 fc (n) − F � (0) + (−1) n F � (π) makes the finite Fourier cosine transform useful in certain boundary value problems. Analogously, the finite Fourier sine transform THE FOURIER TRANSFORMS of F (x) is � π F (x) sin nx dx (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) fs (n) = 0

For a piecewise continuous function F (x) over a finite interval 0 ≤ x ≤ π; the finite Fourier cosine transform of F (x) is and ∞ � π2 � F (x) = fs (n) sin nx (0 < x < π ) fc (n) = πF (x) cos nx dx (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .) 0

n=1

Corresponding we have If x ranges overto the(1) interval 0 ≤ x ≤ L, the substitution x� = π x/L allows the use of this definition, also. The inverse transform is � π written. ��x (x) sin nx dx (2) fs(2) (n)1 = 2F� F (x) = fc (0) −0 fc (n) cos nx (0 < x < π ) π π (n) − n F (0) − n(−1) n F (π) = −n2 fsn=1 F (x+�)+F (x−�) . We observe that F (x+) = F (x−) = F (x) at points of continuity. where F (x) = � x The formula 2 If F (x) is defined for x ≤ 0 and is piecewise continuous over any finite interval, and if 0 F (x) dx is absolutely convergent, then � π �F �� (x) � cos nx dx fc(2) (n) = 2 x (1) 0 F (x) cos(αx) dx fc (α) = = −n2 fcπ(n) 0− F � (0) + (−1) n F � (π) A-61 makes the finite Fourier cosine transform useful in certain boundary value problems. Analogously, the finite Fourier sine transform of F (x) is � π F (x) sin nx dx (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) fs (n) = 0

and

F (x) = Corresponding to (1) we have fs(2) (n)

= =

∞ 2� fs (n) sin nx (0 < x < π ) π n=1

�

π

F �� (x) sin nx dx

−n2 fs (n) − n F (0) − n(−1) n F (π)

If F (x) is defined for x ≤ 0 and is piecewise continuous over any finite interval, and if fc (α) =

(2)

0

�

2 π

�

x

�x 0

F (x) dx is absolutely convergent, then

F (x) cos(αx) dx 0

A-61

The Fourier Transforms

A-62 is the Fourier cosine transform of F (x). Furthermore, F (x) =

�

2 π

�

x

fc (α) cos(αx) dα.

0

If limx→∞ dn F /dxn = 0, then an important property of the Fourier cosine transform is fc(2r ) (α)

=

�

2 π

�

x 0

�

d2r F dx2r

�

�

cos(αx) dx = −

r −1 2� (−1) n a2r −2n−1 α 2n + (−1)r α 2r fc (α) π n=0

where limx→∞ dr F /dxr = ar, makes it useful in the solution of many problems. Under the same conditions. � � x 2 fs (α) = F (x) sin(αx) dx π 0 defines the Fourier sine transform of F (x), and

F (x) =

�

2 π

�

x

fs (α) sin(αx) dα

0

Corresponding to (3) we have fs(2r ) (α)

=

�

2 π

�

∞ 0

� r d2r F 2� sin(αx) dx = − (−1) n α 2n−1 a2r −2n + (−1)r −1 α 2r fs (α) dx2r π n=1

Similarly, if F (x) is defined for −∞ < x < ∞, and if ∫∞ −∞ F (x) dx is absolutely convergent, then � ∞ 1 F (x)eiax dx f (α) = √ 2π −∞ is the Fourier transform of F (x), and

Also, if

then

1 F (x) = √ 2π � n � �d F � �=0 lim � |x|→∞ � dxn �

1 f (r ) (α) = √ 2π

�

∞

−∞

�

∞

f (α)e−iax dα

−∞

(n = 1, 2, . . . , r − 1)

F (r ) (x)eiαx dx = (−iα)r f (α)

(3)


A-63 Finite Sine Transforms �π

1. fs (n) = 2. (−1)

14. 15.

16. 17. 18. 19.

fs (n)

F (x) F (x) F (π − x)

3.

1 n

π−x π

4.

(−1) n+1 n

x π

5.

1−(−1) n n

6.

2 n2

1 ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨x

7.

(−1) n+1 n3

8.

1−(−1) n n3

9.

π 2 (−1) n−1 n

sin

nπ 2

10. π(−1) n

13.

0

n+1

fs (n) F (x) sin nx dx (n = 1, 2, . . .)

11.

n [1 n2 +c2

12.

n n2 +c2

n

n2 −k2

⎧ ⎨ π2 ⎩

0

when 0 < x < π/2

⎪ ⎪ ⎩π − x when π/2 < x < π x(π 2 −x2 ) 6π x(π−x) 2

− �

6 n3

2[1−(−1) n ] n3

x2

π2 n

x3

−

�

− (−1) n ecπ ]

sinh c(π−x) sinh cπ

fs (n) (k �= 0, 1, 2, . . .) when n = m when n �= m

ecx

(m = 1, 2, . . .)

n [1 − (−1) n cos kπ ] n2 − k2 (k �= 1, 2, . . .) ⎧ n n+m ⎪ n2 −m ] 2 [1 − (−1) ⎨ when n �= m = 1, 2, . . . ⎪ ⎩ 0 when n = m n (k = � 0, 1, 2, . . .) (n2 −k2 ) 2 bn ≤ 1) (|b| n 1−(−1) n n b (|b| ≤ 1) n

F (x) sin k(π−x) sin kπ

sin mx cos kx

cos mx k(π−x) π sin kx − x cos 2k sin kπ 2k sin2 kπ 2 b sin x arctan 1−b cos x π 2 sin x arctan 2b1−b 2 π


A-64 Finite Cosine Transforms 1. 2. 3.

fc (n) �π fc (n) = 0 F (x) cos nx dx (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .) (−1) n fc (n) 0 when n = 1, 2, · · · ; fc (0) = π

4.

2 n

sin nπ ; 2

F (x) F (x) F (π − x) 1 � 1 when 0 < x < π/2 −1 when π/2 < x < π

fc (0) = 0

1−(−1) n

2

5. − n2 ; fc (0) = π2 n 2 6. (−1) ; fc (0) = π6 n2 7. n12 ; fc (0) = 0 n n 4 8. 3π 2 (−1) − 6 1−(−1) ; fc (0) = π4 n2 n4 n c e π −1 9. (−1)n2 +c 2 1 10. n2 +c2 k 11. [( − 1) n cos πk − 1] 2 n − k2 (k �= 0, 1, 2, · · · ) n+m −1 12. (−1) ; f c (m) = 0 (m = 1, 2, · · · ) 2 2 n −m 1 13. � (k = � 0, 1, 2, . . .) 2 2 n −k 0

14.

π 2

x

x2 2π (π−x) 2 2π 3

π 6

−

x

1 cx e c coshc(π−x) csinhcπ

sin kx 1 m

sin mx k(π−x) − cosk sin kπ

for n = 1, 2, · · · ; n �= m for n = m

cos mx for m = 1, 2, 3, . . .

Fourier Sine Transforms

1. 2.

�

F (x)

�

1 (0 < x < a) 0 (x > a)

�

x p−1 (0 a)

6.

cos

7.

sin

x2 2

2 π

α

2 �( p) π αp

√1 2π

�

sin

2 α π 1+α 2 −α 2 /2

�

−

sin[a(1+α)] 1+α

�

αe � � 2� � 2 ��∗ √ 2 2 2 sin α2 C α2 − cos α2 S α2 � 2� � 2 ��∗ √ � 2 2 2 cos α2 C α2 + sin α2 S α2

Here C( y) and S( y) are the Fresnel integrals: 1 C( y) = √ 2π

pπ 2

sin[a(1−α)] 1−α

� �

2 /2

x2 2

fs (α) � 1−cos α �

�

y 0

1 √ cos t dt, t

1 S( y) = √ 2π

�

y 0

1 √ sin t dt t

*More extensive tables of the Fourier sine and cosine transforms can be found in Fritz Oberhettinger, Tabellen zur-Fourier Transformation, Springer, 1957. Fourier Cosine Transforms

1. 2.

�

F (x) 1 (0 < x < a) 0 (x > a) x p−1

(0 a) 2 /2

√1 2π

�

cos

sin[a(1−α)] 1−α

� � e

2 1 π 1+α 2 1 −α /2

� �

pπ 2

α2 2 α2 2

− +

� π 4 π 4

� �

+

sin[a(1+α)] 1+α

�

Fourier Transforms F (x) 1.

sin ax x

0

�

f (α)

� �π

|α| < a |α| > a

2

4.

eiwx ( p < x < q) 0 (x � −cx+iwx < p, x > q) e (x > 0) (c > 0) 0 (x < 0) − px2 e R( p) > 0

5.

cos px2

√1 cos

6.

sin px2

7.

|x|− p

(0 < p < 1)

8.

−a|x| e√ |x|

√1 cos �2 p

9.

cosh ax cosh π x sinh ax sinh π x �

(−π < a < π)

�

2. 3.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

√

i p(w+α) −eiq(w+α) √i e (w+α) 2π

i √ 2π(w+α+ic)

√1 e−α

2 /4 p

2p 2p

� �

α2 4p α2 4p

−

π 4

+

π 4

pπ 2 �(1− p) sin 2 π |α|(1− p) �√ (a 2 +α 2 )+a

�

√

a 2 +α 2 a α 2 cos 2 cosh 2 π cosh α+cos a sin a √1 2π cosh α+cos a

(−π < a < π) (|x| < a) 2 2 1

a −x

�

0 (|x| > a) √ sin[b a 2 +x2 ] √ 2 2 � a +x pn (x) (|x| < 1) ⎧ 0 √ (|x| > 1) 2 2 ⎨ cos[b √ a −x ] (|x| < a) 2 2 a −x ⎩ 0 (|x| > a) ⎧ √ ⎨ cosh[b a 2 −x2 ] √ (|x| < a) a 2 −x2 ⎩ 0 (|x| > a)

�π

2

�

J 0 (aα)

�π

2

in √ α

0 √ J 0 (a b2 − α 2 )

(|α| > b) (|α| < b)

J n+ 1 (α) 2

�π

2

�π

2

√ J 0 (a a 2 + b2 ) √ J 0 (a α 2 − b2 )

*More extensive tables of Fourier transforms can be found in W. Magnus and F . Oberhettinger, Formulas and Theorems of the Special Functions of Mathematical Physics. Chelsea, 1949, 116–120.

SERIES EXPANSION

The expression in parentheses following certain of the series indicates the region of convergence. If not otherwise indicated it is to be understood that the series converges for all finite values of x. Binomial Series (x + y) n

=

(1 ± x) n

=

(1 ± x) −n

=

(1 ± x) −1

=

(1 ± x) −2

=

n(n − 1) n−2 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3 3 x y + x y + · · · ( y2 < x2 ) 2! 3! n(n − 1)x2 n(n − 1)(n − 2)x3 1 ± nx + ± + · · · (x2 < 1) 2! 3! n(n + 1)(n + 2)x3 n(n + 1)x2 ∓ + · · · (x2 < 1) 1 ∓ nx + 2! 3! 1 ∓ x + x2 ∓ x3 + x4 ∓ x5 + · · · (x2 < 1) xn + nxn−1 y +

1 ∓ 2x + 3x2 ∓ 4x3 + 5x4 ∓ 6x5 + · · ·

(x2 < 1)

Reversion of Series Let a series be represented by y = a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + a4 x4 + a5 x5 + a6 x6 + · · · with a1 �= 0. The coefficients of the series

x = A1 y + A2 y2 + A3 y3 + A4 y4 + · · · A-65

15.

⎨ ⎩

a 2 −x2 ]

cosh[b

√

a 2 −x2

0

(|x| < a) (|x| > a)

�π

2

√ J 0 (a α 2 − b2 )

*More extensive tables of Fourier transforms can be found in W. Magnus and F . Oberhettinger, Formulas and Theorems of the Special Functions of Mathematical Physics. Chelsea, 1949, 116–120. Fourier Transforms F (x) SERIES EXPANSION f (α) � �π |α| < a The expression in parentheses following certain of the series indicates the region of convergence. If not otherwise indicated it is to sin ax 2 1. x |α| > a 0 be understood that the series�converges for all finite values of x. i p(w+α) −eiq(w+α) eiwx ( p < x < q) √i e 2. (w+α) 2π 0 (x < p, x > q) � −cx+iwx Binomial Series e (x > 0) i √ (c > 0) 3. 2π(w+α+ic) n(n − 1) n−2 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3 3 0 n (x < n n−10) x y + 1 −α2 /4 p x y + · · · ( y2 < x2 ) (x + y)− px2 = x + nx y + √ e 3! 4. e R( p) > 0 2! 2p � n(n − 1)x2 n(n − 1)(n1− 2)x3� α2 n √ cos 4+p ·−· · π4(x2 < 1) (1 ± x) =2 1 ± nx + ± 5. cos px 2! 3! 2 p � 2 � 2 2 √1+ 2)x n(n + 1)(n n(n + 1)x 6. sin px cos 3 4α p + π4 2 −n 2 p (1 ± x) ∓ + · · · (x < 1) = 1 ∓ nx + � pπ 2! 3! −p 2 �(1− p) sin 2 |x| 7. (0 < p < 1)2 −1 3 4 5 2 (1− π √ 0 sin[b a 2 +x2 ] √ �π √the series 12. with a1 �= 0. The coefficients of 2 2 J (a b2 − α 2 ) 2 0 � a +x pn (x) (|x| < 1) i n A y4 + · · · x = A1 y + A2 y2 + A3 y3 √+ J 4 (α) 13. α n+ 12 0 (|x| > 1) ⎧ √ 2 2 ⎨ cos[b √ �π √ a −x ] (|x| < a) 14. J (a a 2 + b2 ) a 2 −x2 2 0 ⎩ 0 (|x| > a) ⎧ √ ⎨ cosh[b a 2 −x2 ] √ �π √ (|x| < a) 15. J (a α 2 − b2 ) a 2 −x2 2 0 ⎩ 0 (|x| > a)

(|α| > b) (|α| < b)

A-65

*More extensive tables of Fourier transforms can be found in W. Magnus and F . Oberhettinger, Formulas and Theorems of the Special Functions of Mathematical Physics. Chelsea, 1949, 116–120.

SERIES EXPANSION

The expression in parentheses following certain of the series indicates the region of convergence. If not otherwise indicated it is to be understood that the series converges for all finite values of x. Binomial Series (x + y) n

=

(1 ± x) n

=

(1 ± x) −n

=

(1 ± x) −1

=

(1 ± x) −2

=

n(n − 1) n−2 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3 3 x y + x y + · · · ( y2 < x2 ) 2! 3! n(n − 1)x2 n(n − 1)(n − 2)x3 1 ± nx + ± + · · · (x2 < 1) 2! 3! n(n + 1)(n + 2)x3 n(n + 1)x2 ∓ + · · · (x2 < 1) 1 ∓ nx + 2! 3! 1 ∓ x + x2 ∓ x3 + x4 ∓ x5 + · · · (x2 < 1) xn + nxn−1 y +

1 ∓ 2x + 3x2 ∓ 4x3 + 5x4 ∓ 6x5 + · · ·

(x2 < 1)

Reversion of Series Let a series be represented by y = a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + a4 x4 + a5 x5 + a6 x6 + · · · with a1 �= 0. The coefficients of the series

x = A1 y + A2 y2 + A3 y3 + A4 y4 + · · · A-65

Series Expansion

A-66 are 1 a1

A1 =

A2 = − A4 =

A5

=

A6

=

A7

=

a2 a13

A3 =

1 (2a22 − a1 a3 ) a15

1 (5a1 a2 a3 − a12 a4 − 5a23 ) a17

1 (6a12 a2 a4 + 3a12 a32 + 14a24 − a13 a5 − 21a1 a22 a3 ) a19 1 (7a13 a2 a5 + 7a13 a3 a4 + 84a1 a23 a3 − a14 a6 − 28a12 a22 a4 − 28a12 a2 a33 − 42a25 ) a111 1 (8a14 a2 a6 + 8a14 a3 a5 + 4a14 a42 + 120a12 a23 a4 + 180a12 a22 a32 + 132a26 − a15 a7 a113 −36a13 a22 a5 − 72a13 a2 a3 a4 − 12a13 a33 − 330a1 a24 a3 ) Taylor Series

1. f (x) = f (a) + (x − a) f � (a) +

(x − a) 2 �� (x − a) 3 �� f (a) + f (a) 2! 3!

(x − a) n (n) f (a) + · · · n! (Increment form)

(Taylor Series)

+ ··· +

h2 �� f (x) + 2! x2 �� = f (h) + xf � (h) + f (h) + 2!

2. f (x + h) = f (x) + hf � (x) +

h3 �� f (x) + · · · 3! x3 �� f (h) + · · · 3!

3. If f (x) is a function possessing derivatives of all orders throughout the interval a ≤ x ≤ b, then there is a value X, with a < X < b, such that f (b) = f (a) + (b − a) f � (a) +

(b − a) 2 �� (b − a) n−1 (n−1) (b − a) n (n) (a) + f (a) + · · · + f f ( X) 2! (n − 1)! n!

f (a + h) = f (a) + hf � (a) + where b = a + h and 0 < θ < 1. Or

h2 �� hn−1 hn (n) f (a) + · · · + f (n−1) (a) + f (a + θ h) 2! (n − 1)! n!

f (x) = f (a) + (x − a) f � (a) + where Rn =

(x − a) 2 �� f (n−1) (a) f (a) + · · · + (x − a) n−1 + Rn , 2! (n − 1)!

f (n) [a + θ · (x − a)] (x − a) n , 0 < θ < 1. n!

The above forms are known as Taylor series with the remainder term. 4. Taylor series for a function of two variables � � ∂ ∂ f (x, y) ∂ ∂ f (x, y) If h f (x, y) = h +k +k ; ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y � � ∂ 2 f (x, y) ∂ 2 f (x, y) ∂ 2 ∂ ∂ 2 f (x, y) +k + k2 h f (x, y) = h2 + 2hk 2 ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂ x∂ y ∂ y2 � y=b � �n � etc., and if h ∂∂x + k ∂∂y f (x, y) � where the bar and subscripts mean that after differentiation we are to replace x by a and y by b, then

x=a

f (a + h, b + k) = f (a, b) +

�

h

∂ ∂ +k ∂x ∂y

�

� y=b � y=b � � � � ∂ n 1 ∂ +k f (x, y) �� + ··· + h f (x, y) �� + ··· n! ∂x ∂y x=a x=a

Series Expansion

A-67 Maclaurin Series x2 �� x3 �� f (n−1) (0) f (0) + f (0) + · · · + xn−1 + Rn , f (x) = f (0) + xf � (0) + 2! 3! (n − 1)!

where

xn f (n) (θ x) , n!

Rn =

0 < θ < 1.

Exponential Series 1 1 1 1 + + + + ··· 1! 2! 3! 4! x2 x3 x4 ex = 1 + x + + + + ··· 2! 3! 4! (x loge a) 2 (x loge a) 3 a x = 1 + x loge a + + + ··· 2! 3! � � 2 3 (x − a) (x − a) x a e = e 1 + (x − a) + + + ··· 2! 3! e =1+

loge x loge x

= =

loge x

=

loge (1 + x) loge (n + 1) − loge (n − 1)

= =

loge (a + x)

=

1+x 1−x

=

loge

loge x

=

Logarithmic Series � �2 1 � x−1 �3 x−1 + 12 x−1 +3 x + ··· x x (x�− 1) − 12 (x − 1) 2 + 13 (x − 1) 3 − �· · · � �3 1 � x−1 �5 2 x−1 + 13 x−1 + 5 x+1 + · · · x+1 x+1

(x > 12 ) (2 ≥ x > 0) (x > 0)

x �− 12 x2 + 13 x3 − 14 x4 + (−1 < x ≤ 1) � ··· 2 1n + 3n13 �+ 5n15 + · · · � x �3 x loge a + 2 2a+x + 13 2a+x � � x �5 + 15 2a+x + ··· (a > 0, −a < x < +∞) � � x3 x5 x2n−1 2 x + 3 + 5 + · · · + 2n−1 + · · · −1 < x < 1 loge a +

(x−a) a

−

(x−a) 2 2a 2

+

(x−a) 3 3a 3

− +···

0 < x ≤ 2a

Trigonometric Series sin x cos x

=

x3 3! x2 2! x3 3

x−

5 7 + x5! − x7! + · · · (all real values of x) 4 6 + x4! − x6! + · · · (all real values of x) n−1 2n (22n −1) B 5 7 62x9 2n 2n−1 + 2x + 17x + 2835 + · · · + (−1) 2(2n)! x + ··· , 315 �15 � 2 π 2 th x < 4 and Bn represents the n Bernoulli number n+1 2n 5 7 x x3 − 45 − 2x − x − · · · − (−1)(2n)!2 B2n x2n−1 − · · · , 3 � 2 945 2 4725 � x 1)

(x < −1) (x2 < 1)

loge sin x loge cos x loge tan x esin x ecos x etan x sin x

=

= =

= = =

=

loge x − −

x2 2

−

x2 6

x4

12

−

−

loge x +

x2 3 x2 2!

1+x+

x2 2!

x4 180

x6

45

−

x6 2835 8 17x − 2520

−

− ···

···

7x4 62x6 + 2835 + ··· 90 4 6 7 3x 8x5 1 �+ x + − 4! − 5! − 3x + 56x 6!� 7! 2 4 6 e 1 − x2! + 4x − 31x + ··· 4! 6!

+

+

3x3 3!

+

9x4 4!

37x5 + ··· 5! (x−a) 2 sin a 2!

+

sin a + (x − a) cos a − 3 4 cos a + (x−a) sin a + · · · − (x−a) 3! 4!

+ ···

2 2 �(x < π2 �) x2 < π4 � � 2 x2 < π4

�

x2
0 2.85733 7 5040 Definition: �(n) = t n−16e−t dt 0 8 40320 4.60552 9 3.6288 × 105 6 Recursion Formula: �(n + 1) = n�(n) 10 3.6288 × 10 6.55976 11 3.9917 × 107 8= 0, 1, 2, . . . where 0! = 1 �(n + 1) = n! if n 12 4.7900 × 10 8.68034 13 6.2270 × 109 For 0 the gamma can be defined using × 1012 14n 0�(1/2) =

√ π

Recursion Formula: �(n + 1) =1n�(n) · 3 · 5 · · · (2m − 1) √ �(m �(n + 1/2) π m = 1, 2, 3, . . . m 0, 1, 2, . . . where 0! = 1 + 1)== n! if n2= √ For n < 0 the gamma mfunction can be defined by using (−1) 2m π �(−m +�(n) 1/2) = = �(n+1) m = 1, 2, 3, . . . n 1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2m − 1) Graph: Definition: 1 · 2 · 3···k kx (x + 1) (x + 2) · · · (x + k) ∞ �� 1 + mx e−x/m

�(x + 1) = lim

k→∞

1 �(x)

= xeγ x

m=1

This is an infinite product representation for the gamma function where γ is Euler’s constant. A-81 Special Values:

�(1/2) =

√ π

1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2m − 1) √ π m = 1, 2, 3, . . . 2m √ (−1) m2m π �(−m + 1/2) = m = 1, 2, 3, . . . 1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2m − 1)

�(m + 1/2) =

Definition:

1 · 2 · 3···k kx (x + 1) (x + 2) · · · (x + k) ∞ �� 1 + mx e−x/m

�(x + 1) = lim

k→∞

1 �(x)

= xeγ x

m=1

This is an infinite product representation for the gamma function where γ is Euler’s constant. A-81

Properties:

�

∞

eγ x ln x dx = −γ � � � � � � � (x) 1 1 1 1 1 1 = −γ + − − − + + ··· + + ··· �(x) 1 x � 2 x+1 n x + n� −1 √ 1 1 139 + − + ··· �(x + 1) = 2π x xx e−x 1 + 12x 288x2 51, 840x3

� � (1) = �

0

This is called Stirling’s asymptotic series. Values of Γ(n) =

n 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24

Definition: B(m, n) =

�

�(n) 1.00000 .99433 .98884 .98355 .97844 .97350 .96874 .96415 .95973 .95546 .95135 .94740 .94359 .93993 .93642 .93304 .92980 .92670 .92373 .92089 .91817 .91558 .91311 .91075 .90852

1 0

n 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49

A-82

0

e−x xn−1 dx;

�(n) .90640 .90440 .90250 .90072 .89904 .89747 .89600 .89464 .89338 .89222 .89115 .89018 .88931 .88854 .88785 .88726 .88676 .88636 .88604 .88581 .88566 .88560 .88563 .88575 .88595

n 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 1.73 1.74

Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n)

�(n) .88623 .88659 .88704 .88757 .88818 .88887 .88964 .89049 .89142 .89243 .89352 .89468 .89592 .89724 .89864 .90012 .90167 .90330 .90500 .90678 .90864 .91057 .91258 .91466 .91683

THE BETA FUNCTION t m−1 (1 − t) m−1 dt

m > 0, n > 0

Relationship with Gamma function: B(m, n) =

Properties:

�∞

�(m)�(n) �(m + n) B(m, n) = B(n, m) � π/2 B(m, n) = 2 0 sin2m−1 θ cos2n−1 θ dθ � ∞ tm−1 B(m, n) = 0 (1+t)m+n dt � 1 m−1 (1−t)n−1 dt B(m, n) = r n (r + 1) m 0 t (r +t) m+n

n 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.90 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.95 1.96 1.97 1.98 1.99 2.00

�(n) .91906 .92137 .92376 .92623 .92877 .93138 .93408 .93685 .93969 .94261 .94561 .94869 .95184 .95507 .95838 .96177 .96523 .96877 .97240 .97610 .97988 .98374 .98768 .99171 .99581 1.00000

1.23 1.24

.91075 .90852

1.48 1.49

.88575 .88595

1.73 1.74

.91466 .91683

1.98 1.99 2.00

.99171 .99581 1.00000

Properties: �

THE BETA FUNCTION

1

m−1

∞ dt t)�m−1 γx

(1 − m > 0, n > 0 � � (1) = e ln x dx = −γ 0 � = �(m)�(n) � � � � � Relationship with Gamma function: B(m, n) � � (x) 1 �(m 1 1 + n) 1 1 1 = −γ + − − − + + ··· + + ··· �(x) 1 x B(m, x + 1m) n x + n� −1 Properties: � n)2 = B(n, � √ π/2 1 2m−1 1 139 2n−1 1 +n) = �2+0 sin2 − θ cos 3θ+dθ· · · �(x + 1) = 2π x xx e−xB(m, ∞ 288x 12x 51, 840x t m−1 B(m, n) = 0 (1+t)m+n dt � 1 m−1 (1−t)n−1 dt B(m, n) = r n (r + 1) m 0 t (r +t) m+n Definition: B(m, n) =

t

0

This is called Stirling’s asymptotic series.

A-82

Values of Γ(n) =

n 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24

Definition: B(m, n) =

�

�(n) 1.00000 .99433 .98884 .98355 .97844 .97350 .96874 .96415 .95973 .95546 .95135 .94740 .94359 .93993 .93642 .93304 .92980 .92670 .92373 .92089 .91817 .91558 .91311 .91075 .90852

1 0

n 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49

A-82

0

e−x xn−1 dx;

�(n) .90640 .90440 .90250 .90072 .89904 .89747 .89600 .89464 .89338 .89222 .89115 .89018 .88931 .88854 .88785 .88726 .88676 .88636 .88604 .88581 .88566 .88560 .88563 .88575 .88595

n 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 1.73 1.74

Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n)

�(n) .88623 .88659 .88704 .88757 .88818 .88887 .88964 .89049 .89142 .89243 .89352 .89468 .89592 .89724 .89864 .90012 .90167 .90330 .90500 .90678 .90864 .91057 .91258 .91466 .91683

THE BETA FUNCTION t m−1 (1 − t) m−1 dt

m > 0, n > 0

Relationship with Gamma function: B(m, n) =

Properties:

�∞

�(m)�(n) �(m + n) B(m, n) = B(n, m) � π/2 B(m, n) = 2 0 sin2m−1 θ cos2n−1 θ dθ � ∞ tm−1 B(m, n) = 0 (1+t)m+n dt � 1 m−1 (1−t)n−1 dt B(m, n) = r n (r + 1) m 0 t (r +t) m+n

n 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.90 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.95 1.96 1.97 1.98 1.99 2.00

�(n) .91906 .92137 .92376 .92623 .92877 .93138 .93408 .93685 .93969 .94261 .94561 .94869 .95184 .95507 .95838 .96177 .96523 .96877 .97240 .97610 .97988 .98374 .98768 .99171 .99581 1.00000

THE ERROR � x 2 −t 2 Definition: erf(x) = √ e dt �π 0 3 � 2 1 x5 1 x7 x Series: er f (x) = √ + − + ··· x− π 3 2! 5 3! 7 Property: erf(x) = − erf(−x) �

FUNCTION

� � x 1 x Relationship with Normal Probability Function f (t) : f (t) dt = erf √ To evaluate erf(2.3), one proceeds as follows: 2 2 0 √ x For √2 = 2.3, one finds x = (2.3) ( 2) = 3.25. In the normal probability function table (page A-104), one finds the entry 0.4994 opposite the value 3.25. Thus erf(2.3) = 2(0.4994) = 0.9988.

2 erfc(z) = 1 − erf(z) = √ π

�

∞ z

2

e−t dt

is known as the complementary error function.

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS I: Legendre

Name: Legendre Symbol: Pn (x) Interval: [−1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 ) y�� − 2 xy� + n(n + 1) y = 0 � �� [n/2] 2n − 2m n−2m 1 � m n x (−1) Explicit Expression: Pn (x) = n 2 m n m=0 Recurrence Relation: (n + 1) Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) − nPn−1 (x) Weight: 1 Standardization: Pn (1) = 1 � +1 2 Norm: [Pn (x)]2 dx = 2n +1 −1 (−1) n dn Rodrigues’ Formula: Pn (x) = n {(1 − x2 ) n } 2 n! dxn ∞ � Pn (x)zn ; −1 < x < 1, |z| < 1, Generating Function: R−1 = √ n=0 R = 1 − 2xz + z2 Inequality: |Pn (x)| ≤ 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. II: Tschebysheff, First Kind

Name: Tschebysheff, First Kind Symbol: Tn (x) Interval:[−1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 ) y − xy� + n2 y = 0 [n/2] (n − m − 1)! n� (2x) n−2m = cos(n arccos x) = Tn (x) (−1) m Explicit Expression: 2 m!(n − 2m)! m=0 Recurrence Relation: Tn+1 (x) = 2xTn (x) − Tn−1 (x) Weight: (1 − x2 ) −1/2 Standardization: Tn (1) = 1 A-83

π

z

is known as the complementary error function.

THE ERROR FUNCTION � x 2 −t 2 Definition: erf(x) = √ e dt ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS �π 0 3 � 2 1 x5 1 x7 x Series: er f (x) = √ + − + ··· x− π 3 2! 5 3! 7 Property: erf(x) = − erf(−x) � � � xI: Legendre 1 x Relationship with Normal Probability Function f (t) : f (t) dt = erf √ To evaluate erf(2.3), one proceeds as follows: 2 2 0 √ x √ = For 2.3, one finds Symbol: x = (2.3) P ( n (x) 2) = 3.25. In the normal probability function table (page A-104), one finds the entry 0.4994 Name: Interval: [−1, 1] 2 Legendre 2 �� opposite the value 3.25. Thus erf(2.3) =+ 0.9988. Differential Equation: (1 − x )y = − 2(0.4994) 2 xy + n(n 1) y = 0 � �� [n/2] 2n − 2m n−2m 1 � m n x (−1) 2n m n m=0 Recurrence Relation: (n + 1) Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) − nPn−1 (x) � ∞ 2 2 Weight: 1 erfc(z) = 1 − erf(z) = √ e−t dt π z Standardization: Pn (1) = 1 � +1 2 Norm: [Pn (x)]2 dx = 2n + 1 −1 (−1) n dn is known as the complementary Rodrigues’ Formula: Pn (x) = nerror function. {(1 − x2 ) n } 2 n! dxn ∞ � Pn (x)zn ; −1 < x < 1, |z| < 1, Generating Function: R−1 = ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS √ n=0 R = 1 − 2xz + z2 Inequality: |Pn (x)| ≤ 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. Explicit Expression: Pn (x) =

I: Legendre II: Tschebysheff, First Kind

Name: Legendre Symbol: Pn (x) Interval: [−1, 1] Name: Tschebysheff, Kind Tn (x) 1] Differential Equation:First (1 − x2 ) y�� −Symbol: 2 xy� + n(n + 1) y =Interval:[−1, 0 2 �� Differential Equation: (1 − x2 ) y[n/2] − xy� + n� y=0 � 2n − 2m n−2m 1 m n [n/2] x (x) = n (n − (−1) Explicit Expression: P m − 1)! nn� m 2 m(2x) n−2m n = cos(n arccos x) = Tn (x) (−1) Explicit Expression: m=0 m!(n 2m)! Recurrence Relation: 2(nm=0 + 1) Pn+1 (x) =− (2n + 1)xPn (x) − nPn−1 (x) Recurrence Weight: 1 Relation: Tn+1 (x) = 2xTn (x) − Tn−1 (x) Weight: (1 − x2 ) −1/2 Standardization: Pn (1) = 1 � +1 Standardization: Tn (1) = 1 2 Norm: [Pn (x)]2 dx = 2n + 1 −1 (−1) n dn Rodrigues’ Formula: Pn (x) = n {(1 − x2 ) n } 2 n! dxn ∞ � Pn (x)zn ; −1 < x < 1, |z| < 1, Generating Function: R−1 = √ n=0 R = 1 − 2xz + z2 Inequality: |Pn (x)| ≤ 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.

A-83

II: Tschebysheff, First Kind

Name: Tschebysheff, First Kind Symbol: Tn (x) Interval:[−1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 ) y − xy� + n2 y = 0 [n/2] (n − m − 1)! n� (2x) n−2m = cos(n arccos x) = Tn (x) (−1) m Explicit Expression: 2 m!(n − 2m)! m=0 Recurrence Relation: Tn+1 (x) = 2xTn (x) − Tn−1 (x) Weight: (1 − x2 ) −1/2 Standardization: Tn (1) = 1 A-83

Orthogonal Polynomials

A-84

� +1

�

π/2, n �= 0 π, n=0 √ n 2 1/2 n (−1) (1 − x ) π d Rodrigues’ Formula: {(1 − x2 ) n−(1/2) } = Tn (x) dxn 2n+1 �(n + 12 ) ∞ � 1 − xz Generating Function: = Tn (x) zn , −1 < x < 1, |z| < 1 1 − 2xz − z2 n=0 Inequality: |Tn (x)| ≤ 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. Norm:

−1

2 −1/2

(1 − x )

2

[Tn (x)] dx =

III: Tschebysheff, Second Kind

Name: Tschebysheff, Second Kind Symbol Un (x) Interval: [−1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 ) y�� − 3 xy� + n(n + 2) y = 0 [n/2] � (m − n)! (2x) n−2m (−1) m Explicit Expression: Un (x) = m!(n − 2m)! m=0 sin[(n + 1)θ ] Un (cos θ ) = sin θ Recurrence Relation: Un+1 (x) = 2xUn (x) − Un−1 (x) Standardization: Un (1) = n + 1 Weight: (1 − x2 ) 1/2 � +1 π Norm: (1 − x2 ) 1/2 [Un (x)]2 dx = 2 −1 √ (−1) n (n + 1) π dn Rodrigues’ Formula: Un (x) = {(1 − x2 ) n+(1/2) } 3 (1 − x2 ) 1/2 2n+1 �(n + 2 ) dxn ∞ � 1 Generating Function: = Un (x)zn , − 1 < x < 1, |z| < 1 1 − 2xz + z2 n=0 Inequality: |Un (x)| ≤ n + 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. IV: Jacobi

Name: Jacobi Symbol: Pn(α,β) (x) Interval: [−1, 1] Differential Equation: (1 − x2 ) y�� + [β − α − (α + β + 2)x]y� + n(n + α + β + 1) y = 0 �� n � n+β 1 � n+α (α,β) (x − 1) n−m(x + 1) m Explicit Expression: Pn (x) = n m n−m 2 m=0 Recurrence Relation: (α,β)

2(n + 1) (n + α + β + 1) (2n + α + β) Pn+1 (x)

= (2n + α + β + 1)[(α 2 − β 2 ) + (2n + α + β + 2)

× (2n + α + β)x]Pn(α,β) (x)

(α,β)

− 2(n + α) (n + β) (2n + α + β + 2) Pn−1 (x)

Weight: (1 − x) α (1 + x) β ; α, β� > �1 Standardization: Pn(α,β) (x) = n+α n � +1 α β (1 − x) (1 + x) [Pn(α,β) (x)]2 dx = Norm:

2α+β+1 �(n + α + 1)�(n + β + 1) (2n + α + β + 1)n!�(n + α + β + 1) −1 n dn (−1) Rodrigues’ Formula: Pn(α,β) (x) = n {(1 − x) n+α (1 + x) n+β } 2 n!(1 − x) α (1 + x) β dxn ∞ � 2−α−β Pn(α,β) (x)zn , Generating Function: R−1 (1 − z + R) −α (1 + z + R) −β = n=0 √ R = 1 − 2xz + z2 , |z| < 1

Orthogonal Polynomials

A-85

� ⎧ � 1 n+q ⎪ ⎪ ∼ nq if q = max(α, β) ≥ − ⎪ ⎪ 2 n ⎨ |Pn(α,β) (x� )| ∼ n−1/2 if q < − 12 Inequality: max |Pn(α,β) (x)| = ⎪ −1≤x≤1 � ⎪ ⎪ x is one of the two maximum points nearest ⎪ ⎩ β−α α+β+1

V: Generalized Laguerre

Name: Generalized Laguerre Symbol: L(α) Interval: [0, ∞] n (x) �� Differential Equation: xy + (α + 1 − x) y� + ny = 0 � � n � 1 m (α) m n+α (−1) x Explicit Expression: Ln (x) = n − m m! m=0

(α) (α) Recurrence Relation: (n + 1)L(α) n + 1(x) = [(2n + α + 1) − x]Ln (x) − (n + α)Ln − 1(x) (−1) n n α −x (α) Weight: x e , α > −1 Standardization: Ln (x) = n! x + · · · � ∞ �(n + α + 1) 2 Norm: xα e−x [L(α) n (x)] dx = n! 0 dn n+α −x 1 Rodrigues’ Formula: L(α) {x e } n (x) = n!xα e−x dx∞n

Generating Function: (1 − z) −α−1 exp

�

xz z−1

�

�(n + α + 1) x/2 e ; n!�(α + 1) � � �(α+n+1) x/2 |L(a) ; n (x)| ≤ 2 − n!�(α+1) e

Inequality: |L(α) n (x) ≤

=

�

n=0

n L(α) n (x)z

x≥0 α>0 x≥0 −1 < α < 0 VI: Hermite

Name: Hermite Symbol:Hn (x) Interval: [−∞, ∞] Differential Equation: y�� − 2xy� + 2ny = 0 [n/2] � (−1) mn!(2x) n−2m Explicit Expression: Hn (x) = m!(n − 2m)! m=0 Recurrence Relation:Hn+1 (x) = 2xHn (x) − 2nHn−1 (x) 2 Weight:�e−x Standardization: Hn (1) = 2n xn + · · · ∞ 2 √ 2 Norm: e−x [Hn (x)] dx = 2n n! π −∞

2

n

2

d −x Rodrigues’ Formula: Hn (x) = (−1) n e x dx ) n (e ∞ n � z 2 Hn (x) Generating Function: e−x +2zx = n! n=0 √ x2 /2 n/2 Inequality: |Hn (x)|e k2 n! k ≈ 1.086435

TABLES OF ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS H0 = 1 x10 = (30240H0 + 75600H2 + 25200H4 + 2520H6 + 90H8 + H10 )/1024 H1 = 2x x9 = (15120H1 + 10080H3 + 1512H5 + 72H7 + H9 )/512 2 H2 = 4x − 2 x8 = (1680H0 + 3360H2 + 840H4 + 56H6 + H8 )/256 3 H3 = 8x − 12x x7 = (840H1 + 420H3 + 42H5 + H7 )/128 H4 = 16x4 − 48x2 + 12 x6 = (120H0 + 180H2 + 30H4 + H6 )/64 H5 = 32x5 − 160x3 + 120x x5 = (60H1 + 20H3 + H5 )/32 6 4 2 H6 = 64x − 480x + 720x − 120 x4 = (12H0 + 12H2 + H4 )/16 7 5 3 H7 = 128x − 1344x + 3360x − 1680x x3 = (6H1 + H3 )/8 H8 = 256x8 − 3584x6 + 13440x4 − 13440x2 + 1680 x2 = (2H0 + H2 )/4 H9 = 512x9 − 9216x7 + 48384x5 − 80640x3 + 30240x x = ( H1 )/2 H10 = 1024x10 − 23040x8 + 161280x6 − 403200x4 + 302400x2 − 30240 1 = H0 L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6

=1 x6 = 720L0 − 4320L1 + 10800L2 − 14400L3 + 10800L4 − 4320L5 + 720L6 = −x + 1 x5 = 120L0 − 600L1 + 1200L2 − 1200L3 + 600L4 − 120L5 2 = (x − 4x + 2)/2 x4 = 24L0 − 96L1 + 144L2 − 96L3 + 24L4 = (−x3 + 9x2 − 18x + 6)/6 x3 = 6L0 − 18L1 + 18L2 − 6L3 = (x4 − 16x3 + 72x2 − 96x + 24)/24 x2 = 2L0 − 4L1 + 2L2 5 4 3 2 = (−x + 25x − 200x + 600x − 600x + 120)/120 x = L0 − L1 = (x6 − 36x5 + 450x4 − 2400x3 + 5400x2 − 4320x + 720)/720 1 = L0

P0 = 1 x10 = (4199P0 + 16150P2 + 15504P4 + 7904P6 + 2176P8 + 256P10 )/46189 P1 = x x9 = (3315P1 + 4760P3 + 2992P5 + 960P7 + 128P9 )/12155 P2 = (3x2 − 1)/2 x8 = (715P0 + 2600P2 + 2160P4 + 832P6 + 128P8 )/6435 P3 = (5x3 − 3x)/2 x7 = (143P1 + 182P3 + 88P5 + 16P7 )/429 4 2 P4 = (35x − 30x + 3)/8 x6 = (33P0 + 110P2 + 72P4 + 16P6 )/231 5 3 P5 = (63x − 70x + 15x)/8 x5 = (27P1 + 28P3 + 8P5 )/63 P6 = (231x6 − 315x4 + 105x2 − 5)/16 x4 = (7P0 + 20P2 + 8P4 )/35 P7 = (429x7 − 693x5 + 315x3 − 35x)/16 x3 = (3P1 + 2P3 )/5 8 6 4 2 P8 = (6435x − 12012x + 6930x − 1260x + 35)/128 x2 = ( P0 + 2P2 )/3 9 7 5 3 P9 = (12155x − 25740x + 18018x − 4620x + 315x)/128 x = P1 P10 = (46189x10 − 109395x8 + 90090x6 − 30030x4 + 3465x2 − 63)/256 1 = P0 T0 = 1 T1 = x T2 = 2x2 − 1 T3 = 4x3 − 3x T4 = 8x4 − 8x2 + 1 T5 = 16x5 − 20x3 + 5x T6 = 32x6 − 48x4 + 18x2 − 1 T7 = 64x7 − 112x5 + 56x3 − 7x T8 = 128x8 − 256x6 + 160x4 − 32x2 + 1 T9 = 256x9 − 576x7 + 432x5 − 120x3 + 9x T10 = 512x10 − 1280x8 + 1120x6 − 400x4 + 50x2 − 1 U0 = 1 U1 = 2x U2 = 4x2 − 1 U3 = 8x3 − 4x U4 = 16x4 − 12x2 + 1 U5 = 32x5 − 32x3 + 6x U6 = 64x6 − 80x4 + 24x2 − 1 U7 = 128x7 − 192x5 + 80x3 − 8x U8 = 256x8 − 448x6 + 240x4 − 40x2 + 1 U9 = 512x9 − 1024x7 + 672x5 − 160x3 + 10x U10 = 1024x10 − 2304x8 + 1792x6 − 560x4 + 60x2 − 1 A-86

x10 = (126T0 + 210T2 + 120T4 + 45T6 + 10T8 + T10 )/512 x9 = (126T1 + 84T3 + 36T5 + 9T7 + T9 )/256 x8 = (35T0 + 56T2 + 28T4 + 8T6 + T8 )/128 x7 = (35T1 + 21T3 + 7T5 + T7 )/64 x6 = (10T0 + 15T2 + 6T4 + T6 )/32 x5 = (10T1 + 5T3 + T5 )/16 x4 = (3T0 + 4T2 + T4 )/8 x3 = (3T1 + T3 )/4 x2 = (T0 + T2 )/2 x = T1 1 = T0 x10 = (42U0 + 90U2 + 75U4 + 35U6 + 9U8 + U10 )/1024 x9 = (42U1 + 48U3 + 27U5 + 8U7 + U9 )/512 x8 = (14U0 + 28U2 + 20U4 + 7U6 + U8 )/256 x7 = (14U1 + 14U3 + 6U5 + U7 )/128 x6 = (5U0 + 9U2 + 5U4 + U6 )/64 x5 = (5U1 + 4U3 + U5 )/32 x4 = (2U0 + 3U2 + U4 )/16 x3 = (2U1 + U3 )/8 x2 = (U0 + U2 )/4 x = (U1 )/2 1 = U0

Clebsch–Gordan Coefficients

A-87

CLEBSCH–GORDAN COEFFICIENTS

� � ( j1 + j2 − j)!( j + j1 − j2 )!( j + j2 − j1 )!(2 j + 1) j2 j = δm,m1 +m2 m2 m ( j + j1 + j2 + 1)! √ k � (−1) ( j1 + m1 )!( j1 − m1 )!( j2 + m2 )!( j2 − m2 )!( j + m)!( j − m)! . × k!( j + j − j − k)!( j1 − m1 − k)!( j2 + m2 − k)!( j − j2 + m1 + k)!( j − j1 − m2 + k)! 1 2 k

�

j1 m1

1. Conditions: (a) Each of { j1 , j2 , j, m1 , m2 , m} may be an integer, or half an integer. Additionally: j > 0, j1 > 0, j2 > 0 and j + j1 + j2 is an integer. (b) j1 + j2 − j ≥ 0. (c) j1 − j2 + j ≥ 0. (d) − j1 + j2 + j ≥ 0. (e) |m1 | ≤ j1 , |m2 | ≤ j2 , |m| ≤ j. 2. Special values: � j1 j2 j = 0 if m1 + m2 �= m. m m2 m � 1 � j1 0 j = δ j1 , j δm1 ,m. (b) m1 0 m � � j1 j2 j = 0 when j1 + j2 + j is an odd integer. (c) 0 0 0 � � j1 j1 j = 0 when 2 j1 + j is an odd integer. (d) m1 m1 m (a)

�

3. Symmetry relations: all of the following are equal to

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

�

�

j1 m1

� j2 j : m2 m

� j1 j , −m1 −m � � j2 j1 j , (−1) j1 + j2 − j m m2 m � 1 � j1 j2 j j1 + j2 − j , (−1) −m1 −m2 −m � � � j j2 j1 2 j+1 j2 +m2 (−1) , 2 j1 +1 −m m2 −m1 � � � j j2 j1 2 j+1 j1 −m1 + j−m (−1) , 2 j1 +1 m −m2 m1 � � � j2 j j1 2 j+1 (−1) j−m+ j1 −m1 , 2 j1 +1 m2 −m −m1 � � � j1 j j2 2 j+1 (−1) j1 −m1 , 2 j2 +1 m1 −m −m2 � � � j j1 j2 2 j+1 (−1) j1 −m1 . 2 j2 +1 m −m1 m2 j2 −m2

By use of the symmetry relations, Clebsch–Gordan coefficients may be put in the standard form j1 ≤ j2 ≤ j and m ≥ 0.

m2 − 12

m

j1

j

0

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

0

1 2

1

1 2

1 2

1 2

1

1

1 2

0

1 2

1 1

1

m2

m

j1

j

−1

0

1

1

−1

0

1

2

0

1 2

1 2

− 12

�

j1 m1

1 2

� j m

m

j1

j

0

1

1

2

1 2

0

1 2

3 2

1 2

1 2

1

1

≈ 0.866025

1 2

1 2

1

2

1 ≈ 1.000000 � � j1 1 j m1 m2 m

1 2

1

1 2

3 2

1 2

3 2

1

2

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

2

1

1 2

1 2

3 2

1

1 2

1

1

1 2

1

2

1

1

1 2

3 2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

3 2

1 2

3 2

1

3 2

1

2

√ 105 12

1

2

1

2

1

√

2 2 √ 3 2 √ 2 2 √ 3 2

m2

≈ 0.707107 ≈ 0.866025 ≈ 0.707107

√

≈ 0.707107

3 2

2 2 √ 6 6 √ 2 2

1

1

3 4

1 2

≈ 0.750000

1

2

0

0

1

2

0

0

1 2

3 2

0

1 2

1 2

3 2

0

1 2

1

1

0

1 2

1

2

0

1

1

1

− 12 − 12

�

m2

√

5 4 √ 6 3 √ 3 2 √ 6 3 √ 2 4 √ 10 4 √ 2 2

≈ 0.408248 ≈ 0.707107

1

≈ 0.559017 ≈ 0.816496 ≈ 0.866025 ≈ 0.8164967 ≈ 0.353553 ≈ 0.790569 ≈ 0.707107

j1 m1

√

2 2 √ 2 2 √ − 42 √ 10 4 √ 30 6 √ 105 12 √ − 22 √ 6 6 √ 3 3

− 34 √

5 4 √ 10 4 √ − 22 √ 2 2

1

� 1 j m2 m ≈ 0.707107 ≈ 0.707107 ≈ −0.353553 ≈ 0.790569 ≈ 0.912871 ≈ 0.853913 ≈ −0.707107 ≈ 0.408248 ≈ 0.577350 ≈ −0.750000 ≈ 0.559017 ≈ 0.790569 ≈ −0.707107 ≈ 0.707107 ≈ 1.000000 ≈ 0.853913 ≈ 1.000000

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION Table of the Normal Distribution For a standard normal random variable (�(z) is the area under the Standard Normal Curve from −∞ to z). Proportion of the total area (%) 68.27 90 95 95.45 99.0 99.73 99.8 99.9

Limits μ − λσ μ−σ μ − 1.65σ μ − 1.96σ μ − 2σ μ − 2.58σ μ − 3σ μ − 3.09σ μ − 3.29σ x �(x) 2[1 − �(x)] x 1 − �(x)

A-88

3.09 10−3

μ + λσ μ+σ μ + 1.65σ μ + 1.96σ μ + 2σ μ + 2.58σ μ + 3σ μ + 3.09σ μ + 3.29σ 1.282 0.90 0.20

1.645 0.95 0.10

1.960 0.975 0.05

3.72 10−4

4.26 10−5

4.75 10−6

2.326 0.99 0.02 5.20 10−7

Remaining area (%) 31.73 10 5 4.55 0.99 0.27 0.2 0.1 2.576 0.995 0.01 5.61 10−8

3.090 0.999 0.002

6.00 10−9

6.36 10−10

2

0

1 2

1

2

0

1

1

1

m2

m

j1

j

− 12

0

1 2

1 1 0 a standard For 2 2

0

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1

1 2

m2

m

j1

−1

0

1

−1

0

1

− 12

0

1 2

− 12

1 2

1

2

0

0

1

2

0

0

1 2

3 2

0

1 2

1 2

3 2

0

1 2

1

1

0 A-88 0

1 2

1

2

1

1

1

1 2

1

4

10 4 √ 2 2

�

≈ 0.790569 ≈ 0.707107

j1 m1

1 2

m2

1

3 2

1

2

105 12

≈ 0.853913

1

2

1

2

1

≈ 1.000000

� j m2 m j1 j mNORMAL PROBABILITY

�

� j1 1 j m1 m2 m FUNCTION

√ 2 2 0 1 1 2 ≈ 0.707107 ≈ 0.707107 2 2 Table of the Normal Distribution √ √ 1 1 3 2 3 0 ≈ 0.707107 1 ≈ 0.866025 normal 2 Normal Curve from 2 random variable (�(z) is the 2area under2 the 2Standard √ √ 1 1 2 2 1 1 − ≈Remaining −0.353553 1 ≈ 0.707107 2 2 Proportion of 4 2 Limits √ √ 1 1 the total area 10 3 area 1 2 ≈ 0.790569 1 ≈ 0.866025 2 4 2 μ − λσ μ + λσ 2 (%) (%) √ 1 1 3 30 1 ≈ 0.912871 1 1 ≈ 1.000000 μ−σ μ+σ 2 31.73 2 68.27 2 6 � � √ μ + 1.65σ 90 10 1 3 105 j1 μ1− 1.65σ j 1 2 ≈ 0.853913 2 2 12 j μ − 1.96σ μ + 1.96σ 95 5 √ m1 m2 m 0 195.45 1 − 22 ≈ −0.707107 μ − 2σ μ + 2σ 1 4.55 √ 2 √ 1 ≈μ 0.707107 − 2.58σ μ + 2.58σ 99.0 0.99 2 6 1 0 1 2 ≈ 0.408248 √ 6 μ − 3σ μ + 3σ 99.73 0.27 6 √ 2 ≈ 0.408248 6 1 1 99.8 3 3 μ − 3.09σ μ + 3.09σ 0.2 1 ≈ 0.577350 √ 2 2 2 3 3 2

1

1 2

− 12

√

2

√

2

1 √

3 4

5 4 √ 6 3 √ 3 2 √ 6 3 √ 2 4 √ 10 4 √ 2 2

− 3.29σ ≈μ 0.707107 ≈ 0.750000 x

�(x) ≈ 0.559017 2[1 − �(x)] ≈ 0.816496 x 3.09 ≈ 0.866025 −3 1 − �(x) 10 ≈ 0.8164967

μ + 3.29σ 1 1 2 1.282 11.645 1 0.90 0.952 0.20 10.101

99.9 1 1 1.960 1 2 0.975 1 3 0.05 2 2

≈ 0.790569 ≈ 0.707107

1

3 2

√

0.1 ≈ −0.750000 3.090 ≈2.576 0.559017 0.995 0.999 ≈0.01 0.790569 0.002

1 1 5.20 − 22 5.61 ≈ −0.707107 4.75 6.00 6.36 √ −6 −7 2 −8 −9 −10 10 10 10 10 1 2 ≈ 0.707107 10 2

3.72 1 4.261 10−4 1 10−5 1

≈ 0.353553

− 34 √ 2.326 5 4 0.99 √ 10 0.02 4

−∞ to z).

1 2

3 2

1

3 2

1

2

√ 105 12

1

2

1

2

1

1

≈ 1.000000 ≈ 0.853913 ≈ 1.000000

NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION Table of the Normal Distribution For a standard normal random variable (�(z) is the area under the Standard Normal Curve from −∞ to z). Proportion of the total area (%) 68.27 90 95 95.45 99.0 99.73 99.8 99.9

Limits μ − λσ μ−σ μ − 1.65σ μ − 1.96σ μ − 2σ μ − 2.58σ μ − 3σ μ − 3.09σ μ − 3.29σ x �(x) 2[1 − �(x)] x 1 − �(x)

A-88

3.09 10−3

μ + λσ μ+σ μ + 1.65σ μ + 1.96σ μ + 2σ μ + 2.58σ μ + 3σ μ + 3.09σ μ + 3.29σ 1.282 0.90 0.20

1.645 0.95 0.10

1.960 0.975 0.05

3.72 10−4

4.26 10−5

4.75 10−6

2.326 0.99 0.02 5.20 10−7

Remaining area (%) 31.73 10 5 4.55 0.99 0.27 0.2 0.1 2.576 0.995 0.01 5.61 10−8

3.090 0.999 0.002

6.00 10−9

6.36 10−10

Normal Probability Function

A-89

Areas under the Standard Normal Curve from 0 to z z 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

0 .0000 .0398 .0793 .1179 .1554 .1915 .2258 .2580 .2881 .3159 .3413 .3643 .3849 .4032 .4192 .4332 .4452 .4554 .4641 .4713 .4772 .4821 .4861 .4893 .4918 .4938 .4953 .4965 .4974 .4981 .4987 4990 4993 4995 4997 4998 4998 4999 4999 5000

1 .0040 .0438 .0832 .1217 .1591 .1950 .2291 .2612 .2910 .3186 .3438 .3665 .3869 .4049 .4207 .4345 .4463 .4564 .4649 .4719 .4778 .4826 .4864 .4896 .4920 .4940 .4955 .4966 .4975 .4982 .4987 .4991 .4993 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4998 .4999 .4999 .5000

2 .0080 .0478 .0871 .1255 .1628 .1985 .2324 .2652 .2939 .3212 .3461 .3686 .3888 .4066 .4222 .4357 .4474 .4573 .4656 .4726 .4783 .4830 .4868 .4898 .4922 .4941 .4956 .4967 .4976 .4982 .4987 .4991 .4994 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

3 .0120 .0517 .0910 .1293 .1664 .2019 .2357 .2673 .2967 .3238 .3485 .3708 .3907 .4082 .4236 .4370 .4484 .4582 .4664 .4732 .4788 .4834 .4871 .4901 .4925 .4943 .4957 .4968 .4977 .4983 .4988 .4991 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

4 .0160 .0557 .0948 .1331 .1700 .2054 .2389 .2704 .2996 .3264 .3508 .3729 .3925 .4099 .4251 .4382 .4495 .4591 .4671 .4738 .4793 .4838 .4875 .4904 .4927 .4945 .4959 .4969 .4977 .4984 .4988 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

5 .0199 .0596 .0987 .1368 .1736 .2088 .2422 .2734 .3023 .3289 .3531 .3749 .3944 .4115 .4265 .4394 .4505 .4599 .4678 .4744 .4798 .4842 .4878 .4906 .4929 .4946 .4960 .4970 .4978 .4984 .4989 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

6 .0239 .0636 .1026 .1406 .1772 .2123 .2454 .2764 .3051 .3315 .3554 .3770 .3962 .4131 .4279 .4406 .4515 .4608 .4686 .4750 .4803 .4846 .4881 .4909 .4931 .4948 .4961 .4971 .4979 .4985 .4989 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

7 .0279 .0675 .1064 .1443 .1808 .2157 .2486 .2794 .3078 .3340 .3577 .3790 .3980 .4147 .4292 .4418 .4525 .4616 .4693 .4756 .4808 .4850 .4884 .4911 .4932 .4949 .4962 .4972 .4979 .4985 .4989 .4992 .4995 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

8 .0319 .0714 .1103 .1480 .1844 .2190 .2518 .2823 .3106 .3365 .3599 .3810 .3997 .4162 .4306 .4429 .4535 .4625 .4699 .4761 .4812 .4854 .4887 .4913 .4934 .4951 .4963 .4973 .4980 .4986 .4990 .4993 .4995 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

9 .0359 .0754 .1141 .1517 .1879 .2224 .2549 .2852 .3133 .3389 .3621 .3830 .4015 .4177 .4319 .4441 .4545 .4633 .4706 .4767 .4817 .4857 .4890 .4916 .4936 .4952 .4964 .4974 .4981 .4986 .4990 .4993 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

Normal Probability Function

A-90 Common sample size calculations Parameter

Estimate

Sample size

μ

x¯

n=

p

pˆ

n=

μ2 − μ 2

x¯ 1 − x¯ 2

n1 = n2 =

(zα/2 ) 2 (σ12 + σ22 ) E2

p1 − p2

pˆ 1 − pˆ 2

n1 = n2 =

(zα/2 ) 2 ( p1 q1 + p2 q2 ) E2

�z

· σ �2 E

α/2

(zα/2 ) 2 · pq E2

Common one-sample confidence intervals Parameter

Assumptions

100(1 − α)% Confidence interval

μ

n large, σ 2 known, or normality, σ 2 known

σ x¯ ± zα/2 · √ n

μ

normality, σ 2 unknown

σ2

normality

p

binomial experiment, n large

s x¯ ± tα/2,n−1 · √ n � � 2 (n − 1)s (n − 1)s 2 , 2 2 χα/2,n−1 χ1−α/2,n−1 � pˆ (1 − pˆ ) pˆ ± zα/2 · n

Common two-sample confidence intervals Parameter

Assumptions

100(1 − α)% Confidence interval

μ1 − μ2

normality, independence, σ12 , σ22 known or n1 , n2 large, independence, σ12 , σ22 known σ12

σ22

μ1 − μ2

normality, independence, unknown

μ1 − μ2

normality, independence, σ12 �= σ22 unknown

=

( x¯ 1 − x¯ 2 ) ± zα/2 · ( x¯ 1 − x¯ 2 ) ±

�

σ2 σ12 + 2 n1 n2

�

1 1 + n1 n2 (n1 − 1)s12 + (n2 − 1)s22 s 2p = n1 + n2� −2 s2 s12 ( x¯ 1 − x¯ 2 ) ± tα/2,ν · + 2 n1 n2 � 2 �2 s1 s22 +n n1 2 ν≈ 2 2 (s1 /n1 ) (s22 /n2 ) 2 + n −1 n −1

t α2 ,n1 +n2 −2 · s p

1

2

μ1 − μ2

normality, n pairs, dependence

sd d¯ ± tα/2,n−1 · √ n

p1 − p2

binomial experiments, n1 , n2 large, independence

( pˆ 1 − pˆ 2 )± � pˆ 1 (1 − pˆ 1 ) pˆ 2 (1 − pˆ 2 ) + zα/2 · n1 n2

PERCENTAGE POINTS, STUDENT’S T-DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of t such that F (t) =

�

t −∞

� � � � � n+1 x2 n+1 2 �n� 1 + dx − √ n 2 nπ� 2

for n, the number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1, 2, . . . , 30, 40, 60, 120, ∞; and for F (t) = 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 0.95, 0.975, 0.99, 0.995, and 0.9995. The t-distribution is symmetrical, so that F (−t) = 1 − F (t) n/F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

.60 .325 .289 .277 .271 .267 .265 .263 .262 .261 .260 .260 .259 .259 .258 .258 .258 .257 .257 .257 .257 .257 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .255 .254 .254 .253

.75 1.000 .816 .765 .741 .727 .718 .711 .706 .703 .700 .697 .695 .694 .692 .691 .690 .689 .688 .688 .687 .686 .686 .685 .685 .684 .684 .684 .683 .683 .683 .681 .679 .677 .674

.90 3.078 1.886 1.638 1.533 1.476 1.440 1.415 1.397 1.383 1.372 1.363 1.356 1.350 1.345 1.341 1.337 1.333 1.330 1.328 1.325 1.323 1.321 1.319 1.318 1.316 1.315 1.314 1.313 1.311 1.310 1.303 1.296 1.289 1.282

.95 6.314 2.920 2.353 2.132 2.015 1.943 1.895 1.860 1.833 1.812 1.796 1.782 1.771 1.761 1.753 1.746 1.740 1.734 1.729 1.725 1.721 1.717 1.714 1.711 1.708 1.706 1.703 1.701 1.699 1.697 1.684 1.671 1.658 1.645

.975 12.706 4.303 3.182 2.776 2.571 2.447 2.365 2.306 2.262 2.228 2.201 2.179 2.160 2.145 2.131 2.120 2.110 2.101 2.093 2.086 2.080 2.074 2.069 2.064 2.060 2.056 2.052 2.048 2.045 2.042 2.021 2.000 1.980 1.960

.99 31.821 6.965 4.541 3.747 3.365 3.143 2.998 2.896 2.821 2.764 2.718 2.681 2.650 2.624 2.602 2.583 2.567 2.552 2.539 2.528 2.518 2.508 2.500 2.492 2.485 2.479 2.473 2.467 2.462 2.457 2.423 2.390 2.358 2.326

.995 63.657 9.925 5.841 4.604 4.032 3.707 3.499 3.355 3.250 3.169 3.106 3.055 3.012 2.977 2.947 2.921 2.898 2.878 2.861 2.845 2.831 2.819 2.807 2.797 2.787 2.779 2.771 2.763 2.756 2.750 2.704 2.660 2.617 2.576

.9995 636.619 31.598 12.924 8.610 6.869 5.959 5.408 5.041 4.781 4.587 4.437 4.318 4.221 4.140 4.073 4.015 3.965 3.922 3.883 3.850 3.819 3.792 3.767 3.745 3.725 3.707 3.690 3.674 3.659 3.646 3.551 3.460 3.373 3.291

*This table is abridged from the Statistical Tables by R. A. Fisher and Frank Yates published by Oliver & Boyd. Ltd., Edinburgh and London, 1938. It is published here with the kind permission of the authors and their publishers.

PERCENTAGE POINTS, CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of χ 2 such that F (χ) 2 =

�

χ2 0

1 � � x(n−2)/2 e−x/2 dx 2n/2 � 2n

for √ n, the √number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1, 2, . . ., 30. For n > 30, a normal approximation is quite accurate. The expression 2x2 − 2n − 1 is approximately normally distributed as the standard normal distribution. Thus χα2 , the α-point of the distribution, may be computed by the formula √ 1 χα2 = [xα + 2n − 1]2 , 2 A-91

60 120 ∞

.254 .254 .253

.679 .677 .674

1.296 1.289 1.282

1.671 1.658 1.645

2.000 1.980 1.960

2.390 2.358 2.326

2.660 2.617 2.576

3.460 3.373 3.291

*This table is abridged from the Statistical Tables by R. A. Fisher and Frank Yates published by Oliver & Boyd. Ltd., Edinburgh and London, 1938. It is published here with the kind permission of the authors and their publishers.

PERCENTAGE POINTS, STUDENT’S T-DISTRIBUTION PERCENTAGE POINTS, CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of t such that

� � � � � n+1 x2 n+1 2 �n� 1 + dx − F (t) = √ n 2 nπ� 2 −∞ � χ2 1 60, 120, 2 2, . . . , 30, 40, for n, the number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1, and � � x(n−2)/2∞; = e−x/2 dxfor F (t) = 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 0.95, 0.975, 0.99, F (χ) n/2 � 2n = 1 − F (t) 0.995, and 0.9995. The t-distribution is symmetrical, so0that2 F (−t)

This table gives values of χ 2 such that

�

t

for equal For n > .975 30, a normal is.9995 quite accurate. The expression √ n, the √number of degrees n/Fof freedom, .60 .75 to 1, 2, .90. . ., 30..95 .99approximation .995 2 2x2 − 2n − 1 is approximately normally distributed as the standard normal distribution. Thus χ , the α-point of the distribution, α 1 .325 1.000 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 636.619 may be computed by the formula 2 .289 .816 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 31.598 √ 1 3 .277 .765 1.638 5.841 12.924 χα2 =2.353 [xα + 3.182 2n − 1]2 , 4.541 2 4 .271 .741 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 8.610 5 .267 .727 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 6.869 A-91 6 .265 .718 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.959 7 .263 .711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 5.408 8 .262 .706 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 5.041 9 .261 .703 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.781 10 .260 .700 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.587 11 .260 .697 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.437 12 .259 .695 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 4.318 13 .259 .694 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 4.221 14 .258 .692 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 4.140 15 .258 .691 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 4.073 16 .258 .690 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 4.015 17 .257 .689 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.965 18 .257 .688 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.922 19 .257 .688 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.883 20 .257 .687 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.850 21 .257 .686 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.819 22 .256 .686 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.792 23 .256 .685 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.767 24 .256 .685 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.745 25 .256 .684 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.725 26 .256 .684 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.707 27 .256 .684 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.690 28 .256 .683 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.674 29 .256 .683 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.659 30 .256 .683 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.646 40 .255 .681 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.551 60 .254 .679 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.460 120 .254 .677 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.373 ∞ .253 .674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.291 *This table is abridged from the Statistical Tables by R. A. Fisher and Frank Yates published by Oliver & Boyd. Ltd., Edinburgh and London, 1938. It is published here with the kind permission of the authors and their publishers.

PERCENTAGE POINTS, CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of χ 2 such that F (χ) 2 =

�

χ2 0

1 � � x(n−2)/2 e−x/2 dx 2n/2 � 2n

for √ n, the √number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1, 2, . . ., 30. For n > 30, a normal approximation is quite accurate. The expression 2x2 − 2n − 1 is approximately normally distributed as the standard normal distribution. Thus χα2 , the α-point of the distribution, may be computed by the formula √ 1 χα2 = [xα + 2n − 1]2 , 2 A-91

Percentage Points, Chi-Square Distribution

A-92

where xα is the α-point of the cumulative normal distribution. For even values of n, F (χ 2 ) can be written as 1 − F (χ 2 ) =

�

x −1 −λ x � e λ x! x=0

with λ = 12 χ 2 and x� = 12 n. Thus the cumulative chi-square distribution is related to the cumulative Poisson distribution. Another approximate formula for large n � � �3 2 2 2 χα = n 1 − + zα 9n 9n n = degrees of freedom zα = the normal deviate (the value of x for which F (x) = the desired percentile). x 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090 F (x) .90 .95 .975 .99 .995 .999 2 χ.99 = 60[1 − 0.00370 + 2.326(0.06086)]3 = 88.4 is the 99th percentile for 60 degrees of freedom. F (χ 2 ) = � n F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

.005 .0000393 .0100 .0717 .207 .412 .676 .989 1.34 1.73 2.16 2.60 3.07 3.57 4.07 4.60 5.14 5.70 6.26 6.84 7.43 8.03 8.64 9.26 9.89 10.5 11.2 11.8 12.5 13.1 13.8

.010 .000157 .0201 .115 .297 .554 .872 1.24 1.65 2.09 2.56 3.05 3.57 4.11 4.66 5.23 5.81 6.41 7.01 7.63 8.26 8.90 9.54 10.2 10.9 11.5 12.2 12.9 12.6 14.3 15.0

.025 .000982 .0506 .216 .484 .831 1.24 1.69 2.18 2.70 3.25 3.82 4.40 5.01 5.63 6.26 6.91 7.56 8.23 8.91 9.59 10.3 11.0 11.7 12.4 13.1 13.8 14.6 15.3 16.0 16.8

.050 .00393 .103 .352 .711 1.15 1.64 2.17 2.73 3.33 3.94 4.57 5.23 5.89 6.57 7.26 7.96 8.67 9.39 10.1 10.9 11.6 12.3 13.1 13.8 14.6 15.4 16.2 16.9 17.7 18.5

�

χ2 0

1 � � xn−2/2 e−x/2 dx 2n/2 � 2n

.100 .0158 .211 .584 1.06 1.61 2.20 2.83 3.49 4.17 4.87 5.58 6.30 7.04 7.79 8.55 9.31 10.1 10.9 11.7 12.4 13.2 14.0 14.8 15.7 16.5 17.3 18.1 18.9 19.8 20.6

.250 .102 .575 1.21 1.92 2.67 3.45 4.25 5.07 5.90 6.74 7.58 8.44 9.30 10.2 11.0 11.9 12.8 13.7 14.6 15.5 16.3 17.2 18.1 19.0 19.9 20.8 21.7 22.7 23.6 24.5

.500 .455 1.39 2.37 3.36 4.35 5.35 6.35 7.34 8.34 9.34 10.3 11.3 12.3 13.3 14.3 15.3 16.3 17.3 18.3 19.3 20.3 21.3 22.3 23.3 24.3 25.3 26.3 27.3 28.3 29.3

.750 1.32 2.77 4.11 5.39 6.63 7.84 9.04 10.2 11.4 12.5 13.7 14.8 16.0 17.1 18.2 19.4 20.5 21.6 22.7 23.8 24.9 26.0 27.1 28.2 29.3 30.4 31.5 32.6 33.7 34.8

.900 2.71 4.61 6.25 7.78 9.24 10.6 12.0 13.4 14.7 16.0 17.3 18.5 19.8 21.1 22.3 23.5 24.8 26.0 27.2 28.4 29.6 30.8 32.0 33.2 34.4 35.6 36.7 37.9 39.1 40.3

.950 3.84 5.99 7.81 9.49 11.1 12.6 14.1 15.5 16.9 18.3 19.7 21.0 22.4 23.7 25.0 26.3 27.6 28.9 30.1 31.4 32.7 33.9 35.2 36.4 37.7 38.9 40.1 41.3 42.6 43.8

.975 5.02 7.38 9.35 11.1 12.8 14.4 16.0 17.5 19.0 20.5 21.9 23.3 24.7 26.1 27.5 28.8 30.2 31.5 32.9 34.2 35.5 36.8 38.1 39.4 40.6 41.9 43.2 44.5 45.7 47.0

.990 6.63 9.21 11.3 13.3 15.1 16.8 18.5 20.1 21.7 23.2 24.7 26.2 27.7 29.1 30.6 32.0 33.4 34.8 36.2 37.6 38.9 40.3 41.6 43.0 44.3 45.6 47.0 48.3 49.6 50.9

.995 7.88 10.6 12.8 14.9 16.7 18.5 20.3 22.0 23.6 25.2 26.8 28.3 29.8 31.3 32.8 34.3 35.7 37.2 38.6 40.0 41.4 42.8 44.2 45.6 46.9 48.3 49.6 51.0 52.3 53.7

PERCENTAGE POINTS, F -DISTRIBUTION

This table gives values of F such that

F (F ) =

�

F 0

� � � m+n 2 � � � � mm/2 nn/2 xm−2/2 (n + mx) −(m+n)/2 dx � m2 � 2n

for selected values of m, the number of degrees of freedom of the numerator of F ; and for selected values of n, the number of degrees freedom of the denominator of F . The table also provides values corresponding to F ( F ) = .10,.05,.025,.01,.005,.001 since F1−α for m and n degrees of freedom is the reciprocal of Fα for n and m degrees of freedom. Thus F.05 (4, 7) = F (F ) = � n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s12 s22

�

F 0

� � � m+n � m � 2 � n � mm/2 nn/2 x(m/2)−1 (n + mx) −(m+n)/2 dx = .90 � 2 � 2

1

2

3

4

5

6

39.86 8.53 5.54 4.54 4.06 3.78 3.59 3.46 3.36 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.10 3.07 3.05 3.03 3.01 2.99 2.97 2.96 2.95 2.94 2.93 2.92 2.91 2.90 2.89 2.89 2.88 2.84 2.79 2.75 2.71

49.50 9.00 5.46 4.32 3.78 3.46 3.26 3.11 3.01 2.92 2.86 2.81 2.76 2.73 2.70 2.67 2.64 2.62 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.56 2.55 2.54 2.53 2.52 2.51 2.50 2.50 2.49 2.44 2.39 2.35 2.30

53.59 9.16 5.39 4.19 3.62 3.29 3.07 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.66 2.61 2.56 2.52 2.49 2.46 2.44 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.35 2.34 2.33 2.32 2.31 2.30 2.29 2.28 2.28 2.23 2.18 2.13 2.08

55.83 9.24 5.34 4.11 3.52 3.18 2.96 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.54 2.48 2.43 2.39 2.36 2.33 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.21 2.19 2.18 2.17 2.17 2.16 2.15 2.14 2.09 2.04 1.99 1.94

57.24 9.29 5.31 4.05 3.45 3.11 2.88 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.24 2.22 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.14 2.13 2.11 2.10 2.09 2.08 2.07 2.06 2.06 2.05 2.00 1.95 1.90 1.85

58.20 9.33 5.28 4.01 3.40 3.05 2.83 2.67 2.55 2.46 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.08 2.06 2.05 2.04 2.02 2.01 2.00 2.00 1.99 1.98 1.93 1.87 1.82 1.77

=

S1 S2 / , m n

1 1 = = .164 F.95 (7, 4) 6.09

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

∞

58.91 9.35 5.27 3.98 3.37 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.41 2.34 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.16 2.13 2.10 2.08 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.01 1.99 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.93 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.72

59.44 9.37 5.25 3.95 3.34 2.98 2.75 2.59 2.47 2.38 2.30 2.24 2.20 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.00 1.98 1.97 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.83 1.77 1.72 1.67

59.86 9.38 5.24 3.94 3.32 2.96 2.72 2.56 2.44 2.35 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.87 1.86 1.85 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.63

60.19 9.39 5.23 3.92 3.30 2.94 2.70 2.54 2.42 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.14 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.76 1.71 1.65 1.60

60.71 9.41 5.22 3.90 3.27 2.90 2.67 2.50 2.38 2.28 2.21 2.15 2.10 2.05 2.02 1.99 1.96 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.86 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.78 1.77 1.71 1.66 1.60 1.55

61.22 9.42 5.20 3.87 3.24 2.87 2.63 2.46 2.34 2.24 2.17 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.83 1.81 1.80 1.78 1.77 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.66 1.60 1.55 1.49

61.74 9.44 5.18 3.84 3.21 2.84 2.59 2.42 2.30 2.20 2.12 2.06 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.71 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.67 1.61 1.54 1.48 1.42

62.00 9.45 5.18 3.83 3.19 2.82 2.58 2.40 2.28 2.18 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.72 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.57 1.51 1.45 1.38

62.26 9.46 5.17 3.82 3.17 2.80 2.56 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.08 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.69 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.54 1.48 1.41 1.34

62.53 9.47 5.16 3.80 3.16 2.78 2.54 2.36 2.23 2.13 2.05 1.99 1.93 1.89 1.85 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.69 1.67 1.66 1.64 1.63 1.61 1.60 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.51 1.44 1.37 1.30

62.79 9.47 5.15 3.79 3.14 2.76 2.51 2.34 2.21 2.11 2.03 1.96 1.90 1.86 1.82 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.64 1.62 1.61 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.47 1.40 1.32 1.24

63.06 9.48 5.14 3.78 3.12 2.74 2.49 2.32 2.18 2.08 2.00 1.93 1.88 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.67 1.64 1.62 1.60 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.50 1.42 1.35 1.26 1.17

63.33 9.49 5.13 3.76 3.10 2.72 2.47 2.29 2.16 2.06 1.97 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.76 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.53 1.52 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.38 1.29 1.19 1.00

where s12 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common variance σ 2 and based on

m and n degrees of freedom, respectively.

A-93

Percentage Points, F -Distribution

A-94

F (F ) = � n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s12 s22

�

F 0

� � � m+n 2 � � � � mm/2 nn/2 x(m/2)−1 (n + mx) −(m+n)/2 dx = .95 � m2 � 2n

1

2

3

4

5

6

161.4 18.51 10.13 7.71 6.61 5.99 5.59 5.32 5.12 4.96 4.84 4.75 4.67 4.60 4.54 4.49 4.45 4.41 4.38 4.35 4.32 4.30 4.28 4.26 4.24 4.23 4.21 4.20 4.18 4.17 4.08 4.00 3.92 3.84

199.5 19.00 9.55 6.94 5.79 5.14 4.74 4.46 4.26 4.10 3.98 3.89 3.81 3.74 3.68 3.63 3.59 3.55 3.52 3.49 3.47 3.44 3.42 3.40 3.39 3.37 3.35 3.34 3.33 3.32 3.23 3.15 3.07 3.00

215.7 19.16 9.28 6.59 5.41 4.76 4.35 4.07 3.86 3.71 3.59 3.49 3.41 3.34 3.29 3.24 3.20 3.16 3.13 3.10 3.07 3.05 3.03 3.01 2.99 2.98 2.96 2.95 2.93 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.68 2.60

224.6 19.25 9.12 6.39 5.19 4.53 4.12 3.84 3.63 3.48 3.36 3.26 3.18 3.11 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.93 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.74 2.73 2.71 2.70 2.69 2.61 2.53 2.45 2.37

230.2 19.30 9.01 6.26 5.05 4.39 3.97 3.69 3.48 3.33 3.20 3.11 3.03 2.96 2.90 2.85 2.81 2.77 2.74 2.71 2.68 2.66 2.64 2.62 2.60 2.59 2.57 2.56 2.55 2.53 2.45 2.37 2.29 2.21

234.0 19.33 8.94 6.16 4.95 4.28 3.87 3.58 3.37 3.22 3.09 3.00 2.92 2.85 2.79 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.63 2.60 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.49 2.47 2.46 2.45 2.43 2.42 2.34 2.25 2.17 2.10

=

S1 S2 / , m n

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

∞

236.8 19.35 8.89 6.09 4.88 4.21 3.79 3.50 3.29 3.14 3.01 2.91 2.83 2.76 2.71 2.66 2.61 2.58 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.46 2.44 2.42 2.40 2.39 2.37 2.36 2.35 2.33 2.25 2.17 2.09 2.01

238.9 19.37 8.85 6.04 4.82 4.15 3.73 3.44 3.23 3.07 2.95 2.85 2.77 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.55 2.51 2.48 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.37 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.31 2.29 2.28 2.27 2.18 2.10 2.02. 1.94

240.5 19.38 8.81 6.00 4.77 4.10 3.68 3.39 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.80 2.71 2.65 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.46 2.42 2.39 2.37 2.34 2.32 2.30 2.28 2.27 2.25 2.24 2.22 2.21 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.88

241.9 19.40 8.79 5.96 4.74 4.06 3.64 3.35 3.14 2.98 2.85 2.75 2.67 2.60 2.54 2.49 2.45 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.32 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.24 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.18 2.16 2.08 1.99 1.91 1.83

243.9 19.41 8.74 5.91 4.68 4.00 3.57 3.28 3.07 2.91 2.79 2.69 2.60 2.53 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.25 2.23 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.15 2.13 2.12 2.10 2.09 2.00 1.92 1.83 1.75

245.9 19.43 8.70 5.86 4.62 3.94 3.51 3.22 3.01 2.85 2.72 2.62 2.53 2.46 2.40 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.23 2.20 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07 2.06 2.04 2.03 2.01 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.67

248.0 19.45 8.66 5.80 4.56 3.87 3.44 3.15 2.94 2.77 2.65 2.54 2.46 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.16 2.12 2.10 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.94 1.93 1.84 1.75 1.66 1.57

249.1 19.45 8.64 5.77 4.53 3.84 3.41 3.12 2.90 2.74 2.61 2.51 2.42 2.35 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.90 1.89 1.79 1.70 1.61 1.52

250.1 19.46 8.62 5.75 4.50 3.81 3.38 3.08 2.86 2.70 2.57 2.47 2.38 2.31 2.25 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.07 2.04 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.88 1.87 1.85 1.84 1.74 1.65 1.55 1.46

251.1 19.47 8.59 5.72 4.46 3.77 3.34 3.04 2.83 2.66 2.53 2.43 2.34 2.27 2.20 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 1.99 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.84 1.82 1.81 1.79 1.69 1.59 1.50 1.39

252.2 19.48 8.57 5.69 4.43 3.74 3.30 3.01 2.79 2.62 2.49 2.38 2.30 2.22 2.16 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.98 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.82 1.80 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.74 1.64 1.53 1.43 1.32

253.3 19.49 8.55 5.66 4.40 3.70 3.27 2.97 2.75 2.58 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.90 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.70 1.68 1.58 1.47 1.35 1.22

254.3 19.50 8.53 5.63 4.36 3.67 3.23 2.93 2.71 2.54 2.40 2.30 2.21 2.13 2.07 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.88 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.73 1.71 1.69 1.67 1.65 1.64 1.62 1.51 139 1.25 1.00

where s12 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common variance σ 2 and based on

m and n degrees of freedom, respectively.


F (F ) = � n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s12 s22

A-95 �

F 0


1

2

3

4

5

6

647.8 38.51 17.44 12.22 10.01 8.81 8.07 7.57 7.21 6.94 6.72 6.55 6.41 6.30 6.20 6.12 6.04 5.98 5.92 5.87 5.83 5.79 5.75 5.72 5.69 5.66 5.63 5.61 5.59 5.57 5.42 5.29 5.15 5.02

799.5 39.00 16.04 10.65 8.43 7.26 6.54 6.06 5.71 5.46 5.26 5.10 4.97 4.86 4.77 4.69 4.62 4.56 4.51 4.46 4.42 4.38 4.35 4.32 4.29 4.27 4.24 4.22 4.20 4.18 4.05 3.93 3.80 3.69

864.2 39.17 15.44 9.98 7.76 6.60 5.89 5.42 5.08 4.83 4.63 4.47 4.35 4.24 4.15 4.08 4.01 3.95 3.90 3.86 3.82 3.78 3.75 3.72 3.69 3.67 3.65 3.63 3.61 3.59 3.46 3.34 3.23 3.12

899.6 39.25 15.10 9.60 7.39 6.23 5.52 5.05 4.72 4.47 4.28 4.12 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.73 3.66 3.61 3.56 3.51 3.48 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.35 3.33 3.31 3.29 3.27 3.25 3.13 3.01 2.89 2.79

921.8 39.30 14.88 9.36 7.15 5.99 5.29 4.82 4.48 4.24 4.04 3.89 3.77 3.66 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.38 3.33 3.29 3.25 3.22 3.18 3.15 3.13 3.10 3.08 3.06 3.04 3.03 2.90 2.79 2.67 2.57

937.1 39.33 14.73 9.20 6.98 5.82 5.12 4.65 4.32 4.07 3.88 3.73 3.60 3.50 3.41 3.34 3.28 3.22 3.17 3.13 3.09 3.05 3.02 2.99 2.97 2.94 2.92 2.90 2.88 2.87 2.74 2.63 2.52 2.41

=

S1 S2 / , m n

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

∞

948.2 39.36 14.62 9.07 6.85 5.70 4.99 4.53 4.20 3.95 3.76 3.61 3.48 3.38 3.29 3.22 3.16 3.10 3.05 3.01 2.97 2.93 2.90 2.87 2.85 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.75 2.62 2.51 2.39 2.29

956.7 39.37 14.54 8.98 6.76 5.60 4.90 4.43 4.10 3.85 3.66 3.51 3.39 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 3.01 2.96 2.91 2.87 2.84 2.81 2.78 2.75 2.73 2.71 2.69 2.67 2.65 2.53 2.41 2.30 2.19

963.3 39.39 14.47 8.90 6.68 5.52 4.82 4.36 4.03 3.78 3.59 3.44 3.31 3.21 3.12 3.05 2.98 2.93 2.88 2.84 2.80 2.76 2.73 2.70 2.68 2.65 2.63 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.45 2.33 2.22 2.11

968.6 39.40 14.42 8.84 6.62 5.46 4.76 4.30 3.96 3.72 3.53 3.37 3.25 3.15 3.06 2.99 2.92 2.87 2.82 2.77 2.73 2.70 2.67 2.64 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.51 2.39 2.27 2.16 2.05

976.7 39.41 14.34 8.75 6.52 5.37 4.67 4.20 3.87 3.62 3.43 3.28 3.15 3.05 2.96 2.89 2.82 2.77 2.72 2.68 2.64 2.60 2.57 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.47 2.45 2.43 2.41 2.29 2.17 2.05 1.94

984.9 39.43 14.25 8.66 6.43 5.27 4.57 4.10 3.77 3.52 3.33 3.18 3.05 2.95 2.86 2.79 2.72 2.67 2.62 2.57 2.53 2.50 2.47 2.44 2.41 2.39 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.31 2.18 2.06 1.94 1.83

993.1 39.45 14.17 8.56 6.33 5.17 4.47 4.00 3.67 3.42 3.23 3.07 2.95 2.84 2.76 2.68 2.62 2.56 2.51 2.46 2.42 2.39 2.36 2.33 2.30 2.28 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.20 2.07 1.94 1.82 1.71

997.2 39.46 14.12 8.51 6.28 5.12 4.42 3.95 3.61 3.37 3.17 3.02 2.89 2.79 2.70 2.63 2.56 2.50 2.45 2.41 2.37 2.33 2.30 2.27 2.24 2.22 2.19 2.17 2.15 2.14 2.01 1.88 1.76 1.64

1001 39.46 14.08 8.46 6.23 5.07 4.36 3.89 3.56 3.31 3.12 2.96 2.84 2.73 2.64 2.57 2.50 2.44 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.24 2.21 2.18 2.16 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07 1.94 1.82 1.69 1.57

1006 39.47 14.04 8.41 6.18 5.01 4.31 3.84 3.51 3.26 3.06 2.91 2.78 2.67 2.59 2.51 2.44 2.38 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.21 2.18 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.03 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.88 1.74 1.61 1.48

1010 39.48 13.99 8.36 6.12 4.96 4.25 3.78 3.45 3.20 3.00 2.85 2.72 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.38 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.14 2.11 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.80 1.67 1.53 1.39

1014 39.49 13.95 8.31 6.07 4.90 4.20 3.73 3.39 3.14 2.94 2.79 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.38 2.32 2.26 2.20 2.16 2.11 2.08 2.04 2.01 1.98 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.72 1.58 1.43 1.27

1018 39.50 13.90 8.26 6.02 4.85 4.14 3.67 3.33 3.08 2.88 2.72 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.13 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.88 1.85 1.83 1.81 1.79 1.64 1.48 1.31 1.00

where s12 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common variance σ 2 and based on m

and n degrees of freedom, respectively.


A-96

F (F ) = � n m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 ∞

F =

s12 s22

1

2

4052 98.50 34.12 21.20 16.26 13.75 12.25 11.26 10.56 10.04 9.65 9.33 9.07 8.86 8.68 8.53 8.40 8.29 8.18 8.10 8.02 7.95 7.88 7.82 7.77 7.72 7.68 7.64 7.60 7.56 7.31 7.08 6.85 6.63

4999.5 5403 99.00 99.17 30.82 29.46 18.00 16.69 13.27 12.06 10.92 9.78 9.55 8.45 8.65 7.59 8.02 6.99 7.56 6.55 7.21 6.22 6.93 5.95 6.70 5.74 6.51 5.56 6.36 5.42 6.23 5.29 6.11 5.18 6.01 5.09 5.93 5.01 5.85 4.94 5.78 4.87 5.72 4.82 5.66 4.76 5.61 4.72 5.57 4.68 5.53 4.64 5.49 4.60 5.45 4.57 5.42 4.54 5.39 4.51 5.18 4.31 4.98 4.13 4.79 3.95 4.61 3.78

=

S1 S2 / , m n

3

�

F 0


4

5

6

5625 99.25 28.71 15.98 11.39 9.15 7.85 7.01 6.42 5.99 5.67 5.41 5.21 5.04 4.89 4.77 4.67 4.58 4.50 4.43 4.37 4.31 4.26 4.22 4.18 4.14 4.11 4.07 4.04 4.02 3.83 3.65 3.48 3.32

5764 99.30 28.24 15.52 10.97 8.75 7.46 6.63 6.06 5.64 5.32 5.06 4.86 4.69 4.56 4.44 4.34 4.25 4.17 4.10 4.04 3.99 3.94 3.90 3.85 3.82 3.78 3.75 3.73 3.70 3.51 3.34 3.17 3.02

5859 99.33 27.91 15.21 10.67 8.47 7.19 6.37 5.80 5.39 5.07 4.82 4.62 4.46 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.01 3.94 3.87 3.81 3.76 3.71 3.67 3.63 3.59 3.56 3.53 3.50 3.47 3.29 3.12 2.96 2.80

7

8

9

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

∞

5928 99.36 27.67 14.98 10.46 8.26 6.99 6.18 5.61 5.20 4.89 4.64 4.44 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.93 3.84 3.77 3.70 3.64 3.59 3.54 3.50 3.46 3.42 3.39 3.36 3.33 3.30 3.12 2.95 2.79 2.64

5982 99.37 27.49 14.80 10.29 8.10 6.84 6.03 5.47 5.06 4.74 4.50 4.30 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.79 3.71 3.63 3.56 3.51 3.45 3.41 3.36 3.32 3.29 3.26 3.23 3.20 3.17 2.99 2.82 2.66 2.51

6022 99.39 27.35 14.66 10.16 7.98 6.72 5.91 5.35 4.94 4.63 4.39 4.19 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.68 3.60 3.52 3.46 3.40 3.35 3.30 3.26 3.22 3.18 3.15 3.12 3.09 3.07 2.89 2.72 2.56 2.41

6056 99.40 27.23 14.55 10.05 7.87 6.62 5.81 5.26 4.85 4.54 4.30 4.10 3.94 3.80 3.69 3.59 3.51 3.43 3.37 3.31 3.26 3.21 3.17 3.13 3.09 3.06 3.03 3.00 2.98 2.80 2.63 2.47 2.32

6106 99.42 27.05 14.37 9.89 7.72 6.47 5.67 5.11 4.71 4.40 4.16 3.96 3.80 3.67 3.55 3.46 3.37 3.30 3.23 3.17 3.12 3.07 3.03 2.99 2.96 2.93 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.66 2.50 2.34 2.18

6157 99.43 26.87 14.20 9.72 7.56 6.31 5.52 4.96 4.56 4.25 4.01 3.82 3.66 3.52 3.41 3.31 3.23 3.15 3.09 3.03 2.98 2.93 2.89 2.85 2.81 2.78 2.75 2.73 2.70 2.52 2.35 2.19 2.04

6209 99.45 26.69 14.02 9.55 7.40 6.16 5.36 4.81 4.41 4.10 3.86 3.66 3.51 3.37 3.26 3.16 3.08 3.00 2.94 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.63 2.60 2.57 2.55 2.37 2.20 2.03 1.88

6235 99.46 26.60 13.93 9.47 7.31 6.07 5.28 4.73 4.33 4.02 3.78 3.59 3.43 3.29 3.18 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.86 2.80 2.75 2.70 2.66 2.62 2.58 2.55 2.52 2.49 2.47 2.29 2.12 1.95 1.79

6261 99.47 26.50 13.84 9.38 7.23 5.99 5.20 4.65 4.25 3.94 3.70 3.51 3.35 3.21 3.10 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.78 2.72 2.67 2.62 2.58 2.54 2.50 2.47 2.44 2.41 2.39 2.20 2.03 1.86 1.70

6287 99.47 26.41 13.75 9.29 7.14 5.91 5.12 4.57 4.17 3.86 3.62 3.43 3.27 3.13 3.02 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.69 2.64 2.58 2.54 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.38 2.35 2.33 2.30 2.11 1.94 1.76 1.59

6313 99.48 26.32 13.65 9.20 7.06 5.82 5.03 4.48 4.08 3.78 3.54 3.34 3.18 3.05 2.93 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.61 2.55 2.50 2.45 2.40 2.36 2.33 2.29 2.26 2.23 2.21 2.02 1.84 1.66 1.47

6339 99.49 26.22 13.56 9.11 6.97 5.74 4.95 4.40 4.00 3.69 3.45 3.25 3.09 2.96 2.84 2.75 2.66 2.58 2.52 2.46 2.40 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.23 2.20 2.17 2.14 2.11 1.92 1.73 1.53 1.32

6366 99.50 26.13 13.46 9.02 6.88 5.65 4.86 4.31 3.91 3.60 3.36 3.17 3.00 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.36 2.31 2.26 2.21 2.17 2.13 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.01 1.80 1.60 1.38 1.00

where s12 = S1 /m and s22 = S2 /n are independent mean squares estimating a common variance σ 2 and based on m

and n degrees of freedom, respectively.

SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA In addition to the primary research journals, there are many useful sources of property data of the type contained in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. A selected list of these is presented here, with emphasis on print and electronic sources whose contents have been subject to a reasonable level of quality control.

A. Data Journals 1. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data — Published jointly by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the American Institute of Physics, this quarterly journal contains compilations of evaluated data in chemistry, physics, and materials science. It is available in print and on the Internet. [ojps.aip.org/jpcrd/] 2. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data — This bimonthly journal of the American Chemical Society publishes articles reporting original experimental measurements carried out under carefully controlled conditions. The main emphasis is on thermochemical and thermophysical properties. Review articles with evaluated data from the literature are also published. [pubs.acs.org/journals/jceaax/index.html] 3. Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics — This journal publishes original research papers that include highly accurate measurements of thermodynamic and thermophysical properties. [www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00219614] 4. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables — This is a bimonthly journal containing compilations of data in atomic physics, nuclear physics, and related fields. [www.science direct.com/science/journal/0092640X] 5. Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion — This journal presents critically evaluated phase diagrams and related data on alloy systems. It is published by ASM International and is the successor to the previous ASM periodical Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams. [www.asm-intl.org]

B. Data Centers

This section lists selected organizations that perform a continuing function of compiling and critically evaluating data in specific fields of science. 1. National Institute of Standards and Technology — Under its Standard Reference Data program, NIST supports a number of data centers in chemistry, physics, and materials science. Topics covered include thermodynamics, fluid properties, chemical kinetics, mass spectroscopy, atomic spectroscopy, fundamental physical constants, ceramics, and crystallography. Address: Office of Standard Reference Data, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 [www.nist.gov/srd/]. 2. Thermodynamics Research Center — Now located at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, TRC maintains an extensive archive of data covering thermodynamic, thermochemical, and transport properties of organic compounds and mixtures. Data are distributed in both print and electronic form. Address: Mail code 838.00, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305-3328 [www.trc.nist.gov]. 3. Design Institute for Physical Property Data — Under the auspices of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers [www.aiche.org/dippr/], DIPPR offers evaluated data on industrially important chemical compounds. The largest project deals with physical, thermodynamic, and transport

properties of pure compounds. Address: Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 [dippr.byu.edu]. 4. Dortmund Data Bank — Maintains extensive databases on thermodynamic and transport properties of pure compounds and mixtures of industrial interest. The data are distributed through DECHEMA, FIZ CHEMIE, and other outlets. An abbreviated database system is also available for educational use. Address: DDBST GmbH, Industriestr. 1, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany [www.ddbst.de]. 5. Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre — Maintains the Cambridge Structural Database of over 350,000 organic compounds. The data files and manipulation software are distributed in several ways. Address: 12 Union Rd., Cambridge CB2 1EZ, U.K. [www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk]. 6. FIZ Karlsruhe — In addition to many bibliographic databases, FIZ Karlsruhe maintains the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The ICSD contains the atomic coordinates and related data on over 50,000 inorganic crystals. Address: Fachinformationszentrum (FIZ) Karlsruhe, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 EggensteinLeopoldshafen, Germany [www.fiz-karlsruhe.de]. 7. International Centre for Diffraction Data — Maintains and distributes the Powder Diffraction File (PDF), a file of over 500,000 X-ray powder diffraction patterns used for identification of crystalline materials. The ICDD also distributes the NIST Crystal Data file, which contains lattice parameters for over 235,000 inorganic, organic, metal, and mineral crystalline materials. Address: 12 Campus Blvd., Newton Square, PA 19073-3273 [www.icdd.com]. 8. Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics — Maintains the Protein Data Bank (PDB), a file of 3dimensional structures of proteins and other biological macromolecules. Address: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8087 [www.rcsb.org]. 9. Toth Information Systems — Maintains the Metals Crystallographic Data File (CRYSTMET). Address: 2045 Quincy Ave., Gloucester, ON, Canada K1J 6B2 [www.toth canada.com]. 10. Atomic Mass Data Center — Collects and evaluates high-precision data on masses of individual isotopes and maintains a comprehensive database. Address: C.S.N.S.M (IN2P3-CNRS), Batiment 108, F-91405 Orsay Campus, France [www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc]. 11. Particle Data Group — International center for data of high-energy physics; maintains a database of properties of fundamental particles that is published in both print and electronic form. Address: MS 50-308, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 [pdg.lbl.gov]. 12. National Nuclear Data Center — Maintains databases on nuclear structure and reactions, including neutron cross sections. The NNDC is the U.S. node in an international network of nuclear data centers. Address: Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000 [www.nndc.bnl.gov]. B-1

B-2 13. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry — Address: PO Box 13757, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3757 [www.iupac.org]. IUPAC supports a number of long-term data projects, including these examples: a. Solubility Data Project — Carries out evaluation of all types of solubility data. The results are published in the Solubility Data Series, whose current outlet is the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. [www.iupac.org/divisions/V/cp5.html] b. Kinetic Data for Atmospheric Chemistry — Maintains a comprehensive database on the kinetics of reactions important in the chemistry of the atmosphere. [www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/] c. International Thermodynamic Tables for the Fluid State — Prepares definitive tables of the thermodynamic properties of industrially important fluids. Thirteen volumes have been published by IUPAC. [www.iupac.org/publications/books/seriestitles/] d. Stability Constants Database — Collection of metal-ligand stability constants and associated software. [www.acadsoft.co.uk]

C. Major Multi-Volume Handbook Series 1. Chapman & Hall/CRC Chemical Dictionaries — These originally appeared in print form as the Dictionary of Organic Compounds, Dictionary of Natural Products, etc. They are now published in electronic form and are available in CDROM format [www.crcpress.com] and on the Internet [www.chemnetbase.com]. The consolidated version, called the Combined Chemical Dictionary, has data on more than 450,000 compounds spanning all branches of chemistry. The coverage includes physical properties, biological sources, hazard information, uses, and literature references. 2. Properties of Organic Compounds — Originally published in three editions as the Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, it is now in electronic form as Properties of Organic Compounds. The database includes about 30,000 compounds; physical properties and spectral data (mass, infrared, Raman, ultraviolet, and NMR) are covered. It is offered as CDROM [www.crcpress.com] and by Web access [www.chemnetbase.com]. 3. Beilstein Handbook of Organic Chemistry — The classic source of data on organic compounds, dating from the 19th century, Beilstein was converted to electronic form in the last decade of the 20th century. Over 8 million compounds and 10 million chemical reactions are now covered, with a broad range of physical properties as well as synthetic methods and ecological data. The database is accessed by the CrossFire software [www.mdli.com]. 4. Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry — A subset of the information in the print series has been converted to electronic form and is now distributed in the same manner as Beilstein. In addition to the standard physical properties, the coverage includes a wide range of optical, magnetic, spectroscopic, thermal, and transport properties for about 1.4 million compounds [www.mdli.com]. 5. DECHEMA Chemical Data Series — DECHEMA distributes the DETHERM database, which emphasizes data used in process design in the chemical industry, including thermodynamic and transport properties of about 20,000 pure compounds and 90,000 mixtures. Access is available

Sources of Physical and Chemical Data through in-house databases and via the Internet [www. dechema.de]. 6. Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology — LandoltBörnstein covers a very broad range of data in physics, chemistry, crystallography, materials science, biophysics, astronomy, and geophysics. Hard-copy volumes in the New Series (started in 1961) are still being published, and the entire New Series is now accessible on the Internet [www.landolt-boernstein.com].

D. Selected Single-Volume Handbooks

The following handbooks offer broad coverage of high-quality data in a single volume. This list is only representative; an extensive listing of handbooks in all fields of science may be found in Handbooks and Tables in Science and Technology, Third Edition (Russell H. Powell, ed., Oryx Press, Westport, CT, 1994). 1. American Institute of Physics Handbook — Although an old book, it contains much data that are still useful, especially in acoustics, mechanics, optics, and solid state physics. (Dwight E. Gray, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972) 2. Constants of Inorganic Substances — This book presents physical constants, thermodynamic data, solubility, reactivity, and other information on over 3000 inorganic compounds. Since it draws heavily on Russian literature, it contains a great deal of data that do not make their way into most U.S. handbooks. (R. A. Lidin, L. L. Andreeva, and V. A. Molochko, Begell House, New York, 1995) 3. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics — Now in the 88th Edition, the CRC Handbook covers data from most branches of chemistry and physics. The annual revisions permit regular updating of the information. Also available on CDROM [www.crcpress.com] and the Web [hbcpnetbase.com]. (David R. Lide, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007) 4. Handbook of Inorganic Compounds — This book covers physical constants and solubility for about 3300 inorganic compounds. Also available on CDROM [www.crcpress. com]. (Dale L. Perry and Sidney L. Phillips, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995) 5. Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases — This is a valuable source of data on all types of fluids, ranging from liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons to molten metals and ionized gases. Detailed tables of physical, thermodynamic, and transport properties are given for temperatures from the cryogenic region to 6000 K. Western and Russian literature is covered. (N. B. Vargaftik, Y. K. Vinogradov, and V. S. Yargin, Begell House, New York, 1996) 6. Handbook of Physical Quantities — The range of coverage is somewhat similar to the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, but with a stronger emphasis on physics than on chemistry. Solid state physics, lasers, nuclear physics, geophysics, and astronomy receive considerable attention. (Igor S. Grigoriev and Evgenii Z. Meilikhov, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997) 7. Kaye & Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants — Kaye & Laby dates from 1911, and the 16th Edition was prepared in 1995 by a committee of experts. The coverage extends to almost every field of physics and chemistry; data on a limited number of representative substances or materials are given for each topic. (Longman Group Limited, Harlow, Essex, U.K., 1995)

Sources of Physical and Chemical Data 8. Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry — Provides broad coverage of chemical data; last updated in 2005. Also available on the Web [www.knovel.com]. (James G. Speight, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2005) 9. Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties — This IUPAC book emphasizes highly accurate data on substances and materials that can be used as calibration standards. It covers physical, thermal, optical, and electrical properties. (K. N. Marsh, ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987) 10. The Merck Index — Now in its 14th Edition (published in 2006), The Merck Index is a widely used source of data on over 10,000 compounds, chosen particularly for their importance in biology, medicine, and ecology. A short mono-

Web Site ACD/Labs Spectral Data

B-3 graph on each compound gives information on the synthesis and uses as well as physical and toxicological properties. A CD-ROM accompanies the book. (Maryadele J. O’Neil, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Indianapolis, IN, 2006)

E. Summary of Useful Web Sites for Physical and Chemical Properties

Most of the Web sites in the following list provide direct access to factual data on physical and chemical properties. However, the list also includes portals that link to different property databases or describe the procedure for gaining access to electronic sources of property data. There are also a few chemical directory sites that are useful for obtaining formulas, synonyms, and registry numbers for substances of interest.

Acronyms and Symbols

Address www.acdlabs.com/products/spec_lab/exp_ spectra/UV_ir/ www3.interscience.wiley.com/stasa/

Advanced Chemistry Development

www.acdlabs.com

Alloy Center

products.asminternational.org/alloycenter/

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database Atomic Mass Data Center Beilstein

www.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/amcsd.php

Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database BioCyc BioInfo Bank Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database BRENDA Cambridge Structural Database Carbon Dioxide Information Center Ceramic Properties Databases Chapman & Hall/CRC Combined Chemical Dictionary ChemExper

Comments Infrared and Raman spectra collections from Coblentz Society and other sources Free service; useful for identifying acronyms for chemicals Chemical directory, with programs for estimating physical and spectral properties Physical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of alloys Lattice constants of minerals

www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc www.mdl.com/products/knowledge/crossfire_ beilstein/ umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/

See B.10 See C.3

www.chemexper.com/

Consolidated chemical catalogs from various suppliers; provides physical properties and safety data; links to molfiles and MSDS Chemical directory, with links to several property databases Useful for associating chemical names and acronyms

Biocatalytic reactions, biodegradation of chemical compounds biocyc.org/ Metabolic pathways of microorganisms gibk26.bse.kyutech.ac.jp/jouhou/jouhoubank.html Portal to ProTherm (protein thermodynamics), ProNit (protein–nucleic acid interactions), biomolecule structures xpdb.hist.gov:8060/BMCD4/ Crystal data and crystallization conditions for proteins, nucleic acids, and complexes www.brenda.uni-koeln.de Enzyme nomenclature and properties www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk See B.5 cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ Data on atmospheric carbon dioxide www.ceramics.org/cic/propertiesdb.asp Mechanical, thermal, and other properties of ceramic materials www.chemnetbase.com/scripts/ccdweb.exe See C.1

Chemfinder

www.chemfinder.com

Chemical Acronyms Database Chemical Information Sources–Physical Property Information ChemIDplus ChemIndustry CHEMnetBASE

www.oscar.chem.indiana.edu/cfdocs/libchem/ acronyms/acronymsearch.html cheminfo.informatics.indiana.edu/cicc/cis/index. php/Physical_Property_Information chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/ www.chemindustry.com/chemicals/ www.chemnetbase.com

ChemWeb Databases CODATA Databases

www.chemweb.com/content/databases www.codata.org/resources/databases/index.html

Crystallography Open Database (COD)

www.crystallography.net

Extensive listing of print and electronic sources of chemical data Chemical directory Chemical directory Portal to C&H/CRC Chemical Dictionaries, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Properties of Organic Compounds, etc. Portal to databases from John Wiley and others Thermodynamic key values and fundamental constants Crystal data on 12,000 compounds

Sources of Physical and Chemical Data

B-4 Web Site DECHEMA (DETHERM) DIPPR Pure Compound Database Dortmund Data Bank Enzyme Nomenclature Database European Bioinformatics Institute

Address www.dechema.de dippr.byu.edu www.ddbst.de www.expasy.ch/enzyme/ www.ebi.ac.uk/Databases/

FDM Reference Spectra Databases FIZ Chemie Berlin

www.fdmspectra.com/ www.fiz-chemie.de

FIZ Karlsruhe — ICSD Fundamental Physical Constants Gmelin

www.fiz-karlsruhe.de physics.nist.gov/constants www.mdli.com/products/knowledge/crossfire_ gmelin/ hbcpnetbase.com toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Hazardous Substances Data Bank HITRAN Database Infotherm International Centre for Diffraction Data International Spectroscopic Data Bank Ionic Liquids Database (ILThermo) Ionic Liquids Catalogue IUBMB IUCr Data Activities IUPAC Home Page IUPAC Kinetics Data IUPAC Nomenclature Rules IUPAC-NIST Solubility Database Klotho Biochemical Compounds Declarative Database Knovel.com

Comments See C.5 See B.3 See B.4 IUBMB nomenclature for enzymes Nucleotide and protein sequences, protein structures, enzyme nomenclature and reactions Infrared, Raman, and mass spectra Portal to DETHERM (C.5), Dortmund Data Bank (B.4), Infotherm See B.6 CODATA fundamental constants See C.4

Web version of CRC Handbook Physical and toxicological properties of chemicals of health or environmental importance cfa-www.harvard.edu/hitran/ High resolution spectroscopic data for constituents of the atmosphere; parameters for calculating atmospheric transmission www.fiz-chemie.de/infotherm/servlet/ Physical and thermal properties of pure compounds infothermsearch and mixtures www.icdd.com See B.7 www.is-db.org All types of spectra, deposited by users. Access is free ilthermo.boulder.nist.gov/ Thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of ionic liquids and mixtures ildb.merck.de/ionicliquids/en/startpage.htm Miscibility and other properties of organic liquids www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iubmb/ Enzyme and nucleic acid nomenclature www.iucr.org/iucr-top/data/index.html#database3 Portal to crystallographic databases www.iupac.org See B.13 www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/ See B.13.b www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/ Useful site for organic and biochemical nomenclature srdata.nist.gov/solubility/ See B.13.a www.biocheminfo.org/klotho/ Structure diagrams of biochemical molecules www.knovel.com

Landolt-Börnstein Online Lipidat

www.landolt-boernstein.com www.lipidat.chemistry.ohio-state.edu/

MatWeb

www.matweb.com

Metals Crystallographic Data File NASA Chemical Kinetics Data

www.tothcanada.com jpldataeval.jpl.nasa.gov

National Center for Biotechnology Information National Nuclear Data Center National Toxicology Program NIST Atomic Spectra Database

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

NIST Ceramics Webbook NIST Chemistry Webbook

www.nndc.bnl.gov ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/contents-atomic. html www.ceramics.nist.gov/ webbook.nist.gov

NIST Data Gateway NIST Physical Reference Data

srdata.nist.gov/gateway/ physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/

NLM Gateway NMR Shift DB Nucleic Acid Database Particle Data Group Polymers — A Property Database Powder Diffraction File

gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd www.nmrshiftdb.org ndbserver.rutgers.edu/ pdg.lbl.gov www.polymersdatabase.com/ www.icdd.com

Portal to Lange’s Handbook, Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, etc. See C.6 Structures and thermodynamic properties of lipids; crystal polymorphic transitions Thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of engineering materials See B.9 Kinetic and photochemical data for stratospheric modeling Portal to GenBank and other sequence databases See B.12 Chemical health and safety data Energy levels, wavelengths, and transition probabilities of atoms and atomic ions See B.1 Broad range of physical, thermal, and spectral properties Portal to all NIST data systems; see B.1 Atomic and molecular spectra, cross sections, X-ray attenuation, and dosimetry data Portal to all National Library of Medicine databases NMR data submitted by users Crystal structures of nucleic acids See B.11 Properties of commercial polymers See B.7

Sources of Physical and Chemical Data Web Site Properties of Organic Compounds Protein Data Bank PubChem

Address www.chemnetbase.com/scripts/pocweb.exe www.rcsb.org pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

Sigma-Aldrich

www.sigmaaldrich.com/

Spectral Database for Organic Compounds SpecInfo

www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/

Spectra Online SPRESI-web STN Easy

www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/ mrwhome/109609148/HOME www.ftirsearch.com/ www.spresi.de/ stneasy.cas.org

STN Easy-Europe STN Easy-Japan Swissprot Syracuse Research Corporation Table of Isotopes

stneasy.fiz-karlsruhe.de stneasy-japan.cas.org bo.expasy.org/enzyme/ www.syrres.com/esc/databases.htm ie.lbl.gov/education/isotopes.htm

Thermodynamics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions Thermodynamics Research Center TOXNET

xpdb.nist.gov/enzyme_thermodynamics/ www.trc.nist.gov toxnet.nlm.nih.gov

Wiley Interscience

www3.interscience.wiley.com/reference.html

B-5 Comments See C.2 See B.8 Chemical directory with links to biological information Chemical catalogs; includes some physical property data MS, NMR, IR, Raman, and ESR spectra; 32,000 compounds measured at AIST, Japan IR, NMR, and mass spectra FTIR and Raman spectra Structures, reactions, and some physical properties Chemical directory (and access to Chemical Abstracts databases) European node of STN Easy Japanese node of STN Easy Enzyme nomenclature and related information Properties of environmental interest Nuclear energy levels, moments, and other properties Equilibrium constants of biochemical reactions See B.2 Portal to HSDB and other databases on hazardous chemicals Portal to Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, SpecInfo Database, etc.

Tables Relocated or Removed from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st through 87th Editions The following tables appeared in previous editions of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics but have been removed, retitled, or rearranged in subsequent editions. In many cases, some or all of the information contained in the original table has been incorporated, in updated form, in a different table (or tables). In such cases the appropriate page references to the 88th Edition (2007-2008) are given in the last column, and the older table should be considered obsolete. The last edition in which the older table appeared is indicated. Scanned versions of the tables that have not been replaced by newer tables follow this list. It should be emphasized, however, that some of the information in these older tables may be obsolete.

Table Title

Last Ed.

Abbreviations Used in Polymerization Processes Absorption and Velocity of Sound in Still Air Allowable Carrying Capacities of Conductors Aluminum Wire Table Biochemical Symbols and Abbreviations Boiling Point Index of Organic Compounds Brazing Filler Metals (Solders) Chemical Composition of Rocks Classification of Comparative Life Hazards of Gases and Vapors Constants for Satellite Geodesy Cross-Section and Mass of Wires Density and Composition of Fuming Sulfuric Acid Diamagnetic Susceptibility Data on Organosilicon Compounds Diffusivities of Metallic Solutes in Molten Metals Diffusivities of Metallic Tracers in Mercury Dissociation Constants of Acids in Water at Various Temperatures Dissociation Constants of Aqueous Ammonia from 0 to 50°C Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids in Aqueous Solution Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Bases in Aqueous Solution at 298 K Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution Efficacies and Other Characteristics of Illuminants Efficiency of Drying Agents Emergent Stem Corrections for Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers Emissivity of Total Radiation for Various Materials Emissivity of Tungsten Fats and Oils Gibbs Energy of Formation of Metal Oxides Heat Capacity of Liquids and Gases at 25°C Heat Capacity of Mercury Index of Refraction of Fused Quartz Index of Refraction of Rock Salt, Sylvine, Calcite, Fluorite, and Quartz Introduction to X-Ray Cross Sections Ion Exchange Resins Isothermal Compressibility of Liquids Kinetic and Photochemical Data for Atmospheric Chemistry Kinetic Data for Combustion Modelling Lattice Constants for Cubic Crystals Lattice Spacing of Common Analyzing Crystals Lowering of Vapor Pressure by Salts in Aqueous Solution Magnetic Rotatory Power Melting Point Index of Organic Compounds Minerals Arranged in Order of Increasing Vickers Hardness Numbers

75 Ed. 76 Ed. 75 Ed. 75 Ed. 77 Ed. 83 Ed. 75 Ed. 73 Ed. 76 Ed. 74 Ed. 75 Ed. 75 Ed. 74 Ed. 76 Ed. 75 Ed. 74 Ed. 74 Ed. 74 Ed. 74 Ed. 74 Ed. 74 Ed. 76 Ed. 76 Ed. 75 Ed. 77 Ed. 77 Ed. 76 Ed. 77 Ed. 76 Ed. 73 Ed. 76 Ed. 76 Ed. 74 Ed. 77 Ed. 76 Ed. 79 Ed. 79 Ed. 76 Ed. 76 Ed. 77 Ed. 74 Ed. 83 Ed 75 Ed.

Molecular Depression of the Freezing Point Molecular Elevation of the Boiling Point Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Nomograph and Table for Doppler Linewidths Optical Properties of Metals Organic Compounds Listed in Order of Index of Refraction

75 Ed. 75 Ed. 74 Ed. 74 Ed. 76 Ed. 73 Ed. 74 Ed.

Comments

Removed; general abbreviations in 88 Ed., p. 2-25 Updated; see 88 Ed., p. 14-41, 14-42 Removed Data included in 88 Ed., p. 15-37 See 88 Ed., p. 2-13 (references only) Searching available in Internet and CDROM versions Removed Removed Removed Removed Data included in 88 Ed., p. 15-37 Removed Removed Removed Removed Removed Removed See 88 Ed., p. 8-40 (acids and bases combined) See 88 Ed., p. 8-40 (acids and bases combined) See 88 Ed., p. 8-42 (acids and bases combined) See 88 Ed., p. 8-42 (acids and bases combined) Removed Removed Removed Removed Removed Removed Included in comprehensive table of thermodynamic properties; see 88 Ed., p. 5-4 Included in comprehensive table of thermodynamic properties; see 88 Ed., p. 5-4 Included with other thermal properties of mercury; see 88 Ed., p. 6-141 See 88 Ed., p. 10-250 See 88 Ed., p. 4-149 Removed Removed Data included in 88 Ed., p. 6-129 See 88 Ed., p. 5-87 (emphasis on stratospheric chemistry) Removed from book; still present in electronic versions Removed; some data included in 88 Ed., p. 4-156 Removed Removed; related data in 88 Ed., p. 6-99 Removed Searching available in Internet and CDROM versions See 88 Ed., p. 12-216, for hardness of minerals and ceramics (Mohs and Knoop scales); can be sorted in electronic versions. See 88 Ed., p. 15-28 See 88 Ed., p. 15-27 See 88 Ed., p. 2-13 (references only), 2-14 See 88 Ed., p. 2-13 (references only) Removed See 88 Ed., p. 12-120 Removed; electronic versions permit sorting in this order.

Oxygen Solubility in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions Physical and Photometric Data for Planets and Satellites Physical Constants of Clear Fused Quartz Physical Constants of Minerals Platinum Wire Properties of Carbohydrates Properties of Large Production and Priority Organic Pollutants Properties of Sulfuric Acid Properties of Tungsten Radiative Transition Probabilities for X-Ray Lines Radioactive Tracer Diffusion Data for Pure Metals Recommended Daily Dietary Allowances Reduction of Barometer to Sea Level Refractory Materials Resistance of Wires Resistivity of Semiconducting Minerals Solvents for Liquid Chromatography Spark-Gap Voltages Specific Heat and Enthalpy of Some Solids at Low Temperature Spectral Emissivity Spectral Emissivity of Oxides Standard Test Sieves and Mesh Size Conversion Standard Types of Stainless and Heat Resisting Steels Steam Tables Steroid Hormones and Other Steroidal Synthetics Sublimation Pressure for Organic Compounds Surface Tension of Liquid Elements Temperature Correction for Barometer Readings Temperature Correction for Glass Volumetric Apparatus Temperature Correction for Volumetric Solutions Temperature Correction, Glass Scale Temperature Dependence of the Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids The Earth: Its Mass, Dimensions, and Other Related Quantities The Limits of Superheat of Pure Liquids The pH of Natural Media and its Relation to Precipitation of Hydroxides Thermal Conductivity of Certain Metals Thermal Conductivity of Rocks Thermal Conductivity of the Elements Total Monthly Solar Radiation in a Cloudless Sky Transmission of Corning Colored Filters Transmission of Light by Common Optical Materials Transmission of Wratten Filters Ultraviolet Spectra of Common Liquids Units, Symbols, and Equations for Radiometric and Photometric Quantities Values for the Langevin Function Vapor Pressure at Elevated Temperatures Vapor Pressure in the Range -25°C to 150°C Velocity of Sound in Dry Air Velocity of Sound in Various Media Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions Weight of One Gallon of Water Wire Table:Standard Annealed Copper Wire Tables:Comparison of Wire Gauges X-Ray Crystallographic Data on Inorganic Substances and Minerals X-Ray Wavelengths

76 Ed. 74 Ed. 76 Ed. 75 Ed. 73 Ed. 77 Ed. 77 Ed. 75 Ed. 76 Ed. 77 Ed. 75 Ed. 77 Ed. 75 Ed. 76 Ed. 75 Ed. 73 Ed. 78 Ed. 73 Ed. 73 Ed. 76 Ed. 76 Ed. 75 Ed. 74 Ed. 79 Ed. 76 Ed. 73 Ed. 73 Ed. 75 Ed. 75 Ed. 75 Ed 73 Ed. 78 Ed. 74 Ed. 76 Ed. 73 Ed. 73 Ed. 73 Ed. 73 Ed. 76 Ed. 74 Ed. 76 Ed. 74 Ed. 77 Ed. 77 Ed. 77 Ed. 77 Ed. 77 Ed. 76 Ed. 77 Ed. 78 Ed. 75 Ed. 75 Ed. 75 Ed. 76 Ed. 76 Ed.

Removed Related data included in 88 Ed., p. 14-2, 14-4 Removed See 88 Ed., p. 4-149, for physical & optical properties Data included in 88 Ed., p. 15-37 Removed as separate table; data included in 88 Ed., p. 3-1 to 3-523 See 88 Ed., p. 6-61, 8-85, 16-41 for the data in this table Removed; for density, see 88 Ed., p. 15-40 Removed Removed Removed Removed Removed Some data included in 88 Ed., p. 12-207 See 88 Ed., p. 15-37 Data included in 88 Ed., pp. 12-77 to 89 Removed; data included in other tables on solvents Removed Removed Removed Removed Removed Removed Replaced by 88 Ed., p. 6-14 Removed as separate table; data included in 88 Ed., p. 3-1 to 3-523 See 88 Ed., p. 6-59 Removed See 88 Ed., p. 15-30 Removed Removed Removed See 88 Ed., p. 6-148 (Temperature dependence included in general table of permittivity) Updated table in 88 Ed., p. 14-9 Removed See 88 Ed., p. 8-37 See 88 Ed., p. 12-200, 12-202, 12-204 Removed; certain data included in 88 Ed., p. 12-207 See 88 Ed., p. 12-200 & 12-202 for solid elements; 6-200 for gases. Removed; related data in 88 Ed., p. 14-25 Removed See 88 Ed., p. 10-250 Removed Removed Removed (this information is contained in 88 Ed., p. 2-1 and 2-25) Removed See 88 Ed., p. 6-61 See 88 Ed., p. 6-61 See 88 Ed., p. 14-42 See 88 Ed., p. 14-39 See 88 Ed., p. 8-52 See 88 Ed., p. 8-134 for related data See 88 Ed., p. 15-37 See 88 Ed., p. 15-37 See 88 Ed., p. 4-156 Removed

Index

The most efficient way to use this index is to look for the pertinent property (e.g., va‑ por pressure, entropy), process (e.g., disposal of chemicals, calibration), or general concept (e.g., units, radiation). Most primary entries are subdivided into several secondary entries, e.g., under heat capacity there are 17 secondary entries such as air, metals, water, etc. Primary entries will be found for certain classes of substances, such as alloys, elements, organic compounds, refrigerants, semiconductors, etc. Primary entries are also given for the individual chemical elements and for a few compounds such as water and carbon dioxide. However, only the most important tables are listed under these substances. Therefore, the user will find in most cases that it is best to look first for the property of interest, then examine the table or tables that are referenced. Entries in boldface type are the titles of tables as they appear in the Table of Contents. The reference given for each index term is the inclusive pages of the pertinent table (e.g., 8‑45 to 55). The introduction to each table describes the method of ordering the substances within that table. The editor would be grateful for comments and suggestions on this index.

Index A AAS, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Abbreviations amino acids, 7‑3 to 4 physical quantities, 2‑1 to 12 scientific terms, 2‑25 to 35 units, 1‑18 to 21 Absorption infrared, by Earth’s atmosphere, 14‑26 light, by elemental solids, 12‑120 to 144 light, by other solids, 12‑145 to 163 microwave power, by water, 6‑17 sound, by air, 14‑41 Abundance of Elements in the Earth’s Crust and in the Sea, 14‑17 Abundance, isotopic, 1‑9 to 12, 11‑56 to 209 Acceleration Due to Gravity, 14‑12 Acceleration due to gravity at poles and equator, 14‑9 to 10 at various latitudes, 14‑12 on the sun, moon, and planets, 14‑2 to 3 standard value, 1‑1 to 6 Acid‑Base Indicators, 8‑15 to 17 Acid dissociation constant amino acids, 7‑1 to 2 biological buffers, 7‑16 indicators, 8‑15 to 17 inorganic acids and bases, 8‑40 to 41 organic acids and bases, 8‑42 to 51 purine and pyrimidine bases, 7‑5 Acid rain, pH measurement, 8‑37 to 38 Acids activity coefficients, 5‑79 to 80, 5‑81 to 84 decinormal solutions, 8‑5 to 6 electrical conductivity, 5‑72 enthalpy of dilution, 5‑85 fatty, 7‑7 indicators, 8‑15 to 17 inorganic, dissociation constant, 8‑40 to 41 organic, dissociation constant, 8‑42 to 51 Acoustics human hearing, 14‑44 to 45 musical scales, 14‑43 noise levels, 14‑44 to 45 sound velocity, 14‑39 to 40, 14‑41, 14‑42 Acronyms, definitions, 2‑25 to 35 Actinium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 Activation energy atmospheric reactions, 5‑87 to 98 diffusion in semiconductors, 12‑96 to 103 Activity coefficients, 5‑79 to 80, 5‑81 to 84 Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and salts, 5‑79 to 80 AES, definition, 12‑1 to 4 AFM, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Air absorption of sound, 14‑41 cryogenic properties, 6‑131

density, 6‑1 to 3 diffusion of gases in, 6‑207 to 208 enthalpy, 6‑1 to 3 entropy, 6‑1 to 3 heat capacity, 6‑1 to 3 index of refraction, 10‑253 mean free path, 6‑37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6‑170 speed of sound, 14‑41 speed of sound, as function of temperature, 14‑42 thermal conductivity, 6‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 6‑1 to 3 U.S. standard atmosphere, 14‑19 to 24 vapor pressure, 6‑1 to 3 viscosity, 6‑190 Airborne contaminants, threshold limits, 16‑29 to 40 Albedo planets, 14‑2 to 3 satellites of the planets, 14‑4 to 5 ALI for radionuclides, 16‑47 to 50 Alkali halides, secondary electron emission, 12‑119 Alkali hydroxide solutions, viscosity and density, 6‑197 Alkali metals: see entries for Lithium, Sodium, etc. Allocation of Frequencies in the Radio Spectrum, 15‑50 to 51 Alloys composition, 12‑104 to 112 electrical resistivity, 12‑41 to 43 eutectic temperatures, 15‑36 magnetic properties, 12‑104 to 112 phase diagrams, 12‑181 to 198 superconducting properties, 12‑56 to 71 thermal conductivity, 12‑204 Alloys, commercial electrical resistivity, 12‑215 mechanical and thermal properties, 12‑215 thermal conductivity, 12‑204 Alphabets: Greek, Russian, Hebrew, 2‑36 Aluminum: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135, 12‑199 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 resistance of wires, 15‑37 thermal conductivity, 12‑202 to 203 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 wire tables, 15‑37 Americium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 Amino acids abbreviations and symbols, 7‑3 to 4

dissociation constants, 7‑1 to 2 physical properties, 7‑1 to 2 solubility, 7‑1 to 2 structure, 7‑3 to 4 Ampere definition, 1‑18 to 21 maintained value, 1‑1 to 6 Analytical procedures flame and bead tests, 8‑13 to 14 organic reagents, 8‑8 to 12 preparation of reagents, 8‑1 to 4 reduction of weighings, 8‑133 solids and surfaces, 12‑1 to 4 volumetric calibrations, 8‑134 Ångström, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides, 16‑47 to 50 Antiferroelectric crystals, Curie temperature, 12‑54 Antiferromagnetic elements and compounds, 12‑104 to 112 Antiferromagnetic materials, Faraday rotation, 12‑164 to 177 Antimony: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Appearance potential, molecules, 10‑206 to 223 APS, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds, 8‑85 to 115 Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures, 8‑116 to 121 Aqueous solutions activity coefficients, 5‑79 to 80, 5‑81 to 84 concentrative properties, 8‑52 to 77 density, 8‑52 to 77 diffusion of ions, 5‑76 to 78 diffusion of non‑electrolytes, 6‑210 electrical conductivity, 5‑75, 5‑76 to 78 enthalpy, 5‑86 freezing point depression, 8‑52 to 77 heat capacity, 5‑66 to 69 hydrohalogen acids, conductivity, 5‑74 index of refraction, 8‑52 to 77 sodium chloride, volumetric properties, 6‑9 solubility product constant, 8‑122 to 124 surface tension, 6‑147 thermodynamic properties, 5‑66 to 69 vapor pressure, 6‑99 viscosity, 8‑52 to 77 Argon: see also Elements critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 cryogenic properties, 6‑131 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 entropy, 5‑1 to 3

I-1

Index

I-2 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 mean free path, 6‑37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6‑148 to 169, 6‑170 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 solubility in water, 8‑80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6‑18 to 26, 6‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 6‑18 to 26 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5‑43 to 65 van der Waals constants, 6‑36 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90, 6‑91 to 98 viscosity, 6‑18 to 26, 6‑190 Arsenic: see also Elements critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Astatine: see also Elements electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Astronomical Constants, 14‑1 Astronomical unit, 14‑1 Atmosphere carbon dioxide concentration, 14‑27 to 28 cosmic ray background, 11‑223 to 226 electrical conductance, 14‑32 to 38 infrared absorption, 14‑26 ion mobility, 14‑32 to 38 kinetic and photochemical data, 5‑87 to 98 mass, 14‑9 to 10 planetary, composition, 14‑2 to 3 potential, electrical, 14‑32 to 38 standard (unit), 1‑18 to 21 U.S. standard, various properties, 14‑19 to 24 Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, 1958–2004, 14‑27 to 28 Atmospheric Electricity, 14‑32 to 38 Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities, 10‑193 to 202 Atomic mass unit (amu), 1‑1 to 6, 1‑18 to 21 Atomic masses, 1‑9 to 12, 11‑56 to 209 Atomic Masses and Abundances, 1‑9 to 12 Atomic radius, rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 Atomic spectra elements, line spectra, 10‑1 to 92 ionization energies, 10‑203 to 205 transition probabilities, 10‑93 to 155 wavelengths, 10‑1 to 92 Atomic transition probability, 10‑93 to 155 Atomic weights, 1‑7 to 8 Atoms electron affinity, 10‑156 to 173 electron binding energy, 10‑228 to 233 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 ionization energies, 10‑203 to 205

masses, 1‑9 to 12 photon cross sections, 10‑235 to 239 polarizability, 10‑193 to 202 spectra, 10‑1 to 92 x‑ray energy levels, 10‑224 to 227 ATR, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Air as a Function of Humidity and Frequency, 14‑41 Autoignition temperature, 16‑13 to 28 Avogadro constant, 1‑1 to 6 Azeotropes, 6‑171 to 189 Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures, 6‑171 to 189

B Bands, electromagnetic (classification), 10‑240 to 241 Barium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Barn, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Barometer corrections, 15‑30 Baryons, summary of properties, 11‑1 to 55 Bases activity coefficients, 5‑79 to 80, 5‑81 to 84 decinormal solutions, 8‑5 to 6 electrical conductivity, 5‑72 indicators, 8‑15 to 17 inorganic, dissociation constant, 8‑40 to 41 organic, dissociation constant, 8‑42 to 51 purine and pyrimidine, 7‑5 Becquerel, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Berkelium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 Beryllium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Bessel functions, A‑78 to 80 Bessel’s equation, A‑46 to 56 BET, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Beta function, A‑82 Billion, billiard (definition), 1‑33 Binding energy electrons in atoms, 10‑228 to 233 in molecules, 9‑56 to 80 Binomial series, A‑65 to 68 Biochemical nomenclature, references, 2‑13

Biochemical reactions, redox potentials, 7‑10 to 12 Biological Buffers, 7‑13 to 15, 7‑16 Biological materials and tissues effect of cosmic rays, 11‑223 to 226 pH, 7‑17 Biosphere, mass of, 14‑9 to 10 Bismuth: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Black Body Radiation, 10‑243 to 244 Blood, pH of, 7‑17 Bohr magneton, 1‑1 to 6 Bohr radius, 1‑1 to 6 Bohrium (element 107), 4‑1 to 42, 11‑56 to 209 Boiling point correction to standard pressure, 15‑26 cryogenic fluids, 6‑131 D2O, 6‑5 elements, 4‑133 to 135 elevation of, 15‑27 halocarbons, 6‑133 to 135 inorganic compounds, 4‑43 to 101, 6‑39 to 58, 6‑101 to 118 metals, 12‑200 to 201 organic compounds, 3‑1 to 523, 6‑39 to 58, 6‑101 to 118 pressure dependence, 15‑26 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 solvents, 15‑13 to 22 water, as function of pressure, 6‑13 Boiling Point of Water at Various Pressures, 6‑13 Boltzmann constant, 1‑1 to 6 Bond Dissociation Energies, 9‑56 to 80 Bond energy, 9‑56 to 80 Bond lengths characteristic, 9‑46 diatomic molecules, 9‑86 to 90 gas‑phase molecules, 9‑19 to 45 organic crystals, 9‑1 to 16 organometallic compounds, 9‑17 to 18 Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas‑Phase Molecules, 9‑19 to 45 Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds, 9‑1 to 16 Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds, 9‑17 to 18 Bonds, chemical disruption energy, 9‑56 to 80 dissociation energy (enthalpy), 9‑56 to 80 lengths and angles, 9‑1 to 16, 9‑17 to 18, 9‑19 to 45 strength, 9‑56 to 80 stretching force constants, 9‑82 Born‑Haber cycle, 12‑19 to 31 Boron: see also Elements electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209

Index

I-3

magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Bosons, summary of properties, 11‑1 to 55 Brass phase diagram, 12‑181 to 198 resistance of wires, 15‑37 thermal conductivity, 12‑204 wire tables, 15‑37 Bravais lattices, 12‑5 to 10 Breakdown voltage, 15‑42 to 46 Bromine: see also Elements critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5‑43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90, 6‑91 to 98 Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25°C, 8‑39 Buffers biological, 7‑13 to 15, 7‑16 for round values of pH, 8‑39 for seawater measurements, 8‑37 to 38 standard solutions, 8‑32 to 36, 8‑37 to 38 Burnside’s formula, A‑80 to 81

C C Chemical Shifts of Useful NMR Solvents, 8‑137 13 C NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups, 9‑100 Cadmium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Calcium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Calibration barometers, 15‑30 boiling points, to standard pressure, 15‑26 conductivity cells, 5‑73 index of refraction, 10‑252 13

infrared and far infrared frequencies, 10‑267 to 271 infrared frequencies, 10‑260 to 266 pH, 8‑32 to 36 relative humidity, 15‑34 temperature scale, 1‑15, 15‑10 to 11 thermocouples, 15‑1 to 9 vapor pressure, 6‑100 volumetric, 8‑134 weighings in air, 8‑133 Californium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 Calorie, value of, 1‑23 to 32 Candela, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Carbohydrate Names and Symbols, 7‑8 to 9 Carbon: see also Elements dielectric constant, 12‑44 to 52 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Carbon dioxide atmospheric concentration (historical), 14‑27 to 28 critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 infrared laser frequencies, 10‑260 to 266 mean free path, 6‑37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6‑148 to 169, 6‑170 solubility in water, 8‑80 to 83 solubility in water at various pressures, 8‑84 speed of sound in, 14‑39 to 40 standard thermodynamic properties, 5‑4 to 42 sublimation pressure, 6‑59 to 60 thermal conductivity, 6‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5‑43 to 65 van der Waals constants, 6‑36 vapor pressure, 6‑91 to 98, 6‑100 viscosity, 6‑190, 6‑196 Carcinogenic chemicals, list, 16‑51 to 56 Carrier gas properties, for chromatography, 8‑135 CARS, definition, 12‑1 to 4 CAS Registry Number Index of Inorganic Compounds, 4‑115 to 126 CAS Registry Number Index of Organic Compounds, 3‑634 to 671 CAS Registry Numbers inorganic compounds, 4‑43 to 101 inorganic compounds, index, 4‑115 to 126 organic compounds, 3‑1 to 523 organic compounds, index, 3‑634 to 671 Cauchy equation, A‑46 to 56 Celsius temperature conversion to other scales, 1‑33 definition, 1‑18 to 21 Ceramics breakdown voltage, 15‑42 to 46 permittivity (dielectric constant), 12‑44 to 52 phase diagrams, 12‑181 to 198 thermal conductivity, 12‑207 to 208

Cerenkov light, in cosmic ray showers, 11‑223 to 226 Cerium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Cesium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 CFCs, various properties, 6‑133 to 135 Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules, 9‑46 Characteristics of Human Hearing, 14‑44 to 45 Characteristics of Infrared Detectors, 10‑245 Characteristics of Laser Sources, 10‑254 to 259 Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids, 15‑38 Characterization of materials, 12‑1 to 4 Charge electron, 1‑1 to 6 fundamental particles, 11‑1 to 55 Chemical Abstracts Service nomenclature, 2‑13 Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers: see CAS Registry Numbers Chemical Carcinogens, 16‑51 to 56 Chemical Composition of the Human Body, 7‑18 Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling, 5‑87 to 98 Chemical kinetics atmospheric reactions, 5‑87 to 98 conversion factors, 1‑38 Chemical nomenclature, 2‑13 Chemical shifts, NMR for 13C, 9‑100 for protons, 9‑99 of solvents for NMR, 8‑137 Chemicals, safe handling and disposal, 16‑1 to 12 Chi‑square distribution, A‑91 to 92 Chlorine: see also Elements critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5‑43 to 65

Index

I-4 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90, 6‑91 to 98 Chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants, 6‑133 to 135 Chromatography, carrier gas properties, 8‑135 Chromium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation, 10‑240 to 241 Clausius‑Mosotti equation, 12‑13 to 14 Clebsch‑Gordan coefficients, A‑87 to 88 Cobalt: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 CODATA fundamental constants, 1‑1 to 6 CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, 5‑1 to 3 Coefficient of Friction, 15‑47 to 48 Coercivity, magnetic materials, 12‑104 to 112 Collision diameter of gases, 6‑37 Collision frequency, common gases, 6‑37 Combustion, heat of, 5‑70 Commercial Metals and Alloys, 12‑215 Composition atmosphere, 14‑2 to 3 Earth’s crust, 14‑17 glasses, 12‑209 to 212 human body, 7‑18 magnetic materials, 12‑104 to 112 planetary atmospheres, 14‑2 to 3 sea water, 14‑17 U.S. standard atmosphere, 14‑19 to 24 Compressibility ice, 6‑8 liquids, 6‑129 to 130 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89 sodium chloride solutions, 6‑9 Compton wavelength (electron, proton, neutron), 1‑1 to 6 Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity, 8‑52 to 77 Conductance: see Conductivity, electrical Conductivity, electrical aqueous solutions of acids, bases, salts, 5‑72 calibration standards, 5‑73 Earth’s atmosphere, 14‑32 to 38 electrolyte solutions, 5‑75 hydrohalogen acids, 5‑74 ions, at infinite dilution, 5‑76 to 78 potassium chloride solutions, 5‑73

seawater, 14‑15 to 16 standard solutions, 5‑73 water, 5‑71 Conductivity, thermal: see Thermal conductivity Confidence intervals, A‑88 to 90 Constant Humidity Solutions, 15‑33 Constantan thermal conductivity, 12‑204 wire tables, 15‑37 Construction materials density, 15‑39 thermal conductivity, 12‑207 to 208 Conversion Factors, 1‑23 to 32 Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics, 1‑38 Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units, 1‑37 Conversion Factors for Energy Units, 1‑34 Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation, 1‑39 to 40 Conversion Factors for Pressure Units, 1‑35 Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units, 1‑36 Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions, 8‑19 Conversion of Temperatures, 1‑33 Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS‑90, 1‑16 to 17 Coordinate systems, A‑75 to 77 Copper: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135, 12‑199 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 resistance of wires, 15‑37 thermal conductivity, 12‑202 to 203 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 wire tables, 15‑37 Copper‑constantan thermocouple tables, 15‑1 to 9 Correction of Barometer Readings to 0°C Temperature, 15‑30 Correlation charts for infrared spectra, 9‑91 to 95 Cosecant function, A‑6 to 7 Cosine function, A‑6 to 7 Cosmic Radiation, 11‑223 to 226 Cosmic rays, 11‑223 to 226 Cotangent function, A‑6 to 7 Coulomb, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Critical Constants, 6‑39 to 58 Critical constants cryogenic fluids, 6‑131 elements, 4‑133 to 135, 6‑39 to 58 H2O and D2O, 6‑5 halocarbons, 6‑133 to 135 inorganic compounds, 6‑39 to 58 organic compounds, 6‑39 to 58 Critical solution temperatures, polymers, 13‑19 to 36 Cross product, A‑68 to 75

Cross section, x‑ray and gamma‑ray, 10‑235 to 239 Crust composition, 14‑17 density, pressure, gravity, 14‑13 Cryogenic fluids density, 6‑18 to 26, 6‑131 liquid helium properties, 6‑132 vapor pressure, 6‑91 to 98 various properties, 6‑131 Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression, 15‑28 Crystal elastic constants, 12‑33 to 38 Crystal ionic radii, 12‑11 to 12 Crystal lattice energy, 12‑19 to 31, 12‑32 Crystal optical properties elements, 12‑120 to 144 inorganic compounds, 10‑246 to 249 minerals, 4‑149 to 155 various materials, 12‑145 to 163 Crystal structure elements, 4‑156 to 163, 12‑15 to 18 inorganic compounds, 4‑43 to 101, 4‑156 to 163 magnetic materials, 12‑104 to 112 minerals, 4‑149 to 155, 4‑156 to 163 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89 superconductors, 12‑56 to 71, 12‑72 to 73 Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements, 12‑15 to 18 Crystal symmetry, 12‑5 to 10 Crystallographic Data on Minerals, 4‑156 to 163 Curie temperature antiferroelectric crystals, 12‑54 ferroelectric crystals, 12‑53 magnetic materials, 12‑104 to 112 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 Curie Temperature of Selected Ferroelectric Crystals, 12‑53 Curie, definition, 16‑46 Curium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 Curl, definition, A‑68 to 75

D D2O boiling point, 6‑5 critical constants, 6‑5 density, 6‑10 dissociation constant, 8‑79 fixed point properties, 6‑5 ion product, 8‑79 thermal conductivity, 6‑5, 6‑200 to 201 triple point constants, 6‑5 vapor pressure, 6‑5 viscosity, 6‑190 Dalton, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Darmstadtium (element 110), 4‑1 to 42, 11‑56 to 209 Data sources, B‑1 to 5 Debye equation, 6‑17 Debye temperature rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89

Index Decay mode fundamental particles, 11‑1 to 55 nuclides, 11‑56 to 209 Decimal equivalents of common fractions, A‑2 Decinormal solutions oxidation and reduction reagents, 8‑7 salts, acids, and bases, 8‑5 to 6 Definitions abbreviations and acronyms, 2‑25 to 35 scientific terms, 2‑37 to 61 SI base units, 1‑18 to 21 thermodynamic functions, 2‑62 Definitions of Scientific Terms, 2‑37 to 61 Density air, 6‑1 to 3 aqueous solutions, 8‑52 to 77 atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14‑19 to 24 carrier gases for chromatography, 8‑135 commercial metals and alloys, 12‑215 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6‑18 to 26 construction materials, 15‑39 cryogenic fluids, 6‑18 to 26, 6‑131 D2O, 6‑5, 6‑10 earth, as function of depth, 14‑13 earth, 14‑9 to 10 elements, 4‑139 to 141 ethanol–water mixtures, 15‑41 hydroxide solutions, 6‑197 ice, 6‑8 inorganic compounds, 4‑43 to 101 liquid elements and salts, 4‑139 to 141 liquids, pressure and temperature dependence, 6‑129 to 130 mercury, 6‑140 metallic elements, 12‑200 to 201 minerals, 4‑149 to 155 miscellaneous materials, 15‑39 molten elements and representative salts, 4‑139 to 141 organic compounds, 3‑1 to 523 planets, 14‑2 to 3 polymer melts, 13‑14 to 18 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 rocks, 15‑39 satellites, 14‑4 to 5 seawater, 14‑15 to 16 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89 sodium chloride solutions, 6‑9 solvents, 15‑13 to 22 solvents, as function of temperature, 15‑25 steam, 6‑14 to 15 sulfuric acid, 15‑40 various solids, 15‑39 water, 6‑4, 6‑5, 6‑6 to 7, 6‑14 to 15 water, supercooled, 6‑8 wood, 15‑39 Density and specific volume of mercury, 6‑140 Density of D2O, 6‑10 Density of Ethanol–Water Mixtures, 15‑41 Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts, 4‑139 to 141 Density of Solvents as a Function of Temperature, 15‑25 Density of Sulfuric Acid, 15‑40 Density of Various Solids, 15‑39

I-5 Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth, 14‑13 Dependence of Boiling Point on Pressure, 15‑26 Depression of the freezing point, 8‑52 to 77, 15‑28, 15‑29 Derivatives, A‑9 to 10 Detectors, infrared, 10‑245 Determination of Relative Humidity from Dew Point, 15‑31 Determination of Relative Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Temperatures, 15‑32 Deuterium solubility in water, 8‑80 to 83 viscosity, 6‑190 Dew point and relative humidity, 15‑31 Diamagnetic susceptibility elements, 4‑142 to 147 inorganic compounds, 4‑142 to 147 organic compounds, 3‑672 to 676 Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds, 3‑672 to 676 Diamond dielectric constant, 12‑44 to 52 optical properties, 12‑120 to 144 phase diagram, 12‑181 to 198 thermal conductivity, 12‑202 to 203 Diatomic molecules bond lengths, 9‑86 to 90 bond strengths, 9‑56 to 80 electron affinity, 10‑156 to 173 force constants, 9‑82 polarizability, 10‑193 to 202 spectroscopic constants, 9‑86 to 90 vibrational frequencies, 9‑86 to 90 Dielectric constant common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6‑18 to 26 cryogenic fluids, 6‑18 to 26 crystals, 12‑44 to 52 gases, 6‑170 glass, 12‑55 ice, 6‑8 liquids, 6‑148 to 169 plastics, 13‑13 quartz, 12‑55 rubbers, 13‑13 of selected polymers, 13‑13 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89 solids, 12‑44 to 52 solvents, 8‑136, 15‑13 to 22 vacuum, 1‑1 to 6 water, 6‑4 water, frequency dependence, 6‑17 water, temperature and pressure dependence, 6‑16 Dielectric Constant of Selected Polymers, 13‑13 Dielectric Constants of Glasses, 12‑55 Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials, 15‑42 to 46 Differential equations, A‑46 to 56 Diffusion in air, 6‑207 to 208 gases, 6‑207 to 208 gases in water, 6‑209 ions in solution, 5‑76 to 78 liquids, 6‑210

semiconductors, 12‑96 to 103 Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution, 6‑210 Diffusion Data for Semiconductors, 12‑96 to 103 Diffusion in Gases, 6‑207 to 208 Diffusion of Gases in Water, 6‑209 Dipole moment electric, of molecules, 9‑47 to 55 magnetic, of nuclides, 11‑56 to 209 solvents, 15‑13 to 22 Dipole Moments, 9‑47 to 55 Discharges, electrical, in the atmosphere, 14‑32 to 38 Disposal of laboratory chemicals, 16‑1 to 12 Dissociation constant acid‑base indicators, 8‑15 to 17 amino acids, 7‑1 to 2 biological buffers, 7‑13 to 15, 7‑16 D2O, 8‑79 inorganic acids and bases, 8‑40 to 41 inorganic salts in water, 8‑122 to 124 organic acids and bases, 8‑42 to 51 purine and pyrimidine bases, 7‑5 water, 8‑78, 8‑79 Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases, 8‑40 to 41 Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases, 8‑42 to 51 Dissociation energy of chemical bonds, 9‑56 to 80 Distillation, azeotropes, 6‑171 to 189 Divergence, definition, A‑68 to 75 DSC, definition, 12‑1 to 4 DTA, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Dubnium (element 105), 4‑1 to 42, 11‑56 to 209 Dysprosium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90

E Earth age, 14‑9 to 10 area of land and oceans, 14‑9 to 10 atmospheric composition, 14‑2 to 3 composition of crust, 14‑17 density as function of depth, 14‑13 dimensions, 14‑1, 14‑9 to 10 gravity in interior, 14‑13 mass and density, 14‑9 to 10 orbital and rotational parameters, 14‑2 to 3, 14‑9 to 10 pressure in interior, 14‑13 Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation, 15‑27 ECR, definition, 12‑1 to 4 EELS, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Einsteinium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209

Index

I-6 Elastic Constants of Single Crystals, 12‑33 to 38 Elastic modulus commercial metals and alloys, 12‑215 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 Elasto‑Optic, Electro‑Optic, and Magneto‑Optic Constants, 12‑164 to 177 Electrical conductance: see Conductivity, electrical Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions, 5‑72 Electrical Conductivity of Water, 5‑71 Electrical resistivity: see Resistivity Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals, 12‑39 to 40 Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys, 12‑41 to 43 Electro‑optic constants, 12‑164 to 177 Electrochemical Series, 8‑20 to 29 Electrode potential general table, 8‑20 to 29 ion radicals, 8‑30 to 31 Electrolytes activity coefficients, 5‑79 to 80, 5‑81 to 84 diffusion of ions, 5‑76 to 78 electrical conductivity, 5‑75, 5‑76 to 78 enthalpy of solution, 5‑86 freezing point lowering, 8‑52 to 77, 15‑29 Electromagnetic radiation, classification of bands, 10‑240 to 241 Electron charge, 1‑1 to 6 in cosmic ray showers, 11‑223 to 226 magnetic moment, 1‑1 to 6, 11‑1 to 55 mean free path in solids, 12‑116 to 117 range in various materials, 16‑46 Electron Affinities, 10‑156 to 173 Electron Binding Energies of the Elements, 10‑228 to 233 Electron configuration neutral atoms, 1‑13 to 14 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State, 1‑13 to 14 Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths, 12‑116 to 117 Electron volt, 1‑1 to 6, 1‑18 to 21 Electron Work Function of the Elements, 12‑118 Electronegativity, 9‑81 Electrons, secondary, emission by metals, 12‑119 Elementary charge, 1‑1 to 6 Elements abundance of isotopes, 1‑9 to 12, 11‑56 to 209 atomic mass, 1‑9 to 12, 11‑56 to 209 atomic spectrum, 10‑1 to 92 atomic transition probability, 10‑93 to 155 atomic weight, 1‑7 to 8 boiling point, 4‑133 to 135 chemical analysis, 8‑13 to 14 critical temperature, 4‑133 to 135 crystal ionic radii, 12‑11 to 12 crystal structure, 4‑156 to 163, 12‑15 to 18 density, 4‑139 to 141 in the Earth’s crust, 14‑17 electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40

electron affinity, 10‑156 to 173 electron binding energy, 10‑228 to 233 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 electronegativity, 9‑81 enthalpy of fusion, 6‑119 to 128 enthalpy of vaporization, 6‑101 to 118 gamma‑ray cross sections, 10‑235 to 239 gamma‑ray emission, 11‑56 to 209 general information, 4‑1 to 42 heat capacity, 4‑135 historical information, 4‑1 to 42 in the human body, 7‑18 line spectrum, 10‑1 to 92 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 melting point, 4‑133 to 135 periodic table, Inside front cover photon attenuation coefficients, 10‑235 to 239 polarizability, 10‑193 to 202 radii of ions, 12‑11 to 12 reference states, 5‑4 to 42 in seawater, 14‑17 semiconducting properties, 12‑77 to 89 superconducting properties, 12‑56 to 71 thermal conductivity, 6‑200 to 201, 12‑200 to 201, 12‑202 to 203 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑4 to 42 transition probabilities, 10‑93 to 155 triple point, 4‑133 to 135 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 vapor pressure at high temperature, 4‑136 to 137, 4‑138 work function, 12‑118 x‑ray atomic energy levels, 10‑224 to 227 x‑ray cross sections, 10‑235 to 239 Elevation of the boiling point, 15‑27 Emission, secondary electrons, 12‑119 Emissivity, rare earth metals, 4‑127 to 132 ENDOR, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Energy conversion factors, 1‑34 crystal lattice, 12‑19 to 31, 12‑32 Fermi, 12‑213 to 214 spectrum of cosmic rays, 11‑223 to 226 Energy, activation chemical reactions, 5‑87 to 98 diffusion in semiconductors, 12‑96 to 103 Energy gap semiconductor solid solutions, 12‑90 to 91 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89, 12‑92 to 95 superconductors, 12‑72 to 73 Energy levels, x‑ray, 10‑224 to 227 Energy states of solids, 12‑1 to 4 Enthalpy air, 6‑1 to 3 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6‑18 to 26 crystal lattices, 12‑19 to 31 polymer solutions, 13‑42 to 69 steam, 6‑14 to 15 water, 6‑14 to 15 Enthalpy of combustion, 5‑70 Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids, 5‑85 Enthalpy of formation aqueous systems, 5‑66 to 69 CODATA key values, 5‑1 to 3 free radicals, 9‑56 to 80 gaseous atoms, 9‑56 to 80 high temperature, 5‑43 to 65 inorganic compounds, 5‑4 to 42

ions, 10‑206 to 223 organic compounds, 5‑4 to 42 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89 standard state values, 5‑4 to 42 Enthalpy of fusion cryogenic fluids, 6‑131 elements, 6‑119 to 128 ice, 6‑8 inorganic compounds, 6‑119 to 128 metals, 12‑200 to 201 organic compounds, 6‑119 to 128 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 Enthalpy of Fusion, 6‑119 to 128 Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes, 5‑86 Enthalpy of vaporization cryogenic fluids, 6‑131 elements, 6‑101 to 118 ice, 6‑8 inorganic compounds, 6‑101 to 118 organic compounds, 6‑101 to 118 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 water, 6‑4 Enthalpy of Vaporization, 6‑101 to 118 Enthalpy of Vaporization of Water, 6‑4 Entropy air, 6‑1 to 3 aqueous systems, 5‑66 to 69 CODATA key values, 5‑1 to 3 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6‑18 to 26 high temperature, 5‑43 to 65 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 standard state values, 5‑4 to 42 steam, 6‑14 to 15 water, 6‑14 to 15 EPMA, definition, 12‑1 to 4 EPR, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Equation of state Tait (for polymer melts), 13‑14 to 18 van der Waals, 6‑36 virial, 6‑27 to 35 Equilibrium constant of formation, 5‑43 to 65 Equilibrium constant, biochemical reactions, 7‑10 to 12 Equivalent conductance: see Conductivity, electrical Equivalent Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution, 5‑75 Erbium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Error function, A‑83 ESCA, definition, 12‑1 to 4 ESD, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Euler equation, A‑46 to 56 Euler’s constant, value of, A‑1 Europium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205

Index

I-7

isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Eutectic temperatures, low‑melting alloys, 15‑36 EXAFS, definition, 12‑1 to 4 EXELFS, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Expansion coefficient commercial metals and alloys, 12‑215 liquid helium, 6‑132 metals, 12‑200 to 201 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89 sodium chloride solutions, 6‑9 Explosion hazards of laboratory chemicals, 16‑1 to 12 Explosive limits, 16‑13 to 28 Exponential functions, table, A‑3 to 5 Exponential series, A‑65 to 68 Exposure limits airborne contaminants, 16‑29 to 40 ionizing radiation, 16‑46 radionuclides, 16‑47 to 50 Extinction coefficient, in solids, 12‑120 to 144, 12‑145 to 163

F F‑distribution, A‑93 to 96 Factorial function, A‑80 to 81 Fahrenheit temperature, conversion to other scales, 1‑33 Farad, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Faraday constant, 1‑1 to 6 Faraday effect, 12‑164 to 177 Fatty acids, physical properties, 7‑7 Fehling’s solution, preparation, 8‑1 to 4 FEM, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals, 12‑213 to 214 Fermium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 Ferrimagnetic materials Faraday rotation, 12‑164 to 177 organic, 12‑113 to 115 Ferrites, magnetic properties, 12‑104 to 112 Ferroelectric crystals Curie temperature, 12‑53 Kerr constants, 12‑164 to 177 Ferromagnetic materials Faraday rotation, 12‑164 to 177 organic, 12‑113 to 115 various properties, 12‑104 to 112 Ferromagnetic moment, rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 FIM, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Fine structure constant, 1‑1 to 6 First radiation constant, 1‑1 to 6 Fixed point properties cryogenic fluids, 6‑131 water and heavy water, 6‑5 Fixed Point Properties of H2O and D2O, 6‑5 Flame and Bead Tests, 8‑13 to 14 Flame temperatures, 15‑49 Flammability chemical substances, general, 16‑13 to 28

laboratory chemicals, 16‑1 to 12 organic solvents, 15‑13 to 22 Flammability of Chemical Substances, 16‑13 to 28 Flash point: see Flammability Flattening factor for the earth, 14‑1 Fluorescent Indicators, 8‑18 to 19 Fluorine: see also Elements critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5‑43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90, 6‑91 to 98 Fluorocarbon refrigerants, 6‑133 to 135 Foods nutrient values, 7‑19 to 30 pH, 7‑17 Force Constants for Bond Stretching, 9‑82 Formation, heat of: see Enthalpy of formation Formula index inorganic compounds, 4‑102 to 114 organic compounds, 3‑549 to 633 Formula Index of Inorganic Compounds, 4‑102 to 114 Fossils, age of, 14‑9 to 10 Fourier expansions for basic periodic functions, A‑59 to 61 Fourier series, A‑57 to 59 Fourier transforms, A‑61 to 65 Fractions, decimal equivalents, A‑2 Francium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Free energy: see Thermodynamic properties Free radicals dipole moment, 9‑47 to 55 enthalpy of formation, 9‑56 to 80 ionization energy, 10‑206 to 223 reaction rates, 5‑87 to 98 vibrational frequencies, 9‑83 to 85 Freezing point: see also Melting point depression of, 8‑52 to 77, 15‑28 pressure dependence, 6‑38 seawater, 14‑15 to 16 Freezing point depression aqueous solutions, 8‑52 to 77 cryoscopic constants for various liquids, 15‑28 electrolytes, 15‑29 Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution, 15‑29 Frequency electromagnetic radiation bands, 10‑240 to 241 human hearing range, 14‑44 to 45 musical scales, 14‑43 NMR resonances, 9‑96 to 98 radio spectrum allocations, 15‑50 to 51 standards, infrared, 10‑260 to 266, 10‑267 to 271 Friction, coefficient of, 15‑47 to 48 FTIR, definition, 12‑1 to 4

Fundamental constants, 1‑1 to 6 Fundamental particles, 11‑1 to 55 Fundamental Physical Constants, 1‑1 to 6 Fundamental Physical Constants–Frequently Used Constants, Inside back cover Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules, 9‑83 to 85 Fusion: see Enthalpy of fusion

G g‑Factor of the electron, 1‑1 to 6 Gadolinium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Gallium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Gamma function, A‑81 to 82 Gamma rays in cosmic ray showers, 11‑223 to 226 cross sections, for the elements, 10‑235 to 239 energy, of nuclides, 11‑56 to 209 photon attenuation coefficients, 10‑235 to 239 protection against, 16‑46 Gas chromatography, carrier gas properties, 8‑135 Gas constant, 1‑1 to 6, 1‑41 Gas phase basicity, 10‑174 to 192 Gases average velocity, 6‑37 breakdown voltage, 15‑42 to 46 collision diameter, 6‑37 dielectric constant, 6‑170 diffusion, 6‑207 to 208 diffusion in water, 6‑209 dipole moment, 9‑47 to 55 mean free path, 6‑37 permittivity, 6‑170 solubility in water, 8‑80 to 83 speed of sound in, 14‑39 to 40 thermal conductivity, 6‑200 to 201 threshold limits, 16‑29 to 40 van der Waals constants, 6‑36 Verdet constants, 12‑164 to 177 virial coefficients, 6‑27 to 35 viscosity, 6‑190 Gauges, of wires, 15‑37 Gauss’ theorem, A‑77

Index

I-8 Gaussian gravitational constant, 14‑1 GDMS, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Genetic code, 7‑6 Geographical and Seasonal Variation in Solar Radiation, 14‑25 Geological Time Scale, 14‑11 Geophysical constants, 14‑9 to 10 Germanium: see also Elements dielectric constant, 12‑44 to 52 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135, 12‑199 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 optical properties, 12‑120 to 144 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 semiconducting properties, 12‑77 to 89 thermal conductivity, 12‑202 to 203 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Gibbs energy of formation aqueous systems, 5‑66 to 69 biochemical species, 7‑10 to 12 high temperature, 5‑43 to 65 standard state values, 5‑4 to 42 Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers, 13‑6 to 12 Glasses composition, 12‑209 to 212 density, 15‑39 dielectric constant, 12‑55 index of refraction, 10‑250 loss factor, 12‑55 resistivity, 12‑55 speed of sound in, 14‑39 to 40 thermal conductivity, 12‑205 to 206, 12‑209 to 212 transmittance, 10‑250 Verdet constants, 12‑164 to 177 Global Temperature Trend, 1856–2004, 14‑31 Global warming atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, 14‑27 to 28 mean temperatures, global, 14‑31 mean temperatures, U. S., 14‑29 to 30 Gloves, resistance to chemicals, 16‑1 to 12 Glucose, aqueous solution properties, 8‑52 to 77 Gold: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135, 12‑199 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal conductivity, 12‑202 to 203 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Golden ratio, A‑1 Googol, googolplex, 1‑33 Gradient, definition, A‑68 to 75 Graphite heat capacity, 12‑199 heat of combustion, 5‑70 phase diagram, 12‑181 to 198

sublimation pressure, 6‑61 to 90 thermal conductivity, 12‑202 to 203 Gravitational constant, 1‑1 to 6, 14‑1 Gravitational potential, 14‑2 to 3 Gravity, acceleration of in interior of earth, 14‑13 at poles and equator, 14‑9 to 10 standard value, 1‑1 to 6 at various latitudes, 14‑12 Gray, definition, 1‑18 to 21, 16‑46 Greek, Russian, and Hebrew Alphabets, 2‑36 Green’s Theorem, A‑77

H Hafnium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Hall coefficient, rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 Hall density, superconductors, 12‑72 to 73 Hall resistance, quantized, 1‑1 to 6 Halocarbon refrigerants, 6‑133 to 135 Handling and disposal of chemicals in laboratories, 16‑1 to 12 Hardness ceramics, 12‑216 minerals, 4‑149 to 155, 12‑216 scales, comparison, 12‑216 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89 various materials, 12‑216 Hardness of Minerals and Ceramics, 12‑216 Hartree energy, 1‑1 to 6 Hassium (element 108), 4‑1 to 42, 11‑56 to 209 Hazardous chemicals, handling and disposal, 16‑1 to 12 Hearing, characteristics, 14‑44 to 45 Heat capacity air, 6‑1 to 3 aqueous systems, 5‑66 to 69 carrier gases for chromatography, 8‑135 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6‑18 to 26 cryogenic fluids, 6‑131 elements, 4‑135 high temperature, 5‑43 to 65 ice, 6‑8 liquid helium, 6‑132 mercury, 6‑141 metals, 12‑199, 12‑200 to 201 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 seawater, 14‑15 to 16 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89 solids, 12‑199 solvents, 15‑13 to 22 standard state values, 5‑4 to 42 steam, 6‑14 to 15 water, 6‑4 Heat Capacity of Selected Solids, 12‑199 Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25°C, 4‑135 Heat conductivity: see Thermal conductivity Heat of Combustion, 5‑70

Heat of dilution: see Enthalpy of dilution Heat of formation: see Enthalpy of formation Heat of fusion: see Enthalpy of fusion Heat of solution: see Enthalpy of solution Heat of vaporization: see Enthalpy of vaporization Hebrew alphabet, 2‑36 Helium: see also Elements critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 cryogenic properties, 6‑131, 6‑132 density, 6‑132 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 enthalpy of vaporization, 6‑132 entropy, 5‑1 to 3 expansion coefficient, 6‑132 heat capacity, 6‑132 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 liquid properties, 6‑132 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 mean free path, 6‑37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6‑132, 6‑148 to 169, 6‑170 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 solubility in water, 8‑80 to 83 surface tension, 6‑132 thermal conductivity (gas), 6‑200 to 201 thermal conductivity (liquid), 6‑132 thermal conductivity (two‑phase), 6‑18 to 26 thermodynamic properties, 6‑18 to 26 van der Waals constants, 6‑36 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90, 6‑91 to 98, 6‑132 viscosity (gas), 6‑190 viscosity (liquid), 6‑132 viscosity (two‑phase), 6‑18 to 26 Henry, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Henry’s law constant, 8‑85 to 115 Hermite polynomials, A‑83 to 85 Hertz, definition, 1‑18 to 21 High Temperature Superconductors, 12‑72 to 73 HITRAN molecular spectroscopy database, 14‑26 Holmium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Human body chemical composition, 7‑18 pH of fluids, 7‑17 sensitivity of eye to light, 10‑242 Humidity, relative from wet and dry bulb temperatures, 15‑32 relation to dew point, 15‑31 solutions for calibration, 15‑34 solutions for constant humidity, 15‑33 Hydrocarbons flame temperature, 15‑49 heat of combustion, 5‑70 solubility in seawater, 8‑126 to 127 thermophysical properties, 6‑18 to 26

Index

I-9

Hydrogen: see also Elements critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 cryogenic properties, 6‑131 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 enthalpy of fusion, 6‑119 to 128 enthalpy of vaporization, 6‑101 to 118 flame temperature, 15‑49 heat of combustion, 5‑70 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 mean free path, 6‑37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6‑148 to 169, 6‑170 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 solubility in water, 8‑80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3, 6‑18 to 26 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5‑43 to 65 van der Waals constants, 6‑36 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90, 6‑91 to 98 viscosity, 6‑190 Hydrosphere, mass of, 14‑9 to 10 Hyperbolic functions relations, A‑8 table, A‑3 to 5 Hysteresis, in magnetic materials, 12‑104 to 112

I Ice compressibility, 6‑8 crystal structure, 4‑156 to 163 density, 6‑8 dielectric constant, 6‑8, 12‑44 to 52 heat capacity, 6‑8 melting point, pressure dependence, 6‑13, 6‑38 phase diagram, 12‑181 to 198 phase transitions, 6‑8, 6‑13 thermal conductivity, 6‑8, 12‑205 to 206 thermal expansion coefficient, 6‑8 vapor pressure, 6‑10 ICPMS, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Ignition temperature chemical substances, general, 16‑13 to 28 laboratory chemicals, 16‑1 to 12 solvents, 15‑13 to 22 Index of refraction air, 10‑253 aqueous solutions, 8‑52 to 77 glass, 10‑250 inorganic crystals, 10‑246 to 249 inorganic liquids, 4‑148 liquids, for calibration, 10‑252 metals, 12‑120 to 144 minerals, 4‑149 to 155 organic compounds, 3‑1 to 523 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89, 12‑120 to 144, 12‑145 to 163 solids, as function of wavelength, 10‑246 to 249, 12‑120 to 144, 12‑145 to 163 water, 10‑251 Index of Refraction of Air, 10‑253 Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals, 10‑246 to 249 Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids, 4‑148

Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes, 10‑252 Index of Refraction of Water, 10‑251 Indicators acid‑base, 8‑15 to 17 fluorescent, 8‑18 to 19 pH, 8‑15 to 17, 8‑18 to 19 pK, 8‑15 to 17 preparation, 8‑1 to 4, 8‑15 to 17 Indium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points, 6‑38 Infrared Absorption by the Earth’s Atmosphere, 14‑26 Infrared and Far‑Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards, 10‑267 to 271 Infrared Correlation Charts, 9‑91 to 95 Infrared detectors, 10‑245 Infrared Laser Frequencies, 10‑260 to 266 Infrared spectrum carbon dioxide laser, 10‑260 to 266 characteristic group frequencies, 9‑91 to 95 correlation charts, 9‑91 to 95 Earth’s atmosphere, 14‑26 frequency standards, 10‑267 to 271 HITRAN database, 14‑26 vibrational frequencies of molecules, 9‑83 to 85 Inorganic compounds activity coefficients, 5‑79 to 80, 5‑81 to 84 boiling point, 6‑101 to 118 bond lengths and angles, 9‑19 to 45 characteristic infrared frequencies, 9‑91 to 95 crystal lattice energy, 12‑19 to 31 crystal structure, 4‑43 to 101, 4‑156 to 163 dielectric constant, 12‑44 to 52 dipole moment, 9‑47 to 55 dissociation constant in water, 8‑122 to 124 electrical conductivity, 5‑75 enthalpy of formation, 5‑4 to 42 enthalpy of fusion, 6‑119 to 128 enthalpy of solution, 5‑86 enthalpy of vaporization, 6‑101 to 118 entropy, 5‑4 to 42 Gibbs energy of formation, 5‑4 to 42 heat capacity, 5‑4 to 42 index of refraction, 4‑148 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 nomenclature, 2‑14 to 20 permittivity, 12‑44 to 52 physical properties, 4‑43 to 101 polarizability, 10‑193 to 202 reagents for determination, 8‑8 to 12 solubility as a function of temperature, 8‑116 to 121 solubility product constant, 8‑122 to 124 solubility, qualitative rules, 8‑131 to 132

standard thermodynamic properties, 5‑4 to 42 surface tension, 6‑143 to 146 INS, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Insulation, thermal conductivity of, 12‑207 to 208 Insulators, breakdown voltage, 15‑42 to 46 Integral tables, A‑15 to 46 Integration, methods and techniques, A‑10 to 15 Interatomic distances diatomic molecules, 9‑86 to 90 gas‑phase molecules, 9‑19 to 45 organic crystals, 9‑1 to 16 organometallic compounds, 9‑17 to 18 International System of Units (SI), 1‑18 to 21 International temperature scale (ITS‑90) conversion from IPTS‑68 and IPTS‑48, 1‑16 to 17 definition and fixed points, 1‑15 secondary reference points, 15‑10 to 11 International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS‑90), 1‑15 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: see IUPAC Interstellar Molecules, 14‑6 to 8 Iodine: see also Elements critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 dielectric constant, 12‑44 to 52 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5‑43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Ion product D2O, 8‑79 water, 8‑78, 8‑79 Ion Product of Water Substance, 8‑78 Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution, 5‑76 to 78 Ionic Liquids, 6‑136 to 139 Ionic radii in crystals, 12‑11 to 12 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 Ionic Radii in Crystals, 12‑11 to 12 Ionization constant biological buffers, 7‑13 to 15 D2O, 8‑79 inorganic acids and bases, 8‑40 to 41 inorganic compounds in water, 8‑122 to 124 organic acids and bases, 8‑42 to 51 water, 8‑78, 8‑79 Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water, 8‑79 Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions, 10‑203 to 205 Ionization Energies of Gas‑Phase Molecules, 10‑206 to 223 Ionization energy atoms and ions, 10‑203 to 205 molecules, 10‑206 to 223 neutral atoms, 1‑13 to 14 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 Ionization gauges, sensitivity, 15‑12 Ionization potential: see Ionization energy

Index

I-10 Ions aerosol, 14‑32 to 38 in the atmosphere, 14‑32 to 38 diffusion in aqueous solutions, 5‑76 to 78 electrical conductivity in aqueous solutions, 5‑76 to 78 enthalpy of formation, 10‑206 to 223 heat capacity, aqueous solutions, 5‑66 to 69 magnetic properties, 12‑104 to 112 nomenclature, 2‑14 to 20 polarizability, 12‑13 to 14 radii, in crystals, 12‑11 to 12 thermodynamic properties, aqueous solutions, 5‑66 to 69 Iridium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Iron: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135, 12‑199 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal conductivity, 12‑202 to 203 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Iron‑constantan thermocouple tables, 15‑1 to 9 Irradiance of the sun, 14‑18 Isoelectric point, amino acids, 7‑1 to 2 Isotopes, summary of properties, 11‑56 to 209 Isotopic abundance, 1‑9 to 12, 11‑56 to 209 ITS‑90 conversion from IPTS‑68 and IPTS‑48, 1‑16 to 17 definition and fixed points, 1‑15 secondary reference points, 15‑10 to 11 IUPAC atomic weights, 1‑7 to 8 nomenclature for carbohydrates, 7‑8 to 9 nomenclature for inorganic ions and ligands, 2‑14 to 20 nomenclature for organic substituent groups, 2‑21 to 24 nomenclature for polymers, 13‑1 to 4 pH scale, 8‑32 to 36 symbols for physical quantities, 2‑1 to 12 vapor pressure calibration data, 6‑100 IUPAC Recommended Data for Vapor Pressure Calibration, 6‑100

J Jacobi polynomials, A‑83 to 85 Josephson ratio, 1‑1 to 6 Joule, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Jupiter, orbital data and dimensions, 14‑2 to 3

K Katal, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Kelvin, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Kerr constants, 12‑164 to 177 Kilogram, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Kinetics atmospheric reactions, 5‑87 to 98 conversion factors, 1‑38 Krypton: see also Elements critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 cryogenic properties, 6‑131 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 entropy, 5‑1 to 3 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 mean free path, 6‑37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6‑148 to 169, 6‑170 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 solubility in water, 8‑80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6‑200 to 201 van der Waals constants, 6‑36 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90, 6‑91 to 98 viscosity, 6‑190

L Laboratory reagents, preparation of, 8‑1 to 4 Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents, 15‑13 to 22 Laguerre polynomials, A‑83 to 85 Lanthanum: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Laplacian, definition, A‑68 to 75 Lasers characteristics of various types, 10‑254 to 259 infrared, frequencies, 10‑260 to 266 Lattice constants elements, 4‑156 to 163, 12‑15 to 18 inorganic compounds, 4‑156 to 163 minerals, 4‑156 to 163 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89 Lattice Energies, 12‑19 to 31 Lattice energy, 12‑19 to 31, 12‑32 Lawrencium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 Lead: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135, 12‑199 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209

magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal conductivity, 12‑202 to 203 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 LEED, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Legendre polynomials, A‑83 to 85 Legendre’s equation, A‑46 to 56 Leptons, summary of properties, 11‑1 to 55 Lifetime fundamental particles, 11‑1 to 55 in laser systems, 10‑254 to 259 nuclides, 11‑56 to 209 Light, speed of, 1‑1 to 6 Lightning, 14‑32 to 38 LIMS, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Line Spectra of the Elements, 10‑1 to 92 Line strengths in atomic spectra, 10‑93 to 155 Line width, x‑ray lines, 10‑234 Liquid air, thermodynamic properties, 6‑1 to 3 Liquid helium properties, 6‑132 Liquid metals density, 4‑139 to 141 viscosity, 6‑198 to 199 Liquids breakdown voltage, 15‑42 to 46 dielectric constant, 6‑148 to 169 diffusion, 6‑210 flammability, 15‑13 to 22 index of refraction, 4‑148, 10‑252 Kerr constants, 12‑164 to 177 permittivity, 6‑148 to 169 speed of sound in, 14‑39 to 40 surface tension, 6‑143 to 146 thermal conductivity, 6‑202 to 206 Verdet constants, 12‑164 to 177 viscosity, 6‑191 to 195 Liter, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Lithium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Lithosphere, mass of, 14‑9 to 10 Logarithmic series, A‑65 to 68 Log P, 16‑41 to 45 Loss factor, glasses, 12‑55 Loss tangent, 6‑17 Loudness level, definition, 14‑44 to 45 Low Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature, 15‑35 Lumen, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Lutetium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141

Index

I-11

physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Lux, definition, 1‑18 to 21

M Maclaurin series, A‑65 to 68 Madelung constant, 12‑32 Magnesium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 thermal conductivity, 12‑202 to 203 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Magnetic materials, composition and properties, 12‑104 to 112 Magnetic moment electron, 1‑1 to 6, 11‑1 to 55 fundamental particles, 11‑1 to 55 NMR, for important nuclei, 9‑96 to 98 nuclides, 11‑56 to 209 proton, 1‑1 to 6 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 Magnetic properties alloys, 12‑104 to 112 organic magnets, 12‑113 to 115 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 superconductors, 12‑56 to 71, 12‑72 to 73 Magnetic susceptibility elements, 4‑142 to 147 inorganic compounds, 4‑142 to 147 organic compounds, 3‑672 to 676 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89 various materials, 12‑104 to 112 Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds, 4‑142 to 147 Magnetism, symbols and units, 1‑22, 12‑104 to 112 Magneton (nuclear, Bohr), 1‑1 to 6 Magneto‑optic constants, 12‑164 to 177 Magnetostriction, 12‑104 to 112 Manganese: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Mars, orbital data and dimensions, 14‑2 to 3 Mass atmosphere, oceans, and crust, 14‑9 to 10 atomic mass unit, 1‑1 to 6 atomic, of nuclides, 11‑56 to 209 earth, moon, and sun, 14‑1 electron, proton, neutron, 1‑1 to 6 fundamental particles, 11‑1 to 55

planets, relative to sun, 14‑1 planets, 14‑2 to 3 satellites, 14‑4 to 5 sun, 14‑2 to 3 Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents, 8‑138 to 141 Mass, Dimensions, and Other Parameters of the Earth, 14‑9 to 10 Materials characterization, techniques, 12‑1 to 4 Mathematical constants, A‑1 Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration, 5‑81 to 84 Mean free path common gases, 6‑37 electrons in solids, 12‑116 to 117 molecules in the atmosphere, 14‑19 to 24 Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases, 6‑37 Mean Temperatures in the United States, 1900–1992, 14‑29 to 30 Mechanical properties commercial metals and alloys, 12‑215 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 Meitnerium (element 109), 4‑1 to 42, 11‑56 to 209 Melting point alloys (eutectics), 15‑36 amino acids, 7‑1 to 2 commercial metals and alloys, 12‑215 cryogenic fluids, 6‑131 D2O, 6‑5 depression of, 15‑28 elements, 4‑133 to 135 fatty acids, 7‑7 halocarbons, 6‑133 to 135 ice, as function of pressure, 6‑13 inorganic compounds, 4‑43 to 101, 6‑119 to 128 ionic liquids, 6‑136 to 139 metals, 12‑200 to 201 organic compounds, 3‑1 to 523, 6‑119 to 128 pressure dependence, 6‑38 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89 solvents, 15‑13 to 22 Melting Point of Ice as a Function of Pressure, 6‑13 Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Point Temperatures of the Elements, 4‑133 to 135 Mendelevium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 Mercury: see also Elements compressibility, 6‑141 critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 density, 6‑140 electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135, 6‑141 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 specific volume, 6‑140 speed of sound in, 6‑141

thermal conductivity, 6‑202 to 206 thermal expansion, 6‑141 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑100, 6‑142 Mercury (planet), orbital data and dimensions, 14‑2 to 3 Mesons, summary of properties, 11‑1 to 55 Metal oxides, secondary electron emission, 12‑119 Metals coefficient of friction, 15‑47 to 48 commercial, mechanical and thermal properties, 12‑215 crystal structure, 12‑15 to 18 elastic constants, 12‑33 to 38 electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron inelastic mean free path, 12‑116 to 117 extinction coefficient, 12‑120 to 144 Fermi energy, 12‑213 to 214 heat capacity, 12‑199 index of refraction, 12‑120 to 144 optical properties, 12‑120 to 144 reflection coefficient, 12‑120 to 144 secondary electron emission, 12‑119 speed of sound in, 14‑39 to 40 sublimation pressure, 6‑61 to 90 superconducting properties, 12‑56 to 71 thermal conductivity, 12‑202 to 203 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 Metals and Alloys with Low Melting Temperature, 15‑36 Meter, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Microwave bands, classification, 10‑240 to 241 Million, milliard (definition), 1‑33 Minerals chemical formulas, 4‑149 to 155, 4‑156 to 163 crystal structure, 4‑156 to 163 elastic constants, 12‑33 to 38 hardness, 12‑216 index of refraction, 4‑149 to 155 physical constants, 4‑149 to 155 semiconducting properties, 12‑77 to 89 solubility as a function of temperature, 8‑116 to 121 thermal conductivity, 12‑207 to 208 Miscibility of Organic Solvents, 15‑23 to 24 Mobility of atmospheric ions, 14‑32 to 38 in semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89, 12‑92 to 95 Molar Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI, 5‑74 Mole, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Molecular Formula Index of Organic Compounds, 3‑549 to 633 Molecular weight amino acids, 7‑1 to 2 inorganic compounds, 4‑43 to 101 organic compounds, 3‑1 to 523 Molecules appearance potential, 10‑206 to 223 bond lengths, 9‑1 to 16, 9‑17 to 18 bond lengths and angles, 9‑19 to 45 bond strengths, 9‑56 to 80 electron affinity, 10‑156 to 173 force constants, 9‑82 fundamental vibrational frequencies, 9‑83 to 85 ionization energy, 10‑206 to 223

Index

I-12 polarizability, 10‑193 to 202 proton affinity, 10‑174 to 192 Molybdenum: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Moment of inertia, formulas for, A‑97 Moon orbital constants and other parameters, 14‑2 to 3, 14‑4 to 5 ratio of mass to Earth’s mass, 14‑1 Muon in cosmic ray showers, 11‑223 to 226 summary of properties, 11‑1 to 55 Musical Scales, 14‑43

N NAA, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Natural trigonometric functions to four places, A‑6 to 7 Natural Width of X‑Ray Lines, 10‑234 Néel temperature magnetic materials, 12‑104 to 112 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 Neodymium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Neon: see also Elements critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 cryogenic properties, 6‑131 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 entropy, 5‑1 to 3 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 mean free path, 6‑37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6‑148 to 169, 6‑170 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 solubility in water, 8‑80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6‑200 to 201 van der Waals constants, 6‑36 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90, 6‑91 to 98 viscosity, 6‑190 Neptune, orbital data and dimensions, 14‑2 to 3 Neptunium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135

Neutrino, summary of properties, 11‑1 to 55 Neutron mass, 1‑1 to 6 range in paraffin, 16‑46 scattering and absorption, 11‑210 to 222 summary of properties, 11‑1 to 55 Neutron cross sections, 11‑210 to 222 Neutron resonance integrals, 11‑210 to 222 Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties, 11‑210 to 222 Newton, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Nichrome, wire tables, 15‑37 Nickel: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Niobium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 NIST Atomic Transition Probability Tables, 10‑93 to 155 Nitrogen: see also Elements critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 cryogenic properties, 6‑131 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 enthalpy of vaporization, 6‑101 to 118 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 mean free path, 6‑37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6‑148 to 169, 6‑170 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 solubility in water, 8‑80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6‑18 to 26, 6‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3, 6‑18 to 26 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5‑43 to 65 van der Waals constants, 6‑36 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90, 6‑91 to 98 viscosity, 6‑18 to 26, 6‑190 NMR spectrum characteristic 13C chemical shifts, 9‑100 characteristic shifts for protons, 9‑99 chemical shifts of solvents, 8‑137 nuclear moments and resonance frequencies, 9‑96 to 98 Nobelium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 Noise thresholds, 14‑44 to 45

Nomenclature carbohydrates, 7‑8 to 9 chemical, references, 2‑13 inorganic ions and ligands, 2‑14 to 20 minerals, 4‑149 to 155 for organic polymers, 13‑1 to 4 organic substituent groups and ring systems, 2‑21 to 24 physical quantities, 2‑1 to 12 polymers, 13‑1 to 4 Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands, 2‑14 to 20 Nomenclature for Organic Polymers, 13‑1 to 4 Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds, 2‑13 Nonlinear Optical Constants, 12‑178 to 180 Normal probability function, A‑88 to 90 NQR, definition, 12‑1 to 4 NRA, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Nuclear magnetic resonance: see NMR Nuclear magneton, 1‑1 to 6 Nuclear spins and moments for all nuclides, 11‑56 to 209 for important nuclei in NMR, 9‑96 to 98 Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy, 9‑96 to 98 Nucleic acids genetic code, 7‑6 purine and pyrimidine bases, 7‑5 Nuclides, summary of properties, 11‑56 to 209 Nutrient Values of Foods, 7‑19 to 30

O Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude, 14‑14 Oceans abundance of chemical elements, 14‑17 pressure as a function of depth and latitude, 14‑14 Octanol–Water Partition Coefficients, 16‑41 to 45 Ohm definition, 1‑18 to 21 maintained value, 1‑1 to 6 Optical materials elasto‑, electro‑, and magneto‑optic constants, 12‑164 to 177 harmonic generation, 12‑178 to 180 index of refraction, 10‑250 nonlinear constants, 12‑178 to 180 Optical properties glass, 10‑250 human eye, 10‑242 inorganic crystals, 10‑246 to 249 metals, 12‑120 to 144 polytetrafluoroethylene, 12‑145 to 163 semiconductors, 12‑120 to 144, 12‑145 to 163, 12‑178 to 180, 12‑178 to 180 solids, as function of wavelength, 10‑246 to 249, 12‑145 to 163 various materials, 12‑164 to 177, 12‑178 to 180 Optical Properties of Selected Elements, 12‑120 to 144 Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids, 12‑145 to 163 Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances, 8‑8 to 12

Index Organic compounds bond lengths (in crystals), 9‑1 to 16 bond lengths and angles (in gas phase), 9‑19 to 45 bond strengths, 9‑56 to 80 characteristic 13C chemical shifts, 9‑100 characteristic proton chemical shifts, 9‑99 classes, definitions, 2‑37 to 61 dipole moment, 9‑47 to 55 enthalpy of fusion, 6‑119 to 128 enthalpy of vaporization, 6‑101 to 118 heat of combustion, 5‑70 infrared correlation charts, 9‑91 to 95 magnetic susceptibility, 3‑672 to 676 mass spectral peaks, 8‑138 to 141 nomenclature, 2‑21 to 24 physical properties, 3‑1 to 523 polarizability, 10‑193 to 202 solubility, aqueous, 8‑85 to 115 solubility, aqueous at high temperature, 8‑128 to 130 sublimation pressure, 6‑59 to 60 superconducting properties, 12‑74 to 76 surface tension, 6‑143 to 146 thermal conductivity, 6‑202 to 206 thermodynamic properties, 5‑4 to 42 Organic Magnets, 12‑113 to 115 Organic Semiconductors, 12‑92 to 95 Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems, 2‑21 to 24 Organic Superconductors, 12‑74 to 76 Organometallic compounds, bond lengths, 9‑17 to 18 Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, A‑75 to 77 Orthogonal polynomials formulas and relations, A‑83 to 85 tables, A‑86 Oscillator strengths in atomic spectra, 10‑93 to 155 Osmium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Oxidation and reduction reagents, decinormal solutions, 8‑7 Oxidation‑reduction potentials biochemical species, 7‑10 to 12 general table, 8‑20 to 29 ion radicals, 8‑30 to 31 Oxygen: see also Elements critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 cryogenic properties, 6‑131 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 enthalpy of fusion, 6‑119 to 128 enthalpy of vaporization, 6‑101 to 118 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 mean free path, 6‑37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6‑148 to 169, 6‑170 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135

I-13

solubility in water, 8‑80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6‑18 to 26, 6‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3, 6‑18 to 26 van der Waals constants, 6‑36 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90, 6‑91 to 98 viscosity, 6‑18 to 26, 6‑190

P Palladium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Paramagnetic moment, rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 Paramagnetic susceptibility, elements and inorganic compounds, 4‑142 to 147 Partial molar volume, amino acids, 7‑1 to 2 Particle size, 15‑38 Particles, fundamental, summary of properties, 11‑1 to 55 Pascal, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Pauling electronegativity scale, 9‑81 Pearson symbols, 12‑5 to 10, 12‑15 to 18 Percentage points chi‑square distribution, A‑91 to 92 F‑distribution, A‑93 to 96 Student’s t‑distribution, A‑91 Periodic functions, Fourier expansions, A‑59 to 61 Periodic table of the elements, Inside front cover Permeability, magnetic alloys, 12‑104 to 112 Permeability of vacuum, 1‑1 to 6 Permittivity (dielectric constant) cryogenic fluids, temperature and pressure dependence, 6‑18 to 26 crystals, 12‑44 to 52 gases, 6‑170 glass, 12‑55 ice, 6‑8 of inorganic solids, 12‑44 to 52 liquid helium, 6‑132 liquids, 6‑148 to 169 plastics, 13‑13 quartz, 12‑55 rubbers, 13‑13 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89 solids, 12‑44 to 52 solvents, 8‑136 vacuum, 1‑1 to 6 water, 6‑4 water, frequency dependence, 6‑17 water, temperature and pressure dependence, 6‑16 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases, 6‑170 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids, 12‑44 to 52

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids, 6‑148 to 169 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure, 6‑16 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water at Various Frequencies, 6‑17 Peroxide formation by laboratory chemicals, 16‑1 to 12 pH acid‑base indicators, 8‑15 to 17 biological buffers, 7‑16 biological materials and tissues, 7‑17 blood, 7‑17 definition of pH scale, 8‑32 to 36 fluorescent indicators, 8‑18 to 19 foods, 7‑17 measurement in natural waters, 8‑37 to 38 seawater, 8‑37 to 38 solutions giving round values, 8‑39 standards, 8‑32 to 36 pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions, 8‑32 to 36 Phase Diagrams, 12‑181 to 198 Phase transitions enthalpy of fusion, 6‑119 to 128 enthalpy of vaporization, 6‑101 to 118 ice, 6‑8, 6‑13 polymers, glass to crystal, 13‑6 to 12 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 Phon, definition, 14‑44 to 45 Phonon–electron coupling, rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 Phosphorus: see also Elements critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 dielectric constant, 12‑44 to 52 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Photochemical data, 5‑87 to 98 Photoelastic constants, 12‑164 to 177 Photon Attenuation Coefficients, 10‑235 to 239 Phototopic spectral luminous efficiency function, 10‑242 Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals, 4‑149 to 155 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds, 4‑43 to 101 Physical Constants of Organic Compounds, 3‑1 to 523 Physical constants, fundamental, 1‑1 to 6 Physical properties amino acids, 7‑1 to 2 inorganic compounds, 4‑43 to 101 minerals, 4‑149 to 155 organic compounds, 3‑1 to 523 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89 solvents, 15‑13 to 22 Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals, 4‑127 to 132 Physical quantities definitions, 2‑37 to 61 terminology and symbols, 2‑1 to 12 Pi, value of, A‑1

Index

I-14 Pion, summary of properties, 11‑1 to 55 Pitch, in musical scales, 14‑43 PIXE, definition, 12‑1 to 4 pK acid‑base indicators, 8‑15 to 17 amino acids, 7‑1 to 2 biological buffers, 7‑13 to 15, 7‑16 inorganic acids and bases, 8‑40 to 41 organic acids and bases, 8‑42 to 51 purine and pyrimidine bases, 7‑5 Planck constant, 1‑1 to 6 Planets atmospheric composition, 14‑2 to 3 general properties, 14‑2 to 3 orbital parameters, 14‑2 to 3 satellites, 14‑4 to 5 Plastics breakdown voltage, 15‑42 to 46 density, 15‑39 dielectric constant, 13‑13 speed of sound in, 14‑39 to 40 thermal conductivity, 12‑207 to 208 Platinum: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 resistance of wires, 15‑37 thermal conductivity, 12‑202 to 203 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 wire tables, 15‑37 Platinum–rhodium thermocouple tables, 15‑1 to 9 Pluto, orbital data and dimensions, 14‑2 to 3 Plutonium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Point groups of small molecules, 9‑83 to 85 Polarizability atoms and ions in solids, 12‑13 to 14 free atoms and molecules, 10‑193 to 202 Polarizability of Atoms and Ions in Solids, 12‑13 to 14 Pollutants airborne, limits in the workplace, 16‑29 to 40 Henry’s law constants, 8‑85 to 115 octanol–water partition coefficients, 16‑41 to 45 solubility, 8‑85 to 115 Polonium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209

physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Polymers breakdown voltage, 15‑42 to 46 critical solution temperatures, 13‑19 to 36 density of melts, 13‑14 to 18 dielectric constant, 13‑13 electron inelastic mean free path, 12‑116 to 117 enthalpy of solution, 13‑42 to 69 glass transition temperature, 13‑6 to 12 molar volume, 13‑14 to 18 nomenclature, 13‑1 to 4 solutions, enthalpy of mixing, 13‑42 to 69 solvent activities, 13‑37 to 41 solvents for, 13‑5 vapor pressure of solutions, 13‑37 to 41 Polynomials, orthogonal, A‑83 to 85 Potassium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5‑43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Potential electrical, in the atmosphere, 14‑32 to 38 oxidation‑reduction, 8‑20 to 29 oxidation‑reduction, of ion radicals, 8‑30 to 31 Practical pH Measurements on Natural Waters, 8‑37 to 38 Praseodymium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Precipitation of metal ions, 16‑1 to 12 Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents, 8‑1 to 4 Pressure atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14‑19 to 24 conversion factors, 1‑35 earth, as function of depth, 14‑13 effect on boiling point, 15‑26 effect on freezing point, 6‑38 ocean, as function of depth, 14‑14 planetary atmospheres, 14‑2 to 3 sensitivity of ionization gauges, 15‑12 Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Liquid Density, 6‑129 to 130 Pressure–Volume–Temperature Relationship for Polymer Melts, 13‑14 to 18 Probability function, A‑88 to 90

Promethium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 Properties of Amino Acids, 7‑1 to 2 Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals, 12‑54 Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography, 8‑135 Properties of Cryogenic Fluids, 6‑131 Properties of Fatty Acids, 7‑7 Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water, 6‑8 Properties of Liquid Helium, 6‑132 Properties of Magnetic Materials, 12‑104 to 112 Properties of Organic Semiconductors, 12‑92 to 95 Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases, 7‑5 Properties of Refrigerants, 6‑133 to 135 Properties of Seawater, 14‑15 to 16 Properties of Semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89 Properties of Superconductors, 12‑56 to 71 Properties of the Solar System, 14‑2 to 3 Properties of Water and Steam as a Function of Temperature and Pressure, 6‑14 to 15 Properties of Water in the Range 0–100°C, 6‑4 Protactinium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 Protection Against Ionizing Radiation, 16‑46 Proton in cosmic ray showers, 11‑223 to 226 magnetic moment, 1‑1 to 6 mass, 1‑1 to 6 summary of properties, 11‑1 to 55 Proton Affinities, 10‑174 to 192 Proton NMR Chemical Shifts for Characteristic Organic Structures, 9‑99 PSD, definition, 12‑1 to 4 psia and psig, definition, 1‑35 Purine bases, properties of, 7‑5 Pyrimidine bases, properties of, 7‑5 Pyrophoric chemicals, safe handling, 16‑1 to 12

Q Quadratic equation formula, A‑2 Quadrupole moments all nuclides, 11‑56 to 209 important nuclei for NMR, 9‑96 to 98 Quartz crystallographic data, 4‑156 to 163 dielectric constant, 12‑55 loss factor, 12‑55

Index

I-15

optical properties, 4‑149 to 155 phase diagram, 12‑181 to 198 thermal conductivity, 12‑205 to 206

R Rad, definition, 16‑46 Radiation black body, 10‑243 to 244 electromagnetic, classification, 10‑240 to 241 microwave, classification of bands, 10‑240 to 241 Radiation, ionizing conversion factors, 1‑39 to 40 from nuclear decay, 11‑56 to 209 permissible intake of radionuclides, 16‑47 to 50 protection against, 16‑46 Radiation, solar by month and latitude, 14‑25 by wavelength, 14‑18 flux, solar constant, 14‑2 to 3 Radiative transition probability, 10‑93 to 155 Radicals, free: see Free radicals Radicals, nomenclature, 2‑14 to 20, 2‑21 to 24 Radio spectrum, 15‑50 to 51 Radioastronomy, 14‑6 to 8 Radionuclides, permissible intake, 16‑47 to 50 Radium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Radius of ions in crystals, 12‑11 to 12 Radon: see also Elements critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 solubility in water, 8‑80 to 83 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90, 6‑91 to 98 Rankine temperature, conversion to other scales, 1‑33 Rare earth crystals, Verdet constants, 12‑164 to 177 Rare earth metals, general properties, 4‑127 to 132 Rate constants atmospheric reactions, 5‑87 to 98 conversion factors, 1‑38 RBS, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Reagents decinormal solutions, 8‑5 to 6, 8‑7 disposal of, 16‑1 to 12 formulas for concentration, 8‑19 organic, for analysis, 8‑8 to 12 preparation, 8‑1 to 4 Reduction and Oxidation Potentials for Certain Ion Radicals, 8‑30 to 31 Reduction of Weighings in Air to Vacuo, 8‑133 Reduction potentials biochemical species, 7‑10 to 12 general table, 8‑20 to 29

ion radicals, 8‑30 to 31 Reference states of elements, 5‑4 to 42 Reflection coefficient of solids, 12‑120 to 144, 12‑145 to 163 Refractive index: see Index of refraction Refractive Index and Transmittance of Representative Glasses, 10‑250 Refractory materials hardness, 12‑216 thermal conductivity, 12‑207 to 208 Refrigerants, various properties, 6‑133 to 135 Relation of angular functions in terms of one another, A‑8 Relative humidity from wet and dry bulb temperatures, 15‑32 relation to dew point, 15‑31 solutions for calibration, 15‑34 solutions for constant humidity, 15‑33 Relative Sensitivity of Bayard‑Alpert Ionization Gauges to Various Gases, 15‑12 Relaxation time, in water, 6‑17 Rem, definition, 16‑46 Remanence, magnetic materials, 12‑104 to 112 Resistance of wires, 15‑37 Resistivity, electrical alloys, 12‑41 to 43 commercial metals and alloys, 12‑215 conversion factors, 1‑37 elements, 12‑39 to 40 glasses, 12‑55 pure metals, 12‑39 to 40 quartz, 12‑55 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 semiconducting minerals, 12‑77 to 89 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89, 12‑92 to 95 superconductors, 12‑72 to 73 Respirators, for laboratory use, 16‑1 to 12 RHEED, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Rhenium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Rhodium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Ring systems, nomenclature, 2‑21 to 24 Rochelle salts, 12‑53 Rocks age, 14‑9 to 10 density, 15‑39 thermal conductivity, 12‑207 to 208 Roentgen, definition, 16‑46

Roentgenium (element 110), 4‑1 to 42, 11‑56 to 209 Rotational constants, diatomic molecules, 9‑86 to 90 Rounding of numbers, 1‑23 to 32 Rubbers breakdown voltage, 15‑42 to 46 density, 15‑39 dielectric constant, 13‑13 speed of sound in, 14‑39 to 40 thermal conductivity, 12‑207 to 208 Rubidium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Russian alphabet, 2‑36 Ruthenium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Rutherfordium (element 104) electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 Rydberg constant, 1‑1 to 6

S Sackur‑Tetrode constant, 1‑1 to 6 Safety chemical carcinogens, 16‑51 to 56 flammability of chemicals, 16‑13 to 28 laboratory practices, 16‑1 to 12 radiation, 16‑46, 16‑47 to 50 SALI, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Salinity scale for seawater, 14‑15 to 16 Salts activity coefficients, 5‑79 to 80, 5‑81 to 84 decinormal solutions, 8‑5 to 6, 5‑72 electrical conductivity, 5‑75 enthalpy of solution, 5‑86 molten, density of, 4‑139 to 141 solubility as a function of temperature, 8‑116 to 121, 8‑125 vapor pressure of aqueous solutions, 6‑99 Samarium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141

Index

I-16 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Sample size calculations, A‑88 to 90 SANS, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Satellites of the Planets, 14‑4 to 5 Saturn, orbital data and dimensions, 14‑2 to 3 Scalar product, A‑68 to 75 Scandium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols, 2‑25 to 35 Seaborgium (element 106), 4‑1 to 42, 11‑56 to 209 Seawater composition (elemental), 14‑17 composition (ions), 14‑15 to 16 density, 14‑15 to 16 electrical conductivity, 14‑15 to 16 freezing point, 14‑15 to 16 pH measurement, 8‑37 to 38 pressure as a function of depth, 14‑14 salinity scale, 14‑15 to 16 solubility of hydrocarbons in, 8‑126 to 127 specific heat, 14‑15 to 16 speed of sound in, 14‑39 to 40 viscosity, 14‑15 to 16 Secant function, A‑6 to 7 Second, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Second radiation constant, 1‑1 to 6 Secondary Electron Emission, 12‑119 Secondary Reference Points on the ITS‑90 Temperature Scale, 15‑10 to 11 Selected Properties of Semiconductor Solid Solutions, 12‑90 to 91 Selenium: see also Elements critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 SEM, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Semiconductors crystal structure, 12‑15 to 18, 12‑77 to 89 diffusion in, 12‑96 to 103 effective mass, 12‑77 to 89 elastic constants, 12‑33 to 38 electrical properties, 12‑77 to 89, 12‑92 to 95 extinction coefficient, 12‑120 to 144, 12‑145 to 163 index of refraction, 12‑120 to 144, 12‑145 to 163 minerals, resistivity of, 12‑77 to 89 optical properties, 12‑120 to 144, 12‑145 to 163, 12‑164 to 177

organic, 12‑92 to 95 physical properties, 12‑77 to 89 reflection coefficient, 12‑120 to 144, 12‑145 to 163 solid solutions, 12‑90 to 91 thermal conductivity, 12‑77 to 89, 12‑202 to 203 Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths, 10‑242 Series expansions, A‑65 to 68 Shielding, from radiation, 10‑235 to 239, 16‑46 SI units conversion factors to, 1‑23 to 32 definitions and symbols, 1‑18 to 21 prefixes, 1‑18 to 21 Siemens, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Sievert, definition, 1‑18 to 21, 16‑46 Silicon: see also Elements dielectric constant, 12‑44 to 52 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135, 12‑199 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 optical properties, 12‑120 to 144 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 semiconducting properties, 12‑77 to 89 thermal conductivity, 12‑202 to 203 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5‑43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Silver: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135, 12‑199 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 resistance of wires, 15‑37 thermal conductivity, 12‑202 to 203 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 wire tables, 15‑37 SIMS, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Sine function, A‑6 to 7 SLAM, definition, 12‑1 to 4 SMOW (standard mean ocean water), density, 6‑6 to 7 SNMS, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Sodium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135, 12‑199 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Sodium chloride activity coefficients, 5‑79 to 80, 5‑81 to 84

aqueous solutions, concentrative properties, 8‑52 to 77 aqueous solutions, relative humidity, 15‑34 aqueous solutions, volumetric properties, 6‑9 density of aqueous solutions, 6‑9 enthalpy of solution, 5‑86 standard thermodynamic properties, 5‑4 to 42 Solar constant, 14‑2 to 3 Solar radiation by month and latitude, 14‑25 by wavelength, 14‑18 Solar Spectral Irradiance, 14‑18 Solar system, 14‑2 to 3 Solder phase diagram, 12‑181 to 198 thermal conductivity, 12‑204 Solids, characterization and analysis, 12‑1 to 4 Solubility amino acids, 7‑1 to 2 carbon dioxide in water, 8‑84 fatty acids in water, 7‑7 gases in water, 8‑80 to 83 hydrocarbons in seawater, 8‑126 to 127 inorganic compounds, 4‑43 to 101 inorganic compounds, as function of temperature, 8‑116 to 121, 8‑125 inorganic compounds, qualitative rules, 8‑131 to 132 inorganic compounds, sparingly soluble, 8‑122 to 124 octanol‑water partition coefficients, 16‑41 to 45 organic compounds, 3‑1 to 523 organic compounds in water, 8‑85 to 115 organic compounds in water at high temperature, 8‑128 to 130 purine and pyrimidine bases, 7‑5 salts in water, 8‑125 Solubility Chart, 8‑131 to 132 Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures, 8‑84 Solubility of Common Salts at Ambient Temperatures, 8‑125 Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Seawater, 8‑126 to 127 Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water, 8‑128 to 130 Solubility of Selected Gases in Water, 8‑80 to 83 Solubility Product Constants, 8‑122 to 124 Solutions aqueous, concentrative properties, 8‑52 to 77 decinormal, oxidation reagents, 8‑7 decinormal, salts, 8‑5 to 6 density, 8‑52 to 77 diffusion of ions, 5‑76 to 78 enthalpy, for common electrolytes, 5‑86 formulas for concentration, 8‑19 freezing point depression, 8‑52 to 77 index of refraction, 8‑52 to 77 ionic conductivity, 5‑76 to 78 polymers, 13‑42 to 69 for round values of pH, 8‑39 viscosity, 8‑52 to 77 Solvents azeotropic data, 6‑171 to 189

Index density, as function of temperature, 15‑25 dielectric constant, 8‑136, 15‑13 to 22 dipole moment, 15‑13 to 22 flammability, 15‑13 to 22 heat capacity, 15‑13 to 22 ionic liquids, 6‑136 to 139 mass spectral peaks, 8‑138 to 141 miscibility, 15‑23 to 24 for NMR, chemical shifts, 8‑137 physical properties, 15‑13 to 22 polymers, critical solution temperatures, 13‑19 to 36 for polymers, 13‑5 threshold limit in air, 15‑13 to 22 for ultraviolet spectrophotometry, 8‑136 vapor pressure, 15‑13 to 22 viscosity, 15‑13 to 22 wavelength cutoff (UV), 8‑136 Solvents for Common Polymers, 13‑5 Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry, 8‑136 Sound level, in human hearing, 14‑44 to 45 Sound velocity air, as function of frequency, 14‑41 air, as function of humidity, 14‑41 air, as function of temperature, 14‑42 atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14‑19 to 24 fluids, 6‑18 to 26 mercury, 6‑141 seawater, 14‑15 to 16 various solids, liquids, and gases, 14‑39 to 40 water, 14‑39 to 40 Sources of Physical and Chemical Data, B‑1 to 5 Space group elements, 12‑15 to 18 notation, 12‑5 to 10 Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers, 13‑42 to 69 Specific gravity: see Density Specific heat: see Heat capacity Specific volume: see also Density mercury, 6‑140 sodium chloride solutions, 6‑9 water, 8‑134 Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules, 9‑86 to 90 Spectrum, infrared calibration frequencies, 10‑260 to 266, 10‑267 to 271 correlation charts, 9‑91 to 95 fundamental vibrational frequencies, 9‑83 to 85 Spectrum, line, of the elements, 10‑1 to 92 Speed of light, 1‑1 to 6 Speed of sound air, as function of frequency, 14‑41 air, as function of humidity, 14‑41 air, as function of temperature, 14‑42 atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14‑19 to 24 fluids, 6‑18 to 26 various solids, liquids, and gases, 14‑39 to 40 water and seawater, 14‑39 to 40 Speed of Sound in Dry Air, 14‑42 Speed of Sound in Various Media, 14‑39 to 40 Spin fundamental particles, 11‑1 to 55

I-17 nuclides of NMR interest, 9‑96 to 98 nuclides, 11‑56 to 209 ordering in magnetic materials, 12‑113 to 115 SPM, definition, 12‑1 to 4 SSMS, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Standard Atmosphere (U.S.), 14‑19 to 24 Standard Atomic Weights (by atomic number), Inside back cover Standard Atomic Weights (alphabetical), 1‑7 to 8 Standard Density of Water, 6‑6 to 7 Standard ITS‑90 Thermocouple Tables, 15‑1 to 9 Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Conductivity Cells, 5‑73 Standard Salt Solutions for Humidity Calibration, 15‑34 Standard Solutions of Acids, Bases, and Salts, 8‑5 to 6 Standard Solutions of Oxidation and Reduction Reagents, 8‑7 Standard solutions, for pH measurement, 8‑32 to 36, 8‑37 to 38 Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances, 5‑4 to 42 Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Important Biochemical Reactants, 7‑10 to 12 Standards CODATA thermodynamic values, 5‑1 to 3 index of refraction, 10‑252 infrared absorption frequencies, 10‑267 to 271 infrared laser frequencies, 10‑260 to 266 temperature, 1‑15 vapor pressure, 6‑100 Steam, thermodynamic properties (see also Water), 6‑14 to 15 Steel mechanical properties, 12‑215 thermal conductivity, 12‑204 Stefan‑Boltzmann constant, 1‑1 to 6 STEM, definition, 12‑1 to 4 STM, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Stokes’ Theorem, A‑77 Stratosphere chemical reactions, 5‑87 to 98 properties, 14‑19 to 24 Strontium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Structure amino acids, 7‑3 to 4 bond lengths in organic crystals, 9‑1 to 16 bond lengths in organometallic compounds, 9‑17 to 18 characteristic 13C chemical shifts, 9‑100 characteristic infrared frequencies, 9‑91 to 95 characteristic proton chemical shifts, 9‑99 crystal, of elements, 12‑15 to 18

crystal, of superconductors, 12‑56 to 71, 12‑72 to 73 force constants, 9‑82 formulas for organic compounds, 3‑1 to 523 fundamental vibrational frequencies, 9‑83 to 85 gas‑phase molecules, 9‑19 to 45 geometry of small molecules, 9‑83 to 85 solids, characterization techniques, 12‑1 to 4 Structures of Common Amino Acids, 7‑3 to 4 Student’s t‑distribution, A‑91 Sublimation Pressure of Solids, 6‑59 to 60 Sugars aqueous solution properties, 8‑52 to 77 nomenclature, 7‑8 to 9 Sulfur: see also Elements critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 dielectric constant, 12‑44 to 52 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5‑43 to 65 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Sulfuric acid activity coefficients, 5‑79 to 80, 5‑81 to 84 concentrative properties, 8‑52 to 77 constant humidity solutions, 15‑33 density, 15‑40 electrical conductivity, 5‑72 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Summary Tables of Particle Properties, 11‑1 to 55 Sun mass, dimensions, and other properties, 14‑2 to 3 radiative properties, 14‑2 to 3 spectral irradiance, 14‑18 Superconductors electrical and magnetic properties, 12‑56 to 71, 12‑72 to 73 organic, 12‑74 to 76 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 transition temperature, 12‑56 to 71, 12‑72 to 73, 12‑74 to 76 Superconductors, high temperature general properties, 12‑72 to 73 phase diagram, 12‑181 to 198 Supercooled water, 6‑8 Surface characterization and analysis, 12‑1 to 4 Surface tension aqueous mixtures, 6‑147 liquid helium, 6‑132 liquid rare earth metals, 4‑127 to 132 various liquids, 6‑143 to 146 water, 6‑4 Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures, 6‑147 Surface Tension of Common Liquids, 6‑143 to 146 Susceptibility: see Magnetic susceptibility Symbols amino acids, 7‑3 to 4 carbohydrates, 7‑8 to 9 magnetism, 12‑104 to 112

Index

I-18 physical quantities, 2‑1 to 12, 2‑25 to 35 SI units, 1‑18 to 21 units, 2‑25 to 35 Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities, 2‑1 to 12 Symmetry of Crystals, 12‑5 to 10 Synonym Index of Organic Compounds, 3‑524 to 548

T Table of the Isotopes, 11‑56 to 209 Tangent function, A‑6 to 7 Tantalum: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Taylor series, A‑65 to 68 Technetium: see also Elements electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Techniques for Materials Characterization, 12‑1 to 4 Tellurium: see also Elements dielectric constant, 12‑44 to 52 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Temperature atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14‑19 to 24 baths for temperature control, 15‑35, 15‑36 calibration, ITS‑90, 1‑15, 15‑10 to 11 Celsius and absolute, definitions, 1‑18 to 21 conversion between scales, 1‑33 conversion to ITS‑90, 1‑16 to 17 flames, 15‑49 glass transition, in polymers, 13‑6 to 12 International Temperature Scale (ITS‑90), 1‑15 mean global, 14‑31 mean United States, 14‑29 to 30 planetary atmospheres, 14‑2 to 3 superconducting transition, 12‑56 to 71 thermocouple tables, 15‑1 to 9 Tensile strength commercial metals and alloys, 12‑215 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 Terbium: see also Elements

electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Terminology inorganic ions and ligands, 2‑14 to 20 organic substituent groups and ring systems, 2‑21 to 24 physical quantities, 2‑1 to 12 polymers, 13‑1 to 4 scientific terms, definitions, 2‑37 to 61 Tesla, definition, 1‑18 to 21 TGA, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Thallium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 The Elements, 4‑1 to 42 The Genetic Code, 7‑6 The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy, 12‑32 Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals, 12‑200 to 201 Thermal conductivity alloys, 12‑204 argon, liquid and gas, 6‑18 to 26 atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14‑19 to 24 carrier gases for chromatography, 8‑135 ceramics, 12‑207 to 208 commercial metals and alloys, 12‑215 commercial metals, 12‑204 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6‑18 to 26 construction materials, 12‑207 to 208 conversion factors, 1‑36 cryogenic solids, 12‑205 to 206 crystalline solids, 12‑205 to 206 D2O, 6‑5 dielectric crystals, 12‑205 to 206 gases, at atmospheric pressure, 6‑200 to 201 glasses, 12‑209 to 212 helium, liquid, 6‑132 helium, liquid and gas, 6‑18 to 26 ice, 6‑8, 12‑205 to 206 insulation, 12‑207 to 208 liquids, 6‑202 to 206 mercury, 6‑202 to 206 metals, 12‑200 to 201, 12‑202 to 203 methane, liquid and gas, 6‑18 to 26 minerals, 12‑207 to 208 nitrogen, liquid and gas, 6‑18 to 26 organic compounds, 6‑202 to 206 oxygen, liquid and gas, 6‑18 to 26 plastics, 12‑207 to 208

quartz, 12‑205 to 206 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 refractory materials, 12‑207 to 208 rocks, 12‑207 to 208 rubber, 12‑207 to 208 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89, 12‑202 to 203 superconductors, 12‑72 to 73 water, 6‑4, 6‑5, 6‑202 to 206 wood, 12‑207 to 208 Thermal Conductivity of Alloys as a Function of Temperature, 12‑204 Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials, 12‑207 to 208 Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics, 12‑205 to 206 Thermal Conductivity of Gases, 6‑200 to 201 Thermal Conductivity of Glasses, 12‑209 to 212 Thermal Conductivity of Liquids, 6‑202 to 206 Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature, 12‑202 to 203 Thermal Conductivity of Saturated H2O and D2O, 6‑5 Thermal expansion coefficient commercial metals and alloys, 12‑215 ice, 6‑8 liquids, 6‑129 to 130 metals, 12‑200 to 201 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 semiconductors, 12‑77 to 89 sodium chloride solutions, 6‑9 Thermal neutron cross sections, 11‑210 to 222 Thermal Properties of Mercury, 6‑141 Thermocouple calibration tables, 15‑1 to 9 Thermodynamic Functions and Relations, 2‑62 Thermodynamic properties (see also Enthalpy, Heat capacity, etc.) air, 6‑1 to 3 aqueous systems, 5‑66 to 69 argon, 6‑18 to 26 biochemical species, 7‑10 to 12, 7‑13 to 15 CODATA Key Values, 5‑1 to 3 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6‑18 to 26 helium, 6‑18 to 26 high temperature, 5‑43 to 65 hydrogen, 6‑18 to 26 inorganic compounds, 5‑4 to 42 nitrogen, 6‑18 to 26 organic compounds, 5‑4 to 42 oxygen, 6‑18 to 26 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 standard state values, 5‑4 to 42 steam, 6‑14 to 15 temperature dependence, 5‑43 to 65 water, 6‑14 to 15 Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature, 5‑43 to 65 Thermodynamic Properties of Air, 6‑1 to 3 Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Systems, 5‑66 to 69 Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water, 7‑13 to 15 Thermodynamic relations, 2‑62 Thermometers, wet and dry bulb, 15‑32

Index Thermophysical Properties of Fluids, 6‑18 to 26 Thorium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Threshold limits airborne contaminants, 16‑29 to 40 halocarbon refrigerants, 6‑133 to 135 solvents, 15‑13 to 22 Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants, 16‑29 to 40 Thulium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Thunderstorm electricity, 14‑32 to 38 Time astronomical units, 14‑1 geological scale, 14‑11 Tin: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal conductivity, 12‑202 to 203 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Titanium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135, 12‑199 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Toxicity of anions and cations, 16‑1 to 12 Transformation of integrals, A‑77 Transition probability, atomic, 10‑93 to 155 Transition temperature glass, in polymers, 13‑6 to 12 superconductors, 12‑56 to 71, 12‑72 to 73, 12‑74 to 76 Transport properties: see Thermal conductivity, Viscosity, Diffusion

I-19 Trigonometric functions relations, A‑8 table, A‑6 to 7 Trigonometric series, A‑65 to 68 Trillion, definition, 1‑33 Triple point constants carbon dioxide, 6‑59 to 60 cryogenic fluids, 6‑131 D2O, 6‑5 elements, 4‑133 to 135 various compounds, 6‑59 to 60 water, 6‑5 Tschebysheff polynomials, A‑83 to 85 Tungsten: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135, 12‑199 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 resistance of wires, 15‑37 thermal conductivity, 12‑202 to 203 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 wire tables, 15‑37 Typical pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods, 7‑17

U U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976), 14‑19 to 24 Ultraviolet spectrophotometry, solvents for, 8‑136 Units conversion factors, 1‑23 to 32 definitions, 2‑37 to 61 ionizing radiation, 1‑39 to 40, 16‑46 magnetic quantities, 1‑22, 12‑104 to 112 pH, 8‑32 to 36 SI, definitions and symbols, 1‑18 to 21 Units for Magnetic Properties, 1‑22 Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions, 13‑19 to 36 UPS, definition, 12‑1 to 4 Uranium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Uranus, orbital data and dimensions, 14‑2 to 3

V Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems, 1‑41 Van der Waals Constants for Gases, 6‑36

Vanadium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Vapor pressure air, 6‑1 to 3 aqueous salt solutions, 15‑34 at temperatures below 300 K, 6‑91 to 98 calibration data, 6‑100 carbon dioxide, 6‑59 to 60, 6‑91 to 98, 6‑100 cryogenic fluids, 6‑91 to 98 elements, 6‑61 to 90 elements, high temperature, 4‑136 to 137, 4‑138 general table, 6‑61 to 90 helium, 1‑15, 6‑91 to 98, 6‑132 ice, 6‑10, 6‑100 inorganic compounds, 6‑61 to 90 IUPAC recommended data, 6‑100 mercury, 6‑142 metals, at high temperatures, 4‑136 to 137, 4‑138 organic compounds, 6‑61 to 90 polymer solutions, 13‑37 to 41 rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 rare gases, 6‑91 to 98 salt solutions, 6‑99 solids, 6‑59 to 60 solvents, 15‑13 to 22 water, 6‑4, 6‑11 to 12, 6‑100 water, over salt solutions, 6‑99, 15‑33, 15‑34 Vapor Pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures Below 300 K, 6‑91 to 98 Vapor Pressure of Ice, 6‑10 Vapor Pressure of Mercury, 6‑142 Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions, 6‑99 Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements — Data, 4‑138 Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements — Equations, 4‑136 to 137 Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 370°C, 6‑11 to 12 Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions, 13‑37 to 41 Vaporization: see Enthalpy of vaporization Vector analysis, A‑68 to 75 Velocity of light, 1‑1 to 6 Velocity of sound air, as function of frequency, 14‑41 air, as function of humidity, 14‑41 air, as function of temperature, 14‑42 atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14‑19 to 24 fluids, 6‑18 to 26 various solids, liquids, and gases, 14‑39 to 40 Velocity, mean, in gases, 6‑37 Venus, orbital data and dimensions, 14‑2 to 3 Verdet constants, 12‑164 to 177 Vibrational force constants, 9‑82

Index

I-20 Vibrational frequencies of molecules, 9‑83 to 85, 9‑86 to 90 Vibrational‑rotational spectra, for frequency calibration, 10‑267 to 271 Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases, 6‑27 to 35 Viscosity aqueous solutions, 8‑52 to 77 argon, liquid and gas, 6‑18 to 26 atmosphere, as function of altitude, 14‑19 to 24 carbon dioxide, on saturation line, 6‑196 carrier gases for chromatography, 8‑135 common fluids, as function of temperature and pressure, 6‑18 to 26 gases, at atmospheric pressure, 6‑190 helium, liquid, 6‑132 helium, liquid and gas, 6‑18 to 26 hydroxide solutions, 6‑197 ionic liquids, 6‑136 to 139 liquid metals, 6‑198 to 199 liquids, 6‑191 to 195 methane, liquid and gas, 6‑18 to 26 nitrogen, liquid and gas, 6‑18 to 26 oxygen, liquid and gas, 6‑18 to 26 seawater, 14‑15 to 16 solvents, 15‑13 to 22 water, as function of temperature, 6‑4 Viscosity and Density of Aqueous Hydroxide Solutions, 6‑197 Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide along the Saturation Line, 6‑196 Viscosity of Gases, 6‑190 Viscosity of Liquid Metals, 6‑198 to 199 Viscosity of Liquids, 6‑191 to 195 Volt definition, 1‑18 to 21 maintained value, 1‑1 to 6 Volume of One Gram of Water, 8‑134 Volumetric Properties of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions, 6‑9

W Water azeotropic mixtures, 6‑171 to 189 boiling point, as function of pressure, 6‑13 compressibility, 6‑129 to 130 critical constants, 6‑5 density, 6‑4, 6‑5, 6‑6 to 7 density, as function of pressure, 6‑129 to 130 density (supercooled), 6‑8 dielectric constant, 6‑4, 6‑148 to 169, 6‑170 dielectric constant, as function of frequency, 6‑17 dielectric constant, as function of temperature and pressure, 6‑16 diffusion of gases, 6‑209 dissociation constant, 8‑78, 8‑79 electrical conductivity, 5‑71 enthalpy of fusion, 6‑119 to 128 enthalpy of vaporization, 6‑4 fixed point properties, 6‑5 freezing point, pressure dependence, 6‑38 heat capacity, 6‑4 index of refraction, 10‑251 ion product, 8‑78, 8‑79

octanol‑water partition coefficients, 16‑41 to 45 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6‑4, 6‑148 to 169, 6‑170 permittivity, as function of frequency, 6‑17 pH measurement, 8‑37 to 38 speed of sound in, 14‑39 to 40 surface tension, 6‑4 thermal conductivity, 6‑5, 6‑200 to 201 thermal expansion coefficient, 6‑129 to 130 thermodynamic properties, 6‑14 to 15 thermodynamic properties at high temperature, 5‑43 to 65 triple point constants, 6‑5 van der Waals constants, 6‑36 vapor pressure, 6‑11 to 12 vapor pressure over salt solutions, 15‑33 viscosity, 6‑4, 6‑190 volume of one gram, 8‑134 Water (D2O) boiling point, 6‑5 critical constants, 6‑5 density, 6‑10 dissociation constant, 8‑79 fixed point properties, 6‑5 ion product, 8‑79 thermal conductivity, 6‑5, 6‑200 to 201 triple point constants, 6‑5 vapor pressure, 6‑5 viscosity, 6‑190 Watt, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Wavelengths atomic spectra, 10‑1 to 92 correction to vacuum, 10‑253 electromagnetic radiation bands, 10‑240 to 241 laser sources, 10‑254 to 259 sensitivity of eye, 10‑242 Weber, definition, 1‑18 to 21 Weighings, reduction from air to vacuum, 8‑133 Width, x‑ray lines, 10‑234 Wien displacement law constant, 1‑1 to 6 Wire Tables, 15‑37 Wood density, 15‑39 speed of sound in, 14‑39 to 40 thermal conductivity, 12‑207 to 208 Work function, of the elements, 12‑118

X Xenon: see also Elements critical constants, 6‑39 to 58 cryogenic properties, 6‑131 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 entropy, 5‑1 to 3 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 mean free path, 6‑37 permittivity (dielectric constant), 6‑148 to 169, 6‑170 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 solubility in water, 8‑80 to 83 thermal conductivity, 6‑200 to 201 van der Waals constants, 6‑36

vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90, 6‑91 to 98 viscosity, 6‑190 X‑Ray Atomic Energy Levels, 10‑224 to 227 X‑rays atomic energy levels, 10‑224 to 227 attenuation coefficients, 10‑235 to 239 cross sections, for the elements, 10‑235 to 239 natural line width, 10‑234

Y Young’s modulus, rare earth elements, 4‑127 to 132 Ytterbium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Yttrium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90

Z Zeotropes, 6‑171 to 189 Zinc: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 thermodynamic properties, 5‑1 to 3 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90 Zirconium: see also Elements electrical resistivity, 12‑39 to 40 electron configuration, 1‑13 to 14 heat capacity, 4‑135 history, occurrence, uses, 4‑1 to 42 ionization energy, 10‑203 to 205 isotopes and their properties, 11‑56 to 209 magnetic susceptibility, 4‑142 to 147 molten, density, 4‑139 to 141 physical properties, 4‑133 to 135 thermal properties, 12‑200 to 201 vapor pressure, 6‑61 to 90

CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 88th Edition

CRC Handbook Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition

CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics